text:
Flag of Earth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article may be better presented in list format to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help improve this article by converting it into a stand-alone or embedded list. (June 2017)
Some individuals and organizations have promoted designs for a flag representing the planet Earth, though none have been officially recognized as such by any governmental body. The most widely recognized flags associated with Earth are the flag of the United Nations and the Earth Day flag.[citation needed] Listed below are some of the unofficial contenders for a Flag of Earth:
Contents
[hide]
1 John McConnell's "Earth Day" flag
1.1 One Flag in Space
2 United Nations flag
3 "World Peace Flag" of Universal Peace Congress
4 Olympic flag
5 "World Citizen" flag of World Service Authority
6 Astrological Symbol of Earth
7 Other private proposals
7.1 James W. Cadle's "Flag of Earth"
7.2 Paul Carroll's "World Flag"
7.3 Oskar Pernefeldt's "International Flag of the Planet Earth"
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
John McConnell's "Earth Day" flag[edit]
The Earth Day flag, John McConnell's latest proposal
McConnell's original design
A flag designed by John McConnell in 1969 for the first Earth Day is a dark blue field charged with The Blue Marble, a famous NASA photo of the Earth as seen from outer space. The first edition of McConnell's flag used screen-printing and used different colors: ocean and land were blue and the clouds were white. McConnell presented his flag to the United Nations as a symbol for consideration.[1]
Because of the political views of its creator and its having become a symbol of Earth Day, the flag is associated with environmental awareness, and the celebration of the global community.[1] It was offered for sale originally in the Whole Earth Catalog, and is the only flag which was endorsed by McConnell.[2]
The Blue Marble image was placed in the public domain, and the public nature of this image was the basis of a legal battle that resulted in the invalidation of a trademark and copyright that was originally issued to the Earth Day flag through its original promotional entity, World Equity, Inc.[3] This does not invalidate the official history of McConnell's flag, only the official documentation that was issued on it.[1]
One Flag in Space[edit]
The One Flag in Space initiative is an offshoot of the Space Generation Congress (SGC), the Space Generation Advisory Council's yearly world meeting. It promotes usage of the Blue Marble flag for space exploration (it does not explicitly mention it being McConnell's design).
United Nations flag[edit]
The Flag of the United Nations
Adopted in 1946, the flag of the United Nations has been used to indicate world unity, although it technically only represents the United Nations itself. It has a geographical representation of the planet, and its high visibility usage makes it a well-known contender for representing Earth. During the planning for NASA's moon landings of the 1960s, it was suggested that a UN flag be used in place of the flag of the US.[4]
"World Peace Flag" of Universal Peace Congress[edit]
Main article: Peace flag § Earth flag
Van Kirk's World Peace Flag
James William van Kirk, a minister from Youngstown, Ohio, designed in 1913 a peace flag with rainbow stripes, stars and a globe. With this flag, he twice made a peace tour through Europe.[5] The Universal Peace Congress adopted this flag as its World Peace Flag.[6]
Olympic flag[edit]
Olympic flag
Designed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1914 and adopted in Olympic games since 1920, the Olympic flag represents all mankind and has a white bar with 5 interlocking rings of 5 colors. The five rings represent the five continents.[7] The six colors (including the white color of the background) represent all of the world's nations.[8]
"World Citizen" flag of World Service Authority[edit]
World Citizen flag by Garry Davis
The World Citizen is a social movement for global citizenship under a proposed world government. In 1953, one of its activists, Garry Davis, founded the World Service Authority, which sells the World Passport (a fantasy travel document) with a proposed flag of the world.[9]
Astrological Symbol of Earth[edit]
A blue flag with the astrological Earth symbol at its center.
The astrological (and astronomical) symbol of Earth is another candidate for Earth's flag, often depicted with a blue background, with the symbol at its center.
Other private proposals[edit]
James W. Cadle's "Flag of Earth"[edit]
Flag of Earth by James Cadle
Another Earth flag was created around the same time in 1970 by a farmer from Homer, Illinois[10] named James W. Cadle. Cadle's version of the Earth flag consists of a blue circle representing Earth in the center of the flag, a segment of a large yellow circle representing the sun and a small white circle for the moon, all on a black background. It is particularly popular amongst SETI researchers and is used by SETI worldwide. The flag flies at the Ohio State University Radio Observatory and was lowered to half mast when Carl Sagan died.[11] Flag of Earth Co. International was also founded by Cadle which sold the flag. The Flag of Earth became public domain in 2003.[12]
Magic Actions for YouTube used a small thumbnail image of this flag next to a user's name when the site couldn't determine geo-location during a comment post. (this feature has been removed)[13]
Paul Carroll's "World Flag"[edit]
the combined World Flag in 2006
The World Flag is an international flag created in 1988 by Paul Carroll to act as a symbol to inspire "positive global change while continuing to embrace and celebrate cultural diversity.[14]" The current 2008 version of the combined World Flag has a world map 216 flags; including the flags of every UN member state, the United Nations, and several territories of larger nations.[14]
The World Flag has been flown at the UN Headquarters for the A Prayer for Peace event, The World Trade Center, Earth Day in Central Park, and at various other events around the world.[15][16]
Oskar Pernefeldt's "International Flag of the Planet Earth"[edit]
Oskar Pernefeldt’s proposal
In 2015 a Swedish artist, Oskar Pernefeldt,[17] proposed the "International Flag of the Planet Earth".[18] It was conceived to be used in space expeditions and it has two main purposes:
To be used while representing planet Earth.
To remind the people of Earth that we share this planet, no matter of national boundaries. That we should take care of each other and the planet we live on.
The creators predict that it will be eventually used in Mars landing in 2025 or in a future colony on that planet. The flag is used by space research groups with intent to implanting a base on Mars.[19] The design of the flag consists of seven rings intersecting each other and a deep-blue-sea in the background. The rings are centered on the flag forming a flower in the middle, representing life on Earth. The intersection of the rings represent that all things on Earth are linked directly or indirectly. The rings are organized in a Borromean rings–like fashion, representing not only the seven continents, but how no part of Earth can be removed without the whole structure collapsing. Finally, the deep-blue represents the ocean and the importance of water for life on Earth.[20]
See also[edit]
Earth symbol
Cosmopolitanism
Flag of Mars
Vexillography
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Weir (2007). Peace, Justice, Care of Earth. Press On Publishing. ISBN 0971749124.
Jump up ^ "Authentic Earth Flag". Earthflag.net. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Copyright Law - Copyrightability - Articles - Copyright Protection Not Available for Earth Flag".
Jump up ^ Platoff, Anne (August 2003). "Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon (NASA Contractor Report 188251)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ Corien Glaudemans, 'Een vredesapostel uit Ohio', in: Den Haag Centraal, 16 oktober 2009.
Jump up ^ Devere Allen, "The Fight for Peace". 1940. p.553.
Jump up ^ "The Olympic symbols" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1303.pdf
Jump up ^ Table of travel documents entitling the holder to cross the external borders and which may be endorsed with a visa - (Parts II and II) and Part V (documents to which visas cannot be affixed. Council of the European Union. 1 December 2008. The World Passport is placed in the latter category.
Jump up ^ "The Flag of Earth - Flown".
Jump up ^ "Carl Sagan". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
Jump up ^ Cadle, James W. "James Cadle's Flag of Earth Home Page". North American AstroPhysical Observatory (NAAPO). Retrieved 2018-04-02. The Flag of Earth is now 34-years-old, and on November 1, 2003, became part of the public domain.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193016/http://bayimg.com/CApIJAAfa. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Vision". WorldFlagProject.org. The World Flag Project. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "History". TheWorldFlag.org. The World Flag Project. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Custom Flags". www.australianflagmakers.com.au.
Jump up ^ "The International Flag of the Planet Earth". Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Here's what the flag of Planet Earth could look like". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Pesquisador brasileiro visita estação no deserto que simula planeta Marte, Fantástico, November 12, 2017, 4 minutes and 26 seconds of video
Jump up ^ "Nusigma | This Could Become the Official Flag of Planet Earth". nusigma.in. Archived from the original on 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Earth.
Authentic Earth Flag Website Official Website
Authentic Earth Flag Endorsement John McConell's Endorsement of earthflag.net as the Authentic Earth Flag.
The History of Earth Day and The Authentic Earth Flag by John McConnell
Flags of the World
James Cadle's "Flag of Earth" description
Flag Of Planet Earth Proposal by artist Oskar Pernfeldt
[hide]
v
t
e
Earth-related topics
History
Age of the Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Faint young Sun paradox
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Future of Earth
Geologic time scale
Geological history of Earth
History of Earth
Timeline of evolution
Geography
Geology
Clairaut's theorem
Continents
Earthquake
Equatorial bulge
Extremes on Earth
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geophysics
Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Time zones
Ecology
Earth Day
Global warming
Human impact on the environment
Imaging
Apple Maps
Baidu Maps
Bhuvan
Bing Maps
Global Map
Google Earth
Google Maps
MapmyIndia
NASA World Wind
Here
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Remote sensing
Yahoo! Maps
Yandex Maps
Arts
Culture
Society
Earth in culture
Earth in science fiction
Etymology of the word "Earth"
History of the world
International law
Landscape painting
List of countries
World economy
Other topics
Biosphere
Earth's orbit
Earth trojan
The ecliptic
Flag of Earth
Gravity
Magnetic field
The Moon
Claimed moons of Earth
2006 RH120
Kordylewski cloud
Solar System
Earth's location in the Universe
Theia
Earth sciences portal
Solar System portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Earth&oldid=833729216"
Categories:
Earth
Proposed flags
Flags in art
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Articles needing cleanup from June 2017
All pages needing cleanup
Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Français
Galego
Italiano
Magyar
Mirandés
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Українська
中文
9 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 03:35.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

