text:
White House Executive Chef
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"White House chef" redirects here. For the pastry chef, see White House Executive Pastry Chef.
Cristeta Comerford, the White House Executive Chef since 2005
The White House Executive Chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens, and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the President of the United States and the First Family, which includes their private meals, their private entertaining, and official state functions at the White House in Washington, D.C., in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early White House cooks and chefs
1.2 Executive Chef
1.3 List of Executive Chefs
2 Duties and staff
2.1 The kitchen
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
Early White House cooks and chefs[edit]
Beginning with George Washington, slaves prepared food for American presidents, First Families, and for social gatherings.[1] Although slavery ended in the United States after the American Civil War, African Americans continued to provide nearly all the cooking in the White House kitchen. Occasionally, a professional chef was used beginning in the latter half of the 1800s.[2] President Ulysses S. Grant utilized a Union Army cook until his embarrassed wife forced him to hire an Italian-trained chef.[3] President Rutherford B. Hayes utilized the services of cook and nurse Winnie Monroe, a freed African American slave.[4] Chester Arthur used a cook who formerly worked at his private residence as his White House chef for casual dining, and hired French-trained professional chef Alexander Fortin to oversee preparation of important political meals and state dinners.[5][6] President Grover Cleveland also used a French chef to prepare his meals during his first term.[7] President Benjamin Harrison had a French chef as well, but fired him after only a short time in favor of the services of Dolly Johnson, a freed African American slave who had cooked for the Harrisons in Indianapolis.[8] President William McKinley hired a local cook for everyday dining, but a French-trained chef traveled from New York City to prepare formal dinners.[9]
Swedish native Sigrid Nilsson served as President Woodrow Wilson's chief cook at the White House from 1915 to 1919.[10] American-trained professional chef Alice Howard served presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and Woodrow Wilson,[11] while "head cook" Katherine Bruckner worked for Herbert Hoover[12] and Henrietta Nesbitt served as housekeeper and head cook for Franklin D. Roosevelt.[13][14] Vietta Garr, President Harry S. Truman's long-time personal cook and domestic assistant, came to the White House as head cook in 1945 after Truman fired Nesbitt for insubordination.[15][16] Dwight D. Eisenhower utilized the services of French-trained chef François Rysavy from 1954 to 1957[17] and former United States Navy chef Pedro Udo (a Filipino) from 1957 to 1960.[18][a] Zephyr Wright, one of the last personal chefs to work in the White House, prepared meals for President Lyndon B. Johnson.[20]
Executive Chef[edit]
Dolly Johnson, personal cook to President Benjamin Harrison, in the small White House kitchen in 1890
In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy reorganized the White House staff under her supervision, and created the title of Executive Chef for the first time.[21] Kennedy hired French-born and -trained chef René Verdon, who served until 1965. Verdon established a new standard for White House dining, one in which only the highest quality ingredients and cooking techniques were acceptable. The first meal he crafted for the White House, a lunch for British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, was featured on the front page of The New York Times.[22]
Verdon resigned at the end of 1965 in a dispute with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the cuisine being offered at the White House. The Johnsons brought long-time family cook Zephyr White to the Executive Residence, where she became the First Family's personal chef.[23] For formal dining, the Johnsons hired 43-year-old Swiss-born, American-trained chef Henry Haller to be Executive Chef. Haller proved so popular that he remained in the position until October 1, 1987.[24]
Jon Hill, a 33-year-old American-born and -trained chef, served as Executive Chef from October 1, 1987, to January 8, 1988. Hill resigned after First Lady Nancy Reagan expressed significant disapproval of his cooking and presentation. He was replaced by White House assistant chef Hans Raffert.[25] Raffert, a German-born chef who trained throughout Europe, joined the Nixon White House kitchen staff in 1969, and was the first White House chef to create a gingerbread house as part of the Executive Residence Christmas decorations. Raffert was 60 when he became Executive Chef, and retired in October 1992 just before he turned 65.[26] French-born and trained chef Pierre Chambrin succeeded Raffert as Executive Chef, but he was asked to resign in March 1994 after refusing to cook the low-fat American cuisine favored by President Bill and First Lady Hillary Clinton.[27]
