text:
Greg Evigan
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Greg Evigan
Greg Evigan at the premiere of Step Up 2: The Streets
Born
Gregory Ralph Evigan
(1953-10-14) October 14, 1953 (age 64)
South Amboy, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, composer, producer
Years active
1976–present
Spouse(s)
Pamela C. Serpe (1979-present; 3 children)
Website
http://www.evigan.com/
Gregory Ralph Evigan (born October 14, 1953) is an American actor known for the television series B. J. and the Bear, My Two Dads, P.S. I Luv U and TekWar.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Family
3 Career
4 Filmography
4.1 TV filmography
4.2 Filmography
4.3 Video filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
Evigan was born in South Amboy, New Jersey, the son of Ralph Milan Evigan, an electrician, and his wife, Barbara Elizabeth Evigan, a homemaker.[1] He grew up in Sayreville, New Jersey, and attended Sayreville War Memorial High School, graduating in 1971.[citation needed]
In 2007 he was inducted into the school's Alumni Hall of Fame for his contributions to the arts.[2][3]
Family[edit]
Evigan is married to dancer Pamela C. Serpe and has three children. Their youngest daughter Briana is the lead actress in Step Up 2: The Streets and Step Up: All In. Briana and Greg appeared together in the 2015 Hallmark Channel holiday movie Once Upon a Holiday. Another daughter is actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, who appeared in Holiday in Handcuffs. Evigan's son Jason is the front man of an LA-based band called After Midnight Project.
Career[edit]
Evigan auditioned for and landed a role in the Broadway show "Jesus Christ Superstar." He also played the lead as part of a touring companies production of Grease.[citation needed]
He is best known for his work in three hit television series:
1979–1981 B. J. and the Bear, where he starred as Billie Joe "B.J." McKay, a truck driver whose best friend was a chimpanzee named Bear;
1987–1990 My Two Dads in which a teenage girl is raised by two past boyfriends of her deceased mother together when it cannot be determined which is the father;
mid-1990s TekWar, a science fiction series based on a series of books by Star Trek actor William Shatner (who also co-starred). TekWar originated as a series of two-hour television movies in 1994, and then became a series of hour-long episodes that ran in 1995-96.
Evigan was played by actor Mark Gatiss in several When Insects Attack segments in 1998 and When Things Get Knocked Over segments in 1999 episodes of the British television sketch show This Morning with Richard Not Judy.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
TV filmography[edit]
A Year at the Top (1977)
B. J. and the Bear (1978) as Billie Joe 'B.J.' McKay
Dallas (1978) (Episode "Runaway") as Willie Guest
One Day at a Time (1978) (Episodes "Jealousy Pt.1" and "Jealousy Pt. 2") as Doug
Pink Lady and Jeff (1980)
Masquerade (1983) as Danny Doyle
The Yellow Rose (1984) as Trey Champion
Northstar (1986) as Jack North
Murder, She Wrote (1986) as Brad Kaneally
Matlock (1987) as Josh Sinclair
My Two Dads (1987) as Joey Harris
P.S. I Luv U (1991) as Cody Powell/Joey Paciorek
Columbo: A Bird in the Hand (1992) as Harold McCain
Melrose Place (1992) as Dr. Dan Hathaway
TekWar (1994) as Jake Cardigan
Deadly Family Secrets (1995) as Eddie
Burke's Law (1995)
Pacific Palisades (1997) as Robert Russo
Earthquake in New York (TV movie) 1998 as John Rykker
Family Rules (1999) as Nate Harrison
Touched by an Angel (1999) as Bo Beumont
Big Sound (2000) as Bill Sutton
Reba (2001) as Bill
Spirit (2001) as Jesse
JAG (2003) (Episode Empty Quiver) as Master Chief Shattuck
Straight From the Heart (2003) as Edward
CSI: Miami (2005) (episode "Money Plane") as Sean Walsh
Our House (2006) as Todd Preston
Desperate Housewives (2007) as Dr. Charles McLain
Poison Ivy: The Secret Society (2008) as Professor Andrew Graves
Mail Order Bride (TV movie) (2008) as Tom Rourke
Cold Case (Episode "One Small Step") (2008) as Chuck Pierce
Heat Wave
My Dog's Christmas Miracle (2011) as Kevin
Metal Tornado(2011) as Jonathan Kane
The Glades (2012) (Episode "Fountain of Youth") as Bruce Phillips
The Finder (episode "Bullets") (2012) as Bronski
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (episode "Merchants of Menace") (2015) as Bruce Waters
Once Upon a Holiday (2015) as Georgg
Bones (2017) as Rick Tobine
General Hospital (2018) as Jim Harvey
Filmography[edit]
Scorchy (1976) as Alan
Stripped to Kill (1987) as Detective Heineman
Private Road - No Trespassing (1987)
Echoes in Crimson (1988)
DeepStar Six (1989) as Kevin McBride
Lies Before Kisses (1991)
Spectre (1996) as Will South
The Pawn (1998) as Ray
Mel (1998) as Peter
Pets to the Rescue (1999)
Survivor (1999)
Everyone Loves Mel (1999)
Die! Die! Die! (2000)
He Sees You When You're Sleeping (2002)
Found (2004)
Arizona Summer (2003)
Cerberus (2005)
Hoboken Hollow (2006)
100 Million BC (2008)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008)
Phantom Racer (2009)
Megaconda (2009)
6 Guns (2010) as Sheriff
Metal Tornado (2011) as Jonathan Kane
Invasion Roswell (2013)
Shadow on the Mesa (2013)
Terror Birds (2016)
Video filmography[edit]
Private Road: No Trespassing (1987) (V) as Brad Carlton
Cinnamon (2011)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greg Evigan profile, filmreference.com; accessed August 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greg Evigan Biography on IMDB
Jump up ^ Four alumni inducted into h.s. Hall of Fame (The Suburban) Archived 2008-07-19 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Greg Evigan on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 74061590
LCCN: no97039490
ISNI: 0000 0001 1770 4301
GND: 1060924110
BNF: cb141758400 (data)
MusicBrainz: 267ff64c-bfd2-459b-9a73-0cc6bd225d09
SNAC: w6wh5cdw
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Evigan&oldid=833516277"
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text:
Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Ladies' singles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ladies' singles
at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games
Venue
Gangneung Ice Arena
Gangneung, South Korea
Dates
21–23 February
Competitors
30 from 20 nations
Winning score
239.57
Medalists
01 !
Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia
02 !
Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia
03 !
Kaetlyn Osmond Canada
← 2014
2022 →
Figure skating at the
2018 Winter Olympics
Qualification
Singles
men ladies
Pairs
mixed
Ice dancing
mixed
Team event
mixed
v
t
e
The ladies' single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung, South Korea.[1] The short program was held on 21 February, and the free skating was held on 23 February.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Records
2 Qualification
3 Schedule
4 Results
4.1 Short program
4.2 Free skating
4.3 Overall
5 References
Records[edit]
See also: World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics
For a complete list of figure skating records, see list of highest scores in figure skating.
The following new best scores were set during this competition:
Component
Skaters
Score
Date
Ref
Short program Evgenia Medvedeva (OAR) 81.61 21 February 2018 [4][5]
Alina Zagitova (OAR) 82.92
The Olympic Athletes from Russia set two subsequent world records in the short program on February 21, with Evgenia Medvedeva scoring 81.61 and then Alina Zagitova scoring 82.92 ten minutes later.[4][5]
Qualification[edit]
Main article: Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete in the event, with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three. 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy. Each country decided the entry of its teams, and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete.[6] All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score, which does not include component scores. For the short program this was 20.00 and the free skate 36.00.[7]
Schedule[edit]
All times are (UTC+9).
Date
Time
Round
21 February 10:00[2] Short program
23 February 10:00[2] Free skating
Results[edit]
Short program[edit]
The short program was held on 21 February.[2][8]
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN
1
Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 82.92 WR 45.30 37.62 9.36 9.18 9.64 9.43 9.43 0.00 28
2
Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 81.61 43.19 38.42 9.54 9.39 9.71 9.68 9.71 0.00 25
3
Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 78.87 41.83 37.04 9.32 9.00 9.36 9.29 9.32 0.00 27
4
Satoko Miyahara Japan 75.94 40.25 35.69 8.96 8.75 9.00 8.86 9.04 0.00 26
5
Kaori Sakamoto Japan 73.18 40.36 32.82 8.43 7.96 8.29 8.18 8.18 0.00 19
6
Carolina Kostner Italy 73.15 35.06 38.09 9.46 9.32 9.54 9.61 9.68 0.00 29
7
Gabrielle Daleman Canada 68.90 35.90 33.00 8.32 8.04 8.18 8.25 8.46 0.00 21
8
Choi Da-bin South Korea 67.77 37.54 30.23 7.75 7.29 7.68 7.5 7.57 0.00 24
9
Mirai Nagasu United States 66.93 37.24 30.69 8.04 7.36 7.61 7.68 7.68 -1.00 20
10
Karen Chen United States 65.90 33.53 32.37 8.07 7.89 8.14 8.11 8.25 0.00 22
11
Bradie Tennell United States 64.01 35.50 29.51 7.57 7.25 7.25 7.43 7.39 -1.00 1
12
Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 63.86 31.47 33.39 8.46 8.21 8.21 8.46 8.39 -1.00 30
13
Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 60.59 32.36 28.23 7.18 6.82 7.21 7.00 7.07 0.00 18
14
Nicole Schott Germany 59.20 31.62 27.58 6.96 6.61 7.07 6.86 6.96 0.00 17
15
Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 58.82 29.14 29.68 7.46 7.18 7.50 7.43 7.54 0.00 23
16
Kailani Craine Australia 56.77 30.36 26.41 6.61 6.32 6.71 6.57 6.79 0.00 13
17
Isadora Williams Brazil 55.74 29.83 25.91 6.54 6.29 6.64 6.46 6.46 0.00 2
18
Emmi Peltonen Finland 55.28 28.48 27.80 7.00 6.64 6.96 7.07 7.07 -1.00 10
19
Alexia Paganini Switzerland 55.26 29.99 25.27 6.39 6.14 6.39 6.39 6.29 0.00 8
20
Loena Hendrickx Belgium 55.16 27.79 27.37 7.04 6.64 6.82 6.82 6.89 0.00 16
21
Kim Ha-nul South Korea 54.33 29.41 24.92 6.36 6.00 6.32 6.29 6.18 0.00 5
22
Maé-Bérénice Méité France 53.67 28.24 25.43 6.57 6.14 6.46 6.29 6.32 0.00 12
23
Ivett Tóth Hungary 53.22 27.60 25.62 6.54 6.18 6.43 6.39 6.50 0.00 14
24
Li Xiangning China 52.46 27.27 26.19 6.64 6.29 6.54 6.64 6.64 -1.00 7
Did not advance to free skating
25
Larkyn Austman Canada 51.42 25.93 26.49 6.71 6.32 6.61 6.71 6.75 -1.00 11
26
Diāna Ņikitina Latvia 51.12 26.35 24.77 6.29 5.93 6.18 6.32 6.25 0.00 4
27
Giada Russo Italy 50.88 25.90 25.98 6.57 6.25 6.50 6.54 6.61 -1.00 15
28
Anita Östlund Sweden 49.14 25.35 23.79 6.14 5.82 5.93 5.93 5.93 0.00 6
29
Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine 47.59 26.66 22.93 5.86 5.54 5.61 5.82 5.82 -2.00 3
30
Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan 44.40 21.29 23.11 5.71 5.46 5.82 5.89 6.00 0.00 9
Notes:
WR - World record
TSS - Total Segment Score; TES - Technical Element Score; PCS - Program Component Score
SS - Skating Skills; TR - Transitions; PE - Performance/Execution
CH - Choreography; IN - Interpretation; Ded - Deduction; StN - Starting Number
Free skating[edit]
The free skating was held on 23 February.[2][9]
Pl.