tag: td

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:List_guideline
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:List guideline

attr: href title

tag: b

attr: class href

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_lists
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Embedded lists

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

tag: tr

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: class role

value:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: Edit section: John McConnell's "Earth Day" flag

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Edit section: "World Peace Flag" of Universal Peace Congress

value:
/wiki/Universal_Peace_Congress
mw-redirect
Universal Peace Congress

value:
/wiki/Olympic_flag
mw-redirect
Olympic flag

value:
/wiki/Olympic_games
mw-redirect
Olympic games

value: Edit section: "World Citizen" flag of World Service Authority

value: Edit section: Astrological Symbol of Earth

value: Edit section: James W. Cadle's "Flag of Earth"

value: Edit section: Paul Carroll's "World Flag"

value: Edit section: Oskar Pernefeldt's "International Flag of the Planet Earth"

value:
/wiki/Seven_continents
mw-redirect
Seven continents

value: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.flagofearth.org/flown.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://bayimg.com/CApIJAAfa

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.theworldflag.org/vision.php

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.theworldflag.org/history.php

value:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.earthsite.org/flag.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.earthflag.net/history.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/qp-3.html

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.flagofplanetearth.com

value:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

value: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

value: Timeline of evolutionary history of life

value:
/wiki/Etymology_of_the_word_%22Earth%22
mw-redirect
Etymology of the word "Earth"

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
navbox-abovebelow
2
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

value: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

value: Category:Articles needing cleanup from June 2017

value: Category:Wikipedia list cleanup from June 2017

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Flag_of_Earth
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: راية الأرض – Arabic

value: Сьцяг Зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value: Σημαία της Γης – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Флаг Земли – Russian

value: Прапор Землі – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Flag_of_Earth rootpage-Flag_of_Earth skin-vector action-view


