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Ring system
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"Planet ring" redirects here. For other uses, see Planet Ring.
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The moons Prometheus (right) and Pandora orbit just inside and outside the F ring of Saturn, but only Prometheus is thought to function as a ring shepherd
A ring system is a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets, and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets. A ring system around a planet is also known as a planetary ring system.
The most prominent and most famous planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn, but the other three giant planets (Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune) also have ring systems. Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects, including minor planets, moons, and brown dwarfs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ring systems of planets
1.1 Jupiter
1.2 Saturn
1.3 Uranus
1.4 Neptune
2 Rings systems of minor planets and moons
3 Rings around exoplanets
4 Visual comparison
5 References
6 External links
Ring systems of planets[edit]
The ring swirling around Saturn consists of chunks of ice and dust. The little dark spot on Saturn is the shadow from Saturn's moon Enceladus.
There are three ways that thicker planetary rings (the rings around planets) have been proposed to have formed: from material of the protoplanetary disk that was within the Roche limit of the planet and thus could not coalesce to form moons, from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by a large impact, or from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by tidal stresses when it passed within the planet's Roche limit. Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years, but it now appears that Saturn's rings might be quite old, dating to the early days of the Solar System.[1]
Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or, in case of Saturn's E-ring, the ejecta of cryovolcanic material.[2][3]
The composition of ring particles varies; they may be silicate or icy dust. Larger rocks and boulders may also be present, and in 2007 tidal effects from eight 'moonlets' only a few hundred meters across were detected within Saturn's rings. The maximum size of a ring particle is determined by the specific strength of the material it is made of, its density, and the tidal force at its altitude. The tidal force is proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring, or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed. It is also inversely proportional to the square of the orbital period of the ring.
Sometimes rings will have "shepherd" moons, small moons that orbit near the inner or outer edges of rings or within gaps in the rings. The gravity of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring, ejected from the system, or accreted onto the moon itself.
It is also predicted that Phobos, a moon of Mars, will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years, because its low orbit with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day is decaying due to tidal deceleration.[4][5]
Jupiter[edit]
Main article: Rings of Jupiter
Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered, when it was first observed by the Voyager 1 probe in 1979,[6] and was observed more thoroughly by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s.[7] Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the "halo"; a thin, relatively bright main ring; and two wide, faint "gossamer rings".[8] The system consists mostly of dust.[6][9]
Saturn[edit]
Main article: Rings of Saturn
Saturn's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System, and thus have been known to exist for quite some time. Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610, but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655.[10] With help from the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini mission, a further understanding of the ring formation and active movement was understood.[11] The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think, but are more of a disk with varying density.[12] They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of rock, and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters.[13]
Uranus[edit]
Main article: Rings of Uranus
Uranus' ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn's vast system and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. They were discovered in 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Jessica Mink.[14] In the time between then and 2005, observations by Voyager 2[15] and the Hubble Space Telescope[16] led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified, most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide. They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation-processed organics. The relative lack of dust is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended exosphere-corona of Uranus.
Neptune[edit]
Main article: Rings of Neptune
The system around Neptune consists of five principal rings that, at their densest, are comparable to the low-density regions of Saturn's rings. However, they are faint and dusty, much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter. The very dark material that makes up the rings are likely organics processed by radiation, like in the rings of Uranus.[17] 20 to 70 percent of the rings are dust, a relatively high proportion.[17] Hints of the rings were seen for decades prior to their conclusive discovery by Voyager 2 in 1989.
Rings systems of minor planets and moons[edit]
Reports in March 2008[18][19][20] suggested that Saturn's moon Rhea may have its own tenuous ring system, which would make it the only moon known to have a ring system. A later study published in 2010 revealed that imaging of Rhea by the Cassini spacecraft was inconsistent with the predicted properties of the rings, suggesting that some other mechanism is responsible for the magnetic effects that had led to the ring hypothesis.[21]
