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Vasaloppet
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Vasaloppet
Jørgen Aukland, Norway, winning the 2013 men's event
Status
Active
Genre
Sports event
Date(s)
First Sunday in March
Frequency
Annually
Location(s)
Sälen–Mora
Country
Sweden
Years active
96[1]
Inaugurated
1922 (1922)[1]
Founder
Anders Pers[1]
Participants
15,800[2]
Attendance
70,200 (2015)[3]
Budget
SEK 120 million (2012)[4]
Activity
Cross-country skiing
Organised by
IFK Mora
Sälens IF
[4]
Sponsor
Volvo
IBM
Preem
Stadium AB
[5]
Vasaloppet (Swedish for 'the Vasa-race') is an annual long distance cross-country ski race held on the first Sunday of March. The 90 km (56 mi) course starts in the village of Sälen and ends in the town of Mora in northwestern Dalarna, Sweden. It is the oldest cross-country ski race in the world, as well as the one with the highest number of participants.
The race was inspired by a notable journey made by King Gustav Vasa when he was fleeing from Christian II's soldiers in 1520. The modern competition started in 1922 and it has been a part of the Worldloppet events since 1978.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 History
2.1 Women's participation
2.2 Motto
2.3 Kranskulla and kransmas
3 The race
3.1 Organization
3.2 Stations
3.3 Track profile
3.4 The Rope
4 World cup race
5 Vasaloppet week
6 Statistics
6.1 Multiple winners
6.2 Time
6.3 Average times
6.4 Winners' nationalities
7 Winners
7.1 Men
7.2 Women
8 Sister races
9 Notable participants
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Origin[edit]
In 1520, the young nobleman Gustav Ericsson Vasa was fleeing from the troops of Christian II, king of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (the Kalmar Union). Much of the Swedish nobility was in opposition to the king, and had nicknamed him Christian the Tyrant. In a move to silence the opposition, Christian invited the Swedish aristocracy to a reconciliation party in Stockholm, only to have them, including Gustav's parents, massacred in what came to be known as the Stockholm Bloodbath.[1]
Gustav fled through Dalarna, fearing for his life if he were discovered by the king's troops. He spoke to the men of Mora at a gathering and tried to convince them to raise a levy and start a rebellion against King Christian. The men refused to join the rebellion, and Gustav started out west, toward Norway to seek refuge. However, the men in Mora changed their minds after hearing that the Danish rulers had decided to raise taxes, and now they wanted to join the rebellion with Gustav as their leader. They sent out the two best skiers in the county, two brothers from Mora, Lars and Engelbrekt, to search for him and they caught up with him at Sälen. On 6 June 1523, Gustav Vasa was crowned King of Sweden, after having defeated the Danish king Christian and dissolved the Kalmar Union. Since that day, Sweden has been an independent nation.[1]
While Gustav traveled from Mora to Sälen, the modern race is run the opposite way, finishing in Mora.[1]
History[edit]
Ernst Alm, first winner, 1922
Vasaloppet is the oldest cross-country ski race in the world as well as the one with the highest number of participants. In the past it was also the longest race, until it was surpassed by Pendlerrennet. The idea for the race was published in Westmanlands Läns Tidning on 10 February 1922 by Anders Pers from Mora. On 5 March 1922, the board of IFK Mora decided to organize a trial race. Newspaper Dagens Nyheter sponsored the race with SEK 1,000 and with finances secured the first race was held on 19 March 1922. 136 participants registered for the race and 119 started. The winner was 22 year-old Ernst Alm from Norsjö Sports Club in 7:32:49.[1] He is also the youngest ever winner of the race.
In the 80th race, held on 7 March 2004, about 15,500 skiers competed in the main event. More than 40,000 participated in one of the seven different races held during the first week of March. Vasaloppet is one of the races in the long distance cup Ski Classics.
When Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme was assassinated just two days before the race in 1986, a cancellation of that year's race was considered. However, the race proceeded as planned with the 10,000 participants observing a moment of silence before the start.[6]
Women's participation[edit]
Kransmas Erik Smedhs and Vibeke Skofterud, 2012
Women winners in Vasaloppet have received awards since 1997. Before that, in 1922–23 and 1981–96, women were allowed to race, but did not receive awards. The first woman to participate was Margit Nordin from Grängesberg in 1923, at 10:09:42. Falu Kuriren wrote about the event: "... an incredible ovation greeted the only lady competitor, Miss Margit Nordin. Miss Nordin was lifted high on strong arms and she received flowers and cheers".[7]
Through the years following the first race, there were many heated debates about women's participation. A majority of officials, mostly male, within sports organizations as well as in society in general, were opposed to women in the race. This led to women being banned from the race from 1924 until 1980. The ban was introduced because it was considered bad for women's health to participate in such a competition. The ban was criticized, especially after 1960. Some defended the ban saying that allowing women would diminish the race's reputation as a tough challenge. Several women did nevertheless participate during the ban, disguised as men.[7] Two of the women who disguised themselves in 1978, Birgitta Westhed and Britt Dohsé, were assisted by professional make-up artist from the Gothenburg City Theatre, who changed their looks using wigs, moustache and a full beard.[8]
Motto[edit]
Finish portal
The motto of Vasaloppet I fäders spår för framtids segrar ('In [our] fathers' tracks for future victories') is written on a portal erected over the finish line in Mora. At the first race, the finish line was simply marked with white board between two flag poles with the word Mål ('Finish') on it. The second year a more stately portal with the motto was fashioned. In 1986, the portal was made permanent and has since become a significant landmark in Mora.[9]