text:
Distance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about distance in mathematics, physics, and computation. For other uses, see Distance (disambiguation).
Distance is a numerical description of how far apart objects are. In physics or everyday usage, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria (e.g. "two counties over"). In most cases, "distance from A to B" is interchangeable with "distance from B to A". In mathematics, a distance function or metric is a generalization of the concept of physical distance. A metric is a function that behaves according to a specific set of rules, and is a way of describing what it means for elements of some space to be "close to" or "far away from" each other.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and definitions
1.1 Physical distances
1.2 Theoretical distances
2 Distance versus directed distance and displacement
2.1 Directed distance
2.2 Displacement
3 Mathematics
3.1 Geometry
3.2 Distance in Euclidean space
3.3 Variational formulation of distance
3.4 Generalization to higher-dimensional objects
3.5 Algebraic distance
3.6 General metric
3.7 Distances between sets and between a point and a set
3.8 Graph theory
3.9 Other mathematical "distances"
4 See also
5 References
Overview and definitions[edit]
Physical distances[edit]
Airline routes between Los Angeles and Tokyo approximately follow a direct great circle route (top), but use the jet stream (bottom) when heading eastwards. Note that the shortest route appears as a curve rather than a straight line because this map is a Mercator projection, which does not scale all distances equally compared to the real spherical surface of the Earth.
"Manhattan distance" on a grid
A physical distance can mean several different things:
The length of a specific path traveled between two points, such as the distance walked while navigating a maze
A board showing distances near Visakhapatnam
The length of the shortest possible path through space between two point that could be taken if there were no obstacles (usually formalized as Euclidean distance)
The length of the shortest path between two points while remaining on some surface, such as the great-circle distance along the curve of the Earth
"Circular distance" is the distance traveled by a wheel, which can be useful when designing vehicles or mechanical gears. The circumference of the wheel is 2π × radius, and assuming the radius to be 1, then each revolution of the wheel is equivalent of the distance 2π radians. In engineering ω = 2πƒ is often used, where ƒ is the frequency.
Unusual definitions of distance can be helpful to model certain physical situations, but are also used in theoretical mathematics:
"Manhattan distance" is a rectilinear distance, named after the number of blocks north, south, east, or west a taxicab must travel on to reach its destination on the grid of streets in parts of New York City.
"Chessboard distance", formalized as Chebyshev distance, is the minimum number of moves a king must make on a chessboard to travel between two squares.
Distance measures in cosmology are complicated by the expansion of the universe, and by effects described by the theory of relativity such as length contraction of moving objects.
Theoretical distances[edit]
The term "distance" is also used by analogy to measure non-physical entities in certain ways.
In computer science, there is the notion of the "edit distance" between two strings. For example, the words "dog" and "dot", which vary by only one letter, are closer than "dog" and "cat", which differ by three letters. This idea is used in spell checkers and in coding theory, and is mathematically formalized in several different ways, such as:
Levenshtein distance
Hamming distance
Lee distance
Jaro–Winkler distance
N-gram distance
In mathematics, a metric space is a set for which distances between all members of the set are defined. In this way, many different types of "distances" can be calculated, such as for traversal of graphs, comparison of distributions and curves, and using unusual definitions of "space" (for example using a manifold or reflections). The notion of distance in graph theory has been used to describe social networks, for example with the Erdős number or the Bacon number, the number of collaborative relationships away a person is from prolific mathematician Paul Erdős or actor Kevin Bacon, respectively.
In psychology, human geography, and the social sciences, distance is often theorized not as an objective metric, but as a subjective experience.[1]
Distance versus directed distance and displacement[edit]
Distance along a path compared with displacement
Distance cannot be negative, and distance travelled never decreases. Distance is a scalar quantity or a magnitude, whereas displacement is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. Directed distance is a positive, zero, or negative scalar quantity.
The distance covered by a vehicle (for example as recorded by an odometer), person, animal, or object along a curved path from a point A to a point B should be distinguished from the straight-line distance from A to B. For example, whatever the distance covered during a round trip from A to B and back to A, the displacement is zero as start and end points coincide. In general the straight-line distance does not equal distance travelled, except for journeys in a straight line.
Directed distance[edit]
Directed distances are distances with a directional sense. They can be determined along straight lines and along curved lines. A directed distance of a point C from point A in the direction of B on a line AB in a Euclidean vector space is the distance from A to C if C falls on the ray AB, but is the negative of that distance if C falls on the ray BA (I.e., if C is not on the same side of A as B is).
A directed distance along a curved line is not a vector and is represented by a segment of that curved line defined by endpoints A and B, with some specific information indicating the sense (or direction) of an ideal or real motion from one endpoint of the segment to the other (see figure). For instance, just labelling the two endpoints as A and B can indicate the sense, if the ordered sequence (A, B) is assumed, which implies that A is the starting point.
Displacement[edit]
A displacement (see above) is a special kind of directed distance defined in mechanics. A directed distance is called displacement when it is the distance along a straight line (minimum distance) from A and B, and when A and B are positions occupied by the same particle at two different instants of time. This implies motion of the particle. The distance traveled by a particle must always be greater than or equal to its displacement, with equality occurring only when the particle moves along a straight path.
Another kind of directed distance is that between two different particles or point masses at a given time. For instance, the distance from the center of gravity of the Earth A and the center of gravity of the Moon B (which does not strictly imply motion from A to B) falls into this category.
Mathematics[edit]
See also: Metric (mathematics)
Geometry[edit]
In analytic geometry, the distance between two points of the xy-plane can be found using the distance formula. The distance between (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by:
d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}}}.}
Similarly, given points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) in three-space, the distance between them is:
d = ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ y ) 2 + ( Δ z ) 2 = ( x 2 − x 1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y 1 ) 2 + ( z 2 − z 1 ) 2 . {\displaystyle d={\sqrt {(\Delta x)^{2}+(\Delta y)^{2}+(\Delta z)^{2}}}={\sqrt {(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{1})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{1})^{2}}}.}
These formula are easily derived by constructing a right triangle with a leg on the hypotenuse of another (with the other leg orthogonal to the plane that contains the 1st triangle) and applying the Pythagorean theorem. In the study of complicated geometries, we call this (most common) type of distance Euclidean distance, as it is derived from the Pythagorean theorem, which does not hold in non-Euclidean geometries. This distance formula can also be expanded into the arc-length formula.
Distance in Euclidean space[edit]
In the Euclidean space Rn, the distance between two points is usually given by the Euclidean distance (2-norm distance). Other distances, based on other norms, are sometimes used instead.
For a point (x1, x2, ...,xn) and a point (y1, y2, ...,yn), the Minkowski distance of order p (p-norm distance) is defined as:
1-norm distance = ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | {\displaystyle =\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|}
2-norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | 2 ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle =\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{2}\right)^{1/2}}
p-norm distance = ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | p ) 1 / p {\displaystyle =\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{p}\right)^{1/p}}
infinity norm distance = lim p → ∞ ( ∑ i = 1 n | x i − y i | p ) 1 / p {\displaystyle =\lim _{p\to \infty }\left(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right|^{p}\right)^{1/p}}
= max ( | x 1 − y 1 | , | x 2 − y 2 | , … , | x n − y n | ) . {\displaystyle =\max \left(|x_{1}-y_{1}|,|x_{2}-y_{2}|,\ldots ,|x_{n}-y_{n}|\right).}
p need not be an integer, but it cannot be less than 1, because otherwise the triangle inequality does not hold.
The 2-norm distance is the Euclidean distance, a generalization of the Pythagorean theorem to more than two coordinates. It is what would be obtained if the distance between two points were measured with a ruler: the "intuitive" idea of distance.
The 1-norm distance is more colourfully called the taxicab norm or Manhattan distance, because it is the distance a car would drive in a city laid out in square blocks (if there are no one-way streets).
The infinity norm distance is also called Chebyshev distance. In 2D, it is the minimum number of moves kings require to travel between two squares on a chessboard.
The p-norm is rarely used for values of p other than 1, 2, and infinity, but see super ellipse.
In physical space the Euclidean distance is in a way the most natural one, because in this case the length of a rigid body does not change with rotation.
