text:
Pulmonary vein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pulmonary veins
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart. White arrows indicate normal blood flow.
Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view.
Details
Precursor
truncus arteriosus
System
Circulatory system
Drains from
lungs
Drains to
left atrium
Artery
pulmonary artery
Identifiers
Latin
venae pulmonales
MeSH
D011667
TA
A12.3.02.001
FMA
70827
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Variation
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
Two main pulmonary veins emerge from each lung hilum, receiving blood from three or four bronchial veins apiece and draining into the left atrium. An inferior and superior main vein drains each lung, so there are four main veins in total.[1]
At the root of the lung, the right superior pulmonary vein lies in front of and a little below the pulmonary artery; the inferior is situated at the lowest part of the lung hilum. Behind the pulmonary artery is the bronchus.[2] The right main pulmonary veins (contains oxygenated blood) pass behind the right atrium and superior vena cava; the left in front of the descending thoracic aorta.
Variation[edit]
Occasionally the three lobar veins on the right side remain separate, and not infrequently the two left lobar veins end by a common opening into the left atrium. Therefore, the number of pulmonary veins opening into the left atrium can vary between three and five in the healthy population.
The two left lobar veins may be united as a single pulmonary vein in about 25% of people; the two right veins may be united in about 3%.[2]
Function[edit]
Further information: Pulmonary circulation
The pulmonary veins play an essential role in respiration, by receiving blood that has been oxygenated in the alveoli and returning it to the left atrium.
Clinical significance[edit]
As part of the pulmonary circulation they carry oxygenated blood back to the heart, as opposed to the veins of the systemic circulation which carry deoxygenated blood.
A rare genetic defect of the pulmonary veins can cause them to drain into the pulmonary circulation in whole or in part, this is known as a total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, or partial anomalous pulmonary connection, respectively.
Additional images[edit]
Computed tomography of a normal lung, with different levels of pulmonary veins.
Bronchial anatomy
Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary vessels, seen in a dorsal view of the heart and lungs.
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 642 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students (Pbk. ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-06612-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Skandalakis, editor in chief John E. (2004). "Chapter 7. Pericardium, Heart, and Great Vessels in the Thorax". Skandalakis' surgical anatomy : the embryologic and anatomic basis of modern surgery. Athens, Greece: PMP. pp. section titled 'Pulmonary veins'. ISBN 9603990744. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Anatomy figure: 19:05-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Illustration at infomat.net
[show]
v
t
e
Arteries and veins
Vessels
Arteries
Nutrient artery
Arteriole
Metarteriole
Elastic artery
Capillaries
Types
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Precapillary sphincter
Precapillary resistance
Veins
Vena comitans
Superficial vein
Deep vein
Emissary veins
Venous plexus
Venule
Lymph
Lymphatic vessel
Lymph
Lymph capillary
Circulatory system
Systemic
Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → (Right heart)
Pulmonary
Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart
Microanatomy
Microvessel
Microcirculation
Tunica intima
Endothelium
Internal elastic lamina
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Vasa vasorum
Vasa nervorum
Vascular nerves
Rete mirabile
Circulatory anastomosis
[show]
v
t
e
Veins of the thorax and vertebral column
Thorax
Heart
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac (Left marginal)
Posterior of the left ventricle
Oblique of the left atrium (Ligament of the left vena cava)
Middle cardiac
Small cardiac vein
Anterior cardiac (Right marginal)
Smallest cardiac veins
Right atrial veins
Right ventricular veins
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
superior
vena cava
Brachiocephalic
internal thoracic
anterior intercostal
superior epigastric
left superior intercostal
supreme
vertebral
subclavian
axillary:
lateral thoracic
thoracoepigastric
dorsal scapular
external jugular
pericardiacophrenic
internal jugular
Azygos
right superior intercostal
bronchial
intercostal/posterior intercostal 5-11
accessory hemiazygos/hemiazygos
superior phrenic
Vertebral column
vertebral venous plexuses
external
internal
spinal
posterior
anterior
basivertebral
intervertebral
Anatomy portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulmonary_vein&oldid=835196042"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Veins of the torso
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bosanski
Català
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
中文
15 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 04:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: area

attr: href shape coords alt title

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height usemap

value: Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg

value: margin-left: 230px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;

value:
/wiki/Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology)
mw-redirect
Truncus arteriosus (embryology)

value:
/wiki/Left_atrium
mw-redirect
Left atrium

value:
/wiki/Bronchial_vein
mw-redirect
Bronchial vein

value:
/wiki/Right_atrium
mw-redirect
Right atrium

value:
/wiki/Thoracic_aorta
mw-redirect
Thoracic aorta

value:
/wiki/Systemic_circulation
mw-redirect
Systemic circulation

value:
/wiki/Computed_tomography
mw-redirect
Computed tomography

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column

value: Template talk:Veins of the thorax and vertebral column

value: Right atrial veins (page does not exist)

value: Right ventricular veins (page does not exist)

value: Anatomy posture and body mechanics 08.web.jpg

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

value: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

value: Category:Anatomy NAV infobox with use of other NAV parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Pulmonary_vein
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: وريد رئوي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value: سیاهرگ ریوی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: ורידי הריאה – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longader
Longader – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungevene
Lungevene – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Лёгочная вена – Russian

value: Плућна вена – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungven
Lungven – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: หลอดเลือดดำจากปอด – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pulmonary_vein rootpage-Pulmonary_vein skin-vector action-view


