text:
The Way of the World
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For other uses, see Way of the World (disambiguation).
The Way of the World
Facsimile of the original title page for The Way of the World published in 1700
Written by
William Congreve
Date premiered
1700
Place premiered
Lincoln's Inn Fields
Genre
Restoration comedy
Setting
London
The Way of the World is a play written by the English playwright William Congreve. It premiered in early March 1700 in the theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields in London. It is widely regarded as one of the best Restoration comedies and is still occasionally performed. At the time, however, the play struck many audience members as continuing the immorality of the previous decades, and it was not well received.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Plot
3 Epigraph of the 1700 edition
4 Historical context
5 Further points of consideration
6 References
7 External links
Characters[edit]
The play is centred on the two lovers Mirabell and Millamant (originally played by John Verbruggen and Anne Bracegirdle). In order for them to marry and receive Millamant's full dowry, Mirabell must receive the blessing of Millamant's aunt, Lady Wishfort. Unfortunately, Lady Wishfort is a very bitter lady who despises Mirabell and wants her own nephew, Sir Wilfull, to wed Millamant.
Another character, Fainall, is having a secret affair with Mrs. Marwood, a friend of Mrs. Fainall's, who in turn once had an affair with Mirabell.
In the meantime, Mirabell's servant is married to Foible, Lady Wishfort's servant. Waitwell pretends to be Sir Rowland and, on Mirabell's command, tries to trick Lady Wishfort into a false engagement.
Plot[edit]
Act 1 is set in a chocolate house where Mirabell and Fainall have just finished playing cards. A footman comes and tells Mirabell that Waitwell (Mirabell's male servant) and Foible (Lady Wishfort's female servant) were married that morning. Mirabell tells Fainall about his love of Millamant and is encouraged to marry her. Witwoud and Petulant appear and Mirabell is informed that should Lady Wishfort marry, he will lose £6000 of Millamant's inheritance.He will only get this money if he can make Lady Wishfort consent to his and Millamant's marriage.
Act 2 is set in St. James’ Park. Mrs. Fainall and Mrs. Marwood are discussing their hatred of men. Fainall appears and accuses Mrs. Marwood (with whom he is having an affair) of loving Mirabell (which she does). Meanwhile, Mrs. Fainall (Mirabell's former lover) tells Mirabell that she hates her husband, and they begin to plot to deceive Lady Wishfort into giving her consent to the marriage. Millamant appears in the park and, angry about the previous night (when Mirabell was confronted by Lady Wishfort), she tells Mirabell of her displeasure in his plan, which she only has a vague idea about. After she leaves, the newly wed servants appear and Mirabell reminds them of their roles in the plan.
Acts 3, 4 and 5 are all set in the home of Lady Wishfort. We are introduced to Lady Wishfort who is encouraged by Foible to marry the supposed Sir Rowland – Mirabell's supposed uncle – so that Mirabell will lose his inheritance. Sir Rowland is, however, Waitwell in disguise, and the plan is to entangle Lady Wishfort in a marriage which cannot go ahead, because it would be bigamy, not to mention a social disgrace (Waitwell is only a serving man, Lady Wishfort an aristocrat). Mirabell will offer to help her out of the embarrassing situation if she consents to his marriage. Later, Mrs. Fainall discusses this plan with Foible, but this is overheard by Mrs. Marwood. She later tells the plan to Fainall, who decides that he will take his wife's money and go away with Mrs. Marwood.
Mirabell and Millamant, equally strong-willed, discuss in detail the conditions under which they would accept each other in marriage (otherwise known as the "proviso scene"), showing the depth of their feeling for each other. Mirabell finally proposes to Millamant and, with Mrs. Fainall's encouragement (almost consent, as Millamant knows of their previous relations), Millamant accepts. Mirabell leaves as Lady Wishfort arrives, and she lets it be known that she wants Millamant to marry her nephew, Sir Wilfull Witwoud, who has just arrived from the countryside. Lady Wishfort later gets a letter telling her about the Sir Rowland plot. Sir Rowland takes the letter and accuses Mirabell of trying to sabotage their wedding. Lady Wishfort agrees to let Sir Rowland bring a marriage contract that night.
By Act 5, Lady Wishfort has found out the plot, and Fainall has had Waitwell arrested. Mrs. Fainall tells Foible that her previous affair with Mirabell is now public knowledge. Lady Wishfort appears with Mrs. Marwood, whom she thanks for unveiling the plot. Fainall then appears and uses the information of Mrs. Fainall's previous affair with Mirabell and Millamant's contract to marry him to blackmail Lady Wishfort, telling that she should never marry and that she is to transfer her fortune to him. Lady Wishfort offers Mirabell her consent to the marriage if he can save her fortune and honour. Mirabell calls on Waitwell who brings a contract from the time before the marriage of the Fainalls in which Mrs. Fainall gives all her property to Mirabell. This neutralises the blackmail attempts, after which Mirabell restores Mrs. Fainall's property to her possession and then is free to marry Millamant with the full £6000 inheritance.
Epigraph of the 1700 edition[edit]
The epigraph found on the title page of the 1700 edition of The Way of the World contains two Latin quotations from Horace's Satires. In their wider contexts they read in English:
"It is worthwhile, for those of you who wish adulterers no success, to hear how much misfortune they suffer, and how often their pleasure is marred by pain and, though rarely achieved, even then fraught with danger."
"I have no fear in her company that a husband may rush back from the country, the door burst open, the dog bark, the house shake with the din, the woman, deathly pale, leap from her bed, her complicit maid shriek, she fearing for her limbs, her guilty mistress for her dowry and I for myself."
The quotations offer a forewarning of the chaos to ensue from both infidelity and deception.
Historical context[edit]
In 1700, the world of London theatre-going had changed significantly from the days of, for example, The Country Wife. Charles II was no longer on the throne, and the jubilant court that revelled in its licentiousness and opulence had been replaced by the far more dour and utilitarian Dutch-inspired court of William of Orange. His wife, Mary II, was, long before her death, a retiring person who did not appear much in public. William himself was a military king who was reported to be hostile to drama. The political instabilities that had been beneath the surface of many Restoration comedies were still present, but with a different side seeming victorious.
One of the features of a Restoration comedy is the opposition of the witty and courtly (and Cavalier) rake and the dull-witted man of business or the country bumpkin, who is understood to be not only unsophisticated but often (as, for instance, in the very popular plays of Aphra Behn in the 1670s) either Puritan or another form of dissenter. In 1685, the courtly and Cavalier side was in power, and Restoration comedies belittled the bland and foolish losers of the Restoration. However, by 1700, the other side was ascendant. Therefore, The Way of the World's recreation of the older Restoration comedy's patterns is only one of the things that made the play unusual.
The 1688 revolution concerning the overthrow of James II created a new set of social codes primarily amongst the bourgeoisie. The new capitalist system meant an increasing emphasis on property and property law. Thus, the play is packed with legal jargon and financial and marital contracts. These new legal aspects allow characters like Mrs. Fainall to secure her freedom through an equitable trust and for Mirabell and Millamant's marriage to be equal though a prenuptial agreement.