Variational formulation of distance[edit]
The Euclidean distance between two points in space ( A = r → ( 0 ) {\displaystyle A={\vec {r}}(0)} and B = r → ( T ) {\displaystyle B={\vec {r}}(T)} ) may be written in a variational form where the distance is the minimum value of an integral:
D = ∫ 0 T ( ∂ r → ( t ) ∂ t ) 2 d t {\displaystyle D=\int _{0}^{T}{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(t) \over \partial t}\right)^{2}}}\,dt}
Here r → ( t ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(t)} is the trajectory (path) between the two points. The value of the integral (D) represents the length of this trajectory. The distance is the minimal value of this integral and is obtained when r = r ∗ {\displaystyle r=r^{*}} where r ∗ {\displaystyle r^{*}} is the optimal trajectory. In the familiar Euclidean case (the above integral) this optimal trajectory is simply a straight line. It is well known that the shortest path between two points is a straight line. Straight lines can formally be obtained by solving the Euler–Lagrange equations for the above functional. In non-Euclidean manifolds (curved spaces) where the nature of the space is represented by a metric tensor g a b {\displaystyle g_{ab}} the integrand has to be modified to g a c r ˙ c g a b r ˙ b {\displaystyle {\sqrt {g^{ac}{\dot {r}}_{c}g_{ab}{\dot {r}}^{b}}}} , where Einstein summation convention has been used.
Generalization to higher-dimensional objects[edit]
The Euclidean distance between two objects may also be generalized to the case where the objects are no longer points but are higher-dimensional manifolds, such as space curves, so in addition to talking about distance between two points one can discuss concepts of distance between two strings. Since the new objects that are dealt with are extended objects (not points anymore) additional concepts such as non-extensibility, curvature constraints, and non-local interactions that enforce non-crossing become central to the notion of distance. The distance between the two manifolds is the scalar quantity that results from minimizing the generalized distance functional, which represents a transformation between the two manifolds:
D = ∫ 0 L ∫ 0 T { ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ t ) 2 + λ [ ( ∂ r → ( s , t ) ∂ s ) 2 − 1 ] } d s d t {\displaystyle {\mathcal {D}}=\int _{0}^{L}\int _{0}^{T}\left\{{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(s,t) \over \partial t}\right)^{2}}}+\lambda \left[{\sqrt {\left({\partial {\vec {r}}(s,t) \over \partial s}\right)^{2}}}-1\right]\right\}\,ds\,dt}
The above double integral is the generalized distance functional between two polymer conformation. s {\displaystyle s} is a spatial parameter and t {\displaystyle t} is pseudo-time. This means that r → ( s , t = t i ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,t=t_{i})} is the polymer/string conformation at time t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} and is parameterized along the string length by s {\displaystyle s} . Similarly r → ( s = S , t ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s=S,t)} is the trajectory of an infinitesimal segment of the string during transformation of the entire string from conformation r → ( s , 0 ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,0)} to conformation r → ( s , T ) {\displaystyle {\vec {r}}(s,T)} . The term with cofactor λ {\displaystyle \lambda } is a Lagrange multiplier and its role is to ensure that the length of the polymer remains the same during the transformation. If two discrete polymers are inextensible, then the minimal-distance transformation between them no longer involves purely straight-line motion, even on a Euclidean metric. There is a potential application of such generalized distance to the problem of protein folding[2][3] This generalized distance is analogous to the Nambu–Goto action in string theory, however there is no exact correspondence because the Euclidean distance in 3-space is inequivalent to the spacetime distance minimized for the classical relativistic string.
Algebraic distance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2008)
This is a metric often used in computer vision that can be minimized by least squares estimation. [1][2] For curves or surfaces given by the equation x T C x = 0 {\displaystyle x^{\text{T}}Cx=0} (such as a conic in homogeneous coordinates), the algebraic distance from the point x ′ {\displaystyle x'} to the curve is simply x ′ T C x ′ {\displaystyle x'^{\text{T}}Cx'} . It may serve as an "initial guess" for geometric distance to refine estimations of the curve by more accurate methods, such as non-linear least squares.
General metric[edit]
In mathematics, in particular geometry, a distance function on a given set M is a function d: M × M → R, where R denotes the set of real numbers, that satisfies the following conditions:
d(x,y) ≥ 0, and d(x,y) = 0 if and only if x = y. (Distance is positive between two different points, and is zero precisely from a point to itself.)
It is symmetric: d(x,y) = d(y,x). (The distance between x and y is the same in either direction.)
It satisfies the triangle inequality: d(x,z) ≤ d(x,y) + d(y,z). (The distance between two points is the shortest distance along any path). Such a distance function is known as a metric. Together with the set, it makes up a metric space.
For example, the usual definition of distance between two real numbers x and y is: d(x,y) = |x − y|. This definition satisfies the three conditions above, and corresponds to the standard topology of the real line. But distance on a given set is a definitional choice. Another possible choice is to define: d(x,y) = 0 if x = y, and 1 otherwise. This also defines a metric, but gives a completely different topology, the "discrete topology"; with this definition numbers cannot be arbitrarily close.
Distances between sets and between a point and a set[edit]
d(A, B) > d(A, C) + d(C, B)
Various distance definitions are possible between objects. For example, between celestial bodies one should not confuse the surface-to-surface distance and the center-to-center distance. If the former is much less than the latter, as for a low earth orbit, the first tends to be quoted (altitude), otherwise, e.g. for the Earth–Moon distance, the latter.
There are two common definitions for the distance between two non-empty subsets of a given metric space:
One version of distance between two non-empty sets is the infimum of the distances between any two of their respective points, which is the everyday meaning of the word, i.e.
d ( A , B ) = inf x ∈ A , y ∈ B d ( x , y ) . {\displaystyle d(A,B)=\inf _{x\in A,y\in B}d(x,y).}
This is a symmetric premetric. On a collection of sets of which some touch or overlap each other, it is not "separating", because the distance between two different but touching or overlapping sets is zero. Also it is not hemimetric, i.e., the triangle inequality does not hold, except in special cases. Therefore only in special cases this distance makes a collection of sets a metric space.
The Hausdorff distance is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the infimum, for a second point ranging over the other set, of the distance between the points, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped. This distance makes the set of non-empty compact subsets of a metric space itself a metric space.
The distance between a point and a set is the infimum of the distances between the point and those in the set. This corresponds to the distance, according to the first-mentioned definition above of the distance between sets, from the set containing only this point to the other set.
In terms of this, the definition of the Hausdorff distance can be simplified: it is the larger of two values, one being the supremum, for a point ranging over one set, of the distance between the point and the set, and the other value being likewise defined but with the roles of the two sets swapped.
Graph theory[edit]
In graph theory the distance between two vertices is the length of the shortest path between those vertices.
Other mathematical "distances"[edit]
Canberra distance – a weighted version of Manhattan distance, used in computer science
Energy distance, the statistical distance between probability distributions
Kullback–Leibler divergence, which measures the difference between two probability distributions
Mahalanobis distance is used in statistics
See also[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Distance
Astronomical system of units
Cosmic distance ladder
Distance geometry problem
Dijkstra's algorithm
Distance matrix
Distance measuring equipment (DME)
Distance-based road exit numbers
Engineering tolerance
Length
Meridian arc
Milestone
Orders of magnitude (length)
Proper length
Proxemics – physical distance between people
Rangefinder
Signed distance function
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Simandan, Dragos (2016). "Proximity, subjectivity, and space: Rethinking distance in human geography". Geoforum. 75: 249. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018.
Jump up ^ SS Plotkin, PNAS.2007; 104: 14899–14904,
Jump up ^ AR Mohazab, SS Plotkin,"Minimal Folding Pathways for Coarse-Grained Biopolymer Fragments" Biophysical Journal, Volume 95, Issue 12, Pages 5496–5507
Sources
Deza, E.; Deza, M. (2006), Dictionary of Distances, Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-52087-2 .
[hide]
v
t
e
Kinematics
← Integrate … Differentiate →
Absement
Displacement (Distance)
Velocity (Speed)
Acceleration
Jerk
Jounce
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distance&oldid=815310005"
Categories:
Length
Elementary mathematics
Metric geometry
Hidden categories:
Articles to be expanded from December 2008
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikiversity
Languages
Afrikaans
አማርኛ
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Čeština
ChiShona
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
IsiXhosa
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Къарачай-малкъар
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Limburgs
Magyar
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پښتو
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
Xitsonga
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 02:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Distance_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Distance (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: p