Walter Scheib was appointed Executive Chef in April 1994.[28] While his tenure under the Clintons was a happy one, he had a more difficult time meeting the needs of President George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush, and Mrs. Bush's Social Secretary, Lea Berman. Laura Bush wanted a more formal presentation, and President Bush disliked soup, salad, and poached fish—staples of Scheib's cuisine.[29] Scheib was fired by the Bushes in February 2005,[30] and succeeded in August 2005 by Cristeta Comerford, a White House sous-chef whom Scheib had hired in 1995.[31] Comerford was the first woman to be selected for the post.[32]
President Barack Obama retained Comerford as Executive Chef,[33] but brought chef Sam Kass from Chicago to act as the First Family's personal chef. Kass, who assumed several policy positions in the White House as well, resigned in December 2014.[34] In November 2009, Marcus Samuelsson became the first guest chef at a White House state dinner when Comerford temporarily stepped aside to allow him to cook for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[35]
Comerford was retained as Executive Chef by President Donald Trump.[36]
List of Executive Chefs[edit]
René Verdon 1961–1965
Henry Haller 1966–1987
Jon Hill 1987–1988
Hans Raffert 1988–1992
Pierre Chambrin 1992–1994
Walter Scheib 1994–2005
Cristeta Comerford 2005–present
Duties and staff[edit]
The Executive Chef is the manager and executive chef of the three White House kitchens.[37] The Executive Chef also supervises a staff of five,[21][38][b] and a part-time staff of 20 to 25 assistant chefs and kitchen helpers.[21][38] The Executive Chef is responsible for planning and preparing all menus and meals for the First Family and for all entertaining (informal, formal, and state dinners) served by the White House, either away or on-site.[37][32]
The Executive Chef is formally hired by the First Lady,[32] and reports to the White House Chief Usher.[37] The Executive Chef has no purview over any of the desserts or pastries served at the White House. The White House Executive Pastry Chef operates as a separate entity, but coordinates with the Executive Chef for all meals and events.[40]
The White House Executive Chef made between $80,000 and $100,000 annually in 2005.[21] The chef receives no overtime, and the workload can vary considerably depending on whether the First Family is in residence or traveling, if there is a special event, or if a holiday occurs.[28]
The kitchen[edit]
The White House Executive Chef works in one of two kitchens at the White House: The main kitchen, which is located in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor of the White House,[41] and the Family Kitchen on the Second Floor.[42] The Executive Pastry Chef works in the Pastry Kitchen on the mezzanine of the sub-basement.[43] The main kitchen was last renovated in 1971.[44]
As of 2011, the White House Executive Chef used a natural gas oven and range manufactured by Vulcan Restaurant Equipment; a Traulsen refrigerator and freezer; a Cimbali M32 espresso machine; a Hobart 300 gravity-fed food slicer; Mauviel stainless steel pots and pans; and Misono knives.[45]
See also[edit]
Hercules, George Washington's slave and chief chef
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Another Filipino Navy cook, Lee Luckey, was staff cook for Presidents Truman and Eisenhower from October 1951 to July 1953. Luckey cooked at Truman's Little White House in Key West, Florida, and at Eisenhower's summer retreat in Orange Springs, Georgia.[19]
Jump up ^ In 1987, Executive Chef Jon Hill had a staff of three: Two sous-chefs and the White House Pastry Chef. Two additional sous-chefs were brought in to assist during state dinners.[39] When Walter Scheib assumed the position of Executive Chef in 1994, he had a staff of three: two sous-chefs and a dishwasher.[28] The staff had risen to five at the time of Comerford's appointment.[31]
Citations
Jump up ^ Miller 2011, pp. 73-75.
Jump up ^ Miller 2011, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Perret 1997, p. 401.
Jump up ^ Hoogenboom 2001, p. 144.
Jump up ^ "The President's Table". Army and Navy Journal. July 26, 1884. p. 1065. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Smith 2007, p. 623.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of the White House Kitchen". Time. 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Adrian (June 3, 2014). "African American Cooks in the White House: Hiding in Plain Sight". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Morgan 2003, p. 232.
Jump up ^ "Chief Cook at White House Is Victim of Cupid". Berkeley Daily Gazette. December 29, 1919. p. 5. Retrieved September 13, 2016 ; "Wilson's Cook To Be Bride". The Washington Post. December 17, 1919. p. 10.
Jump up ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011, pp. 75-76.
Jump up ^ Allen 2000, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Smith 2013, p. 713.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Laura (November 22, 2010). "The First Kitchen". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Burnes & Martin 2003, pp. 204-205.
Jump up ^ Franklin 2014, p. 209, fn. 13.
