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Wipro
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Wipro Ltd.
Logo since 2017
Type
Public
Traded as
BSE: 507685
NSE: WIPRO
NYSE: WIT
BSE SENSEX Constituent
CNX Nifty Constituent
Industry
IT services, IT consulting
Founded
29 December 1945; 72 years ago (29 December 1945)
(Amalner, Maharashtra)
Founder
Mohamed Azim Hashim Premji[1]
Headquarters
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Azim Premji (Chairman)
Abidali Neemuchwala (CEO)
Services
Digital Strategy, Business Consulting and IT Services
Revenue
US$8.48 billion (2017)[2]
Operating income
US$1.70 billion (2017)[2]
Profit
US$1.31 billion (2017)[2]
Total assets
US$12.23 billion (2017)[2]
Total equity
US$8.06 billion (2017)[2]
Owner
Azim Premji (73.25%)[3]
Number of employees
166,790 (Q1 2017)[2]
Website
www.wipro.com
Wipro Limited (Western India Palm Refined Oils Limited[4] or more recently, Western India Products Limited[1]) is an Indian Information Technology Services corporation headquartered in Bengaluru, India.[5]
In 2013, Wipro demerged its non-IT businesses into separate companies to bring in more focus on independent businesses.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early formative years
1.2 1966–1992
1.3 1994–2000
1.4 2001–present
2 Wipro Group of Companies
2.1 Western India Products Limited
2.1.1 Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting
2.1.2 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering
2.1.3 Wipro GE Medical Systems
3 Sustainability at Wipro
4 Listing and shareholding
5 Employees
6 Awards and recognitions
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Early formative years[edit]
The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner, Maharashtra by Mohamed Premji as 'Western India Vegetable Products Limited', later abbreviated to 'Wipro'. It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable and refined oils in Amalner, Maharashtra, India under the trade names of Kisan, Sunflower, and Camel.[1][7][8]
In 1966, after Mohamed Premji’s death, his son Azim Premji returned home from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21.[9][10]
During the 1970s and 1980s, the company shifted its focus to new business opportunities in the IT and computing industry, which was at a nascent stage in India at the time. On 7 June 1977, the name of the company changed from Western India Vegetable Products Limited, to Wipro Products Limited.[7]
The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain. In 1982, the name was changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited.[11] Meanwhile, Wipro continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of "Ralak" a Tulsi based family soap and "Wipro Jasmine", a toilet soap. In 1988 Premji took a loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project. Later the entire loan amount was waived.[7]
1966–1992[edit]
In 1988, Wipro diversified its product line into heavy-duty industrial cylinders and mobile hydraulic cylinders.[7] A joint venture company with the United States' General Electric in the name of Wipro GE Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd. was set up in 1989 for the manufacture, sales, and service of diagnostic and imaging products.[12] Later, in 1991, tipping systems and Eaton hydraulic products were launched. The Wipro Fluid Power division, in 1992, developed expertise to offer standard hydraulic cylinders for construction equipment and truck tipping systems. The market saw the launch of the "Santoor" talcum powder and "Wipro Baby Soft" range of baby toiletries in 1990.[12]
1994–2000[edit]
In 1995, Wipro set up an overseas design centre, Odyssey 21, for undertaking projects and product developments in advanced technologies for overseas clients. Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems were amalgamated with Wipro in April that year.[12] Five of Wipro's manufacturing and development facilities secured the ISO 9001 certification during 1994–95. In 1999, Wipro acquired Wipro Acer.[13] Wipro became a more profitable, diversified corporation with new products such as the Wipro SuperGenius personal computers (PCs). In 1999, the product was the one Indian PC range to obtain US-based National Software Testing Laboratory (NSTL) certification for the Year 2000 (Y2K) compliance in hardware for all models.[14]
Wipro Limited joined hands with a global telecom major KPN (Royal Dutch telecom) to form a joint venture company "Wipro Net Limited" to provide internet services in India.[10] The year 2000 was the year Wipro launched solutions for convergent networks targeted at Internet and telecom solution providers in the names of Wipro OSS Smart and Wipro WAP Smart.[15] In the same year, Wipro got listed on New York Stock Exchange.[16] In early 2000 Wipro Vice Chairman Vivek Paul and Azim Premji approached KPMG Consulting Vice Chairman Keyur Patel and CEO Rand Blazer to form a mega-outsourcing joint venture between the two organizations.