This shift in social perspectives is perhaps best shown in the characters of Fainall and Mirabell, who represent respectively the old form and new form of marital relations: sexual power at first and then developing into material power.
Further points of consideration[edit]
Several aspects of the play give rise to critical discussion:
The love expressed in the play tends to be centred on material gain rather than the love of the partner. This can be seen in the scene where Millamant and Mirabell effectively carry out a pre-nuptial agreement, Millamant insisting on having all manner of liberties and powers, quite unusual for the time.
None of the characters in the play can really be seen as 'good', and as such it is difficult to find a hero or heroine, or indeed anybody whom one would find deserving of sympathy.
It is worth considering that the play itself, while often regarded as a satire on the lives of the idle-classes in 1700, may simply testify non-satirically to the experiences of the idle-classes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Our Dramatic Heritage: The Eighteenth Century, p.14, edited by Philip George Hill
Congreve, William (2000). The Way of the World. London, England: A & C Black Limited.
Klekar, Cynthia. “Obligation, Coercion, and Economy: The Gift of Deed in Congreve’s The Way of the World.” In The Culture of the Gift in Eighteenth-Century England, ed. Linda Zionkowski and Cynthia Klekar. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2009
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Way of the World
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Way of the World (Congreve play).
The Way of the World at Project Gutenberg.
The Way of the World at the Internet Broadway Database
Oxford Playhouse Review of The Way of the World on the BBC website.
Daily Info review of the play.
The Way of the World public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Some analysis of the play as part of a college writing assignment.
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Massiah v. United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Massiah v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued March 3, 1964
Decided May 18, 1964
Full case name
Winston Massiah v. United States
Citations
377 U.S. 201 (more)
84 S. Ct. 1199; 12 L. Ed. 2d 246; 1964 U.S. LEXIS 1277
Prior history
307 F.2d 62 (2d cir.) reversed
Holding
Once criminal proceedings have begun, the government cannot bypass the defendant's lawyer and try to elicit statements from the defendant.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
Associate Justices
Hugo Black · William O. Douglas
Tom C. Clark · John M. Harlan II
William J. Brennan, Jr. · Potter Stewart
Byron White · Arthur Goldberg
Case opinions
Majority
Stewart, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, Goldberg
Dissent
White, joined by Clark, Harlan
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. VI
Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 (1964),[1] was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the government from eliciting statements from the defendant about themselves after the point that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches.
In Massiah, the defendant had been indicted on a federal narcotics charge. He retained a lawyer, pleaded not guilty, and was released on bail. A co-defendant, after deciding to cooperate with the government, invited Massiah to sit in his car and discuss the crime he was indicted on, during which the government listened in via a radio transmitter. During the conversation, Massiah made several incriminating statements, and those statements were introduced at trial to be used against him.
Massiah appealed his conviction, which was affirmed in part by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 307 F.2d 62. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and reversed, holding that the statements made by the defendant outside the presence of his attorney must be suppressed.
The Massiah rule applies to the use of testimonial evidence in criminal proceedings deliberately elicited by the police from a defendant after formal charges have been filed. The events that trigger the Sixth Amendment safeguards under Massiah are (1) the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings and (2) deliberate elicitation of information from the defendant by governmental agents.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant a right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions. The purposes of the Sixth Amendment right to counsel are to protect a defendant’s right to a fair trial and to assure that our adversarial system of justice functions properly by providing competent counsel as an advocate for the defendant in his contest against the “prosecutorial forces” of the state.
The Sixth Amendment right “attaches” once the government has committed itself to the prosecution of the case by the initiation of adversarial judicial proceedings "by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information or arraignment,".[2] Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins.[3] Once adversarial criminal proceedings commence the right to counsel applies to all critical stages of the prosecution and investigation. A critical stage is "any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel's absence might derogate from the accused's right to a fair trial." [4]
Government attempts to obtain incriminating statement related to the offense charged from the defendant by overt interrogation or surreptitious means is a critical stage and any information thus obtained is subject to suppression unless the government can show that an attorney was present or the defendant knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently waived his right to counsel.[5]
Deliberate elicitation is defined as the intentional creation of circumstances by government agents that are likely to produce incriminating information from the defendant.[6] Clearly express questioning (interrogation) would qualify but the concept also extends to surreptitious attempts to acquire information from the defendant through the use of undercover agents or paid informants.[7]
The definition of "deliberate elicitation" is not the same as the definition of "interrogation" under the Miranda rule. Miranda interrogation includes express questioning and any actions or statements that an officer would reasonably foresee as likely to cause an incriminating response. Massiah applies to express questioning and any attempt to deliberately and intentionally obtain incriminating information from the defendant regarding the crime charged. The difference is purposeful creation of an environment likely to produce incriminating information (Massiah) and action likely to induce an incriminating response even if that was not the officer's purpose or intent (Miranda).
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is offense specific - the right only applies to post commencement attempts to obtain information relating to the crime charged.[8] The right does not extend to uncharged offenses even those that are factually related to the charged crime.[9]
As noted, information obtained in violation of the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to counsel is subject to suppression unless the government can establish that the defendant waived his right to counsel. The waiver must be knowing, intelligent and voluntary.[10] A valid Miranda waiver operates as a waiver of Sixth Amendment right.
Contents
[hide]
1 Massiah vs. Miranda
2 Massiah and the Voluntariness Standard
3 See also
4 References
Massiah vs. Miranda[edit]
Constitutional Basis -
Miranda is based on the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
Massiah is based on the Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
Attachment -
Miranda: Custody + Interrogation. (Charging status irrelevant)
Massiah: Formally Charged + Deliberate Elicitation. (Custodial status irrelevant)
Scope
Miranda applies to custodial interrogation by known governmental agents. Surreptitious acquisition of incriminating information allowed. Massiah applies to overt and surreptitious interrogation.
Miranda is not offense specific.[11] Massiah is offense specific.[12]
Miranda: interrogation + "functional equivalent." Massiah: interrogation + "deliberate elicitation."
Waiver: Both Miranda and Massiah rights may be waived.
Assertion: In each case, the assertion must be clear and unequivocal. The effects of assertion are not identical. For purposes of Miranda, the police must immediately cease the interrogation and cannot resume interrogating the defendant about any offense charged or uncharged unless counsel is present or defendant initiates contact for purposes of resuming interrogation and valid waiver obtained. Because Massiah is offense-specific, an assertion of the sixth amendment right to counsel requires the police to cease interrogating the defendant about any charged offense. Apparently the police could continue questioning the defendant about uncharged crimes assuming that the defendant was not in custody. The defendant's remedy would be to leave or to refuse to answer questions.[13]
Remedy for violation: The statements and testimonial information are subject to suppression. Derivative evidence is usually not subject to suppression under Miranda pursuant to the "fruit of poisonous tree" doctrine,[14] although it might be suppressed for a Massiah violation.[15] Both Miranda and Massiah defective statements can be used for impeachment purposes.