Jump up ^ McCardle, Dorothy (February 24, 1961). "Silence Goes on Gold Standard". The Washington Post. p. D4 ; McMillin, Fred (April 2001). "White House Gastronomy". Wayward Tendrils Quarterly: 31.
Jump up ^ Whitcomb & Whitcomb 2002, p. 354.
Jump up ^ Mullen, Holly (August 22, 1987). "What's Cooking in the White House? Ask Spokane Native". The Spokesman-Review. p. C4. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller 2011, p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vargas, Jose Antonio (August 22, 2005). "Hail to the Chef". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brown, Emma (February 3, 2011). "Rene Verdon, White House chef for the Kennedys, dies at 86". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015 ; Grimes, William (February 5, 2011). "René Verdon, French Chef for the Kennedys, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Burros, Marian (June 7, 1987). "White House Chef to Leave in Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New White House Chef Resigns Amid Rumors of Sub-Par Cuisine". United Press International. January 9, 1988. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Latvala, Charlotte (December 21, 1994). "From the White House to You". Beaver County Times. p. Weekly 1. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Burros, Marian (March 5, 1994). "High Calories (and Chef!) Out at White House". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richman, Phyllis; Radcliffe, Donnie (March 26, 1994). "White House Picks Chef". The Washington Post. p. D1.
Jump up ^ Grimes, William (June 22, 2015). "Walter Scheib, Innovative Former White House Chef, Is Dead at 61". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015 ; Tapper, Jake (June 9, 2006). "Former White House Chef Dishes on Presidential Families". ABC News. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gebhart, Ann (February 4, 2005). "White House Chef Is Out In East Wing Social Shuffle". The Washington Post. p. C1.
^ Jump up to: a b Sagon, Candy (August 15, 2005). "Toque of the Town: White House Names 1st Female Executive Chef". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Flores, Nina M. (March 23, 2015). "Cristeta Comerford: The White House's First Woman Executive Chef". Ms. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Eilperin, Juliet (June 3, 2015). "Michelle Obama makes the pitch for pollinators". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Evich, Helena Bottemiller (December 11, 2014). "The world's most powerful chef hangs up his apron". Politico. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ingraham 2010, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Severson, Kim; Burrosfeb, Marian (February 27, 2017). "Looking for a Trump Doctrine in the White House Kitchen". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b c French 2010, p. 430.
^ Jump up to: a b "Former White House Executive Chef Walter Scheib found dead in New Mexico". Fox News. June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Bryan (August 22, 1987). "Home-Grown Chef Would Be a White House First". The New York Times. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brinkley 2013, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Tederick 2007, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Preuschl, Sarah (April 2003). "Hail to the Chef". Indianapolis Monthly. p. 65 ; Cross, Robert (February 4, 1988). "What The Big Boys Eat: Recollections of a White House Chef". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tederick 2007, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Tederick 2007, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Williamson, Elizabeth (February 26, 2011). "Cooking for the Commander in Chief". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, Alice Beiser (2000). An Independent Woman: The Life of Lou Henry Hoover. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313314667.
Brinkley, Howard (2013). White House Butlers: A History of White House Chief Ushers and Butlers. Lexington, Ky.: BookCaps. ISBN 9781489550231.
Burnes, Brian; Martin, Donna (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times. Kansas City: Kansas City Star Books. ISBN 9780974000930.
Franklin, Daniel P. (2014). Pitiful Giants: Presidents in Their Final Terms. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137410986.
French, Mary (2010). United States Protocol: The Guide to Official Diplomatic Etiquette. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442203198.
Henderson, Jeff; Ganeshram, Ramin (2011). America I Am: Pass It Down Cookbook. New York: Smiley Books. ISBN 9781401931353.
Hoogenboom, Olive (2001). "Lucy Ware Webb Hayes". In Gould, Lewis L. American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415930219.
Ingraham, Laura (2010). The Obama Diaries. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439198445.
Miller, Adrian (2011). "Presidential Cooks: Cooking Truth to Power". In Henderson, Jeff; Ganeshram, Ramin. America I Am: Pass It Down Cookbook. New York: Smiley Books. ISBN 9781401931353.
Morgan, Howard Wayne (2003). William McKinley and His America. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873387651.
Perret, Geoffrey (1997). Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780679447665.
Smith, Andrew F. (2007). The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink. Cambridge, Mass.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195307962.
