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Books of the Bible
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For the edition of the Bible without chapters and verses, see The Books of the Bible.
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Different religious groups include different books in their biblical canons, in varying orders, and sometimes divide or combine books. Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to the 81 books of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church canon.
The Tanakh (sometimes called the Hebrew Bible) contains 24 books divided into three parts: the five books of the Torah ("teaching"); the Nevi'im ("prophets"); and the Ketuvim ("writings"). The first part of Christian Bibles is called the Old Testament, which contains, at minimum, the above 24 books but divided into 39 books and ordered differently.
The Catholic Church and Eastern Christian churches also hold that certain deuterocanonical books and passages are part of the Old Testament canon. The second part is the New Testament, containing 27 books; the four Canonical gospels, Acts of the Apostles, 21 Epistles or letters and the Book of Revelation.
The Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Assyrian Christian churches may have minor differences in their lists of accepted books. The list given here for these churches is the most inclusive: if at least one Eastern church accepts the book it is included here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew Bible and Old Testament
1.1 Hebrew Bible
1.2 Protocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3 Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament
1.3.1 Eastern Orthodox
1.3.2 Syriac Orthodox
1.3.3 Ethiopian Orthodox
1.4 Table
2 New Testament
2.1 Chart notes
3 Diagram of the development of the Old Testament
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Hebrew Bible and Old Testament[edit]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
See also: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Hebrew Bible
Rabbinic Judaism recognizes the 24 books of the Masoretic Text, commonly called the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible, as authoritative.[1] There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed: some scholars argue that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-40 BCE),[2] while others argue it was not fixed until the second century CE or even later.[3] Most conservative scholars believe that the Torah was canonized c. 400 BCE, the Prophets c. 200 BCE, and the Writings c. 100 CE,[4] perhaps at a Council of Jamnia as concluded by Heinrich Graetz in 1871. The Council of Jamnia theory is increasingly rejected by most liberal scholars.[3][5][6][7][8]
Protocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Development of the Old Testament canon and Christian biblical canons
Protestants and Catholics[9] use the Masoretic Text as the textual basis for their translations of the protocanonical books (those accepted as canonical by both Jews and all Christians), with various changes derived from a multiplicity of other ancient sources (such as the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Dead Sea Scrolls, etc.), while generally using the Septuagint and Vulgate, now supplemented by the ancient Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, as the textual basis for the deuterocanonical books.
The Eastern Orthodox use the Septuagint (translated in the 3rd century BCE) as the textual basis for the entire Old Testament in both protocanonical and deuteroncanonical books—to use both in the Greek for liturgical purposes, and as the basis for translations into the vernacular.[10][11] Most of the quotations (300 of 400) of the Old Testament in the New Testament, while differing more or less from the version presented by the Masoretic text, align with that of the Septuagint.[12]
Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament[edit]
Main articles: Deuterocanonical books, Biblical apocrypha, and Pseudepigraph
These books, which were largely written during the intertestamental period, are called the Biblical apocrypha ("hidden things") by Protestants, the deuterocanon ("second canon") by Catholics, and the deuterocanon or anagignoskomena ("worthy of reading") by Orthodox. These are works recognized by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches as being part of scripture (and thus deuterocanonical rather than apocryphal), but Protestants do not recognize them as divinely inspired. Orthodox differentiate scriptural books by omitting these (and others) from corporate worship and from use as a sole basis for doctrine.[citation needed]
Many recognize them as good, but not on the level of the other books of the Bible. Anglicanism considers the apocrypha worthy of being "read for example of life" but not to be used "to establish any doctrine."[13] Luther made a parallel statement in calling them: "not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures, but...useful and good to read."[14]
The difference in canons derives from the difference in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint. Books found in both the Hebrew and the Greek are accepted by all denominations, and by Jews, these are the protocanonical books. Catholics and Orthodox also accept those books present in manuscripts of the Septuagint, an ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament with great currency among the Jews of the ancient world, with the coda that Catholics consider 3 Esdras and 3 Maccabees apocryphal.
Most quotations of the Old Testament in the New Testament, differing by varying degrees from the Masoretic Text, are taken from the Septuagint. Daniel was written several hundred years after the time of Ezra, and since that time several books of the Septuagint have been found in the original Hebrew, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Cairo Geniza, and at Masada, including a Hebrew text of Sirach (Qumran, Masada) and an Aramaic text of Tobit (Qumran); the additions to Esther and Daniel are also in their respective Semitic languages.
The unanimous consensus of modern (and ancient) scholars consider several other books, including 1 Maccabees and Judith, to have been composed in Hebrew or Aramaic.[citation needed] Opinion is divided on the book of Baruch, while it is acknowledged that the Epistle of Jeremiah, the Wisdom of Solomon, and 2 Maccabees are originally Greek compositions.
Tobit - 200 BC
Judith - 150 BC
Additions to Esther - 140-130 BC
Wisdom of Solomon - 30 BC
Ecclesiasticus(Sirach) - 132 BC
Baruch with the Letter of Jeremiah - 150-50 BC
1 Maccabees - 110 BC
2 Maccabees - 110-170 BC
Additions to Daniel:[15]
The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
Story of Susanna - 200-0 BC
Bel and the Dragon - 100 BC
Eastern Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Eastern Orthodox:
1 Esdras/3 Esdras[16]
2 Esdras/4 Esdras (in an appendix to the Slavonic Bible)
Prayer of Manasseh
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees (in an appendix to the Greek Bible)
Psalm 151 (in the Septuagint)
Odes
Syriac Orthodox[edit]
Additional books accepted by the Syriac Orthodox Church (due to inclusion in the Peshitta):
2 Baruch with the Letter of Baruch (only the letter has achieved canonical status)
Psalms 152–155 (not canonical)
Ethiopian Orthodox[edit]
The Ethiopian Tewahedo church accepts all of the deuterocanonical books of Catholicism and anagignoskomena of Eastern Orthodoxy except for the four Books of Maccabees.[17] It accepts the 39 protocanonical books along with the following books, called the "narrow canon".[18] The enumeration of books in the Ethiopic Bible varies greatly between different authorities and printings.[19]
4 Baruch or the Paralipomena of Jeremiah
1 Enoch
Jubilees
1 Meqabyan
2 Meqabyan
3 Meqabyan
The Ethiopian broader Biblical Canon
Table[edit]
The table uses the spellings and names present in modern editions of the Bible, such as the New American Bible Revised Edition, Revised Standard Version and English Standard Version. The spelling and names in both the 1609–1610 Douay Old Testament (and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner (the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English) and in the Septuagint differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions that derive from the Hebrew Masoretic text.[20]
For the Orthodox canon, Septuagint titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. For the Catholic canon, the Douaic titles are provided in parentheses when these differ from those editions. Likewise, the King James Version references some of these books by the traditional spelling when referring to them in the New Testament, such as "Esaias" (for Isaiah).
