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List of wars involving India
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Part of a series on the
History of India
Ancient[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE
Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Early Vedic Period
Rise of Śramaṇa movement
Later Vedic Period
Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha
Spread of Jainism - Mahavira
Rise of Buddhism
Mahajanapadas, c. 500 – c. 345 BCE
Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 – c. 322 BCE
Classical[show]
Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 – c. 185 BCE
Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 – c. 75 BCE
Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 – c. 30 BCE
Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 – c. 230 CE
Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE
Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 – c. 550 CE
Early Medieval[show]
Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 – c. 753 CE
Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE
Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Rastrakuta Dynasty
Pala Dynasty
Chola Dynasty, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE
Late Medieval[show]
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Slave Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty
Tugluq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty
Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE
Vijayanagara, c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE
Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE
Early Modern[show]
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
Bengal Subah, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
Modern[show]
The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 – c. 1858 CE
British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
Independence Movement
Independent India, c. 1947 CE – present
Related articles[show]
Timeline of Indian History
Dynasties in Indian History
Economic History
Demographic History
Linguistic History
Architectural History
Art History
Literary History
Philosophical History
History of Religion
Musical History
Education History
Coinage History
Science and Technology History
List of Inventions and Discoveries
Military History
Naval History
Wars involving India
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This is a historical overview of armed conflicts involving India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Wars in the Indian subcontinent
2 British India (1858–1947)
3 Dominion of India (1947–1950)
4 Republic of India (1950–present)
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Wars in the Indian subcontinent[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)
Main article: Military history of India
The following is an exhaustive list of wars and conflicts that were fought in the historic Indian subcontinent. The wars listed below involve three of the prominent empires to rule over the subcontinent — The Mauryas, Mughals and the Marathas. The Company rule in India is also included.
Maurya Empire (322 BCE–185 BCE) [show]
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Conquest of the Nanda Empire
(321 BCE–320 BCE) Maurya Empire Nanda Empire Maurya victory
Fall of Nanda Dynasty
Creation of the Maurya Empire
Seleucid–Mauryan war
(305 BCE–303 BCE) Maurya Empire Seleucid Empire Maurya victory
Maurya annexation of all of the Macedonian Satrapies in the Indus River Valley
500 war elephants given to Seleucus
Marriage between Mauryan and Seleucid families
Kalinga War
(262 BCE–261 BCE) Maurya Empire Kalinga Maurya victory
Maurya annexation of Kalinga
Mughal Empire (1526–1857) [show]
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Mughal-Rajput War (1525)
(1525) Mughal Empire Rajputs Mughal victory
Expansion of Mughal influence in Punjab
First Battle of Panipat
(1526) Mughal Empire Delhi Sultanate Mughal victory
Delhi Sultanate annexed by Mughals
Foundation of the Mughal Empire
Battle of Ghaghra
(1529) Mughal Empire Sultanate of Bengal Mughal victory
Bihar annexed by the Mughals
Ahom–Mughal conflicts
(1615–1682) Mughal Empire Ahom kingdom Ahom victory
Extension of Ahom influence to the Manas river
Mughal–Safavid War (1622–23)
(1622–1623) Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Persian victory
Safavid/Persian annexation of Kandahar
Mughal–Safavid War (1622–23)
(1649–1653) Mughal Empire Safavid Empire Persian victory
Safavid/Persian re-annexation of Kandahar
Mughal conquest of Chittagong
(1665–1666) Mughal Empire Kingdom of Mrauk U Mughal naval and military victory
Mughal annexation of southeastern Bengal
Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684
(1679–1684) Ladakh
Mughal Empire Tibet
Zungar Empire Mughal military victory
Mughal withdrawal after signing a treaty with the Ladakhis
Tibetan victory in another attack in 1684 with the assistance of reinforcements from the Zungar Empire
Treaty of Tingmosgang
Deccan Wars
(1681–1707) Mughal Empire Maratha Empire Maratha victory
Permanent end to Mughal expansion in Deccan/Peninsular India
Child's War
(1686–1690) Mughal Empire East India Company Mughal victory
British conclusion of peace with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1689
Nadir Shah's invasion of India
(1738–1739) Mughal Empire Afsharid dynasty Persian victory
Persian occupation and plundering of Delhi
Battle of Karnal
(1739–February 13, 1739) Mughal Empire Persian Afsharid Empire Persian victory
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)
(1741) Mughal Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
Maratha Empire Maratha victory
Maratha annexation of Tiruchirappalli
Expeditions in Bengal
(1741–1748) Mughal Empire
Nawab of Bengal
Maratha Empire Maratha victory
