text:
New England Colonies
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The New England Colonies of British America included Connecticut Colony, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Province of New Hampshire, as well as a few smaller short-lived colonies. The New England colonies were part of the Thirteen Colonies and eventually became five of the six states in New England.[1] Captain John Smith was the author of the 1616 work A Description of New England which first applied the term "New England"[2] to the coastal lands from Long Island Sound to Newfoundland.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the Mayflower
2 Pilgrims and Puritans
3 Founding (1636)
4 Commerce
5 Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England
6 Education
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Sources
Before the Mayflower[edit]
The English royal charters granted land to the north to Queen Elizabeth, land to the south to the London Company.
France, England, and other countries made several attempts to colonize New England early in the 17th century, and those nations were often in contention for lands in the New World. French nobleman Pierre Dugua Sieur de Monts established a settlement on Saint Croix Island, Maine in June 1604 under the authority of the King of France. The small St. Croix River Island is located on the northern boundary of present-day Maine. Nearly half the settlers perished due to the harsh winter and scurvy, and the survivors moved north out of New England to Port-Royal of Nova Scotia (see symbol "R" on map to the right) in the spring of 1605.[4]
King James I of England recognized the need for a permanent settlement in New England, and he granted competing royal charters to the Plymouth Company and the London Company. The Plymouth Company ships arrived at the mouth of the Kennebec River (then called the Sagadahoc River) in August 1607 where they established a settlement named Sagadahoc Colony, better known as Popham Colony (see symbol "Po" on map to right) to honor financial backer Sir John Popham. The colonists faced a harsh winter, the loss of supplies following a storehouse fire, and mixed relations with the indigenous tribes.
Colony leader Captain George Popham died, and Raleigh Gilbert decided to return to England to take up an inheritance left by the death of an older brother—at which point, all of the colonists decided to return to England. It was around August 1608 when they left on the ship Mary and John and a new ship built by the colony named Virginia of Sagadahoc. The 30-ton Virginia was the first sea-going ship ever built in North America.[5]
Conflict over land rights continued through the early 17th century, with the French constructing Fort Pentagouet near present-day Castine, Maine in 1613. The fort protected a trading post and a fishing station and was considered the first longer-term settlement in New England. It changed hands multiple times throughout the 17th century among the English, French, and Dutch colonists.[6]
In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block traveled along the coast of Long Island Sound and then up the Connecticut River to present-day Hartford, Connecticut. By 1623, the Dutch West India Company regularly traded for furs there and, ten years later, they fortified it for protection from the Pequot Indians and named the site "House of Hope" (also identified as "Fort Hoop," "Good Hope," and "Hope").[7]
Pilgrims and Puritans[edit]
A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America, following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]
The Plymouth settlement faced great hardships and earned few profits, but it enjoyed a positive reputation in England and may have sown the seeds for further immigration. Edward Winslow and William Bradford published an account of their adventures in 1622 called Mourt's Relation.[10] This book was only a small glimpse of the hardships and adventures encountered by the Pilgrims, but it may have served to encourage other Puritans to emigrate during the Great Migration.
Major boundaries of Massachusetts Bay and neighboring colonial claims in the 17th century and 18th century. Modern state boundaries are partially overlaid for context.