Exceptions: The primary exceptions to Miranda are (1) the routine booking questions exception (2) the jail house informant exception and (3) the public safety exception. In Moulton v. Maine the Supreme Court refused to recognize a public safety exception to the Massiah rule.[16] Massiah allows for the use of jail house informants provided the informants serve merely as "passive listeners."[17]
Massiah and the Voluntariness Standard[edit]
The Massiah rule is also to be contrasted with the voluntariness standard of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.[18] The voluntariness standard applies to all police interrogations regardless of the custodial status of the suspect and regardless of whether the suspect has been formally charged. The remedy for a violation of the standard is complete suppression of the statement and any evidence derived from the statement. The statement cannot be used as either substantive evidence of guilt or to impeach the defendant's testimony.[19] The reason for the strictness is the common law's aversion to the use of coerced confessions because of their inherent unreliability. Further the rights to be free from coerced confession cannot be waived nor is it necessary that the victim of coercive police conduct assert his right. In considering the voluntariness standard one must consider the Supreme Court's decision in Colorado v. Connelly.[20] Although federal courts' application of the Connelly rule has been inconsistent and state courts have often failed to appreciate the consequences of the case, Connelly clearly marked a significant change in the application of the voluntariness standard. Before Connelly the test was whether the confession was voluntary considering the totality of the circumstances.[21] "Voluntary" carried its everyday meaning - the confession had to be a product of the exercise of the defendant's free will rather than police coercion.[22] After Connelly the totality of circumstances test is not even triggered unless the defendant can show coercive police conduct.[23] Questions of free will and rational decision making are irrelevant to a due process claim unless police misconduct existed and a causal connection can be shown between the misconduct and the confession.[24]
See also[edit]
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 377
References[edit]
Works related to Massiah v. United States at Wikisource
Jump up ^ 377 U.S. 201 Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
Jump up ^ United States v. Gouveia, 467 U.S. 180, 187-88, 104 S.Ct. 2292, 2297, 81 L.Ed.2d 146 (1984)."In a line of constitutional cases in this Court stemming back to the Court's landmark opinion in Powell v. Alabama, 287 U. S. 45, it has been firmly established that a person's Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment right to counsel attaches only at or after the time that adversary judicial proceedings have been initiated against him. See Powell v. Alabama, supra; Johnson v. Zerbst,304 U. S. 458; Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U. S. 52; Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U. S. 335; White v. Maryland, 373 U. S. 59; Massiah v. United States, 377 U. S. 201; United States v. Wade, 388 U. S. 218; Gilbert v. California, 388 U. S. 263; Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U. S. 1." ". . . [W]hile members of the Court have differed as to the existence of the right to counsel in the contexts of some of the above cases, all of those cases have involved points of time at or after the initiation of adversary judicial criminal proceedings -- whether by way of formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment."
Jump up ^ Michigan v. Jackson, 475 U.S. 625, 632 (1986); see also Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387, 398 (1977). In Maine v. Moulton the court stated “By its very terms, it becomes applicable only when the government's role shifts from investigation to accusation. For it is only then that the assistance of one versed in the "intricacies . . . of law," ibid., is needed to assure that the prosecution's case encounters "the crucible of meaningful adversarial testing." The Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not attach until such time as the "government has committed itself to prosecute, and . . . the adverse positions of government and defendant have solidified ...'" Kirby v. Illinois, 406 U. S. 689 (1972).
Jump up ^ United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 226, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 1932, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967); see also, United States v. Hidalgo, 7 F.3d 1566 (11th Cir. 1993). Under the critical stage analysis, virtually every phase of the criminal trial is a critical stage. Additionally courts have generally held that pretrial hearings regarding conditions of pretrial release and suppression of evidence are considered critical stages. Smith v. Lockhart, 923 F.2d 1314 (8th Cir. 1991) on the other hand courts have generally held that certain pre-trial post accusation investigative procedures are not critical stages. Analysis of fingerprints, blood samples, clothing, hair, handwriting, and voice samples have all been ruled to be noncritical stages. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, (2001)
Jump up ^ Brewer v. Williams, 97 S. Ct. 1232 (1977) "That the incriminating statements were elicited surreptitiously in the Massiah case, and otherwise here, is constitutionally irrelevant. See ibid.; McLeod v. Ohio, 381 U. S. 356; United States v. Crisp, 435 F.2d 354, 358 (CA7)"
Jump up ^ Illinois v. Perkins, 496 U.S. 292 (1990).
Jump up ^ Massiah does not prohibit the government's use of a cellmate as a "silent listening post" - a person who is simply placed in a position to hear any incriminating statements the defendant might make about the charged offense but who does not do anything to coax or induce the defendant to talk about the charged crime. Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 477 U.S. 436 (1986).
Jump up ^ McNeil v. Wisconsin, 111 S. Ct. 2204 (1991). Lower federal courts has extended the Sixth Amendment right to counsel to factually related offenses. In Texas v. Cobb, the Supreme Court made clear that the right to counsel appled only to the crime charged and did not apply to attempts to gather information about "other offenses 'closely related factually' to the charged offense." Texas v. Cobb, 121 S. Ct. 1335 (2001).
Jump up ^ Texas v. Cobb, 121 S. Ct. 1335 (2001).
Jump up ^ Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977)
Jump up ^ Mathis v. United States, 391 U.S. 1 (1968)
Jump up ^ See McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171 (1991)
Jump up ^ Under Michigan v. Jackson, a defendant's request for counsel at a preliminary hearing constituted an assertion of his sixth amendment right to counsel. However, Michigan v. Jackson was overruled by Montejo v. Louisiana .
Jump up ^ United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630 (2004)
Jump up ^ Fellers v. United States,124 S.Ct. 1019 (2004)
Jump up ^ 474 U.S. 159 (1989)
Jump up ^ The due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments provide another basis for challenging the admissibility of confessions. The test is whether the statement was "voluntary." A statement is not voluntary if it was the product of police misconduct. That is a due process claim requires that the defendant establish that there was police misconduct and that this misconduct induced the confession. The "voluntariness" test is implicated in any police interrogation - neither Miranda "custody" or Massiah "commencement of formal criminal proceedings" is a necessary conditions (state action is required). Further, there are no issues of waiver or assertion. Finally the remedy is complete - an involuntary statement cannot be used for any purpose.
Jump up ^ The leading case is Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936)
Jump up ^ Originally MIranda was regarded as a “prophylactic” rule - the rule itself was not a constitutional right but a " judicially–created enforcement mechanism" devised to protect the underlying constitutional rights. In Dickerson v. United States, the Court "constitutionalized" the Miranda rule - although the decision did not perforce change the rule concerning the use of a Miranda-defective statement for impeachment purposes.
Jump up ^ Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986)
Jump up ^ See Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978); Greenwald v. Wisconsin, 390 U. S. 519, 390 U. S. 521 (1968) ("Considering the totality of these circumstances, we do not think it credible that petitioner's statements were the product of his free and rational choice"); Reck v. Pate, 367 U. S. 433, 367 U. S. 440 (1961) ("If [a defendant's will was overborne], the confession cannot be deemed `the product of a rational intellect and a free will"')
Jump up ^ See e.g., Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U. S. 568, 367 U. S. 583 (1961) ("[A]n extrajudicial confession, if it was to be offered in evidence against a man, must be the product of his own free choice")
Jump up ^ Bloom & Brodin, Criminal Procedure (Aspen 1996) at 247.
