text:
Public sector
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Economic sectors
Three-sector theory
Primary sector: raw materials
Secondary sector: manufacturing
Tertiary sector: services
Additional sectors
Quaternary sector: information services
Quinary sector: human services
Theorists
AGB Fisher · Colin Clark · Jean Fourastié
Sectors by ownership
Business sector · Private sector · Public sector · Voluntary sector
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The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.
Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military, police, infrastructure (public roads, bridges, tunnels, water supply, sewers, electrical grids, telecommunications, etc.), public transit, public education, along with health care and those working for the government itself, such as elected officials. The public sector might provide services that a non-payer cannot be excluded from (such as street lighting), services which benefit all of society rather than just the individual who uses the service.[1] Public enterprises, or state-owned enterprises, are self-financing commercial enterprises that are under public ownership which provide various private goods and services for sale and usually operate on a commercial basis.
Organizations that are not part of the public sector are either a part of the private sector or voluntary sector. The private sector is composed of the business sector, which is intended to earn a profit for the owners of the enterprise. The voluntary, civic or social sector concerns a diverse array of non-profit organizations emphasizing civil society.
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization
2 See also
3 References
3.1 Citations
3.2 Sources
Organization[edit]
The organization of the public sector can take several forms, including:
Direct administration funded through taxation; the delivering organization generally has no specific requirement to meet commercial success criteria, and production decisions are determined by government.
State-owned enterprises; which differ from direct administration in that they have greater management autonomy and operate according to commercial criteria, and production decisions are not generally taken by a government (although goals may be set for them by government).
Levels of Public sector are organized at three levels: Federal or National, Regional (State or Provincial), and Local (Municipal or County).
Partial outsourcing (of the scale many businesses do, e.g. for IT services) is considered a public sector model.
A borderline form is as follows:
Complete outsourcing or contracting out, with a privately owned corporation delivering the entire service on behalf of government. This may be considered a mixture of private sector operations with public ownership of assets, although in some forms the private sector's control and/or risk is so great that the service may no longer be considered part of the public sector (Barlow et al., 2010). (See the United Kingdom's Private Finance Initiative.)
Public employee unions represent workers. [2]Since contract negotiations for these workers are dependent on the size of government budgets, this is the one segment of the labor movement that can actually contribute directly to the people with ultimate responsibility for its livelihood. While their giving pattern matches that of other unions, public sector unions also concentrate contributions on members of Congress from both parties who sit on committees that deal with federal budgets and agencies.
See also[edit]
Economics portal
Civil service
Government agency
Nationalization
Political economy
Privatization
Public economics
Public ownership
Public sector business cases for projects
Special-purpose district
State-owned enterprise
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "public sector". Investorwords, WebFinance, Inc. 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Center for Responsive Politics." OpenSecrets.org. Center for Responsive Politics, 16 May 2017. Web. 11 June 2017.
Sources[edit]
Barlow, J. Roehrich, J.K. and Wright, S. (2010). De facto privatisation or a renewed role for the EU? Paying for Europe’s healthcare infrastructure in a recession. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 103:51-55.
Lloyd G. Nigro, Decision Making in the Public Sector (1984), Marcel Dekker Inc.
David G. Carnevale, Organizational Development in the Public Sector (2002), Westview Pr.
Jan-Erik Lane, The Public Sector: Concepts, Models and Approaches (1995), Sage Pubns.
A Primer on Public-Private Partnerships http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2008/02/a-primer-on-pub.html#more
What is the Public Sector? Definition & Examples. (2016, June & july). Retrieved June 10, 2017, from http://www.privacysense.net/terms/public-sector/
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text:
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. It replaced the procedure provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, by which the Electoral College originally functioned. Problems with the original procedure arose in the elections of 1796 and 1800. The Twelfth Amendment refined the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected by the Electoral College. The amendment was proposed by the Congress on December 9, 1803, and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of state legislatures on June 15, 1804.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Background
3 Adoption
3.1 Journey to Congress
3.2 Congressional debate
3.3 Proposal and ratification
4 Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment
5 Elections since 1804
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Text[edit]
The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons voted for as Vice-President and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted.
The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.[Note 1]
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.[1]
Background[edit]
Under the original procedure for the Electoral College, as provided in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, each elector could vote for two persons. The two people chosen by the elector could not both inhabit the same state as that elector. This prohibition was designed to keep electors from voting for two "favorite sons" of their respective states.[2] The person receiving the greatest number of votes, provided that number equaled a majority of the electors, was elected President.
If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes, and such number equaled a majority of the electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President. If no individual had a majority, then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes. In either case, a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President.
Selecting the Vice President was a simpler process. Whichever candidate received the second greatest number of votes became Vice President. The Vice President, unlike the President, was not required to receive votes from a majority of the electors. In the event of a tie for second place, the Senate would choose who would be Vice President from those tied, with each Senator casting one vote. It was not specified in the Constitution whether the sitting Vice President could cast a tie-breaking vote for Vice President under the original formula.
George Washington's decision not to seek a third term and the emergence of partisan political activity exposed problems with the original procedure.
