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Ghostface (Scream)
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Ghostface
Scream character
First appearance
Film series:
Scream (1996)
Television:
Scream (2018)
Last appearance
Film series:
Scream 4 (2011)
Created by
Wes Craven
Kevin Williamson
Portrayed by
Matthew Lillard
Skeet Ulrich
Laurie Metcalf
Timothy Olyphant
Scott Foley
Emma Roberts
Rory Culkin
Voiced by
Roger L. Jackson (film series)
Information
Aliases
Father Death
The Icon of Halloween[1]
Pathology
Serial killer
Signature weapon
Buck Knife
M.O.
Taunting victims by phone
Stabbing, Throat Slitting, Disembowling (Gutting)
Location
Woodsboro, California[2]
Windsor College, Ohio[3]
Hollywood, California[4]
Lakewood, Louisiana
Part of a series on
Costume
Background[show]
History
Industry
Costume coordination
Use of costume in Athenian tragedy
Wardrobe supervisor
Society and culture[show]
Cosplay
Costume party
Masque
Masquerade ball
Parade
World Costume Festival
Design[show]
Costume design
Costume designer
Spirit gum
Elements and methods[show]
Body painting
Disguise
Fake moustache
Fatsuit
Illusion costume
Inflatable costume
Zentai
Traditional[show]
Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes
Folk costume
French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes
Halloween costume
Santa suit
Theatrical[show]
Costumed character
Creature suit
Dance costume
Domino mask
Fursuit
Gorilla suit
Kumadori
Leotard
Pantomime horse
Stage dress
Titan the Robot
Period[show]
Plague doctor costume
Modern dress
Children[show]
Sesame Street
Zoobilee Zoo
Fictional[show]
Batman's utility belt
Batsuit
Ghostface
Superman suit
Organizations[show]
Angels Costumes
Costume Designers Guild
Western Costume
Awards[show]
Laurence Olivier
AACTA
Academy Award
Africa Movie Academy
BAFTA
Critics' Choice
César
David di Donatello
Filmfare
Golden Arena
IIFA
National Film Award
Robert
Satellite
Costume Designers Guild (TV)
Costume Designers Guild (fantasy)
People[show]
Category:Costume designers
Museums[show]
Centre National du Costume de Scene
Costume Museum of Canada
Kastoria Costume Museum
Devonshire Collection of Period Costume
Korea Museum of Modern Costume
Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume
Museum of the History of the Greek Costume
Portugal National Museum of Costume and Fashion
Scotland National Museum of Costume
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Ghostface (alternatively stylized as Ghost Face) is a fictional identity adopted by several characters of the Scream series. The character is primarily mute but voiced by Roger L. Jackson, regardless of who is behind the mask. The character first appeared in Scream (1996) as a disguise used by teenagers Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich) and Stu Macher (Matthew Lillard), during their killing spree in the fictional town of Woodsboro. Ghostface was created by Wes Craven and Kevin Williamson. The mask is based on The Scream painting by Edvard Munch and was created and designed by Fun World costume company employee Brigitte Sleiertin as a Halloween costume, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Craven for the film. The character is used primarily as a disguise for each of the antagonists of each film to conceal their identity, while conducting serial murders and as such has been portrayed by several actors.
In Scream, the identity is temporarily adopted by the killers' target, Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell), using it against them. In the Scream universe, the costume is not unique and is easily obtainable, allowing others to wear a similar outfit. Ghostface often calls its targets to taunt or threaten them while using a voice changer that hides its true identity. In Scream 3, this is taken further by Roman Bridger (Scott Foley) who uses a device that enables him to sound like several other characters, in order to manipulate targets. The changing identity of the person beneath the mask means that Ghostface has no definite motivation, ranging from revenge and seeking fame to "peer pressure". However, each killer shares the common goal of killing Sidney due to a chain of events indirectly caused by her mother Maureen Prescott (Lynn McRee).
Initially, Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich) created the identity with Stu Macher (Matthew Lillard) in order to kill Sidney because of her mother's affair with Billy's father. The Ghostface persona remains the same throughout the Scream series, featuring a black hood and cloak with a jagged base and a white rubber-mask resembling a ghost with a screaming expression. Though each iteration of Ghostface is human, they often exhibit extreme durability against physical harm, high levels of physical strength, and an almost supernatural stealth ability; able to appear and disappear in seemingly impossible situations. The character has often appeared in popular culture since its inception, referenced in film and television as well as spawning a series of action figures and merchandise.
In the MTV television series Scream, a different character named the Lakewood Slasher (also known as The Killer) appeared in the series for the first two seasons. On September 18, 2017, it was announced that the Ghostface mask is set to appear in the third season.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
2 Concept and creation
3 Characterization
4 Cultural impact
5 References
6 External links
Appearances[edit]
Ghostface first appears in the opening scene of Scream (1996). The character, voiced by Roger L. Jackson, calls and taunts teenager Casey Becker (Drew Barrymore) with horror clichés and trivia questions, eventually murdering her boyfriend Steve Orth (Kevin Patrick Walls) in front of her before she herself is killed. The identity has been adopted by the primary antagonists of each successive film to conceal their identity, prior to being revealed in each film's final act.
Stu Macher (left) and Billy Loomis (right), the original Ghostface killers.
In the original Scream, the identity is used by a killer stalking the fictional town of Woodsboro, California. After the murder spree begins, Sidney Prescott (Neve Campbell) begins receiving taunting and threatening phone calls from Ghostface, who claims knowledge of her mother Maureen Prescott (Lynn McRee)'s brutal murder, one year prior to the events of the film, a murder that was blamed on Cotton Weary (Liev Schreiber). The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on many people, including Sidney's boyfriend, Billy Loomis (Skeet Ulrich), her father, Neil Prescott (Lawrence Hecht), her friend, Randy Meeks (Jamie Kennedy), and her schoolmate, Stu Macher (Matthew Lillard). Ghostface is revealed in the finale as both Billy and Stu, who reveal that they murdered Sidney's mother and framed Cotton. Billy cites his motivation as abandonment by his mother (Laurie Metcalf), brought about by his father's affair with Maureen, while Stu cites "peer pressure". Sidney is able to gain an advantage against Billy and Stu, temporarily adopting the Ghostface persona herself to taunt them before killing Stu. Gale Weathers (Courteney Cox) shoots Billy to stop him from killing Sidney, who then finishes Billy off with a bullet to the head, citing the fact that "They ALWAYS get back up," a common horror cliche, and now her catchphrase. This is most likely one of the many tropes taught to her by Randy Meeks, who is obsessed with horror, and openly lists these cliches earlier in the film, during a party.