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

value:
/wiki/Manhattan_distance
mw-redirect
Manhattan distance

value:
/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe
mw-redirect
Expansion of the universe

value:
/wiki/Bacon_number
mw-redirect
Bacon number

value: Edit section: Distance versus directed distance and displacement

value:
/wiki/Vector_(geometry)
mw-redirect
Vector (geometry)

value:
/wiki/Direction_(geometry,_geography)
mw-redirect
Direction (geometry, geography)

value:
/wiki/Euclidean_vector_space
mw-redirect
Euclidean vector space

value:
/wiki/Center_of_gravity
mw-redirect
Center of gravity

value: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:51.365ex; height:4.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:73.053ex; height:4.843ex;

value:
/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)
mw-redirect
Plane (mathematics)

value: Edit section: Distance in Euclidean space

value: vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:14.486ex; height:7.009ex;

value: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:21.97ex; height:8.176ex;

value: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:21.98ex; height:8.176ex;

value: vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:26.502ex; height:8.176ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.001ex; height:2.843ex;

value:
/wiki/Super_ellipse
mw-redirect
Super ellipse

value: Edit section: Variational formulation of distance

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.089ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.583ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:24.671ex; height:7.676ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.903ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.289ex; height:2.343ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.121ex; height:2.343ex;

value:
/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange_equations
mw-redirect
Euler–Lagrange equations

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.942ex; height:2.009ex;

value: vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:12.734ex; height:5.009ex;

value:
/wiki/Einstein_summation_convention
mw-redirect
Einstein summation convention

value: Edit section: Generalization to higher-dimensional objects

value: vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:64.959ex; height:8.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.101ex; height:1.676ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.85ex; height:2.009ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.815ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.657ex; height:2.343ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.667ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.371ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.845ex; height:2.843ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.366ex; height:2.176ex;

value: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.165ex; height:2.676ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.032ex; height:2.509ex;

value: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.035ex; height:2.676ex;

value:
/wiki/Geometric_distance
mw-redirect
Geometric distance

value:
/wiki/Discrete_topology
mw-redirect
Discrete topology

value: Edit section: Distances between sets and between a point and a set

value:
/wiki/Low_earth_orbit
mw-redirect
Low earth orbit

value: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.328ex; height:4.509ex;

value:
/wiki/Premetric_space
mw-redirect
Premetric space

value:
/wiki/Hemimetric_space
mw-redirect
Hemimetric space

value: Edit section: Other mathematical "distances"

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: navigation navbox Kinematics padding:3px

value: Category:Articles to be expanded from December 2008

value: Category:Articles using small message boxes

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Distance
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Distance&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afstand
Afstand – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

value: مسافة – Arabic

value:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancia
Distancia – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

value: দূরত্ব – Bangla

value: Адлегласць – Belarusian

value: Адлегласьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value: Разстояние – Bulgarian

value:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhambwe
Nhambwe – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstand
Abstand – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugus
Kaugus – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Απόσταση (γεωμετρία) – Greek

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancia
Distancia – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distanco
Distanco – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distancia
Distancia – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daljina
Daljina – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disto
Disto – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarak
Jarak – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distantia
Distantia – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umgama
Umgama – Xhosa
xh
xh
interlanguage-link-target

value: მანძილი – Georgian

value: Арақашықтық – Kazakh

value:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbali
Umbali – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distans
Distans – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

value: Аралык – Kyrgyz

value:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofstand
Ofstand – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aafstandj
Aafstandj – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarak
Jarak – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

value: အကွာအဝေး – Burmese

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afstand
Afstand – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstand
Avstand – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstand
Avstand – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masofa
Masofa – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value: Расстояние – Russian

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance
Distance – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distanca
Distanca – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razdalja
Razdalja – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layo
Layo – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

value: தூரம் – Tamil

value: ระยะทาง – Thai

value: Масофа – Tajik

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesafe
Mesafe – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value: Відстань – Ukrainian

value: فاصلہ (ریاضی) – Urdu

value:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distansa
Distansa – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangwa
Mangwa – Tsonga
ts
ts
interlanguage-link-target

value: ווייטקייט – Yiddish

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Distance rootpage-Distance skin-vector action-view


