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Deaf education
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This article is about the education of deaf students and educators of deaf students. For the study of deaf culture, arts, sign languages, and people, see Deaf studies. For Deaf schools, see Category:Schools for the deaf. For the English art rock/new wave band, see Deaf School.
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Class for deaf students in Kayieye, Kenya
Deaf education is the education of students with any degree of hearing loss or deafness which addresses their differences and individual needs. This process involves individually-planned, systematically-monitored teaching methods, adaptive materials, accessible settings and other interventions designed to help students achieve a higher level of self-sufficiency and success in the school and community than they would achieve with a typical classroom education. A number of countries focus on training teachers to teach deaf students with a variety of approaches and have organizations to aid deaf students.
Contents
[hide]
1 Identifying deaf students
2 Individual needs
3 Methods
3.1 Bilingual-bicultural education
3.2 Auditory-oral and auditory-verbal education
3.3 Simultaneous or Total Communication
3.4 Mainstreaming and inclusion
4 History
4.1 France
4.2 Great Britain
4.3 United States
5 Issues
6 National approaches
6.1 United States
6.2 Nepal
7 Teacher training
7.1 Canada
7.2 United States
7.3 United Kingdom
7.4 New Zealand
7.5 The Netherlands
8 Deaf education associations
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Identifying deaf students[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
Children may be identified as candidates for deaf education from their audiogram or medical history. Hearing loss is generally described as slight, mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending upon how well a person can hear the intensities of frequencies.[1] Of the children identified as deaf, only 10% are born to deaf parents.[not in citation given] This percent of deaf students may have a linguistic advantage when entering the education system due to more extensive exposure to a first language.[2]
Individual needs[edit]
Deaf education programs must be customized to each student's needs, and deaf educators provide a continuum of services to deaf students based on individual needs.[3] For instance, if a student is in a regular class, a note taker or interpreter might be an accommodation provided in their education plan.[4] In the United States, Canada and the UK, education professionals use the acronym IEP when referring to a student’s individualized education plan.
Methods[edit]
Schools use a number of approaches to provide deaf-educational services to identified students. These may be grouped into four categories, according to whether (and how much) the deaf student has contact with non-deaf students (using North American terminology):
Inclusion: Deaf students spend all, or most, of the school day with non-deaf students. Since inclusion requires considerable curriculum modification, it is considered best practice only for mildly-to-moderately deaf students.[5][6] Specialized services may be provided inside or outside the regular classroom, and students may leave the regular classroom to attend smaller, intensive instructional sessions in a resource room or to receive other services requiring specialized equipment or which might be disruptive to the rest of the class (such as speech and language therapy).[7]
Mainstreaming refers to the education of deaf students in classes with non-deaf students for specified time periods, based on the deaf students' skills; deaf students learn in separate classes for the remainder of the school day.[8]
Segregation (in a separate classroom or school): In this model, deaf students spend no time in non-deaf classes or with non-deaf students. Segregated students may attend a school where non-deaf classes are provided, but spend their time in a separate classroom for students with special needs. If their special-needs class is in a mainstream school, they may have opportunities for social integration (for example, eating meals with non-deaf students);[9] alternatively, deaf students may attend a special school.[8]
Exclusion: A student unable to receive instruction in any school is excluded from school. Most deaf students have historically been excluded from school,[10] and exclusion may still occur where there is no legal mandate for special-education services (such as developing countries). It may also occur when a student is in hospital or housebound.[8] Excluded students may receive individual or group instruction, and students who have been suspended or expelled are not considered "excluded" in this sense.
The difference between mainstreaming and inclusion is not made explicit in the law, and use may vary from district to district.[11] Further, within the Deaf community, the term 'mainstreaming' often refers to any educational setting outside of a residential school.[12]
Bilingual-bicultural education[edit]
Main article: Bilingual-bicultural education
Alumni Hall, the middle and high schools at the Indiana School for the Deaf (a bilingual-bicultural school)
In this method, deafness is approached as a cultural, not a medical, issue.[13] In a bilingual-bicultural program, deaf children are recommended to learn sign language such as American Sign Language (ASL) as a first language, followed by a written or spoken language such as English as a second language.[13][14] Bilingual-bicultural programs consider spoken or written language and sign language equal languages, helping children develop age-appropriate fluency in both.[14] The bilingual-bicultural approach believes that since deaf children learn visually, rather than by ear,[13] classes should be conducted in a visual language. To avoid harming the students' accuracy and fluency in either language, sign language and spoken language are not used simultaneously, since they use different grammar, syntax, and vocabulary; sign language is usually used as the language of instruction, though some bilingual-bicultural schools use spoken language in some contexts with some students.[citation needed] Many bilingual-bicultural schools have dormitories; students may either commute to school or stay in a dormitory as part of a residential program, visiting their families on weekends, holidays and school vacations.