Ghostface's second appearance was in Scream 2 (1997) where it was again used as a disguise by the main antagonists. A series of murders occur at Windsor College, Sidney's current location, with the initial victims sharing names with Billy and Stu's victims from Scream. The killers again taunt Sidney and attempt to kill her and later kill Randy. The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on several characters, including Cotton, again, and Sidney's boyfriend Derek (Jerry O'Connell). However, Mickey (Timothy Olyphant), a friend of Derek, reveals himself as the killer, seeking fame for his prolific exploits. Mickey's accomplice is revealed to be Billy's mother, under the alias Debbie Salt, who is seeking revenge against Sidney for her son's death. Mrs. Loomis shoots Mickey, claiming to have indulged his desire for fame only to enlist his help in enacting her revenge, and tries to kill Sidney. With help from the exonerated Cotton, Sidney survives and Mrs. Loomis is killed. Seconds later, Mickey springs to his feet screaming, but is quickly shot to death by Gale and Sidney.
The story continues in Scream 3 (2000) where the identity of Ghostface is used to murder Cotton and his girlfriend Christine, in an attempt to discover the now-hidden Sidney's location. The killer leaves images of Maureen at the crime scenes to draw Sidney out of seclusion while murdering the cast of "Stab 3", the film within a film based on Sidney and her experiences with Ghostface. Ghostface is revealed as Sidney's half-brother Roman Bridger (Scott Foley), born to their mother Maureen during a two-year period when she moved to Hollywood to become an actress under the name Rina Reynolds. After being gang-raped and impregnated at a party, she gave Roman up for adoption who sought her out years later, only to be rejected, denying she had ever been Rina. Roman began stalking Maureen and filming her relationships with other men including Hank Loomis. He used this footage to reveal to Billy why his mother had "abandoned" him before convincing him to kill Maureen, sparking the chain of events in Scream and Scream 2. With Sidney's help, her friend Dewey Riley (David Arquette) manages to kill Roman, ending the series of murders based on his revenge against Maureen.
In Scream 4 (2011), another Ghostface killer emerges in Woodsboro on the 14th anniversary of the massacre conducted by Billy and Stu; the new killer recreates events from the incident, but also films the murders to create a snuff film. Ghostface kills several teenagers and police officers before being unmasked as Sidney's cousin Jill Roberts (Emma Roberts) and her friend Charlie Walker (Rory Culkin) who intend to kill Sidney, frame Jill's ex-boyfriend Trevor Shelton (Nico Tortorella) and become the current generation's "Sidney" and "Randy Meeks", with the accompanying fame of being the "survivors" of the massacre. Jill betrays Charlie and stabs him through the heart and then seemingly kills Sidney, before purposely injuring and stabbing herself to make herself appear a victim of Ghostface. After being taken to the hospital, Dewey informs her that Sidney has survived. Jill attempts to end her life but is stalled by Dewey, Gale and Judy Hicks (Marley Shelton) long enough for Sidney to shoot her through the heart, killing her.[6]
Concept and creation[edit]
An original mold for the Ghostface mask based on Fun World's design but with significant differences, including more pronounced features, in order to avoid copyright issues.
The Ghostface costume is the outfit worn by the main antagonists of the Scream franchise, consisting of a rubber white mask with black eyes, nose and mouth and a black, cloth-like material, hooded-robe with faux-tatters draping from the arms and a spiked-trim to the base of the outfit. In the movie, the costume is considered common and easily purchasable making identifying the buyers difficult and creating the possibility for anyone to be the killer.
The Ghostface mask was first developed for novelty stores during the Halloween season between 1991 and 1992 by Fun World employee Brigitte Sleiertin as part of a series entitled "Fantastic Faces", the mask itself known as "The Peanut-Eyed Ghost".[7] The final design was approved by Fun World vice-president Allan Geller. Craven claimed to have originally found the mask[8] but later clarified that he had misremembered the event and that it was producer Marianne Maddalena who discovered it. She found it while inside a house during location scouting for the film and brought it to the attention of Craven, who set about trying to obtain the rights to use it.[9] Fun World Licensing Director R.J. Torbert joined Fun World in 1996 and was given the task of naming the mask prior to its film debut, deciding on "GhostFace" with the blessing of Fun World owners Stanley and Allan Geller. Torbert felt it looked like a "ghost in pain", believing it to be a unique design. The Ghostface design and title are owned by Fun World.[10]
The design of the mask bears reference to Edvard Munch's painting The Scream, one of the characters on the cover of the Pink Floyd album The Wall and the ghostly characters that appeared in the 1930s Betty Boop cartoon. The mask is stark white and depicts a caracature of someone screaming and crying at the same time. Designer Sleiertin stated that the mask displayed different emotions, "It's a horrible look, it's a sorry look, it's a frantic look".[7] Since the appearance of Ghostface in Scream, the costume has become the most worn and sold costume for Halloween in the United States.[11]
The initial script labeled the main antagonist as "masked killer" with no specifications to their appearance, forcing Craven and his staff to produce the costume eventually worn by Ghostface as they were shooting.[12] Craven asked Greg Nicotero and Howard Berger of design company KNB Effects to produce a mask specifically for the film based on the Fun World design but did not like the final result. After Fun World and Dimension Films were able to complete an agreement for the use of the Ghostface mask, Craven was able to use the original design as he wanted. The custom mask made by KNB Effects still appears in the scenes involving the murder of Casey Becker and Principal Himbry as filming of these scenes completed prior to the finalization of the deal between Fun World and Dimension Films.[13]
We came with an assortment of masks that had the ghostface look. Of the entire assortment, that face was the strongest one. The design definitely had something that made it outstanding from the others.
— Brigitte Sleiertin on choosing the final design for what became Ghostface[7]
The Ghostface masks as seen in (top left-bottom right) Scream, Scream 2, Scream 3 and Scream 4.