Maratha annexation of the territory up to the river Suvarnarekha from Bengal
Seven Years' War
(1754–1763) France
Austria
Russia (until 1762)
Spanish Empire (from 1761)
Sweden (1757–62)
Saxony
Mughal Empire (from 1757)
Prussia
Great Britain
Hanover
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Iroquois Confederacy
Portugal (from 1761)
Hesse-Kassel
Schaumburg-Lippe
Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain
French cession of New France (excluding Louisiana) to Britain and recognition of British supremacy in Bengal
Spanish cession of Florida to Britain
French cession of Louisiana to Spain
British cession of Cuba and Manilla (Philippine Islands) to Spain
Indian Rebellion of 1857
(1857–1858) Mughal Empire
Maratha Empire Company Raj British victory
Suppression of the rebellions
End of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule in India
Formation of the British Raj/Empire of India
Maratha Empire (1674–1818) [show]
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Deccan Wars
(1681–1707) Maratha Empire Mughal Empire Maratha victory
Permanent end to Mughal expansion in Deccan/Peninsular India
Battle of Vasai
(1739) Maratha Empire Portuguese Empire Maratha victory
Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)
(1741) Maratha Empire Mughal Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
Maratha victory
Maratha annexation of Tiruchirappalli
Expeditions in Bengal
(1741–1748) Maratha Empire Mughal Empire
Nawab of Bengal
Maratha victory
Maratha annexation of the territory up to the river Suvarnarekha from Bengal
Maratha conquest of North-west India
(1757–1758) Maratha Empire Durrani Empire Maratha victory
Maratha annexation Punjab, Kashmir and North-West Frontier Province
First Anglo-Mysore War
(1767–1769) Company Raj
Maratha Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
Hyderabad Mysore 'Stalemate
Treaty of Madras
First Anglo-Maratha War
(1775–1782) Maratha Empire Company Raj Maratha victory
Treaty of Salbai
Maratha-Mysore War
(1785–1787) Maratha Empire Mysore Maratha victory
Treaty of Gajendragad
Third Anglo-Mysore War
(1789–1792) Company Raj
Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore Mysore Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory
Treaty of Seringapatam
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
(1798–1799) Company Raj
Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore Mysore Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory
Inclusion of Mysore as a princely state in British Raj
Second Anglo-Maratha War
(1803–1805) Maratha Empire Company Raj British victory
Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon
Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817–1818) Maratha Empire Company Raj British victory
Formal dissolution of the Maratha Empire
Indian Rebellion of 1857
(1857–1858) Mughal Empire
Maratha Empire Company Raj British victory
Suppression of the rebellions
End of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule in India
Formation of the British Raj
Company rule in India (1757–1858) [show]
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Battle of Plassey
(1757) Company rule in India Nawab of Bengal
French East India Victory
British annexation of Bengal
Battle of Buxar
(1764) Company rule in India Mughal Empire Victory
Treaty of Allahabad
First Anglo-Mysore War
(1767–1769) Company rule in India
Maratha Empire
Nawab of the Carnatic
Hyderabad Mysore Stalemate
Treaty of Madras
First Anglo-Maratha War
(1775–1782) Company rule in India Maratha Empire Defeat
Treaty of Salbai
Second Anglo-Mysore War
(1779–1784) Great Britain
Company rule in India
Hanover
Mysore
France
Dutch Republic Defeat
Treaty of Mangalore
Third Anglo-Mysore War
(1789–1792) Company rule in India
Maratha Empire
Hyderabad
Travancore Mysore Victory
Treaty of Seringapatam
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
(1798–1799) Company rule in India Mysore Victory
British annexation of Mysore
Second Anglo-Maratha War
(1803–1805) Company rule in India Maratha Empire Victory
Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon
Anglo-Nepalese War
(1814–1816) Company rule in India
Garhwal Kingdom
Patiala State Nepal Victory
Treaty of Sugauli
Cession of Nepalese territory to the British Empire
Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus
(1815) Company rule in India United States Defeat
Capture of Nautilus by American forces
Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817–1818) Company rule in India Maratha Empire Victory
Formal dissolution of the Maratha Empire
First Anglo-Burmese War
(1824–1826) Company rule in India Burmese Empire Victory
Treaty of Yandabo
Beginning of British rule in Burma
First Anglo-Afghan War
(1839–1842) Company rule in India Emirate of Afghanistan Defeat
British withdrawal from Afghanistan
First Opium War
(1839–1842) Great Britain
Company rule in India
Qing dynasty Victory
Treaty of Nanking
First Anglo-Sikh War
(1845–1846) Company rule in India
Patiala Sikh Empire Victory
Second Anglo-Sikh War
(1848–1849) Company rule in India Sikh Empire Victory
Dissolution of the Sikh Empire
Second Anglo-Burmese War
(1852) Company rule in India Burmese Empire Victory
Succession of Pagan Min by Mindon Min in Burma
Anglo-Persian War
(1856–1857) United Kingdom
Company rule in India
Afghanistan
Iran Victory
Treaty of Paris (1857)
Persian withdrawal from Herat
Indian Rebellion of 1857
(1857–1858) Company rule in India
British Army Mughal Empire
Maratha Empire Victory
Suppression of the rebellions
End of Mughal, Company and Maratha rule in India
Formation of the British Raj
British India (1858–1947)[edit]
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown now began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858 through the British Raj. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the Princely states.