10199 Chariklo, a centaur, was the first minor planet discovered to have rings. It has two rings, perhaps due to a collision that caused a chain of debris to orbit it. The rings were discovered when astronomers observed Chariklo passing in front of the star UCAC4 248-108672 on June 3, 2013 from seven locations in South America. While watching, they saw two dips in the star's apparent brightness just before and after the occultation. Because this event was observed at multiple locations, the conclusion that the dip in brightness was in fact due to rings is unanimously the leading hypothesis. The observations revealed what is likely a 19-kilometer (12-mile)-wide ring system that is about 1,000 times closer than the Moon is to Earth. In addition, astronomers suspect there could be a moon orbiting amidst the ring debris. If these rings are the leftovers of a collision as astronomers suspect, this would give fodder to the idea that moons (such as the Moon) form through collisions of smaller bits of material. Chariklo's rings have not been officially named, but the discoverers have nicknamed them Oiapoque and Chuí, after two rivers near the northern and southern ends of Brazil.[22]
A second centaur, 2060 Chiron, is also suspected to have a pair of rings.[23][24] Based on stellar-occultation data that were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron's comet-like activity, the rings are proposed to be 324 (± 10) km in radius. Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can explain the long-term variation in Chiron's brightness over time.[24]
Ring systems may form around centaurs when they are tidally disrupted in a close encounter (within 0.4 to 0.8 times the Roche limit) with a giant planet. (By definition, a centaur is a minor planet whose orbit crosses the orbit(s) of one or more giant planets.) For a differentiated body approaching a giant planet at an initial relative velocity of 3−6 km/s with an initial rotational period of 8 hours, a ring mass of 0.1−10% of the centaur's mass is predicted. Ring formation from an undifferentiated body is less likely. The rings would be composed mostly or entirely of material from the parent body's icy mantle. After forming, the ring would spread laterally, leading to satellite formation from whatever portion of it spreads beyond the centaur's Roche Limit. Satellites could also form directly from the disrupted icy mantle. This formation mechanism predicts that roughly 10% of centaurs will have experienced potentially ring-forming encounters with giant planets.[25]
A ring around Haumea, a dwarf planet and resonant Kuiper belt member, was revealed by a stellar occultation observed on 21 January 2017. This makes it the first trans-Neptunian object found to have a ring system.[26][27] The ring has a radius of about 2,287 km, a width of ≈70 km and an opacity of 0.5.[27] The ring plane coincides with Haumea’s equator and the orbit of its larger, outer moon Hi’iaka[27] (which has a semimajor axis of ≈25,657 km). The ring is close to the 3:1 resonance with Haumea's rotation, which is located at a radius of 2,285 ± 8 km.[27] It is well within Haumea's Roche limit, which would lie at a radius of about 4,400 km if Haumea were spherical (being nonspherical pushes the limit out farther).[27]
It had previously been theorized by some astronomers that Pluto might have a ring system.[28] However, this possibility has been ruled out by New Horizons, which would have detected any such ring system.
Rings around exoplanets[edit]
Because all giant planets of the Solar System have rings, the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible. Although particles of ice, the material that is predominant in the rings of Saturn, can only exist around planets beyond the frost line, within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term.[29] Such ring systems can be detected for planets observed by the transit method by additional reduction of the light of the central star if their opacity is sufficient. As of January 2015, no such observations are known.
A sequence of occultations of the star 1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6 observed in 2007 over 56 days was interpreted as a transit of a ring system of a (not directly observed) substellar companion dubbed “J1407b”.[30] This ring system is attributed a radius of about 90 million km (about 200 times that of Saturn's rings). In press releases, the term super-Saturn was dubbed.[31] However, the age of this stellar system is only about 16 million years, which suggests that this structure, if real, is more like a protoplanetary disk rather than a stable ring system in an evolved planetary system.
Fomalhaut b was found to be large and unclearly defined when detected in 2008. This may either be due to a cloud of dust attracted from the dust disc of the star, or a possible ring system.[32]
Visual comparison[edit]
A Galileo image of Jupiter's main ring.
A Cassini mosaic of Saturn's rings.
A Voyager 2 image of Uranus's rings.
A pair of Voyager 2 images of Neptune's rings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Saturn's Rings May Be Old Timers". NASA (News Release 2007-149). December 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
Jump up ^ Spahn, F.; et al. (2006). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring" (PDF). Science. 311 (5766): 1416–8. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1416S. doi:10.1126/science.1121375. PMID 16527969.
Jump up ^ Porco, C. C.; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006). "Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus". Science. 311 (5766): 1393–1401. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1393P. doi:10.1126/science.1123013. PMID 16527964.
Jump up ^ Holsapple, K. A. (December 2001). "Equilibrium Configurations of Solid Cohesionless Bodies". Icarus. 154 (2): 432–448. Bibcode:2001Icar..154..432H. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6683.
Jump up ^ Gürtler, J. & Dorschner, J: "Das Sonnensystem", Barth (1993), ISBN 3-335-00281-4