In the spirit of ecumenism more recent Catholic translations (e.g., the New American Bible, Jerusalem Bible, and ecumenical translations used by Catholics, such as the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition) use the same "standardized" (King James Version) spellings and names as Protestant Bibles (e.g., 1 Chronicles, as opposed to the Douaic 1 Paralipomenon, 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings, instead of 1-4 Kings) in those books universally considered canonical—the protocanonicals.
The Talmud in Bava Batra 14b gives a different order for the books in Nevi'im and Ketuvim. This order is also quoted in Mishneh Torah Hilchot Sefer Torah 7:15. The order of the books of the Torah are universal through all denominations of Judaism and Christianity.
The disputed books, included in one canon but not in others, are often called the Biblical apocrypha, a term that is sometimes used specifically to describe the books in the Catholic and Orthodox canons that are absent from the Jewish Masoretic Text and most modern Protestant Bibles. Catholics, following the Canon of Trent (1546), describe these books as deuterocanonical, while Greek Orthodox Christians, following the Synod of Jerusalem (1672), use the traditional name of anagignoskomena, meaning "that which is to be read." They are present in a few historic Protestant versions; the German Luther Bible included such books, as did the English 1611 King James Version.[13]
Empty table cells indicate that a book is absent from that canon.
Tanakh
(Jewish Bible)
(24 books)[21]
Books in bold are part of the Ketuvim
Protestant
Old Testament
(39 books)
Catholic
Old Testament
(46 books)
Eastern Orthodox
Old Testament
(51 books)
Original language
Torah
Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses
Bereishit Genesis Genesis Genesis Hebrew
Shemot Exodus Exodus Exodus Hebrew
Vayikra Leviticus Leviticus Leviticus Hebrew
Bamidbar Numbers Numbers Numbers Hebrew
Devarim Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Deuteronomy Hebrew
Nevi'im (Prophets)
Historical books
Yehoshua Joshua Joshua (Josue) Joshua (Iesous) Hebrew
Shofetim Judges Judges Judges Hebrew
Rut (Ruth)[22] Ruth Ruth Ruth Hebrew
Shemuel 1 Samuel 1 Samuel (1 Kings)[23] 1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Samuel 2 Samuel (2 Kings)[23] 2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Melakhim 1 Kings 1 Kings (3 Kings)[23] 1 Kings (3 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
2 Kings 2 Kings (4 Kings)[23] 2 Kings (4 Kingdoms)[24] Hebrew
Divrei Hayamim (Chronicles)[22] 1 Chronicles 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
2 Chronicles 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon) Hebrew
1 Esdras Greek
Ezra-Nehemiah[22] Ezra Ezra (1 Esdras) Ezra (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew and Aramaic
Nehemiah Nehemiah (2 Esdras) Nehemiah (2 Esdras)[24][25] Hebrew
Tobit (Tobias) Tobit (Tobias) Aramaic (and Hebrew?)
Judith Judith Hebrew
Esther[22] Esther Esther[26] Esther[26] Hebrew
1 Maccabees (1 Machabees)[27] 1 Maccabees Hebrew
2 Maccabees (2 Machabees)[27] 2 Maccabees Greek
3 Maccabees Greek
4 Maccabees[28] Greek
Ketuvim (Writings) Wisdom books
Iyov (Job)[22] Job Job Job Hebrew
Tehillim (Psalms)[22] Psalms Psalms Psalms[29] Hebrew
Prayer of Manasseh Greek
Mishlei (Proverbs)[22] Proverbs Proverbs Proverbs Hebrew
Qoheleth (Ecclesiastes)[22] Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes Hebrew
Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs)[22] Song of Solomon Song of Songs (Canticle of Canticles) Song of Songs (Aisma Aismaton) Hebrew
Wisdom Wisdom Greek
Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) Sirach Hebrew
Nevi'im (Latter Prophets) Major prophets
Yeshayahu Isaiah Isaiah (Isaias) Isaiah Hebrew
Yirmeyahu Jeremiah Jeremiah (Jeremias) Jeremiah Hebrew and Aramaic
Eikhah (Lamentations)[22] Lamentations Lamentations Lamentations Hebrew
Baruch with Letter of Jeremiah as the 6th Chapter [30] Baruch[30] Hebrew[31]
Letter of Jeremiah as standalone book [32] Greek (majority view)[33]
Yekhezqel Ezekiel Ezekiel (Ezechiel) Ezekiel Hebrew
Daniel[22] Daniel Daniel[34] Daniel[34] Hebrew and Aramaic
Twelve Minor Prophets
The Twelve
or
Trei Asar Hosea Hosea (Osee) Hosea Hebrew
Joel Joel Joel Hebrew
Amos Amos Amos Hebrew
Obadiah Obadiah (Abdias) Obadiah Hebrew
Jonah Jonah (Jonas) Jonah Hebrew
Micah Micah (Micheas) Micah Hebrew
Nahum Nahum Nahum Hebrew
Habakkuk Habakkuk (Habacuc) Habakkuk Hebrew
Zephaniah Zephaniah (Sophonias) Zephaniah Hebrew
Haggai Haggai (Aggeus) Haggai Hebrew
Zechariah Zechariah (Zacharias) Zechariah Hebrew
Malachi Malachi (Malachias) Malachi Hebrew
Several of the books in the Eastern Orthodox canon are also found in the appendix to the Latin Vulgate, formerly the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.
Books in the Appendix to the Vulgate Bible
Name in Vulgate
Name in Eastern Orthodox use
3 Esdras 1 Esdras
4 Esdras
Prayer of Manasseh Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm of David when he slew Goliath (Psalm 151) Psalm 151
New Testament[edit]
See also: Christian biblical canons, Development of the New Testament canon, New Testament apocrypha, Antilegomena, and Template:Books of the New Testament
In general, among Christian denominations, the New Testament canon is an agreed-upon list of 27 books. The chart below shows the arrangement of the New Testament books regarded as the correct order in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant traditions.[N 1] However, the Slavonic, Armenian, and Ethiopian traditions have different New Testament book orders.
Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant,
and most Oriental Orthodox Original language
(Koine Greek)
Canonical Gospels
Matthew Greek (majority view: see note)[N 2][35][36][37]
Mark Greek
Luke Greek
John Greek
Apostolic History
Acts Greek
Pauline Epistles
Romans Greek
1 Corinthians Greek
2 Corinthians Greek
Galatians Greek
Ephesians Greek
Philippians Greek
Colossians Greek
1 Thessalonians Greek
2 Thessalonians Greek
1 Timothy Greek
2 Timothy Greek
Titus Greek
Philemon Greek
Hebrews[N 1] Greek[38]
General Epistles
James[N 1] Greek
1 Peter Greek
2 Peter[N 3] Greek
1 John Greek
2 John[N 3] Greek
3 John[N 3] Greek
Jude[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Apocalypse
Revelation[N 1] [N 3] Greek
Chart notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Four New Testament works were questioned or "spoken against" by Martin Luther, and he changed the order of his New Testament to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any Lutheran body since. Traditional German "Luther Bibles" are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Luther Bible" order.
