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Adam and Eve
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For other uses, see Adam and Eve (disambiguation).
The Fall of Man by Peter Paul Rubens
Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions,[1][2] were the first man and woman. They are central to the belief that humanity is in essence a single family, with everyone descended from a single pair of original ancestors.[3] It also provides the basis for the doctrines of the fall of man and original sin that are important beliefs in Christianity, although not held in Judaism or Islam.[4]
In the Book of Genesis of the Hebrew Bible, chapters one through five, there are two creation narratives with two distinct perspectives. In the first, Adam and Eve are not mentioned (at least not mentioned by name). Instead, God created humankind in God's image and instructed them to multiply and to be stewards over everything else that God had made. In the second narrative, God fashions Adam from dust and places him in the Garden of Eden. Adam is told that he can eat freely of all the trees in the garden, except for a tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Subsequently, Eve is created from one of Adam's ribs to be Adam's companion. They are innocent and unembarrassed about their nakedness. However, a serpent deceives Eve into eating fruit from the forbidden tree, and she gives some of the fruit to Adam. These acts give them additional knowledge, but it gives them the ability to conjure negative and destructive concepts such as shame and evil. God later curses the serpent and the ground. God prophetically tells the woman and the man what will be the consequences of their sin of disobeying God. Then he banishes them from the Garden of Eden.
The story underwent extensive elaboration in later Abrahamic traditions, and it has been extensively analyzed by modern biblical scholars. Interpretations and beliefs regarding Adam and Eve and the story revolving around them vary across religions and sects; for example, the Islamic version of the story holds that Adam and Eve were equally responsible for their sins of hubris, instead of Eve being the first one to be unfaithful. The story of Adam and Eve is often depicted in art, and it has had an important influence in literature and poetry. The story of the fall of Adam is often understood to be an allegory.
There is no physical evidence that Adam and Eve ever literally existed, and their literal existence is incompatible with human evolutionary genetics. However, there is in some countries a large discrepancy between the scientific consensus and popular opinion; a 2014 poll reports that 56% of Americans believe that "Adam and Eve were real people", and 44% believe so with strong or absolute certainty.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Adam and Eve in the Hebrew Bible narrative
1.1 Creation narrative
1.2 Eden narrative (the Fall)
1.3 Cain and Abel and the Generations of Adam
1.4 The Fall and expulsion from Eden
1.5 Offspring
2 Textual history
3 Abrahamic traditions
3.1 Judaism
3.2 Christianity
3.3 Islam
3.4 Gnostic traditions
3.5 Bahá'í Faith
4 Historicity
5 Arts and literature
5.1 Image gallery
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Adam and Eve in the Hebrew Bible narrative[edit]
God Judging Adam
William Blake, 1795
Tate Collection
The Creation of Adam depicted in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo
Adam and Eve are figures from the Primeval History (Genesis 1 to 11), the Bible's mythic history of the first years of the world's existence.[6] The History tells how God creates the world and all its beings and places the first man and woman (Adam and Eve) in his Garden of Eden, how the first couple are expelled from God's presence, of the first murder which follows, and God's decision to destroy the world and save only the righteous Noah and his sons; a new humanity then descends from these sons and spreads throughout the world. Although the new world is as sinful as the old, God has resolved never again to destroy the world by flood, and the History ends with Terah, the father of Abraham, from whom will descend God's chosen people, the Israelites.[7]
Creation narrative[edit]
Main articles: Genesis creation narrative, Adam, and Eve
Adam and Eve are the Bible's first man and first woman.[8][9] Adam's name appears first in Genesis 1 with a collective sense, as "mankind"; subsequently in Genesis 2-3 it carries the definite article ha, equivalent to English "the", indicating that this is "the man".[8] In these chapters God fashions "the man" (ha adam) from earth (adamah), breathes life into his nostrils, and makes him a caretaker over creation.[8] God next creates for the man an ezer kenegdo, a "helper corresponding to him", from his side or rib.[9] She is called ishsha, "woman", because, the text says, she is formed from ish, "man".[9] The man receives her with joy, and the reader is told that from this moment a man will leave his parents to "cling" to a woman, the two becoming one flesh.[9]
Eden narrative (the Fall)[edit]
The first man and woman are in God's garden of Eden, where all creation is vegetarian and there is no violence. They are permitted to eat of all the trees except one, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the woman is tempted by a talking serpent to eat the forbidden fruit, and gives some to the man, who eats also.[9] (Contrary to popular myth she does not beguile the man, who appears to have been present at the encounter with the serpent).[9] God curses all three, the man to a lifetime of hard labour followed by death, the woman to the pain of childbirth and to subordination to her husband, and the serpent to go on his belly and suffer the enmity of both man and woman.[9] God then clothes the nakedness of the man and woman, who have become god-like in knowing good and evil, then banishes them from the garden lest they eat the fruit of a second tree, the tree of life, unmentioned up to this point, and live forever.[10]
Cain and Abel and the Generations of Adam[edit]
Genesis 4 introduces the humans in their life outside God's garden. The chapter deals with the birth of Adam's sons Cain and Abel and the story of the first murder, followed by the birth of a third son, Seth. Genesis 5, the Book of the Generations of Adam, lists the descendants of Adam from Seth to Noah with their ages at the birth of their first sons (except Adam himself, for whom his age at the birth of Seth, his third son, is given) and their ages at death (Adam lives 930 years). The chapter notes that Adam had other sons and daughters after Seth, but does not name them. Adam has already named the woman Eve at the end of the Eden narrative, and in Genesis 4:25 and for the first time, he is called Adam as a personal name.
The Fall and expulsion from Eden[edit]
Main article: Fall of man
The Adam and Eve story continues in Genesis 3 with the "expulsion from Eden" narrative. A form analysis of Genesis 3 reveals that this portion of the story can be characterized as a parable or "wisdom tale" in the wisdom tradition. The poetic addresses of the chapter belong to a speculative type of wisdom that questions the paradoxes and harsh realities of life. This characterization is determined by the narrative's format, settings, and the plot. The form of Genesis 3 is also shaped by its vocabulary, making use of various puns and double entendres.[11]
The expulsion from Eden narrative begins with a dialogue between the woman and a serpent,[12] identified in Genesis 3:1 as an animal that was more crafty than any other animal made by God, although Genesis does not identify the serpent with Satan.[13]:16 The woman is willing to talk to the serpent and respond to the creature's cynicism by repeating God's prohibition against eating fruit from the tree of knowledge (Genesis 2:17).[14] The woman is lured into dialogue on the serpent's terms which directly disputes God's command.[15] The serpent assures the woman that God will not let her die if she ate the fruit, and, furthermore, that if she ate the fruit, her "eyes would be opened" and she would "be like God, knowing good and evil" (Genesis 3:5). The woman sees that the fruit of the tree of knowledge is a delight to the eye and that it would be desirable to acquire wisdom by eating the fruit. The woman eats the fruit and gives some to the man (Genesis 3:6). With this the man and woman recognize their own nakedness, and they make loincloths of fig leaves (Genesis 3:7).[16]
In the next narrative dialogue, God questions the man and the woman (Genesis 3:8–13),[12] and God initiates a dialogue by calling out to the man with a rhetorical question designed to consider his wrongdoing. The man explains that he hid in the garden out of fear because he realized his own nakedness (Genesis 3:10).[17] This is followed by two more rhetorical questions designed to show awareness of a defiance of God's command. The man then points to the woman as the real offender, and he implies that God is responsible for the tragedy because the woman was given to him by God (Genesis 3:12).[18] God challenges the woman to explain herself, whereby she shifts the blame to the serpent (Genesis 3:13).[19]
The Fall of Adam and Eve as depicted in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo
Divine pronouncement of three judgments are then laid against all the culprits, Genesis 3:14–19.[12] A judgement oracle and the nature of the crime is first laid upon the serpent, then the woman, and, finally, the man. On the serpent, God places a divine curse.[20] The woman receives penalties that impact her in two primary roles: she shall experience pangs during childbearing, pain during childbirth, and while she shall desire her husband, he will rule over her.[21] The man's penalty results in God cursing the ground from which he came, and the man then receives a death oracle, although the man has not been described, in the text, as immortal.[13]:18;[22] Abruptly, in the flow of text, in Genesis 3:20, the man names the woman "Eve", (Heb. hawwah) "because she was the mother of all living". God makes skin garments for Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:20).