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Bradford A.; Soderblom, Laurence A.; Johnson, Torrence V.; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Collins, Stewart A.; Shoemaker, Eugene M.; Hunt, G. E.; Masursky, Harold; Carr, Michael H. (1979-06-01). "The Jupiter System Through the Eyes of Voyager 1". Science. 204 (4396): 951–972. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..951S. doi:10.1126/science.204.4396.951. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17800430.
Jump up ^ Ockert-Bell, Maureen E.; Burns, Joseph A.; Daubar, Ingrid J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Veverka, Joseph; Belton, M. J. S.; Klaasen, Kenneth P. (1999-04-01). "The Structure of Jupiter's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment". Icarus. 138 (2): 188–213. Bibcode:1999Icar..138..188O. doi:10.1006/icar.1998.6072.
Jump up ^ Esposito, Larry W. (2002-01-01). "Planetary rings". Reports on Progress in Physics. 65 (12): 1741. Bibcode:2002RPPh...65.1741E. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201. ISSN 0034-4885.
Jump up ^ Showalter, Mark R.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Pollack, James B. (1987-03-01). "Jupiter's ring system: New results on structure and particle properties". Icarus. 69 (3): 458–498. Bibcode:1987Icar...69..458S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2.
Jump up ^ "Historical Background of Saturn's Rings". www.solarviews.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Cassini - In Depth | Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ Tiscareno, Matthew S. (2013-01-01). Oswalt, Terry D.; French, Linda M.; Kalas, Paul, eds. Planetary Rings. Springer Netherlands. pp. 309–375. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5606-9_7. ISBN 9789400756052.
Jump up ^ Porco, Carolyn. "Questions about Saturn's rings". CICLOPS web site. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
Jump up ^ Elliot, J. L.; Dunham, E.; Mink, D. (1977-05-26). "The rings of Uranus". Nature. 267 (5609): 328–330. Bibcode:1977Natur.267..328E. doi:10.1038/267328a0.
Jump up ^ Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Beebe, R.; Bliss, D.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A.; Briggs, G. A.; Brown, R. H.; Collins, S. A. (1986-07-04). "Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results". Science. 233 (4759): 43–64. Bibcode:1986Sci...233...43S. doi:10.1126/science.233.4759.43. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17812889.
Jump up ^ Showalter, Mark R.; Lissauer, Jack J. (2006-02-17). "The Second Ring-Moon System of Uranus: Discovery and Dynamics". Science. 311 (5763): 973–977. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..973S. doi:10.1126/science.1122882. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16373533.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Banfield, D.; Barnet, C; Basilevsky, A. T.; Beebe, R. F.; Bollinger, K.; Boyce, J. M.; Brahic, A. (1989-12-15). "Voyager 2 at Neptune: Imaging Science Results". Science. 246 (4936): 1422–1449. Bibcode:1989Sci...246.1422S. doi:10.1126/science.246.4936.1422. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17755997.
Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/rhea20080306.html NASA – Saturn's Moon Rhea Also May Have Rings
Jump up ^ Jones, G. H.; et al. (2008-03-07). "The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea". Science. 319 (5868): 1380–1384. Bibcode:2008Sci...319.1380J. doi:10.1126/science.1151524. PMID 18323452.
Jump up ^ Lakdawalla, E. (2008-03-06). "A Ringed Moon of Saturn? Cassini Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea". The Planetary Society web site. Planetary Society. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
Jump up ^ Tiscareno, Matthew S.; Burns, Joseph A.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N.; Hedman, Matthew M. (2010). "Cassini imaging search rules out rings around Rhea". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (14): L14205. arXiv:1008.1764  . Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3714205T. doi:10.1029/2010GL043663.
Jump up ^ "Surprise! Asteroid Hosts A Two-Ring Circus Above Its Surface". Universe Today. March 2014.
Jump up ^ Lakdawalla, E. (2015-01-27). "A second ringed centaur? Centaurs with rings could be common". Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b Ortiz, J.L.; Duffard, R.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Morales, N.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Licandro, J.; Campo Bagatin, A.; Thirouin, A. (2015). "Possible ring material around centaur (2060) Chiron". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 576: A18. arXiv:1501.05911  . Bibcode:2015yCat..35760018O. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424461.
Jump up ^ Hyodo, R.; Charnoz, S.; Genda, H.; Ohtsuki, K. (2016-08-29). "Formation of Centaurs' Rings Through Their Partial Tidal Disruption During Planetary Encounters". The Astrophysical Journal. 828 (1): L8. arXiv:1608.03509  . Bibcode:2016ApJ...828L...8H. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/828/1/L8.
Jump up ^ Sickafoose, A. A. (2017). "Astronomy: Ring detected around a dwarf planet". Nature. 550 (7675): 197–198. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..197S. doi:10.1038/550197a.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; et al. (2017). "The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation". Nature. 550 (7675): 219–223. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..219O. doi:10.1038/nature24051.
Jump up ^ Steffl, Andrew J.; Stern, S. Alan (2007). "First Constraints on Rings in the Pluto System". The Astronomical Journal. 133 (4): 1485–1489. arXiv:astro-ph/0608036  . Bibcode:2007AJ....133.1485S. doi:10.1086/511770.
Jump up ^ Hilke E. Schlichting, Philip Chang (2011). "Warm Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets that Reside Inside the Ice Line". Astrophysical Journal. 734 (2): 117. arXiv:1104.3863  . Bibcode:2011ApJ...734..117S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/117.
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Kenworthy, Eric E. Mamajek (2015). "Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?". The Astrophysical Journal. 800 (2): 126. arXiv:1501.05652  . Bibcode:2015ApJ...800..126K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/126.