Kranskulla and kransmas[edit]
A tradition connected to the race is the custom to choose a kranskulla. This is a woman who is given the honor of hanging a laurel victory wreath abound the neck of the winner of the race as he cross the finish line. She is dressed in the traditional folk costume of Dalarna. With the event of the women's race, Tjejvasan in 1988, a male kransmas was also appointed. During the year they have been appointed for, the kranskulla and kransmas serve as ambassadors for the race.[10][11]
The race[edit]
Organization[edit]
The race is organized by the non-profit organization Vasaloppsföreningen Sälen-Mora that was registered with the Swedish Companies Registration Office in 1992 and is owned by two local sports clubs, IFK Mora and Sälens IF. The organization has approximately 35 year-round employees who work with planning, preparing and developing the events.[12][13]
Stations[edit]
Traditionally since 1958, blåbärssoppa ('bilberry-soup') made by Ekströms food company, is served at the stations along the course. The Swedish word for bilberry, blåbär, literally means 'blueberry', but the beverage is not made from the North American blueberry. About 50,000 liters is served during the Vasaloppet week.[14] In addition, sports drinks and "Vasaloppet buns" are also served. Coffee is served at the Eldris station.[15]
For a number of years, Ekströms had the logo for their blåbärssoppa printed on the number tags worn by the participants in the race. The word blåbär was printed in large bold letters, which resulted in the participants being called blåbär— a double meaning and pun since the word is also used to describe a "rookie".[16][17][18]
Vasaloppet stations
A cup of blåbärssoppa
Assar Rönnlund as blåbär 108 in 1967
Berga by, 0 km (0 mi)
Smågan, 11 km (6.8 mi)
Mångsbodarna, 24 km (15 mi)
Risberg, 35 km (22 mi)
Evertsberg, 47 km (29 mi)
Oxberg, 62 km (39 mi)
Hökberg, 71 km (44 mi)
Eldris, 81 km (50 mi)
Mora, 90 km (56 mi)
Track profile[edit]
Location
Distance
Elevation
Coordinates
Berga 0 km (0 mi) 350 m (1,150 ft) 61°06′20″N 13°18′15″E / 61.105556°N 13.304167°E / 61.105556; 13.304167
Sprängsbackarna 5 km (3.1 mi) 525 m (1,722 ft) 61°07′49″N 13°20′20″E / 61.130197°N 13.338928°E / 61.130197; 13.338928
Smågan 11 km (6.8 mi) 480 m (1,570 ft) 61°07′27″N 13°25′35″E / 61.124093°N 13.426329°E / 61.124093; 13.426329
Långheden 17 km (11 mi) 520 m (1,710 ft) 61°05′44″N 13°30′32″E / 61.095614°N 13.509009°E / 61.095614; 13.509009
Mångsbodarna 24 km (15 mi) 425 m (1,394 ft) 61°04′46″N 13°37′09″E / 61.079390°N 13.619093°E / 61.079390; 13.619093
Tennäng 29 km (18 mi) 315 m (1,033 ft) 61°04′45″N 13°41′16″E / 61.079165°N 13.687726°E / 61.079165; 13.687726
Risberg 35 km (22 mi) 420 m (1,380 ft) 61°05′08″N 13°46′23″E / 61.085556°N 13.773056°E / 61.085556; 13.773056
Lyttran 37 km (23 mi) 380 m (1,250 ft) 61°05′38″N 13°48′23″E / 61.093893°N 13.806360°E / 61.093893; 13.806360
Evertsberg 47 km (29 mi) 430 m (1,410 ft) 61°08′18″N 13°57′46″E / 61.138376°N 13.962904°E / 61.138376; 13.962904
Björnarvet 57 km (35 mi) 215 m (705 ft) 61°06′47″N 14°06′26″E / 61.113132°N 14.107093°E / 61.113132; 14.107093
Kvarnbäcken 60 km (37 mi) 265 m (869 ft) 61°06′57″N 14°09′02″E / 61.115937°N 14.150596°E / 61.115937; 14.150596
Oxberg 62 km (39 mi) 230 m (750 ft) 61°06′53″N 14°10′36″E / 61.114820°N 14.176688°E / 61.114820; 14.176688
Hökberg 71 km (44 mi) 250 m (820 ft) 61°04′30″N 14°18′34″E / 61.074956°N 14.309514°E / 61.074956; 14.309514
Eldris 81 km (50 mi) 205 m (673 ft) 61°00′55″N 14°24′36″E / 61.015236°N 14.410089°E / 61.015236; 14.410089
Mora 90 km (56 mi) 165 m (541 ft) 61°00′27″N 14°32′44″E / 61.007490°N 14.545555°E / 61.007490; 14.545555
The Rope[edit]
The Rope, also referred to as "The Dreaded Rope",[19] is a series of ropes drawn across the track at certain times to prevent participants, who have no chance of reaching the finish line in Mora before the area is closed, to continue.[20] The ropes in Vasaloppet are drawn at seven of the stations: Smågan, Mångsbodarna, Risberg, Evertsberg, Oxberg, Hökberg and Eldris.[19] The race starts at 8:00 a.m. and the finish area is closed at 8:15 p.m. just before the prize ceremony.[2][21][22]
World cup race[edit]
Since 1978, Vasaloppet is included in the Worldloppet Ski Federation, a series of long-distance cross-country skiing races.[23] In 2006, the Vasaloppet was included in the FIS Cross-Country World Cup; a large complement of World Cup racers joined the men's field for the full 90 km (56 mi) distance. Owing to the distance—40 km (25 mi) longer than the longest race usually skied in the World Cup—as well as the proximity to the just-concluded Olympic Games in Turin, the race was again dominated by long-distance specialists rather than World Cup racers. Daniel Tynell won the race, just ahead of Jerry Ahrlin, while Anders Aukland – who has skied on both the Norwegian national World Cup team and in marathons like the Vasaloppet – finished third. The women's World Cup Vasaloppet was held over 45 km (28 mi) the previous day, rather than being integrated with the full Vasaloppet. Marit Bjørgen from Norway won, though the field included only World Cup racers, since the marathon specialists chose to race in the full-distance event the next day.
Vasaloppet week[edit]
Kortvasan start in Oxberg, 2006
The week preceding Vasaloppet is known as Vasaloppet week. Races held during this week include:
Kortvasan (short – 30 km (19 mi))
Tjejvasan (ladies – 30 km (19 mi))
Halvvasan (half – 45 km (28 mi))
Ungdomsvasan (9–16 years old – 3–9 km (1.9–5.6 mi))
Öppet spår (non-competitive – 90 km (56 mi))
Stafettvasan (relay – 90 km (56 mi))
Nattvasan (two-person teams make the original race at night in darkness – 90 km (56 mi))
Vasaloppet (original – 90 km (56 mi))
Statistics[edit]
Multiple winners[edit]
Men
Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson has the most titles, with 9. Janne Stefansson (7), Jan Ottosson (4), Arthur Häggblad (4), Bengt Hassis (3), Oskar Svärd (3), Daniel Tynell, Jörgen Brink (3) and John Kristian Dahl (3) are the only other racers with more than two titles. Six men have two titles.