Jump up ^ See Rabbinical translations of Matthew. Most modern scholars consider the Gospel of Matthew to have been composed in Koine Greek, see Language of the New Testament. According to tradition as expressed by Papias of Hierapolis, writing in the late first or early second centuries, the Gospel was originally composed in the "Hebrew dialect" (which at the time was largely the related Aramaic) and then translated into Greek (Eusebius, "Ecclesiastical History", 3.39.15-16; Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion 30:3). According to Jerome, Hebrew manuscripts of Matthew were extant while he was translating the Vulgate: "Matthew ... composed a gospel of Christ at first published in Judea in Hebrew for the sake of those of the circumcision who believed, but this was afterwards translated into Greek though by what author is uncertain. The Hebrew itself has been preserved until the present day in the library at Caesarea, which Pamphilus so diligently gathered (St Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Chapter 3).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The Peshitta, the traditional Syriac Bible, excludes 2 Peter, 2–3 John, Jude, and Revelation, but Bibles of the modern Syriac Orthodox Church include later translations of those books. Still today the lectionary followed by the Syrian Orthodox Church, present lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta.
Diagram of the development of the Old Testament[edit]
The books of the Old Testament, showing their positions in both the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible, shown with their names in Hebrew) and Christian Bibles. The Deuterocanon or Apocrypha are colored differently from the Protocanon (the Hebrew Bible books considered canonical by all).
See also[edit]
Bible portal
Book: Abrahamic religions
Book: Christianity
Book: Judaism
Authorship of the Bible
Bible
Bible citation
Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Darshan, G. “The Twenty-Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods,”, in: M.R. Niehoff (ed.), Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters: Between Literary and Religious Concerns (JSRC 16), Leiden: Brill 2012, pp. 221–244
Jump up ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
^ Jump up to: a b McDonald & Sanders, The Canon Debate, 2002, page 5, cited are Neusner's Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine, pages 128–145, and Midrash in Context: Exegesis in Formative Judaism, pages 1–22.
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, page 4
Jump up ^ W. M. Christie, The Jamnia Period in Jewish History (PDF), Biblical Studies.org.uk
Jump up ^ Jack P. Lewis (April 1964), "What Do We Mean by Jabneh?", Journal of Bible and Religion, 32, No. 2, Oxford University Press, pp. 125–132, JSTOR 1460205
Jump up ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol. III, pp. 634–7 (New York 1992).
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders, editors, The Canon Debate, 2002, chapter 9: Jamnia Revisited by Jack P. Lewis.
Jump up ^ Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments (7 May 2001). "Liturgiam Authenticam" (in Latin and English). Vatican City. Retrieved 18 January 2012. Canon 24. 'Furthermore, it is not permissible that the translations be produced from other translations already made into other languages; rather, the new translations must be made directly from the original texts, namely ... the Hebrew, Aramaic, or Greek, as the case may be, as regards the texts of Sacred Scripture.'
Jump up ^ Ware, Timothy (1993). The Orthodox Church: New Edition. Penguin Books. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1.
Jump up ^ "Introduction". Orthodox Study Bible (Annotated ed.). Nashville, TN, USA: Thomas Nelson. 2008. p. 1824. ISBN 978-0-7180-0359-3.
Jump up ^ McLay, R. Timothy (2004). The Use of the Septuagint in New Testament Research. Wm. B. Eerdman's. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-8028-6091-0.
^ Jump up to: a b The foundational Thirty-Nine Articles of Anglicanism, in Article VI, asserts that these disputed books are not (to be) used "to establish any doctrine," but "read for example of life." Although the Biblical apocrypha are still used in Anglican Liturgy, ("Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer, the Benedictus es and Benedicite, are taken from the Apocrypha. One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book (Tob. 4: 8-9). Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to read in the daily, Sunday, and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer. There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary [The books used are: II Esdras, Tobit, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Baruch, Three Holy Children, and I Maccabees.]" —The Apocrypha, Bridge of the Testaments Archived February 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.), the modern trend has been to not even print the Old Testament apocrypha in editions of Anglican-used Bibles.
Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows; et al., eds. (1910) [1901]. The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary, Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms, Including Biographical, Geographical, Historical, Archæological and Doctrinal Themes. The Howard-Severance company. p. 521.
Jump up ^ (Prayer of Azariah)- 200-0 BC, Bel,and Susanna are often enumerated as one book, "Additions to Daniel"
Jump up ^ Including what is known as 5 Ezra (ch. 1-2) and 6 Ezra (ch. 15-16); only chapters 3-14 are denoted 4 Ezra proper in critical editions; the full book of 16 chapters is often printed as one work, "2 Esdras" or "4 Esdras", in popular editions. See Wikipedia's article on the naming conventions of all of the Books of Ezra (and Nehemiah). The naming conventions of the various deuterocanonical and apocryphal Books of Ezra/Esdras are different in every tradition (Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant). Critical editions generally have settled on the Vulgate naming conventions, where Ezra and Nehemiah were 1 and 2 Esdras, Esdras A is 3 Esdras, and the Latin Apocalypse of Ezra is 4 Esdras (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha).
Jump up ^ According to some enumerations, including Ecclesiasticus, Judith, Tobit, 1 Esdras, 4 Ezra (not including chs. 1-2 or 15-16), Wisdom, the rest of Daniel, Baruch, and 1-2 Maccabees
Jump up ^ These books are accounted pseudepigrapha by all other Christian groups, Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox (Charlesworth's Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Introduction)
Jump up ^ "The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today". Islamic-awareness.org. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
Jump up ^ Generally due to derivation from transliterations of names used in the Latin Vulgate in the case of Catholicism, and from transliterations of the Greek Septuagint in the case of the Orthodox (as opposed to derivation of translations, instead of transliterations, of Hebrew titles) such Ecclesiasticus (DRC) instead of Sirach (LXX) or Ben Sira (Hebrew), Paralipomenon (Greek, meaning "things omitted") instead of Chronicles, Sophonias instead of Zephaniah, Noe instead of Noah, Henoch instead of Enoch, Messias instead of Messiah, Sion instead of Zion, etc.