In the 1796 election, John Adams, the Federalist Party presidential candidate, received a majority of the electoral votes. However, the Federalist electors scattered their second votes, resulting in the Democratic-Republican Party presidential candidate, Thomas Jefferson, receiving the second highest number of electoral votes and thus being elected Vice President. It became apparent that if the Vice President was a defeated electoral opponent of the President the two might not work together effectively. By having the President and Vice President elected on a party ticket, this possibility would be eliminated but it raised a different flaw in the arrangements.
On January 6, 1797, Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina responded to this result by presenting a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution requiring each elector to cast one vote for President and another for Vice President.[3] However, no action was taken on his proposal, setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800.
The 1800 election exposed a defect in the original formula in that if each member of the Electoral College followed party tickets, there would be a tie between the two candidates from the most popular ticket.
The Federalist states in the House of Representatives decided to give their votes to Aaron Burr for President when he and Jefferson tied in the Presidential election of 1800. Their aim was to prevent Jefferson, who was influential and rich in new visions, from becoming President, at any cost. With help from Alexander Hamilton, the gridlock was finally broken on the thirty-sixth vote and Jefferson was elected President on February 17, 1801.[4] The events in the House, combined with the increasing Democratic-Republican majorities in the House and Senate, prompted the Democratic-Republicans to call for a Constitutional amendment requiring separate votes for President and Vice President in the Electoral College. By doing this, the Democratic-Republicans could dash the Federalists' hopes of having any impact on the Presidential election of 1804.
Adoption[edit]
Journey to Congress[edit]
In March 1801, weeks after the election of 1800 was resolved, two amendments were proposed in the New York state legislature that would form the skeleton of the Twelfth Amendment. Governor John Jay submitted an amendment to the state legislature that would require a district election of electors in each state. Assemblyman Jedediah Peck submitted an amendment to adopt designations for the votes for President and Vice President. The two amendments were not considered until early 1802 because the state legislature took a break for the summer and winter. New York state senator DeWitt Clinton moved for the adoption of the amendment in January 1802. Shortly thereafter, Clinton won a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate, where he was instrumental in bringing the designation amendment to Congress. The process continued in New York on February 15 when Representative Benjamin Walker of New York proposed the designation and district election amendments to the House. Debate on the amendments began in May. The Republicans wanted to decide on the amendment quickly, but the Federalists argued that the ideas needed more time than the current session allowed. Federalist Samuel W. Dana of Connecticut wanted to examine the necessity of a Vice President. The amendment ultimately failed in the New York State Senate, but DeWitt Clinton brought the amendment discussion to the House of Representatives.[5]
Congress was ready to debate the presented amendment, but the Democratic-Republicans decided to wait for the 8th Congress. The 8th Congress would allow the Democratic-Republicans a better chance of meeting the two-third vote requirement for submitting a proposed Constitutional amendment.
Congressional debate[edit]
On its first day, the 8th Congress considered the designation amendment. The first formulation of the amendment had the five highest electoral vote earners on the ballot in the House if no one candidate had a majority of the electoral votes. Republican John Clopton of Virginia, the largest state in the Union, argued that having five names on the list for a contingency election took the power from the people, so he proposed that there be only two names on the list. On October 20, the House appointed a seventeen-member committee (one Representative from each state) to fine-tune the amendment.[6]
The original proposal starting in the New York state legislature was a dual-amendment that, along with designation, put forward the idea of district election of electors that Treasury Secretary Gallatin had supported. Shortly after the committee was formed, Federalist Benjamin Huger attempted to add a provision regarding district elections to the proposed amendment. The committee ignored him and district election disappeared.[7]
The committee then submitted an updated version of the designation amendment to the House on October 23 that changed the number of candidates in a contingency election from five to three and allowed the Senate to choose the Vice President if there were a tie in that race. Small Federalist states disliked the change from five to three, because it made it far less likely that a small-state candidate would make it to a contingency election. Huger and New York Federalist Gaylord Griswold argued that the Constitution was a compromise between large and small states and the method chosen by the Framers is supposed to check the influence of the larger states. Huger even asserted that the Constitution itself was not a union of people, but a union of large and small states in order to justify the original framework for electing the President. Designation, argued Griswold and Huger, would violate the spirit of the Constitution by taking away a check on the power of the large states.[5]
Next up for the Federalists was Seth Hastings of Massachusetts, who submitted the argument that the designation amendment rendered the Vice Presidency useless and advocated for the elimination of the three-fifths clause. John C. Smith asked the inflammatory question of whether or not the proposed amendment was to help the reelection of Jefferson. Speaker Nathaniel Macon called this inappropriate. After Matthew Lyon of Kentucky denounced any reference to the three-fifths clause as mere provocation, the House easily passed the resolution 88-39 on October 28.