Women
Sofia Lind has the most titles, with 4. Four women have two titles.
Time[edit]
The average winning time is 5:11:38 (a per-kilometer average of 3:28). The record winning time is 3:38:41 (2:26 per kilometer), set by Jörgen Brink of Sweden in 2012. Only ten winners have finished in less than four hours.
The ten fastest times include six Swedes, three Norwegians, and one Swiss; Jörgen Brink, Sweden appear twice in the list of the ten fastest times. Of the ten fastest times, two occurred in the 1980s, two in the 1990s, two in the 2000s and four in the 2010s.
In 2012 course records were set for both men and women. Before that the fastest year was 1998, also with course records for both men and women.
Ten fastest times
2012: Jörgen Brink (SWE) – 3:38:41
1998: Peter Göransson (SWE) – 3:38:57
2004: Anders Aukland (NOR) – 3:48:42
1986: Bengt Hassis (SWE) – 3:48:55
2013: Jørgen Aukland (NOR) – 3:50:49
2005: Oskar Svärd (SWE) – 3:51:47
2011: Jörgen Brink (SWE) – 3:51:51
1992: Jan Ottosson (SWE) – 3:57:04
2017: John Kristian Dahl (NOR) - 3:57:18
1983: Konrad Hallenbarter (SUI) – 3:58:08
Average times[edit]
Average times per decade have declined in each ten-year span, with the sharpest drop between decade averages occurring in the 1960s, for which the average winning time was 31:45 faster than the average winning time of the 1950s. The average winning time in the 1970s was 16:07 faster than the 1960s, the 1980s average was 24:09 faster than the 1970s, and the 1990s average was 13:06 faster than the 1980s. The average winning time in the 2000s is only 2:18 faster than the 1990s, however. As of 2011 the average winning time so far in the 2010s is 12:12 faster than the 2000s.
Winners' nationalities[edit]
Sweden is the most prolific producer of winners, with 74 titles (including two all-Sweden ties, in 1928 and 1988), or 90% of the 82 contested races. (The race was canceled in 1932, 1934, and 1990). Norway has produced five winners: Ole Ellefsæter, 1971; Anders Aukland, 2004; Jørgen Aukland, 2008 and 2013; John Kristian Dahl, 2014, 2016 and 2017; and Petter Eliassen, 2015. Two countries have produced two winners: Finland (Pekka Kuvaja, 1954; Pauli Siitonen, 1973) and Austria (Walter Mayer, 1980; Mikhail Botvinov, 1997). Five countries have produced one winner: East Germany (Gert-Dietmar Klause, 1975), the Soviet Union (Ivan Garanin, 1977), France (Jean-Paul Pierrat, 1978), Switzerland (Konrad Hallenbarter, 1983), and Estonia (Raul Olle, 2000).
Sweden won every race until 1954, when Pekka Kuvaja of Finland won the race. The next non-Swede to win was Ole Ellefsæter of Norway (1971), who kicked off a decade in which Sweden won just five titles and racers from five other countries won the five other titles. Sweden won 8 of the titles in the 1980s (Austria [Mayer, 1980] and Switzerland [Hallenbarter, 1983] each won one title in that decade), and 8 more in the 1990s (Austria won one more title in that decade [Botvinov, 1997], and the race was canceled once [1990]). In the 2000s, Sweden won seven races, Norway won twice (Anders Aukland, 2004; Jørgen Aukland, 2008), and Estonia won once (Olle, 2000).
Winners[edit]
Men[edit]
Year
Name
Club/Nation
Time
1922 Ernst Alm IFK Norsjö, Sweden 7:32:49
1923 Oskar Lindberg IFK Norsjö, Sweden 6:32:41
1924 John Lindgren IFK Umeå, Sweden 6:53:26
1925 Sven Utterström Bodens BK, Sweden 6:03:55
1926 Per-Erik Hedlund Malungs IF, Sweden 5:36:07
1927 Konrad Pettersson Luleå SK, Sweden 6:19:32
1928 Per-Erik Hedlund and
Sven Utterström (tie) Särna SK, Sweden
Bodens BK, Sweden 5:33:23
1929 Johan Abram Persson Arjeplogs SK, Sweden 6:38:22
1930 Verner Lundström Arvidsjaurs IF, Sweden 6:56:30
1931 Anders Ström IFK Mora, Sweden 6:37:47
1932 Cancelled
1933 Arthur Häggblad IFK Umeå, Sweden 5:57:09
1934 Cancelled
1935 Arthur Häggblad IFK Umeå, Sweden 6:08:55
1936 Sven Hansson Lima IF, Sweden 6:31:55
1937 Arthur Häggblad IFK Umeå, Sweden 6:05:56
1938 Elias Nilsson Östersunds SK, Sweden 5:48:28
1939 Alfred Lif Orsa IF, Sweden 5:35:59
1940 Arthur Häggblad IFK Umeå, Sweden 6:23:57
1941 Mauritz Brännström IFK Norsjö, Sweden 6:51:12
1942 Olle Wiklund IFK Bergvik, Sweden 5:31:50
1943 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:47:10
1944 Gösta Andersson IFK Umeå, Sweden 5:18:43
1945 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 6:27:59
1946 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 6:08:42
1947 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:59:35
1948 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:35:13
1949 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:44:09
1950 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 6:08:25
1951 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:27:20
1952 Sigfrid Mattsson Skarpnäcks IF, Sweden 5:09:45
1953 Nils 'Mora-Nisse' Karlsson IFK Mora, Sweden 5:01:55
1954 Pekka Kuvaja Finland 6:22:51
1955 Sixten Jernberg Lima IF, Sweden 5:27:28
1956 Sigvard Jonsson Rossöns IK, Sweden 5:23:36
1957 Gunnar Larsson Oxbergs IF, Sweden 6:23:40
1958 Gunnar Larsson Oxbergs IF, Sweden 5:31:50
1959 Sune Larsson Oxbergs IF, Sweden 5:13:28
1960 Sixten Jernberg Lima IF, Sweden 5:13:26
1961 David Johansson Delsbo IF, Sweden 4:45:10
1962 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 5:07:46
1963 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 4:56:25
1964 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 5:32:07
1965 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 4:35:03
1966 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 5:52:38
1967 Assar Rönnlund IFK Umeå, Sweden 5:20:22
1968 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 4:39:49
1969 Janne Stefansson Sälens IF, Sweden 4:50:07
1970 Lars-Arne Bölling IFK Mora, Sweden 5:08:38
