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Robin Wright
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For the journalist, see Robin Wright (author). For the rugby player, see Robin Wright (rugby player).
Robin Wright
Wright in Cannes, 2017
Born
Robin Gayle Wright
(1966-04-08) April 8, 1966 (age 52)
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Nationality
American
Other names
Robin Wright Penn
Occupation
Actress, director
Years active
1983–present
Spouse(s)
Dane Witherspoon
(m. 1986; div. 1988)
Sean Penn
(m. 1996; div. 2010)
Children
Dylan Penn, Hopper Jack Penn
Relatives
Charlie Wright (nephew)
Robin Gayle Wright[1] (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director. She is the recipient of seven Primetime Emmy Award nominations and has earned a Golden Globe Award and a Satellite Award for her work in television.
Wright first gained attention for her role in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, as Kelly Capwell from 1984 to 1988. She then made the transition to film, starring in the romantic comedy fantasy adventure film The Princess Bride (1987). This role led Wright to further success in the film industry, with starring roles in films such as the romantic comedy-drama Forrest Gump (1994), the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999), the superhero drama-thriller Unbreakable (2000), the historical drama The Conspirator (2010), the biographical sports drama Moneyball (2011), the mystery thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the biographical drama Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the neo-noir science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017).
Wright starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama web television series House of Cards, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2013, making her the first actress to win a Golden Globe for a web television series. Wright has also received consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations in the Outstanding Lead Actress category for House of Cards between 2013 and 2017 and the Outstanding Drama Series category in 2016 and 2017 as a producer on the show.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1980s–2000s: Transition into feature film work
2.2 2013–present: House of Cards, further film work
3 Personal life
4 Philanthropy and activism
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
6 Awards and nominations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Wright was born in Dallas, Texas, to Gayle (Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman, and Freddie Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee.[1][2] Wright was raised in San Diego, California. She attended La Jolla High School and Taft High School in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles.[3]
Career[edit]
Wright at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14.[4][5] At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera series Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations.[6]
1980s–2000s: Transition into feature film work[edit]
She transitioned into feature film work as Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride (1987). She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress.
In 1996 she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award Nomination for Best Actress in a Drama. She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn. Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005).
2013–present: House of Cards, further film work[edit]
Wright attending the 2009 Cannes Film Festival
Since 2013, Wright has appeared in the Netflix political drama web television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood. On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for an online-only web television series;[7] she was nominated for the same award the following year. She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role. Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced.[8] In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress – Drama. For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017. In October 2017, Wright was set as the show's new lead, following sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey, which resulted in him being fired from the sixth and final season.
In 2017, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017), alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine. She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford and Jared Leto.
Personal life[edit]
Wright with then-husband Sean Penn in September 2006
From 1986 to 1988 Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara.[9]
In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna. Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant.[10] Wright and Penn's daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991.[11] She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child.[3] Wright and Penn's son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993.[12]
After breaking up and getting back together,[13]Wright and Penn married in 1996, and she changed her name to Robin Wright Penn.[14] Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007,[14] but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request.[15] In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won Best Actor. Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009,[16] but withdrew the petition in May.[17] On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce declaring she had no plans to reconcile.[18][19] At that time she dropped "Penn" from her professional name.[20] The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010.[21]
In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster,[22] and their engagement was announced in January 2014.[23][24] The couple called off their engagement in November 2014,[25] but reunited in January 2015.[26] On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement.[27]
Philanthropy and activism[edit]
Wright is the Honorary Spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation.[28]
In 2014, Wright co-partnered with two California based companies; Pour Les Femmes[29] and The SunnyLion.[30] The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement.