The Puritans in England first sent smaller groups in the mid-1620s to establish colonies, buildings, and food supplies, learning from the Pilgrims' harsh experiences of winter in the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, the Plymouth Council for New England (successor to the Plymouth Company) established a small fishing village at Cape Ann under the supervision of the Dorchester Company. The first group of Puritans moved to a new town at nearby Naumkeag after the Dorchester Company dropped support, and fresh financial support was found by Rev. John White. Other settlements were started in nearby areas; however, the overall Puritan population remained small through the 1620s.[11]
A larger group of Puritans arrived in 1630, leaving England because they desired to worship in a manner that differed from the Church of England. Their views were in accord with those of the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower, except that the Pilgrims were known as "separatists" because they felt that they needed to separate themselves from the Church of England, whereas the later Puritans were content to remain under the umbrella of the Church of England. The separate colonies were governed independent of each other until 1691, when Plymouth Colony was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Early dissenters of the Puritan laws were often banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Connecticut Colony was started after Puritan minister Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts Bay with around 100 followers in search of greater religious and political freedom. Puritan minister Roger Williams left Massachusetts Bay to found the Rhode Island Colony, while John Wheelwright left with his followers to a colony in present-day New Hampshire and shortly thereafter on to present day Maine. The Puritans also established the American public school system for the express purpose of ensuring that future generations would be able to read the Bible for themselves, which was a central tenet of Puritan worship.[12]
Founding (1636)[edit]
It was the dead of winter in January 1636 when Salem minister Roger Williams had been banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony because of theological differences. In Salem, he preached that government and religion should be separate; he also believed that the Wampanoag and Narragansett tribes had been treated unfairly. That winter, the tribes helped Williams to survive and sold him land for a new colony in present-day Providence, Rhode Island which he named Providence Plantation in recognition of the intervention of Divine Providence in establishing the new colony. It was unique in its day in expressly providing for religious freedom and a separation of church from state.
Roger Williams returned to England two times to prevent the attempt of other colonies to take over Providence and to charter or incorporate Providence and other nearby communities into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[13]
A map of the Connecticut, New Haven, and Saybrook colonies
Later in 1636, Thomas Hooker left Massachusetts with one hundred followers and founded a new English settlement just north of the Dutch Fort Hoop that became Connecticut Colony. The community was first named Newtown then renamed Hartford shortly afterwards to honor the English town of Hertford. One of the reasons why Hooker left was that only members of the church could vote and participate in the government in Massachusetts Bay, which he believed should include any adult male owning property. The Connecticut Colony was not the first settlement in Connecticut (the Dutch were first) or even the first English settlement (Windsor was first in 1633). Thomas Hooker obtained a royal charter and established Fundamental Orders, considered to be one of the first constitutions in North America. Other colonies later merged into the royal charter for the Connecticut Colony, including New Haven and Saybrook.
Commerce[edit]
Whaling in small wooden boats with hand harpoons was a hazardous enterprise, even when hunting the "right" whale.
The earliest colonies in New England were usually fishing villages or farming communities on the more fertile land along the rivers. The rocky soil in the New England Colonies was not as fertile as the Middle or Southern Colonies, but the land provided rich resources, including lumber that was valued for building homes and ships. Lumber was also a resource that could be exported back to England, where there was a shortage of wood. In addition, the hunting of wildlife provided furs to be traded and food for the table.
In Massachusetts their economy was heavily based off of small industries with people working as, porters, tanners, shopkeepers and metalworkers. They had merchants which carried raw materials such as furs, timber, and the tar and pitch needed for shipbuilding. Trade went on directly between the English colonists and the European Caribbean islands.
The New England Colonies were located near the ocean where there was an abundance of whales, fish, and other marketable sea life. Excellent harbors and some inland waterways offered protection for ships and were also valuable for fresh water fishing. By the end of the 17th century, New England colonists had created an Atlantic trade network that connected them to the English homeland as well as the West African slave coast, the Caribbean's plantation islands, and the Iberian Peninsula. Colonists relied upon British and European imports for glass, linens, hardware, machinery, and other items for the colonial household.