1971 Ole Ellefsæter Norway 5:12:56
1972 Lars-Arne Bölling IFK Mora, Sweden 5:35:19
1973 Pauli Siitonen Finland 4:42:11
1974 Matti Kuosku Högbo IF, Sweden 5:06:23
1975 Gert-Dietmar Klause East Germany 4:20:29
1976 Matti Kuosku Högbo IF, Sweden 4:09:07
1977 Ivan Garanin Soviet Union 4:30:34
1978 Jean-Paul Pierrat France 5:20:12
1979 Ola Hassis Orsa IF, Sweden 4:05:58
1980 Walter Mayer Austria 4:08:02
1981 Sven-Åke Lundbäck IFK Råneå, Sweden 4:29:32
1982 Lasse Frykberg IFK Mora, Sweden 4:28:50
1983 Konrad Hallenbarter Switzerland 3:58:08
1984 Hans Persson Åsarna IK, Sweden 4:14:14
1985 Bengt Hassis Orsa IF, Sweden 4:45:43
1986 Bengt Hassis Orsa IF, Sweden 3:48:55
1987 Anders Larsson Bondsjöhöjden, Sweden 4:20:20
1988 Anders Blomquist and
Örjan Blomquist (tie) IFK Lidingö, Sweden
IFK Lidingö, Sweden 4:47:04
1989 Jan Ottosson Åsarna IK, Sweden 5:09:33
1990 Cancelled
1991 Jan Ottosson Åsarna IK, Sweden 5:07:11
1992 Jan Ottosson Åsarna IK, Sweden 3:57:04
1993 Håkan Westin Graningealliansen, Sweden 4:02:10
1994 Jan Ottosson Åsarna IK, Sweden 4:06:19
1995 Sven-Erik Danielsson Dala-Järna IK, Sweden 4:11:09
1996 Håkan Westin Graningealliansen, Sweden 4:01:15
1997 Michail Botvinov Austria 4:11:41
1998 Peter Göransson Åsarna IK, Sweden 3:38:57
1999 Staffan Larsson IFK Mora, Sweden 4:31:37
2000 Raul Olle Estonia 4:14:38
2001 Henrik Eriksson IFK Mora, Sweden 4:01:22
2002 Daniel Tynell Falun/Borlänge SK, Sweden 3:58:52
2003 Oskar Svärd Sollefteå SK, Sweden 3:58:23
2004 Anders Aukland Norway 3:48:42
2005 Oskar Svärd Ulricehamns IF, Sweden 3:51:47
2006 Daniel Tynell Grycksbo IF, Sweden 4:34:09
2007 Oskar Svärd Ulricehamns IF, Sweden 4:43:40
2008 Jørgen Aukland Team Xtra Personnel, Norway 4:13:45
2009 Daniel Tynell Grycksbo IF, Sweden 4:10:56
2010 Jörgen Brink Hudiksvalls IF, Sweden 4:02:59
2011 Jörgen Brink Hudiksvalls IF, Sweden 3:51:51
2012 Jörgen Brink Team United Bakeries, Sweden 3:38:41
2013 Jørgen Aukland Team Xtra Personnel, Norway 3:50:49
2014 John Kristian Dahl Team United Bakeries, Norway 4:14:33
2015 Petter Eliassen Team LeasePlan Go, Norway 4:01:48
2016 John Kristian Dahl Team United Bakeries, Norway 4:08:00
2017 John Kristian Dahl Team United Bakeries, Norway 3:57:18
2018 Andreas Nygaard Norway 4:24:36
Women[edit]
Year
Name
Club/Nation
Time
1997 Sofia Lind Åsarna IK, Sweden 5:06:35
1998 Kerrin Petty IFK Mora, citizen of United States 4:17:02
1999 Sofia Lind Åsarna IK, Sweden 5:04:50
2000 Svetlana Nageykina Russia 4:52:35
2001 Ulrica Persson SK Bore, Sweden 4:31:05
2002 Svetlana Nageykina Belarus 4:38:47
2003 Ulrica Persson SK Bore, Sweden 4:32:57
2004 Sofia Lind Åsarna IK, Sweden 4:20:28
2005 Sofia Lind Åsarna IK, Sweden 4:24:09
2006 Cristina Paluselli Italy 4:59:24
2007 Elin Ek IFK Mora, Sweden 4:48:29
2008 Sandra Hansson Uddevalla IS, Sweden 4:47:16
2009 Sandra Hansson Uddevalla IS, Sweden 4:43:13
2010 Susanne Nyström IFK Mora, Sweden 4:33:07
2011 Jenny Hansson Östersunds SK, Sweden 4:25:30
2012 Vibeke Skofterud Slitu IF, Norway 4:08:24
2013 Laila Kveli Lierne IL, Norway 4:22:22
2014 Laila Kveli Lierne IL, Norway 4:31:57
2015 Justyna Kowalczyk Poland 4:41:02
2016 Katerina Smutna Austria 4:17:56
2017 Britta Johansson Norgren Sollefteå SK, Sweden 4:19:43
2018 Lina Korsgren Åre Längdskidklubb Sweden 4:41:50
Sister races[edit]
Vasaloppet USA, held annually on the second Saturday of February in Mora, Minnesota, USA (prior to 2015, the race occurred annually on the second Sunday of February)
Vasaloppet Japan, held in Asahikawa, Hokkaido, since 1981
Chinese Vasaloppet, held in Changchun since 2003
Botniavasan, Finland, since 2006
Vasaloppet de la Sergerie, Jonquière, Quebec, Canada, since 2007
Notable participants[edit]
Prince Frederik of Denmark, 2012
Vasaloppet has been called a rite of passage for Swedes.[24] Aside from the winners, some of the noted people who have completed the race are:
Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (3 times)[25]
Carl Philip, Prince of Sweden[26]
Peter Forsberg, ice hockey player[27]
Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark[27]
Marcus Grönholm, rally driver[28]
Mark Levengood, journalist, writer[29]
Ueli Maurer, Swiss defence minister[27]
Pippa Middleton, socialite[30]
James William Middleton, businessman[30]
Arild Monsen, cross-country skier[27]
Rickard Olsson, television and radio presenter[28]
Anja Pärson, alpine skier[28]
Åsa Romson, politician[27]
Olaf Tufte, competition rower[28]
Frida Wallberg, boxer[27]
Måns Zelmerlöw, Eurovision winner[31]
See also[edit]
Finlandia-hiihto
List of Swedish sportspeople
Skiing
Tjejvasan
Tourism in Sweden
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Så började allt" [How it all began]. www.vasaloppet.se. Vasaloppet. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anta utmaningen i världens största skidtävling" [Accept the challenge in the world's largest ski competition]. www.vasaloppet.se. Vasaloppet. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasaloppets betydelse för regionen" [Vasaloppet's significance for the region]. www.mora.se. Mora Municipality, Sweden. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b TT (25 February 2013). "Vasaloppet en lönsam affär" [Vasaloppet profitable business]. www.gp.se. Göteborgs-Posten. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sponsorer" [Sponsors]. www.vasaloppet.se. Vasaloppet. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Larsson, Lars-Gunnar (4 March 2016). "Vasaloppet nära ställas in efter Palmemordet" [Vadsaloppet almost cancelled after murder of Palme]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Svensson, Jan (7 March 2015). "Vasaloppet och kvinnor har inte alltid gått bra ihop" [Vasaloppet and women have not always seen eye to eye]. www.dt.se. Dalarnas Tidningar. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Modin, Jenny (6 March 2015). "Birgitta åkte Vasaloppet 1978 – utklädd till man" [She did the Vasaloppet race in 1978 - disguised as a man]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Målgången i Mora" [The finish line in Mora]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kranskulla och kransmas". www.vasaloppet.se. Vasaloppet. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Björnbom, Jonna (28 November 2014). "Här är nästa års kranskulla och kransmas" [Here is next year's karnskulla and kransmas]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasaloppsföreningen Sälen-Mora" (in Swedish). allabolag.se. Archived from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