text:
Mike Post
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mike Post
Birth name
Leland Michael Postil
Born
(1944-09-29) September 29, 1944 (age 73)
Berkeley, California, United States
Origin
Los Angeles, California, United States
Genres
Rock, pop, soul
Occupation(s)
Producer, songwriter, musician, composer, arranger
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboard
Years active
1970–present
Associated acts
The Murmaids, Mason Williams, the Outcasts, Kenny Rogers, the First Edition, Van Halen
Mike Post (born Leland Michael Postil, September 29, 1944) is an American composer, best known for his TV theme songs for such series as Law & Order, Law & Order: SVU, The A-Team, NYPD Blue, Renegade, The Rockford Files, L.A. Law, Quantum Leap, Magnum, P.I., and Hill Street Blues.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early musical career
2 Television theme music
3 Inventions from the Blue Line
4 In popular culture
5 Discography
5.1 Albums
5.2 Hot 100 singles
6 References
7 External links
Early musical career[edit]
Post's first credited work in music was cutting demos using two singing sisters, Terry and Carol Fischer. With Sally Gordon, they went on to become The Murmaids. Their first single, "Popsicles and Icicles" (written by David Gates), was a #3 hit song in January 1964.
Post also provided early guidance for the garage rock band the Outcasts while in basic training in San Antonio, Texas. He was the songwriter and producer for both songs on the band's first single, released in 1965, and also arranged a local concert where they served as the back-up band.[1]
He won his first Grammy at age 23 for Best Instrumental Arrangement on Mason Williams' "Classical Gas", a #2 hit song in 1968. He is also credited as the producer for Williams' LP that included this song, The Mason Williams Phonograph Record.
Billed as the Mike Post Coalition, their track "Afternoon of the Rhino" became a sought-after Northern soul track.[2] The single peaked at #47 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1975.[3]
Post also worked with Kenny Rogers and produced the first three albums he recorded with his country/rock group the First Edition (between 1967 and 1969). Post also produced Dolly Parton's hit album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs in 1981. Much later, in 1997, he produced Van Halen's Van Halen III album.
Television theme music[edit]
One of his first jobs in television started when he was 24, as the musical director on The Andy Williams Show. Another early job was writing the theme music for the short-lived detective series Toma in 1973, but his big breakthrough (together with co-composer Pete Carpenter) came in the following year with his theme song for The Rockford Files, another series by producer Stephen J. Cannell. The theme also got cross-over Top 40 radio airplay and earned a second Grammy for Post.[4]
"The Rockford Files" theme became a Top 10 hit in both the U.S. (#10) and Canada (#8).[5] It ranks as the 85th biggest U.S. hit of 1975,[6] and the 84th biggest Canadian hit of 1975.[7]
Post subsequently won Grammys for Best Instrumental Composition for the themes of the television shows Hill Street Blues in 1981 and L.A. Law in 1988 as well as another Grammy in 1981 for Best Instrumental Performance for the Hill Street Blues theme, which also reached number 10 in the U.S.[4]
The Law & Order "dun,dun" sound
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Post won an Emmy for his Murder One theme music, and had previously been nominated for NYPD Blue, among others. He has won BMI Awards for the music for L.A. Law, Hunter, and the various Law & Order series. The theme for The Greatest American Hero (co-written with Stephen Geyer) is one of the few television themes to reach as high as #2 as a single record on the Billboard Hot 100.[4] The iconic "dun, dun" sound effect he created for the Law & Order franchise has entered popular culture.[8]
At the peak of his career, Post was the go-to composer for all of the series created by Donald P. Bellisario, Steven Bochco, Stephen J. Cannell and Dick Wolf. Due to the considerable amount of music to be created, Post operated an office with multiple staff composers, among them Walter Murphy, Velton Ray Bunch, Frank Denson, Jerry Grant and Greg Edmonson, all composing side by side in cubicles. Each would write music cues to complement specific scenes from each show in Post's signature style.[citation needed]
Other TV music works include The A-Team, Baa Baa Black Sheep, Blossom, CHiPs, The Commish, Doogie Howser, M.D., Greatest American Hero, Hardcastle and McCormick, Hooperman, Hunter, Magnum, P.I., NewsRadio, Profit, Quantum Leap, Renegade, Riptide, Silk Stalkings, Stingray, Tales of the Gold Monkey, Tenspeed and Brown Shoe, The White Shadow, Wiseguy, the BBC series Roughnecks, Law & Order, and Philly.
In 1994, Post scored the Diagnosis: Murder episode "How To Murder Your Lawyer," designed as a backdoor pilot for a lawyer series.[citation needed]
In 2014, Post composed the score for the fake TV plot Caged Heat in the Marvel One-Shot All Hail the King for Marvel Studios.[citation needed]
Inventions from the Blue Line[edit]
In 1994, Post released a CD, called Inventions from the Blue Line. The CD contained several of his well-known themes, featuring NYPD Blue and also including Law & Order, Silk Stalkings and Renegade. In the liner notes, he discussed his late father, Sam Postil, and the admiration for law enforcement officers that Sam instilled in Mike. He also referred to police in the traditional nickname of "blues", as in The Thin Blue Line (referring to the police in general and to police camaraderie). One of the tracks is called "The Blue Line", which Post calls "the comradery theme".
In popular culture[edit]
The Pete Townshend song "Mike Post Theme", which alludes to the ubiquity of Post's work in television theme music, appears on The Who's 2006 album, Endless Wire.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
1969: Fused (as The Mike Post Coalition); Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (LP)
1975: Railhead Overture; MGM (LP)
1982: Television Theme Songs; Elektra (LP)
1988: Music from L.A. Law and Otherwise; Polydor (LP)
1994: Inventions from the Blue Line; American Gramaphone (CD)
Hot 100 singles[edit]
The following singles credited to Mike Post charted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart:[9]
"The Rockford Files" (#10, 1975)
"Manhattan Spiritual" (#56, 1975)
"Theme From Greatest American Hero (Believe It or Not)" (#2, 1981)[10]
"The Theme from Hill Street Blues" (#10, 1981)
"Theme from Magnum P.I." (#25, 1982)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Review from Fuzz, Acid and Flowers, partially reproduced on www.dennysguitars.com/outcasts1.html
Jump up ^ Maconie, Stuart (2004). Cider With Roadies (1st ed.). London: Random House. p. 69. ISBN 0-09-189115-9.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 432. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Who is Mike Post, and what were his contributions to music? - eNotes". eNotes.
Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4009a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1975/Top 100 Songs of 1975". www.musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4057a&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=9rcle2uno9iqd7fp29i24m0c30
Jump up ^ Dan Gunderman (13 September 2016). "Examining the legendary 'dun, dun' sound from 'Law & Order' on the anniversary of the pilot episode". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1991). Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955–1990. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. p. 455.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1981-08-22
External links[edit]
Book: Mike Post
Mike Post on IMDb
Biography at Museum TV website
Biography On Enotes.com
Mike Post Archive of American Television Interview
Mike Post Interview - NAMM Oral History Library (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 24794828
LCCN: n91086868
ISNI: 0000 0000 7364 7420
GND: 13448763X
BNF: cb13971387j (data)
MusicBrainz: 8a667f87-540c-4635-87bb-a9151693935f
SNAC: w6x0768x
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Post&oldid=837420185"
Categories:
1944 births
American composers
American male composers
American record producers
American television composers
Epic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Male television composers
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Hidden categories:
BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009
All BLP articles lacking sources
Articles with hCards
Articles with hAudio microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Suomi
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 April 2018, at 18:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

tag: td

attr: href title

tag: b

tag: span

tag: i

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources

value:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

value:
/wiki/The_First_Edition_(band)
mw-redirect
The First Edition (band)

value:
/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(TV_series)
mw-redirect
Quantum Leap (TV series)

value:
/wiki/Basic_training
mw-redirect
Basic training

value:
/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas
mw-redirect
San Antonio, Texas

value:
/wiki/Music_producer
mw-redirect
Music producer

value:
/wiki/File:The_Clang.ogg
mw-redirect
File:The Clang.ogg

value: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

value: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

value: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

value:
/wiki/Broadcast_Music_Incorporated
mw-redirect
Broadcast Music Incorporated

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Greatest_American_Hero
mw-redirect
Greatest American Hero

value:
/wiki/Renegade_(TV_Series)
mw-redirect
Renegade (TV Series)

value:
/wiki/Riptide_(American_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Riptide (American TV series)

value:
/wiki/Stingray_(NBC_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Stingray (NBC TV series)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)

value: Edit section: Inventions from the Blue Line

value:
/wiki/The_Thin_Blue_Line_(emblem)
mw-redirect
The Thin Blue Line (emblem)

value:
/wiki/American_Gramaphone_Records
mw-redirect
American Gramaphone Records

value:
/wiki/The_Rockford_Files_(song)
mw-redirect
The Rockford Files (song)

value:
/wiki/Theme_from_Magnum_P.I.
mw-redirect
Theme from Magnum P.I.