The 1991–92 "Fantastic Faces" edition of the mask used in Scream is made of thin, white rubber with blackened eyes, nose and mouth. Despite being portrayed by Ulrich and Lillard, the costume is mostly worn by stuntman Dane Farwell who gave the character many of its mannerisms including the ritualistic cleaning of the knife blade following a kill.[8] In the first film, Craven wore the costume during the opening murder scene where the character is struck by a phone and by Ulrich only once during a finale scene where the character prepares to murder Randy.[8] Despite Stu wearing the costume in the film, actor Lillard never actually wore the outfit.[8] Scream 2 features a slightly redesigned version of the mask from the "Fearsome Faces" line, possessing slightly-altered eyes and an indented chin.[13] Following Scream 2, the Ghostface mask became part of the "Ghostface" line of masks featuring several variations of the design including glow-in-the-dark models.[13] The plain, white version of the Ghostface line mask is used in Scream 3 by Bridger.[13] Another edition of the mask was developed, dubbed "The Deluxe Edition Mask" for use by Ghostface in Scream 4, again similar to the original Ghostface design but constructed of thicker rubber with a pearlescent finish.[13]
Following the description in Williamson's script of a "ghost mask", Craven and designers had originally intended to use a white-motif, creating a white cloak and hood for the killer's costume. It was the intervention of Maddalena who felt that the cloak would be scarier if it was black, that resulted in the dark costume shown on screen.[8] The cloak itself had to be custom-made for the film as the "Father Death" outfit identified in Scream as that of the killers did not really exist, as the Fun World mask was sold only as a stand-alone item. The cloak entered into retail markets only following the release of Scream. Each cloak was estimated to cost $700 to hand-produce by a seamstress and was made of a heavy, thick, black material with reflective threads woven throughout, creating a subtle glimmer. The cloak was created to help conceal the identity of the killers by covering most of their visible body, as it was believed that otherwise audiences would be able to guess which character was involved by their clothing and body-shape.[14]
The knife used by Ghostface in the films is a custom prop knife based on the Buck 120 Hunting Knife that has since been discontinued by Buck. The knife blades are made of aluminium or chrome-paint-coated plastic with a rubber handle depending on the scenario for which they are needed. The handle is black with a silver, metal-appearance for the tip. The Buck 120 knife was chosen as the model for the Ghostface weapon because of the large blade it features, though the Buck 120 itself was discontinued due to customer complaints that the blade length was deemed "too big" for gutting animals.[citation needed]
Characterization[edit]
Ghostface is rarely depicted as speaking while physically on screen, in order to aid in concealing the identity of the character behind the mask. Exceptions to this are grunts and groans when injured, which are dubbed into the film during the editing phase by Jackson.[2] Ghostface only speaks physically on screen on two occasions in the series; on those two occasions, it is just before his true identity is revealed. The voice given to the character, provided by Jackson, is used when talking to another character over the phone or to display the use of the voice changer when the killer reveals himself. Despite being portrayed by different characters in each film, Ghostface displays similar personality and physical attributes regardless of who is wearing the costume or speaking to a target.[2][3][4]
Unlike other horror villains, Ghostface is never referred to by his name. He is simply called "The Killer" while in the credits he is called "The Voice". Only once did one character Tatum Riley played by Rose McGowan call him "Mr. Ghostface" in the first movie prior to her death, in an almost sarcastic way. From that one scene, the character has since earned his name 'Ghostface' that fans of the series use, as well that appears on all costumes related to the movies.
I can't imagine Scream without Ghostface...Roger Jackson's voice is very remarkable, it's got an evil sophistication.
— Wes Craven on returning to Scream 4[15]
Ghostface is often shown to taunt his targets, initially representing himself as charming and even flirtatious when speaking.[16] His conversations turn confrontational and intimidating, using his knowledge of other characters or graphically describing his intentions before appearing to the target physically. Craven considers Jackson's voice performance as Ghostface to have "evil sophistication".[15] When confronting his intended victim, Ghostface is portrayed in varying ways, sometimes quick and efficient and other times clumsy, falling, or colliding with objects that hinder his pursuit, a characteristic that varies based upon who is wearing the costume. All of the characters that use the Ghostface disguise share the trait of taunting their victims and prolonging a kill when they appear to have an advantage. The Billy/Stu Ghostface would gut their victims after killing them; this was not performed on Tatum Riley (Rose McGowan) who was killed in a mechanical garage door.[2] This Ghostface in particular would ask their victim questions about horror films and employ the tropes of the genre in their attacks, displaying a detachment from their reality and aligned with the same self-awareness of the film itself which toys with the expectations of the horror genre.[17][18] The second Ghostface, created by Mickey and Mrs. Loomis, would simply stab their victim to death but often in a public place or with witnesses.[3] The third Ghostface, created by Roman, used theatricality and movie props to attack his victims, using a voice changer that allowed him to sound like many other people, casting suspicion and doubt on other characters. In addition, he would use images and the synthesized voice of Maureen to specifically taunt Sidney, even shrouding himself in a bloodied, crime scene cover, alluding to the murder of Maureen, to fool Sidney into believing that she was losing her sanity.[4] The fourth Ghostface, created by Jill and Charlie, filmed each murder on web cameras hidden around the environment and spy cameras in their masks. They mostly stabbed their victims to death but would go further and gut them if they wanted. They also made some of the murders public to gain the attention of the world press.[6]
The motivations for Ghostface's killing vary in each film and are respective to each killer wearing the costume. Billy claimed to have been driven to insanity by his mother's abandonment, an incident he blamed on Maureen, and after taking his revenge on her chose to continue his spree, leading towards her daughter Sidney,[2] while Stu Macher lists peer pressure as his motivation.[2] In Scream 2, Mrs. Loomis cites her motivation as simple revenge against the person she holds responsible for her son's death, while Mickey desires the fame that his involvement in the killings will garner when he is caught.[3] Scream 3 antagonist Roman seeks revenge for what he sees as his mother's rejection and abandonment by engineering Maureen's death and trying to kill Sidney, seeing her as having the family-life he was denied.[4] In Scream 4, Jill, jealous of Sidney, wished to obtain similar fame as the sole survivor of a new massacre, while Charlie aided her both for those reasons and his love for Jill.[6]
In costume, the Ghostfaces share a ritualistic mannerism of gripping the blade of their knife between thumb and forefinger and wiping it clean of any blood following a murder by drawing their hand from handle to the tip of the knife. This characteristic was given to the character by stuntman Dane Farwell who wore the costume for many of its scenes in Scream.[8] Each killer is depicted as possessing effective physical abilities, such as the capabilities of nearly flawless stealth, prowling without being detected, moving silently, and efficiently vanishing from their targets' defense. Additionally, the killer tends to display sufficient strength that allows them to overpower victims, such as in Scream 2, in regards to defeating two trained detectives single-handedly. Ghostface is shown to be able to sustain and even ignore severe levels of physical damage, surviving blunt trauma, stabbing wounds and gunshots. Billy, Mickey, Roman, and Jill all had to be shot through the head or multiple times to the chest to be killed, despite having sustained severe injuries prior.[2][3][4]
Cultural impact[edit]