By October 28, the Senate had already been discussing the designation amendment. Republican DeWitt Clinton expected that the Senate, with a 24-9 Republican majority would quickly passing the amendment. Federalist Jonathan Dayton proposed that the office of the Vice President should be eliminated and his colleague, Uriah Tracy, seconded it. On the other side, Wilson Cary Nicholas was simply worried that Congress would not submit the amendment in time for the states to ratify it before the 1804 election. Despite Nicholas’ concern, the Senate would not seriously deal with the amendment again until November 23.[8]
Much as it had in the House, debate centered around the number of candidates in a contingency election and the philosophical underpinnings of the Constitution. Again, small Federalist states vehemently argued that three candidates gave too much power to large states to pick presidents. Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina argued that the issues with the election of 1800 were unlikely to happen again and he would not advocate changing the Constitution simply to stop a Federalist Vice President. John Quincy Adams argued that the change from five to three gave an advantage to the people that violated the federative principle of the Constitution. Rather than have the office of the President balanced between the states and the people, Adams felt designation of President and Vice President would tip that scale in favor of the people.[9]
Federalist Senators argued for retaining the original procedure for the Electoral College. Senator Samuel White of Delaware claimed that the original procedure had not been given "a fair experiment" and criticized the proposed amendment for entrenching the two-party system that had taken over presidential elections.[10]
In response, the Republicans appealed to democratic principles. Samuel Smith of Maryland argued that the presidency ought to be as closely accountable to the people as possible. As such, having three candidates in a contingency election is far better than having five, because it is possible to have the fifth best candidate become President otherwise. Also, designation itself would drastically cut down the number of elections that would reach the house, and the President is then much more likely to be the people’s choice. Another of Smith’s arguments was simply the election of 1800. William Cocke of Tennessee took a different approach when he argued that the entire small state argument of the Federalists was simply out of self-interest.[11]
One last order of business for the amendment was to deal with the possibility that the House would fail to choose a President by March 4. It was the least controversial portion of the Twelfth Amendment and John Taylor proposed that the Vice President would take over as President in that peculiar occurrence, “as in case of the death or other Constitutional disability of the President."[12]
It seemed clear all along that the Republican dominance would render this a no-contest and the Republicans were just waiting for all of their votes to be present, but the Federalists had one last defense. A marathon session of debate, lasting from 11 A.M. to 10 P.M., was the order of the day on December 2, 1803. Most notably, Uriah Tracy of Connecticut argued in a similar vein as Adams when he invoked the federative principle of the Constitution. Tracy claimed the original procedure was formulated to give the small states a chance to elect the Vice President, who would be a check on the President’s powers. In essence, the states balanced the power of the people. However, this only works if you make it partisan, as Georgia (for example) was a Republican small state.[13]
Proposal and ratification[edit]
Twelfth Amendment in the National Archives
The Twelfth Amendment was proposed by the 8th Congress on December 9, 1803, when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 83–42,[14] having been previously passed by the Senate, 22–10, on December 2.[15] The amendment was officially submitted to the states on December 12, 1803, and was ratified by the legislatures of the following states:[16]
North Carolina: December 21, 1803
Maryland: December 24, 1803
Kentucky: December 27, 1803
Ohio: December 30, 1803
Pennsylvania: January 5, 1804
Vermont: January 30, 1804
Virginia: February 3, 1804
New York: February 10, 1804
New Jersey: February 22, 1804
Rhode Island: March 12, 1804
South Carolina: May 15, 1804
Georgia: May 19, 1804
New Hampshire: June 15, 1804[Note 2]
Having been ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the several states, there being 17 states in the Union at the time, the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment was completed. It was subsequently ratified by:
14. Tennessee: July 27, 1804
15. Massachusetts: 1961 (after rejection: February 3, 1804)
The amendment was rejected by:
Delaware: January 18, 1804
Connecticut: May 10, 1804
On September 25, 1804, in a circular letter to the governors of the states, Secretary of State Madison declared the amendment ratified by three-fourths of the states.
Electoral College under the Twelfth Amendment[edit]
While the Twelfth Amendment did not change the composition of the Electoral College or the duties of the electors, it did change the process whereby a President and a Vice President are elected. The new electoral process was first used for the 1804 election. Each presidential election since has been conducted under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment.
The Twelfth Amendment stipulates that each elector must cast distinct votes for President and Vice President, instead of two votes for President. Additionally, electors may not vote for presidential and vice-presidential candidates who both reside in the elector's state—at least one of them must be an inhabitant of another state.
If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes, the House of Representatives, voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure, chooses the President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes, compared to five under the original procedure.
The Twelfth Amendment requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for Vice President for that person to be elected Vice President by the Electoral College. If no candidate for Vice President has a majority of the total votes, the Senate, with each Senator having one vote, chooses the Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose between the candidates with the "two highest numbers" of electoral votes. If multiple individuals are tied for second place, the Senate may consider all of them, in addition to the individual with the greatest number of votes. The Twelfth Amendment introduced a quorum requirement of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators for the conduct of balloting. Furthermore, the Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose a Vice President by way of the affirmative votes of "a majority of the whole number" of Senators.
To prevent deadlocks from keeping the nation leaderless, the Twelfth Amendment provided that if the House did not choose a President before March 4 (then the first day of a Presidential term), the individual elected Vice President would "act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President." The Twelfth Amendment did not state for how long the Vice President would act as President or if the House could still choose a President after March 4. Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment, adopted in 1933, supersedes that provision of the Twelfth Amendment by changing the date upon which a new presidential term commences to January 20, clarifying that the Vice President-elect would only "act as President" if the House has not chosen a President by January 20, and permitting Congress to statutorily provide "who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected" if there is no President-elect or Vice President-elect by January 20. It also clarifies that if there is no President-elect on January 20, whoever acts as President does so until a person "qualified" to occupy the Presidency is elected to be President.