Jump up ^ "A non-profit organization owned by IFK Mora and Sälens IF". Vasaloppet. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2016-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Ekströms & Vasaloppet". www.ekströms.se. Ekströms. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Micu, Patrik (29 February 2016). "Fina förhållanden i Vasaloppsspåret" [Good conditions in the Vasaloppet track]. www.expressen.se. Expressen. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Falk, Anna (28 February 2002). "Ur spår, ditt blåbär!" [Make way, rookie!]. www.sn.se. Södermanlands Nyheter. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Johansson, Carolina (2013). "Bättre ett blåbär i Vasaloppet än ett torkat russin i TV-soffan" [Better a rookie in Vasaloppet than a rasin on the TV couch] (PDF). www.uu.se. Uppsala University. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Blomqvist, Anna (26 January 2016). "Nytt Vasalopp för blåbär och funktionärer" [A new Vasalopp for rookies and officials]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Karta". www.ibm.com. IBM. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Hedlund, Johan. "Snart dras repet för allt tuffare Tjurrus" [Soon The Rope will be drawn for a tougher Tjurrus]. www.vf.se. Värmlands Folkblad. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grattis till målgång! Vad händer nu?" [Congrats on reaching the finish line! What happens next?]. www.vasaloppet.se. Vasaloppet. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Jutéus, Sten (1 March 2014). "Han är långsammast någonsin i vasaloppet" [He is the slowest ever in Vasaloppet]. www.expressen.se. Expressen. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasaloppet". Worldloppet. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Pettersson, Kjell (9 March 2010). "Mandomsprovet. Tolvtaggaren. Vasaloppet. Numera öppet även för kvinnor!" [Rite of passage. Crown jewel. Vasaloppet. Now open to women.]. www.internationalen.se. Internationalen. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kung Carl den sextonde Gustaf". www.kungahuset.se. Monarchy of Sweden. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prins Carl Philip". www.kungahuset.se. Monarchy of Sweden. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Banck, Stina (28 February 2014). "Kändistätt i Vasaloppsspåren" [Celebs in Vasaloppet]. www.svt.se. Sveriges Television. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bloodworth, Callum (3 March 2015). "Här följer du kändisarna i Vasaloppet" [Celebs in Vasaloppet]. www.expressen.se. Expressen. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Ståhlspets, Sofia (2 February 2012). "Kändisarna som diggar längdskidor" [Celebs who like cross-country skiing]. www.expressen.se. Expressen. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pippa Middleton in Vasaloppet 2012". www.mynewsdesk.com. MyNewsDesk. 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Åberg, Erik (6 March 2016). "Måns Zelmerlöw i mål – klarade Vasaloppet" [Måns Zelmerlöv at the finish line - made Vasaloppet]. www.aftonbladet.se. Aftonbladet. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vasaloppet.
Vasa That! – A participant's story
Vasaloppet USA Website
3D animation of race – Google Earth software required
Vasaloppet 2013 photos
The event at SVT's Open Archive (in Swedish)
En svensk klassiker
Vasaloppet | Vätternrundan | Vansbrosimningen | Lidingöloppet
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text:
The Only One I Know
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Only One I Know"
Single by The Charlatans
from the album Some Friendly
Released
14 May 1990
Format
7" vinyl
12" vinyl
CD maxi
Recorded
The Winding Studios, Wrexham, Wales, 1990
Genre
Madchester[1]
Length
4:00
Label
Situation Two (UK)
RCA (US)
Songwriter(s)
Martin Blunt
Jon Brookes
Tim Burgess
Mark Collins
Jon Day
Producer(s)
Chris Nagle
The Charlatans singles chronology
"Indian Rope"
(1990) "The Only One I Know"
(1990) "Then"
(1990)
"Indian Rope"
(1990) "The Only One I Know"
(1990) "Then"
(1990)
"The Only One I Know" is the second single by the English rock band The Charlatans. It was their first top-ten hit, reaching no. 9 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] In the UK it was the highest-charting single from the Some Friendly album. Its best showing in the US was on the Modern Rock Chart, where it reached no. 5 in September 1990.[3][4] The song contained lines directly lifted from The Byrds' 1967 song "Everybody’s Been Burned,"[1] while the melody prominently features an organ riff lifted from the Deep Purple rendition of the song "Hush".[5]
The song was included as a track on the influential compilation album Happy Daze. A funk-styled cover version with vocals by Robbie Williams appeared on Mark Ronson's 2007 album Version. In 2010, the song was used in a TV advert for Cadbury's chocolate. In 2012 the song featured in the film California Solo.