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006236/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/24794828

value:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000073647420

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/13448763X

value: Category:Musicians from Berkeley, California

value: Category:BLP articles lacking sources from March 2009

value: Category:All BLP articles lacking sources

value: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Mike_Post
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value: مایک پست – Persian

value:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value: マイク・ポスト – Japanese

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Post
Mike Post – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mike_Post rootpage-Mike_Post skin-vector action-view


text:
Geopolitical zones of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The six geopolitical zones of Nigeria is a major division in modern Nigeria, created during the regime of president General Sani Abacha . Nigerian economic, political and educational resources are often shared across the zones.[1][2][3][4] [5]:98
Contents
[hide]
1 Reason for the Zones
2 Agitations for Constitutional Recognition
3 Zones
4 Map of Nigerian Geopolitical Zones
5 References
Reason for the Zones[edit]
The six zones have not been entirely carved out based on geopolitical location, but rather states with similar cultures, ethnic groups, and common history were classified in the same zone. [6]:98 Nigeria is made up of approximately 400 ethnic groups and 450 languages. There was a need for the government to merge similar groups for effective allocation of resources.
Agitations for Constitutional Recognition[edit]
Many groups and individuals in Nigeria including the Afenifere Renewal Movement through its National Publicity Secretary, Mr. Yinka Odumakin, Ohaneze Ndigbo through its late Secretary General, Chief Ralph Uwechue and Ijaw National Congress through its National President, Mr. Joshua Benameisigha have canvassed that the current six zonal divisions be recognized in Nigeria's constitution and be strengthened to function as federating units in the new structure for Nigeria.[7]
According to Chief Nengi James, a Niger Delta activist, "for all sections of the country to become one entity, the geopolitical zones must be recognized in the constitution." These groups are pushing for devolution of powers so that the geopolitical zones become autonomous and manage the resources within their territories in a Federal Nigeria.[7]
Zones[edit]
Middle Belt (loosely known as North Central):
Benue
Kogi
Kwara
Nasarawa
Niger
Plateau
Federal Capital Territory
North East:
Adamawa
Bauchi
Borno
Gombe
Taraba
Yobe
North West:
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Sokoto
Zamfara
South East:
Abia
Anambra
Ebonyi
Enugu
Imo
South South:
Akwa Ibom
Cross River
Bayelsa
Rivers
Delta
Edo
South West:
Ekiti
Lagos
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Map of Nigerian Geopolitical Zones[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
Jump up ^ http://saharareporters.com/2014/07/17/niger-delta-region-%E2%80%98epicentre-electoral-fraud%E2%80%99-nigeria-africa-check
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria MDG Acceleration Framework: A commitment to Improved Maternal Health" (PDF). Federal Republic of Nigeria and UNDP. www.undp.org. August 2013.
Jump up ^ Eze, Titus Chinweuba.,1* Okpala, Cyril Sunday,2 Ogbodo, Joseph Charles; et al. (2014). "Patterns of Inequality in Human Development Across Nigeria's Six Geopolitical Zones". Department of Economics, Caritas University, Amorji-Nike, Emene, Enugu State. Nigeria; Department of Economics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria; Department of Economics, Enugu State University of science & Technology, Enugu, Nigeria. iiste.org. 4 (8). ISSN 2225-0565. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b "Constitution: Six geopolitical zones divide North, South". punchng.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nigeria articles
History
Kingdoms
Empires
Aro
Benin
Fulani
Kanem-Bornu
Nri
Oyo
Timeline
Northern Nigeria
Southern Nigeria
Civil War
Islamist insurgency
Communal conflicts in Nigeria
Niger Delta conflict
2016 Biafra conflict
Geography
Adamawa Plateau
Cities
Ecoregions
Environmental issues
Islands
Jos Plateau
Mountains
National parks
Niger Delta
Rivers
Niger
Benue
Wildlife
Politics
Administrative divisions
Cabinet
Constitution
Elections
Federal Executive Council
Foreign relations
Human rights
Law enforcement
LGBT history
Military
National Assembly
House of Representatives
Senate
Political parties
PDP
APC
President
Vice-President
Supreme Court
Economy
Agriculture
Central Bank
Economic history
Energy
Mining
Naira (currency)
Petroleum
Stock Exchange
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transport
Society
Capital punishment
Corruption
Demographics
Diaspora
Education
Ethnic groups
MASSOB
MOSOP
Oodua Peoples Congress
Health
Languages
Organized crime
Poverty
Rankings
Refugees
Water supply and sanitation
Culture
Anthem
Cinema
Coat of arms
Cuisine
Demonyms
Flag
List of Nigerians
Literature
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Music
Public holidays
Religion
Smoking
Sport
Video gaming
Outline
Index
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria&oldid=818209609"
Categories:
Politics of Nigeria
Subdivisions of Nigeria
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 2 January 2018, at 06:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/General_Sani_Abacha
mw-redirect
General Sani Abacha

tag: sup

attr: class style

value: reference white-space:nowrap;

tag: p

value: Edit section: Agitations for Constitutional Recognition

value: Middle Belt (Nigeria) (page does not exist)

value: North Central Nigeria (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory
mw-redirect
Federal Capital Territory

value:
/wiki/Cross-River_State
mw-redirect
Cross-River State

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value: Edit section: Map of Nigerian Geopolitical Zones

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2225-0565

value: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin
mw-redirect
Kingdom of Benin

value:
/wiki/Fulani_Empire
mw-redirect
Fulani Empire

value:
/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Islamist insurgency in Nigeria

value:
/wiki/2016_Biafra_conflict
mw-redirect
2016 Biafra conflict

value:
/wiki/River_Benue
mw-redirect
River Benue

value:
/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Politics of Nigeria

value:
/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nigeria
mw-redirect
LGBT history in Nigeria

value:
/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
National Assembly of Nigeria

value:
/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives
mw-redirect
Nigerian House of Representatives

value:
/wiki/Nigerian_Senate
mw-redirect
Nigerian Senate

value:
/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Vice-President of Nigeria

value:
/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Petroleum in Nigeria

value:
/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora
mw-redirect
Nigerian diaspora

value: Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

value: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

value:
/wiki/Nigerian_organized_crime
mw-redirect
Nigerian organized crime

value:
/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Refugees of Nigeria

value: List of demonyms for states in Nigeria (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Media of Nigeria