Smith, Andrew F. (2013). Food and Drink in American History: A "Full Course" Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692335.
Tederick, Lydia Barker (Spring 2007). "A Look at the White House Kitchens" (PDF). White House History Journal: 10–29. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2015.
Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire (2002). Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Florence, Ky.: Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415939515.
Further reading[edit]
Nesbitt, Henrieta (1948). White House Diary. New York: Doubleday.
Rysavy, François; Leighton, Frances Spatz (1957). White House Chef. New York: Putnam.
Scheib, Walter; Friedman, Andrew (2007). White House Chef: Eleven Years, Two Presidents, One Kitchen. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. ISBN 9780471798422.
External links[edit]
White House Web site page on Executive Chef Cristeta Comerford
Archived White House Web site page on Executive Chef Walter Scheib
[hide]
v
t
e
White House Executive Chefs
René Verdon
Henry Haller
Jon Hill
Hans Raffert
Pierre Chambrin
Walter Scheib
Cristeta Comerford
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Flag of New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Zealand
Use
National flag and state ensign
Proportion
1:2
Adopted
24 March 1902
In use since 1869
Design
A Blue Ensign with the Southern Cross of four white-edged red five-pointed stars centered on the outer half of the flag.
The flag of New Zealand outside the Beehive in Wellington
The flag of New Zealand is a defaced Blue Ensign with the Union Flag in the canton, and four red stars with white borders to the right. The stars' pattern represents the asterism within the constellation of Crux, the Southern Cross.[1]
New Zealand's first flag, the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, was adopted in 1834, six years before New Zealand became a British colony following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Chosen by an assembly of Māori chiefs at Waitangi in 1834, the flag was of a St George's Cross with another cross in the canton containing four stars on a blue field. After the formation of the colony in 1840, British ensigns began to be used. The current flag was designed and adopted for use on Colonial ships in 1869, was quickly adopted as New Zealand's national flag, and given statutory recognition in 1902.
For several decades there has been debate about changing the flag. In 2016, a two-stage binding referendum on a flag change took place with voting on the second final stage closing on 24 March. In this referendum, the country voted to keep the existing flag by 57% to 43%.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Flag of the United Tribes
1.2 Union Flag
1.3 Flags based on defaced Blue Ensign
1.4 Flown in battle
2 Legislation
2.1 Entrenchment proposal
3 As a vehicle flag
4 Debate
4.1 2015–16 referendums
5 Similar flags
6 Other flags of New Zealand
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Flag of the United Tribes[edit]
The flag pole at Waitangi, flying (left – right) the Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand, the Ensign of the Royal New Zealand Navy and the Union Flag, 5 February 2006.
The need for a flag of New Zealand first became clear when the trading ship Sir George Murray, built in the Hokianga, was seized by Customs officials in the port of Sydney. The ship had been sailing without a flag, a violation of British navigation laws. New Zealand was not a colony at the time and had no flag. Among the passengers on the ship were two high-ranking Māori chiefs, believed to be Patuone and Taonui. The ship's detention was reported as arousing indignation among the Māori population. Unless a flag was selected, ships could continue to be seized.[3]
The first flag of New Zealand was adopted 9 (or 20) March 1834 by a vote made by the United Tribes of New Zealand, a meeting of Māori chiefs convened at Waitangi by British resident James Busby. The United Tribes later made the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand at Waitangi in 1835. Three flags were proposed, all designed by the missionary Henry Williams, who was to play a major role in the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. The chiefs rejected two other proposals which included the Union Flag, in favour of a modified St George's Cross or the White Ensign, which was the flag used by Henry Williams on the Church Missionary Society ships.[4][5] This flag became known as the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand[6] and was officially gazetted in New South Wales in August 1835, with a general description not mentioning fimbriation or the number of points on the stars.a The need for a flag was pressing, not only because New Zealand-built ships were being impounded in Sydney for not flying a national flag, but also as a symbol of the independence declared by the Māori chiefs.
The flag is still flown on the flag pole at Waitangi, and can be seen on Waitangi Day.[7]
Flag of the United Tribes
Proposed flag not adopted by Māori; it included the Union Flag and lacked sufficient red.
Initial design of the United Tribes flag.
The Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand.
Union Flag[edit]
After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, the British Union Flag was used, although the former United Tribes flag was still used by a number of ships from New Zealand and in many cases on land. The New Zealand Company settlement at Wellington, for example, continued to use the United Tribes flag until ordered to replace it by Governor William Hobson in May 1840 (following his declaration of British sovereignty).[7][8]
Flags based on defaced Blue Ensign[edit]
Lieutenant Albert Hastings Markham, designer of the flag of New Zealand.