Auditory-oral and auditory-verbal education[edit]
Main articles: Auditory-verbal therapy and Oralism
Hubbard Hall is the main building on the Northampton campus of Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech, an oral school.
The auditory-oral and auditory-verbal methods, known collectively as listening and spoken language, are forms of oral education.[15] These methods are based on the belief that a deaf child can learn to listen and speak.[16][17] These methods, presented as communication options, rely on parental involvement.[16][17] Children using this option may be placed in a continuum of educational placement, including oral schools (such as the Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech), classrooms for deaf students in public schools or mainstream classrooms with hearing students.[16][17][18]
Simultaneous or Total Communication[edit]
There is great variety in programs that label themselves as using simultaneous communication or total communication. Some programs consist of teachers and children speaking and signing at the same time, known as simultaneous communication.[19] In these programs, grammatically-correct English is available when speech is paired with Signing Exact English. This method is used in many programs in Texas and in the state of Washington at Northwest School for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children. In total communication programs, however, teachers emphasize learning language and utilizing all means of communication.[19] Most often these programs do not use a grammatically correct form of either English or American Sign Language. Rather, professionals use a mixture of oral languages and signed languages or systems, including natural gestures, fingerspelling, body language, and lip-reading—most often paired with some degree of listening and speaking practice.[20]
Mainstreaming and inclusion[edit]
Two interpreters at a school
Main articles: Mainstreaming (education) and Inclusion (education)
Using this educational method, a deaf child attends public school in regular classes for at least part of the school day.[21] Students may receive accommodation, such as itinerant teachers, interpreters, assistive technology, note-takers and aides.[22][23] The deaf/hard-of-hearing children that go to mainstream programs have daily interaction with hearing students and typically live at home; drawbacks include isolation and limited support.[22]
History[edit]
John Bulwer, an English physician, [24] wrote five works on bodily human communication (particularly gestures). He was the first person in England to propose educating deaf people, [25] outlining plans for an academy in Philocophus and The Dumbe mans academie.
France[edit]
Charles-Michel de l'Épée pioneered deaf education in France. He did charitable work for the poor, and on one trip into the Paris slums saw two young, deaf sisters who communicated with a sign language. Épée then decided to dedicate himself to the education of the deaf, and founded a school in 1760. In line with the philosophy of the time, Épée believed that deaf people were capable of language and developed a system of teaching French and religion. During the early 1760s his shelter became the Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris, the world's first public school for deaf children.[26]
Great Britain[edit]
The first school for teaching the deaf to speak and read in Britain was Thomas Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb in Edinburgh, established during the 1760s. The school moved to London in 1783, and was known as the Asylum for the Support and Education of the Deaf and Dumb Children of the Poor. Braidwood used an early form of sign language: the combined system, forerunner of British Sign Language (recognized as a language in 2003). Under the management of Braidwood's nephew the school expanded, encouraging the establishment of an Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb in Edgbaston in 1814 and others in Liverpool, Edinburgh, Exeter, Manchester and Doncaster.[citation needed]
United States[edit]
Main article: History of deaf education in the United States
Deaf education in the United States began during the early 1800s, when the Cobbs School (an oral school) was established by William Bolling and John Braidwood and the Connecticut Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb (a manual school) was established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc. When the Cobbs School closed in 1816, the manual method (which used American Sign Language) became common in deaf schools for most of the rest of the century. During the late 1800s schools began using the oral method, which only allowed the use of speech (in contrast to the manual method previously in place). The oral method was used for many years, until sign-language instruction gradually returned to deaf education.
Issues[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
See also: Manualism and Oralism
Two general methods of deaf education are manualism and oralism. Manualism is instruction using sign language, and oralism uses spoken language. Although controversy has existed since the early eighteenth century about which method is more effective, many deaf-educational facilities attempt to integrate both approaches. The National Association of the Deaf advocates a bilingual approach, to best support deaf students in their education.[27]
National approaches[edit]
This section needs expansion with: more worldwide coverage. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)
United States[edit]
Main article: Deaf education in the United States
Some deaf students receive an individualized education program (IEP) outlining how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that students with special needs be provided with Free Appropriate Public Education in the least restrictive environment appropriate to the student's needs. Government-run schools provide deaf education in varying degrees, from the least-restrictive setting (full inclusion) to the most restrictive (segregation in a deaf school).[8] Education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student's individual needs; however, schools are not required to maximize the student's potential or provide the best possible services. Like most developed countries, American schools are required to provide medical services (such as speech therapy) if the student needs those services.