The Twelfth Amendment explicitly states the constitutional requirements as provided for the President also apply to being Vice President. It is unclear whether a two-term president could later serve as Vice President. Some argue that the Twenty-second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment both bar any two-term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession.[17] Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service, while the Twenty-second Amendment concerns qualifications for election, and thus a former two-term president is still eligible to serve as Vice President.[18] The applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency, and thus the courts have never been required to make a judgment regarding the matter. During Hillary Clinton's 2016 candidacy, she said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President, but was advised it would be unconstitutional.[19]
Elections since 1804[edit]
Certificate for the electoral vote for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana
Starting with the election of 1804, each Presidential election has been conducted under the Twelfth Amendment.
Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President: In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. Because the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes.[Note 3] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four.[20] Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many—particularly Jackson and his supporters—accused the pair of making a "Corrupt Bargain".[21][22] In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright.
In 1836, the Whig Party nominated different candidates in different regions in the hopes of splintering the electoral vote and denying Martin Van Buren, the Democratic candidate, a majority in the Electoral College, thereby throwing the election into the Whig-controlled House. However, this strategy failed with Van Buren winning majorities of both the popular and electoral vote. In that same election no candidate for Vice President secured a majority in the electoral college as Democratic Vice Presidential nominee Richard Mentor Johnson did not receive the electoral votes of Democratic electors from Virginia, because of his relationship with a former slave. As a result, Johnson received 147 electoral votes, one vote short of a majority; to be followed by Francis Granger with 77, John Tyler with 47 and William Smith with 23. This caused the Senate to choose whether Johnson or Granger would be the new Vice President. Johnson won with 33 votes, with Granger receiving 16.[23]
Since 1836, no major U.S. party has nominated multiple regional presidential or vice presidential candidates in an election. However, since the Civil War there have been two serious attempts by Southern-based parties to run regional candidates in hopes of denying either of the two major candidates an electoral college majority. Both attempts (in 1948 and 1968) failed, but not by much—in both cases a shift in the result of two close states would have forced the respective elections into the House.[24][25]
In modern elections, a running mate is often selected in order to appeal to a different set of voters. A Habitation Clause issue arose during the 2000 presidential election contested by George W. Bush (running-mate Dick Cheney) and Al Gore (running-mate Joe Lieberman), because it was alleged that Bush and Cheney were both inhabitants of Texas and that the Texas electors therefore violated the Twelfth Amendment in casting their ballots for both. Bush's residency was unquestioned, as he was Governor of Texas at the time. Cheney and his wife had moved to Dallas five years earlier when he assumed the role of chief executive at Halliburton. Cheney grew up in Wyoming and had represented it in Congress. A few months before the election, he switched his voter registration and driver's license to Wyoming and put his home in Dallas up for sale. Three Texas voters challenged the election in a federal court in Dallas and then appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, where it was dismissed.[26]
See also[edit]
Electoral College (United States)
United States presidential eligibility legislation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This sentence is superseded by Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment
Jump up ^ Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804, when the New Hampshire legislature ratified the amendment. The state's governor, John Taylor Gilman, vetoed the resolution of ratification on June 20, and the act failed to pass again by the two-thirds vote then required by the state constitution. However, Article V of the U.S. Constitution specifies that amendments shall become effective "when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States or by conventions in three-fourths thereof" and so it has been generally believed that an approval or veto by a governor is without significance.
Jump up ^ The popular vote in 1824 did not consist of all of the states, since many states chose their electors through their legislatures instead of by a vote of their people.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11-27". National Archives. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
Jump up ^ The Electoral College – Origin and History Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections
Jump up ^ United States Congress (1797). Annals of Congress. 4th Congress, 2nd Session. p. 1824. Retrieved June 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ Wood, Gordon (2009). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 285.
^ Jump up to: a b Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 127–128.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 128.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 133–136.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 136–137.
Jump up ^ Alder, Carolyn (March 3, 2016). "A Far Superior Method—the Original Electoral College". Freedom Formula. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 137.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 139.
Jump up ^ Kuroda, Tadahisa (1999). The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment: The Electoral College in the Early Republic. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. pp. 140–141.
Jump up ^ "13 Annals of Congress 775 (1805)". Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "13 Annals of Congress 209 (1805)". Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "THE CONSTITUTION of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION, Centennial Edition, INTERIM EDITION: ANALYSIS OF CASES DECIDED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES TO JUNE 26, 2013" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. p. 28. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck (July 31, 2007). "Constitutional Sleight of Hand". National Review. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant; Bruce G. Peabody (2006-06-13). "How to bring back Bill". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-06-12.
Jump up ^ 1339 GMT (2039 HKT) September 15, 2015 (September 15, 2015). "Hillary Clinton: Bill as VP has 'crossed her mind'". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andrew Costly. "BRIA 8 4 a The Election of 1824-25: When the House Chose the President - Constitutional Rights Foundation".
Jump up ^ McNamara, Robert. "The Election of 1824 Was Decided in the House of Representatives". About.com. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Lynn Hudson (2009). The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-975424-3.
Jump up ^ "VP Richard Mentor Johnson". 30 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Student Activity: Presidential Campaign of 1948". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "American Experience: George Wallace - 1968 Campaign". PBS. 2000. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bravin, Jess. Obscure Texas Case Offers Peek Into Role Of Court Nominee, The Wall Street Journal, Oct. 7, 2005.