Jump up ^ Bloom & Brodin, Criminal Procedure (Aspen 1996)
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Heather Graham
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Heather Graham, see Heather Graham (disambiguation).
Heather Graham
Graham at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival
Born
Heather Joan Graham
(1970-01-29) January 29, 1970 (age 47)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1984–present
Heather Joan Graham (born January 29, 1970) is an American actress. After appearing in television commercials, her first starring role in a feature film came with the teen comedy License to Drive (1988), followed by the critically acclaimed film Drugstore Cowboy (1989), which gained her initial industry notice.[1] She then played supporting roles in films such as Shout (1991), Diggstown (1992), Six Degrees of Separation (1993), Swingers (1996) and on the television series Twin Peaks (1991) and its prequel film Fire Walk with Me (1992), before gaining critical praise in Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights (1997) as porn starlet Brandy / Rollergirl.[2] In 1999, she co-starred in Bowfinger and Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me.
In the 2000s, Graham starred in films Committed (2000), Say It Isn't So (2001), Mary (2005), Gray Matters (2007), The Hangover (2009) and its sequel, The Hangover Part III (2013). She also had a role on the television series Scrubs in 2004, before playing the title character on the short-lived series Emily's Reasons Why Not in 2006. She also had recurring roles on Showtime's Californication (2014) and Netflix's Flaked (2016).
Noted for portraying characters with sex appeal, she often appears in magazine lists of "Most Beautiful" and "Sexiest" women.[3] Graham is a public advocate for Children International,[4] and supported the climate change campaign Global Cool in 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Early work (1984–88)
2.2 From Drugstore Cowboy to Swingers (1989–1996)
2.3 Wider industry and public recognition (1997–2003)
2.4 Focus on independent films and television (2004–08)
2.5 The Hangover and after (2009–present)
3 Activism
4 In the media
5 Personal life
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
6.3 Video games
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Graham was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, at St. Michaels Hospital, the older of two children. Her family is of "three-quarters Irish" descent, Graham however is a Scottish Border Reiver name, with her father's side from County Cork.[5][6] Her younger sister, Aimee Graham, is also an actress, and writer. Their mother, Joan (née Bransfield), is a teacher and author of children's books.[7] Their father, James Graham, is a retired FBI agent.[8] The girls were raised Catholic.[9] Her family relocated repeatedly before moving to Agoura Hills, California, when she was 9 years old.[10] She was introduced to acting during a school production of The Wizard of Oz.
After high school, Graham enrolled in extension classes at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she studied English for two years.[9] Despite her parents' objections, Graham withdrew from UCLA to pursue acting full-time.[11]
Career[edit]
Early work (1984–88)[edit]
Graham's first film appearance was an uncredited cameo in Mrs. Soffel (1984).[12] Her first credited film appearance was in the television film Student Exchange. In 1986, she appeared on a special "Teen Week" episode of the NBC game show Scrabble. Then she appeared in numerous television commercials, and an episode of the sitcom Growing Pains in 1987. Her first high-profile starring role came in the Corey Haim/Corey Feldman vehicle License to Drive (1988), as a popular girl named Mercedes Lane, who serves as the love interest of Haim's character. Her efforts won her a Young Artist Award nomination in the Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture Comedy or Fantasy category. Her strict parents forbade her to accept a role in the black comedy Heathers (1988), which had an expletive-rich script.[10] The same year, she had an uncredited appearance as Danny DeVito and Arnold Schwarzenegger's mother in Twins (during the laboratory conception flashback).[13]
From Drugstore Cowboy to Swingers (1989–1996)[edit]
In 1989, Graham was featured in Gus Van Sant's Drugstore Cowboy as Nadine, a young drug-addicted accomplice of the two main characters (played by Matt Dillon and Kelly Lynch). Her performance gave her career an initial boost and earned her a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. She rejected a steady role in a soap opera and a three-picture deal with a major studio because she thought it would be too restrictive.[14] After Drugstore Cowboy she appeared in Lawrence Kasdan's dark comedy I Love You to Death (1990), alongside William Hurt and Keanu Reeves and the rock-and-roll coming-of-age film Shout (1991), for which she received a nomination for the Young Artist Award for Best Actress Starring in a Motion Picture.
After co-starring with Benicio del Toro in a Calvin Klein commercial directed by David Lynch, the director cast her as Annie Blackburn in Twin Peaks, where she appeared in the final six episodes. Following the show's cancellation, Graham reprised the role of Blackburn in the 1992 prequel film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.[15]
She featured in Diggstown (1992), alongside James Woods; the well-received Six Degrees of Separation (1993), alongside Will Smith; and The Ballad of Little Jo (1993), alongside Ian McKellen before re-teaming with Gus Van Sant for the critically panned film adaption of Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, alongside Uma Thurman.[16] The same year she co-starred as Mary Kennedy Taylor in Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. In 1995 she starred as Jackie in the poorly received Desert Winds and guest-starred in an episode of the television series Fallen Angels. She had a small but important role in Swingers (1996), where she played Lorraine, Jon Favreau's love interest.[citation needed] She also played a small role as Maggie Bowen in Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story (1996).
Wider industry and public recognition (1997–2003)[edit]
Graham's popularity significantly increased after she appeared as Brandi, a young porn star, nicknamed Rollergirl, in Paul Thomas Anderson's critically acclaimed, award-winning Boogie Nights (1997). The cast received a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. The same year she also starred in the Gregg Araki film Nowhere, and had a cameo in the horror hit Scream 2. She was subsequently cast in Two Girls and a Guy (1998), a film mainly based upon dialogue between the characters which was shot in 11 days,[17] which co-starred Robert Downey Jr. and Natasha Gregson; and the sci-fi film Lost in Space, which was met with mostly negative reviews and bombed at the box-office, making only $69,117,629 when its production budget was $80 million. The cast was signed on for sequels that have not yet been made.[18][19]
She starred as Felicity Shagwell in the sequel Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999), which was a box-office hit. Shagwell is one of her best-known roles and became a fan favorite.[20] Her turn as Shagwell also earned her a nomination for the Saturn Award for Best Actress. She appeared in the music video for Lenny Kravitz's cover of "American Woman". Also in 1999, Graham co-starred as Daisy in the movie Bowfinger, opposite Steve Martin and Eddie Murphy.
The 2000 film Committed was her first starring vehicle. She played Joline, a devoted-beyond-reason young wife looking for the husband who left her. While the film itself received mixed-to-negative reviews, critics felt that "Graham shows she can play a central character" but noted "she's not enough to make Committed successful".[21] The following year she co-starred as Annie Matthews, an unhappily married woman, in Edward Burns' Sidewalks of New York. In 2003, she starred with Joseph Fiennes in Chen Kaige's English-language debut film Killing Me Softly, which received overwhelmingly negative response from critics and a 0% at Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: "Respected director Chen Kaige's first English-language film is a spectacularly misguided erotic thriller, with ludicrous plot twists and cringe-worthy dialogue".[22] In 2009, the site also rated it No. 12 on the countdown of the worst films over the last ten years.