Nepal[edit]
Deaf children in Nepal have the right to free, qualified education in line with provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). However, education in a school for the deaf is limited to 13 dedicated schools for the deaf and a slightly-higher number of deaf resource classes in regular schools. All schools and classes are bilingual, with Nepali Sign Language and written Nepali the media of instruction.
Teacher training[edit]
This section needs expansion with: explanations of teacher training in respective countries. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
Deaf education majors and degree programs offer training and certification in the education of students with a variety of hearing abilities, addressing students' individual differences and needs. Deaf education also includes the study of special education, Deaf studies, education, sign language and Deaf culture (not all programs include the latter two).
Canada[edit]
Additional Qualification:
York University
University of Ottawa
United States[edit]
For schools for the deaf in the United States, see Category:Schools for the deaf in the United States.
Doctoral program:
Gallaudet University[28] Washington, D.C.
Masters program:
Boston University[29]
National Center on Deafness, California State University, Northridge,[30] Northridge, California
United Kingdom[edit]
University of Central Lancashire,[31] Lancashire, England
University of Bristol,[32] Bristol
University of Edinburgh[33] Edinburgh
New Zealand[edit]
Victoria University of Wellington[34]
The Netherlands[edit]
Visual Language, Signs and Gestures, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen
Deaf education associations[edit]
United States
National Association of the Deaf (United States)
The Conference of Educational Administrators of Schools and Programs for the Deaf (CEASD)
The American Society for Deaf Children (ASDC)
Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Volta Bureau
United Kingdom
British Association of Teachers of the Deaf (BATOD)
See also[edit]
Disability portal
Education portal
Category:Deaf universities and colleges
Category:Schools for the deaf
Deaf culture
Deaf studies
History of sign language
Language exposure for deaf children
Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf
Signing Exact English
Special education
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://nichcy.org/disability/specific/hearingloss
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Ross E.; Karchmer, Michael A. (2004-02-03). "Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent: Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States" . Sign Language Studies. 4 (2): 138–163. doi:10.1353/sls.2004.0005. ISSN 1533-6263.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Libby (1990). Time and learning in the special education classroom. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. p. 122. ISBN 0-7914-0371-8. OCLC 20635959.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Karen (August 2012). "Accommodations for Students with Hearing Loss". Supporting Success for Children with Hearing Loss.
Jump up ^ Smith, P (October 2007). "Have we made any progress, including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms?". Intellect Dev Disabil. 45 (5): 297–309. doi:10.1352/0047-6765(2007)45[297:HWMAPI]2.0.CO;2. PMID 17887907.
Jump up ^ James Q. Affleck; Sally Madge; Abby Adams; Sheila Lowenbraun (January 1988). "Integrated classroom versus resource model: academic viability and effectiveness". Exceptional Children: 2. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Frank (2004). Making Inclusion Work. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-017603-6. OCLC 54374653. [page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karen Zittleman; Sadker, David Miller (2006). Teachers, Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind-in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD-ROM. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. pp. 48, 49, 108, G–12. ISBN 0-07-323007-3.
Jump up ^ Warnock Report Archived January 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. (1978). "Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People", London.
Jump up ^ Wolffe, Jerry. (20 December 2010) What the law requires for disabled students The Oakland Press.
Jump up ^ Yell, Mitchell L. (2012). The law and special education (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. ISBN 978-0131376090.
Jump up ^ Bat-Chava, Yael (11 July 2012). "Diversity of Deaf Identities". American Annals of the Deaf. 145 (5): 420–428. doi:10.1353/aad.2012.0176. ISSN 1543-0375.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baker, Sharon; Baker, Keith (August 1997). "Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Bilingual-Bicultural Education. ERIC Digest #E553". Education Resources Information Center. ERIC Clearinghouse on Handicapped and Gifted Children. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Marschark, Marc; Lang, Harry G; Albertini, John A. (2002). Educating Deaf Students. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 145.
Jump up ^ Cole, Elizabeth B.; Flexer, Carol (2011). Children with Hearing Loss: Developing Listening and Talking (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing. p. 348. ISBN 978-1-59756-379-6. The two main Listening and Spoken Language approaches, historically, have been the Auditory-Verbal Approach (AV) and the Auditory-Oral Approach (A-O).