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria rootpage-Geopolitical_zones_of_Nigeria skin-vector action-view


text:
Agriculture in New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2017)
A bullock wagon team taking wool from a farm station. The number of sheep in New Zealand peaked in the 1980s and is now reducing due to lower profits.
In New Zealand, agriculture is the largest sector of the tradable economy, contributing about two-thirds of exported goods in 2006-7.[1] For the year ended March 2002, agricultural exports were valued at over $14.8 billion. New Zealand is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since subsidies, tax concessions and price supports for the agricultural sector were removed in the 1980s.[2] However, as of 2017, the New Zealand Government still provides state investment in infrastructure which supports agriculture.[3]
Pastoral farming is the major land use but there are increases in land area devoted to horticulture.
New Zealand is a member of the Cairns Group, which is seeking to have free trade in agricultural goods.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sectors
2.1 Pastoral farming
2.2 Forestry
2.3 Horticulture
2.4 Aquaculture
2.5 Beekeeping
3 Organic farming
4 Environmental impacts
5 Agricultural pests
5.1 Animal pests
5.2 Plant pests
6 Biosecurity
7 Tenure review
8 Agricultural organisations
9 Future of New Zealand agriculture
10 Impact on New Zealand culture
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Early label from a tin of mutton from New Zealand
The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community[5] and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income.[6] In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies under Rogernomics,[7] and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand.[8] To stay competitive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations.[9][10] Animal farming is pasture based; cows and sheep are rarely housed or fed large quantities of grain, with most farmers using grass based supplements such as hay and silage during feed shortages. Pigs are usually kept indoors, either in gestation crates, farrowing crates, fattening pens, or group housing.[11]
Sectors[edit]
Pastoral farming[edit]
Beef and dairy cattle are important components of New Zealand agriculture
See also: Dairy farming in New Zealand
In Northland, the major form of pastoral farming is beef cattle. In the Waikato and Taranaki areas, dairy cattle predominate. Through the rest of New Zealand, sheep farming is the major rural activity, with beef cattle farming in the hills and high country, and dairying increasing in Canterbury, Otago and Southland.[12]
New Zealand is the world's eighth largest milk producer, with about 2.2% of world production.[13] Total production was 1.3 billion kg of milk solids, and NZD 8.38 billion of dairy products were exported in the year ending 30 September 2007.[14][15] There are approximately 4.2 million dairy milking cows in New Zealand, and 5.26 million dairy cattle in total at 30 June 2007, an increase from 3 million in 1982.[12] In mid-2005, there were 12,786 dairy farms, with a total area of 2.1 million hectares.[14] Traditional dairy production areas are the wetter areas of the country: Waikato, Taranaki, Southland, Northland, Horowhenua, Manawatu and Westland. Fonterra is the major processor of milk in New Zealand. It processes 94.8 percent of all milk solids from dairy farms.[14] Other large dairy companies are Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company, Westland Milk Products and Synlait.
Rural landscape with sheep
Livestock is predominantly grass-fed, but hay and silage is used in the winter months to make up for slower pasture growth.[12] There were 38.5 million sheep and 4.39 million beef cattle in New Zealand in June 2007. The number of sheep saw a substantial fall from the 70.3 million in 1982, while beef cattle numbers declined by about ten percent over the same period.[12] In June 2006. 573,000 tonnes of sheep meat was produced in 2006-7, and 164,000 tonnes of clean wool. NZD 2.08 billion of lamb, NZD 283 million of mutton, and NZD 938 million of raw wool and wool products was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007. Production of beef and veal in 2006-7 was 623,000 tonnes, with NZD 1.64 billion in exports. There were 13,254 beef farms, 13,905 sheep farms and 1,614 mixed beef/sheep farms in 2005, with areas of 1.5 million hectares, 8.1 million hectares, and 655,000 hectares respectively.[14][15][16]
Deer farming has increased dramatically from a herd of 150,000 in 1982 to 1.59 million in 2006, with 1,617 deer farms occupying 218,000 hectares of land in 2005.[14] NZD 252 million of venison was exported in the year ending 30 September 2007. New Zealand is the largest exporter of farmed venison in the world.[15] In the 1970s and 80s there was a huge industry carrying out live deer recovery from forested areas of New Zealand. The deer are a pest animal that has a negative impact on the biodiversity of New Zealand. The deer-farm stock was bred from the recovered wild animals.[citation needed]
In 2005, there were 264 pig farms with a total area of 12,831 hectares. There were also 855 mixed livestock farms and 633 other livestock farms, with areas of 178 and 18,000 hectares, respectively.[14] The 50,000 tonnes of pork produced in 2007 was supplemented by 40,000 tonnes of imported pork products to meet domestic demand.[17] 14.7 million chickens were raised for meat in 2007,[18] with 145 tonnes of chicken meat produced. No other poultry is raised in significant numbers in New Zealand. Approximately 3.1 million laying hens are kept, producing 900 million eggs in 2006.[17] Goats are also farmed for meat, milk, and mohair, and to control weeds.[15]
Forestry[edit]
Logging tracks in Marlborough
Main article: Forestry in New Zealand
Milling of New Zealand's extensive native forests was one of the earliest industries in the settlement of the country. The long, straight hardwood from the kauri was ideal for ship masts and spars. As the new colony was established, timber was the most common building material, and vast areas of native forest were cleared. Rimu, tōtara, matai, and miro were the favoured timbers. The Monterrey Pine, Pinus radiata was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s.[19] It thrived in the conditions, reaching maturity in 28 years, much faster than in its native California. It was found to grow well in the infertile acidic soil of the volcanic plateau, where attempts at agriculture had failed. The Government initiated planting of exotic forests in 1899 at Whakarewarewa, near Rotorua. This was to address growing timber shortages as slow-growing native forests were exhausted.[20] In the 1930s, vast areas of land were planted in Pinus radiata by relief workers. The largest tract was the 188,000-hectare Kāingaroa forest, the largest plantation forest in the world. As the major forests matured, processing industries such as the Kinleith Mill at Tokoroa and the Tasman Mill at Kawerau were established.
Plantation forests of various sizes can now be found in all regions of New Zealand except Central Otago and Fiordland. In 2006 their total area was 1.8 million hectares, with 89% in Pinus radiata and 5% in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)[21] Log harvesting in 2006 was 18.8 million m3, down from 22.5 million m3 in 2003. This is projected to rise as high as 30 million m3 as newer forests mature. The value of all forestry exports (logs, chips, sawn timber, panels and paper products) for the year ended 31 March 2006 was $NZ 3.62 billion. This is projected to rise to $4.65 billion by 2011. Australia accounts for just over 25% of export value, mostly paper products, followed by Japan, South Korea, China and the United States.[21] Within the New Zealand economy, forestry accounts for approximately 4% of national GDP. On the global stage, the New Zealand forestry industry is a relatively small contributor in terms of production, accounting for 1% of global wood supply for industrial purposes.[22]
Horticulture[edit]
Vineyard in Marlborough
There are about 400 growers of stone fruit who utilise 3000 hectares of land, mostly in the Hawke's Bay and Otago regions. Three quarters of the fruit produced is consumed domestically. Peaches, nectarines and plums are produced for domestic consumption, and apricots and cherries, almost all from Otago, are exported.[23] About 30 varieties of apples and pears are exported, with over 16 million tray carton equivalents (18 kg) of apples and 300,000 tce's of pears exported in 2007. Most pipfruit is grown in the Hawke's Bay and Tasman regions, with about 10,000 hectares planted.[24]
Kiwifruit is grown in many regions of the North Island and in the north of the South Island, but is most concentrated in the Bay of Plenty. There are 2,700 kiwifruit growers, with over 13,000 hectares planted. Over 80 million trays of kiwifruit were exported in 2006, about one-quarter of the world's production. Kiwifruit is New Zealand's largest horticultural export by value.[24]
In 2007 there were over 29,0000 hectares planted in grapes (mostly in Marlborough, Hawke's Bay and Gisborne), 205,000 tonnes of grapes were produced, and there were 543 wineries.[24] Citrus fruit is grown in Gisborne, Northland and Auckland. Blackcurrants and other berry fruits are grown in Tasman, Waikato, Canterbury and Auckland.
Avocados and other subtropical fruits are grown in Northland and the Bay of Plenty.[24] Total exports of fresh fruit were worth NZD 1,200 million in 2007, and NZD 105 million of processed fruit was also exported. 76 million litres of wine, worth NZD 698 million, was exported.[23][25]
Hay bales in Otago