Graham's other appearances in mainstream fare include playing a fictionalized version of the Jack the Ripper murder victim Mary Kelly in the film From Hell (2001), starring Johnny Depp; Anger Management (2003), starring Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson; the Farrelly Brothers comedy Say It Isn't So (2001), opposite Sally Field; The Guru, co-starring Jimi Mistry and Hope Springs (2003), co-starring Colin Firth.
Focus on independent films and television (2004–08)[edit]
Graham in June 2007
During this period, Graham starred in the independent films Gray Matters, Broken, Adrift in Manhattan (all 2007) and Miss Conception (2008), which received negative-to-mixed reviews and most of them went largely unnoticed at the box-office.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Her 2005 film Mary holds a 63% fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes, her first "Fresh" film since Bowfinger.[31] The film premiered at the 2005 Venice Film Festival where it won the Special Jury Prize as well as three smaller awards. The film also played at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival, Deauville Film Festival and San Sebastián International Film Festival and co-starred Juliette Binoche, Forest Whitaker, Marion Cotillard and Matthew Modine. In 2006, she co-starred in Bobby as Angela; the film's cast was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.
During this period Graham also spoke about developing a comedy film titled The Accidental Virgin which would have focused on "female sexual confusion", telling the story of a woman who hasn't had sex in a year. The film has not been made. She also stated she would be interested in directing in the future if there is "something that, its burning in my mind that I need to do".[8]
On television, Graham played herself in an episode of the TV series Sex and the City. She was given special guest-star status on nine episodes of NBC-TV's Scrubs during its fourth season (2004–2005), and also appeared as George Michael Bluth's ethics teacher in an episode of Fox's television series, Arrested Development in 2004. She played Emily Sanders in Emily's Reasons Why Not, however, the sitcom was canceled after airing only one episode.
The Hangover and after (2009–present)[edit]
In 2009, Graham played the stripper with a heart of gold, Jade, in The Hangover, which was released to critical and box office success. She won the role after Lindsay Lohan turned it down.[32][33][34] Though she did not return for the sequel The Hangover Part II, she reprised her role in the final installment of the trilogy, The Hangover Part III.[35] In 2010, she starred in Boogie Woogie, followed by roles in the unsuccessful films Father of Invention, 5 Days of War, Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer (all 2011) and About Cherry (2012).[36][37][38][39]
Graham voiced the character of Antonia Bayle in the online role-playing game EverQuest 2.[40][41]
She played Meredith Crown in At Any Price, which stars Dennis Quaid and Zac Efron and was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, and later screened as an official selection at the Telluride and Toronto Film Festivals.[42] Upcoming roles include mob lawyer Annette Stratton-Osborne in Behaving Badly and short story writer Mary Bellanova in My Dead Boyfriend (both 2014). She wrote a comedy screenplay called Half Magic, which she stated she wants to direct. She said the story focuses on "these female friends and sexuality and about people having a sense of shame about sexuality and learning how to have a healthier attitude about it [...] It also deals with male/female relationships and sexism".[citation needed]
In 2012, she was a member of the jury of the 15th Shanghai International Film Festival.[43]
In 2014, she starred in the second adaption of the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic on the Lifetime network. She played the character of Corrine Dollanganger; an evil mother who locks her four children in an attic in order to receive an inheritance from her dying father.[44] Graham also appeared in two TV-movie sequels based on the V.C. Andrews' series: Petals on the Wind and If There Be Thorns; continuing to play the role of Corrine Dollanganger.[45] She appeared in the final season of Californication as the mother of David Duchovny's long-lost son.[46]
Activism[edit]
Besides her acting work, Graham is also an activist who serves as a public advocate for Children International.[4] She stated that what she likes about Children International is that "you are helping a child have a better life. It's great for that child to know that someone who lives in another country cares about them".[47] Graham works with the Cambodian Children's Fund which provides supplies and education, and campaigns to stop slavery. "There's a lot of human trafficking in Cambodia," Graham has said. "Women are dying because they don't have $15 to give birth in a hospital. The [Children's Fund] provides free education, clean water and healthcare for communities... We're creating future leaders who will be able to help themselves."[4][48] In 2007 she supported the climate change campaign Global Cool and appeared in Shekhar Kapur's short film Global Cool alongside Sienna Miller.[49]
In the media[edit]
Graham is considered a sex symbol. She was ranked at number 40 in FHM's 100 Sexiest Women in the World list in 2000, number 95 in 2001 list, number 97 in the 2002 list, number #74 in the 2005 list and at number #98 in 2006 list. In 2001 she was named one of the 50 Most Beautiful People by People. In 2003, she also posed for a photoshoot by photographer Sam Jones, during which she was levitated several feet into the air by a magician, who later also sawed her in half.[50] Also in 2003, Graham appeared on the cover of Time magazine for an article titled "The Science of Meditation".[51][52] To promote Emily's Reasons Why Not, she had posed for a Life Magazine cover story, printed weeks in advance of the assumed series schedule, referring to her as "TV's sexiest star" which appeared in the January 27, 2006 issue.[53][54]
Graham is often cast in sexual roles including those of Felicity Shagwell (Austin Powers: The Spy who Shagged Me), porn stars Rollergirl (Boogie Nights) and Sharonna (The Guru), prostitute Mary Kelly (From Hell), porn director Margaret (About Cherry) and stripper Jade (The Hangover and The Hangover, Part III). She stated she finds these types of roles and the issue of sexuality fascinating, and believes that "our culture sends out mixed messages to women about sex. Are women supposed to be sexually alive people, or are we supposed to be 'good' mothers who would never do those things?" and that she likes "the fact some of my roles maybe help people open their minds about the way they think about sex". Due to her portrayals of sexual characters and nudity in films she has been described as "completely up for it".[55][56]
In 2005, Graham became the spokeswoman and TV model for the Garnier brand of hair care products.[57]
Personal life[edit]
In 2008 she began dating screenwriter Yaniv Raz.[58] The couple split in 2011.[59]
Graham is estranged from her parents. Regarding the media's perception of her relationship with her parents, she stated: "I don't really like to talk about my parents. Because I just feel that it gets misinterpreted in the press..."[60][61]
She has been practicing transcendental meditation since 1991 after being introduced to it by David Lynch. She also expressed her dislike of reality television, stating in a 2007 interview: "I think some of it, it seems strange – why do we all want to watch people be so miserable? Other people’s pain and misery – it seems kind of sad."[62]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Mrs. Soffel Factory Girl Uncredited
1988 License to Drive Mercedes Lane Nominated—Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film
Twins Young Mary Ann Benedict Uncredited
1989 Drugstore Cowboy Nadine Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female
1990 I Love You to Death Bridget
1991 Guilty as Charged Kimberly
Shout Sara Benedict Nominated—Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film
1992 Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me Annie Blackburn
Diggstown Emily Forrester
1993 The Ballad of Little Jo Mary Addie
Even Cowgirls Get the Blues Cowgirl Heather
Six Degrees of Separation Elizabeth
1994 Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle Mary Kennedy Taylor
Don't Do It Suzanna
1995 Desert Winds Jackie
Terrified Olive
1996 Swingers Lorraine
Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story Maggie Bowen