Jump up ^ Rachel Feltman (2015-01-26). "This planet's rings make Saturn look puny". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-01-27.
Jump up ^ arXiv:0811.1994 [astro-ph], available at https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.1994, by Kalas, P. et al. Accessed 4th Feb. 2018
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planetary rings.
USGS/IAU Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature
Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter, Bridging the Gaps: A Portal for Curious Minds
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text:
Criminal Minds (season 6)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Criminal Minds (season 6)
DVD cover art
Starring
Joe Mantegna
Paget Brewster
Shemar Moore
Matthew Gray Gubler
Kirsten Vangsness
Rachel Nichols
Thomas Gibson
A.J. Cook
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
24
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22) – May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 5
Next →
Season 7
List of Criminal Minds episodes
The sixth season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS on September 22, 2010 and ended May 18, 2011.
Before the filming of the season began, it was announced that A.J. Cook had been let go from the series, reportedly due to budget cuts on the show relating to the launch of the Criminal Minds spinoff.[1] Thanks to letters and petitions by fans, Cook was allowed to return for two episodes to wrap up her character's storyline. She later returned as a special guest star in two subsequent episodes of this season. Paget Brewster was a regular for eighteen episodes and was let go from the series as well. Rachel Nichols appeared as a guest star for two episodes and was then promoted as a regular, but was fired after the season finale.[2]
The opening sequence was changed as of this season: more sound and visual effects were added; the theme song itself was amplified, and an electric guitar part added.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast
1.1 Main
1.2 Recurring
2 Guest stars
3 Episodes
4 Home media
5 References
6 External links
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Joe Mantegna as David Rossi
Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss
Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan
Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia
Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver
Thomas Gibson as Aaron "Hotch" Hotchner
Recurring[edit]
Jayne Atkinson as Erin Strauss
Cade Owens as Jack Hotchner
Timothy V. Murphy as Ian Doyle
Sebastian Roché as Clyde Easter
Siena Goines as Tsia Mosely
Nicholas Brendon as Kevin Lynch
A. J. Cook as Jennifer "JJ" Jareau
Guest stars[edit]
Michael Welch appears in the episode "J.J." as Sydney Xavier Pearson.
In the season premiere "The Longest Night", Tim Curry reprised his role as one of the series' most notorious criminals, Billy Flynn, also known as "The Prince of Darkness". Robert Davi reprised his role as Detective Adam Kurzbard, who led the investigation of the murders. In the episode "J.J.", Chris Marquette guest-starred as James Barrett, a man who abducted and attempted to murder Kate Joyce. In the episode "Remembrance of Things Past", Daniel J. Travanti guest-starred as Lee Mullens, a serial killer who suffers from alzheimer's disease. In the episode "Compromising Positions", Craig Sheffer guest-starred as James Thomas, an impotent serial killer who murders married couples.
Ernie Hudson appears in the episode "Devil's Night" as Lt. Al Garner.
In the episode "Safe Haven", Sterling Beaumon guest-starred as Jeremy Sayers, a juvenile delinquent and family annihilator who has been hated by his mother ever since he was born. Mare Winningham guest-starred as Nancy Riverton, a mother who allows Jeremy to stay in their home for the night. In the episode "Devil's Night", Leonard Roberts guest-starred as Kaman Scott, a disfigured serial killer who burns his victims alive during Devil's Night, the notorious pre-Halloween celebration. In the episode "Middle Man", Steve Talley, Michael Grant Terry, and Jake Thomas guest-starred as Michael Kosina, Christopher Salters, and Scott Kagan, aka "The Johnson County Brotherhood", a trio of serial rapists and killers who abduct exotic dancers. Melissa Claire Egan guest starred as Tara Dice, an exotic dancer who is questioned by Prentiss and Reid.
Justine Ezarik appears in the episode "Middle Man" as Meredith Joy.
In the episode "Reflection of Desire", Robert Knepper guest-starred as Rhett Walden, also known as "The Hill Ripper", a schizophrenic abductor who idolizes the movie Reflection of Desire, a film his deceased mother starred in. Sally Kirkland guest-starred as May Walden, a famous actress from Hollywood's Golden Age who, because of her pregnancy, made only one motion picture, and her career was ruined afterwards. Whitney Able guest-starred as Penny Hanley, a woman Walden abducts after Kelly Landis' murder. In the episode "Into the Woods", Gattlin Griffith guest-starred as Robert Brooks, a young boy who is abducted and raped by Shane Wyland. Emily Alyn Lind guest-starred as Anna Brooks, Robert's younger sister who is also abducted by Wyland.
Empire star Kaitlin Doubleday appears in the episode "Reflection of Desire" as Kelly Landis.
In the episode "What Happens at Home", Kenneth Mitchell guest-starred as Drew Jacobs, a serial killer who murders several women, including his own wife. Madison Leisle guest starred as Jacobs' daughter, Heather. In the episode "25 to Life", Kyle Secor guest-starred as Donald Sanderson, a man who was framed and imprisoned for the murder of his family, and Philip Casnoff guest-starred as James Stanworth, the man responsible for framing Sanderson and murdering his family. Angus Macfadyen guest-starred as Sean McCallister, Emily Prentiss' former boss at Interpol who is murdered by one of the series most notorious criminals, Ian Doyle, played by Timothy V. Murphy. In the episode "The Thirteenth Step", Jonathan Tucker and Adrianne Palicki guest-starred as Raymond Donovan and Sydney Manning, two young lovers who go on a killing spree.
L.A. Law star Corbin Bernsen appears in the episode "Today I Do" as Jerry Grandin.