The first flag of New Zealand to be based on the British blue ensign was introduced in 1867 following the Colonial Navy Defence Act 1865, which required all ships owned by colonial governments fly the defaced Royal Navy blue ensign with a colonial badge. New Zealand did not have a colonial badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage, and so the letters "NZ" were simply added to the blue ensign.[9]
In 1869 the First Lieutenant of the Royal Navy vessel Blanche, Albert Hastings Markham, submitted a design to Sir George Bowen, the Governor of New Zealand, for a national ensign for New Zealand. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved.[10] It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag. To end confusion between various designs of the flag, the Liberal Government passed the Ensign and Code Signals Bill, which was approved by King Edward VII on 24 March 1902,[11] declaring the flag as New Zealand's national flag. The United Tribes flag design also features on the back of the Second Boer War medals presented to soldiers who served in the war,[12] which indicates that the United Tribes flag was used widely in New Zealand until around this time.
Flags based on defaced Blue ensign
The Blue Ensign.
The flag of New Zealand, 1867–1869.
Code Signals Flag, 1899.[13]
The current flag, formally adopted in 1902.
Flown in battle[edit]
One of the first recorded accounts of the New Zealand national Blue Ensign flag being flown in battle was at Quinn's Post, Gallipoli, in 1915. It was not, however, flown officially. The flag was brought back to New Zealand by Private John Taylor, Canterbury Battalion.[14] The first time the Flag of New Zealand was flown in a naval battle and the first time officially in any battle, was from the HMS Achilles during the Battle of the River Plate in 1939.[15]
Legislation[edit]
The national flag is defined in legislation as "the symbol of the Realm, Government, and people of New Zealand"[16] and like most other laws, can be changed by a simple majority in Parliament.
The flag proportion is 1:2 and the colours are red (Pantone 186C), blue (Pantone 280C) and white.[1]
Entrenchment proposal[edit]
In March 1994 the Prime Minister of New Zealand Jim Bolger made statements supporting a move towards a New Zealand republic.[17] In response Christian Democrat MP Graeme Lee introduced a Flags, Anthems, Emblems, and Names Protection Amendment Bill.[18] If passed, the Bill would have entrenched the Act that governs the flag and added New Zealand's anthems, requiring a majority of 65 percent of votes in Parliament before any future legislation could change the flag. The Bill passed its first reading but was defeated at its second reading, 26 votes to 37.
As a vehicle flag[edit]
The National Flag can only (officially) be used as a vehicle flag by the Prime Minister of New Zealand, NZ Government Ministers, NZ Ambassadors, and NZ High Commissioners.[citation needed] No distinguishing defacement or fringing of the flag is used.
Debate[edit]
The silver fern flag of the 2015 referendum
Main article: New Zealand flag debate
Debate on keeping or changing the New Zealand flag started before May 1973, when a remit to change the flag was voted down by the Labour Party at their national conference.[19] In November 1979 Minister of Internal Affairs Allan Highet suggested that the design of the flag should be changed, and sought an artist to design a new flag with a silver fern on the fly, but the proposal attracted little support.[20] In 1998 Prime Minister Jenny Shipley backed Cultural Affairs Minister Marie Hasler's call for the flag to be changed. Shipley, along with the New Zealand Tourism Board, backed the quasi-national silver fern flag, using a white silver fern on a black background as a possible alternative flag, along the lines of the Canadian Maple Leaf flag. On 5 August 2010 Labour list MP Charles Chauvel introduced a member's bill for a consultative commission followed by a referendum on the New Zealand flag.[21]
2015–16 referendums[edit]
Main article: New Zealand flag referendums, 2015–16
On 11 March 2014, Prime Minister John Key announced in a speech his intention to hold a referendum, during the next parliamentary term, on adopting a new flag.[22][23] Following National's re-election the details of the two referendums were announced.[24] The first referendum was set for November 2015 allowing voters to decide on a preferred design from five choices. The second referendum would see the preferred design voted on against the current flag in March 2016.[25]
Under the New Zealand Flag Referendums Bill, in the event that the flag were to change, the current flag (described as the "1902 flag") of New Zealand may continue to be used, and is "recognised as a flag of historical significance."[26] Official documents depicting the current flag, such as drivers' licences, would continue to be valid and would be replaced through matter of course (e.g., driver licence renewals).[26]
On 11 December 2015, preliminary results were announced for the first referendum. The blue and black design, with a silver fern and red stars, was the winning flag.[27][28] This flag design did not win the second referendum, as preliminary results announced on 24 March 2016 showed the current flag was chosen to remain the New Zealand flag. 56.7% were in favour of retaining the flag, with a voter turnout of 67.3%. 43.3% were in favour of changing the flag to the Lockwood design. Only six of the 71 electorates voted in favour of changing the flag.[29]
Similar flags[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The New Zealand flag was the first national flag to incorporate the stars of the Southern Cross constellation, and remains distinctive as the only national flag that includes only those stars from the constellation that actually form the cross itself. The Australian flag adopted in 1901 also has the Union Flag in the canton and the Southern Cross on the fly. The cross on the New Zealand flag is composed of the four prime stars of the Southern Cross constellation, each being a red five pointed star with a white outline. The Australian flag has six white stars, five of which have seven points (the Commonwealth Star) and a five pointed star, Epsilon Crucis, the smaller star of the Southern Cross constellation which does not form part of the actual cross itself is also included. Australia's flag features a large Commonwealth Star below the Union Flag as it is a symbol of Australia.