Almost all hay and silage is consumed on the same farm as it is produced. Most supplementary feed crops are grown in the South Island, where the colder climate forces additional feeding of stock during winter. Wheat is mostly grown in the Canterbury region and is used for domestic consumption in bread and biscuits. By-products are bran and pollard, which are used for stock feed. Barley is used for stock feed and for malt. Some barley is exported, depending on international price fluctuations. Maize is grown in the Waikato and Manawatu-Wanganui regions as feed for chickens, pigs and cattle. Oats are grown in Canterbury and Southland for animal feed, and for rolled oats and oatmeal.[23]
Vegetable growing occupies more than 50,000 hectares of land and employs 25,000 people. More than 50 different vegetables are grown in New Zealand. Approximately 1,450 growers produce fresh vegetables with a value of over NZD 400 million in 2007. NZD 260 million of fresh vegetables, mainly onions and squash, were exported in 2007. 750 growers produce vegetables worth over NZD 100 million for processing, and NZD 297 million of processed and frozen vegetables, mostly potatoes, sweetcorn and peas, were exported in 2007.[23] NZD 63 million worth of seeds and bulbs, and NZD 43 million of cut flowers and foliage, were exported in 2007.[23]
Aquaculture[edit]
Mussel long line in Pelorus Sound
Main article: Aquaculture in New Zealand
Aquaculture started in New Zealand in the late 1960s and is dominated by mussels, oysters and salmon. In 2007, aquaculture generated about NZ$360 million in sales on an area of 7,700 hectares with a total of $240 million earned in exports. In 2006, the aquaculture industry in New Zealand developed a strategy aimed at achieving a sustainable annual billion NZ dollar business by 2025. In 2007, the government reacted by offering more support to the growing industry.
Beekeeping[edit]
Main article: Beekeeping in New Zealand
New Zealand had 2,602 beekeepers at the end of 2007, who owned 313,399 hives. Total honey production was 9700 tonnes. Pollen, beeswax, and propolis are also produced. Beekeepers provide pollination services to horticulturalists, which generates more income than the products of bee culture. Approximately 20–25,000 queen bees, and 20 tonnes of packaged bees (which include worker bees and a queen) are exported live each year.[26]
Organic farming[edit]
Main article: Organic farming in New Zealand
Organic farming practices began on a commercial scale in the 1980s and is now an increasing segment of the market with some of the larger companies such as Wattie's becoming involved.
Environmental impacts[edit]
See also: Environmental issues with agriculture, Environmental impact of meat production, and Water pollution in New Zealand
Both the original Māori people and the European colonists made huge changes to New Zealand over a relatively short time. Māori burned forest to flush out game and to encourage the growth of bracken fern, which was used as a food source, and practised agriculture using plants they brought from tropical Polynesia. The Europeans logged and burned off a third of the forest cover to convert land to pastoral farming.
In 1993, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research summarised available data on the quality of water in rivers. They concluded that "lowland river reaches in agriculturally developed catchments are in poor condition" reflecting "agriculturally derived diffuse and point source waste inputs in isolation or in addition to urban or industrial waste inputs". The key contaminants identified in lowland rivers were dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved reactive phosphorus and faecal contamination. Small streams in dairy farming areas were identified as being in very poor condition.[27] New Zealand's rivers and lakes are becoming increasingly nutrient enriched and degraded by nitrogen, animal faecal matter, and eroded sediment.[28] Many waterways are now unsafe for swimming. Fish and Game New Zealand launched a "dirty dairying" campaign to highlight the effect of intensive agriculture on waterways. Fonterra, the largest dairy company in New Zealand, in conjunction with government agencies responded with the Dairying and Clean Streams Accord. In 2009, the Crafar Farms group of dairy farms in the North Island became known as the 'poster boys for dirty dairying' after a string of prosecutions in the Environment Court for unlawful discharges of dairy effluent.[29][30]
In 2004 the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment released a report on the environmental effects of farming in New Zealand.[31] It noted that the trend was towards an increasing pressure on New Zealand's natural capital. Between 1994 and 2002 the number of dairy cows increased by 34% and the land area used grew by just 12% resulting in a more intensive land use. In the same period synthetic fertiliser use across all sectors grew by 21% and urea use grew by 160%.[citation needed]
Almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions in New Zealand are due to the agricultural sector. A portion of this is due to methane from belching ruminants. An agricultural emissions research levy was proposed, quickly becoming known as the "Fart Tax".[32] The proposed levy encountered opposition from the farming sector and the National Party, resulting in plans for the levy being abandoned. The Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium was formed as an alternative to imposing the levy on farmers.
Agricultural pests[edit]
See also: Invasive species in New Zealand
A number of plant and animal introductions into New Zealand has reduced the income from farming. Tight border controls to improve biosecurity have been put into place to ensure any new and unwanted pests and diseases do not enter the country. Monitoring is done around sea and airports to check for any incursions.
Animal pests[edit]
The Common Brushtail Possum was introduced from Australia to establish a fur trade. It soon became one of New Zealand's most problematic invasive species because of the huge effect on the biodiversity of New Zealand as well affecting agricultural production since it is a vector for Bovine tuberculosis. The disease now endemic in possums across approximately 38 per cent of New Zealand (known as ‘vector risk areas’). In these areas, nearly 70 per cent of new herd infections can be traced back to possums or ferrets. The Biosecurity Act 1993, which established a National Pest Management Strategy, is the legislation behind control of the disease in New Zealand. The Animal Health Board (AHB) operates a nationwide programme of cattle testing and possum control with the goal of eradicating M. bovis from wild vector species across 2.5 million hectares – or one quarter – of New Zealand’s at-risk areas by 2026 and, eventually, eradicating the disease entirely.[33]
Possums are controlled through a combination of trapping, ground-baiting and, where other methods are impractical, aerial treament with 1080 poison.[34]
From 1979–1984, possum control was stopped due to lack of funding. In spite of regular and frequent TB testing of cattle herds, the number of infected herds snowballed and continued to increase until 1994.[35] The area of New Zealand where there were TB wild animals expanded from about 10 to 40 per cent.
That possums are such effective transmitters of TB appears to be facilitated by their behaviour once they succumb to the disease. Terminally ill TB possums will show increasingly erratic behaviour, such as venturing out during the daytime to get enough food to eat, and seeking out buildings in which to keep warm. As a consequence they may wander onto paddocks, where they naturally attract the attention of inquisitive cattle and deer. This behaviour has been captured on video.[36]
The introduced Canada Geese became prolific and began to adversely affect pastures and crops. In 2011 restrictions on hunting them were dropped to allow them to be culled.
Plant pests[edit]
Gorse was introduced as a hedgerow plant but has become the most expensive agricultural plant pest costing millions of dollars in efforts to control its spread over farmland.
Other serious pasture and crop land plant pest are nodding thistle (Carduus nutans), Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense), ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), broom (Cytisus scoparius), giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris), fat-hen (Chenopodium album), willow weed (Polygonum persicaria), and hawkweed (Hieracium species).[37]
Biosecurity[edit]
Main article: Biosecurity in New Zealand
Because of its geographical isolation New Zealand is free of some pest and diseases that are problematic for agricultural production in other countries. With a high level of international trade and large numbers of inbound tourists biosecurity is of great importance since new any pest or diseases brought into the country could potentially have a huge effect on the economy of New Zealand.
There have been no outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in New Zealand. If an outbreak did occur there is potential for severe economic losses given that agricultural exports are a large segment of exports.[38] New Zealand has strict biosecurity [39] measures in place to prevent the introduction of unwanted pests and diseases.
Tenure review[edit]
Main article: Tenure review
Many areas of the high country of the South Island were set up as large sheep and cattle stations in the late 19th century. Much of this land was leased from The Crown but after the passing of the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 the leases were reviewed. Environmentalists and academics raised concerns about the process saying that farmers were gaining an advantage and that conservation issues were not being resolved.
Agricultural organisations[edit]
A fixture in many rural towns is the annual Agricultural and Pastoral (A&P) shows[40] where competitions are held for the best livestock and farm produce. Carnivals, sideshows, equestrian events and craft competitions are also held as part of the A&P shows.
The Ministry for Primary Industries is the government agency responsible for the agricultural sector. It has both policy and operational arms.