2001–present[edit]
In February 2002, Wipro became the first software technology and services company in India to be certified for ISO 14001 certification.[17] Wipro also achieved ISO 9000 certification to become the first software company to get SEI People Capability Maturity Model (PCMM) Level 5 in 2002.[18][19] Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Group entered the market of compact fluorescent lamps, with the launch of a range of CFL, under the brand name of Wipro Smartlite.[20] As the company grew, a study revealed that Wipro was the fastest wealth creator for 5 years (1997–2002).[21][22] The same year witnessed the launch of Wipro’s own laptops with Intel's Centrino mobile processor.[23] Wipro also entered into an exclusive agreement with the owners of Chandrika for marketing of their soap in select states in India.[24][25] It set up a wholly owned subsidiary company viz. Wipro Consumer Care Limited to manufacture consumer care and lighting products.[26] In 2004 Wipro joined the billion dollar club.[27] It also partnered with Intel for i-shiksha.[28][29] The year 2006 saw Wipro acquire cMango Inc., a US-based technology infrastructure Consulting firm[30][31] Enabler, and a Europe-based retail solutions provider.[32] In 2007, Wipro signed a large deal with Lockheed Martin.[33][34] It also entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Oki Techno Centre Singapore Pte Ltd (OTCS)[34][35] and signed an R&D partnership contract with Nokia Siemens Networks in Germany.[36][37]
In 2008 Wipro’s entered the clean energy business with Wipro Eco Energy.[38][39] In April 2011, Wipro signed an agreement with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the acquisition of their global oil and gas information technology practice of the commercial business services business unit.[40][41] In 2012 Wipro acquired Australian Trade Promotions Management firm Promax Applications Group (PAG) for $35 million.[42][43] In 2012 Wipro employed more than 70,000 H-1B visa professional temporary workers in the United States.[44]
In 2012 Wipro Ltd. announced the demerger of its consumer care, lighting, furniture, infrastructure Engineering (hydraulics and water and medical diagnostic business into a separate company to be named Wipro Enterprises Ltd.[45] The merger became effective from 31 March 2013.[46][47] The demerged companies together contributed about 10% of the revenues of Wipro Limited in previous financial year.[48][49]
In 2014, Wipro signed a 10-year $1.2 billion contract with ATCO, a Canadian Energy & Utilities corporation based out of Calgary, Alberta. This was the largest deal in Wipro's history.[50]
In October 2016, Wipro announced that it was buying Appirio, an Indianapolis-based cloud services company for $500 million.[51][52][53]
Wipro Group of Companies[edit]
Western India Products Limited[edit]
Wipro Limited is a global provider of comprehensive IT solutions and services, including Systems Integration, Consulting, Information Systems outsourcing, IT-enabled services, R&D services.[54]
Wipro entered into the technology business in 1981 and has over 140,000 employees and clients across 54 countries.[55] IT revenues were at $7.1 billion for the year ended 31 March 2015, with a repeat business ratio of over 95%.[56][57]
Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting[edit]
Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting (WCCLG), a business unit of Wipro Limited operates in the FMCG segment dealing in consumable commodities. Established in 1945, its first product was vegetable oil, later sold under the brand name "Sunflower Vanaspati". It sells personal care products, such as Wipro Baby Soft and Wipro Safewash, toilet soaps Santoor and Chandrika as well as Yardley.[58] It sells lighting products, including Smartlite CFL,[59] LED, and emergency lights.[60]
Through product sales and acquisitions, Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment.[61][62][63]
Wipro Infrastructure Engineering[edit]
Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of Wipro Limited and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders, truck cylinders, and their components and solutions since 1976. This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs and represents the Kawasaki, Sun Hydraulics[64] and Teijin Seiki range of hydraulic products in India.[65] It has entered into partnerships Kawasaki[66][67] and aerospace giant EADS.[68] In 2010 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering was the second largest independent manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders in the world.[69]
Wipro GE Medical Systems[edit]