Jump up ^ The 24 books of the Hebrew Bible are the same as the 39 books of the Protestant Old Testament, only divided and ordered differently: the books of the Minor Prophets are in Christian Bibles twelve different books, and in Hebrew Bibles, one book called "The Twelve". Likewise, Christian Bibles divide the Books of Kingdoms into four books, either 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings or 1-4 Kings: Jewish Bibles divide these into two books. The Jews likewise keep 1-2 Chronicles/Paralipomenon as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are likewise combined in the Jewish Bible, as they are in many Orthodox Bibles, instead of divided into two books, as per the Catholic and Protestant tradition.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k This book is part of the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish canon. They have a different order in Jewish canon than in Christian canon.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The books of Samuel and Kings are often called First through Fourth Kings in the Catholic tradition, much like the Orthodox.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Names in parentheses are the Septuagint names and are often used by the Orthodox Christians.
^ Jump up to: a b Some Eastern Orthodox churches follow the Septuagint and the Hebrew bibles by considering the books of Ezra and Nehemiah as one book.
^ Jump up to: a b The Catholic and Orthodox Book of Esther includes 103 verses not in the Protestant Book of Esther.
^ Jump up to: a b The Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims, and Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition place First and Second Maccabees after Malachi; other Catholic translations place them after Esther.
Jump up ^ In Greek Bibles, 4 Maccabees is found in the appendix.
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox churches include Psalm 151 and the Prayer of Manasseh, not present in all canons.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic Bibles, Baruch includes a sixth chapter called the Letter of Jeremiah. Baruch is not in the Protestant Bible or the Tanakh.
Jump up ^ Britannica 1911
Jump up ^ Eastern Orthodox Bibles have the books of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah separate.
Jump up ^ Hebrew (minority view); see Letter of Jeremiah for details.
^ Jump up to: a b In Catholic and Orthodox Bibles, Daniel includes three sections not included in Protestant Bibles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are included between Daniel 3:23-24. Susanna is included as Daniel 13. Bel and the Dragon is included as Daniel 14. These are not in the Protestant Old Testament.
Jump up ^ Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book 3, Chapter 39.15-16
Jump up ^ Hieronymous (St Jerome), Eusebius Sophronius (1999). On Illustrious Men (Fathers of the Church). The Catholic University of America Press. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8132-0100-9.
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff (editors), Church Fathers; Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson (1994). The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. Series II, Volume VI: Jerome, Letters and Select Works. Hendrickson. p. 8000. ISBN 978-1-56563-116-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Contemporary scholars believe the Hebrews to have been written in Greek, though a minority believe it was originally written in Hebrew, then translated into Greek by Luke. See Wikipedia's New Testament article.
External links[edit]
Old Testament Reading Room & New Testament Reading Room: Online resources referenced by Tyndale Seminary
The Canon of Scripture – a Catholic perspective
Table of Tanakh Books – includes Latin, English, Hebrew and abbreviated names (from Tel Aviv University).
Judaica Press Translation – Online Jewish translation of the books of the Bible.[permanent dead link] The Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary.
(in Old Church Slavonic) Slavonic Bible
Books of the Apocrypha (from the UMC)
Western Armenian Bible (an essay, with full official canon at the end)
H. Schumacher, The Canon of the New Testament (London 1923), pp. 84–94.
[show]
v
t
e
Books of the Bible
Principal
divisions
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament Protocanon
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Deuterocanon
and Apocrypha
Catholic
Orthodox
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
1 Maccabees
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Ain't Living Long Like This
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Ain't Living Long Like This
Studio album by Rodney Crowell
Released
August 1978
Genre
Country
Length
38:50
Label
Warner Bros.
Producer
Brian Ahern
Dave Nives (re-issue)
Rodney Crowell chronology
Ain't Living Long Like This
(1978) But What Will the Neighbors Think
(1980)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic - [1]
Ain't Living Long Like This is the debut studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell, released in 1978 by Warner Bros. Records. It failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart. The songs, "Elvira", "Baby Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down" and "(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I" were released as singles but they all failed to chart within the top 40. Despite this, Ain't Living Long Like This is considered one Crowell's best and most influential albums. Brett Hartenbach of Allmusic says it "not only showcases his songwriting prowess, but also his ability to deliver a song, whether it's one of his own or the work of another writer".[2] Most of the songs on this album were later covered by other artists including The Oak Ridge Boys and Alan Jackson. When the album was re-released in 2002 the font on the cover was enlarged to make it more legible.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
3.1 Additional musicians
4 Singles
5 Sources
Content[edit]
Three of the tracks are cover songs:
"Elvira" – Dallas Frazier, Elvira (1966)
"(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I" – Eddy Arnold, American Institution (1954) [Covered by many other artists such as Elvis Presley, Hank Snow, Jim Reeves and Lou Rawls]
"I Thought I Heard You Callin' My Name" – Norma Jean, Let's Go All the Way (1965)
Many Crowell-penned songs have since been covered by other artists. "Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight" was covered by Emmylou Harris in 1978 and, a year later, by The Oak Ridge Boys from The Oak Ridge Boys Have Arrived. They released it as a single that reached Number One.
"Voila, An American Dream" was covered (as "An American Dream") by The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and was the title track to their 1979 album. Released as a single, the record hit #13 on the U.S. pop charts and #3 in Canada.
"I Ain't Living Long Like This" was recorded in 1978 by Emmylou Harris for her album, Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town and in 1979 by Waylon Jennings for his album What Goes Around Comes Around. Brooks & Dunn recorded a version in 2003 as a tribute to Waylon. Gary Stewart and Jerry Jeff Walker also covered the song in the 1970s. Andy Griggs recorded a version for his 1999 first album, You Won't Ever Be Lonely.
"Baby, Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down" was covered by Emmylou Harris on her 1983 album White Shoes and by Rosanne Cash on her 1979 album Right or Wrong. "Song for the Life" was first covered in 1980 by John Denver and in 1982 by Waylon Jennings. Alan Jackson released his version as a single from his album Who I Am in 1994 where it became a top ten hit.
Willie Nelson, Ricky Skaggs, Emmylou Harris and Nicolette Larson sang background vocals on several of the tracks.