Federated Farmers is a large and influential lobby group that represents farmers interests. It has a voluntary membership which stands at over 26,000.
The Soil & Health Association of New Zealand, established in 1941, promotes organic food and farming.
The New Zealand Young Farmers is a national organisation formed in 1927 with regional clubs throughout the country. It runs the annual Young Farmer Contest.
Irrigation New Zealand is the national body representing farmers who use irrigation and the irrigation industry. It opposes Water conservation orders.[41]
Future of New Zealand agriculture[edit]
There are two main views on the immediate future of New Zealand agriculture. One is that, due to fast-rising consumer demand in India and China, the world is entering a golden age for commodities, and New Zealand is well placed to take advantage of this. The other view is that New Zealand will only gain limited rewards from this boom because of increasing production competition from developing countries. For New Zealand to remain competitive, farmers will either have to intensify production to remain commodity producers (increasing stock and fertiliser per hectare) or, instead, become producers of higher value, more customised products.[28]
AgResearch Ltd (New Zealand's largest Crown Research Institute) believes that new technologies will allow New Zealand farmers to double their output by 2020, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and other detrimental environmental impacts associated with farming practices.[28]
Impact on New Zealand culture[edit]
Rural New Zealand has affected the culture of New Zealand.
Country Calendar is a factual television programme about farming methods and country life, and is watched by both rural and urban New Zealanders. The show first premièred on 6 March 1966, and is the country's longest-running locally-made television series.
The gumboot, a waterproof boot commonly used by farmers and others, is a cultural icon with Taihape hosting an annual Gumboot Day. Fred Dagg, a comedy character created by John Clarke, was a stereotypical farmer wearing a black singlet, shorts and gumboots.
Number 8 wire is used for fencing and has become part of the cultural lexicon. It is used for all manner of tasks and it describes the do it yourself mentality of New Zealanders.
See also[edit]
Animal welfare in New Zealand
Fishing industry in New Zealand
Flax in New Zealand
Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand
Genetic engineering in New Zealand
Pesticides in New Zealand
Hump and hollow, a pasture improvement technique
National Animal Identification and Tracing
Station (New Zealand agriculture)
Crafar Farms
Animal Health Board
Regulation of animal research in New Zealand
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sarah Brazil, ed. (2008). New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-86953-717-3. The export figure includes agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
Jump up ^ Brendan Hutching, ed. (2006). New Zealand Official Yearbook. Statistics New Zealand. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-86953-638-1.
Jump up ^ "Background". Crown Irrigation Investments. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Agricultural trade negotiations". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Nightingale, Tony (March 2009). "Government and agriculture – Subsidies and changing markets, 1946–1983". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Pickford, John (October 2004). "New Zealand's hardy farm spirit". BBC news.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Chris; DeHaven, Tad (March 2002). "Save the Farms – End the Subsidies". Washington Post. Cato Institute.
Jump up ^ Nightingale, Tony (June 2010). "Government and agriculture – Deregulation and environmental regulations, 1984 onwards". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Wayne (August 2007). "Surviving Without Subsidies". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ St Clair, Tony (July 2002). "Farming without subsidies – a better way: Why New Zealand agriculture is a world leader". European Voice. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Animal Welfare". NZ Pork Board. June 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 359
Jump up ^ "Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry (August 2007)". Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. August 2008. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 358
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 360–61
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 365
^ Jump up to: a b New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 368–9
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-09.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official yearbook, 1990
Jump up ^ McKinnon, Malcolm (20 December 2010). "Volcanic Plateau region". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Situation and outlook for New Zealand agriculture and forestry". NZ Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Forestry Industry in New Zealand". Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 370–71
^ Jump up to: a b c d New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, pp 372–73
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 374
Jump up ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook, 2008, p 370
Jump up ^ Smith, CM; Vant, WN; Smith, DG; Cooper, AB; Wilcock, RL (April 1993). "Freshwater quality in New Zealand and the influence of agriculture". Consultancy Report No. MAF056. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oram, R. (2007). The RMA now and in the future, paper presented at the Beyond the RMA conference, Environmental Defence Society, Auckland, NZ, 30–31 May
Jump up ^ Leaman, Aaron; Neems, Jeff (29 August 2009). "Acting 'too late' costs farmers $90k". Waikato Times. Fairfax Media Ltd. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Kissun, Sudesh (25 September 2009). "Things could have been done better: Crafar". Rural News. Rural News Group Limited. Retrieved 28 May 2010. The Reporoa farmer, used by environmental groups as a poster boy for dirty dairying, is unhappy with some things happening on his farms
Jump up ^ PCE (October 2004). Growing for good: Intensive farming, sustainability and New Zealand's environment. Wellington: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Images: Farmers Fart Tax Protest At Parliament". scoop.co.nz. 4 September 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "TBfree New Zealand programme".
Jump up ^ "The use of 1080 for pest control – 3.1 Possums as reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis". 2011.
Jump up ^ "Future freedom from bovine TB, Graham Nugent (Landcare Research)". 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dr Paul Livingstone letter to the editor". Gisborne Herald. 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Rowan (1997). Ian Smith, ed. The State of New Zealand's Environment 1997. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment. ISBN 0-478-09000-5.
Jump up ^ Biosecurity New Zealand Foot and mouth disease
Jump up ^ http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/enter
Jump up ^ Royal Agricultural Society
Jump up ^ "Water Conservation Orders Have No Role In Sustainable Future" (Press release). Irrigation NZ. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Further reading[edit]
A lasting Legacy – A 125 year history of New Zealand Farming since the first Frozen Meat Shipment, Ed. Colin Williscroft PMP, NZ Rural Press Limited, Auckland, 2007
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in New Zealand.
Ministry for Primary Industires
Statistics New Zealand – Primary production page
MPI Biosecurity New Zealand
Organics Aotearoa New Zealand
Soil & Health Association of New Zealand
Country-Wide magazine – In-depth information helping farmers make more money (based in New Zealand)
The Deer Farmer – The Deer Farmer Business Independent: The world's premier deer farming journal (based in New Zealand)
The Farmer in New Zealand (1941 Centennial publication)
The TBfree New Zealand programme
[show]
v
t
e
New Zealand articles
History
Timeline
Military history
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand Wars
Women's suffrage
New Zealand and Antarctica
Colony
Dominion
Independence
Geography
Biodiversity
Caves
Climate
Earthquakes
Environment
Geology
Islands
North Island
South Island
Lakes
Marine reserves
National parks
Rivers
Time zones
Cities
Auckland
Christchurch
Dunedin
Hamilton
Invercargill
New Plymouth
Napier–Hastings
Nelson
Palmerston North
Rotorua
Tauranga
Wellington
capital
Subdivisions
Regions
Territorial authorities
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Electoral system
Political parties
Foreign relations
Human rights
Disability
Intersex
LGBT
Transgender
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief Justice
Law
enforcement
Military
Monarchy
Parliament (House of Representatives)
Government
Cabinet
Governor-General
list
Ministers
Ministries
Prime Minister
list
Economy
Agriculture
Companies
Energy
Rogernomics
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Transportation
Society
Citizenship
Crime
Demographics
Education
Immigration
Languages
Māori
New Zealand English
New Zealand Sign Language
People
"Kiwi"
Māori
Culture
Architecture
Art
Cinema
Cuisine
Literature
Māori culture
Media
Music
National symbols
Coat of arms
Flag
Public holidays
Radio
Religion
Sport
Television
Outline
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Agriculture in Oceania
Sovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states
of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependencies
and other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_New_Zealand&oldid=835801151"
Categories:
Agriculture in New Zealand
Hidden categories:
Use New Zealand English from February 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English
Use dmy dates from August 2011
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 April 2018, at 21:10.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: tr