2011 Ghostface figurine by NECA toys for Scream 4, displaying the full-length robe worn by the character.
McFarlane Toys produced a 6-inch figurine of Ghostface in 1999 for the "Movie Maniacs II" series of horror and science fiction inspired line of character models.[19] A series of figures were produced by NECA for Scream 4 featuring the standard mask and black cowl plus variations such as "Zombie Ghostface" with a decayed appearance on the mask and "Scarecrow Ghostface" with brown, burlap material used for the mask and clothing.[20]
Ghostface has been parodied and referenced numerous times in media following his appearance in the Scream series of slasher films, most prominently in the parody film Scary Movie (2000) where a killer dressed as Ghostface commits a series of murders and is later revealed to be several people as in Scream.[21] In the parody film Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth (2000), a killer wearing a Jason Voorhees-style hockey mask is set on fire, his mask melting to resemble that of Ghostface.[22] The film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001) features Ghostface, as Shannen Doherty and Craven provide cameos as themselves making the then non-existent Scream 4, but Doherty objects when Ghostface turns out to be played by the orangutan, Suzann.[23]
As in film, Ghostface has been referenced repeatedly in various television programs and commercials. In the same year as the release of Scream 3, the mask made an appearance on Beverly Hills 90210 and the Nickelodeon series Cousin Skeeter. It was also used as an ornament in the bedroom of the character Dawson in Dawson's Creek,[24] a show created by Scream writer, Williamson.[12] The character appears in a 1999 episode of Celebrity Deathmatch entitled "The Unknown Murderer", where he threatens to kill a scream queen every round, murdering Barrymore, Jamie Lee Curtis, and Jennifer Love Hewitt before planting his cell phone on a platypus to frame him, causing Campbell and Sarah Michelle Gellar to fight it.[25] The mask was later used in The Sopranos episode "Fortunate Son" (2001) where it is worn by the character Christopher to commit a robbery.[26]
The costume is referenced in an episode of the television series Boomtown entitled "All Hallow's Eve" (2002) where a police officer uses the costume to frighten a bully who has been terrorizing other kids.[10][27] In the Japanese anime FLCL episode "Marquis de Cabras" (2003), protagonist Naota's face changes to resemble that of Ghostface frequently during a scene where he and his family are eating spicy curry.[28] The character makes a cameo appearance in Tripping the Rift in the episode "The Devil and a Guy Named Webster" (2004) as the judge when Chode sells his soul to the devil and finds a way to sue him.[29] He also appears in a 2004 advert for Trivial Pursuit: '90s edition; representing iconic characters of the 1990s alongside Dennis Rodman and the character Rose from the 1997 film Titanic.[30] A parody of Ghostface appears in the television series All Grown Up! episode "Interview with a Campfire" (2004) where Lil DeVille is taunted by phone and stalked by a character wearing an Easter Bunny mask.[31]
The character appears briefly in The Simpsons episode "Home Away from Homer" (2005) where Homer Simpson suggests him as a babysitter for his daughter Maggie Simpson.[32] Roger L. Jackson lends his voice to Ghostface in the Robot Chicken episode "That Hurts Me" (2005) alongside other famous film killers in a show that parodies Big Brother, launching a prank war against Pinhead and Freddy Krueger before giving a speech to save himself from elimination from the show.[33] He is referenced by Kenny Powers, the main character of Eastbound & Down who requests to wear the mask while having sex.[34] In Scream XXX: A porn parody, a new Ghostface (wearing a clown variant of the Father Death mask) begins murdering the cast and crew of an in-production pornographic parody of the Stab series.[35]
In his book Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, Adam Rockoff opined that Ghostface's mask was a "striking, surreal and downright terrifying presence". Calling the mask a "hyperbolic rendering" of Edvard Munch's The Scream, Rockoff wrote that the face is "twisted in an exaggerated, almost mocking grin, as if reflecting the look of terror and surprise on his victims' faces."[36] Tony Magistrale also discussed the similarities between Ghostface's mask and The Scream in his book Abject Terrors: Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film, stating that the painting, "an apt representation of the degree of alienation from other people, inspires the killers' murderous agenda".[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Ghostface News". Ghostface.co.uk. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wes Craven (Director) (1996). Scream (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wes Craven (Director) (1997). Scream 2 (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wes Craven (Director) (2000). Scream 3 (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Michael (September 18, 2017). "Scream Season 3 to Feature Classic Ghostface Mask". Screenrant. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wes Craven (Director) (2011). Scream 4. United States: Dimension Films.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kendzior, Sarah (January 2000). "The Face of "Scream"". Fangoria. Starlog Group Inc. (189): 29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wes Craven (Director) (December 20, 1996). Scream – Commentary by Wes Craven and Kevin Williamson (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
Jump up ^ Wes Craven (Director) (December 12, 1997). Scream 2 – Commentary by Wes Craven, Patrick Lussier & Marianne Maddalena (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
^ Jump up to: a b "R.J. Torbert Talks the GhostFace Mask and Scream 4". dreadcentral.com. October 8, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "That Obscure Object of Desire...". Hello Sidney. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Shapiro, Mark (January 2000). ""Scream" Goodbye". Fangoria. Starlog Group Inc. (189): 28–29.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Masks". Ghostface.co.uk. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Randy (November 1997). "The Screams". Fangoria. Starlog Group Inc. (168): 14–18, 82.
^ Jump up to: a b Hewitt, Chris; Quick, Lucy (March 6, 2011). "Carry on Screaming". Empire Magazine. Bauer Consumer Media (262): 106.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Chris (January 1997). "Scream with Fear, Scream with Laughter". Fangoria. Starlog Group Inc. (159): 25.