Track listing[edit]
All tracks composed by Rodney Crowell; except where indicated
Side 1
"Elvira" (Dallas Frazier) – 4:26
"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" (Bill Trader) – 3:14
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight" (Donivan Cowart, Rodney Crowell) – 3:26
"Voilá, An American Dream" – 3:53
"I Ain't Living Long Like This" – 5:04
Side 2
"Baby, Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down" – 4:31
"Song for the Life" – 4:43
"I Thought I Heard You Callin' My Name" (Lee Emerson) – 3:13
"California Earthquake (A Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On)" – 6:20
Personnel[edit]
Rodney Crowell – vocals, acoustic guitar
Additional musicians[edit]
Brian Ahern – acoustic guitar, percussion
Byron Berline – fiddle, violin
Hal Blaine – drums
James Burton – dobro, electric guitar, acoustic guitar
Ry Cooder – acoustic and slide guitar
Donivan Cowart – background vocals
Hank DeVito – steel guitar
Dr. John – keyboards
Amos Garrett – acoustic and electric guitar
John Goldthwaite – electric guitar
Emory Gordy, Jr. – bass guitar
Richard Greene – strings
Glen D. Hardin – piano
Emmylou Harris – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, background vocals
Jerry Jumonville – horns, saxophone
Jim Keltner – drums
Nicolette Larson – background vocals
Albert Lee – electric guitar, mandolin, piano, acoustic guitar, background vocals
Willie Nelson – background vocals
Mickey Raphael – harmonica
Tom Sauber – banjo
Ricky Skaggs – fiddle, violin, background vocals
John Ware – percussion, drums
Larry Willoughby – background vocals
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
US
Country
1978 "Elvira" 95
"Baby, Better Start Turnin' 'Em Down" 38
1979 "(Now and Then, There's) A Fool Such as I" 90
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ Allmusic - review
Jump up ^ Allmusic review for "Ain't Livin' Long Like This" (see infobox)
CMT
Allmusic
AOL Music
[hide]
v
t
e
Rodney Crowell
Studio albums
Ain't Living Long Like This
But What Will the Neighbors Think
Rodney Crowell
Street Language
Diamonds & Dirt
Keys to the Highway
Life Is Messy
Let the Picture Paint Itself
Jewel of the South
The Houston Kid
Fate's Right Hand
The Outsider
Sex & Gasoline
Old Yellow Moon
Tarpaper Sky
The Traveling Kind
Close Ties
Compilation albums
The Rodney Crowell Collection
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Elvira"
"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I"
"Ashes by Now"
"Ain't No Money"
"It's Such a Small World"
"I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried"
"She's Crazy for Leavin'"
"After All This Time"
"Above and Beyond"
"Many a Long and Lonesome Highway"
"If Looks Could Kill"
"My Past Is Present"
"Now That We're Alone"
"Lovin' All Night"
"What Kind of Love"
"Please Remember Me"
"I Walk the Line Revisited"
Other songs
"The Answer Is Yes"
"Heartbroke"
"I Ain't Living Long Like This"
"Leaving Louisiana in the Broad Daylight"
"Making Memories of Us"
"Queen of Hearts"
"Song for the Life"
"Voilá, An American Dream"
Related articles
Discography
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
The Notorious Cherry Bombs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Living_Long_Like_This&oldid=835431345"
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text:
Anatomy of the human nose
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Human nose
Human nose in profile
Internal anatomy of the nose
Details
Artery
Sphenopalatine artery and greater palatine artery
Vein
Facial vein
Nerve
External nasal nerve
Identifiers
Latin
Nasus
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A human nose from the front
The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female.[1]
The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone. The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline on the lower nasal margin, holding the cartilaginous center of the nose.[2] Adult humans have nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Bone anatomy
1.1.1 Soft tissue
1.1.1.1 Nasal subunits and nasal segments
1.1.2 Blood supply and drainage
1.1.3 Lymphatic drainage
1.1.4 Innervation
1.2 Internal nasal anatomy
2 Development
3 See also
4 References
Structure[edit]
Squamous epithelium is one of several types of epithelia.
The procerus muscle (musculus procerus, pyramidalis nasi, depressor glabellae)
Bone anatomy[edit]
In the upper portion of the nose, the paired nasal bones attach to the frontal bone. Above and to the side (superolaterally), the paired nasal bones connect to the lacrimal bones, and below and to the side (inferolaterally), they attach to the ascending processes of the maxilla (upper jaw). Above and to the back (posterosuperiorly), the bony nasal septum is composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. The vomer bone lies below and to the back (posteroinferiorly), and partially forms the choanal opening into the nasopharynx, (the upper portion of the pharynx that is continuous with the nasal passages). The floor of the nose comprises the premaxilla bone and the palatine bone, the roof of the mouth.
The nasal septum is composed of the quadrangular cartilage, the vomer bone (the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone), aspects of the premaxilla, and the palatine bones. Each lateral nasal wall contains three pairs of turbinates (nasal conchae), which are small, thin, shell-form bones: (i) the superior concha, (ii) the middle concha, and (iii) the inferior concha, which are the bony framework of the turbinates. Lateral to the turbinates is the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. Inferior to the nasal conchae (turbinates) is the meatus space, with names that correspond to the turbinates, e.g. superior turbinate, superior meatus, et alii. The internal roof of the nose is composed by the horizontal, perforated cribriform plate (of the ethmoid bone) through which pass sensory filaments of the olfactory nerve (Cranial nerve I); finally, below and behind (posteroinferior) the cribriform plate, sloping down at an angle, is the bony face of the sphenoid sinus.
Cartilaginous pyramid of the nose
The cartilaginous septum (septum nasi) extends from the nasal bones in the midline (above) to the bony septum in the midline (posteriorly), then down along the bony floor. The septum is quadrangular; the upper half is flanked by two (2) triangular-to-trapezoidal cartilages: the upper lateral-cartilages, which are fused to the dorsal septum in the midline, and laterally attached, with loose ligaments, to the bony margin of the pyriform (pear-shaped) aperture, while the inferior ends of the upper lateral-cartilages are free (unattached). The internal area (angle), formed by the septum and upper lateral-cartilage, constitutes the internal valve of the nose; the sesamoid cartilages are adjacent to the upper lateral-cartilages in the fibroareolar connective tissue. The respective external valve of each nose is variably dependent upon the size, shape, and strength of the lower lateral cartilage.[3]
Beneath the upper lateral-cartilages lay the lower lateral-cartilages; the paired lower lateral-cartilages swing outwards, from medial attachments, to the caudal septum in the midline (the medial crura) to an intermediate crus (shank) area. Finally, the lower lateral-cartilages flare outwards, above and to the side (superolaterally), as the lateral crura; these cartilages are mobile, unlike the upper lateral cartilages. Furthermore, some persons present anatomical evidence of nasal scrolling—i.e. an outward curving of the lower borders of the upper lateral-cartilages, and an inward curving of the cephalic borders of the alar cartilages.
Soft tissue[edit]
Nasal skin – Like the underlying bone-and-cartilage (osseo-cartilaginous) support framework of the nose, the external skin is divided into vertical thirds (anatomic sections); from the glabella (the space between the eyebrows), to the bridge, to the tip, for corrective plastic surgery, the nasal skin is anatomically considered, as the:
Upper third section – the skin of the upper nose is thick, and relatively distensible (flexible and mobile), but then tapers, adhering tightly to the osseo-cartilaginous framework, and becomes the thinner skin of the dorsal section, the bridge of the nose.
Middle third section – the skin overlying the bridge of the nose (mid-dorsal section) is the thinnest, least distensible, nasal skin, because it most adheres to the support framework.