.
External links[edit]
Constitution of the United States, via Wikisource
CRS Annotated Constitution: Twelfth Amendment, via Cornell Law School
Ellis, E. S. (1903). Thomas Jefferson: A Character Sketch., via Project Gutenberg
U. S. Electoral College, via Office of the Federal Register
Hawley, Joshua. "The Transformative Twelfth Amendment". University of Missouri School of Law.
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List of countries by oil production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of countries by oil production, as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2016, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis. Compared with shorter-term data, the full-year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles. The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate, the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead. The volumes in the table do not include biofuel. They also do not include the increase in liquid volumes during oil refining ("refinery gain"), or liquids separated from natural gas in gas processing plants (natural gas liquids).[1]
Under this definition, total world oil production in 2016 averaged 80,622,000 barrels per day. Approximately 68% came from the top ten countries, and an overlapping 44% came from the fourteen current OPEC members, highlighted with blue shading in the table below.
For many years, the top three producers have been (alphabetically) Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past, but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day.[2]
Top oil-producing countries (million barrels per day, 1973–2016)[2]
Countries producing oil 2013, bbl/day (CIA World Factbook)
Historical worldwide production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas Plant Liquids (IEA, 1960–2009)
OPEC oil exports and production in 2014, when Indonesia was preparing to rejoin the organization
Country
Oil Production
(bbl/day, 2016)[1]
1 Russia 10,551,497
2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 10,460,710
3 United States 8,875,817
4 Iraq (OPEC) 4,451,516
5 Iran (OPEC) 3,990,956
6 China 3,980,650
7 Canada 3,662,694
8 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,106,077
9 Kuwait (OPEC) 2,923,825
10 Brazil 2,515,459
11 Venezuela (OPEC) 2,276,967
12 Mexico 2,186,877
13 Nigeria (OPEC) 1,999,885
14 Angola (OPEC) 1,769,615
15 Norway 1,647,975
16 Kazakhstan 1,595,199
17 Qatar (OPEC) 1,522,902
18 Algeria (OPEC) 1,348,361
19 Oman 1,006,841
20 United Kingdom 939,760
21 Colombia 897,784
22 Indonesia 833,667
23 Azerbaijan 833,538
24 India 734,180
25 Malaysia 661,240
26 Ecuador (OPEC) 548,421
27 Argentina 510,560
28 Egypt 494,325
29 Libya (OPEC) 384,686
30 Congo, Republic of the 308,363
31 Vietnam 301,850
32 Australia 289,749
33 Thailand 257,525
34 Sudan and South Sudan 255,000
35 Turkmenistan 230,779
36 Equatorial Guinea (OPEC) 227,000
37 Gabon (OPEC) 210,820
38 Denmark 140,637
39 Chad 110,156
40 Brunei 109,117
41 Ghana 100,549
42 Cameroon 93,205
43 Pakistan 84,746
44 Romania 77,910
45 Italy 70,675
46 Timor-Leste 60,661
47 Trinidad and Tobago 60,090
48 Bolivia 58,077
49 Papua New Guinea 56,667
50 Uzbekistan 52,913
51.5 Bahrain 50,000
51.5 Cuba 50,000
53 Turkey 49,497
54 Tunisia 48,757
55 Germany 46,839
56 Peru 40,266
57 New Zealand 35,574
58 Ukraine 31,989
59.5 Ivory Coast 30,000
59.5 Syria 30,000
61 Belarus 25,000
62 Mongolia 23,426
63 Albania 22,915
64 Yemen 22,000
65 Poland 20,104
67 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 20,000
67 Philippines 20,000
67 Serbia 20,000
69 Netherlands 18,087
70 Suriname 17,000
71 France 16,418
72 Austria 15,161
73 Myanmar 15,000
74 Hungary 13,833
75 Croatia 13,582
76 Niger 13,000
77 Guatemala 8,977
78 Mauritania 5,000
79 Chile 4,423
80 Bangladesh 4,189
81 Japan 3,918
82 Greece 3,172
83 Spain 2,667
84 Czech Republic 2,333
86 Belize 2,000
86 Lithuania 2,000
86 South Africa 2,000
89 Barbados 1,000
89 Bulgaria 1,000
89 Kyrgyzstan 1,000
91 Georgia 400
92 Israel 390
93 Slovakia 200
94 Taiwan 196
95 Tajikistan 180
96 Morocco 160
97 Jordan 22
98 Slovenia 5
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016" (CVS download). U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monthly Energy Review" (PDF). U.S. Energy Information Administration. 25 May 2017. Figure 11.1a. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
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Jeff East
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jeff East
Jeff East in 1972
Born
Jeffrey Franklin East
(1957-10-27) October 27, 1957 (age 60)
Kansas City, Missouri, United States
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1973–present
Spouse(s)
Lori East (divorced; 2 children)
Pascale Lambert East (2014-present)
Jeff East (born October 27, 1957) is an American actor. Beginning his professional acting career at the age of fourteen, East is known for his portrayal of Huckleberry Finn in the United Artists feature films Tom Sawyer (1973) and Huckleberry Finn (1974), as well as for his portrayal of a teenage Clark Kent in Alexander Salkind's Superman: The Movie (1978).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Movies
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
East was born Jeffrey Franklin East on October 27, 1957, in Kansas City, Missouri, to parents Ira and Joan Ann East. His father worked in real estate and his mother was a home-maker.[1] East grew up with three siblings; an older sister named Anne, an older brother named Ronald, and a twin sister named Jane.[1][2]
Career[edit]
East's feature film credits include Flight of the Wolf (1974), Summer Of Fear aka "Stranger In Our House" (1978), Mary and Joseph: A Story of Faith (1979), Klondike Fever (1980), Deadly Blessing (1981), Up the Creek (1984), Dream West (1986), Pumpkinhead (1988), Another Chance (1989), and Deadly Exposure (1993).