Jump up ^ Casey: Who's there?. Ghostface: Never say who's there? Don't you watch scary movies? It's a death wish. You might as well come out to investigate a strange noise or something. Wes Craven (Director) (1996). Scream (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
Jump up ^ Sidney Prescott: But this is NOT a movie. Billy: Yes it is, Sidney. It's all one big movie. Wes Craven (Director) (1996). Scream (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
Jump up ^ "Movie Maniacs 2 Ghostface". Spawn.com. 1999. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "First Look: Brand New NECA SCREAM 4 Ghostface 7-inch Figure". horrorbid.com. 2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keenen Ivory Wayans (Director) (2000). Scary Movie (DVD). United States: Dimension Films.
Jump up ^ John Blanchard (Director) (2000). Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday the Thirteenth (DVD). United States: Lions Gate Films.
Jump up ^ Kevin Smith (Director) (2001). Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (DVD). United States: Dimension Films, Buena Vista International.
Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson (May 19, 1998). "Decisions". Dawson's Creek. Season 1. Episode 13. The WB.
Jump up ^ Eric Fogel (February 25, 1999). "The Unknown Murderer". Celebrity Deathmatch. Season 1. Episode 5. MTV.
Jump up ^ David Chase (November 3, 2001). "Fortunate Son (The Sopranos)". The Sopranos. Season 3. Episode 29. HBO.
Jump up ^ Graham Yost (October 27, 2007). "All Hallow's Eve". Boomtown. Season 1. Episode 5. NBC.
Jump up ^ Yōji Enokido (August 7, 2003). "Marquis de Cabras". FLCL. Season 1. Episode 3. Gainax, Production I.G.
Jump up ^ Chris Moeller, Chuck Austen (April 1, 2004). "The Devil and a Guy Named Webster". Tripping the Rift. Season 2. Episode 5. Syfy.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Arlene Klasky, Gabor Csupo, Paul Germain (June 26, 2004). "Interview With A Campfire". All Grown Up!. Season 2. Episode 14. Nickelodeon.
Jump up ^ Matt Groening (May 15, 2005). "Home Away from Homer". The Simpsons. Season 16. Episode 20. Fox.
Jump up ^ Seth Green, Matthew Senreich (July 10, 2005). "That Hurts Me". Robot Chicken. Season 1. Episode 19. Adult Swim.
Jump up ^ Ben Best, Jody Hill, Danny McBride (February 22, 2009). "Chapter 2". Eastbound & Down. Season 1. Episode 19. HBO.
Jump up ^ "Geekscape After Dark Reviews: Scream XXX: A Porn Parody". Geekscape. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rockoff, Adam (2002). Going to Pieces: The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film. McFarland. p. 181. ISBN 0-7864-1227-5.
Jump up ^ Magistrale, Tony (2005). Abject Terrors: Surveying the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film. University of Michigan: Peter Lang. p. 186. ISBN 0-8204-7056-2.
External links[edit]
Ghostface.co.uk
HelloSidney
Ghostface on IMDb
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The New Colossus
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This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet. For the 2017 video game, see Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus.
The New Colossus
Emma Lazarus's manuscript
Created
1883
Location
Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, New York, U.S.[1]
Author(s)
Emma Lazarus
Purpose
Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903
"The New Colossus" is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[2] In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the poem
2 Contents
3 Influence
4 References
5 External links
History of the poem[edit]
The Statue of Liberty in New York City
This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works[3] conducted by the "Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty" to raise money for the pedestal's construction.[4] Lazarus's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts. Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor.[5]
"The New Colossus" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883, and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885,[6][7] but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886. It was, however, published in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period.[8] In 1901, Lazarus's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem, which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.[4]
The line "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" is missing a comma, and reads "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty[9] since its unveiling in 1903.
The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society.[10]
Contents[edit]
The Colossus of Rhodes, as depicted in an artist's impression of 1880
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
MOTHER OF EXILES. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
"Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she
With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet.
The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes, which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, sometimes described as standing astride the harbor.
The "sea-washed, sunset gates" are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers, to the west of Brooklyn. The "imprisoned lightning" refers to the electric light in the torch, then a novelty.
The "air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame" refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were consolidated into one unit in 1898, 15 years after the poem was written.
The "huddled masses" are the many immigrants coming to the United States (many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York).
Influence[edit]
Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty
Paul Auster wrote that "Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."[11]
John T. Cunningham wrote that "The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration, but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face, heading toward Ellis Island. However, it was [Lazarus's poem] that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants."[12]
The poem has entered the political realm. It was quoted in John F. Kennedy's book A Nation of Immigrants (1958)[13] as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform.[14] On August 2nd, 2017, the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy, was debated in a White House briefing.[citation needed]
Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music, which was performed at the worship service of President Obama's 2013 inauguration ceremony.[15]
Author and scholar Julia Gordon-Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath's poem, "Lady Lazarus," is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book, Fixed Stars Govern a Life: Decoding Sylvia Plath, volume one (2014, Stephen F. Austin State University Press).
Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture. The Broadway musical Miss Liberty, with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin, an immigrant himself, used the final stanza beginning "Give me your tired, your poor" as the basis for a song.[16][13] It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock's wartime film Saboteur.[13] Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song "Sapokanikan," in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley's Ozymandias.[17] The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode,"New Colossus", in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Statue of Liberty National Monument". US: National Park Service. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
Jump up ^ Lazarus, Emma, The New Colossus, Liberty State Park
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Cara A (2003), The Statue of Liberty: The Museum of the City of New York, Barnes & Noble, p. 77, ISBN 0-7607-3890-4, auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, Bette Roth (1997), Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters, The Jewish Publication Society, p. 3, ISBN 0-8276-0618-4, …fell into obscurity. At the unveiling of the statue […] both Emma and her sonnet were absent […] Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem, inscribed on a bronze tablet, inside the pedestal… .
Jump up ^ Felder, Deborah G; Rosen, Diana L (2003), Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World, Citadel, p. 45, ISBN 0-8065-2443-X, …William Maxwell Evert [sic; presumably a misspelling of "William Maxwell Evarts] asked […] Lazarus[…] to compose original works […] who […] refused […] until […] Constance Cary Harrison[…] suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York… .
Jump up ^ "Image-Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue".
Jump up ^ "The Statue of Liberty - Engineering, Construction, and Crossing the Atlantic".