Lower third section – the skin of the lower nose is as thick as the skin of the upper nose, because it has more sebaceous glands, especially at the nasal tip.
Nasal lining – At the vestibule, the human nose is lined with a mucous membrane of squamous epithelium, which tissue then transitions to become columnar respiratory epithelium, a pseudo-stratified, ciliated (lash-like) tissue with abundant seromucinous glands, which maintains the nasal moisture and protects the respiratory tract from bacteriologic infection and foreign objects.
Nasal muscles – The movements of the human nose are controlled by groups of facial and neck muscles that are set deep to the skin; they are in four (4) functional groups that are interconnected by the nasal superficial aponeurosis—the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS)—which is a sheet of dense, fibrous, collagenous connective tissue that covers, invests, and forms the terminations of the muscles.
the elevator muscle group includes the procerus muscle and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle.
the depressor muscle group includes the alar nasalis muscle and the depressor septi nasi muscle.
the compressor muscle group includes the transverse nasalis muscle.
the dilator muscle group includes the dilator naris muscle that expands the nostrils; it is in two parts: (i) the dilator nasi anterior muscle, and (ii) the dilator nasi posterior muscle.
The surgical nose as aesthetic nasal segments
Nasal subunits and nasal segments[edit]
To plan, map, and execute the surgical correction of a nasal defect or deformity, the structure of the external nose is divided into nine (9) aesthetic nasal subunits, and six (6) aesthetic nasal segments, which provide the plastic surgeon with the measures for determining the size, extent, and topographic locale of the nasal defect or deformity.
The surgical nose as nine (9) aesthetic nasal subunits
tip subunit
columellar subunit
right alar base subunit
right alar wall subunit
left alar wall subunit
left alar base subunit
dorsal subunit
right dorsal wall subunit
left dorsal wall subunit
In turn, the nine (9) aesthetic nasal subunits are configured as six (6) aesthetic nasal segments; each segment comprehends a nasal area greater than that comprehended by a nasal subunit.
The surgical nose as six (6) aesthetic nasal segments
the dorsal nasal segment
the lateral nasal-wall segments
the hemi-lobule segment
the soft-tissue triangle segments
the alar segments
the columellar segment
The Common carotid artery
Using the co-ordinates of the subunits and segments to determine the topographic location of the defect on the nose, the plastic surgeon plans, maps, and executes a rhinoplasty procedure. The unitary division of the nasal topography permits minimal, but precise, cutting, and maximal corrective-tissue coverage, to produce a functional nose of proportionate size, contour, and appearance for the patient. Hence, if more than 50 per cent of an aesthetic subunit is lost (damaged, defective, destroyed) the surgeon replaces the entire aesthetic segment, usually with a regional tissue graft, harvested from either the face or the head, or with a tissue graft harvested from elsewhere on the patient’s body.[4]
Blood supply and drainage[edit]
Like the face, the human nose is well vascularized with arteries and veins, and thus supplied with abundant blood. The principal arterial blood-vessel supply to the nose is two-fold: (i) branches from the internal carotid artery, the branch of the anterior ethmoid artery, the branch of the posterior ethmoid artery, which derive from the ophthalmic artery; (ii) branches from the external carotid artery, the sphenopalatine artery, the greater palatine artery, the superior labial artery, and the angular artery.
The external nose is supplied with blood by the facial artery, which becomes the angular artery that courses over the superomedial aspect of the nose. The sellar region (sella turcica, “Turkish chair”) and the dorsal region of the nose are supplied with blood by branches of the internal maxillary artery (infraorbital) and the ophthalmic arteries that derive from the internal common carotid artery system.
Internally, the lateral nasal wall is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery (from behind and below) and by the anterior ethmoid artery and the posterior ethmoid artery (from above and behind). The nasal septum also is supplied with blood by the sphenopalatine artery, and by the anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries, with the additional circulatory contributions of the superior labial artery and of the greater palatine artery. These three (3) vascular supplies to the internal nose converge in the Kiesselbach plexus (the Little area), which is a region in the anteroinferior-third of the nasal septum, (in front and below). Furthermore, the nasal vein vascularisation of the nose generally follows the arterial pattern of nasal vascularisation. The nasal veins are biologically significant, because they have no vessel-valves, and because of their direct, circulatory communication to the sinus caverns, which makes possible the potential intracranial spreading of a bacterial infection of the nose. Hence, because of such an abundant nasal blood supply, tobacco smoking does therapeutically compromise post-operative healing.
Lymphatic drainage[edit]
The pertinent nasal lymphatic system arises from the superficial mucosa, and drains posteriorly to the retropharyngeal nodes (in back), and anteriorly (in front), either to the upper deep cervical nodes (in the neck), or to the submandibular glands (in the lower jaw), or into both the nodes and the glands of the neck and the jaw.
Innervation[edit]
Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve (nervus trigeminis) gives sensation to the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla).
The sensations registered by the human nose derive from the first two (2) branches of cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve (nervus trigeminis). The nerve listings indicate the respective innervation (sensory distribution) of the trigeminal nerve branches within the nose, the face, and the upper jaw (maxilla).
Cranial nerve VII (nervus facialis) is the facial nerve that gives motor innervation to the muscles of the face, including those which move the nose.
The indicated nerve serves the named anatomic facial and nasal regions
Ophthalmic division innervation
Lacrimal nerve – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the lateral orbital (eye socket) region, except for the lacrimal gland.
Frontal nerve – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the forehead and the scalp.
Supraorbital nerve – conveys sensation to the skin areas of the eyelids, the forehead, and the scalp.
Supratrochlear nerve – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelid skin area, and the medial region of the forehead skin.
Nasociliary nerve – conveys sensation to the skin area of the nose, and the mucous membrane of the anterior (front) nasal cavity.
Anterior ethmoid nerve – conveys sensation in the anterior (front) half of the nasal cavity: (a) the internal areas of the ethmoid sinus and the frontal sinus; and (b) the external areas, from the nasal tip to the rhinion: the anterior tip of the terminal end of the nasal-bone suture.
Posterior ethmoid nerve – serves the superior (upper) half of the nasal cavity, the sphenoids, and the ethmoids.
Intratrochlear nerve – conveys sensation to the medial region of the eyelids, the palpebral conjunctiva, the nasion (nasolabial junction), and the bony dorsum.
The maxillary division innervation
Maxillary nerve – conveys sensation to the upper jaw and the face.
Infraorbital nerve – conveys sensation to the area from below the eye socket to the external nares (nostrils).
Zygomatic nerve – through the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch, conveys sensation to the cheekbone areas.
Superior posterior dental nerve – sensation in the teeth and the gums.
Superior anterior dental nerve – mediates the sneeze reflex.
Sphenopalatine nerve – divides into the lateral branch and the septal branch, and conveys sensation from the rear and the central regions of the nasal cavity.