In the episode "Today I Do", Rebecca Field guest-starred as Jane Gold, a stalker and abductor who acts as a caretaker so she can be appreciated. Rachel Miner guest-starred as Molly Grandin, a woman who Gold abducts and holds captive in her house. In the episode "Coda", Lew Temple guest-starred as Bill Thomas, a man who abducts the parents of Sammy Sparks, a boy who has autism. Mimi Kennedy guest-starred as Sammy's social worker Mrs. Rogers. In the episode "Lauren", Patrick Fischler guest-starred as Jack Fahey, an Irish mobster and an associate of Ian Doyle. In the episode "With Friends Like These", Bug Hall guest-starred as Ben Foster, a schizophrenic spree killer who, after burning down a church, begins hallucinating three people who died there.
Romy Rosemont appears in the episode "Coda" as Elizabeth Sparks.
In the episode "Hanley Waters", Kelli Williams guest-starred as Shelly Chamberlain, a spree killer who is unable to come to terms with the death of her son, who died in a car crash. In the episode "Out of the Light", Jeffrey Meek guest-starred as Robert Bremmer, a serial killer who raped his stepdaughter, Rose, and began abducting, raping, and murdering women who resemble Rose. In the season finale "Supply and Demand", Angela Sarafyan guest-starred as Lucy, the leader of a human trafficking ring who poses as one of the victims. Amy Price-Francis guest-starred as Supervisory Special Agent Andi Swann, the Unit Chief of the Domestic Trafficking Task Force and Sarah Foret guest-starred as Renee Matlin, an FBI undercover agent who is held captive within the ring.
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
115
1 "The Longest Night" Edward Allen Bernero Edward Allen Bernero September 22, 2010 (2010-09-22) 601 14.13[3]
With Matt Spicer dead and the unsub (Tim Curry) at large with Spicer's daughter as a hostage, the BAU races against time to find him and rescue the girl before he kills her. The events take a strange, sinister turn when the unsub attempts to use the girl as an accomplice in his murder spree throughout Los Angeles.
116
2 "JJ" Charles S. Carroll Erica Messer September 29, 2010 (2010-09-29) 602 14.57[4]
While contemplating a major job promotion that she cannot ignore, J.J. assists the team in aiding a couple whose daughter mysteriously vanished. The case becomes further complicated when the only two suspects in the case are able to pass a polygraph test, despite being last seen with the victim and having a viable motive to take her. Based on the disappearance of Natalee Holloway.
117
3 "Remembrance of Things Past" Glenn Kershaw Janine Sherman Barrois October 6, 2010 (2010-10-06) 604 13.87[5]
Still reeling from J.J.'s departure, the team travels to Bristol, Virginia to help with a case of murdered young women that bears the hallmarks of an uncaught serial killer Rossi investigated 25 years ago, called "The Butcher." Though the new string of killings appear to be copycat crimes, Rossi is convinced it may be the work of the original killer (Daniel J. Travanti).
118
4 "Compromising Positions" Guy Norman Bee Breen Frazier October 13, 2010 (2010-10-13) 603 14.00[6]
The BAU travels to Akron, Ohio to investigate a series of murders of couples, who are forced to have sex before being murdered. Meanwhile, Hotch looks for someone to fill J.J.'s role on the team.
119
5 "Safe Haven" Andy Wolk Alicia Kirk October 20, 2010 (2010-10-20) 605 14.46[7]
The BAU team is called to Omaha, Nebraska to investigate the murders of entire families. Profiling becomes a somewhat difficult task for the team after concluding that each family member is killed differently from the next. With the unsub hunting for another family, the BAU must hurry. Also, Morgan receives a visit from someone unexpected from a previous case.
120
6 "Devil's Night" Charlie Haid Randy Huggins October 27, 2010 (2010-10-27) 606 13.94[8]
After several people are found burned alive once a year before Halloween, the BAU is called in to Detroit to investigate. The team later finds out that the victims chosen by the unsub are not random.
121
7 "Middle Man" Rob Spera Rick Dunkle November 3, 2010 (2010-11-03) 607 14.58[9]
When the bodies of exotic dancers are found murdered in the corn fields near Edinburgh, Indiana two days after being kidnapped, the BAU must race against time when they realize they only have two days to find the latest victim who has just been kidnapped. The unsub's true nature is revealed after he watches the reports of his killings on the news.
122
8 "Reflection of Desire" Anna Foerster Simon Mirren November 10, 2010 (2010-11-10) 608 12.56[10]
After Kelly Landis, a woman missing for three days, is found dead, the BAU is called in when the D.C. Police cannot connect the death to any previous cases. They call in the BAU because of the unsub's style of killing: cutting off his victim's lips. The unsub is easier to identify after Garcia reveals some of her personal life.
123
9 "Into the Woods" Glenn Kershaw Kimberly Ann Harrison November 17, 2010 (2010-11-17) 609 14.39[11]
The BAU team has to go deep into the forests of the Appalachian Trail after a young boy is found murdered near Hot Springs, North Carolina. The unsub appears to be a man who targets young boys in the wilderness. Soon enough, another boy is abducted and the BAU must act fast before a life is lost.
124
10 "What Happens at Home" Jan Eliasberg Edward Allen Bernero December 8, 2010 (2010-12-08) 610 14.23[12]
The BAU searches for a killer targeting women in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Meanwhile, Hotch looks into a FBI trainee with an interesting past to help them during the investigation.
125
11 "25 to Life" Charles S. Carroll Erica Messer December 15, 2010 (2010-12-15) 611 13.77[13]
Morgan testifies that a convicted murderer should be released on parole but regrets his decision when, only days later, the man apparently kills somebody. However, when the team reviews his past and the newest victim, they learn some surprising details that could prove that the man did not actually commit the crime that he was put behind bars for.
126
12 "Corazon" John Gallagher Katarina Wittich January 19, 2011 (2011-01-19) 612 12.02[14]