text:
James Lafferty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named James Lafferty, see James Lafferty (disambiguation).
James Lafferty
Lafferty at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival
Born
James Martin Lafferty
(1985-07-25) July 25, 1985 (age 32)
Hemet, California, U.S.
Residence
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, director and producer
Years active
1997–present
Relatives
Stuart Lafferty (brother)
James Martin Lafferty (born July 25, 1985) is an American actor, director and producer. He is best known for his portrayal of Nathan Scott on The CW teen drama television series One Tree Hill from 2003 to 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Other works
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Lafferty was born in Hemet, California to Angelica and Jeffrey Lafferty, who own a local construction company.[1] He has a younger brother, actor Stuart Lafferty.
Having worked as an uncredited extra on television shows including Beverly Hills, 90210[2] and Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,[3] Lafferty received his first significant acting role in a school play when he was ten years old. Lafferty attended Hemet High School (where he played on the school's basketball team) until 2003, after which he enrolled at California State University, Long Beach. At age eighteen, he moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, having been cast as Nathan Scott in One Tree Hill.
Career[edit]
In 1997, at age twelve, Lafferty made his small-screen acting debut with a voice-over role in the made-for-television film Annabelle's Wish. Lafferty has since made guest appearances on television series' such as Once and Again, Get Real, and Boston Public. In 2002, Lafferty starred in the ESPN made-for-television film A Season on the Brink, an adaptation of the book of the same name by John Feinstein. The film centered on the 1985–86 season of Indiana University's college basketball team.
In 2003, Lafferty was cast in his breakout role of Nathan Scott on The WB/The CW teen drama series One Tree Hill. The series follows two estranged half-brothers, Nathan and Lucas Scott, who are put on the same basketball team, jeopardizing Nathan's position as the star player. In May 2011, The CW renewed the series for a ninth and final season, for which Lafferty chose to return on a recurring basis rather than in a full-time starring role.[4] Over the course of the later seasons, Lafferty directed four episodes. He received four Teen Choice Award nominations throughout his time on the series.
In February 2008, Lafferty was cast in the straight-to-DVD sequel to the cult film Donnie Darko.[5][6] Titled S. Darko, the film was released in May 2009, and received mostly negative reviews from critics.[7] In April 2011, Lafferty was confirmed to star alongside One Tree Hill castmate Stephen Colletti and brother Stuart Lafferty in a planned adventurous reality television series entitled Wild Life: A New Generation of Wild, for which he was an executive producer. A pilot episode was filmed, however the series failed to find a network.[8] In 2013, Lafferty was cast in the NBC crime thriller series Crisis, as Mr Nash. This was followed by landing the lead role of Jimmy Adams in the independent movie Waffle Street, alongside Danny Glover, and being cast in a recurring role during the first season of WGN America's slave drama Underground.[9] In August 2015, Lafferty directed an episode of the second season of E! drama series The Royals, and returned to direct a few more episodes during season three.[10]
Personal life[edit]
Lafferty currently resides in Los Angeles, California. An ardent basketball player, Lafferty was part of the New Orleans basketball team at the 2008 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game alongside Ne-Yo, Terrell Owens, Seth Gilliam, and Master P. The team defeated the Hornets 51–50.[11] He is a supporting partner of the Wilmington Sea Dawgs. From 2003 to 2008, Lafferty hosted an annual charity basketball event in Wilmington. In 2009, he announced that he was canceling the event, stating: "As a result of constant harassment and gross invasions of privacy via email and telephone, targeting myself, my friends and even my family, I no longer feel comfortable holding a fundraiser in such an intimate setting with fans."[12]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1997 Annabelle's Wish Buster Holder Voice
2003 Boys on the Run Joe Ferguson
2009 S. Darko Justin Sparrow
2011 The Legend of Hell's Gate: An American Conspiracy Eigson Howard
2013 Lost on Purpose Fever
2014 Oculus Michael Dumont
2015 Waffle Street Jimmy Adams
2017 Small Town Crime Tony Lama
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Emeril James Lagasse Episode: "Pilot"
2001 Boston Public Michael Scott Episode: "Chapter Eighteen"
2001–2002 Once and Again Tad 4 episodes
2002 Prep Jackson Unsold television pilot
2002 First Monday Andrew Episode: Pilot
2002 A Season on the Brink Steve Alford Television film
2002 Get Real Billy Episode: "The Last Weekend"
2003–2012 One Tree Hill Nathan Scott Main role
2014 Crisis Mr. Nash Recurring role, 8 episodes
2016 Underground Kyle Risdin Recurring role, 6 episodes
2017 Everyone is Doing Great Jeremy Davis Television film
Other works[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009–2012 One Tree Hill Director 4 episodes
2010 Hours Before Executive producer Short film
2015–present The Royals Director 4 episodes
2017 Everyone is Doing Great Director, executive producer, co-writer Television film
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result
2004 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Star – Male One Tree Hill Nominated
2005 Choice TV Chemistry (with Chad Michael Murray) Nominated
2010 Choice Scene Stealer – Male Nominated
Choice Parental Unit (with Bethany Joy Lenz) Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fine, Audrey (April 9, 2006). "Getting to know: James Lafferty". Seventeen.
Jump up ^ "Instagram photo by James Lafferty • Dec 25, 2014 at 9:32pm UTC". Instagram. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Instagram photo by James Lafferty • May 20, 2016 at 2:14am UTC". Instagram. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ Masters, Megan (May 17, 2011). "Breaking: The CW Renews Nikita, One Tree Hill, Axes Hellcats". TVLine.
Jump up ^ Hidek, Jeff (June 2, 2008). "James Lafferty cast in 'Donnie Darko' sequel". StarNewsOnline.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Wendy (May 9, 2008). "Donnie Darko sequel S. Darko starts shooting May 18". ScreenDaily.
Jump up ^ "S. Darko: A Donnie Darko Tale (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ Mackenzie, Carina (April 27, 2011). "'One Tree Hill's James Lafferty and Stephen Colletti leave their comfort zone with 'Wild Life'". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ "James Lafferty Heads to WGN America's 'Underground' (Exclusive)". Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Instagram photo by James Lafferty • Jun 23, 2016 at 4:59pm UTC". Instagram. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
Jump up ^ "New Orleans Stars Win 2008 Celebrity Game". NBA.com. February 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Ballard, Michaele (January 26, 2009). "One Tree Hill's James Lafferty Cancels Charity Hoops Event". People.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Lafferty.
James Lafferty on IMDb
James Lafferty on Twitter
James Lafferty on Instagram
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 9653424
LCCN: no2008061524
ISNI: 0000 0001 1437 620X
SUDOC: 161420680
BNF: cb151167040 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Lafferty&oldid=835511024"
Categories:
1985 births
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
Male models from California
American people of Irish descent
American television producers
American television directors
American male television actors
Basketball players from California
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Living people
Male actors from California
People from Hemet, California
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
تۆرکجه
Български
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
17 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 April 2018, at 03:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/James_Lafferty_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
James Lafferty (disambiguation)

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: th

attr: colspan style

attr: href class

tag: br

value:
/wiki/Teen_Choice_Award
mw-redirect
Teen Choice Award

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/Emeril_(2001_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Emeril (2001 TV series)

value: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value:
nofollow
https://www.instagram.com/p/xC34Ktoude/
external text