Wipro GE Medical Systems Limited is Wipro’s joint venture with GE Healthcare South Asia. It is engaged in the research and development of advanced solutions to cater to patient and customer needs in healthcare. This partnership, which began in 1990,[70] today includes gadgets and equipment for diagnostics, healthcare IT solutions and services to help healthcare professionals combat cancer, heart disease, and other ailments. There is complete adherence to Six Sigma quality standards in all products.[71][72][73]
Sustainability at Wipro[edit]
Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating (ASR) of Indian companies[74] and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index[75] as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.[76]
In November 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics, Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1/10.[77]
Listing and shareholding[edit]
This section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (July 2017)
Listing: Wipro's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index,[78] and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.[79] The American Depositary Shares of the company are listed at the NYSE since October 2000.[80]
Shareholding: On 30 September 2013, 73.51% of the equity shares of the company were owned by the promoters: Azim Premji, his family members, partnership firms in which he is a partner and Trusts formed by him/his family. The remaining 26.49% shares are owned by others.
Shareholders (as on 20-January-2016)
Shareholding
Promoter group led by Azim Premji 73.36%
Foreign Institutional Investors (FII) 10.68%
Indian Public 4.99%
Bodies Corporate 2.50%
Mutual Funds/UTI 1.90%
NRI 1.11%
Trusts/Others 0.77%
American Depositary Shares 2.30%
Total 100%
Employees[edit]
At the end of December 31, 2015, its employee strength was 170,664.[81] Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro's CEO after T. K. stepped down in early 2016.[82]
Awards and recognitions[edit]
In March 2017, Wipro was recognized as one of the world’s most ethical companies by US-based Ethisphere Institute for the sixth consecutive year.[83][84][85][86]
In May 2016, it was ranked 755th on the Forbes Global 2000 list.[87]
Wipro won Gold Award for ‘Integrated Security Assurance Service (iSAS)’ under the ‘Vulnerability Assessment, Remediation and Management’ category of the 11th Annual 2015 Info Security PG’s Global Excellence Awards.[88]
Wipro won 7 awards, including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015, India[89]
In 2014, Wipro was ranked 52nd among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.[90]
Wipro was ranked 2nd in the Newsweek 2012 Global 500 Green companies.[91]
Wipro received the 'NASSCOM Corporate Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion, 2012', in the category 'Most Effective Implementation of Practices & Technology for Persons with Disabilities'.[92]
In 2012, it was awarded the highest rating of Stakeholder Value and Corporate Rating 1 (SVG 1) by ICRA Limited.[93]
It received National award for excellence in Corporate Governance from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the year 2004.[94]
See also[edit]
List of public listed software companies of India
List of IT consulting firms
List of IT companies in India
List of companies of India
Companies portal
Information technology portal
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wipro.
Official website (Mobile)
Business data for Wipro Limited:
Reuters
SEC filings
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ATP hydrolysis
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Structure of ATP
Structure of ADP
Four possible resonance structures for orthophosphate
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi). ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and another orthophosphate (Pi).[1] ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction, the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life.
The description and typical textbook labeling anhydridic bonds as "high energy . . bonds" can be very misleading to students. These bonds are in fact relatively weak. They do involve high energy electrons but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break. As noted below, energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken – requiring a small input of energy, followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable.[1]
Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic, because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures, making the products (ADP and Pi) much lower in energy than the reactant (ATP). The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule, making it higher in energy. Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions, liberating useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure.