^ Jump up to: a b c Stone, Patrick (August 1997). "Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Auditory-Oral. ERIC Digest #E551". Education Resources Information Center. ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Goldberg, Donald (August 1997). "Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Auditory-Verbal. ERIC Digest #E552". Education Resources Information Center. ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ There's a new kid in school. Oral Deaf Education. Archived from the original (mov) on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Total Communication: Learning to Use Different Communication Methods". Raising Deaf Kids. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Communication Considerations: Total Communication". Hands and Voices. Retrieved 2017-01-29.
Jump up ^ Marschark, Marc; Lang, Harry G; Albertini, John A. (2002). Educating Deaf Students. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 143.
^ Jump up to: a b Nowell, Richard; Innes, Joseph (August 1997). "Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Inclusion. ERIC Digest #E557". Education Resources Information Center. ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "School Placement Considerations for Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing". Hands and Voices. 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Wollock, J (1996). John Bulwer and his Italian sources. In Mirko Tavoni (Ed.), Italia ed Europa nella linguisticadel Rinascimento, Atti del convegno internazionale, 20–24 March 1991, Ferrara, p.419
Jump up ^ Dekesel, K. (1992) John Bulwer: The founding father of BSL research, Signpost, Winter 1992 & Spring 1993 P11-14 & p36- 46
Jump up ^ "The national institute for the Deaf". Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ National Association of the Deaf, Dual Language Development and Use in the Educational Environment Position Statement Archived 2013-02-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-06. Retrieved 2013-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Master of Education in Education of the Deaf | School of Education". www.bu.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
Jump up ^ "California State University website". Csun.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved May 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "UCLAN - Deaf Studies". Uclan.ac2.com. Retrieved May 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Bristol University | Centre for Deaf Studies | Welcome to the Centre for Deaf Studies". Bris.ac.uk. Retrieved May 2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Deaf Studies". Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
A.A.P.T.S.D. The Association Review: 1906, Philadelphia, Penn.: American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf. Retrieved from the Internet Archive, June 7, 2012. Note: this annual review contains extensive material on deaf education worldwide. It has been inadvertently listed on the Internet Archive as The Association Review: 1899, although some metadata correctly identifies it as from the year 1906.
R.A.R. Edwards, Words Made Flesh: Nineteenth-Century Deaf Education and the Growth of Deaf Culture. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
External links[edit]
British Association of Teachers of the Deaf (BATOD)
List of deaf education teacher preparation programs in the United States and Canada
Thomas E. Finegan (1920). "Education of the Physically Handicapped". Encyclopedia Americana. This article has a section on deaf children.
[hide]
v
t
e
Deaf education
Communication
Cued speech
Fingerspelling
Lip reading
Manually coded English
Oralism
Sign language
Simultaneous communication
Educators
Jean Massieu (b. 1772)
Laurent Clerc (b. 1785)
Edward Miner Gallaudet (b. 1837)
Sophia Alcorn (b. 1883)
Andrew Foster (b. 1925)
Clayton Valli (b. 1951)
Religious
organizations
Christian Mission for the Deaf (Africa)
[show]
v
t
e
Schools for the deaf
Primary
Schools
Alexander Graham Bell School (Chicago, Illinois)
Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech
Detroit Day School for the Deaf (closed)
Moog Center for Deaf Education
West Tennessee School for the Deaf
Wyoming School for the Deaf
Secondary
Schools
Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind
Alaska State School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
American School for the Deaf
Arkansas School for the Deaf
Atlanta Area School for the Deaf
Austine School
Barbara Jordan High School
Beverly School for the Deaf
California School for the Deaf, Fremont
California School for the Deaf, Riverside
Colorado School for the Deaf and Blind
Delaware School for the Deaf
Eastern North Carolina School for the Deaf
Florida School for the Deaf and Blind
Georgia School for the Deaf
Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Illinois School for the Deaf
Indiana School for the Deaf
Iowa School for the Deaf
Kansas State School For the Deaf
Kentucky School for the Deaf
The Learning Center for the Deaf
Lexington School and Center for the Deaf
Louisiana School for the Deaf
Marlton School
Maryland School for the Deaf
Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf
Mississippi School for the Deaf
Model Secondary School for the Deaf
Nebraska School for the Deaf
New Mexico School for the Deaf
New York School for the Deaf
New York State School for the Deaf
North Carolina School for the Deaf
North Dakota School for the Deaf
Ohio School for the Deaf
Oklahoma School for the Deaf
Oregon School for the Deaf
Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Rochester School for the Deaf
T. H. Rogers School
St. Rita School for the Deaf
Scranton School for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Scranton State School for the Deaf
South Carolina School for the Deaf and Blind
South Dakota School for the Deaf
Tennessee School for the Deaf
Texas School for the Deaf
Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind
West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind
Western Pennsylvania School for the Deaf
Jerry L. White Center High School
Willie Ross School for the Deaf
Wisconsin School for the Deaf
Naxal School for the Deaf (Nepal)
Tertiary
Schools
Gallaudet University
National Technical Institute for the Deaf (est.1965)
Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol(closed)
Ungraded
Schools
Central Institute for the Deaf
Project Insight
Summit Speech School
Wright-Humason School for the Deaf
Evangelical School for the Deaf (Puerto Rico)
Authority control
NDL: 00569586
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A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