Unbeknownst to East when the film was being made, his Superman dialogue was dubbed over by Christopher Reeve.[3]
East also starred in the 1983 television film The Day After. His TV guest appearances include M*A*S*H ("Settling Debts"), Otherworld, and Shades of L.A.
Personal life[edit]
In 1987, East became involved in real estate development with his father. In February 2004, he moved back to Kansas City to take over his father's commercial real estate company.[4]
Jeff's first marriage was to Lori Gates. Though the marriage ended in divorce, they produced two kids, Alexander Gates East (1984) and Madison Gates East (1987).
In 2014, East married for the third time, to Pascale Lambert East, and moved to Nice, France.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Movies[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1973 Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn
1974 Huckleberry Finn Huckleberry Finn
1977 The Hazing Craig Lewis
1978 Superman Young Clark Kent
1980 Klondike Fever Jack London
1981 Deadly Blessing John Schmidt
1984 Up the Creek Rex Crandall
1988 Pumpkinhead Chris
1989 Another Chance Harlen
1992 Blue Champagne Sam Video
1993 Deadly Exposure Anderson
2009 Misfortune Smiles The Great Oswald Short
2010 Last Breath Dennis
2015 Terminal Becker
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1974-77 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Russ Hanson / Josh McClaren / Lonny Bascombe 5 Episodes
1978 Stranger in Our House Peter Bryant TV Movie
1979 How the West Was Won Orly 1 Episode: The Rustler
Insight Rob 1 Episode: When, Jenny? When?
Mary and Joseph: A Story of Faith Joseph TV Movie
1982 M*A*S*H Lt. Pavelich 1 Episode: Settling Debts
1983 The Day After Bruce Gallatin TV Movie
1984-86 1st & Ten: The Championship Bryce Smith 13 Episodes
1985 Otherworld Rev 1 Episode: Village of the Motorpigs
1986 Dream West Tim Donovan Mini-Series
1990 Shades of LA Jack Dymond 1 Episode: Some Like it Cold
1991 The New Adam-12 Officer Carson 1 Episode: D.A.R.E.
1992 Doogie Howser, M.D. Mr. Fukes 1 Episode: The Big Sleep... Not!
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Joan Ann East". CremationCenterKC.com. August 15, 2011. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Jeff East Answers 40 Intimate Questions". Tiger Beat. September 1974.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Jeff East Interview". Superman Homepage. November 17, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Jeff East Interview". Superman Homepage. November 17, 2004.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeff East.
Jeff East on IMDb
Jeff East Interview, November 2004
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 22351593
ISNI: 0000 0000 0303 8822
BNF: cb14174343d (data)
MusicBrainz: 2397d418-fb51-45a1-b7ce-00745380d695
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeff_East&oldid=836453221"
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Abanindranath Tagore
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Abanindranath Tagore
Abanindranath Tagore
Born
(1871-08-07)7 August 1871
Joransanko, Calcutta, Bengal, British India
Died
5 December 1951(1951-12-05) (aged 80)
Calcutta
Nationality
Indian
Known for
Painting, writing
Movement
Bengal school of art, Contextual Modernism
Abanindranath Tagore CIE (অবনীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর) (7 August 1871 – 5 December 1951) was the principal artist and creator of the "Indian Society of Oriental Art". He was also the first major exponent of Swadeshi values in Indian art, thereby founding the influential Bengal school of art, which led to the development of modern Indian painting[1][2] He was also a noted writer, particularly for children. Popularly known as 'Aban Thakur', his books Rajkahini, Budo Angla, Nalak, and Khirer Putul are landmarks in Bengali language children's literature.
Tagore sought to modernise Mughal and Rajput styles to counter the influence of Western models of art, as taught in art schools under the British Raj and developed the Indian style of painting, later known as Bengal school of art. Such was the success of Tagore's work that it was eventually accepted and promoted as a national Indian style within British art institutions under the epithet of Indian Society of Oriental Art.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life and background
2 Painting career
2.1 Early days
2.2 Later career
2.3 Rediscovery
3 List of paintings
4 References
5 External links
Personal life and background[edit]
Abanindranath Tagore was born in Jorasanko, Calcutta, British India, to Gunendranath Tagore. His grandfather was Girindranath Tagore, the second son of "Prince" Dwarkanath Tagore. He was a member of the distinguished Tagore family, and a nephew of the poet Rabindranath Tagore. His grandfather and his elder brother, Gaganendranath Tagore, were also artists.