Tim Burgess, in his memoir Telling Stories, says the single went on to sell 250,000 copies.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks written by Brookes, Day, Collins, Blunt and Burgess
7"
"The Only One I Know" – 4:00
"Everything Changed" – 3:23
12"
"The Only One I Know" – 4:00
"Imperial 109 (Edit)" – 3:44
"Everything Changed" – 3:23
CD
"The Only One I Know" – 4:00
"Imperial 109 (Edit)" – 3:44
"Everything Changed" – 3:23
"You Can Talk to Me" – 4:48
"You Can Talk to Me" was recorded 20 March 1990 for the John Peel Show, BBC Radio 1. First broadcast 9 April 1990.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1990)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[6] 75
Ireland (IRMA)[7] 11
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[8] 56
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2] 9
US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks[3] 37
US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks[3] 5
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC – Music TV – Pop on trial – 1950s-1990s". BBC Online. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Some Friendly – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "September 15, 1990 – Alternative Songs". Billboard. 15 September 1990. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Ned. "The Charlatans UK – Only One I Know". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – The Only One I Know". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Charlatans – The Only One I Know" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
The Charlatans
Martin Blunt
Tim Burgess
Mark Collins
Tony Rogers
Jon Brookes
Rob Collins
Jon Day
Baz Ketley
Studio albums
Some Friendly (1990)
Between 10th and 11th (1992)
Up to Our Hips (1994)
The Charlatans (1995)
Tellin' Stories (1997)
Us and Us Only (1999)
Wonderland (2001)
Up at the Lake (2004)
Simpatico (2006)
You Cross My Path (2008)
Who We Touch (2010)
Modern Nature (2015)
Different Days (2017)
Compilations
Melting Pot (1998)
Forever: The Singles (2006)
Singles
"The Only One I Know"
"Then"
"Over Rising"
"Me. In Time"
"Weirdo"
"Tremelo Song"
"Just When You're Thinkin' Things Over"
"One to Another"
"Blackened Blue Eyes"
"NYC (There's No Need to Stop)"
"You're So Pretty – We're So Pretty"
"Oh! Vanity"
Video albums
Forever: The Singles
Related
Discography
Madchester
Britpop
Book
This 1990s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_One_I_Know&oldid=727371518"
Categories:
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Mark Ronson songs
RCA Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mark Ronson
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Use dmy dates from October 2014
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text:
Governor-General of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the position of Governor-General of India. For individual Governor-Generals, see List of governors-general of India.
Viceroy and Governor-General of India
Standard of the Governor-General
Louis Mountbatten, the
last Viceroy of India & the first Governor-General during the dominion period
Style
His Excellency
Residence
Viceroy's House
Appointer
East India Company (to 1858)
Monarch of India (from 1858)
Formation
20 October 1774
First holder
Warren Hastings
Final holder
Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
Abolished
26 January 1950
The Governor-General of India (or, from 1858 to 1947, officially the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, commonly shortened to Viceroy of India) was originally the head of the British administration in India and, later, after Indian independence in 1947, the representative of the Indian head of state. The office was created in 1773, with the title of Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William. The officer had direct control only over Fort William, but supervised other British East India Company officials in India. Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833, and the official came to be known as the "Governor-General of India".
In 1858, the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government; see British Raj. The governor-general (now also the viceroy) headed the central government of India, which administered the provinces of British India, including the Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces, and others.[1] However, much of India was not ruled directly by the British government; outside the provinces of British India, there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or "native states", whose relationship was not with the British government, but directly with the monarch. To reflect the governor-general's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states, from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor-General of India (known in short as the Viceroy of India) was applied to him.
The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan, but the office of governor-general continued to exist in each country separately—until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956, respectively.
Until 1858, the governor-general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company, to whom he was responsible. Thereafter, he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government; the Secretary of State for India, a member of the UK Cabinet, was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers. After 1947, the sovereign continued to appoint the governor-general, but did so on the advice of the Indian government.
Governors-General served at the pleasure of the sovereign, though the practice was to have them serve five-year terms. Governors-General could have their commission rescinded; and if one was removed, or left, a provisional governor-general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen. The first Governor-General of British India was Warren Hastings, and the first Governor-General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions
3 Council
4 Style and title
5 Flag
6 Residence
7 Insignia
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
History[edit]
Warren Hastings, the first Governor-General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785.
Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company, which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor. In 1773, motivated by corruption in the Company, the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773. A Governor-General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The first Governor-General and Council were named in the Act.
The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor-General and Council of Fort William with the Governor-General and Council of India. The power to elect the Governor-General was retained by the Court of Directors, but the choice became subject to the Sovereign's approval.
After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the East India Company's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign. The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor-General in the Sovereign. The Governor-General, in turn, had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India, subject to the Sovereign's approval.
India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947, but Governors-General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written. Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor-General of India for some time after independence, but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors-General. India became a secular republic in 1950; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956.
Functions[edit]
Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India, a post he held from 1899 to 1905.
Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s
The Governor-General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The Regulating Act, however, granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence. The other Presidencies of the East India Company (Madras, Bombay and Bencoolen) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor-General and Council of Fort William.[citation needed]
The powers of the Governor-General, in respect of foreign affairs, were increased by the India Act 1784. The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war, make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor-General or by the Company's Court of Directors.
While the Governor-General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India, he was not the explicit head of British India. That status came only with the Charter Act 1833, which granted him "superintendence, direction and control of the whole civil and military Government" of all of British India. The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor-General and Council.