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight[31] which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region.[32] Wright is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film.[33] In 2016, she spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City,[34] in media interviews,[35][36][37][38] with journalists,[39][40][41] and across her social media accounts.[42][43][44]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1986 Hollywood Vice Squad Lori Stanton
1987 The Princess Bride Buttercup Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Actress
1990 Denial Sara / Loon
1990 State of Grace Kathleen Flannery
1992 The Playboys Tara Maguire
1992 Toys Gwen Tyler Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
1994 Forrest Gump Jenny Curran Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Nominated – Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
1995 The Crossing Guard Jojo
1996 Moll Flanders Moll Flanders Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture
1997 Loved Hedda Amerson Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
1997 She's So Lovely Maureen Murphy Quinn Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
1998 Hurlyburly Darlene
1999 Message in a Bottle Theresa Osborne Nominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Actress – Drama/Romance
2000 How to Kill Your Neighbor's Dog Melanie McGowan
2000 Unbreakable Audrey Dunn Nominated – Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense
2001 The Pledge Lori
2001 The Last Castle Rosalie Irwin Uncredited
2002 Searching for Debra Winger Herself Documentary
2002 White Oleander Starr Thomas
2003 The Singing Detective Nicola / Nina / Blonde
2003 Virgin Mrs. Reynolds
2004 A Home at the End of the World Clare
2005 Nine Lives Diana Locarno International Film Festival Award for Best Actress
Nominated – Gotham Independent Film Award for Best Ensemble Performance
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture
Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female
2005 Sorry, Haters Phoebe Torrence Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead
2005 Max Mother Short film
2006 Breaking and Entering Liv Ullmann Nominated – British Independent Film Award for Best Actress
2006 Room 10 Frannie Jones Short film
2007 Hounddog Stranger Lady
2007 Beowulf Queen Wealtheow
2008 What Just Happened Kelly
2008 New York, I Love You Anna
2009 State of Play Anne Collins
2009 The Private Lives of Pippa Lee Pippa Lee
2009 A Christmas Carol Fan Scrooge / Belle
2010 The Conspirator Mary Surratt
2011 Moneyball Sharon Beane
2011 Rampart Linda Fentress
2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Erika Berger
2013 The Congress Robin Wright
2013 Adore Roz
2014 A Most Wanted Man Martha Sullivan
2015 Everest Peach Weathers
2017 Wonder Woman General Antiope
2017 Blade Runner 2049 Lieutenant Joshi
2017 Justice League General Antiope Uncredited cameo
2018 André the Giant Herself
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1983–84 The Yellow Rose Barbara Anderson 2 episodes
1984–88 Santa Barbara Kelly Capwell 538 episodes
Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Heroine
Nominated – Soap Opera Digest Awards for Outstanding Younger Lead Actress
Nominated – Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series (1986–1988)
2005 Empire Falls Grace Roby Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
2011 Saturday Night Live Jenny Curran Episode: "Tina Fey/Ellie Goulding"
2011 Enlightened Sandy 2 episodes
2013–present House of Cards Claire Underwood Main role, executive producer (Season 4) and director (9 episodes).
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Gold Derby Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series
Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Nominated – Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series (2014, 2016, 2018)
Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama (2015–2016)
Nominated – Gold Derby Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series (2014–2015)
Nominated – Online Film and Television Association Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series (2013–2016)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (2013–2017)
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series
Nominated – Producers Guild of America Award for Best Episodic Drama
Nominated – Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama (2015–2016)
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series (2015–2017)
Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2015–2016)
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Robin Wright
See also[edit]
List of American film actresses
List of Santa Barbara cast and characters
Biography portal
Film portal
Television portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Archived July 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright Biography (1966-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robin Wright – Biography". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright as Claire Underwood". TV3.
Jump up ^ Broadbent, Lucy (February 9, 2014). "Robin Wright on House of Cards, Botox and getting married again". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cameron-Wilson, James (1994). Young Hollywood. Batsford. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7134-7266-0.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Vicki (January 12, 2014). "2014 Golden Globes: Robin Wright wins best actress for online-only 'House of Cards'". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Peck, Emily (May 18, 2016). "Robin Wright Demanded The Same Pay As Kevin Spacey For 'House of Cards'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Grossberg, Josh (December 28, 2007). "Penn, Wright Splitsville". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mell, Eila (2005). Casting Might-Have-Beens: A film by film directory. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 204. ISBN 978-0786420179.
Jump up ^ MacMinn, Aleene (April 17, 1991). "Cradle Watch". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved July 27, 2014. Dylan Frances Penn was born Saturday [April 13] at 10:49 p.m. at UCLA Medical Center.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Richard T. (2004). Sean Penn: His Life and Times. Canongate U.S. p. 274. ISBN 978-1841956237.