Name
Nation
TSS
TES
PCS
SS
TR
PE
CH
IN
Ded
StN
1
Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 79.18 * 77.47 * 9.57 9.43 9.82 9.71 9.89 0.00 24
2
Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 81.62 * 75.03 * 9.32 9.21 9.61 9.29 9.46 0.00 22
3
Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 152.15 76.50 75.65 9.50 9.21 9.57 9.39 9.61 0.00 23
4
Satoko Miyahara Japan 146.44 75.20 71.24 8.93 8.64 9.07 8.89 9.00 0.00 19
5
Carolina Kostner Italy 139.29 63.64 75.65 9.46 9.25 9.43 9.57 9.57 0.00 20
6
Kaori Sakamoto Japan 136.53 68.42 68.11 8.57 8.36 8.50 8.57 8.57 0.00 21
7
Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 134.24 66.94 67.30 8.39 8.14 8.54 8.43 8.57 0.00 13
8
Choi Da-bin South Korea 131.49 68.74 62.75 7.86 7.57 8.04 7.86 7.89 0.00 17
9
Bradie Tennell United States 128.34 65.41 62.93 7.93 7.68 7.79 7.93 8.00 0.00 15
10
Kim Ha-nul South Korea 121.38 67.03 54.35 6.96 6.46 7.00 6.68 6.86 0.00 4
11
Karen Chen United States 119.75 56.65 64.10 8.18 7.64 7.96 8.07 8.21 -1.00 14
12
Mirai Nagasu United States 119.61 57.56 62.05 8.14 7.50 7.71 7.75 7.68 0.00 18
13
Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 118.30 60.50 58.80 7.39 7.11 7.39 7.43 7.43 -1.00 7
14
Loena Hendrickx Belgium 116.72 60.73 55.99 7.07 6.71 7.11 6.96 7.14 0.00 2
15
Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 114.60 57.80 56.80 7.11 6.89 7.25 7.25 7.21 0.00 11
16
Kailani Craine Australia 111.84 57.89 57.89 6.68 6.54 7.00 6.64 6.86 0.00 9
17
Nicole Schott Germany 109.26 52.68 56.58 7.04 6.82 7.04 7.18 7.29 0.00 10
18
Maé-Bérénice Méité France 106.25 55.13 52.12 6.50 6.29 6.61 6.54 6.64 -1.00 3
19
Gabrielle Daleman Canada 103.56 45.81 61.75 8.00 7.64 7.39 7.93 7.64 -4.00 16
20
Li Xiangning China 101.97 50.56 51.41 6.57 6.21 6.46 6.39 6.50 0.00 5
21
Emmi Peltonen Finland 101.86 46.41 56.45 7.14 6.79 7.00 7.07 7.29 -1.00 8
22
Alexia Paganini Switzerland 101.00 50.94 50.06 6.43 6.00 6.29 6.32 6.25 0.00 1
23
Ivett Tóth Hungary 97.21 49.82 50.39 6.32 6.29 6.21 6.39 6.29 -3.00 6
24
Isadora Williams Brazil 88.44 38.39 51.05 6.43 6.18 6.36 6.43 6.50 -1.00 12
* Evgenia Medvedeva finished at higher place due to better program component score
Overall[edit]
The skaters were ranked according to their overall score.[10]
TP - Total points; SP - Short program; FS - Free skating
Rank
Name
Nation
Total points
SP
FS
01 !
Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 239.57 82.92 1 156.65 2
02 !
Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 238.26 81.61 2 156.65 1
03 !
Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 231.02 78.87 3 152.15 3
4
Satoko Miyahara Japan 222.38 75.94 4 146.44 4
5
Carolina Kostner Italy 212.44 73.15 6 139.29 5
6
Kaori Sakamoto Japan 209.71 73.18 5 136.53 6
7
Choi Da-bin South Korea 199.26 67.77 8 131.49 8
8
Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 198.10 63.86 12 134.24 7
9
Bradie Tennell United States 192.35 64.01 11 128.34 9
10
Mirai Nagasu United States 186.54 66.93 9 119.61 12
11
Karen Chen United States 185.65 65.90 10 119.75 11
12
Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 177.12 58.82 15 118.30 13
13
Kim Ha-nul South Korea 175.71 54.33 21 121.38 10
14
Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 175.19 60.59 13 114.60 15
15
Gabrielle Daleman Canada 172.46 68.90 7 103.56 19
16
Loena Hendrickx Belgium 171.88 55.16 20 116.72 14
17
Kailani Craine Australia 168.61 56.77 16 111.84 16
18
Nicole Schott Germany 168.46 59.20 14 109.26 17
19
Maé-Bérénice Méité France 159.92 53.67 22 106.25 18
20
Emmi Peltonen Finland 157.14 55.28 18 101.86 21
21
Alexia Paganini Switzerland 156.26 55.26 19 101.00 22
22
Li Xiangning China 154.43 52.46 24 101.97 20
23
Ivett Tóth Hungary 150.43 53.22 23 97.21 23
24
Isadora Williams Brazil 144.18 55.74 17 88.44 24
Did not advance to free skating
25
Larkyn Austman Canada N/A 51.42 25 N/A N/A
26
Diāna Ņikitina Latvia N/A 51.12 26 N/A N/A
27
Giada Russo Italy N/A 50.88 27 N/A N/A
28
Anita Östlund Sweden N/A 49.14 28 N/A N/A
29
Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine N/A 47.59 29 N/A N/A
30
Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan N/A 44.40 30 N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Venues". www.pyeongchang2018.com/. Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Schedule". Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Start list
^ Jump up to: a b Bieler, Des; Janes, Chelsea (21 February 2018). "Alina Zagitova tops Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva's world-record short program score". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russia's Zagitova beats Medvedeva's short program world record at Olympics". TASS. 21 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018, Figure skating". International Skating Union (ISU). 17 May 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Extract from ISU Communication 2097". www.iceskating.org.uk/. National Ice Skating Association (UK). Retrieved 20 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Short program results
Jump up ^ Free skating results
Jump up ^ Final results
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic champions in figure skating – Ladies' singles
1908: Madge Syers (GBR)
1920: Magda Julin (SWE)
1924: Herma Szabo (AUT)
1928: Sonja Henie (NOR)
1932: Sonja Henie (NOR)
1936: Sonja Henie (NOR)
1948: Barbara Ann Scott (CAN)
1952: Jeannette Altwegg (GBR)
1956: Tenley Albright (USA)
1960: Carol Heiss (USA)
1964: Sjoukje Dijkstra (NED)
1968: Peggy Fleming (USA)
1972: Trixi Schuba (AUT)
1976: Dorothy Hamill (USA)
1980: Anett Pötzsch (GDR)
1984: Katarina Witt (GDR)
1988: Katarina Witt (GDR)
1992: Kristi Yamaguchi (USA)
1994: Oksana Baiul (UKR)
1998: Tara Lipinski (USA)
2002: Sarah Hughes (USA)
2006: Shizuka Arakawa (JPN)
2010: Yuna Kim (KOR)
2014: Adelina Sotnikova (RUS)
2018: Alina Zagitova (OAR)
[show]
v
t
e
Record scores in figure skating
Combined total (Total)
Short program (SP)
Free skating (FS)
Short dance (SD)
Free dance (FD)
Juniors (J)
Men
Total: Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43
SP: Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72
FS: Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20
Total (J): Vincent Zhou 258.11
SP (J): Shoma Uno 84.87
FS (J): Vincent Zhou 179.24
Ladies
Total: Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31
SP: Alina Zagitova 82.92
FS: Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46
Total (J): Alexandra Trusova 225.52
SP (J): Alexandra Trusova 73.25
FS (J): Alexandra Trusova 153.49
Pairs
Total: Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84
SP: Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17
FS: Savchenko / Massot 162.86
Total (J): Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82
SP (J): Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79
FS (J): Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54
Ice dance
Total: Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20
SD: Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73
FD: Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47
Total (J): Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83
SD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88
FD (J): R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54
See also
Progression of record scores
Record technical and component scores
Highest technical element scores
Highest program component scores
See also (J)
Record junior scores
Progression of record scores (J)
Record technical and component scores (J)
Highest technical element scores (J)
Highest program component scores (J)
[show]
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text:
Acetyl-CoA
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Acetyl-CoA
Names
IUPAC name
S-[2-[3-[[(2R)-4-[[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]amino]propanoylamino]ethyl] ethanethioate
Identifiers
CAS Number
72-89-9 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:15351 Y
ChemSpider
392413 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.719
IUPHAR/BPS
3038
KEGG
C00024 N
MeSH Acetyl+Coenzyme+A
PubChem CID
444493
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C23H38N7O17P3S/c1-12(31)51-7-6-25-14(32)4-5-26-21(35)18(34)23(2,3)9-44-50(41,42)47-49(39,40)43-8-13-17(46-48(36,37)38)16(33)22(45-13)30-11-29-15-19(24)27-10-28-20(15)30/h10-11,13,16-18,22,33-34H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,25,32)(H,26,35)(H,39,40)(H,41,42)(H2,24,27,28)(H2,36,37,38)/t13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1 Y
Key: ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUSA-N Y
InChI=1/C23H38N7O17P3S/c1-12(31)51-7-6-25-14(32)4-5-26-21(35)18(34)23(2,3)9-44-50(41,42)47-49(39,40)43-8-13-17(46-48(36,37)38)16(33)22(45-13)30-11-29-15-19(24)27-10-28-20(15)30/h10-11,13,16-18,22,33-34H,4-9H2,1-3H3,(H,25,32)(H,26,35)(H,39,40)(H,41,42)(H2,24,27,28)(H2,36,37,38)/t13-,16-,17-,18+,22-/m1/s1
Key: ZSLZBFCDCINBPY-ZSJPKINUBJ
SMILES[show]
O=C(SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@H](O)C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@H]3O[C@@H](n2cnc1c(ncnc12)N)[C@H](O)[C@@H]3OP(=O)(O)O)C
CC(=O)SCCNC(=O)CCNC(=O)[C@@H](C(C)(C)COP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)OC[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)n2cnc3c2ncnc3N)O)OP(=O)(O)O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
C23H38N7O17P3S
Molar mass 809.57 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.[1] Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoethylamine group linked to the vitamin pantothenic acid through an amide linkage [2] and 3'-phosphorylated ADP. The acetyl group (indicated in blue in the structural diagram on the right) of acetyl-CoA is linked to the sulfhydryl substituent of the β-mercaptoethylamine group. This thioester linkage is a "high energy" bond, which is particularly reactive. Hydrolysis of the thioester bond is exergonic (−31.5 kJ/mol).