Tagore learned art when studying at Sanskrit College, Kolkata in the 1880s. In 1890, around the age of twenty years, Abanindranath attended the Calcutta School of Art where he learnt to use pastels from O. Ghilardi, and oil painting from Charles Palmer, European painters who taught in that institution.[3]
In 1889, he married Suhasini Devi, daughter of Bhujagendra Bhusan Chatterjee, a descendant of Prasanna Coomar Tagore. At this time he left the Sanskrit College after nine years of study and studied English as a special student at St. Xavier's College, which he attended for about a year and a half.
He had a sister, Sunayani Devi.[4]
Painting career[edit]
"Ganesh-janani" by Abanindranath Tagore
Early days[edit]
In the early 1890s several illustrations were published in Sadhana magazine, and in Chitrangada, and other works by Rabindranath Tagore. He also illustrated his own books.About the year 1897 he took lessons from the vice-principal of the Government School of Art, studying in the traditional European academic manner, learning the full range of techniques, but with a particular interest in watercolour. At this time he began to come under the influence of Mughal art, making a number of works based on the life of Krishna in a Mughal-influenced style. After meeting E. B. Havell, Tagore worked with him to revitalise and redefine art teaching at the Calcutta School of art, a project also supported by his brother Gaganendranath, who set up the Indian Society of Oriental Art.
Tagore believed in the traditional Indian techniques of painting. His philosophy rejected the "materialistic" art of the west and came back to Indian traditional art forms. He was influenced by the Mughal school of painting as well as Whistler's Aestheticism. In his later works, Tagore started integrating Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his style.
Later career[edit]
Tagore believed that Western art was "materialistic" in character, and that India needed to return to its own traditions to recover spiritual values. Despite its Indocentric nationalism, this view was already commonplace within British art of the time, stemming from the ideas of the Pre-Raphaelites. Tagore's work also shows the influence of Whistler's Aestheticism. Partly for this reason many British arts administrators were sympathetic to such ideas, especially as Hindu philosophy was becoming increasingly influential in the West following the spread of the Theosophy movement. Tagore believed that Indian traditions could be adapted to express these new values, and to promote a progressive Indian national culture.
His finest achievement however was the Arabian Night's series which was painted in 1930. In these paintings he uses the Arabian Nights stories as a trope for looking at colonial Calcutta and picturing its emergent cosmopolitanism.[5]
With the success of Tagore's ideas, he came into contact with other Asian cultural figures, such as the Japanese art historian Okakura Kakuzō and the Japanese painter Yokoyama Taikan, whose work was comparable to his own. In his later work, he began to incorporate elements of Chinese and Japanese calligraphic traditions into his art, seeking to construct a model for a modern pan-Asian artistic tradition which would merge the common aspects of Eastern spiritual and artistic culture.[6]
His close students included Nandalal Bose, Samarendranath Gupta, Kshitindranath Majumdar, Surendranath Ganguly, Asit Kumar Haldar, Sarada Ukil, Kalipada Ghoshal , Manishi Dey, Mukul Dey, K. Venkatappa and Ranada Ukil.
For Abanindranath, the house he grew up in (5 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) and its companion house (6 Dwarakanath Tagore Lane) connected two cultural worlds – 'white town' (where the British colonizers lived) and 'black town' (where the natives lived). According to architectural historian Swati Chattopadhay, Abanindranath "used the Bengali meaning of the word, Jorasanko – 'double bridge' to develop this idea in the form of a mythical map of the city. The map is, indeed, not of Calcutta, but an imaginary city, Halisahar, and is the central guide in a children's story Putur Boi (Putu's Book). The nineteenth-century place names of Calcutta, however, appear on this map, thus suggesting we read this imaginary city with the colonial city as a frame of reference. The map uses the structure of a board game—golokdham—and shows a city divided along a main artery; on one side a lion-gate leads to the Lal-Dighi in the middle of which is the 'white island.'[7]
Abanindranath maintained throughout his life a long friendship with the London-based artist, author, and eventual president of London's Royal College of Art William Rothenstein. Arriving in the autumn of 1910, Rothenstein spent almost a year surveying India's cultural and religious sites, including the ancient Buddhist caves of Ajanta; the Jain carvings of Gwalior; and the Hindu panoply of Benares. He ended up in Calcutta, where he drew and painted with Abanindranath and his students, attempting to absorb elements of Bengal School style into his own practice.[8]
However limited Rothenstein's experiments with the styles of early Modernist Indian painting were, the friendship between him and Abanindranath ushered in a crucial cultural event. This was Rabindranath Tagore's soujourn at Rothenstein's London home, which led to the publication of the English-language version of Gitanjali and the subsequent award to Rabindranath in 1913 of the Nobel Prize for Literature.
The publication of Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali in English brought the Tagore family international renown, which helped to make Abanindranath's artistic projects better known in the west.
Rediscovery[edit]
Within a few years of the artist's death in 1951, his eldest son, Alokendranath, bequeathed almost the entire family collection of Abanindranath Tagore's paintings to the newly founded Rabindra Bharati Society Trust that took up residence on the site of their famous house on No. 5, Dwarakanath Tagore lane. In a situation where only a small number of the artist's paintings had been collected or given away in his lifetime, the Rabindra Bharati Society became the main repository of Abanindranath's works of all periods. Banished into trunks inside the dark offices of the society, these paintings have remained in permanent storage ever since. Caught in these many binds the full range and brilliance of Abanindranath's works could never be effectively projected into a public domain. They remained intimately known only to a tiny circle of Art connoisseurs and scholars in Bengal – some of whom like K. G. Subramanyan and R. Siva Kumar have long argued that the true measure of Abanindranath's talent is to be found in his works of the 1920s, 30s and 40s but could do little to offer up a comprehensive profile of the master for the contemporary art world. R. Siva Kumar's Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore (2008) is a path-breaking discovery in re-defining Abanindranath's art.