The Southern Colonies could produce tobacco, rice, and indigo in exchange for imports, whereas New England's colonies could not offer much to England beyond fish, furs, and lumber. Inflation was a major issue in the economy. During the 18th century, shipbuilding drew upon the abundant lumber and revived the economy, often under the direction of the British Crown.[14]
Wartime Enslavement of Enemy Combatants in New England[edit]
Enslavement of enemies defeated in war was a common practice in European nations at this time. This was a policy that had been going on for decades in Ireland, particularly since the time of Elizabeth I and during the mid-17th century Cromwell wars in Britain and Ireland, where large numbers of Irish, Welsh, and Scots prisoners of war were sent as slaves to plantations in the West Indies, especially to Barbados and Jamaica.[15]
The practice of selling enemy combatants into slavery was begun in the American colonies during the Pequot War and King Philip's War. Military leader Benjamin Church spoke out at that time against enslavement of Indians. (Church's militia company was responsible for killing King Philip in August 1676.) In the summer of 1675, he described the enslavement of Indian combatants as "an action so hateful…that (I) opposed it to the loss of the good will and respect of some that before were (my) good friends." This said, Church was an owner of African slaves himself, like many Englishmen in the colony.[16]
Ships carrying captured war combatants began to leave New England ports during King Philip's War (1675-78) for places far away late in 1675 and, by the next summer, the shipping out of slaves had turned into a regular process which continued for the three years of the war. The policy concerning war enemies was that "no male captive above the age of fourteen years should reside in the colony."[17]
It is estimated that at least a thousand New England Indian warriors were sold as slaves during King Philip's War, with over half of those coming from Plymouth. By the end of the war, villages that were once crowded Indian population centers were empty of inhabitants, due to the fact that the male Indian population had risen in armed war against their English neighbors.[18]
Education[edit]
In the New England Colonies, the first settlements of Pilgrims and the other Puritans who came later taught their children how to read and write in order that they might read and study the Bible for themselves. Depending upon social and financial status, education was taught by the parents home-schooling their children, public grammar schools, and private governesses, which included subjects from reading and writing to Latin and Greek and more.
See also[edit]
Middle Colonies
Southern Colonies
Chesapeake Colonies
Thirteen Colonies
History of Massachusetts
Historical outline of Massachusetts
British Colonial America
New England
Manor of East Greenwich
History of New England
Dominion of New England
New England Confederation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Gipson
Jump up ^ Bisceglia
Jump up ^ Smith
Jump up ^ St. Croix Celebration. "St. Croix Island History". Archived from the original on 2001-08-03. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Maine’s First Ship: Historic Overview". Maine's First Ship. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "New France Forts". New France New Horizons. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ New York Historical Society, p. 260
Jump up ^ Deetz, Patricia Scot; James F. Deetz. "Passengers on the Mayflower: Ages & Occupations, Origins & Connections". The Plymouth Colony Archive Project. Retrieved 2008-11-10.
Jump up ^ NativeAmericans.com. "Squanto (The History of Tisquantum)". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradford, William (1865). Mourt’s Relation, or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth. Boston: J. K. Wiggin. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ Young, Alexander (1846). Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1623-1636. Boston: C. C. Little and J. Brown. p. 26. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Web Site. "America as a Religious Refuge: The Seventeenth Century". Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Roger Williams, Family Association. "Biography of Roger Williams". Retrieved 2009-02-07.
Jump up ^ . N.p.. Web. 20 Aug 2013. <https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/britain-and-the-settling-of-the-colonies-1600-1750/settling-new-england/commerce-in-the-new-england-colonies/>.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 253
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) pp 253, 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 345
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick. Mayflower: A story of Courage, Community and War (Viking 2006) p. 332
Sources[edit]
Bisceglia, Michael (12 February 2008). "John Smith: The man who named New England". Sea Coast Online. Retrieved April 28, 2013.
Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes) (1936-1970). Knopf.
Collections of the New York Historical Society. New York: H. Ludwig. 1841.
Smith, John, Captain & Admiral (1616). Royster, Paul, ed. A Description of New England (1616): An Online Electronic Text Edition. Electronic Texts in American Studies.
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North Carolina
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text:
Weston-super-Mare railway station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Weston-super-Mare
Location
Place
Weston-super-Mare
Local authority
North Somerset
Coordinates
51°20′41″N 2°58′18″W / 51.3446°N 2.9716°W / 51.3446; -2.9716Coordinates: 51°20′41″N 2°58′18″W / 51.3446°N 2.9716°W / 51.3446; -2.9716
Grid reference
ST324610
Operations
Station code
WSM
Managed by
Great Western Railway
Number of platforms
2
DfT category
C2
Live arrivals/departures, station information and onward connections
from National Rail Enquiries
Annual rail passenger usage*
2012/13
1.037 million
2013/14
1.063 million
2014/15
1.100 million
2015/16
1.143 million
2016/17
1.148 million
History
Original company
Bristol and Exeter Railway
Pre-grouping
Great Western Railway
Post-grouping
Great Western Railway
1841
Terminus opened
1866
Replaced by second station
1884
Replaced by present station
1972
Branch line singled
National Rail – UK railway stations
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at Weston-super-Mare from Office of Rail and Road statistics. Methodology may vary year on year.