The chiasmus structure of the death oracle given to Adam in Genesis 3:19, is a link between man's creation from "dust" (Genesis 2:7) to the "return" of his beginnings:[23]" you return, to the ground, since from it you were taken, for dust you are, and to dust, you will return."
The garden account ends with an intradivine monologue, determining the couple's expulsion, and the execution of that deliberation (Genesis 3:22–24}.[12] The reason given for the expulsion was to prevent the man from eating from the tree of life and becoming immortal: "Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever" (Genesis 3:22).[13]:18;[24] God exiles Adam and Eve from the Garden and installs cherubs (supernatural beings that provide protection) and the "ever-turning sword" to guard the entrance (Genesis 3:24).[25]
Offspring[edit]
Main article: Genealogies of Genesis
Genesis 4 tells of the birth of Cain and Abel, Adam and Eve's first children, while Genesis 5 gives Adam's genealogy past that. Adam and Eve are listed as having three children, Cain, Abel and Seth, then "other sons and daughters", Genesis 5:4. According to the Book of Jubilees (which is usually not considered canonical), Cain married his sister Awan, a daughter of Adam and Eve.[26]
Textual history[edit]
The Primeval History forms the opening chapters of the Torah, the five books making up the history of the origins of Israel. This achieved something like its current form in the 5th century BCE,[27] but Genesis 1-11 shows little relationship to the rest of the Bible:[28] for example, the names of its characters and its geography - Adam (man) and Eve (life), the Land of Nod ("Wandering"), and so on - are symbolic rather than real,[29] and almost none of the persons, places and stories mentioned in it are ever met anywhere else.[29] This has led scholars to suppose that the History forms a late composition attached to Genesis and the Pentateuch to serve as an introduction.[30] Just how late is a subject for debate: at one extreme are those who see it as a product of the Hellenistic period, in which case it cannot be earlier than the first decades of the 4th century BCE;[31] on the other hand the Yahwist source has been dated by some scholars, notably John Van Seters, to the exilic pre-Persian period (the 6th century BCE) precisely because the Primeval History contains so much Babylonian influence in the form of myth.[32][Note 1] The Primeval History draws on two distinct "sources", the Priestly source and what is sometimes called the Yahwist source and sometimes simply the "non-Priestly"; for the purpose of discussing Adam and Eve in the Book of Genesis the terms "non-Priestly" and "Yahwist" can be regarded as interchangeable.[33]
Certain concepts, such as the serpent being identified as Satan, Eve being a sexual temptation, or Adam's first wife being Lilith, come from literary works found in various Jewish apocrypha, but they are not found anywhere in the Book of Genesis or the Torah itself.[citation needed] Writings dealing with these subjects are extant literature in Greek, Latin, Slavonic, Syriac, Armenian, and Arabic, extending back to ancient Jewish thought. The concepts are not part of Rabbinic Judaism,[citation needed] but they did influence Christian theology, and this marks a radical split between the two religions. Some of the oldest Jewish portions of apocrypha are called Primary Adam Literature where some works became Christianized. Examples of Christianized works are Life of Adam and Eve, Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan[34] and an original Syriac work entitled Cave of Treasures[35] which has close affinities to the Conflict as noted by August Dillmann.
Some modern scholars, such as James Barr, Moshe Greenberg, and Michael Fishbane, see the story of Adam and Eve as a representation of a rise to moral agency, at least as much as, if not more than the story of a fall from grace. Carol Meyers and Bruce Naidoff view the tale as an explanation of agricultural conditions in the highlands of Canaan.[36]
Abrahamic traditions[edit]
Judaism[edit]
For the Jewish Weekly Torah portion, see Bereshit (parsha) § Third reading, and Bereshit (parsha) § Fourth reading.
It was also recognized in ancient Judaism, that there are two distinct accounts for the creation of man. The first account says "male and female [God] created them", implying simultaneous creation, whereas the second account states that God created Eve subsequent to the creation of Adam. The Midrash Rabbah – Genesis VIII:1 reconciled the two by stating that Genesis one, "male and female He created them", indicates that God originally created Adam as a hermaphrodite,[37] bodily and spiritually both male and female, before creating the separate beings of Adam and Eve. Other rabbis suggested that Eve and the woman of the first account were two separate individuals, the first being identified as Lilith, a figure elsewhere described as a night demon.
According to traditional Jewish belief, Adam and Eve are buried in the Cave of Machpelah, in Hebron.
In Reform Judaism, Harry Orlinsky analyzes the Hebrew word nefesh in Genesis 2:7 where "God breathes into the man's nostrils and he becomes nefesh hayya." Orlinsky argues that the earlier translation of the phrase "living soul" is incorrect. He points out that "nefesh" signifies something like the English word "being", in the sense of a corporeal body capable of life; the concept of a "soul" in the modern sense, did not exist in Hebrew thought until around the 2nd century B.C., when the idea of a bodily resurrection gained popularity.[38]
Christianity[edit]
Adam, Eve, and the (female) Serpent (often identified as Lilith) at the entrance to Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
Main articles: Fall of man and Original sin
Some early fathers of the Christian church held Eve responsible for the Fall of man and all subsequent women to be the first sinners because Eve tempted Adam to commit the taboo. "You are the devil's gateway" Tertullian told his female listeners, and went on to explain that they were responsible for the death of Christ: "On account of your desert [i.e., punishment for sin, that is, death], even the Son of God had to die."[39] In 1486, the Dominicans Kramer and Sprengler used similar tracts in Malleus Maleficarum ("Hammer of Witches") to justify the persecution of "witches".
Medieval Christian art often depicted the Edenic Serpent as a woman (often identified as Lilith), thus both emphasizing the Serpent's seductiveness as well as its relationship to Eve. Several early Church Fathers, including Clement of Alexandria and Eusebius of Caesarea, interpreted the Hebrew "Heva" as not only the name of Eve, but in its aspirated form as "female serpent."
Based on the Christian doctrine of the Fall of man, came the doctrine of original sin. St Augustine of Hippo (354–430), working with a Latin translation of the Epistle to the Romans, interpreted the Apostle Paul as having said that Adam's sin was hereditary: "Death passed upon [i.e., spread to] all men because of Adam, [in whom] all sinned", Romans 5:12[40] Original sin became a concept that man is born into a condition of sinfulness and must await redemption. This doctrine became a cornerstone of Western Christian theological tradition, however, not shared by Judaism or the Orthodox churches.