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A Wrinkle in Time
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ava DuVernay
Produced by
Jim Whitaker
Catherine Hand
Screenplay by
Jennifer Lee
Jeff Stockwell
Based on
A Wrinkle in Time
by Madeleine L'Engle
Starring
Oprah Winfrey
Reese Witherspoon
Mindy Kaling
Gugu Mbatha-Raw
Michael Peña
Storm Reid
Zach Galifianakis
Chris Pine
Music by
Ramin Djawadi
Cinematography
Tobias A. Schliessler
Edited by
Spencer Averick
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Whitaker Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26) (El Capitan Theatre)
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$100–130 million[2][3][4]
Box office
$124.4 million[5]
A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle. The film stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Peña, Storm Reid, Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine, and follows a young girl who, with the help of three astral travelers, sets off on a quest to find her father, who went missing after discovering a new planet.
Principal photography began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. With a production budget of over $100 million, the film became the first live-action film with a nine-digit budget to be directed by a woman of color. A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26, 2018, and with a theatrical release on March 9, 2018, through the Disney Digital 3-D, Real D 3D, and IMAX formats.[6] The film received mixed reviews, with critics "taking issue with the film's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes" while "celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity",[7] and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break-even point of $400 million, thus being a box office bomb.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Thirteen-year-old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex, a well-renowned scientist, mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics. Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world.
During the night, Meg's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house. She mentions the tesseract, a type of space-travel Alex was working on, is real, and leaves soon after. The next day, one of Meg's classmates, Calvin O'Keefe, joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who, another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace.
When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard, Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman, Mrs. Which, who is the oldest and appears as a giant. The three reveal themselves as astral travelers, and lead Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel.
Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature, and takes the children up into the atmosphere, where they see a dark shadow known as The IT. Mrs. Which tells Meg her father's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT, a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe. Gaining the women's trust, Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides.
The Happy Medium shows them Meg's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz, The IT's homeworld. Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed, anger, pride, selfishness, and low self-esteem in the world. Showing them examples of these characteristics, Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school, he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self-conscious. The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup, but Meg's refusal messes with the tesseract, and they travel to Camazotz instead.
Upon arriving on Camazotz, Mrs. Which, Mrs. Whatsit, and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz's evil is stronger than their light. Before they depart, they bestow gifts upon Meg; these include Mrs. Who's glasses, the knowledge of Meg's faults, and the command to never separate.
The trio treks through Camazotz's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT's bodyguard, Red. He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy. He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here, but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand. When Red starts repeating the times tables, Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm, allowing the IT to take full control of his mind.
When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace, they find themselves in a seemingly empty room. Using Mrs. Who's glasses, Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner. After bringing him out of captivity, the IT's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master. As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT's power, Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children, abandoning Charles Wallace. Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself, leaving her alone. When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption, she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power. Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect, Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity. The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself.
Returning home, Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways, while Veronica becomes nice to her. The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father.
Cast[edit]
Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which
Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit
Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who
Storm Reid as Meg Murry, a gifted young girl
Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe, Meg's classmate and friend
Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry, Meg's prodigious adoptive 6-year-old brother
Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's long-lost father
Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium
Michael Peña as Red[10]
David Oyelowo as the IT, Red's true diabolical form[10]
Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Dr. Kate Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's mother
André Holland as Principal James Jenkins[10]
Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley[10]
Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman[10]
Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man[10]
Yvette Cason as a teacher[10]
Will McCormack as another teacher[10]
Daniel MacPherson as Calvin's Father[10]
Production[edit]
DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live-action film with a budget of over $100 million.