Jump up ^ "National Park Service-Statue of Liberty-Emma Lazarus".
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Gary (2006-12-08). "Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sam (2011), "How a Sonnet Made a Statue the 'Mother of Exiles'", New York Times, retrieved 2013-11-21
Jump up ^ Auster, Paul (2005), "NYC = USA", Collected Prose: Autobiographical Writings, True Stories, Critical Essays, Prefaces, and Collaborations with Artists, Picador, p. 508, ISBN 0-312-42468-X .
Jump up ^ Cunningham, John T (2003), Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center, Arcadia Publishing, pp. 46–48, ISBN 0-7385-2428-X .
^ Jump up to: a b c McGill, Meredith L. (2008). The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Rutgers University Press. p. 118.
Jump up ^ Jackson, David (July 1, 2010). "Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty". The Oval. USA Today. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies". Retrieved March 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Esther Schor, Emma Lazarus, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008, page 255
Jump up ^ Hicks, Michael (2015-11-08). ""'The text will not yield': Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom's Sapokanikan"". Medium. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
Jump up ^ "The OA Recap: Yearning to Breathe Free". Vulture. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The New Colossus
Lazarus, Emma, "The new Colossus", A Century of Immigration, 1820–1924 (handwritten) (sonnet), Library of Congress . The latter page says "Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society, New York and Newton Centre, Massachusetts". The poem itself, having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain
———, Schor, Esther, ed., The New Colossus (interactive ed.), Nextbook Press .
Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society. Includes an undated manuscript version of "The New Colossus."
Cavitch, Max (2008). "Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty." In The Traffic in Poems: Nineteenth-Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange. Ed. Meredith L. McGill. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 97-122.
Marom, Daniel (2000). "Who is the 'Mother of Exiles'? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus's 'The New Colossus'". Prooftexts. 20 (3): 231–61. doi:10.1353/ptx.2000.0020.
[hide]
v
t
e
Statue of Liberty
Liberty Enlightening the World
Creators
Édouard René de Laboulaye, originator
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, sculptor
Gustave Eiffel, builder
Eiffel company
Eugène Secrétan, donated copper
Location
Statue of Liberty National Monument
Liberty Island
Musée des Arts et Métiers, original statue
Former
locations
Right arm and torch
Centennial Exposition, 1876
Madison Square Park, 1876-1882
Head
Paris World's Fair, 1878
Replicas
Île aux Cygnes
Flame of Liberty
Boy Scout replicas
Strengthen the Arm of Liberty
Fayetteville, Arkansas
Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Overview Park, Kansas
Legacy
In popular culture
"The New Colossus" (1883 sonnet)
Working on the Statue of Liberty (1946 painting)
Miss Liberty (1949 musical)
The Statue of Liberty (1985 documentary)
Statue of Liberty play (American football)
Liberty Weekend, 1986
Liberty Fanfare
Medal of Liberty
Statue of Liberty Forever stamp
American Platinum Eagle coin
Presidential $1 Coin Program
Related
Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty
Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia
Libertas
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=819482944"
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Works about immigration to the United States
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List of Olympic Games host cities
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This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896. Since then, summer games have usually – but not always – celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad. There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities, and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities. In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Tokyo/Helsinki (summer) and Sapporo/Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) in 1940; and London (summer) and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy (winter) in 1944. The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens. However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games.[1] Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics, Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics, Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics.
In 2022, Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games. Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St. Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics). In addition, Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics.[d] London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics. Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028. The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games, more than any other country, followed by France with five editions. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games.
The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe (36 editions) and North America (12 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania. In 2016, Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city, while the African continent has yet to hold the Games. Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance.[2] The selection process lasts approximately two years. In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city. After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications. In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection. The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Olympic Games host cities
1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country
1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent
1.4 Unsuccessful cities
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Olympic Games host cities[edit]
For individual summer and winter lists, see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games.
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony
Athens Greece Europe S005I — 1896 000000002018-04-06-0000April 6 000000002018-04-15-0000April 15
Paris France Europe S005II — 1900 000000002018-05-14-0000May 14 000000002018-10-28-0000October 28
St. Louis[a] United States North America S005III — 1904 000000002018-07-01-0000July 1 000000002018-11-23-0000November 23
London[c] United Kingdom Europe S005IV — 1908 000000002018-04-27-0000April 27 000000002018-10-31-0000October 31
Stockholm Sweden Europe S005V — 1912 000000002018-05-05-0000May 5 000000002018-07-22-0000July 22
Berlin Germany Europe S006VI — 1916 Cancelled due to WWI[4]
Antwerp[d] Belgium Europe S007VII — 1920 000000002018-04-20-0000April 20 000000002018-09-12-0000September 12[5]
Chamonix France Europe — W001I 1924 000000002018-01-25-0000January 25 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4[6]
Paris France Europe S008VIII — 000000002018-05-04-0000May 4 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27[7]
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W002II 1928 000000002018-02-11-0000February 11 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19[8]
Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009IX — 000000002018-05-17-0000May 17 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12[9]
Lake Placid United States North America — W003III 1932 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15[10]
Los Angeles United States North America S010X — 000000002018-07-30-0000July 30 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14[11]
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe — W004IV 1936 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-16-0000February 16[12]
Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011XI — 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1 000000002018-08-16-0000August 16[13]
Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e] Empire of Japan
Nazi Germany Asia
Europe — W005aV 1940 Cancelled due to WWII[4]
Tokyo
Helsinki[f] Empire of Japan
Finland Asia
Europe S012XII —