In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.[2] Due to the acid-base properties of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute to lactic acidosis.
How much energy ATP hydrolysis produces[edit]
Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process. The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell. Specifically, the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi. The further the concentrations are from equilibrium the greater the absolute value of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) will be. In standard conditions ( ATP, ADP and Pi concentrations are equal to 1M, water concentration is equal to 55M) the value of ΔG is between -28 to -34 kJ/mol.[3][4]
The variability of the ΔG value exists, because this reaction is also dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ cations. The cation Mg2+ plays a role in stabilizing the ATP molecule. But the conditions in a cell are far from the standard state. In fact the ΔG in standard conditions would mean that the concentrations are close to equilibrium. And if cells were actually at equilibrium the change in Gibbs free energy would be zero. That would mean, that no energy is acquired by ATP hydrolysis, and that would have fatal consequences for the organism.[4] Because this reaction is often coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions, to give an overall negative (spontaneous) change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction sequence.[1]
The outcome of ATP hydrolysis is dependent not only on the studied organism, but also on the tissue or even the compartment within the cell. The current demand for energy must be taken into account as well. Variability in the ΔG are therefore to be expected. It is important to realize how far away are the actual concentrations from the standard condition concentrations. They are lower by three orders of magnitude (standard condition values are in M and in reality they are in mM). Because these concentrations are so low, the reaction will be energetically more favorable.[4]
To find out the ΔG in vivo in humans, the concentration of ATP, ADP and Pi are measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance.[4] In a human body, in muscle, while in resting state the concentration of ATP is around 4 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 9 μmol/l. And thus the ATP hydrolysis yields the ΔG value of -64 kJ/mol. After ischemia, when the muscle is recovering from exercise, the concentration of ATP is as low as 1 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 7 μmol/l. Therefore the absolute ΔG would be as high as -69 kJ/mol.[5]
By comparing the standard value of ΔG and the real life value of ΔG, we can see that the worth of ATP, as measured in humans, is almost twice as much as the worth of ATP in standard conditions.[4]
See also[edit]
Dephosphorylation
References[edit]
Syberg, F. Suveyzdis, Y., Kotting, C., Gerwert K., & Hofmann, E. Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleotide-binding Domain from the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter MsbA: ATP HYDROLYSIS ID THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN THE CATALYTIC CYCLE. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(28), 23923-23931 doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.359208
Zharova, T.V, & Vinogradov, Proton-Translocating ATP-synthase of Paracoccus denitrificans: ATP- Hydrolytic Activity. Biochemistry (00062979:, 68(10), A.D. (2003). 1101-1108
Kamerlin, S. C., & Warshel, A. (2009). On the energetics of ATP hydrolysis in solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(47), 15692-15698.
Bergman, C., Kashiwaya, Y., & Veech, R. L. (2010) The effect of pH and Free Mg2+ on ATP Linked Enzymes and the Calculation of Gibbs Free Energy of ATP Hydrolysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 114 (49), 16137-16146.
Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry, international edition. W. H. Freeman.; New York, New York, 2011; p 287
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b c Lodish, Harvey (2013). Molecular cell biology (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 52, 53. ISBN 9781464109812. OCLC 171110915.
Jump up ^ Berne & Levy physiology. Berne, Robert M., 1918-2001., Koeppen, Bruce M., Stanton, Bruce A. (6th, updated ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 9780323073622. OCLC 435728438.
Jump up ^ "Standard Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis - Generic - BNID 101989". bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Philips, Ron Milo & Ron. "» How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis?". book.bionumbers.org. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ Wackerhage, H.; Hoffmann, U.; Essfeld, D.; Leyk, D.; Mueller, K.; Zange, J. (December 1998). "Recovery of free ADP, Pi, and free energy of ATP hydrolysis in human skeletal muscle". Journal of Applied Physiology. 85 (6): 2140–2145. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2140. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 9843537.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ATP_hydrolysis&oldid=831577050"
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