CoA is acetylated to acetyl-CoA by the breakdown of carbohydrates through glycolysis and by the breakdown of fatty acids through β-oxidation. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where the acetyl group is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, and the energy released captured in the form of 11 ATP and one GTP per acetyl group.
Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen were awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their discoveries linking acetyl-CoA and fatty acid metabolism. Fritz Lipmann won the Nobel Prize in 1953 for his discovery of the cofactor coenzyme A.
Contents
[hide]
1 Direct synthesis
1.1 Extramitochondrial
1.2 Intramitochondrial
2 Functions
2.1 Intermediates in various pathways
3 Interactive pathway map
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Direct synthesis[edit]
The acetylation of CoA is determined by the carbon sources.[3][4]
Extramitochondrial[edit]
At high glucose levels, glycolysis takes place rapidly, thus increasing the amount of citrate produced from the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This citrate is then exported to other organelles outside the mitochondria to be broken into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACL). This principal reaction is coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP.[5][6]
At low glucose levels:
CoA is acetylated using acetate by acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), also coupled with ATP hydrolysis.[7]
Ethanol also serves as a carbon source for acetylation of CoA utilizing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.[8]
Degradation of branched-chain ketogenic amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine occurs. These amino acids are converted to α-ketoacids by transamination and eventually to isovaleryl-CoA through oxidative decarboxylation by an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Isovaleryl-CoA undergoes dehydrogenation, carboxylation and hydration to form another CoA-derivative intermediate before it is cleaved into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate.[9][page needed]
Intramitochondrial[edit]
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction
At high glucose levels, acetyl-CoA is produced through glycolysis.[10] Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation in which it loses its carboxyl group (as carbon dioxide) to form acetyl-CoA, giving off 33.5 kJ/mol of energy. The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Other conversions between pyruvate and acetyl-CoA are possible. For example, pyruvate formate lyase disproportionates pyruvate into acetyl-CoA and formic acid.
β-Oxidation of fatty acids
At low glucose levels, the production of acetyl-CoA is linked to β-oxidation of fatty acids. Fatty acids are first converted to acyl-CoA. Acyl-CoA is then degraded in a four-step cycle of dehydrogenation, hydration, oxidation and thiolysis catalyzed by four respective enzymes, namely acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and thiolase. The cycle produces a new acyl-CoA with two fewer carbons and acetyl-CoA as a byproduct.[11]
Functions[edit]
Intermediates in various pathways[edit]
In Cellular Respiration
Citric acid cycle:
Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which is then oxidized to CO2 in the cycle.[9][page needed]
Fatty acid metabolism
Acetyl-CoA is produced by the breakdown of both carbohydrates (by glycolysis) and lipids (by β-oxidation). It then enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate.[12][13]
Two acetyl-CoA molecules condense to form acetoacetyl-CoA, which gives rise to the formation of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate.[12] Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product acetone[14] are frequently, but confusingly, known as ketone bodies (as they are not "bodies" at all, but water-soluble chemical substances). The ketone bodies are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that the liver does. Unlike free fatty acids, ketone bodies can cross the blood-brain barrier and are therefore available as fuel for the cells of the central nervous system, acting as a substitute for glucose, on which these cells normally survive.[12] The occurrence of high levels of ketone bodies in the blood during starvation, a low-carbohydrate diet, prolonged heavy exercise, and uncontrolled type-1 diabetes mellitus is known as ketosis, and in its extreme form in out-of-control type-1 diabetes mellitus, as ketoacidosis.
On the other hand, when the insulin concentration in the blood is high, and that of glucagon is low (i.e. after meals), the acetyl-CoA produced by glycolysis condenses as normal with oxaloacetate to form citrate in the mitochondrion. However, instead of continuing through the citric acid cycle to be converted to carbon dioxide and water, the citrate is removed from the mitochondrion into the cytoplasm.[12] There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to the mitochondrion as malate (and then converted back into oxaloacetate to transfer more acetyl-CoA out of the mitochondrion).[15] This cytosolic acetyl-CoA can then be used to synthesize fatty acids through carboxylation by acetyl-CoA carboxylase into malonyl CoA, the first committed step in the synthesis of fatty acids.[15][16] This conversion occurs primarily in the liver, adipose tissue and lactating mammary glands, where the fatty acids are combined with glycerol to form triglycerides, the major fuel reservoir of most animals. Fatty acids are also components of the phospholipids that make up the bulk of the lipid bilayers of all cellular membranes.[12]
In plants, de novo fatty acid synthesis occurs in the plastids. Many seeds accumulate large reservoirs of seed oils to support germination and early growth of the seedling before it is a net photosynthetic organism.