In October 2010, it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time, by Madeleine L'Engle, which had previously been made as a 2003 television film. Following the financial success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios. Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films.[11] The project's budget was slated to be $35 million, which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia, both of which were made for less than $30 million.[12] On August 5, 2014, Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter, taking over from Stockwell, who wrote the first draft.[13][14] On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film, and she was confirmed to direct later that same month.[15][16] She became the first woman of color to direct a live-action film with a production budget over $100 million.[17]
On July 26, 2016, Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film, to play Mrs. Which, the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws, celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey.[18] On September 7, 2016, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film, with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit, who presents as a chatty, grandmotherly hobo, and Kaling set for the quotation-reciting Mrs. Who.[19] On September 13, 2016, Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry, a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before.[20] In October 2016, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg, Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry, respectively.[21][22] On November 1, 2016, more cast were announced, including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium, André Holland as Principal Jenkins, Levi Miller as Calvin, and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace, along with Bellamy Young, Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack.[23] Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red.[24] The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand.[23]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California.[23][25][26] After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks.[23] Tobias A. Schliessler was the film's cinematographer, Naomi Shohan its production designer, Paco Delgado its costume designer, and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor.[23][27] During production, DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting.[28]
Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, starting on November 29, 2016.[29] Filming also took place at Eureka's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo. None of the film's major actors were present in Eureka.[30] In mid-December, Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles.[31]
During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago, New Zealand.[32] Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea, with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia.[33] Filming wrapped in New Zealand's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post.[34]
Music[edit]
Main article: A Wrinkle in Time (soundtrack)
On September 28, 2017, Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film, replacing Jonny Greenwood, who was initially chosen to compose, and scored the film.[35] On February 20, 2018, it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade, Sia, Kehlani, Chloe x Halle, Freestyle Fellowship, DJ Khaled, and Demi Lovato.[36]
Release[edit]
The film was released in the United States on March 9, 2018.[37] It was previously set for an April 6, 2018 release.[38]
Marketing[edit]
DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo; it was released on July 15, 2017.[39]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 25, 2018[update], A Wrinkle in Time grossed $93.9 million in the United States and Canada, and just over $30.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $124.4 million.[5] With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement, the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit.[40]
In the United States and Canada, A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist, Gringo and The Strangers: Prey at Night, and was projected to gross $30–38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend.[41] It made $10.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $33.3 million, finishing second behind Disney's own Black Panther ($41.1 million in its fourth weekend).[4] In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million, dropping 50% to 4th place.[42]
Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend, with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million.[43]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 39%, based on 241 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous, big-hearted, and occasionally quite moving; unfortunately, it's also wildly ambitious to a fault, and often less than the sum of its classic parts."[44] On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[45] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 75% overall positive score; audience members under the age of 18 gave it a respective average grade of "A–" and positive score of 89%.[4]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film's visuals and performances, writing, "Awash in bold colors, bright patterns and ebullient kids, director Ava DuVernay's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it doesn't quite stick the landing."[46] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C+" and praised what he described as its ambition, saying: "It almost doesn't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power, or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false."[47]
Alex Hudson of Exclaim! gave the film a 5 out of 10, saying that it felt "like a missed opportunity. Rather than a family classic, all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie."[48] Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, saying, "...if anything, the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay's personal touch. In fact, it feels a lot like Brad Bird's big budget, equally smarmy 2015 Disney film, Tomorrowland. Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human. But universality doesn't work that way, no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid."[49]
See also[edit]
A Wrinkle in Time (2003)
Afrofuturism in film
Black film
List of black films of the 2010s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A WRINKLE IN TIME (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/
Jump up ^ McDonald, Soraya Nadia (March 8, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' has Ava DuVernay, Oprah and a $100 million budget. But it still needs a better villain". The Undefeated. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anthony D'Alessandro (March 11, 2018). "'Black Panther' Rules 4th Frame With $41M+; 'A Wrinkle In Time' At $33M+: A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Wrinkle in Time (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, David (February 22, 2017). "Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Reviews: What the Critics Are Saying". Variety. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian (March 12, 2018). "5 reasons why Disney's fantasy epic 'A Wrinkle in Time' failed at the box office". Insider. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela. "'A Wrinkle in Time': Why It Has Underperformed at the Box Office". Retrieved April 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit" (PDF). wdsmediafile.com. The Walt Disney Studios. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay (October 14, 2010). "Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt 'Wrinkle'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (March 17, 2010). "Granat Launches Family-Oriented Bedrock Studios (Updated)". TheWrap. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 5, 2014). "'Frozen' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt 'A Wrinkle in Time' for Disney". Variety. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (August 5, 2014). "'Frozen' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt 'A Wrinkle in Time'". /Film. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (February 8, 2016). "Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci-Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (February 23, 2016). "Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney's 'A Wrinkle In Time'; Script By 'Frozen's Jennifer Lee". Deadline. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Rebecca (August 3, 2016). "With 'A Wrinkle In Time,' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone". LA Times. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (July 26, 2016). "Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' Adaptation". Variety. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 7, 2016). "Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 13, 2016). "Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (October 21, 2016). "Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle In Time'". Deadline. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (October 20, 2016). "Gugu Mbatha-Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay's 'Wrinkle In Time'". Deadline. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins". ComingSoon.net. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Pena Joins Disney's A Wrinkle in Time Movie". ComingSoon.net. November 2, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ava DuVernay on Facebook". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (November 1, 2016). "Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week". Collider. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ava DuVernay on Twitter". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hogg, Trevor (April 3, 2018). "A WRINKLE IN TIME: 'The Emotional Visual Effects Show'". VFX Voice. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Ruth (December 19, 2016). "'Postcard of Humboldt County': 'Wrinkle in Time' brings local beauty to big screen". Redwood Times. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Houston, Will (November 28, 2016). "Film production in town: 'A Wrinkle in Time' director's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka". Eureka Times-Standard. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set". Mail Online. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time: What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oprah: 'It's a gorgeous day NZ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News". Nzherald.co.nz. February 18, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps". Newshub.co.nz. February 26, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer". ScreenRant. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (February 20, 2018). "A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade, Sia, Game of Thrones composer". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (April 25, 2017). "Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 14, 2016). "Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle In Time' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ @ava (July 3, 2017). "Teaser trailer coming at @D23Expo. Hope you like what you see! ✨" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Mark (March 8, 2018). "Review: 'A Wrinkle In Time' Delivers Weird, Fun, And Heartfelt Family Entertainment". Forbes. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin; Dave McNary (March 6, 2018). "Box Office Preview: 'A Wrinkle in Time' Looks to Lure Kids as 'Black Panther' Stays Muscular". Variety. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (March 18, 2018). "'Black Panther' Keeps B.O. Treasure From 'Tomb Raider'; How 'I Can Only Imagine' Hit A $17M High Note". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 11, 2018). "'Black Panther' Tops $500M Overseas, $1B WW With $67M China Bow; 'Tomb Raider' Kicks Off – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes (Fandango Media). Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time Reviews". Metacritic (CBS Interactive). Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Durande, Alonso (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Film Review: Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat". TheWrap. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Review: Ava DuVernay's Eye-Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way". Indiewire. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Alex (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle In Time' review". Exclaim!. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mancini, Vince (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle In Time' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story". Uproxx. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
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Works of Ava DuVernay
Films directed
This Is the Life (2008)
I Will Follow (2010)
Middle of Nowhere (2012)
Selma (2014)
13th (2016)
A Wrinkle in Time (2018)
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Screenplay and directed
Frozen (2013)
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[show]
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Madeleine L'Engle
Time Quintet
A Wrinkle in Time
A Wind in the Door
Many Waters
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An Acceptable Time
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An Acceptable Time
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A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)
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List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl
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Jennifer Hudson sings the national anthem at Super Bowl XLIII.
This article is a list of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl. The U.S. national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner") has been performed at all but one Super Bowl since its first year in 1967; Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful" in place of the anthem at Super Bowl XI in 1977. Since Super Bowl XVI in 1982, famous singers or music groups have performed the anthem at the vast majority of Super Bowl games.
Beginning with Super Bowl XLIII in 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem every year. Some early Super Bowls featured marching bands performing the anthem, and the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Performances
2 Multiple and hometown performances
3 Notable performances
4 Controversies
5 Other patriotic performances
6 See also
7 References
Performances[edit]
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]
I 1967 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir
II 1968 Orange Bowl, Miami GSU Tiger Marching Band
III 1969 Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.
IV 1970 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans Al Hirt
V 1971 Orange Bowl, Miami Tommy Loy (trumpet)
VI 1972 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale
VII 1973 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church
VIII 1974 Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas Charley Pride
IX 1975 Tulane Stadium, New Orleans GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)
X 1976 Orange Bowl, Miami Tom Sullivan
XI 1977 Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")
XII 1978 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University
XIII 1979 Orange Bowl, Miami The Colgate Thirteen
XIV 1980 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Cheryl Ladd
XV 1981 Superdome, New Orleans Helen O'Connell
XVI 1982 Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan Diana Ross
XVII 1983 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Leslie Easterbrook
XVIII 1984 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida Barry Manilow
XIX 1985 Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus
XX 1986 Superdome, New Orleans Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)
XXI 1987 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Neil Diamond
XXII 1988 Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego Herb Alpert (trumpet)
XXIII 1989 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Billy Joel
XXIV 1990 Superdome, New Orleans Aaron Neville
XXV 1991 Tampa Stadium, Tampa Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling
XXVI 1992 Metrodome, Minneapolis Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary
XXVII 1993 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin
XXVIII 1994 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley
XXIX 1995 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone
XXX 1996 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla
XXXI 1997 Superdome, New Orleans Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz
XXXII 1998 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich
XXXIII 1999 Pro Player Stadium, Miami Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands
XXXIV 2000 Georgia Dome, Atlanta Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir
XXXV 2001 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney
XXXVI 2002 Superdome, New Orleans Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse
XXXVII 2003 Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell
XXXVIII 2004 Reliant Stadium, Houston Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy
XXXIX 2005 Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent
XL 2006 Ford Field, Detroit Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia
XLI 2007 Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)
XLII 2008 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]
XLIII 2009 Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos
XLIV 2010 Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles
XLV 2011 Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]
XLVI 2012 Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]
XLVII 2013 Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]
XLVIII 2014 MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion
XLIX 2015 University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8] Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]
50 2016 Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]
LI 2017 NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].