After 1858, the Governor-General (now usually known as the Viceroy) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign's representative. India was divided into numerous provinces, each under the head of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator. Governors were appointed by the British Government, to whom they were directly responsible; Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners, and Administrators, however, were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy. The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers: the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja (Scindia) of Gwalior, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad (Gaekwar) Maharaja of Baroda. The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency, which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy, or by provincial authorities.
The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King-Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government. The chamber usually met only once a year, with the Viceroy presiding, but it appointed a Standing Committee, which met more often.
Upon independence in August 1947, the title of Viceroy was abolished. The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor-General. C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor-General. However, once India acquired independence, the Governor-General's role became almost entirely ceremonial, with power being exercised on a day-to-day basis by the Indian cabinet. After the nation became a republic in 1950, the President of India continued to perform the same functions.
Council[edit]
Main articles: Council of India and Viceroy's Executive Council
The Viceregal Lodge in Simla, built in 1888, was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India
Viceregal Lodge, Delhi, where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed (1912–31), now the main building of the University of Delhi[2]
The Governor-General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers. The Governor-General, while exercising many functions, was referred to as the "Governor-General in Council."
The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company's Court of Directors. The Governor-General had a vote along with the counsellors, but he also had an additional vote to break ties. The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor-General.
In 1784, the Council was reduced to three members; the Governor-General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote. In 1786, the power of the Governor-General was increased even further, as Council decisions ceased to be binding.
The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council. The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor-General. As provided under the Act, there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors. The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions, but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated.
In 1858, the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council. Instead, the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign, and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India.
The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council's composition. Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India, and two by the Sovereign. (The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869). The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members (changed to ten to sixteen in 1892, and to sixty in 1909). The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments, while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation.
In 1919, an Indian legislature, consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly, took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy's Council. The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation. He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature's consent for "ecclesiastical, political [and] defense" purposes, and for any purpose during "emergencies." He was permitted to veto, or even stop debate on, any bill. If he recommended the passage of a bill, but only one chamber cooperated, he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber. The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence. The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy; the Legislative Assembly elected its President, but the election required the Viceroy's approval.
Style and title[edit]
Until 1833, the title of the position was "Governor-General of Bengal". The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into "Governor-General of India." The title "Viceroy and Governor-General" was first used in the queen's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858.[3] It was never conferred by an act of parliament, but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders. In usage, "viceroy" is employed where the governor-general's position as the monarch's representative is in view.[4] The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India. It was meant to indicate new responsibilities, especially ritualistic ones, but it conferred no new statutory authority. The governor-general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council, but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor-General-in-Council (or the Government of India).[5]
The Governor-General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India. He was referred to as 'His Excellency' and addressed as 'Your Excellency'. From 1858 to 1947, the Governor-General was known as the Viceroy of India (from the French roi, meaning 'king'), and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines (from the French reine, meaning 'queen'). The Vicereine was referred to as 'Her Excellency' and was also addressed as 'Your Excellency'. Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India. However, the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V, who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911.[citation needed]
When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861, the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio. The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877.
Most Governors-General and Viceroys were peers. Frequently, a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank, as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman-Thomas. Of those Viceroys who were not peers, Sir John Shore was a baronet, and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke. Only the first and last Governors-General – Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari – as well as some provisional Governors-General, had no honorific titles at all.
Flag[edit]
Flag of the Governor General of India (1947–50)
From around 1885, the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the 'Star of India' surmounted by a Crown. This flag was not the Viceroy's personal flag; it was also used by Governors, Lieutenant Governors, Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India. When at sea, only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast, while other officials flew it from the foremast.
From 1947 to 1950, the Governor-General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest (a lion standing on the Crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors-General. This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor-General only.
Residence[edit]
Government House served as the Governor-General's residence during most of the nineteenth century.
The Governor-General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House, Calcutta, until the early nineteenth century, when Government House was constructed. In 1854, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there. Now, the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India.
Lord Wellesley, who is reputed to have said that 'India should be governed from a palace, not from a country house', constructed a grand mansion, known as Government House, between 1799 and 1803. The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912. Thereafter, the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House, was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House. Now, it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal, and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan.
After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi, the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy's House, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. Though construction began in 1912, it did not conclude until 1929; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931. The final cost exceeded £877,000 (over £35,000,000 in modern terms) – more than twice the figure originally allocated. Today the residence, now known by the Hindi name of 'Rashtrapati Bhavan', is used by the President of India.
Throughout the British administration, Governors-General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Niwas) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat, and the government of India moved with them. The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
Insignia[edit]
See also: Star of India (flag)
Badge of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1885–1947)
Standard of the Governor-General (1947–50)
See also[edit]
India portal
Pakistan portal
United Kingdom portal
Politics portal
List of governors-general of India
Commander-in-Chief, India
British Empire
Emperor of India
Indian independence movement
Council of India
British Raj
Secretary of State for India
India Office
Indian Civil Service
Partition of India
History of Bangladesh
History of India
History of Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire, which included both the provinces and the Native States.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Impressions". Hindustan Times. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Queen Victoria's Proclamation
Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett, "The Indian Governments, 1858–1918", The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume V: The Indian Empire, 1858–1918 (Cambridge University Press, 1932), p. 226.
Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky, The India Office, 1880–1910 (Greenwood Press, 1986), p. 126.
Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers (1999) "Government Buildings – India"
Forrest, G. W., CIE, (editor) (1910) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India; Warren Hastings (2 vols), Oxford: Blackwell's
Encyclopædia Britannica ("British Empire" and "Viceroy"), London: Cambridge University Press, 1911, 11th edition,
James, Lawrence (1997) Raj: the Making and Unmaking of British India London: Little, Brown & Company ISBN 0-316-64072-7
Keith, A. B. (editor) (1922) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy, 1750–1921, London: Oxford University Press
Oldenburg, P. (2004). "India." Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. (Archived 2009-10-31)
mountbattenofburma.com – Tribute & Memorial website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors-General of India.
Arnold, Sir Edwin (1865). The Marquis of Dalhousie's Administration of British India: Annexation of Pegu, Nagpor, and Oudh, and a general review of Lord Dalhousie's rule in India.