The cytosolic acetyl-CoA can also condense with acetoacetyl-CoA to form 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) which is the rate-limiting step controlling the synthesis of cholesterol.[12] Cholesterol can be used as is, as a structural component of cellular membranes, or it can be used to synthesize steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.[12][16]
Acetyl-CoA can be carboxylated in the cytosol by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, giving rise to malonyl-CoA, a substrate required for synthesis of flavonoids and related polyketides, for elongation of fatty acids to produce waxes, cuticle, and seed oils in members of the Brassica family, and for malonation of proteins and other phytochemicals.[17] In plants, these include sesquiterpenes, brassinosteroids (hormones), and membrane sterols.
Steroid synthesis:
Acetyl-CoA participates in the mevalonate pathway by partaking in the synthesis of hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA.
Acetylcholine synthesis:
Acetyl-CoA is also an important component in the biogenic synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Choline, in combination with acetyl-CoA, is catalyzed by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to produce acetylcholine and coenzyme A as abyproduct.
Melatonin synthesis
Acetylation
Acetyl-CoA is also the source of the acetyl group incorporated onto certain lysine residues of histone and nonhistone proteins in the posttranslational modification acetylation. This acetylation is catalyzed by acetyltransferases. This acetylation affects cell growth, mitosis, and apoptosis.[18]
Allosteric regulator
Acetyl-CoA serves as an allosteric regulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). It regulates through the ratio of acetyl-CoA versus CoA. Increased concentration of acetyl-CoA activates PDK.[19]
Acetyl-CoA is also an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase.[20]
Interactive pathway map[edit]
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to visit Gene Wiki pages and related Wikipedia articles. The pathway can be downloaded and edited at WikiPathways.
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See also[edit]
Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Acetyl CoA Crossroads". chemistry.elmhurst.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Fatty Acids -- Structure of Acetyl CoA". library.med.utah.edu. Retrieved 2017-06-02.
Jump up ^ Hynes, Michael J.; Murray, Sandra L. (2010-07-01). "ATP-Citrate Lyase Is Required for Production of Cytosolic Acetyl Coenzyme A and Development in Aspergillus nidulans". Eukaryotic Cell. 9 (7): 1039–1048. doi:10.1128/EC.00080-10. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 2901662  . PMID 20495057.
Jump up ^ Wellen, Kathryn E.; Thompson, Craig B. (2012-04-01). "A two-way street: reciprocal regulation of metabolism and signalling". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 13 (4): 270–276. doi:10.1038/nrm3305. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 22395772.
Jump up ^ Storey, Kenneth B. (2005-02-25). Functional Metabolism: Regulation and Adaptation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471675570.
Jump up ^ "ACLY ATP citrate lyase [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Jump up ^ Ragsdale, S. W. (2004). "Life with carbon monoxide". CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39: 165–195.
Jump up ^ Chatterjea (2004-01-01). Textbook of Biochemistry for Dental/Nursing/Pharmacy Students. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. ISBN 9788180612046.
^ Jump up to: a b Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, John L.; Stryer, Lubert (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0716730510.
Jump up ^ Blackstock, James C. (2014-06-28). Guide to Biochemistry. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 9781483183671.
Jump up ^ Houten, Sander Michel; Wanders, Ronald J. A. (2010-03-02). "A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 33 (5): 469–477. doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9061-2. ISSN 0141-8955. PMC 2950079  . PMID 20195903.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Stryer, Lubert (1995). Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 510–515, 559–565, 581–613, 614–623, 775–778. ISBN 0-7167-2009-4.
Jump up ^ "Oxidation of fatty acids".
Jump up ^ "Ketone body metabolism". University of Waterloo.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferre, P.; F. Foufelle (2007). "SREBP-1c Transcription Factor and Lipid Homeostasis: Clinical Perspective". Hormone Research. 68 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1159/000100426. PMID 17344645. Retrieved 2010-08-30. this process is outlined graphically in page 73
^ Jump up to: a b Voet, Donald; Judith G. Voet; Charlotte W. Pratt (2006). Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 547, 556. ISBN 0-471-21495-7.
Jump up ^ Fatland, B. L. (2005). "Reverse Genetic Characterization of Cytosolic Acetyl-CoA Generation by ATP-Citrate Lyase in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell Online. 17: 182–203. doi:10.1105/tpc.104.026211.
Jump up ^ Yi, C. H.; Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H.; Yuan, J. (2011-01-01). "Integration of Apoptosis and Metabolism". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 76: 375–387. doi:10.1101/sqb.2011.76.010777. ISSN 0091-7451. PMID 22089928.
Jump up ^ Pettit, Flora H.; Pelley, John W.; Reed, Lester J. (1975-07-22). "Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase by acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD ratios". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 65 (2): 575–582. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(75)80185-9.
Jump up ^ Jitrapakdee, Sarawut; Maurice, Martin St.; Rayment, Ivan; Cleland, W. Wallace; Wallace, John C.; Attwood, Paul V. (2008-08-01). "Structure, Mechanism and Regulation of Pyruvate Carboxylase". The Biochemical Journal. 413 (3): 369–387. doi:10.1042/BJ20080709. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 2859305  . PMID 18613815.