LII 2018 U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].
Multiple and hometown performances[edit]
Acts that have performed three times:
Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)
Acts that have performed two times:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)
Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)
Notable performances[edit]
The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.
The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.
Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]
At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.
Controversies[edit]
Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]
Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]
Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]
Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]
At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]
Other patriotic performances[edit]
The Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus performs at Super Bowl XLVII.
The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]
Pledge of Allegiance
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew
"America the Beautiful"
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].
"God Bless America"
2003: Céline Dion
See also[edit]
Super Bowl
List of Super Bowl halftime shows
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Super Bowl – Entertainment". National Football League. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NBC Broadcast of Super Bowl III". Paley Center for Media. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wong, Scott (January 29, 2008). "Living the dream: Prof to sign anthem for deaf". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Texan to Sign the National Anthem at the Super Bowl". National Association of the Deaf. February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl XLVI: PepsiCo and the NAD". National Association of the Deaf. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ King (January 19, 2013). "Alicia Keys to Perform National Anthem at Super Bowl XLVII". KING Says. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NAD, NFL, & CBS Rally to Improve the Super Bowl Experience". National Association of the Deaf. February 3, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Tickets 2015". Ticketexchangebyticketmaster.com. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl". National Football League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga will sing national anthem at Super Bowl 50". National Football League. Associated Press. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Luke Bryan will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LI". National Football League. January 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pink will sing national anthem at Super Bowl LII". National Football League. January 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Byron, Master Sgt. David (February 1, 2005). "Super Bowl goes super blue". Air Force Print News. af.mil. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hudson's Super Bowl Lip-Sync No Surprise to Insiders". ABC News. February 3, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "A fitting wartime rendition". St. Petersburg Times. February 4, 1991. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Warner can't match '07 magic vs. Steelers". Chicago Tribune. February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Our National Anthem: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly". Rolling Stone. July 3, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXV Highlight Film, NFL Films, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b "Oh, Say, Can She Sing". St. John's Downtown. January 31, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ Dunkerley, Beville; Leahhey, Andrew; Parton, Chris; Moss, Marissa R.; Shelburne, Craig (September 21, 2015). "Faith Hill's 10 Greatest Live Performances". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Opera star Renee Fleming to sing national anthem at Super Bowl". CBS Sports. January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cuomo, Chris; Paparella, Andrew (February 16, 2012). "Home > Entertainment Whitney Houston's Star-Spangled Secret". ABC News. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Discography". The Official Garth Brooks Official Website. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Collins, Scott; James, Meg (February 4, 2005). "The Nation; After '04 Fiasco, Super Bowl Wants to Avoid Going Offsides". The Los Angeles Times (Home ed.). p. A01.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 14, 2005). "Football? They Play a Game?". New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX". Air Force Print News. af.mil. January 25, 2005. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Callow, James (February 7, 2011). "Super Bowl 2011: Christina Aguilera defends national anthem gaffe". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Schabner, Dean (February 6, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Mangles 'Star-Spangled Banner' at Super Bowl". ABC News.
Jump up ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (February 6, 2011). "Singing, Aguilera Trips O'er Ramparts". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Super Bowl Entertainment". Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weseling, Chris (January 30, 2013). "Sandy Hook, Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl". National Football League. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Jennifer (January 31, 2013). "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday". Twitter. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://proplayerinsiders.com/nfl-player-team-news-features/armed-forces-chorus-will-sing-america-beautiful-super-bowl-50/
Jump up ^ Paulson, Michael (January 27, 2017). "'Hamilton' Is Coming to the Super Bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL.com (January 15, 2018). "Leslie Odom Jr To Sing America The Beautiful At Super Bowl". Retrieved January 15, 2018.
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