Many other flags also contain the Southern Cross, some as far back as the 1823/24 National Colonial Flag for Australia.
Other flags of New Zealand[edit]
This gallery presents other flags of New Zealand.
Other flags of New Zealand
Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag
Governor-General
Naval Ensign
Civil Ensign
Blue Ensign for government ships
Air Force Ensign
Tino Rangatiratanga, Māori Sovereignty flag[30]
New Zealand Police
Yacht Club Ensign
Civil Air Ensign
See also[edit]
List of New Zealand flags
Flag desecration – New Zealand
National symbols of New Zealand
Coat of arms of New Zealand
Notes[edit]
^a "His Excellency the Governor is pleased to direct it to be notified, for general information, that a Despatch has recently been received from the Right Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies, conveying His Majesty's approbation of an arrangement made by this Government for complying with the wishes of the Chiefs of New Zealand to adopt a National Flag in their collective capacity, and also, of the Registrar of Vessels, built in that country, granted by the Chiefs and certified by the British Resident, being considered as valid instruments, and respected as such in the intercourse which those Vessels may hold with the British Possessions. The following is a description of the Flag which has been adopted: A Red St. George's Cross on a White ground. In the first quarter, a Red St. George's Cross on a Blue ground, pierced with four white stars." [31]
^a As a vehicle flag, the flag of New Zealand is authorized to be used by the Prime Minister, Government Ministers, Ambassadors, High Commissioners, and Consuls-General. No defacement of the flag is done in any of these cases.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Flags". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand votes to keep current flag". 24 March 2016 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "United Tribes flag". New Zealand: Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 28 June 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2015. Without a flag to represent the new nation, trading ships and their valuable cargoes were liable to be seized
Jump up ^ "United Tribes flag". NZHistory. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
Jump up ^ Caroline Fitzgerald (2011). Te Wiremu – Henry Williams: Early Years in the North. Huia Press. ISBN 978-1-86969-439-5. 231
Jump up ^ "Flags of New Zealand: United Tribes flag". NZHistory. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitmore, Robbie (2006). "The colonisation of New Zealand". New Zealand in History. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
Jump up ^ Simpson, K. A. "Hobson, William – Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
Jump up ^ Volker Preuß. "Flagge Neuseeland" (in German). Retrieved 2003-09-07.
Jump up ^ "Rear-Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham, Norfolk Museums and Archeology Service". Archived from the original on 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Signalling Ensign" (in Italian). www.rbvex.it. Retrieved 2004-08-20.
Jump up ^ "South African War medal". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Signalling Flag". NZ History.net.nz. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand flag from Quinn's Post | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". www.nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 2015-09-26.
Jump up ^ "The "Diggers' " flag, the New Zealand Ensign, flying at the masthead of Achills during the naval battle". Auckland Star. 23 February 1940. p. Page 9. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 No 47 (as at 03 June 2017), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz.
Jump up ^ "History of Republicanism in New Zealand – 1994". New Zealand Republic. November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
Jump up ^ "Maori Law Review – New Zealand". Maori Law Review. September 1994. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20.