The shell-form turbinates (conchae nasales)
The septum nasi bones and cartilages
The supply of parasympathetic nerves to the face and the upper jaw (maxilla) derives from the greater superficial petrosal (GSP) branch of cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve. The GSP nerve joins the deep petrosal nerve (of the sympathetic nervous system), derived from the carotid plexus, to form the vidian nerve (in the vidian canal) that traverses the pterygopalatine ganglion (an autonomic ganglion of the maxillary nerve), wherein only the parasympathetic nerves form synapses, which serve the lacrimal gland and the glands of the nose and of the palate, via the (upper jaw) maxillary division of cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve.
Internal nasal anatomy[edit]
In the midline of the nose, the septum is a composite (osseo-cartilaginous) structure that divides the nose into two (2) similar halves. The lateral nasal wall and the paranasal sinuses, the superior concha, the middle concha, and the inferior concha, form the corresponding passages, the superior meatus, the middle meatus, and the inferior meatus, on the lateral nasal wall. The superior meatus is the drainage area for the posterior ethmoid bone cells and the sphenoid sinus; the middle meatus provides drainage for the anterior ethmoid sinuses and for the maxillary and frontal sinuses; and the inferior meatus provides drainage for the nasolacrimal duct.
The internal nasal valve comprises the area bounded by the upper lateral-cartilage, the septum, the nasal floor, and the anterior head of the inferior turbinate. In the narrow (leptorrhine) nose, this is the narrowest portion of the nasal airway. Generally, this area requires an angle greater than 15 degrees for unobstructed breathing; for the correction of such narrowness, the width of the nasal valve can be increased with spreader grafts and flaring sutures.
Development[edit]
The embryonic human head, c. 30 days of gestation
At four (4) weeks of gestational development, the neural crest cells (the precursors of the nose) begin their caudad migration (from the posterior) towards the midface. Two symmetrical nasal placodes (the future olfactory epithelium) develop inferiorly, which the nasal pits then divide into the medial and the lateral nasal processes (the future upper lip and nose). The medial processes then form the septum, the philtrum, and the premaxilla of the nose; the lateral processes form the sides of the nose; and the mouth forms from the stomodeum (the anterior ectodermal portion of the alimentary tract), which is inferior to the nasal complex.
A nasobuccal membrane separates the mouth from the nose; respectively, the inferior oral cavity (the mouth) and the superior nasal cavity (the nose). As the olfactory pits deepen, said development forms the choanae, the two openings that connect the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx (upper part of the pharynx that is continuous with the nasal passages). Initially, primitive-form choanae develop, which then further develop into the secondary, permanent choanae.
At ten (10) weeks of gestation, the cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, and bone. If this important, early facial embryogenesis fails, it might result in anomalies such as choanal atresia (absent or closed passage), medial nasal clefts (fissures), or lateral nasal clefts, nasal aplasia (faulty or incomplete development), and polyrrhinia (double nose).[5]
This normal, human embryologic development is exceptionally important — because the newborn infant breathes through his or her nose during the first 6 weeks of life — thus, when a child is afflicted with bilateral choanal atresia, the blockage of the posterior nasal passage, either by abnormal bony tissue or by abnormal soft tissue, emergency remedial action is required to ensure that the child can breathe.[6]
See also[edit]
Human nose
Aquiline nose
Jewish nose
Rhinoplasty
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jean-Baptiste de Panafieu, P. (2007). Evolution. Seven Stories Press, USA.[page needed]
Jump up ^ archaeologyinfo.com > glossary Retrieved on August 2010
Jump up ^ Heidari Z, Mahmoudzadeh-Sagheb H, Khammar T, Khammar M (May 2009). "Anthropometric measurements of the external nose in 18–25-year-old Sistani and Baluch aborigine women in the southeast of Iran". Folia Morphol. (Warsz). 68 (2): 88–92. PMID 19449295.
Jump up ^ Fattahi TT (October 2003). "An overview of facial aesthetic units". J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 61 (10): 1207–11. doi:10.1016/S0278-2391(03)00684-0. PMID 14586859.
Jump up ^ Hengerer AS, Oas RE (1987). Congenital Anomalies of the Nose: Their Embryology, Diagnosis, and Management (SIPAC). Alexandria VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Nasal Anatomy at eMedicine
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List of cities in West Virginia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Map of the United States with West Virginia highlighted
Charleston, Capital of West Virginia
West Virginia State Capitol
Huntington
Morgantown
Wheeling
Fairmont
Weston
West Virginia is a state located in the Southern United States. The following is a list of cities in West Virginia, arranged by population.
List by population[edit]
County seat
State capital and county seat
2014 Rank
City
2014 Estimate[1]
2010 Census[2]
Change
County
7000100000000000000♠1 Charleston †† 50,404 51,400 2999806225680933850♠−1.94% Kanawha
7000200000000000000♠2 Huntington 48,807 49,138 3000326386910334160♠−0.67% Cabell
7000300000000000000♠3 Morgantown 31,073 29,660 7000476399190829400♠+4.76% Monongalia
7000400000000000000♠4 Parkersburg 30,981 31,492 2999837736568017270♠−1.62% Wood
7000500000000000000♠5 Wheeling 27,790 28,486 2999755669451660459♠−2.44% Ohio
7000600000000000000♠6 Weirton 19,362 19,746 2999805530233971440♠−1.94% Hancock
7000700000000000000♠7 Fairmont 18,740 18,704 6999192472198460210♠+0.19% Marion
7000800000000000000♠8 Martinsburg 17,743 17,227 7000299529807859760♠+3.00% Berkeley
7000900000000000000♠9 Beckley 17,238 17,614 2999786533439309640♠−2.13% Raleigh