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0480798/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://twitter.com/thisislafferty

attr: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/9653424

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/000000011437620X

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/161420680

value: Category:21st-century American male actors

value: Category:American people of Irish descent

value: Category:American male television actors

value: Category:Basketball players from California

value: Category:California State University, Long Beach alumni

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/James_Lafferty
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

value: Джеймс Лафърти – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: Τζέιμς Λάφερτι – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: جیمز لاففرتی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 제임스 래퍼티 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: ג'יימס לאפרטי – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ჯეიმზ ლაფერტი – Georgian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: ジェームズ・ラファティ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Лафферти, Джеймс – Russian

value: Џејмс Лаферти – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: Джеймс Лафферті – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: 詹姆斯·拉夫爾提 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-James_Lafferty rootpage-James_Lafferty skin-vector action-view


text:
List of most expensive video games to develop
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
The following is a list of the most expensive video games ever developed, with a minimum total cost of US$50 million and sorted by the total cost adjusted for inflation.
Name
Year
Developer
Publisher
Platform
Development cost
(million US$)
Marketing cost
(million US$)
Total cost
(million US$)
Total cost with 2018 inflation
(million US$)
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 2009 Infinity Ward Activision PC, PS3, Xbox 360 50 200 250[1] 285
Grand Theft Auto V 2013 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 137[2] 128 265[3] 278
Star Wars: The Old Republic 2011 BioWare Electronic Arts, LucasArts PC 200[4] 200+[4] 218+
Destiny 2014 Bungie Activision PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One <140[5] <140[5] 140[5][6][7] 145
Final Fantasy VII 1997 Square Square Enix, Sony Computer Entertainment (PS), Eidos Interactive (PC) PS, PC 40-45[8][9] 40-100[10][9] 80-145 122-221
Grand Theft Auto IV 2008 Rockstar North Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360, PC 100+[11] 114+
Too Human 2008 Silicon Knights Microsoft Game Studios Xbox 360 60-100[12] 100 114
Max Payne 3 2012 Rockstar Studios Rockstar Games PC, Xbox 360, PS3 105[13] 105[13] 112
Red Dead Redemption 2010 Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360 80-100[14] 100[15] 112
APB: All Points Bulletin 2010 Realtime Worlds Electronic Arts, Realtime Worlds, Deep Silver (PS4, XB1) PC, PS4, Xbox One 100[16] 112
Battlefield 4 2013 EA DICE Electronic Arts PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 100[17] 100 105
Deadpool 2013 High Moon Studios Activision PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, PC 100[18] 105
Disney Infinity 2013 Avalanche Software, Altron (3DS) Disney Interactive Studios PS3, Xbox 360, Wii, Wii U, 3DS, PC 100[19] 105
Tomb Raider 2013 Crystal Dynamics Square Enix PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 100[20] 105
Enter the Matrix 2003 Shiny Entertainment Atari, Inc. GameCube, PC, PS2, Xbox 20[21] 67[21] 89
Defiance 2013 Trion Worlds, Human Head Studios Trion Worlds PC, PS3, Xbox 360 80 80[22] 84
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt 2015 CD Projekt Red CD Projekt PC, Xbox One, PS4 46[23] 35[24] 81 84
Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain 2015 Kojima Productions Konami PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One 80 80[25] 83
Pokémon Red/Blue 1996 Game Freak Nintendo Game Boy 50[26] 50+ 78+
Watch Dogs 2014 Ubisoft Montreal Ubisoft PC, PS3, PS4, Wii U, Xbox 360, Xbox One 68[27] 68+ 70+
Shenmue 1999 Sega AM2 Sega Dreamcast 47-70[28][29] 47-70[28] 69-103
Crysis 3 2013 Crytek Electronic Arts PS3, Xbox 360, PC 66[30][31][clarification needed] 66 69
Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier 2012 Ubisoft Paris, Red Storm Entertainment, Ubisoft Bucharest, Ubisoft Kiev (PC) Ubisoft PC, Xbox 360, PS3 65[32] 65[32] 69
Gran Turismo 5 2010 Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment PS3 60[33] 60 67
Rift 2011 Trion Worlds Trion Worlds PC 50 10-20 60-70[34] 65-76
Gears of War: Judgment 2013 Epic Games, People Can Fly Microsoft Studios Xbox 360 60[35] 63
Heavy Rain 2010 Quantic Dream Sony Computer Entertainment PS3, PS4 23.2[36] 32.4[36] 55.6[36] 62
Final Fantasy IX 2000 Square Square PS, PC 40[37] 40+ 57+
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1982 Atari, Inc. Atari, Inc. Atari 2600 22[38] 56
DC Universe Online 2011 Daybreak Game Company Daybreak Game Company, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox One 50[39] 50[39] 54
L.A. Noire 2011 Team Bondi Rockstar Games PS3, Xbox 360, PC 50[40] 50 54
Half-Life 2 2004 Valve Corporation Valve Corporation PC, PS3, Xbox, Xbox 360 40[41] 40 52
World of Warcraft 2004 Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment PC 40[42][unreliable source?] 52
Known cancelled projects with a cost of more than 50 million US$
Name
Year
started
Year
cancelled
Developer
Publisher
Platform
Development Cost
(million US$)
Marketing Cost
(million US$)
Total Cost
(million US$)
Total with 2017 inflation
(million US$)
Halo MMO Cancelled ? Ensemble Studios Microsoft Game Studios PC 90[43] 90 102
Fable Legends Cancelled 2016 Lionhead Studios Microsoft Studios PC, Xbox One 75[44] 75+ 76+
This Is Vegas Cancelled ? Surreal Software Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment PC, PS3, Xbox 360 40-50[45] 40-50 45-56
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Funk, John (November 19, 2009). "How much did MW2 Cost?". The Escapist. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "GTA V dev costs over $137 million, says analyst". gamesindustry.biz. February 1, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Alan (February 1, 2013). "GTA 5' Costs $265 Million To Develop And Market, Making It The Most Expensive Video Game Ever Produced: Report". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fritz, Ben (January 20, 2012). "Star Wars: The Old Republic — the story behind a galactic gamble". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pham, Alex (May 21, 2012). "Bungie-Activision contract". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that the total cost was $500 million, but Bungie's Eric Osborne stated that the budget was "Nowhere near $500 Million"". Retrieved October 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (May 6, 2014). "Destiny is a $500 Million Gamble for Activision, says Kotick". IGN. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Essential 50: Final Fantasy VII". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Final Fantasy 7: An oral history". Polygon. Jan 9, 2017. Retrieved Feb 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stanton, Rich (June 2, 2013). "Final Fantasy 7 retrospective". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Androvitch, Mark (April 30, 2008). "GTA IV: Most expensive game ever developed?". Games Industry International.
Jump up ^ Mackey, Bob (August 14, 2014). Gaming's Greatest Flops: Too Human. USgamer.
^ Jump up to: a b "Max Payne 3's Sales May Be Hitting Rockstar Where It Hurts". www.gametrailers.com. June 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "New York Times - "Red Dead Redempetion" Brings Old West to Life". New York Times. May 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Schiesel, Seth (May 16, 2010). "Way Down Deep in the Wild, Wild West". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (August 27, 2010). "Realtime Worlds: an inside story". theguardian.com. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ (March 14, 2014). EA CCO: Battlefield 4 budget was $100 million. bfcentral.
Jump up ^ "20 of the Most Expensive Games Ever Made". GameSpot. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (August 25, 2013). "Disney Tries Anew to Raise Its Score on Digital Games". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Phillips, Tom (January 17, 2014). "Tomb Raider finally achieved profitability "by the end of last year"". Eurogamer.
^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex (May 16, 2003). "'Enter the Matrix': An alignment of the digital planets". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bercovici, Jeff (November 26, 2012). "With 'Defiance,' Comcast's Syfy Bets $100M On Convergence Of TV And Videogames". Forbes. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CD PROJEKT Group - first half of 2015".
Jump up ^ "The Witcher 3 sells 6m copies in six weeks". Retrieved August 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ Yin-Poole, Wesley (August 3, 2015). "New article on Konami paints a bleak picture". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mosca, Marco (June 18, 2013). "Watch Dogs, le très gros budget d'Ubisoft". Challenges. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheffield, Brandon (March 2, 2011). "GDC 2011: Yu Suzuki: 'Sega Will Probably Let Me Make Shenmue 3'". Gamasutra.com. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Yu Suzuki wants $10 million to make a truly open world Shenmue 3
Jump up ^ Nutt, Christian (1 March 2013). "What's holding back Crysis 3?". Gamasutra. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Charles Onyett. "GC 2008: Crysis Cost 22 Million to Make".
^ Jump up to: a b "Ubisoft discusses next-generation game budgets". Eurogamer.net. May 16, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Remo, Chris (November 5, 2009). "Yamauchi: Gran Turismo 5's Development Cost Hit $60 Million". Gamasutra.com. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ "How Much Does It Cost To Make A Big Video Game?". Kotaku. Retrieved October 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.glixel.com/interviews/epics-tim-sweeney-on-vr-and-the-future-of-civilization-w459561
^ Jump up to: a b c Purchese, Robert (April 19, 2013). "Heavy Rain cost €16.7 million to make and made Sony "more than €100 million"". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Alder, Davon (July 29, 2000). "Square Haven News / NTV Tokyo Interviews Hironobu Sakaguchi". squarehaven.com. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ Phipps, Keith (February 2, 2005). "Howard Scott Warshaw". A.V. Club. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Pham, Alex; Fritz, Ben (January 11, 2011). "DC Universe Online: $50 million gamble aims for audience that World of Warcraft 'can't touch'". Hero Complex - movies, comics, pop culture - Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Geoghegan, Kev (May 27, 2011). "Will L.A. Noire change the game for actors?". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Half-Life 2: $40 million in, still Steaming forward". Eurogamer. March 22, 2004. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "MMO Budget Busters". MMOHuts. May 10, 2010. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke (April 13, 2010). "Why The Halo MMO Was Cancelled". Kotaku. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (May 12, 2016). "Report: Fable Legends was a $75M project 'nobody' wanted to work on". Polygon. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Zelfden, N. Van (February 16, 2009). "What's Killing the Video-Game Business?". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved August 26, 2015.
Video games portal
Lists portal
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of most expensive items
Transport
Cars (auctioned)
Media
Books
Coins
Music videos
Records
Photographs (of celebrities)
Paintings (Indian artists)
Sculptures
Video games
Films
animated
non-English
Czech
Finnish
Indian
Locations
Buildings
Stadiums
Cities for expatriate employees
Domain names
Streets
U.S. public works projects
Sports
Contracts
Association football transfers
British
Dutch
Romanian
Serbian
Ukrainian
Baseball
Basketball
Thoroughbreds
Social
Divorces
Companies
Mergers and acquisitions
Pharmaceutical
Video game
Most expensive things
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most_expensive_video_games_to_develop&oldid=837981765"
Categories:
Lists of most expensive things
Video game development
Video game lists
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from May 2016
Incomplete lists from March 2014
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 05:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class tabindex role title