UK Railways portal
Weston-super-Mare railway station serves the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare in North Somerset, England. It is situated on a loop off the main Bristol to Taunton Line, 137 miles 33 chains (221.1 km) from London Paddington via Bristol Temple Meads.
The station is operated by Great Western Railway (which was formerly known as 'First Great Western'). It consists of two platforms linked by a covered footbridge which is also used as a public footpath between roads on either side of the station. Trains may use either platform in either direction, and many services are booked to pass each other at the station.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1841 station
1.2 1866 station
1.3 1884 station
2 Services
3 Future
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
1841 station[edit]
A replica of the locomotive North Star at the site of the first station
The Bristol and Exeter Railway arrived in Weston-super-Mare on 14 June 1841. This was not the route that serves today's station, but rather a single-track branch line from Weston Junction railway station, midway between the present-day Worle and Uphill junctions, which terminated at a small station in Regent Street close to the High Street.[1]
The trains on this first branch line were made up of two or three small carriages which were hauled by a team of three horses. It was reported that, when a strong wind was blowing towards the train, passengers sometimes got out and walked as it could be quicker! By 1850 a limited number of trains were being worked by steam locomotives, but horses continued to be used on certain trains until 31 March 1851.[2]
The station had a train shed that covered two tracks, although only one passenger platform was provided. Between this and the High Street was the Railway Hotel; in the other direction a level crossing was provided to carry the line across Locking Road, the eastwards continuation of Regent Street. A small engine shed was eventually provided here to house the steam locomotive.
After closure, the land was eventually gifted to the town and planted with trees, giving rise to its unofficial name of "The Plantation". A floral clock was built on the site of the station building. Although the mechanism has not worked for many years, the raised flower bed is still planted each year to commemorate a local or national event. Next to this is a scale replica of North Star, the first locomotive to run on the Great Western Railway. It was erected in 2006 to commemorate to 200th anniversary of the birth of Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the engineer who designed this first station. The Railway Hotel is currently known as Tavern Inn the Town.
1866 station[edit]
The old signal box
New goods facilities were opened on the junction side of Locking Road in 1862; the first goods dispatched were three truck loads of flower pots from the nearby Royal Pottery. On 20 July 1866, a large passenger station was opened adjacent to this, which allowed the closure of Brunel's 1841 terminus and the elimination of the Locking Road level crossing, although a second one across Devonshire Road remained. The branch was given a second track at the same time.
The new station again featured a train shed which covered the platforms.[1] This was designed by the railway's engineer, Francis Fox, and was similar to the one built by him at about the same time at Exeter. The two platforms were supplemented by an excursion platform next to the goods depot.[2] A new Bristol and Exeter Hotel was opened to serve the new station; it is now known as The Town Crier.
Until now the branch had been part of Brunel's 7 ft (2,134 mm) broad gauge network, but on 1 July 1875 a third rail was added to each line which allowed 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) gauge trains to also reach the town. From 1879 no broad gauge trains were timetabled along the branch, although they continued to operate on the main line until 20 May 1892. In the meantime, the Bristol and Exeter Railway had been amalgamated into the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1876.
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
Weston Junction railway station Bristol and Exeter Railway Terminus
1884 station[edit]
A Class 31 with a local service to Bristol before the canopy was cut back
The Bristol and Exeter Railway had obtained an Act of Parliament in 1875 to construct a new loop line through the town, which would allow trains to serve the town and then continue along the main line. No action was taken on this for many years which led to a planning blight along the proposed route. An 1880 court case forced the Great Western Railway to pay 5% interest to the affected property owners, which prompted the railway company into action.[2]
The new line and station were opened on 1 March 1884.[1] This was not the end of the old branch line as for several years a trolley was taken along the old tracks to collect mail from a postal train at the old Junction station each night.[3] There was also a need to serve the town's gas works until 1972, and this was done along a short section of the old branch including the level crossing over Devonshire Road which had a roundabout built on it after the remainder of the branch became Winterstoke Road.