7001100000000000000♠10 Clarksburg 16,242 16,578 2999797321751719150♠−2.03% Harrison
7001110000000000000♠11 South Charleston 13,214 13,450 2999824535315985130♠−1.75% Kanawha
7001120000000000000♠12 St. Albans 10,835 11,044 2999810756972111550♠−1.89% Kanawha
7001130000000000000♠13 Vienna 10,562 10,749 2999826030328402639♠−1.74% Wood
7001140000000000000♠14 Bluefield 10,448 10,447 6997957212596917060♠+0.01% Mercer
7001150000000000000♠15 Moundsville 8,891 9,318 2999541747156042070♠−4.58% Marshall
7001160000000000000♠16 Bridgeport 8,358 8,149 7000256473186894100♠+2.56% Harrison
7001170000000000000♠17 Oak Hill 8,175 7,730 7000575679172056920♠+5.76% Fayette
7001180000000000000♠18 Dunbar 7,749 7,907 2999800177058302770♠−2.00% Kanawha
7001190000000000000♠19 Elkins 7,286 7,094 7000270651254581339♠+2.71% Randolph
7001200000000000000♠20 Nitro 6,837 7,178 2999524937308442460♠−4.75% Kanawha
7001210000000000000♠21 Hurricane 6,396 6,284 7000178230426479950♠+1.78% Putnam
7001220000000000000♠22 Princeton 6,359 6,432 2999886504975124380♠−1.13% Mercer
7001230000000000000♠23 Charles Town 5,706 5,259 7000849971477467200♠+8.50% Jefferson
7001240000000000000♠24 Buckhannon 5,679 5,639 6999709345628657570♠+0.71% Upshur
7001250000000000000♠25 Keyser 5,264 5,439 2999678249678249680♠−3.22% Mineral
7001260000000000000♠26 New Martinsville 5,254 5,366 2999791278419679460♠−2.09% Wetzel
7001270000000000000♠27 Grafton 5,199 5,164 6999677769171185140♠+0.68% Taylor
7001280000000000000♠28 Ranson 4,830 4,440 7000878378378378380♠+8.78% Jefferson
7001290000000000000♠29 Point Pleasant 4,284 4,350 2999848275862068970♠−1.52% Mason
7001300000000000000♠30 Westover 4,173 3,983 7000477027366306800♠+4.77% Monongalia
7001310000000000000♠31 Weston 4,079 4,110 3000245742092457419♠−0.75% Lewis
7001320000000000000♠32 Lewisburg 3,939 3,830 7000284595300261100♠+2.85% Greenbrier
7001330000000000000♠33 Ravenswood 3,834 3,876 2999891640866873060♠−1.08% Jackson
7001340000000000000♠34 Summersville 3,513 3,572 2999834826427771560♠−1.65% Nicholas
7001350000000000000♠35 Ripley 3,242 3,252 3000692496924969250♠−0.31% Jackson
7001360000000000000♠36 Philippi 3,233 2,966 7000900202292650030♠+9.00% Barbour
7001370000000000000♠37 Pleasant Valley 3,185 3,149 7000114322006986340♠+1.14% Marion
7001380000000000000♠38 Kenova 3,096 3,216 2999626865671641790♠−3.73% Wayne
7001390000000000000♠39 Williamson 3,051 3,191 2999561266060795990♠−4.39% Mingo
7001400000000000000♠40 Madison 2,968 3,076 2999648894668400520♠−3.51% Boone
7001410000000000000♠41 Kingwood 2,956 2,939 6999578428036747190♠+0.58% Preston
7001420000000000000♠42 Williamstown 2,936 2,908 6999962861072902330♠+0.96% Wood
7001430000000000000♠43 Follansbee 2,911 2,986 2999748827863362360♠−2.51% Brooke
7001440000000000000♠44 Wellsburg 2,725 2,805 2999714795008912660♠−2.85% Brooke
7001450000000000000♠45 Hinton 2,556 2,676 2999551569506726460♠−4.48% Summers
7001460000000000000♠46 Paden City 2,540 2,633 2999646790733004180♠−3.53% Wetzel
7001470000000000000♠47 Granville 2,529 781 7002223815620998720♠+223.82% Monongalia
7001480000000000000♠48 Chester 2,527 2,585 2999775628626692460♠−2.24% Hancock
7001490000000000000♠49 Petersburg 2,451 2,467 3000351438994730450♠−0.65% Grant
7001500000000000000♠50 White Sulphur Springs 2,441 2,444 3000877250409165310♠−0.12% Greenbrier
7001510000000000000♠51 Spencer 2,234 2,322 2999621016365202410♠−3.79% Roane
7001520000000000000♠52 Shinnston 2,178 2,201 2999895502044525220♠−1.04% Harrison
7001530000000000000♠53 Welch 2,154 2,406 2998895261845386530♠−10.47% McDowell
7001540000000000000♠54 Mannington 2,072 2,063 6999436257876878330♠+0.44% Marion
7001550000000000000♠55 Richwood 2,001 2,051 2999756216479765970♠−2.44% Nicholas
7001560000000000000♠56 McMechen 1,866 1,926 2999688473520249220♠−3.12% Marshall
7001570000000000000♠57 St. Marys 1,860 1,860 5000000000000000000♠0.00% Pleasants
7001580000000000000♠58 Romney 1,788 1,848 2999675324675324680♠−3.25% Hampshire
7001590000000000000♠59 Stonewood 1,772 1,806 2999811738648947950♠−1.88% Harrison
7001600000000000000♠60 Ronceverte 1,753 1,765 3000320113314447589♠−0.68% Greenbrier
7001610000000000000♠61 Logan 1,682 1,779 2999454749859471610♠−5.45% Logan
7001620000000000000♠62 Montgomery 1,607 1,638 2999810744810744810♠−1.89% Fayette
7001630000000000000♠63 Salem 1,557 1,586 2999817150063051700♠−1.83% Harrison
7001640000000000000♠64 Mullens 1,494 1,559 2999583066067992300♠−4.17% Wyoming
7001650000000000000♠65 Glen Dale 1,483 1,526 2999718217562254260♠−2.82% Marshall
7001660000000000000♠66 Marmet 1,469 1,503 2999773785761809710♠−2.26% Kanawha
7001670000000000000♠67 Parsons 1,427 1,485 2999609427609427610♠−3.91% Tucker
7001680000000000000♠68 Ansted 1,398 1,404 3000572649572649570♠−0.43% Fayette
7001690000000000000♠69 Ceredo 1,395 1,450 2999620689655172410♠−3.79% Wayne
7001700000000000000♠70 Mabscott 1,388 1,408 2999857954545454550♠−1.42% Raleigh
7001710000000000000♠71 Wayne 1,385 1,413 2999801840056617130♠−1.98% Wayne
7001720000000000000♠72 Benwood 1,378 1,420 2999704225352112680♠−2.96% Marshall
7001730000000000000♠73 Sistersville 1,375 1,396 2999849570200573069♠−1.50% Tyler
7001740000000000000♠74 Mount Hope 1,370 1,414 2999688826025459690♠−3.11% Fayette
7001750000000000000♠75 Pennsboro 1,085 1,171 2999265584970111020♠−7.34% Ritchie
7001760000000000000♠76 New Cumberland 1,076 1,103 2999755213055303720♠−2.45% Hancock
7001770000000000000♠77 Cameron 915 946 2999672304439746300♠−3.28% Marshall
7001780000000000000♠78 Thomas 564 586 2999624573378839590♠−3.75% Tucker
7001790000000000000♠79 Belmont 903 903 5000000000000000000♠0.00% Pleasants
7001800000000000000♠80 War 793 862 2999199535962877030♠−8.00% McDowell
See also[edit]
West Virginia
List of towns in West Virginia
List of villages in West Virginia
List of census-designated places in West Virginia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 22, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder2. U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 Census. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
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value: قائمة مدن فيرجينيا الغربية – Arabic

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