1997 Nowhere Lilith
Two Girls and a Guy Carla Bennett
Boogie Nights Brandy / Rollergirl MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Kiss & Tell Susan Pretsel
Scream 2 'Stab' Casey Becker Cameo
1998 Lost in Space Dr. Judy Robinson
1999 Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me Felicity Shagwell Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Actress - Comedy
Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
Nominated—Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Couple (Shared with Mike Myers)
Bowfinger Daisy Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Actress - Comedy
2000 Committed Joline
2001 Say It Isn't So Josephine Wingfield
Sidewalks of New York Annie
From Hell Mary Jane Kelly
2002 Killing Me Softly Alice Tallis
The Guru Sharonna
2003 Anger Management Kendra Uncredited cameo
Hope Springs Mandy
2004 Blessed Samantha Howard
2005 Mary Elizabeth Younger
Cake Pippa McGee Also executive producer
2006 The Oh in Ohio Justine
Bobby Angela Hollywood Film Award for Ensemble of the Year
Nominated—Critics Choice Award for Best Cast
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Gray Matters Gray Baldwin
Broken Hope
2007 Adrift in Manhattan Rose Phipps
Have Dreams, Will Travel Aunt
2008 Alien Love Triangle Elizabeth Short film
Miss Conception Georgina Salt
Baby on Board Angela Marks
2009 ExTerminators Alex
The Hangover Jade
Boogie Woogie Beth Freemantle
2010 Father of Invention Phoebe
2011 The Flying Machine Georgie
Son of Morning Josephine Tuttle
5 Days of War Miriam Eisner
Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer Aunt Opal
2012 About Cherry Margaret
At Any Price Meredith Crown
2013 Hangover Part III, TheThe Hangover Part III Jade
Compulsion Amy
Horns Veronica
2014 Goodbye to All That Stephanie
Behaving Badly Annette Stratton-Osborne
2016 Norm of the North Vera Voice
My Dead Boyfriend Mary McCrawley
2017 Wetlands Savannah
Last Rampage Dorothy Tison
2018 Half Magic Honey Post-production, also director and writer
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987 Growing Pains Cindy / Samantha 2 episodes
Student Exchange Dorrie Ryder Television film
1991 Twin Peaks Annie Blackburn 6 episodes
1992 O Pioneers! Young Alexandra Bergson Television film
1995 Fallen Angels Carol Whalen Episode: "Tomorrow I Die"
1996 The Outer Limits Alicia Episode: "Resurrection"
Bullet Hearts Carlene Prue Pilot
1998 Fantasy Island Jackie Uncredited
Episode: "Pilot"
1999 Saturday Night Live Herself (host) Episode: "Heather Graham/Marc Anthony"
2002 Sex and the City Herself Episode: "Critical Condition"
2004 Arrested Development Beth Baerly Episode: "Shock and Aww"
2004–2005 Scrubs Dr. Molly Clock 9 episodes
2006 Emily's Reasons Why Not Emily Sanders 7 episodes; also producer
2011 Little in Common Ellie Weller Pilot
Portlandia Heather Episode: "Baseball"
2014 Flowers in the Attic Corrine Dollanganger/Foxworth Television film
Petals on the Wind Corrine Winslow Television film
Californication Julia 9 episodes
2015 If There Be Thorns Corrine Foxworth Television film
Studio City Stevie Pilot
2016–2017 Flaked Tilly 4 episodes
Angie Tribeca Diana Duran 4 episodes
2017 Law & Order True Crime Judalon Smyth 7 episodes
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Voice role
2004 EverQuest II Antonia Bayle - Queen of Qeynos
2015 Call of Duty: Black Ops III Jessica Rose
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "ABOUT HEATHER GRAHAM". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Strauss, Bob. "HEATHER'S COMMITMENT". Daily News of Los Angeles. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham — Peep Show". www.fhm.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Children International". Children International. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham Interview — RTÉ Ten". RTÉ.ie. June 10, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham and 'The Hangover' boys hit up Dublin" June 18, 2009, Irish Central
Jump up ^ "Joan Bransfield Graham" at CBS Business
^ Jump up to: a b "Heather Graham—Gray Matters—02/21/07". grouchoreviews.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Strauss, Bob (March 31, 1998). "Heather Graham Finds Strangeness In 'Space'". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Strauss, Bob (April 28, 2000). "Heather's Commitment". Daily News of Los Angeles. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Biography :: Heather Graham". www.kalaajkal.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Maytum, Matt (May 26, 2011). "The Evolution Of Heather Graham". Total Film. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "What The Hell Happened to Heather Graham".
Jump up ^ Lou, Linda. "The more risks, the more rewards". USA Weekend Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham—Gray Matters—02/21/07". Groucho Reviews. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1994)". www.rotten.tomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd. "Two Girls and A Guy". www.variety.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lost in Space". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lost in Space (1998)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Raw, Timothy E. "The spy who misunderstood me". www.cineoutsider.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Committed (2000)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Killing Me Softly (2002)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gray Matters (2006)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Broken (2007)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Adrift in Manhattan (2007)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Miss Conception (2008)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Miss Conception". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gray Matters". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Adrift in Manhattan". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Raw, Timothy E. "The spy who misunderstood me". www.cineoutsider.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mary (2005)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lindsay Lohan Turned Down Role in The Hangover". www.usmagazine.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Hangover (2009)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Hangover". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham Hints At Hangover III: 'Something Good Happens To Jade'". www.accesshollywood.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Father of Invention (2011)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "5 Days Of War (2011)". www.rottentomatoes.com/. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Cherry (2012)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Judy Moody and the NOT Bummer Summer (2011)". www.rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Thorsen, Tor (October 13, 2004). "SOE brings the erstwhile Saruman and Rollergirl on board its upcoming MMORPG". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Semel, Paul (November 5, 2004). "Heather Graham talks EQ II". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved April 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cinema". www.labiennale.org. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Balfour, Frederik (June 17, 2012). "Heather Graham, Jean-Jacques Annaud Judge at Shanghai Film Fest". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 23, 2013). "Lifetime Greenlights 'Flowers In The Attic' Movie With Heather Graham & Ellen Burstyn". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Petals On The Wind Sequels If There Be Thorns And Seeds Of Yesterday Are Coming To Lifetime". cinemablend.com. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Sheila. "Heather Graham Talks AT ANY PRICE, THE HANGOVER 3, Her Script HALF MAGIC, and CALIFORNICATION". Collider.com. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Children International". pinterest.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ LIipworth, Elaine (November 17, 2012). "Heather Graham: I'm a nerd". www.news.com.au. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blair's acting debut in Shekhar film". times of india. June 11, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ FHM (December 10, 2008). "FHM Covergirls – Heather Graham". FHM.com. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Science of Meditation" August 4, 2003, Time
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham — Peep Show". www.fhm.com. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Life Magazine Interview". editorandpublisher.com.