Jump up ^ "The Insider – Vol. 45 No. 12". PEOPLE.com. 25 March 1996.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Nicholas (December 27, 2007). "Sean Penn and Robin Wright Penn Divorcing". People. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Orloff, Brian (April 9, 2008). "Sean Penn & Robin Wright Stop Divorce Action". People. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Laudadio, Marisa; Lee, Ken (April 29, 2009). "Sean Penn Files for Legal Separation". People. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sean Penn withdraws separation filing". USA Today. May 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ken (August 18, 2009). "Robin Wright Penn Files for Divorce". People. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Breslau, Karen (September 2009). "Robin Wright Penn Goes It Alone". More. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ Derschowitz, Jessica (November 16, 2009). "Big changes for Robin Wright". CBS News. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Oh, Eunice (August 4, 2010). "Sean Penn and Robin Wright Finalize Their Divorce". People. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright and Ben Foster Get Cozy". People. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright 47 gets engaged boyfriend Ben Foster 33 flashes sparkler fashion bash". Daily Mail. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Loinaz, Alexis L. (January 11, 2014). "Robin Wright and Ben Foster are engaged". People. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marquina, Sierra (November 12, 2014). "Robin Wright and Ben Foster Split, Call Off 10-Month Engagement – Find Out What Went Wrong". Us Weekly. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lee, Esther (March 10, 2015). "Robin Wright Talks Sex Life With Ben Foster After Sean Penn Divorce: "I've Never Been Happier"". Us Weekly. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Webber, Stephanie (August 29, 2015). "Robin Wright, Ben Foster Call Off Engagement For the Second Time". Us Weekly. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ [2] Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Pour Les Femmes". Plfdreams.tilt.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Giving Back – The SunnyLion and Raise Hope for Congo". TheSunnyLion.com. June 20, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "When Elephants Fight (2015)". IMDb. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis" (PDF). International Rescue Committee. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "#StandWithCongo | A Stier Forward Campaign". Stand With Congo. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "LIVE NYC Screening4Action at TriBeCa". Facebook.com/StandWithCongo. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Live with Robin Wright". Facebook.com/MicMedia. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Congo: The High Cost of Mineral Riches". WNYC (NPR). Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actress Robin Wright Talks About Her New Documentary". Facebook.com/HuffPostEntertainment. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Making Noise': The Path Towards Global Equality". Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Paradox Of Congo: How The World's Wealthiest Country Became Home To The World's Poorest People". ThinkProgress.org. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright Makes a Powerful Political Statement — It's Not Related to 'House of Cards'". Mic.com. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright: A-lister who's playing for high stakes off screen". The Guardian. May 22, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Robin Wright Instagram". Instagram. March 13, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robin Wright Penn.
Robin Wright on IMDb
Robin Wright at the TCM Movie Database
Robin Wright at AllMovie
Robin Wright Fansite
[show]
Awards for Robin Wright
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Linda Cristal (1969)
Peggy Lipton (1970)
Patricia Neal (1971)
Gail Fisher (1972)
Lee Remick (1973)
Angie Dickinson (1974)
Lee Remick (1975)
Susan Blakely (1976)
Lesley Ann Warren (1977)
Rosemary Harris (1978)
Natalie Wood (1979)
Yoko Shimada (1980)
Linda Evans/Barbara Bel Geddes (1981)
Joan Collins (1982)
Jane Wyman (1983)
Angela Lansbury (1984)
Sharon Gless (1985)
Angela Lansbury (1986)
Susan Dey (1987)
Jill Eikenberry (1988)
Angela Lansbury (1989)
Sharon Gless/Patricia Wettig (1990)
Angela Lansbury (1991)
Regina Taylor (1992)
Kathy Baker (1993)
Claire Danes (1994)
Jane Seymour (1995)
Gillian Anderson (1996)
Christine Lahti (1997)
Keri Russell (1998)
Edie Falco (1999)
Sela Ward (2000)
Jennifer Garner (2001)
Edie Falco (2002)
Frances Conroy (2003)
Mariska Hargitay (2004)
Geena Davis (2005)
Kyra Sedgwick (2006)
Glenn Close (2007)
Anna Paquin (2008)
Julianna Margulies (2009)
Katey Sagal (2010)
Claire Danes (2011)
Claire Danes (2012)
Robin Wright (2013)
Ruth Wilson (2014)
Taraji P. Henson (2015)
Claire Foy (2016)
Elisabeth Moss (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Locarno Film Festival Best Actress Award
2000s–2010s
Sabine Timoteo (2000)
Ho-jung Kim (2001)