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Second Opium War
(1856–1860) British Empire
United Kingdom
India
French Empire
Qing dynasty Victory
Treaties of Tientsin.
Ambela Campaign
(1863–1864) India Afghan Pashtuns
Yusufzai tribes Victory
Bunerwals surrender.
Malka burned.
Bhutan War
(1864–1865) India Bhutan Victory
Bhutanese territorial cessions to India.
British Expedition to Abyssinia
(1867–1868) United Kingdom
India
Ethiopian Empire Victory
British victory at the Battle of Magdala, Theodore II commits suicide.
Second Anglo-Afghan War
(1878–1880) United Kingdom
India
Afghanistan Victory
Treaty of Gandamak, British objectives attained.
Afghanistan's tribal frontier areas annexed into British India.
Afghanistan becomes a British Protectorate.
Mahdist War
(1881–1899) United Kingdom
India
Egypt
Ethiopia
Mahdist Sudan Victory
Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
Anglo-Egyptian War
(1882) United Kingdom
India
Tewfik Pasha
Ahmed Orabi Victory
Ahmed Orabi exiled, British occupation of Egypt.
Third Anglo-Burmese War
(1885) India Burmese Empire Victory
The province of Burma became part of the British Raj.
Third Black Mountain Expedition
(1888) India Hassanzai and Akazai tribes. Victory
Allaiwal village of Pokal occupied and destroyed.
Sikkim Expedition
(1888) India Tibet Victory
Tibetan forces expelled from Sikkim.
Hunza-Nagar Campaign
(1891) India Hunza
Nagar Victory
The British gained control of Hunza and Nagar.
Chitral Expedition
(1895) India Chitralis Bajouri and Afghan Tribesmen Victory
Fort of Chitral relieved.
Anglo-Zanzibar War
(1896) British Empire
India
Zanzibar Sultanate Victory
End of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.
Zanzibar ceded to the British Empire.
Tochi Expedition
(1896) India Waziris Victory
Rebellion put down.
Siege of Malakand
(1897) India پشتون Pashtun tribes Victory
Siege successful.
First Mohmand Campaign
(1897–1898) India Mohmands Victory
Punitive expedition successful.
Tirah Campaign
(1897–1898) India Afridis
Orakzais
Chamkanis Victory
Negotiations for peace were then begun with the Afridis.
Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901) Empire of Japan
Russia
United Kingdom
India
France
United States
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Yihetuan Movement
Qing dynasty Victory
The rebellion was suppressed.
Signing of the Boxer Protocol.
Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing.
Second Boer War
(1899–1902) United Kingdom
British Cape Colony
Natal Colony
Rhodesia
Australia
India
Canada
New Zealand
British Ceylon
Orange Free State
South African Republic Victory
Treaty of Vereeniging, British sovereignty over The Orange Free State and the Transvaal.
British expedition to Tibet
(1903–1904) India Tibet Victory
Treaty enforced, return to status quo.
Bambatha Rebellion
(1906) United Kingdom
India
Zulu people Victory
Rebellion suppressed
Bazar Valley Campaign
(1908) India Zakka Khel clan of the Afridi Victory
Rebellion suppressed
World War I
(1914–1918) France
United Kingdom
South Africa
Australia
Canada
India
Newfoundland
New Zealand
Russian Empire
Italy
United States
Serbia
Japan
Belgium
Greece
Romania
Portugal
Brazil
Germany
DSWA
DOA
Kamerun
DNG
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
South African Republic Victory
End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
Establishment of the League of Nations.
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
(1918–1920) White movement
British Empire
United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
India
Japan
Czechoslovakia
Greece
Poland
United States
France
Romania
Serbia
Italy
China
Russian SFSR
Far Eastern Republic
Latvian SSR
Ukrainian SSR
Commune of Estonia
Mongolian communists Withdrawal
Allied withdrawal from Russia.
Bolshevik victory over White Army.
Turkish War of Independence
(1919–1923) Greece
Pontic Rebels
France
French West Africa
Armenia
United Kingdom
India
Georgia
Ankara Government
Kuva-yi Milliye Armistice
[1]
Overthrow of the Ottoman Sultanate.
Armistice of Mudanya.