Over the centuries, a system of unique Christian beliefs had developed from these doctrines. Baptism became understood as a washing away of the stain of hereditary sin in many churches, although its original symbolism was apparently rebirth. Additionally, the serpent that tempted Eve was interpreted to have been Satan, or that Satan was using a serpent as a mouthpiece, although there is no mention of this identification in the Torah and it is not held in Judaism.
Conservative Protestants typically interpret Genesis 3 as defining humanity's original parents as Adam and Eve who disobeyed God's prime directive that they were not to eat "the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" (NIV). When they disobeyed, they committed a major transgression against God and were immediately punished, which led to "the fall" of humanity. Thus, sin and death entered the universe for the first time. Adam and Eve were ejected from the Garden of Eden, never to return.[41]
Islam[edit]
Main article: Biblical narratives and the Quran § Adam and Eve (آدم Adam and حواء Hawwaa)
Painting from Manafi al-Hayawan (The Useful Animals), depicting Adam and Eve. From Maragheh in Iran, 1294–99
In Islam, Adam (Ādam; Arabic: آدم), whose role is being the father of humanity, is looked upon by Muslims with reverence. Eve (Ḥawwāʼ; Arabic: حواء ) is the "mother of humanity".[42] The creation of Adam and Eve is referred to in the Qurʼān, although different Qurʼanic interpreters give different views on the actual creation story (Qurʼan, Surat al-Nisaʼ, verse 1).[43]
In al-Qummi's tafsir on the Garden of Eden, such place was not entirely earthly. According to the Qurʼān, both Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit in a Heavenly Eden (see also Jannah). As a result, they were both sent down to Earth as God's representatives. Each person was sent to a mountain peak: Adam on al-Safa, and Eve on al-Marwah. In this Islamic tradition, Adam wept 40 days until he repented, after which God sent down the Black Stone, teaching him the Hajj. According to a prophetic hadith, Adam and Eve reunited in the plain of ʻArafat, near Mecca.[44] They had two sons together, Qabil and Habil. There is also a legend of a younger son, named Rocail, who created a palace and sepulcher containing autonomous statues that lived out the lives of men so realistically they were mistaken for having souls.[45]
The concept of "original sin" does not exist in Islam, because according to Islam Adam and Eve were forgiven by God. When God orders the angels to bow to Adam, Iblīs questioned, "Why should I bow to man? I am made of pure fire and he is made of soil."[46] The liberal movements within Islam have viewed God's commanding the angels to bow before Adam as an exaltation of humanity, and as a means of supporting human rights; others view it as an act of showing Adam that the biggest enemy of humans on earth will be their ego.[47]
Gnostic traditions[edit]
See also: Gnostics
Gnostic Christianity discussed Adam and Eve in two known surviving texts, namely the "Apocalypse of Adam" found in the Nag Hammadi documents and the "Testament of Adam". The creation of Adam as Protoanthropos, the original man, is the focal concept of these writings.
Another Gnostic tradition held that Adam and Eve were created to help defeat Satan. The serpent, instead of being identified with Satan, is seen as a hero by the Ophites. Still other Gnostics believed that Satan's fall, however, came after the creation of humanity. As in Islamic tradition, this story says that Satan refused to bow to Adam due to pride. Satan said that Adam was inferior to him as he was made of fire, whereas Adam was made of clay. This refusal led to the fall of Satan recorded in works such as the Book of Enoch.
Bahá'í Faith[edit]
In the Bahá'í Faith, the Adam and Eve narrative is seen as symbolic. In Some Answered Questions, 'Abdu'l-Bahá rejects a literal reading and states that the story contains "divine mysteries and universal meanings".[48] Adam symbolizes the "heavenly spirit", Eve symbolizes the "human soul", the Tree of Knowledge symbolizes "the human world", and the serpent symbolizes "attachment to the human world".[49][50][51] The fall of Adam thus represents the way humanity became conscious of good and evil.[52] In another sense, Adam and Eve represent God's Will and Determination, the first two of the seven stages of Divine Creative Action.[53]
Historicity[edit]
Main article: Historicity of the Bible
While a traditional view was that the Book of Genesis was authored by Moses and has been considered historical and metaphorical, modern scholars consider the Genesis creation narrative as one of various ancient origin myths.[54][55]
Analysis like the documentary hypothesis also suggests that the text is a result of the compilation of multiple previous traditions, explaining apparent contradictions.[56][57] Other stories of the same canonical book, like the Genesis flood narrative, are also understood as having been influenced by older literature, with parallels in the older Epic of Gilgamesh.[58]
With scientific developments in paleontology, geology, biology and other disciplines, it was discovered that humans, and all other living things, share a common ancestor and evolved through natural processes, with earlier life forms going back to billions of years.[59][60]
In biology the most recent common ancestors, when traced back using the Y-chromosome for the male lineage and mitochondrial DNA for the female lineage, are commonly called the Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve, respectively. These do not fork from a single couple at the same epoch even if the names were borrowed from the Tanakh.[61]
Arts and literature[edit]
Adam and Eve were used by early Renaissance artists as a theme to represent female and male nudes. Later, the nudity was objected to by more modest elements, and fig leaves were added to the older pictures and sculptures, covering their genitals. The choice of the fig was a result of Mediterranean traditions identifying the unnamed Tree of Knowledge as a fig tree, and since fig leaves were actually mentioned in Genesis as being used to cover Adam and Eve's nudity.
Treating the concept of Adam and Eve as the historical truth introduces some logical dilemmas. One such dilemma is whether they should be depicted with navels (the Omphalos theory). Since they did not develop in a uterus, they would not have been connected to an umbilical cord like all other humans. Paintings without navels looked unnatural and some artists obscure that area of their bodies, sometimes by depicting them covering up that area of their body with their hand or some other intervening object.
John Milton's Paradise Lost, a famous 17th-century epic poem written in blank verse, explores and elaborates upon the story of Adam and Eve in great detail. As opposed to the Biblical Adam, Milton's Adam is given a glimpse of the future of mankind, by the archangel Michael, before he has to leave Paradise.
American painter Thomas Cole painted The Garden of Eden (1828), with lavish detail of the first couple living amid waterfalls, vivid plants, and attractive deer.[62]
Mark Twain wrote humorous and satirical diaries for Adam and Eve in both Eve's Diary (1906) and The Private Life of Adam and Eve (1931), posthumously published.
C. L. Moore's 1940 story Fruit of Knowledge is a re-telling of the Fall of Man as a love triangle between Lilith, Adam and Eve – with Eve's eating the forbidden fruit being in this version the result of misguided manipulations by the jealous Lilith, who had hoped to get her rival discredited and destroyed by God and thus regain Adam's love.