Jump up ^ Moody, John. "Past Attempts to Change New Zealand's Flag" (pdf). New Zealand Flag Association. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand – Proposals for a new flag". Flags of the World. 29 September 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Bill advocates consultative debate on new flag". Scoop.co.nz. 5 August 2010. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand to hold referendum on new, 'post-colonial' flag". The Guardian. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand to hold referendum on national flag". BBC News. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "First steps taken towards flag referendum". beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "The NZ flag — your chance to decide". Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "New Zealand Flag Referendums Bill - amendments". Parliamentary Counsel Office. 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand chooses new flag as preliminary winner". BBC.com. 2015-12-11. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, James (15 December 2015). "Would you replace the New Zealand flag with this?". CNN. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Flag referendum: New Zealand votes to keep current flag". New Zealand Herald. 2016-03-24. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
Jump up ^ "The National Maori Flag". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
Jump up ^ "Government Notice, Colonial Secretary's Office. Sept. 9, 1835, New Zealand". The Cornwall Chronicle. Launceston, Tasmania. 1835-09-09. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of New Zealand.
Ministry of Culture and Heritage – New Zealand Flag
Maritime history of the flag
The Flag Institute, United Kingdom
a 2003 paper on New Zealand flag changes by John Moody, Secretary of the New Zealand Flag Association.
Gallery of alternative flags presented for the referendum - govt.nz
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Judges of the International Court of Justice
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The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Permanent judges
2 Succession of seats
3 Judges sitting ad hoc
4 See also
Permanent judges[edit]
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President
El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946–1949 1949–1955
France France Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949–1952 1946–1949
Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955
Mexico Mexico Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela 1946 1952
USA United States Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth 1946 1961 1955–1958
Poland Poland Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961–1964
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958
Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952
UK United Kingdom McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952–1955
Norway Norway Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958–1961
Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955–1958
USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952
Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958
China China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956
Brazil Brazil Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo 1946 1951
Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) 1951 1955
India India Rau, Sir Benegal NarsingSir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953
Uruguay Uruguay Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) 1952 1961
USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) 1952 1953
USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961
Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954
1964 1961
1973 1970–1973 1958–1961
UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960
Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) 1955 1964
Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964
China China Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo 1957 1967 1964–1967
Greece Greece Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos 1958 1967
Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964–1967
Panama Panama Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961–1964
UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973
USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) 1961 1970 1967–1970
Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970
Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967–1970
USA United States Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup 1961 1970
Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) 1961 1970
Mexico Mexico Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973
Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster (nl) 1964 1982
France France Gros André Gros (nl) 1964 1982
Lebanon Lebanon AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) 1965 1976 1970–1976
Philippines Philippines Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon 1967 1976
Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) 1967 1976
Poland Poland Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973–1976
Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976
USA United States Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard 1970 1979
Dahomey Benin Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto 1970 1979
Spain Spain de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro 1970 1979
USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) 1970 1985
Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976–1979
UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979–1981
India India Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985–1988 1976–1979
Argentina Argentina Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda 1973 1991 1988–1991
West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) 1976 1985
Nigeria Nigeria Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias 1976 1991 1982–1985 1979–1982
Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) 1976 1980
Japan Japan Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991–1994
Italy Italy Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago 1979 1995
Egypt Egypt El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian 1979 1981
Brazil Brazil Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) 1979 1988 1982–1985
USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980
Syria Syria El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) 1981 1985
USA United States Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997–2000 1994–1997
UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991–1994
France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) 1982 1987 1985–1987
Senegal Senegal Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987–1991
Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994–1997
China China Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) 1985 1994
Norway Norway Evensen, JensJens Evensen 1985 1994
USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) 1985 1994
France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) 1987 2005 2000–2003
Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997
India India Pathak, Raghunandan SwarupRaghunandan Swarup Pathak 1989 1991
Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) 1991 1995
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997–2000
Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003–2006
Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola 1991 1994
Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) 1993 2003
China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2010 2003–2006 2000–2003
Germany Germany Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer 1994 2003
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012
Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) 1994 2006
Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997
UK United Kingdom Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006–2009
Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren 1996 2009
Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans 1997 2006
Brazil Brazil Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek 1997 2006
Jordan Jordan Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006–2009
USA United States Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal 2000 2010
Egypt Egypt El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby 2001 2006
Japan Japan Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada 2003 2009–2012
Germany Germany Simma, BrunoBruno Simma 2003 2012
Slovakia Slovakia Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka 2003 2012–2015 2009–2012
France France Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham 2005 2014 2015–
New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015
Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012–2015
Morocco Morocco Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna 2006 2024
Russia Russia Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov 2006 2015
Brazil Brazil Trindade, Antônio Augusto CançadoAntônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018
Somalia Somalia Yusuf, Abdulqawi AhmedAbdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015–
UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2017
China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2010 2012
USA United States Donoghue, Joan E.Joan E. Donoghue 2010
Italy Italy Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja 2012
Uganda Uganda Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde 2012
India India Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari 2012
Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015
Russia Russia Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian 2015
Jamaica Jamaica Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson 2015
Succession of seats[edit]
The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.