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W005bV 1944
London United Kingdom Europe S013XIII —
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe — W005cV 1948 000000002018-01-30-0000January 30 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8
London United Kingdom Europe S014XIV — 000000002018-07-29-0000July 29 000000002018-08-14-0000August 14
Oslo Norway Europe — W006VI 1952 000000002018-02-14-0000February 14 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Helsinki Finland Europe S015XV — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe — W007VII 1956 000000002018-01-26-0000January 26 000000002018-02-05-0000February 5
Melbourne
Stockholm[g] Australia
Sweden Oceania
Europe S016XVI — 000000002018-11-22-0000November 22
000000002018-06-10-0000June 10 000000002018-12-08-0000December 8
000000002018-06-17-0000June 17
Squaw Valley United States North America — W008VIII 1960 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Rome Italy Europe S017XVII — 000000002018-08-25-0000August 25 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W009IX 1964 000000002018-01-29-0000January 29 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9
Tokyo Japan Asia S018XVIII — 000000002018-10-10-0000October 10 000000002018-10-24-0000October 24
Grenoble France Europe — W010X 1968 000000002018-02-06-0000February 6 000000002018-02-18-0000February 18
Mexico City Mexico North America S019XIX — 000000002018-10-12-0000October 12 000000002018-10-27-0000October 27
Sapporo Japan Asia — W011XI 1972 000000002018-02-03-0000February 3 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13
Munich West Germany Europe S020XX — 000000002018-08-26-0000August 26 000000002018-09-11-0000September 11
Innsbruck Austria Europe — W012XII 1976 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-15-0000February 15
Montreal Canada North America S021XXI — 000000002018-07-17-0000July 17 000000002018-08-01-0000August 1
Lake Placid United States North America — W013XIII 1980 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Moscow Soviet Union Europe[h] S022XXII — 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-03-0000August 3
Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe — W014XIV 1984 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-19-0000February 19
Los Angeles United States North America S023XXIII — 000000002018-07-28-0000July 28 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Calgary Canada North America — W015XV 1988 000000002018-02-13-0000February 13 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
Seoul South Korea Asia S024XXIV — 000000002018-09-17-0000September 17 000000002018-10-02-0000October 2
Albertville France Europe — W016XVI 1992 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Barcelona Spain Europe S025XXV — 000000002018-07-25-0000July 25 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Lillehammer Norway Europe — W017XVII 1994 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-27-0000February 27
Atlanta United States North America S026XXVI — 1996 000000002018-07-19-0000July 19 000000002018-08-04-0000August 4
Nagano Japan Asia — W018XVIII 1998 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-22-0000February 22
Sydney Australia Oceania S027XXVII — 2000 000000002018-09-15-0000September 15 000000002018-10-01-0000October 1
Salt Lake City United States North America — W019XIX 2002 000000002018-02-08-0000February 8 000000002018-02-24-0000February 24
Athens Greece Europe S028XXVIII — 2004 000000002018-08-13-0000August 13 000000002018-08-29-0000August 29
Torino Italy Europe — W020XX 2006 000000002018-02-10-0000February 10 000000002018-02-26-0000February 26
Beijing[i] China Asia S029XXIX — 2008 000000002018-08-08-0000August 8 000000002018-08-24-0000August 24
Vancouver Canada North America — W021XXI 2010 000000002018-02-12-0000February 12 000000002018-02-28-0000February 28
London United Kingdom Europe S030XXX — 2012 000000002018-07-27-0000July 27 000000002018-08-12-0000August 12
Sochi Russia Europe[h] — W022XXII 2014 000000002018-02-07-0000February 7 000000002018-02-23-0000February 23
Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031XXXI — 2016 000000002018-08-05-0000August 5 000000002018-08-21-0000August 21
Pyeongchang South Korea Asia — W023XXIII 2018 000000002018-02-09-0000February 9 000000002018-02-25-0000February 25
Tokyo Japan Asia S032XXXII — 2020 000000002018-07-24-0000July 24 000000002018-08-09-0000August 9
Beijing China Asia — W024XXIV 2022 000000002018-02-04-0000February 4 000000002018-02-20-0000February 20
Paris France Europe S033XXXIII — 2024 000000002018-07-26-0000July 26 000000002018-08-11-0000August 11
TBD TBD — W025XXV 2026 (TBD)
Los Angeles United States North America S034XXXIV — 2028 000000002018-07-21-0000July 21 000000002018-08-06-0000August 6
TBD TBD — W026XXVI 2030 (TBD)
Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games
City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
London United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Paris France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 0
Los Angeles United States North America 3 (1932, 1984, 2028) 0
Athens Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0 2
Tokyo Japan Asia 2 (1964, 2020) 0
Beijing China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022)
St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1948)
Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 (1932, 1980)
The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.
Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]
Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics
5 times
4 times (no entry)
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics
4 times or more
3 times
2 times
1 time
Never held games
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games
Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 United States North America 5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028) 4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002) 9
2 France Europe 3 (1900, 1924, 2024) 3 (1924, 1968, 1992) 6
3 Japan Asia 2 (1940, 1964, 2020) 2 (1940, 1972, 1998) 4
4 United Kingdom Europe 3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012) 0 3
Canada North America 1 (1976) 2 (1988, 2010)
Italy Europe 1 (1960) 2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
German Empire/ Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany Europe 2 (1916, 1936, 1972) 1 (1936, 1940)
8 China Asia 1 (2008) 1 (2022) 2
South Korea Asia 1 (1988) 1 (2018)
Soviet Union/ Russia Europe 1 (1980) 1 (2014)
Greece Europe 2 (1896, 2004) 0
Australia Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0
Norway Europe 0 2 (1952, 1994)
Austria Europe 0 2 (1964, 1976)
Switzerland Europe 0 2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
Sweden Europe 2 (1912, 1956 (equestrian events only)) 0
17 Brazil South America 1 (2016) 0 1
Spain Europe 1 (1992) 0
SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 (1984)
Mexico North America 1 (1968) 0
Finland Europe 1 (1940, 1952) 0
Netherlands Europe 1 (1928) 0
Belgium Europe 1 (1920) 0
Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total
1 Europe 17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024) 14 (1924, 1928, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014) 31
2 North America 7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028) 6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010) 13
3 Asia 4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020) 4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022) 8
4 Oceania 2 (1956, 2000) 0 2
5 South America 1 (2016) 0 1
6 Africa 0 0 0
Unsuccessful cities[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Country
City
Bids
United States Detroit 7
Hungary Budapest 6
Turkey Istanbul 5
Spain Madrid 4
Argentina Buenos Aires 4
Switzerland Lausanne 4
United States Philadelphia 5
United States Chicago 4
United States Minneapolis 3
Cuba Havana 3
Belgium Brussels 3
Azerbaijan Baku 2
Qatar Doha 2
Spain Seville 2
Yugoslavia Belgrade 2
Puerto Rico San Juan 1
Australia Brisbane 1
Slovakia Poprad 1
United States Boston 1
See also[edit]
Olympics portal
List of Commonwealth Games host cities
Notes[edit]
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-313-32278-5.
Jump up ^ Group, Taylor Francis (2003). The Europa World Yearbook. Taylor and Francis Group. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-85743-227-5.