attr: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

value:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value:
/wiki/Personal_Computer
mw-redirect
Personal Computer

value:
/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Sony Computer Entertainment

value:
/wiki/Eidos_Interactive
mw-redirect
Eidos Interactive

value:
/wiki/Microsoft_Game_Studios
mw-redirect
Microsoft Game Studios

value:
/wiki/Rockstar_Studios
mw-redirect
Rockstar Studios

value:
/wiki/CD_Projekt_Red
mw-redirect
CD Projekt Red

value: padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;

value: No budget actually stated, just "Triple the budget of the first game". (February 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value: Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier

value:
/wiki/Ubisoft_Paris
mw-redirect
Ubisoft Paris

value:
/wiki/Ubisoft_Bucharest
mw-redirect
Ubisoft Bucharest

value:
/wiki/Ubisoft_Kiev
mw-redirect
Ubisoft Kiev

value: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2017)

value:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
auto

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-2339

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value: Lists of most expensive items by category

value: List of most expensive cars sold at auction

value: List of most expensive books and manuscripts

value:
/wiki/List_of_the_most_valuable_records
mw-redirect
List of the most valuable records

value: List of most expensive celebrity photographs

value: List of most expensive non-English-language films

value: List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees

value: List of most expensive U.S. public works projects

value: List of most expensive association football transfers

value: Progression of the British football transfer fee record

value: List of most expensive Romanian football transfers

value: List of most expensive Serbian football transfers

value: List of most expensive Ukrainian football transfers

value: List of highest paid Major League Baseball players

value: List of most expensive basketball transfers

value: List of largest mergers and acquisitions

value: List of largest pharmaceutical mergers and acquisitions

value: List of most expensive video game acquisitions

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Incomplete lists from March 2014

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: قائمة أغلى ألعاب الفيديو تكلفة – Arabic

value: Liste des jeux vidéo les plus chers à produire – French

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_most_expensive_video_games_to_develop rootpage-List_of_most_expensive_video_games_to_develop skin-vector action-view