In Stephen Schwartz's musical Children of Eden, "Father" (God) creates Adam and Eve at the same time and considers them His children. They even assist Him in naming the animals. When Eve is tempted by the serpent and eats the forbidden fruit, Father makes Adam choose between Him and Eden, or Eve. Adam chooses Eve and eats the fruit, causing Father to banish them into the wilderness and destroying the Tree of Knowledge, from which Adam carves a staff. Eve gives birth to Cain and Abel, and Adam forbids his children from going beyond the waterfall in hopes Father will forgive them and bring them back to Eden. When Cain and Abel grow up, Cain breaks his promise and goes beyond the waterfall, finding the giant stones made by other humans, which he brings the family to see, and Adam reveals his discovery from the past: during their infancy, he discovered these humans, but had kept it secret. He tries to forbid Cain from seeking them out, which causes Cain to become enraged and he tries to attack Adam, but instead turns his rage to Abel when he tries to stop him and kills him. Later, when an elderly Eve tries to speak to Father, she tells how Adam continually looked for Cain, and after many years, he dies and is buried underneath the waterfall. Eve also gave birth to Seth, which expanded hers and Adam's generations. Finally, Father speaks to her to bring her home. Before she dies, she gives her blessings to all her future generations, and passes Adam's staff to Seth. Father embraces Eve and she also reunited with Adam and Abel. Smaller casts of the American version usually have the actors cast as Adam and Eve double as Noah and Mama Noah.
John William "Uncle Jack" Dey painted "Adam and Eve Leave Eden" (1973), using stripes and dabs of pure color to evoke Eden's lush surroundings.[63]
In C.S.Lewis' science fiction novel "Perelandra", the story of Adam and Eve is re-enacted on the Planet Venus - but with a different ending. A green-skinned pair, who are destined to be the ancestors of Venusian humanity, are living in naked innocence on wonderful floating islands which are the Venusian Eden; a demonically-possessed Earth scientist arrives in a spaceship, acting the part of the snake and trying to tempt the Venusian Eve into disobeying God; but the protagonist, Cambridge scholar Ransom, succeeds in thwarting him - so that Venusian humanity will have a glorious future, free of Original Sin.
Image gallery[edit]
The Woman, the Man, and the Serpent by Byam Shaw
Adam and Eve by Titian
Depiction of the Fall in Kunsthalle Hamburg, by Master Bertram
Adam and Eve by Albrecht Dürer
Eve giving Adam the forbidden fruit, by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Adam and Eve from a copy of the Falnama (Book of Omens) ascribed to Ja´far al-Sadiq, ca. 1550, Safavid dynasty, Iran
Detail of a stained glass window (12th century) in Saint-Julien cathedral - Le Mans, France
Adam & Eve, illuminated manuscript circa 950, Escorial Beatus
Adam and Eve by Maarten van Heemskerck
Early Christian depiction of Adam and Eve in the Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter
Adam and Eve Driven From Paradise by James Tissot
Adam and Eve depicted in a mural in Abreha wa Atsbeha Church, Ethiopia
See also[edit]
Adam and Eve (LDS Church)
Ask and Embla, the first two humans created by Norse gods
Balbira & Kalmana
Biblical narratives and the Qur'an
Christian naturism
Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan
Generations of Adam
Líf and Lífþrasir
Malakas and Maganda, the first two humans according to some Philippine Myths
Manu and Shatarupa
Mashya and Mashyana, the first two humans in Zoroastrian cosmogony
Pre-Adamite
Tree of Jiva and Atman
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See John Van Seters, Prologue to History: The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis (1992), pp.80, 155-156.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Womack, Mari (2005). Symbols and Meaning: A Concise Introduction. Walnut Creek ... [et al.]: Altamira Press. p. 81. ISBN 0759103224. Retrieved 16 August 2013. Creation myths are symbolic stories describing how the universe and its inhabitants came to be. Creation myths develop through oral traditions and therefore typically have multiple versions.
Jump up ^ Leeming, David (2010). Creation Myths of the World: Parts I-II. p. 303.
Jump up ^ Azra, Azyumardi (2009). "Chapter 14. Trialogue of Abrahamic Faiths: Towards an Alliance of Civilizations". In Ma'oz, Moshe. The Meeting of Civilizations: Muslim, Christian, and Jewish. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 220–229. ISBN 978-1-845-19395-9. ISBN 1-84519395-4.
Jump up ^ Alfred J., Kolatch (1985). The Second Jewish Book of Why (2nd, revised ed.). New York City: Jonathan David Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-824-60305-2. Excerpt in Judaism's Rejection Of Original Sin.
Jump up ^ William Saletan (2014). "God's Work? A new poll suggests Americans aren't so confident in their creationism".
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. ix.
Jump up ^ Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hearne 1990, p. 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Galambush 2000, p. 436.
Jump up ^ Alter 2008, p. 27-28.
Jump up ^ Freedman, Meyers, Patrick (1983). Carol L. Meyers; Michael Patrick O'Connor; David Noel Freedman, eds. The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman. Eisenbrauns. pp. 343–344. ISBN 9780931464195.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mathews 1996, p. 226
^ Jump up to: a b c Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: introduction and annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi. The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195297515.
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 235
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 236
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 237
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 240
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 241
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 242
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 243
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 248
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 252
Jump up ^ Mathews 1996, p. 253
Jump up ^ Addis, Edward (1893). The Documents of the Hexateuch, Volume 1. Putnam. pp. 4–7.
Jump up ^ Weinstein, Brian (2010). 54 Torah Talks: From Layperson to Layperson. iUniverse. p. 4. ISBN 9781440192555.
Jump up ^ Betsy Halpern Amaru (1999). The Empowerment of Women in the Book of Jubilees, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Enns 2012, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Sailhamer 2010, p. 301 and fn.35.
^ Jump up to: a b Blenkinsopp 2011, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Sailhamer 2010, p. 301.
Jump up ^ Gmirkin 2006, p. 240-241.
Jump up ^ Gmirkin 2006, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Carr 2000, p. 492.
Jump up ^ First translated by August Dillmann (Das christl. Adambuch des Morgenlandes, 1853), and the Ethiopic book first edited by Trump (Abh. d. Münch. Akad. xv., 1870–1881).
Jump up ^ Die Schatzhöhle translated by Carl Bezold from three Syriac MSS (1883), edited in Syriac (1888).
Jump up ^ Title = Revelation and Authority: Sinai in Jewish Scripture and Tradition Author = Benjamin D. Sommer Pub = The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library Date = June 30, 2015 pg = 20
Jump up ^ Howard Schwartz (September 2004). "173". Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism: The Mythology of Judaism. p. 138. ISBN 0195086791. Retrieved 27 December 2014. The myth of Adam the Hermaphrodite grows out of three biblical verses
Jump up ^ Harry Orlinsky's Notes to the NJPS Torah
Jump up ^ "Tertullian, "De Cultu Feminarum", Book I Chapter I, ''Modesty in Apparel Becoming to Women in Memory of the Introduction of Sin Through a Woman'' (in "The Ante-Nicene Fathers")". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ Fox, Robin Lane (2006) [1991]. The Unauthorized Version: Truth and Fiction in the Bible. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 15–27. ISBN 9780141925752.
Jump up ^ Robinson, B.A. "Salvation: Teachings by Southern Baptists and other conservative Protestant denominations". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, 2010. Accessed 2 Feb 2013
Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism, Wheeler, "Adam and Eve"
Jump up ^ Quran 4:1:O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife Hawwa (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women;
Jump up ^ Mecca and Eden: Ritual, Relics, and Territory in Islam – Brannon M. Wheeler – Google Books. Books.google.com.qa. July 2006. ISBN 9780226888040. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ William Godwin (1876). "Lives of the Necromancers".