Seat 1 (Asia)
Initial term of nine years
Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946–1958
Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959-1964
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964-1973
Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh India India 1973-1988
Pathak, RaghunandanRaghunandan Pathak India India 1989-1991
Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991-2000
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000-2011
Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari India India 2012-
Seat 2 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant France France 1946-1964
Gros André Gros (nl) France France 1964-1982
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) France France 1982-1987
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) France France 1987-2005
Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham France France 2005-
Seat 3 (Africa)
Initial term of nine years
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946-1955
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) Argentina Argentina 1955-1964
Forster Isaac Forster (nl) Senegal Senegal 1964-1982
Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982-1991
Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991-2009
Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009-
Seat 4 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946-1955
Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955-1960
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960-1973
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973-1981
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981-1995
Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995-2009
Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009-
Seat 5 (LA&C)
Initial term of nine years
Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946-1951
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) Brazil Brazil 1951-1955
Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955-1964
Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964-1973
Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973-1991
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) Venezuela Venezuela 1991-1995
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996-2009
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009-
Seat 6 (LA&C)
Initial term of six years
Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946-1952
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) Uruguay Uruguay 1952-1961
Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961-1970
Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970-1979
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) Brazil Brazil 1979-1988
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988-1997
Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997-2006
Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006-2015
Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015-
Seat 7 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth USA USA 1946-1961
Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup USA USA 1961-1970
Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard USA USA 1970-1979
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979-1980
Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel USA USA 1981-2000
Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000-2010
Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010-
Seat 8 (Africa)
Initial term of six years
de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946-1952
Rau, Benegal NarsingBenegal Narsing Rau India India 1952-1953
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954-1961
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961-1970
Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970-1979
El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian Egypt Egypt 1979-1981
Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982-2001
El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001-2006
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006-
Seat 9 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946-1961
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) Italy Italy 1961-1970
de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro Spain Spain 1970-1979
Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago Italy Italy 1979-1995
Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995-1997
Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997-2006
Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006-2015
Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015-
Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of six years
Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946-1952
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) USSR USSR 1952-1953
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953-1961
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) USSR USSR 1961-1970
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) USSR USSR 1970-1985
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) USSR/Russia USSR/Russia 1985-1994
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) Russia Russia 1994-2006
Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006-2015
Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015-
Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of three years
Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946-1967
Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967-1993
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) Hungary Hungary 1993-2003
Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003-
Seat 12 (WE&O)
Initial term of three years
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946-1958
Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958-1967
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) Sweden Sweden 1967-1976
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) West Germany West Germany 1976-1985
Evensen, JensJens Evensen Norway Norway 1985-1994
Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994-2003
Simma, BrunoBruno Simma Germany Germany 2003-2012
Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012-
Seat 13 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946-1965
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) Lebanon Lebanon 1965-1976
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) Syria Syria 1976-1980
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) Syria Syria 1981-1985
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) China China 1985-1994
Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994-2010
Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010-
Seat 14 (Africa)
Initial term of three years
Read John Read Canada Canada 1946-1958
Spender, PercyPercy Spender Australia Australia 1958-1967
Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967-1976
Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976-1991
Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991-1994
Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994-2012
Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012-
Seat 15 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946-1956
Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo China China 1957-1967
Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967-1976
Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976-2003
Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003-
Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition
Georges Abi-Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996
Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Peru Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Enrique Armand-Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974
New Zealand Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974
Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963
Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Niger Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present
Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974–1975
Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Sayeman Bula-Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Colombia Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
Jean-Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959
Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014
Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984
Claude-Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986
Jean-Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Timor-Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Paul-Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993
Denmark Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Carl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007
Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Peru Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Libya Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999
Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Canada Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Niger Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954
Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969
Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972
Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995
Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
B. P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004
José Sette-Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994
Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Slovakia Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present
Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)
Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)
Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953
Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978
Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Hubert Thierry France Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Spain Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
El Salvador Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Michel Virally France Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
South Africa South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960
All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Judges of the International Court of Justice.
List of International Court of Justice cases
Category:International Court of Justice judges
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