Jump up ^ "Defamer.com". Defamer.com. January 27, 2006. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham: I'm a nerd". www.news.com.au. November 17, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham - Biography". www.talktalk.co.uk. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham New Mane Attraction for Garnier 100% Color". prnewswire.com. April 13, 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://people.com/celebrity/heather-graham-and-her-boyfriend-are-getting-serious/
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2936723/Heather-Graham-celebrates-turning-45-bikini-break-hot-new-boyfriend-revealed-Taylor-Harcott.html
Jump up ^ "Sidewalks of New York : Interview With Heather Graham". culture.com. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The more risks, the more rewards". USA Weekend Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Heather Graham Interviewed – 'Gray Matters'". Collider.com. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heather Graham.
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Cash flow statement
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In financial accounting, a cash flow statement, also known as statement of cash flows,[1] is a financial statement that shows how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect cash and cash equivalents, and breaks the analysis down to operating, investing and financing activities. Essentially, the cash flow statement is concerned with the flow of cash in and out of the business. The statement captures both the current operating results and the accompanying changes in the balance sheet.[1] As an analytical tool, the statement of cash flows is useful in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), is the International Accounting Standard that deals with cash flow statements.
People and groups interested in cash flow statements include:
Accounting personnel, who need to know whether the organization will be able to cover payroll and other immediate expenses
Potential lenders or creditors, who want a clear picture of a company's ability to repay
Potential investors, who need to judge whether the company is financially sound
Potential employees or contractors, who need to know whether the company will be able to afford compensation
Shareholders of the business.
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 History and variations
3 Cash flow activities
3.1 Operating activities
3.2 Investing activities
3.3 Financing activities
4 Disclosure of non-cash activities
5 Preparation methods
5.1 Direct method
5.2 Indirect method
5.2.1 Rules (operating activities)
5.2.2 Rules (financing activities)
6 See also
7 Notes and references
Purpose[edit]
Statement of Cash Flow - Simple Example
for the period 1 Jan 2006 to 31 Dec 2006
Cash flow from operations $4,000
Cash flow from investing ($1,000)
Cash flow from financing ($2,000)
Net cash flow $1,000
Parentheses indicate negative values
The cash flow statement was previously known as the flow of funds statement.[2] The cash flow statement reflects a firm's liquidity.
The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time, and the income statement summarizes a firm's financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents; it excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non-cash transactions include depreciation or write-offs on bad debts or credit losses to name a few.[3] The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Non-cash activities are usually reported in footnotes.
The cash flow statement is intended to[4]
provide information on a firm's liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances
provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets, liabilities and equity
improve the comparability of different firms' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods
indicate the amount, timing and probability of future cash flows
The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.[5]
History and variations[edit]
Cash basis financial statements were very common before accrual basis financial statements. The "flow of funds" statements of the past were cash flow statements.
In 1863, the Dowlais Iron Company had recovered from a business slump, but had no cash to invest for a new blast furnace, despite having made a profit. To explain why there were no funds to invest, the manager made a new financial statement that was called a comparison balance sheet, which showed that the company was holding too much inventory. This new financial statement was the genesis of cash flow statement that is used today.[6]
In the United States in 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) defined rules that made it mandatory under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) to report sources and uses of funds, but the definition of "funds" was not clear. Net working capital might be cash or might be the difference between current assets and current liabilities. From the late 1970 to the mid-1980s, the FASB discussed the usefulness of predicting future cash flows.[7] In 1987, FASB Statement No. 95 (FAS 95) mandated that firms provide cash flow statements.[8] In 1992, the International Accounting Standards Board issued International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), Cash Flow Statement, which became effective in 1994, mandating that firms provide cash flow statements.[9]
US GAAP and IAS 7 rules for cash flow statements are similar, but some of the differences are:
IAS 7 requires that the cash flow statement include changes in both cash and cash equivalents. US GAAP permits using cash alone or cash and cash equivalents.[5]
IAS 7 permits bank borrowings (overdraft) in certain countries to be included in cash equivalents rather than being considered a part of financing activities.[10]
IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities. US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities.[11]
US GAAP (FAS 95) requires that when the direct method is used to present the operating activities of the cash flow statement, a supplemental schedule must also present a cash flow statement using the indirect method. The IASC strongly recommends the direct method but allows either method. The IASC considers the indirect method less clear to users of financial statements. Cash flow statements are most commonly prepared using the indirect method, which is not especially useful in projecting future cash flows.
Cash flow activities[edit]
The cash flow statement is partitioned into three segments, namely:
cash flow resulting from operating activities;
cash flow resulting from investing activities;
cash flow resulting from financing activities.
The money coming into the business is called cash inflow, and money going out from the business is called cash outflow.
Operating activities[edit]
Operating activities include the production, sales and delivery of the company's product as well as collecting payment from its customers. This could include purchasing raw materials, building inventory, advertising, and shipping the product.
Under IAS 7, operating cash flows include:[11]
Receipts for the sale of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio
Interest received on loans
Payments to suppliers for goods and services
Payments to employees or on behalf of employees
Interest payments (alternatively, this can be reported under financing activities in IAS 7)
buying Merchandise
Items which are added back to [or subtracted from, as appropriate] the net income figure (which is found on the Income Statement) to arrive at cash flows from operations generally include:
Depreciation (loss of tangible asset value over time)
Deferred tax
Amortization (loss of intangible asset value over time)
Any gains or losses associated with the sale of a non-current asset, because associated cash flows do not belong in the operating section (unrealized gains/losses are also added back from the income statement).
Dividends received
Investing activities[edit]
Examples of Investing activities are
Purchase or Sale of an asset (assets can be land, building, equipment, marketable securities, etc.)
Loans made to suppliers or received from customers
Payments related to mergers and acquisition.
Financing activities[edit]
Financing activities include the inflow of cash from investors such as banks and shareholders, as well as the outflow of cash to shareholders as dividends as the company generates income. Other activities which impact the long-term liabilities and equity of the company are also listed in the financing activities section of the cash flow statement.
Under IAS 7,
Payments of dividends
Payments for repurchase of company shares
For non-profit organizations, receipts of donor-restricted cash that is limited to long-term purposes
Items under the financing activities section include:
Dividends paid
Sale or repurchase of the company's stock
Net borrowings
Repayment of debt principal, including capital leases
Disclosure of non-cash activities[edit]
Under IAS 7, non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements. Under US General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), non-cash activities may be disclosed in a footnote or within the cash flow statement itself. Non-cash financing activities may include[11]
Leasing to purchase an asset
Converting debt to equity
Exchanging non-cash assets or liabilities for other non-cash assets or liabilities
Issuing share
Payment of dividend taxes in exchange for assets
Preparation methods[edit]
The direct method of preparing a cash flow statement results in a more easily understood report.[12] The indirect method is almost universally used, because FAS 95 requires a supplementary report similar to the indirect method if a company chooses to use the direct method.
Direct method[edit]
The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments. Under IAS 7, dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities. If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities, they are reported under operating activities; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities, they are reported under investing or financing activities. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules, dividends received from a company's investing activities is reported as an "operating activity," not an "investing activity."[13]
Sample cash flow statement using the direct method[14]
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities
Cash receipts from customers 9,500
Cash paid to suppliers and employees (2,000)
Cash generated from operations (sum) 7,500
Interest paid (2,000)
Income taxes paid (3,000)
Net cash flows from operating activities 2,500
Cash flows from (used in) investing activities
Proceeds from the sale of equipment 7,500
Dividends received 3,000
Net cash flows from investing activities 10,500
Cash flows from (used in) financing activities
Dividends paid (2,500)
Net cash flows used in financing activities (2,500)
.