Jump up ^ Quran 7:12
Jump up ^ Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, Mizan. Lahore: Dar al-Ishraq, 2001
Jump up ^ Sours, Michael (2001). The Tablet of the Holy Mariner: An Illustrated Guide to Baha'u'llah's Mystical Work in the Sufi Tradition. Los Angeles: Kalimát Press. p. 86. ISBN 1-890688-19-3.
Jump up ^ Some Answered Questions: Adam and Eve. 'Abdu'l-Bahá.
Jump up ^ Momen, Wendy (1989). A Basic Bahá'í Dictionary. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 8. ISBN 0-85398-231-7.
Jump up ^ McLean, Jack (1997). Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology – Volume 8. p. 215.
Jump up ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Adam". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 23. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
Jump up ^ Saiedi, Nader (2008). Gate of the Heart. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-55458-035-4.
Jump up ^ Van Seters, John (1998). "The Pentateuch". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780664256524.
Jump up ^ Davies, G.I (1998). "Introduction to the Pentateuch". In John Barton. Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780198755005.
Jump up ^ Gooder, Paula (2000). The Pentateuch: A Story of Beginnings. T&T Clark. pp. 12–14. ISBN 9780567084187.
Jump up ^ Van Seters, John (2004). The Pentateuch: A Social-science Commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 30–86. ISBN 9780567080882.
Jump up ^ Finkel, Irving (2014). The Ark Before Noah. UK: Hachette. p. 88. ISBN 9781444757071.
Jump up ^ Kampourakis, Kostas (2014). Understanding Evolution. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–129. ISBN 978-1-107-03491-4. LCCN 2013034917. OCLC 855585457.
Jump up ^ Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (October 5, 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. 158 (3–4): 141–155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. ISSN 0301-9268.
Jump up ^ Takahata, N (January 1993). "Allelic genealogy and human evolution". Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 (1): 2–22. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a039995. PMID 8450756.
Jump up ^ Exhibit at the Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas
Jump up ^ "Adam and Eve Leave Eden". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
Bibliography[edit]
Alter, Robert (2004). The Five Books of Moses. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-33393-0.
Galambush, Julie (2000). "Eve". In Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565032.
Greenblatt, Stephen (2017). The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-24080-1.
Hearne, Stephen Z. (1990). "Adam". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780865543737.
Hendel, Ronald S (2000). "Adam". In David Noel Freedman. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565032.
Mathews, K. A. (1996). Genesis 1–11:26. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0805401011.
Mckenzie, John L. (1995). The Dictionary of the Bible. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684819136.
Kissling, Paul (2004). Genesis, Volume 1. College Press. ISBN 978-0899008752.
Almond, Philip C. 'Adam and Eve in Seventeenth-Century Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, 2008)
Ayoub, Mahmoud. The Qur'an and its Interpreters, SUNY: Albany, 1984
Murdoch, Brian O. The Apocryphal Adam and Eve in Medieval Europe: Vernacular Translations and Adaptations of the Vita Adae et Evae. Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-956414-9
Patai, R. The Jewish Alchemists, Princeton University Press, 1994.
Rana & Hugh. Fazale Rana and Ross, Hugh, Who Was Adam: A Creation Model Approach to the Origin of Man, 2005, ISBN 1-57683-577-4
Sykes, Bryan. The Seven Daughters of Eve
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Adam and Eve
Look up adam and eve in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adam and Eve.
First Human Beings (Library of Congress)
The Story of Lilith in The Alphabet of Ben Sira
Islamic view of the fall of Adam (audio)
98 classical images of Adam and Eve
The Book of Jubilees
Adam and Eve in Medieval Reliefs, Capitals, Frescoes, Roof Bosses and Mosaics Cynistory and Phantamangas of Finceland
"Adam and Eve" at the Christian Iconography website
Translation of Grimm's Fairy Tale No. 180, Eve's Unequal Children, a German Fairy Tale about Adam and Eve
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Adam and Eve
Source
Genesis creation narrative in the Book of Genesis
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Offspring
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Awan
Azura
Television
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Film
Mama's Affair (1921)
Good Morning, Eve! (1934)
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The Original Sin (1948)
The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960)
El pecado de Adán y Eva (1969)
La Biblia en pasta (1984)
The Annunciation (1984)
Adipapam (1988)
Adam (1992)
Man's Best Friend (1998)
Babs (2000)
The Last Eve (2005)
Year One (2009)
The Tragedy of Man (2011)
Adam and Dog (2011)
Tropico (2013)
Plays
Le Jeu d'Adam (12th century)
The Broken Jug (1808)
The Tragedy of Man (1861)
The Creation of the World and Other Business (1972)
Musicals
The Apple Tree (1966)
Dude (1972)
Up from Paradise (1973)
Children of Eden (1991)
Compositions
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structure
La mort d'Adam (1809)
Ève (1875)
Genesis Suite (1945)
Lilith (2001)
Literature
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Books of Adam
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Genesis A and Genesis B
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"Old Saxon Genesis" (9th century)
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Paradise Lost (1667)
Le Dernier Homme (1805)
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Eve's Diary (1905)
The Book of Genesis (2009)
Art
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Adam and Eve (1507)
Paradise and Hell (1510)
The Creation of Adam (1512)
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Adam and Eve (1528)
The Fall of Man (1550)
Maps of ancient Israel
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The Fall of Man (1628)
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The Koren Picture-Bible (1692–1696)
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Eve (1931)
Adam and Eve (1932)
The Serpent Chooses Adam and Eve (1958)
Adam and Eve (1992)
Songs
"Dese Bones G'wine Rise Again"
"Adam-ondi-Ahman" (1835)
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Cain (1821)
Musicals
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Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion (1917)
The Book of Lies (2008)
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"Cain's Blood" (1995)
Other
La mort d'Abel (composition, 1810)
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Cain and Abel (DC Comics)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 62342107
GND: 118646907
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_and_Eve&oldid=837745785"
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text:
KFC in South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
KFC is the largest fast food chain in South Africa.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operations
2 History
3 References
4 External links
Operations[edit]
As of 2016, there are 828 KFC outlets in South Africa, and the company dominates the fast food market.[1][2][3] 10 percent of outlets are company owned, and 90 percent are franchise owned.[4]
Outlets sell the regional pap dish.[5]
South Africa is one of the few countries where KFC does not sell PepsiCo owned soft drinks, due to the company's historically small presence in the country.[6][7]
All of the chicken sold is reared in South Africa.[5]
History[edit]
KFC first entered the South African market in 1971.[8] The company was forced to divest its 60 company owned outlets and trademarks to a South African holding company called Devco in 1987 after the US Congress passed a law forbidding American companies from owning South African assets.[9] The company's 120 franchised outlets were not affected.[10] KFC continued to collect an administrative fee from Devco.[11] The company reacquired its former assets when sanctions were lifted in 1994.[12] By 1994 there were around 300 KFC outlets in the country.[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.yum.com/company/
Jump up ^ Hedley, Nick (June 7, 2013). "Yum to push KFC into Africa 'as fast as possible'". Business Day. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fast Food in South Africa". Euromonitor. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yum's Global Restaurant System". Yum! Brands. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Steyn, Lisa (June 21, 2013). "KFC's secret recipe for growth". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "KFC Menu: Drinks". KFC South Africa. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=history_theses
Jump up ^ Maritz, Jaco. "KFC's African adventure". How We Made It In Africa. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dodds, Paisley (June 20, 1994). "Kentucky Fried Chicken Returns to South Africa". Associated Press. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "KFC Getting Out of South Africa". Adweek. March 16, 1987.