Map of the various stations in Weston
The new station consisted of three platforms – two through platforms and an east-facing terminal bay – and was given hipped glass and iron canopies to keep the weather off passengers.[2] A carriage siding was provided between the two main platforms and some more were built on land to the south of the station.[4] Yet more sidings and an engine shed were on the north side of the line near the 1866 station which quickly found itself being reopened for goods traffic until final closure on 30 June 1966.
A new terminal station was opened in 1914 to deal with excursion traffic, being known as Locking Road station, while the main station was known as Weston-super-Mare General.[2] Locking Road closed on 6 September 1964. The area once used by the 1866 and Locking Road stations, along with the sidings, has now been replaced by a Tesco store and a large car and coach park. The only surviving railway building is the old signal box; originally controlling the 1866 station, it shows signs of a later extension to allow extra signal levers for the larger station.
The loop line was singled on 31 January 1972.[4] Most of the sidings were removed at this time and the bay platform (Platform 3) was reduced to the status of a siding. Two signal boxes – one at each end of the station – were closed and new colour light signals provided. These are controlled from a Panel Signal Box at Bristol Temple Meads, but an emergency panel is situated in the Station Supervisors office that can be used to control the line from Puxton Signal Box to Uphill Junction along both the loop line and avoiding line when there are problems with the normal signalling system.
The station itself was refurbished in 1986 with a new booking office.[2] A few years later the canopy was renewed. This saw the removal of a few bays of the canopy at the east end of the station, and the replacement of the hipped canopy by a simpler modern design, although the original cast iron columns support this. Some hipped bays remain on the road side of the station entrance as a reminder of how it all once looked.
The station was listed at Grade II by Historic England on 20 November 2017.[5]
Services[edit]
A First Great Western service to Cardiff Central departs from Platform 2.
The core timetable consists of local services from Bristol Parkway that call at almost every station and then terminate at Weston-super-Mare, and semi-fast services calling at fewer stations between Cardiff Central and Taunton. These two routes combine to give two trains each hour between Bristol Temple Meads and Weston-super-Mare for most of the day during the week.[6] Sunday trains are less frequent and mainly start or terminate at Bristol T.M.
Additional services superimposed on these local trains include through services to London Paddington,[7] while CrossCountry operate some daily services between Paignton and Manchester Piccadilly. This links Weston-super-Mare with destinations to the north, such as Birmingham New Street and Stafford, without needing to change trains at Bristol Temple Meads.[8]
On summer Saturdays the number of long distance trains operated by both Great Western Railway and CrossCountry is significantly increased. Summer Sundays sees a call by the steam-hauled Torbay Express to Kingswear.
CrossCountry unit 220014 departs with a service for Manchester Piccadilly.
Buses operate from the railway station to Axbridge, Cheddar, Wells, Burnham-on-Sea, and Bristol Airport, as well as most parts of the town.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Weston Milton Great Western Railway
London/Cardiff to Taunton Highbridge and Burnham
Weston Milton Great Western Railway
Bristol Parkway to Weston-super-Mare Terminus
Bristol Temple Meads CrossCountry
Scotland and Manchester to Devon and Cornwall Taunton
Future[edit]
Four bidders pre-qualified for the 2013– Greater Western passenger franchise: clockwise from top left, Arriva, Stagecoach Group, FirstGroup and National Express.