Taraneh Alidoosti (2002)
Holly Hunter / Diana Dumbrava / Kiron Kher (2003)
Maria Kwiatkowsky/ Pinar Erincin (2004)
Robin Wright / Sissy Spacek/Holly Hunter / LisaGay Hamilton / Glenn Close / Elpidia Carrillo / Amy Brenneman / Kathy Baker (2005)
Amber Tamblyn (2006)
Marian Álvarez (2007)
Ilaria Occhini (2008)
Lotte Verbeek (2009)
WiAna Ularu (2010)
María Canale (2011)
Nai An (2012)
Brie Larson (2013)
Ariane Labed (2014)
Sachie Tanaka / Hazuki Kikuchi / Maiko Mihara / Rira Kawamura (2015)
Irena Ivanova (2016)
Isabelle Huppert (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Christine Lahti (1996)
Kate Mulgrew (1997)
Jeri Ryan (1998)
Camryn Manheim (1999)
Allison Janney (2000)
Edie Falco (2001)
CCH Pounder (2002, 2003)
Laurel Holloman (2004)
Kyra Sedgwick (2005, 2006)
Ellen Pompeo (2007)
Anna Paquin (2008)
Glenn Close (2009)
Connie Britton (2010)
Claire Danes (2011, 2012)
Robin Wright (2013)
Keri Russell (2014)
Claire Danes (2015)
Evan Rachel Wood (2016)
Elisabeth Moss (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 5130073
LCCN: n92090902
ISNI: 0000 0001 2020 1940
GND: 122405609
SUDOC: 069283176
BNF: cb14014561g (data)
MusicBrainz: 5c2c3d4c-17ad-42df-bbde-c9b371219123
NLA: 35088926
NKC: xx0150756
BNE: XX4579570
SNAC: w67q337r
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Wright&oldid=838439094"
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Binding and loosing
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Binding and loosing is originally a Jewish phrase appearing in the New Testament, as well as in the Targum. In usage, to bind and to loose simply means to forbid by an indisputable authority and to permit by an indisputable authority.[1] The Targum to a particular Psalm[2] implies that these actions were considered to be as effectual as the spell of an enchanter.[1]
The poseks had, by virtue of their ordination, the power of deciding disputes relating to Jewish law.[1] Hence, the difference between the two main schools of thought in early classical Judaism were summed up by the phrase the school of Shammai binds; the school of Hillel looses.[1]
Theoretically, however, the authority of the poseks proceeded from the Sanhedrin, and there is therefore a Talmudic statement that there were three decisions made by the lower house of judgment (the Sanhedrin) to which the upper house of judgment (the heavenly one) gave its supreme sanction.[3] The claim that whatsoever [a disciple] bind[s] or loose[s] on earth shall be bound or loosed in heaven, which the Gospel of Matthew attributes to Jesus,[4] is probably therefore just an adoption of a phrase popular at the time.[1]
This is also the meaning of the phrase when it is applied in the text to Simon Peter and the other apostles in particular[1][5] when they are invested with the power to bind and loose by Christ.
This also serves as the scriptural and traditional foundation for the Catholic Church's conception of papal authority, stemming from such an investiture of St. Peter, since, according to Roman Catholic doctrine, the Popes are the Successors of St. Peter.
Contents
[hide]
1 Phrase in Context
2 First evidence of Binding & Loosening
3 References
4 External links
Phrase in Context[edit]
13 When Jesus came to the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say the Son of Man is?”
14 They replied, “Some say John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others, Jeremiah or one of the prophets.”
15 “But what about you?” he asked. “Who do you say I am?”
16 Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.”
17 Jesus replied, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah, for this was not revealed to you by flesh and blood, but by my Father in heaven. 18 And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. 19 I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” 20 Then he ordered his disciples not to tell anyone that he was the Messiah.[6] – Matthew 16: 13-20
First evidence of Binding & Loosening[edit]
Acts chapter 15 expresses the first documented instance of loosening and binding; what has been later termed the Council at Jerusalem. Here the early controversy of circumcision was resolved, and loosened from being a qualification for salvation and acceptance into the community of believers. In the depiction below, we see an appeal to follow what has been revealed by the Holy Spirit, and not what opinions of men would suppose. Four things are bound while one thing is loosened:
1 Certain people came down from Judea to Antioch and were teaching the believers: “Unless you are circumcised, according to the custom taught by Moses, you cannot be saved.” 2 This brought Paul and Barnabas into sharp dispute and debate with them. So Paul and Barnabas were appointed, along with some other believers, to go up to Jerusalem to see the apostles and elders about this question. 3 The church sent them on their way, and as they traveled through Phoenicia and Samaria, they told how the Gentiles had been converted. This news made all the believers very glad. 4 When they came to Jerusalem, they were welcomed by the church and the apostles and elders, to whom they reported everything God had done through them.