Jump up ^ "KFC returns to South Africa with Devco purchase". Nation's Restaurant News. June 27, 1994.
Jump up ^ "Kfc Makes Re-entry Into S. Africa Market". Chicago Tribune. 21 June 1994. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "KFC expanding in South Africa". The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. June 21, 1994.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to KFC in South Africa.
Official KFC Website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFC_in_South_Africa&oldid=832762825"
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April Ludgate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
April Ludgate-Dwyer
Parks and Recreation character
Aubrey Plaza portrays April Ludgate
First appearance
"Pilot"
Last appearance
"One Last Ride"
Portrayed by
Aubrey Plaza
Information
Aliases
Janet Snakehole
Judy Hitler
Satan's Niece
Gender
Female
Occupation
Intern, City of Pawnee Parks and Recreation (former)
Assistant to Ron Swanson (former)
Assistant to Chris Traeger (former)
Assistant to Ben Wyatt during a congressional campaign
Deputy Director of Pawnee Animal Control (former)
Employee at the National Park Service: Midwest Branch (former)
Employee at American Service Foundation
Family
Larry Ludgate (father)
Rita Ludgate (mother)
Natalie Ludgate (sister)
Spouse(s)
Andy Dwyer
Significant other(s)
Derek (ex-boyfriend)
Eduardo (ex-boyfriend)
Children
Burt Snakehole Ludgate Karate Dracula Macklin Demon Jack-o-Lantern "Jack" Dwyer (b. 2023)
Unnamed Child (b. 2025)
Nationality
American
(English and Puerto Rican descent)
April Roberta Ludgate-Dwyer[1] (portrayed by Aubrey Plaza) is a fictional character in the NBC comedy Parks and Recreation.[2] She is first seen as an apathetic college student working as an intern in the Pawnee Department of Parks and Recreation, before being hired as Ron Swanson's assistant. She later becomes the Deputy Director of Animal Control. April, along with Plaza's performance, garnered universal acclaim and has gained popularity for her goth-like behavior and deadpan-style comedy.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Character arc
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Season 5
2.6 Season 6
2.7 Season 7
3 Development
4 References
Background[edit]
April Ludgate is a college student who starts out working as an intern in the Pawnee parks and recreation department. April is extremely uninterested in the job, regularly napping at her desk and texting constantly, and acts very dry and sarcastic around her co-workers. She was assigned the internship because she overslept on intern sign-up date, which she blamed on her sister Natalie for not waking her up.[3][4] April is of English and Puerto Rican descent (she claims that this explains her 'lively and colorful' personality), and she speaks and understands Spanish fairly well as a result.[5] Her family refers to her as Zuzu.
April was responsible for uploading the staff bios onto the Pawnee parks and recreation site,[6] and she jokingly made a fictional bio for herself that reads as follows:
“
April Ludgate-Dwyer was born in Björk’s house in Iceland and grew up on Easter Island, where her parents were giant stone heads. She has the ability to fire beams of tacos out of her hands and she can turn her legs into tigers. On Sundays, April enjoys reading Family Circus and traveling through time. Her favorite color is greenish-transparent and her favorite movie is the one you just watched. April is in charge of uploading the staff bios to the website, and no one has checked over her work.[6]
”
While picking Spirit dogs in season six, Donna described her as follows:
“
"You're beautiful yet cold and aloof. You pride yourself on being a loner. You do not obey, you choose to cooperate. And when you stop baring your fangs to pick a mate, it's for life. And you're fiercely loyal to your pack. Which makes you a rare black Siberian husky."
”
Character arc[edit]
Season 1[edit]
April starts as a 19-year-old intern at the parks department who is somewhat rebellious and is often annoyed by her fellow parks department workers. For the first two seasons, her boyfriend was Derek, who is openly bisexual and who simultaneously dates an openly gay college student named Ben, whom April dislikes. (Aubrey Plaza herself came up with the idea of her character's boyfriend being bisexual and her boyfriend himself dating another guy.)[7]
Season 2[edit]
Although still dating her openly bisexual boyfriend, Derek, who is still dating his gay boyfriend, Ben, April begins to develop a crush on Andy Dwyer (who works at city hall), the ex-boyfriend of Ann Perkins.[8] Andy is able to make April smile, which is something she rarely does.[9] April flirts with Andy and even convinces Andy to let her give him hickeys on his neck in order to make Ann jealous, but Andy nevertheless remains unaware of her feelings toward him.[10] In order to remain close to Andy, April volunteers to work as Ron's assistant, ending her time as an intern and establishing a full-time position at the Pawnee town hall.[11] April finally breaks up with Derek after he makes fun of Andy and gives her a hard time about spending too much time with him.[12] Toward the end of the season Andy and April's relationship begins to grow to the point that he begins to reciprocate her feelings but their age difference continues to be a wedge between them. They admit their mutual attraction to each other in the season finale, but she tells him she does not want to get involved with him due to what she perceives as his lasting feelings for Ann. She changes her mind after he gets into a car accident and the two kiss for the first time, but she leaves abruptly after he reveals Ann kissed him just two minutes earlier.
Season 3[edit]
April traveled to Venezuela between seasons but has returned to Pawnee to continue her job at the Parks Dept. and has a new Spanish-speaking Venezuelan boyfriend, Eduardo. April eventually breaks up with Eduardo after he becomes friends with Andy because Eduardo was used only to make Andy jealous. April tells Andy to do all of the things she hates doing for her for a month. After only one day of him doing this, April kisses Andy. Andy and April decide to get married in "April and Andy's Fancy Party" after only one month of dating. Andy had proposed to April the day before the party asking, "What if we got married tomorrow?" to which April replied, "Fine." They were married at their dinner party (which was actually a surprise ceremony) in front of their friends and family.[1][13] With a great deal of help from new housemate Ben Wyatt they have learned, to a limited extent, how to live and act like working adults.
Season 4[edit]
April and Andy throw a Halloween party at which Ron and Ann go around fixing all of the problems in her and Andy's house. She becomes a member of Leslie's campaign as the "youth outreach". April takes over a large portion of Leslie's duties in the Parks and Rec department towards the end of the season to allow Leslie to concentrate on the election. April is shown to somewhat enjoy and excel in this position. In "Bus Tour", April becomes legally known as April Ludgate-Dwyer.
Season 5[edit]
April is working as Ben's assistant at Washington D.C. as he successfully runs a congressional re-election campaign. She actively supports Andy while he tries to get into the Pawnee Police Department. Following her passion for animals, she develops plans to have Lot 48 become a dog park. She reveals that she wants to become a veterinarian and asks Ann to write her a recommendation letter. April becomes Deputy Director of the Animal Control by suggesting it be absorbed into the Parks Department due to its inefficiency.
Season 6[edit]
At the beginning of Season 6, April is planning on attending Veterinary School; however, upon going to the orientation with Ann she realizes it is not what she wants to do. While she supports Andy for having a job away in London, she is very upset while he is away and misses him. She develops a closer relationship with Donna, and they both try to stop Tom leaving the Parks Department by being unhelpful as he searches for a property for his restaurant. However, they later feel guilty, and help him find the perfect place. When Andy returns, she actively supports him on playing music for children, deciding to become his manager. While she makes out she is excited that Ann is leaving Pawnee, the pair share a nostalgic farewell at the Pawnee Commons site in "Ann and Chris". Along with Andy, Tom and some other Pawnee youths, she comes up with the idea of holding a Unity concert celebrating the merger. In the season finale, April has Leslie named a founder of the revamped city of Pawnee and motivates her to convince the National Park Service to move the Midwest Branch to Pawnee, which allows Leslie and Ben to stay. In addition, it is revealed that April and Andy are still happily married in 2017, with April working for Leslie.