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 10,500
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 1,000
Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $11,500
Indirect method[edit]
The indirect method uses net-income as a starting point, makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items, then adjusts from all cash-based transactions. An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income, and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income. This method converts accrual-basis net income (or loss) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions.[15]
Rules (operating activities)[edit]
*Non-cash expenses must be added back to NI. Such expenses may be represented on the balance sheet as decreases in long term asset accounts. Thus decreases in fixed assets increase NI.
To Find Cash Flows
from Operating Activities
using the Balance Sheet and Net Income
For Increases in
Net Inc Adj
Current Assets (Non-Cash) Decrease
Current Liabilities Increase
For All Non-Cash...
*Expenses (Decreases in Fixed Assets) Increase
The following rules can be followed to calculate Cash Flows from Operating Activities when given only a two-year comparative balance sheet and the Net Income figure. Cash Flows from Operating Activities can be found by adjusting Net Income relative to the change in beginning and ending balances of Current Assets, Current Liabilities, and sometimes Long Term Assets. When comparing the change in long term assets over a year, the accountant must be certain that these changes were caused entirely by their devaluation rather than purchases or sales (i.e. they must be operating items not providing or using cash) or if they are nonoperating items.[16]
Decrease in non-cash current assets are added to net income
Increase in non-cash current asset are subtracted from net income
Increase in current liabilities are added to net income
Decrease in current liabilities are subtracted from net income
Expenses with no cash outflows are added back to net income (depreciation and/or amortization expense are the only operating items that have no effect on cash flows in the period)
Revenues with no cash inflows are subtracted from net income
Non operating losses are added back to net income
Non operating gains are subtracted from net income
The intricacies of this procedure might be seen as,
Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities = Net Income + Rule Items {\displaystyle {\text{Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities}}={\text{Net Income}}+{\text{Rule Items}}}
For example, consider a company that has a net income of $100 this year, and its A/R increased by $25 since the beginning of the year. If the balances of all other current assets, long term assets and current liabilities did not change over the year, the cash flows could be determined by the rules above as $100 – $25 = Cash Flows from Operating Activities = $75. The logic is that, if the company made $100 that year (net income), and they are using the accrual accounting system (not cash based) then any income they generated that year which has not yet been paid for in cash should be subtracted from the net income figure in order to find cash flows from operating activities. And the increase in A/R meant that $25 of sales occurred on credit and have not yet been paid for in cash.
In the case of finding Cash Flows when there is a change in a fixed asset account, say the Buildings and Equipment account decreases, the change is added back to Net Income. The reasoning behind this is that because Net Income is calculated by, Net Income = Rev - Cogs - Depreciation Exp - Other Exp then the Net Income figure will be decreased by the building's depreciation that year. This depreciation is not associated with an exchange of cash, therefore the depreciation is added back into net income to remove the non-cash activity.
Rules (financing activities)[edit]
Finding the Cash Flows from Financing Activities is much more intuitive and needs little explanation. Generally, the things to account for are financing activities:
Include as outflows, reductions of long term notes payable (as would represent the cash repayment of debt on the balance sheet)
Or as inflows, the issuance of new notes payable
Include as outflows, all dividends paid by the entity to outside parties
Or as inflows, dividend payments received from outside parties
Include as outflows, the purchase of notes stocks or bonds
Or as inflows, the receipt of payments on such financing vehicles.[citation needed]
In the case of more advanced accounting situations, such as when dealing with subsidiaries, the accountant must
Exclude intra-company dividend payments.
Exclude intra-company bond interest.[citation needed]
A traditional equation for this might look something like,
Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities = [ Dividends received from 3 r d parties ] − [ Dividends paid to 3 r d parties ] − [ Dividends paid to NCI but not intracompany dividend payments ] {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}{\text{Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities}}=&\left[{\text{Dividends received from }}3^{\rm {rd}}{\text{ parties}}\right]\\&-\left[{\text{Dividends paid to }}3^{\rm {rd}}{\text{ parties}}\right]\\&-[{\text{Dividends paid to NCI but not}}\\&{\text{intracompany dividend payments}}]\end{alignedat}}}
Example: cash flow of XYZ:[17][18][19]
XYZ co. Ltd. Cash Flow Statement
(all numbers in millions of Rs.)
Period ending 31 Mar 2010 31 Mar 2009 31 Mar 2008
Net income 21,538 24,589 17,046
Operating activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
Depreciation and amortization 2,790 2,592 2,747
Adjustments to net income 4,617 621 2,910
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable 12,503 17,236 --
Increase (decrease) in liabilities (A/P, taxes payable) 131,622 19,822 37,856
Decrease (increase) in inventories -- -- --
Increase (decrease) in other operating activities (173,057) (33,061) (62,963)
Net cash flow from operating activities 13 31,799 (2,404)
Investing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
Capital expenditures (4,035) (3,724) (3,011)
Investments (201,777) (71,710) (75,649)
Other cash flows from investing activities 1,606 17,009 (571)
Net cash flows from investing activities (204,206) (58,425) (79,231)
Financing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:
Dividends paid (9,826) (9,188) (8,375)
Sale (repurchase) of stock (5,327) (12,090) 133
Increase (decrease) in debt 101,122 26,651 21,204
Other cash flows from financing activities 120,461 27,910 70,349
Net cash flows from financing activities 206,430 33,283 83,311
Effect of exchange rate changes 645 (1,840) 731
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 2,882 4,817 2,407
See also[edit]
Cash flow
Income statement
Balance sheet
statement of changes in equity
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Helfert, Erich A. "The Nature of Financial Statements: The Cash Flow Statement". Financial Analysis - Tools and Techniques - A Guide for Managers.
Jump up ^ Bodie, Zane; Alex Kane; Alan J. Marcus (2004). Essentials of Investments, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 455. ISBN 0-07-251077-3.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Barry J.; Eva K. Jermakowicz (2007). Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 91–97. ISBN 978-0-471-79823-1.
Jump up ^ Epstein, pp.90-91.
^ Jump up to: a b Epstein, p. 91.
Jump up ^ Watanabe, Izumi: The evolution of Income Accounting in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Britain, Osaka University of Economics, Vol.57, No. 5, January 2007, p.27-30 [1]
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Bodie, p.454.
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 88
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 92.
^ Jump up to: a b c Epstein, p. 93.
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 95.
Jump up ^ http://smallbusiness.chron.com/operating-activity-dividends-gaap-38254.html
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 101
Jump up ^ Epstein, p. 94.
Jump up ^ Wild, John Paul. Fundamental Accounting Principles (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 630–633. ISBN 0-07-299653-6.
Jump up ^ Yahoo finance report on Citigroup
Jump up ^ Citigroup finance report
Jump up ^ Bodie, p. 455.
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