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: class role

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

value: 1973 enlargement of the European Communities

value:
/wiki/Gestation_crates
mw-redirect
Gestation crates

value:
/wiki/Farrowing_crate
mw-redirect
Farrowing crate

value:
/wiki/Taranaki_Region
mw-redirect
Taranaki Region

value:
/wiki/Southland_Region
mw-redirect
Southland Region

value:
/wiki/Tatua_Co-operative_Dairy_Company
mw-redirect
Tatua Co-operative Dairy Company

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii
mw-redirect
Pseudotsuga menziesii

value:
/wiki/Stone_fruit
mw-redirect
Stone fruit

value:
/wiki/Game_(food)
mw-redirect
Game (food)

value:
/wiki/Crafar_Farms
mw-redirect
Crafar Farms

value:
/wiki/Environment_Court
mw-redirect
Environment Court

value: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment

value:
/wiki/Synthetic_fertiliser
mw-redirect
Synthetic fertiliser

value:
/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions
mw-redirect
Greenhouse gas emissions

value: Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium

value:
/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis
mw-redirect
Bovine tuberculosis

value:
/wiki/Canada_Geese_in_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Canada Geese in New Zealand

value:
/wiki/Senecio_jacobaea
mw-redirect
Senecio jacobaea

value:
/wiki/Polygonum_persicaria
mw-redirect
Polygonum persicaria

value: Edit section: Agricultural organisations

value: Ministry for Primary Industries (New Zealand)

value: Soil & Health Association of New Zealand

value: Edit section: Future of New Zealand agriculture

value: Edit section: Impact on New Zealand culture

value: National Animal Identification and Tracing

value: Regulation of animal research in New Zealand

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value: Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand

value:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

value:
/wiki/European_Voice
mw-redirect
European Voice

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ourfuture.net.nz/Stories/180

value:
nofollow
external free
http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/enter

value:
nofollow
http://www.ras.org.nz/
external text

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: commons:Category:Agriculture in New Zealand

value:
nofollow
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.organicnz.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.country-wide.co.nz/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.deerfarmer.co.nz/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tbfree.org.nz

value: Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica

value: List of political parties in New Zealand

value:
/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Law enforcement in New Zealand

value: List of Governors-General of New Zealand

value:
/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_ministries
mw-redirect
List of New Zealand ministries

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Agriculture in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Fiji (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Kiribati (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Nauru (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Palau (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Samoa (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Solomon Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Tonga (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Vanuatu (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Niue (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in American Samoa (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Christmas Island (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Easter Island (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Agriculture_in_French_Polynesia
mw-redirect
Agriculture in French Polynesia

value: Agriculture in Guam (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Hawaii (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in New Caledonia (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Tokelau (page does not exist)

value: Agriculture in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Use New Zealand English from February 2017

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English

value: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

value: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: الزراعة في نيوزيلندا – Arabic

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Agriculture_in_New_Zealand rootpage-Agriculture_in_New_Zealand skin-vector action-view