Season 7[edit]
It's 2017 and April laments, as time has passed and she has remained in her government career, she fears she and Andy are becoming ordinary and boring. While driving through the warehouse district, they spot a creepy old house with an equally creepy owner. He tells them it was a place for old factory workers who ended up going mad. They decide to purchase it. When Joan Callamezzo is honored by the mayor, April starts to feel that her life hasn't been fulfilled yet, and realises working in the Parks Department really isn't her dream job. In "Ms. Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington", April is trying to find a way to tell Leslie that she wants to leave the Parks Department. When she finally tells Leslie, after a bit of reluctance, Leslie decides to help her. Leslie takes April to the American Service Foundation, which helps determine potential occupations for job-seekers. After April's meeting, April tells Leslie that she would like to work at the Foundation itself. April and Andy decide to relocate to Washington D.C when April gets an offer to work for the Foundation. However, she feels guilty for making Andy give up 'the best job he's ever had' working as Johnny Karate on his own TV show. Andy assures her that she is the best thing that ever happened to him and after all the support she has given him, helping him to become a children's entertainment phenomenon, she deserves his support in her search for happiness.
In a series of flash-forwards in the final episode, April and Andy ask Leslie and Ben for advice regarding the prospect of having children, which Andy very much wants but April does not. They decide to try for it and their son Jack (short for Jack-o-Lantern) is born on Halloween 2023. By 2025 the couple is expecting their second child.
Development[edit]
The role of April Ludgate was written specifically for Aubrey Plaza. Upon meeting the actress, Parks and Recreation casting director Allison Jones contacted series co-creator Michael Schur and said, "I just met the weirdest girl I’ve ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show."[14] Schur said he met with her and was taken so off-guard by her quiet and deadpan personality that he felt incredibly awkward and uncomfortable, spending the whole meeting trying to keep her entertained. Schur said that from that meeting on, he and fellow co-creator Greg Daniels knew they wanted to cast her on the show.[14][15] When the scripts for Parks and Recreation were first written, the character was referred to simply as "Aubrey".[15]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sepinwall, Alan (April 14, 2011). "Review: 'Parks and Recreation' - 'Andy and April's Fancy Party': Impulse power". HitFix. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kandell, Steve (April 15, 2011). "Parks and Recreation Recap: A Wedding". New York. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Parks & Recreation: Season One (Film (DVD)). Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Event occurs at Deleted Scenes: Pilot.
Jump up ^ "Parks and Recreation - Pilot: April the Intern". NBC. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (October 16, 2009). "Parks and Recreation: "Sister City" Review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 20, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "City of Pawnee - Parks and Recreation". Pawneeindiana.com. December 3, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schur, Michael (2009). Parks and Recreation: Season One: "Rock Show" (DVD). Universal Studios Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Abrams, Natalie (November 18, 2009). "Parks and Recreation: Leslie and Co. Have Love Woes". TV Guide.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (November 20, 2009). "Parks and Recreation: "Hunting Trip" Review". IGN. Archived from the original on November 23, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Heisler, Steve (November 19, 2009). "Parks and Recreation: "Hunting Trip"". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (January 15, 2010). ""Parks and Recreation" recap: Will Arnett can see your insides". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (February 12, 2010). ""Parks and Recreation" recap: Breaking up is hard to do". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ Busis, Hillary (April 15, 2011). "'Parks and Recreation': I now pronounce you man and... wait, seriously?". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Heisler, Steve (March 24, 2011). "Interview: Michael Schur". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Parks & Recreation - Paul Schneider & Aubrey Plaza (Paley Center, 2009)". Paley Center for Media. October 15, 2010. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Parks and Recreation
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"Canvassing"
"The Reporter"
"Boys' Club"
"The Banquet"
"Rock Show"
Season 2
"Pawnee Zoo"
"The Stakeout"
"Beauty Pageant"
"Practice Date"
"Sister City"
"Kaboom"
"Greg Pikitis"
"Ron and Tammy"
"The Camel"
"Hunting Trip"
"Tom's Divorce"
"Christmas Scandal"
"The Set Up"
"Leslie's House"
"Sweetums"
"Galentine's Day"
"Woman of the Year"
"The Possum"
"Park Safety"
"Summer Catalog"
"94 Meetings"
"Telethon"
"The Master Plan"
"Freddy Spaghetti"
Season 3
"Go Big or Go Home"
"Flu Season"
"Time Capsule"
"Ron & Tammy: Part Two"
"Media Blitz"
"Indianapolis"
"Harvest Festival"
"Camping"
"Andy and April's Fancy Party"
"Soulmates"
"Jerry's Painting"
"Eagleton"
"Road Trip"
"The Fight"
"The Bubble"
"Li'l Sebastian"
Season 4
"I'm Leslie Knope"
"Ron and Tammys"
"Born & Raised"
"Pawnee Rangers"
"End of the World"
"Bowling for Votes"
"Operation Ann"
"The Debate"
"Bus Tour"
"Win, Lose, or Draw"
Season 5
"Ms. Knope Goes to Washington"
"Soda Tax"
"How a Bill Becomes a Law"
"Sex Education"
"Halloween Surprise"
Season 6
Season 7
"Leslie and Ron"
"One Last Ride"
Characters
Leslie Knope
Ron Swanson
Tom Haverford
Ann Perkins
April Ludgate
Andy Dwyer
Ben Wyatt
Chris Traeger
Jerry Gergich
Donna Meagle
Mark Brendanawicz
Craig Middlebrooks
Jean-Ralphio Saperstein
Marlene Griggs-Knope
Related
Pawnee
Awards and nominations
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Ludgate&oldid=834392659"
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Parks and Recreation characters
Fictional civil servants
Fictional American people of Puerto Rican descent
Fictional American people of English descent
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text:
The Farm (The Office)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Farm"
The Office episode
Episode no.
Season 9
Episode 17
Directed by
Paul Lieberstein
Written by
Paul Lieberstein
Production code
9005[1]
Original air date
March 14, 2013
Running time
22 minutes
Guest appearance(s)
Majandra Delfino as Fannie
Matt Jones as Zeke
Thomas Middleditch as Jeb
Blake Garrett Rosenthal as Cammy
David Koechner as Todd Packer
Allan Havey as Henry
Nora Kirkpatrick as Esther
Mary Gillis as Aunt Shirley
Tom Bower as Heinrich Manheim (deleted scene)[2]
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Moving On" Next →
"Promos"
The Office (U.S. season 9)
List of The Office (U.S. TV series) episodes
"The Farm" is the seventeenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd overall. It originally aired on NBC on March 14, 2013. The episode guest stars Matt Jones as Dwight's cousin Zeke, Majandra Delfino as Dwight's sister Fannie, Blake Garrett Rosenthal as his nephew, and Thomas Middleditch as his brother.