As the BAU investigates a series of ritual murders in Miami, Reid suffers from multiple blinding headaches.
127
13 "The Thirteenth Step" Doug Aarniokoski Janine Sherman Barrois January 26, 2011 (2011-01-26) 613 12.77[15]
Two young lovers embark on a murderous rampage in Miles City, Montana that sends the BAU team to investigate and stop them before they claim more victims. Also, Prentiss receives shocking news from her previous boss at Interpol.
128
14 "Sense Memory" Rob Spera Randy Huggins February 9, 2011 (2011-02-09) 614 13.67[16]
The BAU is summoned to Los Angeles to investigate a series of unusual murders and Prentiss sheds some light on her past before she joined the BAU.
129
15 "Today I Do" Ali Selim Alicia Kirk February 16, 2011 (2011-02-16) 615 12.85[17]
The team tracks down a bogus self-motivational coach who tortures and kills her patients in Syracuse, New York. Meanwhile, Prentiss also receives some disturbing news about one of her former colleagues.
130
16 "Coda" Rob Hardy Rick Dunkle February 23, 2011 (2011-02-23) 616 13.15[18]
As Reid tries to make a connection with an autistic child to help in finding the boy's missing parents in Lafayette, Louisiana, Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues, one of whom being her former Unit Chief (Sebastian Roché), in hunting an old nemesis.
131
17 "Valhalla" Charles S. Carroll Simon Mirren & Erica Messer March 2, 2011 (2011-03-02) 617 14.37[19]
Prentiss begins to feel the heat after she and Morgan assist in solving a series of suspicious murders that involves Prentiss's old Interpol nemesis, Ian Doyle.
132
18 "Lauren" Matthew Gray Gubler Breen Frazier March 16, 2011 (2011-03-16) 618 13.73[20]
When Prentiss disappears to face off against her archenemy, Ian Doyle, the BAU call in J.J. hoping she can help them find Emily and capture Doyle before it is too late.
133
19 "With Friends Like These..." Anna J. Foerster Janine Sherman Barrois March 30, 2011 (2011-03-30) 619 13.05[21]
The BAU is called to Portland, Oregon, to assist in catching a pack of killers who enjoys targeting victims. However, as the investigation deepens, they learn that the crimes aren't what they seem to be.
134
20 "Hanley Waters" Jesse Warn Alicia Kirk & Randy Huggins April 6, 2011 (2011-04-06) 620 14.08[22]
As the BAU investigates targeted killings in Tampa, Florida, they deal with their own feelings about the loss of Prentiss.
135
21 "The Stranger" Nelson McCormick Kimberly Ann Harrison & Rick Dunkle April 13, 2011 (2011-04-13) 621 13.59[23]
The BAU hunts a stalker in San Diego who is targeting college students. Meanwhile, the team comes under Strauss' scrutiny in the wake of the loss of Prentiss.
136
22 "Out of the Light" Doug Aarniokoski Roger Hedden May 4, 2011 (2011-05-04) 622 12.90[24]
The BAU is called to the small town of Sharpsburg, North Carolina, after a woman is found badly injured and another woman is missing. On arrival, the team discovers these two women are not the only victims.
137
23 "Big Sea" Glenn Kershaw Jim Clemente & Breen Frazier May 11, 2011 (2011-05-11) 623 13.29[25]
The discovery of bodies buried in the ocean floor off Jacksonville, Florida, prompts the BAU to intervene; Morgan's aunt suspects her missing daughter may be among the dead.
138
24 "Supply & Demand" Charles S. Carroll Erica Messer May 18, 2011 (2011-05-18) 624 12.84[26]
The team tries to close a challenging case involving two bodies and a human trafficking organization in Hudson, Wisconsin. In addition, Hotch warns the team of possible changes in the team while a familiar face unexpectedly returns to their ranks.
Home media[edit]
The Complete Sixth Season
Set details Special features
24 episodes
6-disc set
Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1
Subtitles: English
English: Dolby Digital 5.1
Making Criminal Minds Season 6
Crime Scenes
From Script to Screen: Agent Down
Greg St. Johns' CMS6 Yearbook
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes
DVD release date
Region 1 Region 2 Region 4
September 6, 2011 (2011-09-06)[27] November 28, 2011 (2011-11-28)[28] November 30, 2011 (2011-11-30)[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 14, 2010). "'Criminal Minds' drops A.J. Cook". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ http://www.deadline.com/2011/05/paget-brewster-returning-to-criminal-minds-next-season-rachel-nichols-leaving/
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (September 28, 2010). "TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: ‘Sunday Night Football’, ‘Glee,’ ‘Grey’s Anatomy,’ ‘Dancing with the Stars’ Top Premiere Week". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (September 30, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Better With You, The Middle, Modern Family, Survivor, Law & Order: SVU, Law & Order: LA Adjusted Up; Cougar Town, Whole Truth Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 7, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Survivor, The Middle, Modern Family, SVU, The Defenders Up; Cougar Town, The Whole Truth Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 14, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Survivor, Middle, Modern Family, L&O:SVU, Top Model Adjusted Up; 20/20, Undercovers Down". TV by The Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 21, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Survivor, Buster Posey (NLCS), Criminal Minds The Defenders, Law & Order: SVU Adjusted Up; The Whole Truth Down". TV by The Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 28, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Survivor: Nicaragua, The Middle Adjusted Up; The Whole Truth Down". TV by The Numbers. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 4, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: Criminal Minds, Law & Order: SVU Adjusted Up". TV by The Numbers. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (November 11, 2010). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Criminal Minds', 'America's Next Top Model' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 18, 2010). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family', 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (December 9, 2010). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family,' 'The Sing Off' Adjusted Up; 'The Middle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 16, 2010). "Updated Wednesday Final Ratings: Criminal Minds, Human Target Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (January 20, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The Middle,' 'Better With You,' 'Cougar Town' Adjusted Down; 'Criminal Minds' Adjusted Up". Tv by the Numbers. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (January 27, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Blue Bloods' Adjusted Up; 'Cougar Town,' 'Live to Dance' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 10, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Human Target' Adjusted Down, 'Modern Family,' 'Better with You' Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (February 17, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (February 24, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Mr. Sunshine,' 'Survivor,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'CM: Suspect Behavior' All Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 3, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Better With You' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 17, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Survivor,' 'Minute,' 'Top Model' Adjusted Up; 'Off The Map,' 'Criminal Minds: SB' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (March 31, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Survivor,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Law & Order:SVU,' 'Minute' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (April 7, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Law & Order: SVU,' 'Survivor,' 'American Idol' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (April 14, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Modern Family,' 'Happy Endings,' 'Survivor,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Suspect Behavior' Adjusted Up; 'Breaking In,' 'Minute,' 'Shedding' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 5, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Survivor,' 'Modern Family,' 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'Breaking In' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 12, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'The Middle' 'Better With You,' 'Modern Family,' 'Survivor' Adjusted Up; 'Breaking In,' 'Cougar Town' Adj. Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (May 19, 2011). "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Modern Family,' 'Law & Order: SVU' Adjusted Up; 'Happy Endings' Adj. Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (June 20, 2011). "Criminal Minds - 'The 6th Season' DVDs Announced by CBS/Paramount: Date, Cost, & Packaging!". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ ASIN B004JHXWD2, Criminal Minds Season 6 [DVD]
Jump up ^ "Criminal Minds - Season 6 (DVD)". EzyDVD. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
External links[edit]
Criminal Minds on IMDb
Criminal Minds at TV.com
[hide]
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The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real-world context. Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Cover of the first edition
Author
Douglas Adams
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Hitchhiker's Guide
Genre
Comic science fiction
Publisher
Pan Books
Publication date
October 1980 (UK)
January 1981 (US)
Media type
Print (hardback & paperback) Audio book
Pages
208 (paperback edition)
ISBN
0-345-39181-0
OCLC
33352356
Preceded by
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Followed by
Life, the Universe and Everything
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe (1980, ISBN 0-345-39181-0) is the second book in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy comedy science fiction "trilogy" by Douglas Adams, and is a sequel. It was originally published by Pan Books as a paperback. The book was inspired by the song "Grand Hotel" by British rock band Procol Harum.[1] It takes its name from Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, one of the settings of the book.
Plot summary[edit]
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe begins just as The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy ended. Arthur Dent, Ford Prefect, Trillian, and Zaphod Beeblebrox have just left the planet Magrathea when they are attacked by a Vogon ship. They find they are unable to use the Improbability drive to escape, as Arthur has accidentally jammed the computer with a simple request for a cup of tea which proved a rather difficult problem. Luckily, an ancestor of Zaphod's, Zaphod Beeblebrox the Fourth, saves them.
Zaphod and Marvin vanish, and reappear at the offices of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy editorial building on Ursa Minor Beta. They are looking for Zarniwoop, who has gone on an intergalactic cruise in his office via his virtual universe. Arthur, Trillian and Ford are unaware of any of this, knowing only that the computer has been shut down, and only having received a message from a stalling Nutrimatic that says "Wait."
When Zaphod and Marvin reach the fifteenth floor of the Guide's office, half of the building is lifted off the ground by Frogstar Fighters. A mysterious man named Roosta brings Zaphod to Zarniwoop's office, where they wait until the building lands on Frogstar World B. Roosta gives Zaphod final instructions before he leaves: Go through the window on his way out, not the door. Zaphod then meets Gargravarr who informs Zaphod that he is to be sent through the Total Perspective Vortex, a torture device which can annihilate one's soul by showing them how small they are compared to the size of the Universe. However, when Zaphod enters it, the Vortex shows him that he is one of the most important things in the Universe. Zaphod escapes, and finds Zarniwoop in the first class cabin of a spaceliner in an abandoned spaceport.