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858-1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818-1858 (1932) 660pp online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Rudhra, A. B. (1940) The Viceroy and Governor-General of India. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
Spear, Percival (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, Volume 2, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298, ISBN 978-0-14-013836-8 .
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The House Carpenter's Daughter
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The House Carpenter’s Daughter
Studio album by Natalie Merchant
Released
September 16, 2003
Recorded
Bearsville Studios Woodstock, New York, July 2002 - May 2003
Genre
Folk
Length
50:39
Label
Myth America Records
Producer
Natalie Merchant
Natalie Merchant chronology
Motherland
(2001)Motherland2001 The House Carpenter’s Daughter
(2003) Retrospective: 1995-2005
(2005)Retrospective: 1995-20052005
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [1]
Mojo [2]
Rolling Stone [3]
Uncut [2][4]
The House Carpenter's Daughter is an acoustic album by Natalie Merchant. It consists of both traditional songs and cover versions of contemporary folk music. It was released on August 12, 2003 via her web-site and on September 16, 2003 in stores. It was produced by Merchant and released on Myth America Records, her independent label.
Track listing[edit]
"Sally Ann" (Jeff Claus/Judy Hyman/Dirk Powell) – 5:47
"Which Side Are You On?" (Florence Reece) – 5:02
"Crazy Man Michael" (Richard Thompson/Dave Swarbrick) – 5:12
"Diver Boy" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 4:45
"Weeping Pilgrim" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 4:11
"Soldier, Soldier" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 3:43
"Bury Me under the Weeping Willow" (A. P. Carter) – 3:20
"House Carpenter" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 6:00
"Owensboro" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 4:21
"Down on Penny's Farm" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 3:41
"Poor Wayfaring Stranger" (traditional, arranged by Natalie Merchant) – 4:17
Personnel[edit]
Natalie Merchant – vocals
Erik Della Penna – guitar, lap steel guitar
Gabriel Gordon – guitar
Graham Maby – bass
Elizabeth Steen – organ, piano, accordion
Judy Hyman – fiddle
Richie Stearns – banjo
Allison Miller – drums
References[edit]
Jump up ^ AllMusic review
^ Jump up to: a b Album reviews at CD Universe
Jump up ^ "Rolling Stone review". Archived from the original on July 26, 2008. Retrieved 2012-11-17. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Uncut review
[hide]
v
t
e
Natalie Merchant
Studio albums
Tigerlily
Ophelia
Motherland
The House Carpenter's Daughter
Leave Your Sleep
Natalie Merchant
Paradise Is There: The New Tigerlily Recordings
Butterfly
Live albums
Live in Concert
Compilations
Retrospective: 1995–2005
Singles
"Carnival"
"Wonder"
"Kind & Generous"
"Break Your Heart"
"Just Can't Last"
Related
Discography
10,000 Maniacs
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Heart of palm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fresh heart of palm
Heart of palm is a vegetable harvested from the inner core and growing bud of certain palm trees (notably the coconut (Cocos nucifera), palmito juçara (Euterpe edulis), Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), sabal (Sabal spp.), pupunha and pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) palms). Harvesting of many non-cultivated or wild single-stemmed palms results in palm tree death (e.g. Geonoma edulis).[1] However, other palm species are clonal or multi-stemmed plants (e.g. Prestoea acuminata, Euterpe oleracea) and moderate harvesting will not kill the entire clonal palm. Heart of palm may be eaten on its own, and often it is eaten in a salad.
An alternative to wild heart of palm are palm varieties which have undergone a process of adaptation to become a domesticated farm species. The main variety that has been domesticated is the botanical species Bactris gasipaes, known in Ecuador as chontaduro, in Brazil and Costa Rica as palmito, and in English as the peach palm.[2] This variety is the most widely used for canning. Peach palms are self-suckering and produce multiple stems,[3] up to 40 on one plant, so harvesting several stems from a plant is not so expensive because the plant can live on. Another advantage it has over other palms is that it has been selectively bred to eliminate the vicious thorns of its wild cousins. Since harvesting is still a labor-intensive task, palm hearts are regarded as a delicacy.
As of 2008, Costa Rica is the primary source of fresh palm hearts in the US. The Edible Palm Company located in Orlando, Florida has been the largest importer of sustainably farmed Fresh Hearts of Palm from Costa Rica to the United States since 2002. Peach palm is also cultivated in Hawaii,[3] and now has limited distribution on the mainland, primarily to the restaurant trade. Florida's wild Sabal palmetto or cabbage palm was once a source of hearts of palm but is now protected by conservation law.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Harvesting
2 Nutrition
3 See also
4 References
Harvesting[edit]
Heart of palm being prepared in Brazil for sale
When harvesting the cultivated young palm, the tree is cut down and the bark is removed leaving layers of white fibers around the center core. During processing the fibers are removed leaving the center core or heart of palm. The center core is attached to a slightly more fibrous cylindrical base with a larger diameter. The entire cylindrical center core and the attached base are edible. The center core is considered more of a delicacy because of its lower fiber content.
Nutrition[edit]
Heart of Palm
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
79.5 kJ (19.0 kcal)
Carbohydrates
3.1 g
Sugars
0.0 g
Dietary fiber
1.6 g
Fat
0.39 g
Protein
1.55 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.
(3%)
23.4 μg
Vitamin C
(2%)
1.9 mg
Minerals
Calcium
(5%)
47 mg
Iron
(16%)
2.09 mg
Sodium
(23%)
349 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database
Hearts of palm is rich in fibers, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, vitamins B2, B6, and C.[1]
See also[edit]
Deckenia nobilis
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to heart of palm.
Jump up ^ Sylvester, O.; Avalos, G. (2009). Illegal palm heart (Geonoma edulis) harvest in Costa Rican national parks: patterns of consumption and extraction. Economic Botany. 63(2): 179-189.
^ Jump up to: a b Zeldes, Leah A. (2010-11-17). "Eat this! Heart of palm, an exotic taste of the tropics". Dining Chicago. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose Kahele (August–September 2007). "Big Island Hearts". Hana Hou! Vol. 10, No. 4.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_of_palm&oldid=814257635"
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Latin American cuisine
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