External links[edit]
Acetyl Coenzyme A at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[show]
v
t
e
Cholesterol and steroid metabolic intermediates
Mevalonate pathway
to HMG-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
Acetoacetyl-CoA
HMB
HMB-CoA
HMG-CoA
Ketone bodies
Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
β-Hydroxybutyric acid
to DMAPP
Mevalonic acid
Phosphomevalonic acid
5-Diphosphomevalonic acid
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Geranyl-
Geranyl pyrophosphate
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
Carotenoid
Prephytoene diphosphate
Phytoene
Non-mevalonate pathway
DOXP
MEP
CDP-ME
CDP-MEP
MEcPP
HMB-PP
IPP
DMAPP
To Cholesterol
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
Squalene
2,3-Oxidosqualene
Lanosterol
Lanosterol
Lathosterol
7-Dehydrocholesterol
Cholesterol
Lanosterol
Zymosterol
7-Dehydrodesmosterol
Desmosterol
Cholesterol
From Cholesterol
(to steroids)
22R-Hydroxycholesterol
20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol
Steroid hormones
See here instead.
Nonhuman
Phytosterols
Stigmasterol
Brassicasterol
Ergosterols
Ergosterol
Ergocalciferol
[show]
v
t
e
Glycolysis metabolic pathway
Glucose
Hexokinase
ATP
ADP
Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
isomerase
Fructose 6-phosphate
phosphofructokinase-1
ATP
ADP
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-bisphosphate
aldolase
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
+
+
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Triosephosphate
isomerase
2 × Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
2 ×
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase
NAD++ Pi
NADH + H+
NAD++ Pi
NADH + H+
2 × 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ×
Phosphoglycerate kinase
ADP
ATP
ADP
ATP
2 × 3-Phosphoglycerate
2 ×
Phosphoglycerate mutase
2 × 2-Phosphoglycerate
2 ×
Phosphopyruvate
hydratase (Enolase)
H2O
H2O
2 × Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ×
Pyruvate kinase
ADP
ATP
2 × Pyruvate
2 ×
[hide]
v
t
e
Amino acid metabolism metabolic intermediates
K→acetyl-CoA
lysine→
Saccharopine
Allysine
α-Aminoadipic acid
α-Ketoadipate
Glutaryl-CoA
Glutaconyl-CoA
Crotonyl-CoA
β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
leucine→
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid
β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyryl-CoA
Isovaleryl-CoA
α-Ketoisocaproic acid
β-Ketoisocaproic acid
β-Ketoisocaproyl-CoA
β-Leucine
β-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
β-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA
tryptophan→alanine→
N'-Formylkynurenine
Kynurenine
Anthranilic acid
3-Hydroxykynurenine
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
2-Amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde
2-Aminomuconic semialdehyde
2-Aminomuconic acid
Glutaryl-CoA
G
G→pyruvate→citrate
glycine→serine→
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
glycine→creatine: Glycocyamine
Phosphocreatine
Creatinine
G→glutamate→
α-ketoglutarate
histidine→
Urocanic acid
Imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acid
Formiminoglutamic acid
Glutamate-1-semialdehyde
proline→
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid
arginine→
Agmatine
Ornithine
Citrulline
Cadaverine
Putrescine
other
cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: γ-Glutamylcysteine
G→propionyl-CoA→
succinyl-CoA
valine→
α-Ketoisovaleric acid
Isobutyryl-CoA
Methacrylyl-CoA
3-Hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA
3-Hydroxyisobutyric acid
2-Methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid
isoleucine→
2,3-Dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
2-Methylbutyryl-CoA
Tiglyl-CoA
2-Methylacetoacetyl-CoA
methionine→
generation of homocysteine: S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
Homocysteine
conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine
alpha-Ketobutyric acid+Cysteine
threonine→
α-Ketobutyric acid
propionyl-CoA→
Methylmalonyl-CoA
G→fumarate
phenylalanine→tyrosine→
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid
Homogentisic acid
4-Maleylacetoacetic acid
G→oxaloacetate
see urea cycle
Other
Cysteine metabolism
Cysteine sulfinic acid
[show]
Acetylcholine receptor modulators
[show]
v
t
e
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
mAChRs
Agonists
77-LH-28-1
AC-42
AC-260,584
Aceclidine
Acetylcholine
AF30
AF150(S)
AF267B
Alvameline
AQRA-741
Arecoline
Bethanechol
Bevonium
Butyrylcholine
Carbachol
CDD-0034
CDD-0078
CDD-0097
CDD-0098
CDD-0102
Cevimeline
Choline
cis-Dioxolane
Clozapine
Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
Ethoxysebacylcholine
Itameline
LY-593,039
L-689,660
LY-2,033,298
McNA343
Methacholine
Milameline
Muscarine
NGX-267
Ocvimeline
Oxotremorine
PD-151,832
Pilocarpine
RS86
Sabcomeline
SDZ 210-086
Sebacylcholine
Suberyldicholine
Talsaclidine
Tazomeline
Thiopilocarpine
Vedaclidine
VU-0029767
VU-0090157
VU-0152099
VU-0152100
VU-0238429
WAY-132,983
Xanomeline
YM-796
Antagonists
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
4-DAMP
Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol)
Abediterol
AF-DX 250
AF-DX 384
Ambutonium bromide
Anisodamine
Anisodine
Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)
AQ-RA 741
Atropine
Atropine methonitrate
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine)
Benactyzine
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Benzilone
Benzilylcholine mustard
Benzydamine
BIBN 99
Biperiden
Bornaprine
Camylofin
CAR-226,086
CAR-301,060
CAR-302,196
CAR-302,282
CAR-302,368