Zarniwoop explains that the total Perspective Vortex has not malfunctioned—this is a virtual universe created by Zarniwoop for the sole benefit of Zaphod, making him the most important creature in this universe. It turns out that Zaphod had the shrunk Heart of Gold in his jacket pocket the whole time. It is reconstituted, and Zaphod is reunited with Trillian, Arthur and Ford. They escape from Zarniwoop by asking to be transported to the nearest restaurant. Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, is the nearest restaurant in space but not time. They are transported there "five hundred and seventy-six thousand million years" into the future. Marvin is left stranded here for this incredibly vast amount of time parking diners' spaceships while waiting for the humans to return. After the meal, Zaphod and Ford steal a spaceship, which turns out to be a stuntship belonging to the rock band Disaster Area, programmed to dive into a star to provide backing effects for a rock concert. There is a teleporter on the ship for which the guidance system was never built, as it was never intended to be used, and it also requires somebody to stay on the ship to operate it. Marvin is chosen to stay behind and teleport the others, who have no choice but to go wherever it takes them.
Zaphod and Trillian are returned to the Heart of Gold, which is commandeered by Zarniwoop to complete his mission, to discover who really rules the Universe. As it turns out, the Ruler of the Universe is entirely sceptical that he holds this position, as he is entirely sceptical of everything, including whether his cat, The Lord, really exists, or whether there is even a universe at all outside of his small isolated home. While Zarniwoop attempts to impress upon the Ruler of the Universe the reality and the weight of his position, Trillian and Zaphod sneak out and fly the Heart of Gold away.
The teleporter has meanwhile sent Arthur and Ford to the Golgafrinchan Ark Fleet Ship B, a ship of fools, which crash-lands on prehistoric Earth. They realise that the bumbling travellers are the real ancestors of modern humans. Arthur attempts to determine the Question to the Ultimate Answer of Life, the Universe and Everything by reaching into a Scrabble bag made from Ford's towel and pulling out letters randomly, hoping Deep Thought's computational matrix in Earth would have rubbed off on his subconscious. The letters spell "What do you get when you multiply six by nine"[2] before running out, although the Neanderthals manage to spell "forty-two" with the tiles, implying that it is they, rather than the Golgafrinchans, who were intended to be part of Earth's computer matrix. After some brief contemplation, Ford and Arthur realise that this is, in fact, a detrimental "cock-up", and that the Earth will never produce the proper Question, thus destroying all hope of ever finding out what it is.
As Ford convinces Arthur that there is nothing that can be done to improve the inevitable history of the Earth, Arthur decides that he should make the best of his situation and settles for a life on prehistoric Earth.
Audiobook adaptations[edit]
There have been three audiobook recordings of the novel. The first was an abridged edition, recorded in 1981 by Stephen Moore, best known for playing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in the radio series, LP adaptations and in the TV series. In 1990, Adams himself recorded an unabridged edition, later re-released by New Millennium Audio in the United States and available from BBC Audiobooks in the United Kingdom. In 2006, actor Martin Freeman, who had played Arthur Dent in the 2005 movie, recorded a new unabridged edition of the audiobook.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adams, Douglas. The Salmon of Doubt.
Jump up ^ "Mathematical Fiction: Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (1979)". Retrieved 13 October 2011. See this website for possible explanations of this seeming error.
[show]
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Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
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"Young Zaphod Plays It Safe"
The Salmon of Doubt
by Eoin Colfer
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Short stories
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See also
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (series)
Douglas Adams at the BBC
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Future (BBC radio series)
The Utterly Utterly Merry Comic Relief Christmas Book
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 200809234
GND: 4498745-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Restaurant_at_the_End_of_the_Universe&oldid=838131067"
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The Deeper Meaning of Liff

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https://viaf.org/viaf/200809234

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https://d-nb.info/gnd/4498745-6

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value: Das Restaurant am Ende des Universums – German

value: El restaurante del fin del mundo – Spanish

value: Le Dernier Restaurant avant la fin du monde – French

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value: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe – Indonesian

value: Ristorante al termine dell'Universo – Italian

value: המסעדה שבסוף היקום – Hebrew

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value: Het restaurant aan het eind van het heelal – Dutch

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value: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe – Portuguese

value: Ресторан в конце Вселенной – Russian

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value: Restavracija ob koncu Vesolja – Slovenian

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value: The Restaurant at the End of the Universe – Serbo-Croatian

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value: Restaurangen vid slutet av universum – Swedish

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value: Ресторан «Кінець світу» – Ukrainian

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value: 宇宙盡頭的餐廳 – Chinese

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