5 Then some of the believers who belonged to the party of the Pharisees stood up and said, “The Gentiles must be circumcised and required to keep the law of Moses.”
6 The apostles and elders met to consider this question. 7 After much discussion, Peter got up and addressed them: “Brothers, you know that some time ago God made a choice among you that the Gentiles might hear from my lips the message of the gospel and believe [ first Gentile conversion, Acts 10 ]. 8 God, who knows the heart, showed that he accepted them by giving the Holy Spirit to them, just as he did to us. 9 He did not discriminate between us and them, for he purified their hearts by faith. 10 Now then, why do you try to test God by putting on the necks of Gentiles a yoke that neither we nor our ancestors have been able to bear? 11 No! We believe it is through the grace of our Lord Jesus that we are saved, just as they are.”
12 The whole assembly became silent as they listened to Barnabas and Paul telling about the signs and wonders God had done among the Gentiles through them. 13 When they finished, James spoke up. “Brothers,” he said, “listen to me. 14 Simon has described to us how God first intervened to choose a people for his name from the Gentiles. 15 The words of the prophets are in agreement with this, as it is written:
16 “‘After this I will return and rebuild David’s fallen tent. Its ruins I will rebuild, and I will restore it, 17 that the rest of mankind may seek the Lord, even all the Gentiles who bear my name, says the Lord, who does these things’— 18 things known from long ago.
19 “It is my judgment [ James speaking ], therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. 20 Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. 21 For the law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.”
22 Then the apostles and elders, with the whole church, decided to choose some of their own men and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas. They chose Judas (called Barsabbas) and Silas, men who were leaders among the believers. 23 With them they sent the following letter:
The apostles and elders, your brothers,
To the Gentile believers in Antioch, Syria and Cilicia:
Greetings.
24 We have heard that some went out from us without our authorization and disturbed you, troubling your minds by what they said. 25 So we all agreed to choose some men and send them to you with our dear friends Barnabas and Paul— 26 men who have risked their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. 27 Therefore we are sending Judas and Silas to confirm by word of mouth what we are writing. 28 It seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us not to burden you with anything beyond the following requirements: 29 You are to abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals and from sexual immorality. You will do well to avoid these things.
Farewell.
30 So the men were sent off and went down to Antioch, where they gathered the church together and delivered the letter. 31 The people read it and were glad for its encouraging message. 32 Judas and Silas, who themselves were prophets, said much to encourage and strengthen the believers. 33 After spending some time there, they were sent off by the believers with the blessing of peace to return to those who had sent them. [34] 35 But Paul and Barnabas remained in Antioch, where they and many others taught and preached the word of the Lord.[7]
– Acts 15: 1-35
Controversy still exists Today whether the authority to loosen or bind is still in effect, if it passed at some point during the church's early development, or to what extent gospel and doctrine as been loosened or bound by either the Catholic, Eastern, Coptic, Protestant and other organizations.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f This article incorporates text from the 1903 Encyclopaedia Biblica article "BINDING AND LOOSING", a publication now in the public domain.
Jump up ^ Psalms 58:5 (verse 6 in some English versions)
Jump up ^ Massoth, 23b
Jump up ^ Matthew 18:18
Jump up ^ Matthew 16:19
Jump up ^ "Matthew 16: 13-20 NIV – Peter Declares That Jesus Is the – Bible Gateway". Bible Gateway.
Jump up ^ "Acts 15: 1-35 NIV – The Council at Jerusalem – Certain – Bible Gateway". Bible Gateway.
External links[edit]
Jewish Encyclopedia: Binding and Loosing
Catholic Encyclopedia: The Pope: "The expressions binding and loosing here employed are derived from the current terminology of the Rabbinic schools. A doctor who declared a thing to be prohibited by the law was said to bind, for thereby he imposed an obligation on the conscience. He who declared it to be lawful was said to loose."
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binding_and_loosing&oldid=773278346"
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