List of paintings[edit]
A list of paintings by Abanindranath Tagore:[9]
Ashoka's Queen (1910)
Bharat Mata (1905)
fairyland illustration (1913)
Ganesh Janani (1908)
Aurangzeb examining the head of Dara Shikoh (1911)
Avisarika (1892)
Baba Ganesh (1937)
Banished Yaksha (1904)
Yay and Yay (1915)
Buddha and Sujata (1901)
Chaitanya with his followers on the sea beach of Puri (1915)
End of Dalliance (1939)
Illustrations of Omar Khayyam (1909)
Kacha and Devajani (1908)
Krishna Lal series (1901 to 1903)
Moonlight Music Party (1906)
Moonrise at Mussouri Hills (1916)
Passing of Shah Jahan (1900)
Poet's Baul-dance in Falgurni (1916)
Pushpa-Radha (1912)
Radhika gazing at the portrait of Sri Krishna (1913)
Shah Jahan Dreaming of Taj (1909)
Sri Radha by the River Jamuna (1913)
Summer, from Ritu Sanghar of Kalidasa (1905)
Tales of Arabian Nights (1928)
Temple Dancer (1912)
The Call of the Flute (1910)
The Feast of Lamps (1907)
The Last Journey (1914)
Veena Player (1911)
Bharat Mata (c. 1905)
The Passing of Shah Jahan (1900)
My Mother (1912–13)
Fairyland illustration (1913)
Journey's End (c. 1913)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John Onians (2004). "Bengal School". Atlas of World Art. Laurence King Publishing. p. 304. ISBN 1856693775.
Jump up ^ Abanindranath Tagore, A Survey of the Master’s Life and Work by Mukul Dey, reprinted from "Abanindra Number," The Visva-Bharati Quarterly, May – Oct. 1942.
Jump up ^ Chaitanya, Krishna (1 January 1994). A history of Indian painting: the modern period. Abhinav Publications. p. 145. ISBN 978-81-7017-310-6. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
Jump up ^ http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=40949
Jump up ^ Siva Kumar, R. (2008). Paintings of Abanindranath Tagore. Pratikshan Books. p. 384. ISBN 81-89323-09-1. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Video of a London University Lecture detailing Abanindranath's Importance to Global Modernism, London University School of Advanced Study, March 2012.
Jump up ^ Swati Chattopadhyay, Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny. Routledge 2006.
Jump up ^ Rupert Richard Arrowsmith, "An Indian Renascence and the rise of global modernism: William Rothenstein in India, 1910–11", The Burlington Magazine, vol.152 no.1285 (April 2010), pp.228–235.
Jump up ^ Unattributed. "Abanindranath Tagore Biography". iloveindia.net. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abanindranath Tagore.
Works by or about Abanindranath Tagore at Internet Archive
Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)
Hindu School,Kolkata
Mukul Dey Archives, Santiniketan, India
Abanindranath Tagore – A Survey of the Master’s Life and Work
Dolls by Abanindranath Tagore
Abanindranath Tagore's Profile
Abanindranath's complete literary works in Bengali.
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 7401708
LCCN: n81082069
ISNI: 0000 0001 2119 2935
GND: 119405024
SELIBR: 254380
SUDOC: 085983314
BNF: cb120148166 (data)
BIBSYS: 5017732
ULAN: 500121704
NLA: 36515795
BNE: XX906426
CiNii: DA13585960
SNAC: w66n5z6d
[hide]
v
t
e
Tagore family
1st generation
Darpanarayan Tagore
Nilmoni Tagore
Dwarkanath Tagore
Gopi Mohan Tagore
Hara Kumar Tagore
Prasanna Kumar Tagore
Ramanath Tagore
2nd generation
Debendranath Tagore
Gnanendramohan Tagore
Jatindramohan Tagore
Sourindra Mohun Tagore
3rd generation
Dwijendranath Tagore
Satyendranath Tagore
Hemendranath Tagore
Jyotirindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore
Swarnakumari Devi
Prodyot Coomar Tagore
Ganendranath Tagore
Jnanadanandini Devi
Kadambari Devi
4th generation
Abanindranath Tagore
Gaganendranath Tagore
Indira Devi Chaudhurani
Lakshminath Bezbaroa
Pragyasundari Devi
Pramatha Chaudhuri
Purnima Devi
Sarala Devi Chaudhurani
Surendranath Tagore
5th generation
Dinendranath Tagore
Saumyendranath Tagore
Amiya Tagore
Asit Kumar Haldar
6th generation
Devika Rani
Himanshu Rai
Jitendra Prasada
Krishna Roy
7th generation
Sharmila Tagore
Jitin Prasada
Saranindranath Tagore
8th generation
Saif Ali Khan
Soha Ali Khan
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abanindranath_Tagore&oldid=835503432"
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