text:
Lilium longiflorum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
show
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (September 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|ja|テッポウユリ}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Lilium longiflorum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Liliaceae
Genus: Lilium
Species: L. longiflorum
Binomial name
Lilium longiflorum
Thunb.
Lilium longiflorum (Japanese: テッポウユリ, Teppōyuri), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Lilium formosana, a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as a variety of Easter lily in the past. It is a stem rooting lily, growing up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high. It bears a number of trumpet shaped, white, fragrant, and outward facing flowers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Features
2 Cultivation
3 Use in Eastertide
4 History
5 Chemistry
6 Toxicity
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Features[edit]
Plants tend to grow from about 50 cm (20 in) to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall. They have long oval leaves and the vein enters the horizontal direction. From April to June, the plant's flowering season, it produces pure white flowers on top of the stem. The stem has a cylindrical shape, with a diameter of about 5 cm (2.0 in).
Cultivation[edit]
A variety of it, L. longiflorum var. eximium, native to the Ryukyu Islands, is taller and more vigorous. It is extensively cultivated for cut flowers. It has irregular blooming periods in nature, and this is exploited in cultivation, allowing it to be forced for flowering at particular periods, such as Easter. However, it can be induced to flower over a much wider period. This variety is sometimes called the Bermuda lily because it has been much cultivated in Bermuda.
Lilium longiflorum 'Pink-Heaven'
Use in Eastertide[edit]
Lilium longiflorum is known as the Easter lily because in Christianity, it is a symbol of the resurrection of Christ, which is celebrated during Eastertide.[1][2] The "lily has always been highly regarded in the Church", as Jesus Himself referenced the flower, saying "Consider the lilies how they grow: they toil not, they spin not; and yet I say unto you, that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these" (Luke 12:27).[3] Moreover, according to pious legend, "after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed".[4][5] In many Christian churches, the chancel is adorned with Easter lilies throughout the Paschal season.[6][7] A poem of the early 1900s titled Easter Lilies by S.R. Allen, delineates this custom:
Somewhere while the Easter lilies
Swing their perfumed censers white,
Softened rays of sunlight falling
In lines aslant, and warm, and bright,
Shall gild the altar, nave and chancel;
Rest with tender roseate ray
On the font, enwreathed with lilies
For baptismal rites today.
Another pilgrim on the journey
From the cradle to the tomb,
Shall receive a name and blessing
While the Easter lilies bloom.
—  Mrs. S.R. Allen[8]
History[edit]
From the 1890s to the early 1920s, there was a thriving export trade of bulbs from Bermuda to New York. A disease affected the Bermuda lilies: this was identified by Lawrence Ogilvie. In 1903, USDA Agricultural Research Services (ARS) started to distribute disease free plant materials and seeds. The agency also started a breeding program, and released one of the first dwarf cultivars for potted-plant production in 1929.[9] Prior to USDA's effort, lily bulbs were mostly imported from Japan before the 1940s. The supply of bulbs was suddenly cut off after the attack on Pearl Harbor and Easter lilies became extremely valuable in the United States.
Currently, nearly all Easter lily bulbs used in North America are grown on coastal bottom lands in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, particularly in the town of Smith River, California, according to the trade association Easter Lily Research Association, as cited in an article on takepart.com [10]
Chemistry[edit]
The Easter lily is a rich source of steroidal glycosides.[11] It also contains bitter principles such as 3,6′-diferuloylsucrose.[12]
Toxicity[edit]
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for L. longiflorum, though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms.[13][14][15] The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute renal failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collins, Cynthia (19 April 2014). "Easter Lily Tradition and History". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Churches of all denominations, large and small, are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet-like shape on Easter morning.
Jump up ^ Schell, Stanley (1916). Easter Celebrations. Werner & Company. p. 84. We associate the lily with Easter, as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection.
Jump up ^ Soares, Theodore Gerald (1907). The Week of Our Lord's Passion. Hope Publishing Company. p. 210. Retrieved 20 April 2014. The lily has always been highly regarding in the Church. Jesus said "Consider the lilies." The white lily is the symbol of purity. There is a peculiar fitness in the choice of this flower as an Easter emblem. Its bulb is hidden in the earth, and waits the coming of the Easter season to spring forth and blossom. Beautiful in itself it is still more beautiful in its sacred significance.
Jump up ^ Hafer, Todd (2006). Easter A to Z. Hallmark Cards, Incorporated. p. 17. ISBN 9781595301079. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Easter lilies are, perhaps, the most famous holiday flowers of all time. Sometime after Jesus' death and resurrection, some of these beautiful flowers were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus went to pray the night before His crucifixion. Legend has it that these flowers sprung up where drops of Jesus' sweat fell as he prayed and became very sad about what was happening to Him.
Jump up ^ Swenson, Allan A. (2002). Flowers of the Bible: And How to Grow Them. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 182. ISBN 9780806523149. Retrieved 20 April 2014. Christian tradition also says that lilies were found growing in the Garden of Gethsemane after Christ's agony.
Jump up ^ Luther League Review: 1936-1937. Luther League of America. 1936. There were Easter lilies everywhere, on the platform in Sunday School, and the church was full of them, around the organ, along the chancel rail, inside the chancel, the whole front of the church seemed full of them.
Jump up ^ Franklin, Estelle Eva (1906). Home Science Magazine. Lore of the Lily: Beautiful Traditions That are Associated With the Easter Flower-Its Universality. Home Science Publishing Company. p. 550. The Easter lily, the emblem of the Christian church for centuries, is probably more largely used for decoration of altar and shrine throughout the civilized world, in the festival of the Resurrection, than all other flowers combined.
Jump up ^ Ludwig, O. C.; S.R. Allen (1906). Pictures and Poems of Arkansas. Easter Lilies. Sketch Book Publishing Co. p. 103. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Brief History of Easter Lilies and the Role of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center" (PDF). USDA-ARS.
Jump up ^ "Are Your Easter Lilies Poisoning This California Town?". Participant Media.
Jump up ^ Munafo, JP; Gianfagna, TJ (2011). "Quantitative analysis of steroidal glycosides in different organs of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) by LC-MS/MS". J Agric Food Chem. 59 (3): 995–1004. doi:10.1021/jf1036454. PMID 21235207.
Jump up ^ Shoyama, Yukihiro; Hatano, Koji; Nishioka, Itsuo; Yamagishi, Takashi (1987). "Phenolic glycosides from Lilium longiflorum". Phytochemistry. 26 (11): 2965. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84572-0.
Jump up ^ Langston CE (January 2002). "Acute renal failure caused by lily ingestion in six cats". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 220 (1): 49–52, 36. doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.49. PMID 12680447.
Jump up ^ Hall J (1992). "Nephrotoxicity of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum) when ingested by the cat". Proc Annu Meet Am Vet Int Med. 6: 121.
Jump up ^ Volmer P (April 1999). "Easter lily toxicosis in cats" (PDF). Vet Med: 331. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Lily poisoning in cats – Vet Help Direct Blog".
Further reading[edit]
Vidali, Luis; Hepler, Peter K. (1997). "Characterization and localization of profilin in pollen grains and tubes ofLilium longiflorum". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 36 (4): 323–338. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)36:4<323::AID-CM3>3.0.CO;2-6. ISSN 0886-1544. PMID 9096955.
Holm, Preben Bach (1977). "Three-dimensional reconstruction of chromosome pairing during the zygotene stage of meiosis in Lilium longiflorum (thunb.)". Carlsberg Research Communications. 42 (2): 103–151. doi:10.1007/BF02906489. ISSN 0105-1938.
Reiss, Hans-Dieter; Herth, Werner (1979). "Calcium ionophore A 23187 affects localized wall secretion infqu hoeegion of pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum". Planta. 145 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1007/BF00454445. ISSN 0032-0935. PMID 24317727.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilium longiflorum.
www.the-genus-lilium: Lilium longiflorum
Lilium longiflorum in Flora of China
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q311206
EoL: 1002644
EPPO: LILLO
GBIF: 2753336
GRIN: 22176
iNaturalist: 223669
IPNI: 537642-1
ITIS: 503456
NCBI: 4690
NZOR: a78d1906-6061-4de0-9255-d7a090aa0cac
Plant List: kew-280023
PLANTS: LILO3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:537642-1
Tropicos: 18400675
WCSP: 280023
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lilium_longiflorum&oldid=837030455"
Categories:
Lilium
Flora of Japan
Flora of the Ryukyu Islands
Garden plants of Asia
Easter traditions
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles needing additional references from April 2015
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from September 2012
All articles to be expanded
Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia
Articles with 'species' microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
Cebuano
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
日本語
Português
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 08:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;;padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left

value: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

value:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice
presentation

value: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

value: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

value:
/wiki/Variety_(biology)
mw-redirect
Variety (biology)

value:
/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ
mw-redirect
Resurrection of Christ

value:
/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)
mw-redirect
Passion (Christianity)

value:
/wiki/Garden_of_Gethsemane
mw-redirect
Garden of Gethsemane

value: 3,6′-diferuloylsucrose (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Renal_tubular
mw-redirect
Renal tubular

value:
/wiki/Renal_failure
mw-redirect
Renal failure

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf1036454

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21235207

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.2002.220.49

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12680447

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-1544

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096955

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02906489

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0105-1938

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00454445

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0935

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24317727

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/1002644

value:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LILLO

value: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/2753336

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/223669

value: National Center for Biotechnology Information

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/18400675

value: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

value: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2015

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2012

value: Category:Articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia

value: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value:
/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

value: لیلیوم لانگیفلوروم – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Lilium_longiflorum rootpage-Lilium_longiflorum skin-vector action-view