First Great Western declined a contractual option to continue the Greater Western passenger franchise (of which local and London services at Weston-super-Mare are a part) beyond 2013, citing a desire for a longer-term contract due to the impending upgrade to the Great Western Main Line.[9] The franchise was put out to tender,[10][11][12] but the process was halted and later scrapped due to the fallout from the collapse of the West Coast Main Line franchise competition.[13] A two-year franchise extension until September 2015 was agreed in October 2013,[14][15] and subsequently extended until March 2019.[16][17][18] The coming years will see the introduction of new Intercity Express Trains, capacity enhancements and smart ticketing.[19]
With the coming upgrade to the Great Western Main Line, the main line from London to Bristol is due to be electrified. However, the electrification will not extend beyond Bristol, so Weston-super-Mare will continue to be served by diesel trains.[20] This could entail the removal of direct London services, as electric trains would not be able to operate beyond Bristol.[21] Services could however continue using bi-mode trains, which have electric engines that can be powered by either electrified tracks, or by on-board diesel generators.[22] The group Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways supports the electrification continuing to Weston,[23][24] as does MP for Weston-super-Mare John Penrose.[21][25] It was suggested that the loss of direct London services would see a 40% decrease in passenger numbers.[19]
The Weston-super-Mare/Yate corridor is one of the main axes of the Greater Bristol Metro, a rail transport plan which aims to enhance transport capacity in the Bristol area.[26][27]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Weston-super-Mare railway station.
Other railway stations in Weston-super-Mare
Weston Milton railway station
Worle railway station
Disused railway stations (Bristol to Exeter Line)
Puxton and Worle railway station
Weston Junction railway station
Bleadon and Uphill railway station
Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c MacDermot, E T (1931). History of the Great Western Railway, volume II 1863–1921. London: Great Western Railway.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f District of Woodspring (1991). Steam to the Seaside. Weston-super-Mare: Woodspring Museum Service.
Jump up ^ Sheppard, Geof (2001). "The Bristol and Exeter Mails". Broadsheet (46): 7–11.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooke, RA (1979). Track Layout Diagrams of the GWR and BR WR, Section 16: West Somerset. Harwell: RA Cooke.
Jump up ^ Historic England. "Weston-super-Mare Railway Station, Neva Road, Weston-Super-Mare, BS23 3QY (Grade II) (1448779)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Table 134 National Rail timetable, May 2016
Jump up ^ Table 125 National Rail timetable, May 2016
Jump up ^ Table 51 National Rail timetable, May 2016
Jump up ^ "First Great Western bids for longer rail franchise deal". BBC News. 11 May 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Haigh, Philip (18 April 2012). "First leads a field of seven bidding for rail franchises". RAIL magazine. Peterborough: Bauer Media (694): 8–9.
Jump up ^ "Great Western franchise to be extended". Railnews. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "New Great Western franchise to deliver new express trains" (Press release). Department for Transport. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Great Western London to south Wales rail contest scrapped". BBC News. BBC. 31 January 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "First celebrates last-minute Great Western deal". Railnews. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Great Western retains Wales and west rail franchise". BBC News. BBC. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Great Western offered new franchise deal". BBC News. BBC. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "FirstGroup wins Great Western contract extension". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Updated franchise schedule signals GW extension". Railnews. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Weston-super-Mare to London rail re-franchise concerns". BBC News. BBC. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bristol to London line to be electrified". This is Bristol. Northcliffe Media. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Weston's rail commuter services could be cut, warns town's MP" (Press release). John Penrose MP. 17 July 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways. "Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways' response to Network Rail's Great Western Route Utilisation Strategy" (PDF). Network Rail. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Benefits of Bristol to London high-speed rail link 'must go beyond just mainline'". This is Bristol. Northcliffe Media. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "FoSBR Newsletter" (PDF) (78). Friends of Suburban Bristol Railways. Autumn 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "MP takes drive for better rail services to top". This is Bristol. Northcliffe Media. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
Jump up ^ White, James (13 March 2009). "Item 04: Greater Bristol Metro" (PDF). West of England Partnership. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Campaign for trains from Bristol Temple Meads every half-hour". This is Bristol. Northcliffe Media. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
[show]
v
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e
Railway stations served by Bristol area commuter services
Taunton to Bristol
and Cardiff
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Highbridge and Burnham
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Weston Milton
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Severn Beach line
Bristol Temple Meads
Lawrence Hill
Stapleton Road
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[show]
v
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Railway stations in Somerset
Bristol to London Paddington:
Keynsham
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Taunton to London Paddington:
Taunton
Castle Cary
Bruton
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Taunton to Bristol:
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