The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. The episode revolves around Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) who attend the funeral of Dwight's Aunt Shirley at Schrute Farms. Dwight receives his aunt's property, and he and his siblings decide to run it. Meanwhile, Todd Packer (David Koechner) returns to the office to get back at them for his firing a year prior.
"The Farm" was produced to serve as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin-off series starring Wilson as Dwight, which NBC ultimately did not pick up. The episode received mostly negative reviews from television critics, with many criticizing Dwight's farm storyline and some critics calling it a "Frankenstein episode". The episode was viewed by 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9/5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot, and it was the highest-rated NBC series of the night.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Broadcast and reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Reviews
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) receives news that his Aunt Shirley has died, and he informs the office. The only co-worker he invites to the funeral is Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez), who flees when Dwight begins shooting the corpse with a shotgun to ensure it is really dead. At the funeral, Dwight's family gathers: his cousins Mose (Michael Schur) and Zeke (Matt Jones), his brother Jeb (Thomas Middleditch), his sister Fannie (Majandra Delfino), his nephew Cammy (Blake Garrett Rosenthal), and his uncle Heinrich (Tom Bower). The family learns that Aunt Shirley has willed the siblings her estate on the condition that they all come back home to run it. Despite Dwight's enthusiasm in inheriting it, Fannie and Jeb are unwilling to move back in due to the lack of sophistication farm life offers. Nevertheless, Dwight convinces them to help him run the farm.
Meanwhile, Todd Packer (David Koechner) visits the office and announces that he wants to make amends for his past behavior. He makes rude remarks masked as apologies and hands out store-bought cupcakes. Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) argues that they should not eat the cupcakes, to spite Packer. She remains adamant on this point even after Packer leaves, but once Pam goes home the remaining employees eat the cupcakes. Packer reveals to the documentary crew that he spiked the cupcakes with drugs, supposedly as revenge for getting him fired (though none of the employees present save Nellie had anything to do with his being fired). He then visits Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) at Athlead in Philadelphia, pulling the same trick on them. In the morning, Pam returns to the office and announces she is going to eat her cupcake, only to find everyone else reeling from the aftereffects of Packer's deed.
Production[edit]
Majandra Delfino guest starred as Dwight's sister.
The episode was written and directed by executive producer and former showrunner Paul Lieberstein, marking his thirteenth writing credit, sixth directorial credit and fourth dual credit.[3] "The Farm" was the fifth episode produced, but was the seventeenth aired, as noted by its production number.[1] It was originally supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin-off series starring Wilson and focusing on Dwight. As such, Wilson was initially slated to appear in only 13 episodes of The Office's ninth season before leaving for the spin-off.[4] Paul Lieberstein, the showrunner for The Office for seasons five through eight, stepped down at the start of season nine in order to focus more energy on the potential spin-off.[5] However, upon review, the spin-off was not picked up by NBC.[6] Executive producer Greg Daniels revealed that the episode would have additional material shot so that it fits better into the season, as the original version contained "certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show".[7]
The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene.[2][6][8] Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, "Junior Salesman".[9]
Broadcast and reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
"The Farm" originally aired on NBC on March 14, 2013, after a four-week hiatus.[10] In its original American broadcast, the episode was viewed by an estimated 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 rating/5 percent share.[11] This means that it was seen by 1.9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode, "Moving On".[11][12] The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot, being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2.9/8 percent rating, an entry of the ABC series Grey's Anatomy which received a 2.6/7 percent rating, and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2.0/6 percent rating.[11] Despite this, the episode was the highest-rated NBC series for the night.[11] 1.90 million viewers watched the episode via DVR playback, bringing the total viewership to 5.36 million viewers and a 3.0 18–49 rating.[13]
Reviews[edit]
"Then there was the open-endedness of Dwight walking onto the farm with his brother and sister, the beginning of the new life. The tone didn't match. None of this was necessarily bad on its own, but because we know what we know, it came off less like a weird outing for Dwight and revealed the stitching of people trying to patch in a standalone episode... which by mere approach made it feel larger and grander, the seams of the monster."
—Nick Campbell, TV.com[14]
"The Farm" received mostly negative reviews from critics, many criticizing Dwight's farm storyline and some critics calling it a "Frankenstein episode".[14][15] M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a C.[16] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered NBC's decision not to pick the spin-off for more episodes the right decision, writing that the characters and scenes were "barely sketches" and featured too much "cartoonishness". Sepinwall also criticized the Todd Packer scenes, and only saw Dwight's interactions with his nephew, Cammy, in a positive light.[17] TV.com columnist Nick Campbell called the farm storyline "unnatural" compared to the episode and the series, as a whole, and wrote that the tone to the ending "didn't match". Despite this, he complimented the storyline for "establishing tone, characters, and direction in literally half the time usually allotted".[14] The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams complimented the episode for serving as a "breather" from the season's long arcs, and gave good background information into Dwight's personality. He went on to criticize the pilot's broad humor, writing that following the scene featuring Dwight shooting a shotgun into his aunt's casket, "it would be next to impossible for The Farm to heighten from that point". Adams graded the episode a B.[18]
Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the two storylines "two pieces of that [sic] didn't work all that well together", which all added to a "dull" episode. Houx complimented Koechner's performance, calling him a "great improviser" but wrote that the whole plot was lacking. He also considered the farm plotline to be pointless and aimless, especially due to it airing in the last few episodes of the series.[19]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Rainn (December 13, 2012). "Remember all of these? #FinalSeason". Facebook.com. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Uncle Heinrich". NBC.com. March 16, 2013. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Paul Lieberstein (writer & director) (March 14, 2013). "The Farm". The Office. Season 9. Episode 17. NBC.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon (July 5, 2012). "Greg Daniels and the Future of 'The Office'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 21, 2012). "'The Office' Adds Two EPs for Season 9". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Bricker, Tierney (October 30, 2012). "Rainn Wilson's Office Spinoff, The Farm, Not Picked Up by NBC". E! Online. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (December 26, 2012). "The Office Boss: Retooled Spin-Off Episode Will Still Air – and Change Up the Dwangela Plan". TVLine. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Neal, Sean (August 27, 2012). "Two More People Cast in The Office spinoff The Farm, Including the Wacky Nazi Uncle". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth (February 1, 2013). "The Office: "Junior Salesman" Review". IGN. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shows A–Z – Office, The on NBC". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kondolojy, Amanda (March 15, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol' & 'Community' Adjusted Up; 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 15, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Zero Hour', 'Big Bang Theory', 'Community', 'Idol', 'Elementary' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 1, 2013). "Live+7 DVR Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18–49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains; '90210' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25". TV by the Numbers. Zap2it. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Campbell, Nick (March 15, 2013). "The Office "The Farm" Review: Try Not to Laugh When We Say "Backdoor"". TV.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cornet, Roth (March 15, 2013). "The Office: "The Farm" Review". IGN. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ M. Giant (March 14, 2013). "The Office TV Show – The Office Photos & Videos, The Office Reviews & The Office Recaps | TWoP". Television Without Pity. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (March 15, 2013). "Review: The Office – The Farm: The spin-off that wasn't". HitFix. Retrieved March 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik (March 14, 2013). ""The Farm" | The Office | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Houx, Damon (March 15, 2013). "'The Office' Review: "The Farm"". Screen Crush. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
External links[edit]
"The Farm" at NBC.com[dead link]
"The Farm" on IMDb
"The Farm" at TV.com
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