CAR-302,537
CAR-302,668
Caramiphen
Cimetropium bromide
Clidinium bromide
Cloperastine
CS-27349
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclopentolate
Darifenacin
DAU-5884
Desfesoterodine
Dexetimide
DIBD
Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
Dihexyverine
Difemerine
Diphemanil metilsulfate
Ditran
EA-3167
EA-3443
EA-3580
EA-3834
Emepronium bromide
Etanautine
Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
Fenpiverinium
Fentonium
Fesoterodine
Flavoxate
Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol)
Hexahydrodifenidol
Hexahydrosiladifenidol
Hexbutinol
Hexocyclium
Himbacine
HL-031,120
Homatropine
Imidafenacin
Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol)
Isopropamide
J-104,129
Hyoscyamine
Mamba toxin 3
Mamba toxin 7
Mazaticol
Mebeverine
Meladrazine
Mepenzolate
Methantheline
Methoctramine
Methylatropine
Methylhomatropine
Methylscopolamine
Metixene
Muscarinic toxin 7
N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
Nefopam
Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
Orphenadrine
Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
Otilonium bromide
Oxapium iodide
Oxitropium bromide
Oxybutynin
Oxyphencyclimine
Oxyphenonium bromide
PBID
PD-102,807
PD-0298029
Penthienate
Pethidine
pFHHSiD
Phenglutarimide
Phenyltoloxamine
Pipenzolate bromide
Piperidolate
Pirenzepine
Piroheptine
Pizotifen
Poldine
Pridinol
Prifinium bromide
Procyclidine
Profenamine (ethopropazine)
Propantheline bromide
Propiverine
Quinidine
Revefenacin
Rociverine
RU-47,213
SCH-57,790
SCH-72,788
SCH-217,443
Scopolamine (hyoscine)
Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
Silahexacyclium
Sofpironium bromide
Solifenacin
SSRIs (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)
Telenzepine
Terodiline
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
Tiemonium iodide
Timepidium bromide
Tiotropium bromide
Tiquizium bromide
Tofenacin
Tolterodine
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine)
Tridihexethyl
Trihexyphenidyl
Trimebutine
Tripitamine (tripitramine)
Tropacine
Tropatepine
Tropicamide
Trospium chloride
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine)
Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol)
WIN-2299
Xanomeline
Zamifenacin
Precursors
(and prodrugs)
Acetyl-coA
Adafenoxate
Choline (lecithin)
Citicoline
Cyprodenate
Dimethylethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
[show]
v
t
e
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
nAChRs
Agonists
(and PAMs)
5-HIAA
A-84,543
A-366,833
A-582,941
A-867,744
ABT-202
ABT-418
ABT-560
ABT-894
Acetylcholine
Altinicline
Anabasine
Anatoxin-a
AR-R17779
Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate
Butinoline
Butyrylcholine
Carbachol
Choline
Cotinine
Cytisine
Decamethonium
Desformylflustrabromine
Dianicline
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium
Epibatidine
Epiboxidine
Ethanol (alcohol)
Ethoxysebacylcholine
EVP-4473
EVP-6124
Galantamine
GTS-21
Ispronicline
Ivermectin
JNJ-39393406
Levamisole
Lobeline
MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)
Morantel
Nicotine (tobacco)
NS-1738
PHA-543,613
PHA-709,829
PNU-120,596
PNU-282,987
Pozanicline
Pyrantel
Rivanicline
RJR-2429
Sazetidine A
SB-206553
Sebacylcholine
SIB-1508Y
SIB-1553A
SSR-180,711
Suberyldicholine
Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)
Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)
TC-1698
TC-1734
TC-1827
TC-2216
TC-5214
TC-5619
TC-6683
Tebanicline
Tribendimidine
Tropisetron
UB-165
Varenicline
WAY-317,538
XY-4083
Antagonists
(and NAMs)
18-MAC
18-MC
α-Neurotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, α-cobratoxin, α-conotoxin, many others)
ABT-126
Alcuronium
Allopregnanolone
Amantadine
Anatruxonium
AQW051
Atracurium
Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental)
BNC-210
Bungarotoxins (e.g., α-bungarotoxin, κ-bungarotoxin)
Bupropion
BW-A444
Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)
Chlorisondamine
Cisatracurium
Coclaurine
Coronaridine
Curare
Cyclopropane
Dacuronium bromide
Decamethonium
Dehydronorketamine
Desflurane
Dextromethorphan
Dextropropoxyphene
Dextrorphan
Diadonium
DHβE
Dihydrochandonium
Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)
Dioscorine
Dipyrandium
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
Doxacurium
Encenicline
Enflurane
Erythravine
Esketamine
Fazadinium
Gallamine
Gantacurium chloride
Halothane
Hexafluronium
Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)
Hydroxybupropion
Hydroxynorketamine
Ibogaine
Isoflurane
Ketamine
Kynurenic acid
Laudanosine
Laudexium (laudolissin)
Levacetylmethadol
Levomethadone
Malouetine
ME-18-MC
Mecamylamine
Memantine
Methadone
Methorphan (racemethorphan)
Methyllycaconitine
Metocurine
Mivacurium
Morphanol (racemorphan)
Neramexane
Nitrous oxide
Norketamine
Pancuronium bromide
Pempidine
Pentamine
Pentolinium
Phencyclidine
Pipecuronium bromide
Progesterone
Promegestone
Radafaxine
Rapacuronium bromide
Reboxetine
Rocuronium bromide
Sevoflurane
Stercuronium iodide
Surugatoxin
Thiocolchicoside
Toxiferine
Tramadol
Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)
Tropeinium
Tubocurarine
Vanoxerine
Vecuronium bromide
Xenon
Precursors
(and prodrugs)
Acetyl-coA
Adafenoxate
Choline (lecithin)
Citicoline
Cyprodenate
Dimethylethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
Metabolism portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acetyl-CoA&oldid=838094602"
Categories:
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Hidden categories:
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