Jump up ^ "Choice of the Host City". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Durántez, Conrado (April–May 1997). "The Olympic Movement, a twentieth-century phenomenon" (PDF). Olympic Review. XXVI (14): 56–57.
Jump up ^ "Antwerp 1920". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chamonix 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paris 1924". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St. Moritz 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Amsterdam 1928". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Lake Placid 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles 1932". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Berlin 1936". olympic.org. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "St Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "St. Louis gets Olympic Games; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World's Fair in 1904" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903-02-12. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906, Karl Lennartz, Journal of Olympic History, Dec. 2001/Jan. 2002
Jump up ^ "Rome Games moved to London". realclearsports.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Stockholm/Melbourne 1956". Swedish Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Jump up ^ Tim Pile (June 25, 2008). "Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
Jump up ^ "2008 Beijing Olympic home page". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
External links[edit]
"The Olympic Games". olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
[show]
v
t
e
Summer Olympic Games host cities
1896: Athens
1900: Paris
1904: St. Louis
1908: London
1912: Stockholm
1916: None[c1]
1920: Antwerp
1924: Paris
1928: Amsterdam
1932: Los Angeles
1936: Berlin
1940: None[c2]
1944: None[c2]
1948: London
1952: Helsinki
1956: Melbourne
1960: Rome
1964: Tokyo
1968: Mexico City
1972: Munich
1976: Montreal
1980: Moscow
1984: Los Angeles
1988: Seoul
1992: Barcelona
1996: Atlanta
2000: Sydney
2004: Athens
2008: Beijing
2012: London
2016: Rio de Janeiro
2020: Tokyo
2024: Paris
2028: Los Angeles
[c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II
[show]
v
t
e
Winter Olympic Games host cities
1924: Chamonix
1928: St. Moritz
1932: Lake Placid
1936: Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940: Cancelled due to World War II
1944: Cancelled due to World War II
1948: St. Moritz
1952: Oslo
1956: Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960: Squaw Valley
1964: Innsbruck
1968: Grenoble
1972: Sapporo
1976: Innsbruck
1980: Lake Placid
1984: Sarajevo
1988: Calgary
1992: Albertville
1994: Lillehammer
1998: Nagano
2002: Salt Lake City
2006: Turin
2010: Vancouver
2014: Sochi
2018: Pyeongchang
2022: Beijing
2026: TBD
2030: TBD
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic Games
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Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Host cities
Bids
Venues
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Scandals and controversies
Colonialism
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Summer Games
1896 Athens
1900 Paris
1904 St. Louis
1908 London
1912 Stockholm
1916 Berlin
1920 Antwerp
1924 Paris
1928 Amsterdam
1932 Los Angeles
1936 Berlin
1940 Tokyo
1944 London
1948 London
1952 Helsinki
1956 Melbourne
1960 Rome
1964 Tokyo
1968 Mexico City
1972 Munich
1976 Montreal
1980 Moscow
1984 Los Angeles
1988 Seoul
1992 Barcelona
1996 Atlanta
2000 Sydney
2004 Athens
2008 Beijing
2012 London
2016 Rio de Janeiro
2020 Tokyo
2024 Paris
2028 Los Angeles
2032 TBD
Winter Games
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1940 Sapporo
1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
1960 Squaw Valley
1964 Innsbruck
1968 Grenoble
1972 Sapporo
1976 Innsbruck
1980 Lake Placid
1984 Sarajevo
1988 Calgary
1992 Albertville
1994 Lillehammer
1998 Nagano
2002 Salt Lake City
2006 Turin
2010 Vancouver
2014 Sochi
2018 Pyeongchang
2022 Beijing
2026 TBD
2030 TBD
Ancient Olympic Games
Intercalated Games
1906
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Olympics portal
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The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
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In India gratuity is a kind of retirement benefit. It is a payment made with the intention of helping an employee monetarily after his retirement. It was held by the Supreme Court of India in Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd v Its Workmen, that the general principal underlying gratuity scheme is that by service over a long period the employee is entitled to claim a certain amount as retirement benefit. The Payment of Gratuity Act was passed by Indian Parliament in 21 August 1972. The act came in force on 16 September 1972.
Application and Extent of This Act -
The act applies to the whole of India. But according to section 1(2), in so far it relates to plantation or ports, it shall not be extended to State of Jammu and Kashmir. The act applies to all factories, mines, oilfield, plantation, port and railway company. But in case of shops or establishments other than those stated before, it applies to those organisations with 10 or more persons are employed on any day of the preceding 12 months. Under Section 1(3-A), if in case of any shop and establishment to which the act applies the number of employee reduces below 10, it shall continue to be governed by the act irrespective of the number of employee's. Thus no employer can escape liability under this act by reducing the number of employee's. Under Section 2(e), Nothing in this act applies to Apprentices and Persons who hold civil posts under the Central Government or State Government and are subjected to any other act or rule other than this act.
Payment of Gratuity : Payability and Calculation -
Under Section 4, payment of gratuity is mandatory. Gratuity shall be payable to an employee on termination of employment after he has rendered continuous service for not less than 5 years in a single organisation. The termination can be due to :
Superannuation.
Retirement or Resignation.
On Death or Disablement due to accident or disease.
As per Section 4(1), the completion of continuous service of 5 years is not required where termination of employment is due to death or disablement. In such case mandatory gratuity is payable.
Gratuity is paid at a rate of 15 days wages for every completed year of service or part thereof in excess of Six months. The wages here means wages last drawn by the employee. The "15 Days Wages" will be calculated by dividing the last drawn wages by 26 and multiplying the result with 15. But under section 4(3), the maximum gratuity that is payable is fixed at Rupees 20,00,000 [1].
Formula for Gratuity Calculation = [((Basic Pay + D.A) x 15 days) / 26] x No. of years of service (example of Gratuity Calculation).[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "MidCap Mania". MidCap Mania. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
[1][2][3]
[4]
Jump up ^ http://www.shramsamadhan.com/p/payment-of-gratuity-act-rules.html
Jump up ^ http://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/ThePaymentofGratuityAct1972.pdf
Jump up ^ https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1998048/
Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/centre-clears-bill-to-double-tax-free-gratuity-to-rs-20-lakh/articleshow/60480552.cms
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Payment_of_Gratuity_Act,_1972&oldid=834436267"
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