Treaty of Lausanne.
Establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
Third Anglo-Afghan War
(1919) United Kingdom
India
Afghanistan Armistice
Treaty of Rawalpindi
Afghan invasion repelled.
Afghanistan regains control of external affairs.
Reaffirmation of the Durand Line.
First Waziristan Campaign
(1919) India Waziristan Victory
Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
Kuwait–Najd War
(1919–1920) United Kingdom
India
Kuwait
Sultanate of Nejd
Ikhwan
Victory
Ikhawan retreat.
Iraqi revolt
(1920) United Kingdom
India
Iraqi rebels Victory
Faisal I of Iraq installed as the King of Iraq.
Malabar rebellion
(1921) India Mappila Muslims Victory
Rebellion suppressed.
Pink's War
(1925) India Mahsud tribesmen Victory
Tribal leaders accept terms.
Second Mohmand Campaign
(1935) India Mohmands Victory
Jirga and peace.
Second Waziristan Campaign
(1936–1939) India Waziri tribesmen Victory
Suppression of insurrection by independent Wazir tribes.
World War II
(1939–1945) Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
India
Republic of China
South Africa
Australia
Canada
New Zealand
France
Poland
Yugoslavia
Greece
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czechoslovakia
Germany
Vichy France
Italy
Japan
Manchukuo
Mengjiang
Wang Jingwei regime
Azad Hind
Thailand
Empire of Vietnam
State of Burma
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Victory
Collapse of the German Reich
Collapse of Fascism in Italy
Creation of the United Nations
Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
Beginning of the Cold War
Indonesian National Revolution
(1945–1947) Netherlands
United Kingdom
India
Indonesia Withdrawal
Indian withdrawal after independence in 1947.
The Netherlands recognises Indonesian independence.
Operation Masterdom
(1945–1946) United Kingdom
India
France
Japan
Viet Minh Withdrawal
Start of the First Indochina War, lasting until the Geneva Conference of 1954.
Dominion of India (1947–1950)[edit]
Following Indian independence, merger of the princely states remained a major question. The partition resulted in the creation of Pakistan.
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
(1947–1948) India
Jammu and Kashmir
Pakistan
Furqan Force Ceasefire
Partitioning of Jammu and Kashmir between India and Pakistan as Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistani administered Kashmir.
Integration of Junagadh
(1947) India Junagadh Victory
Incorporation of Junagadh into India
Operation Polo
(1948) India Hyderabad Victory
Incorporation of Hyderabad into India
Republic of India (1950–present)[edit]
India has fought many wars and minor conflicts during its period as a republic.
Name of Conflict
Belligerents
Outcome
Allies
Opponent(s)
Integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
(1954) India Portugal Victory
Incorporation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India
Congo Crisis
(1960–1964) 1960–63:
Republic of the Congo
Supported by:
Soviet Union (1960)
ONUC[a]
India
1960–63:
Katanga
South Kasai
Supported by:
Belgium[b]
1960–62:
Stanleyville government
Supported by:
Soviet Union
Victory
Debellation of the State of Katanga
Operation Vijay
(1961) India Portugal Victory
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu into India
Sino-Indian War of 1962
(1962) India China Defeat
Return to status quo ante bellum.
Insurgency in Northeast India
(1964–) India
Bhutan
Full List [show]
ATTF
BLTF
HuM
KLNLF
KLO
MNF

NDFB
NSCN
PLA
ULFA
UNLF
ACF
BKI
DHD
GNLA
HNLC
HPC
IRF
KCP
KYKL
MULTA
NLFT
PREPAK
TNV
UPDS
ZRA
Ongoing
Ongoing low-level insurgency
Re-annexation of the territory held by MNF by Indian Army
Bhutanese victory in Operation All Clear
Introduction of AFSPA in five north-eastern states, later repealed in Tripura[5]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
(1965) India Pakistan Armistice
Tashkent Declaration
Return to status quo ante bellum
Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
(1967–) India
Full List [show]
Communist Party of India (Maoist)
People's Liberation Guerrilla Army
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Janashakti
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari (until 2014)
Communist Party of United States of India
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)
People's Liberation Army of Manipur
Purbo Banglar Communist Party
Centre of Indian Communists
Tamil Nadu Liberation Army
Supported by:
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
New People's Army[6]
Ongoing
Indian victory in Operation Steeplechase
Quelling of the insurgency on a large scale via Operation Green Hunt
Nathu La and Cho La clashes
(1967) India China Victory
Chinese withdrawal from the Kingdom of Sikkim
Bangladesh Liberation War
(incl. Indo-Pakistani War of 1971)
(1971) India
Bangladesh Pakistan Victory
Pakistani surrender in East Pakistan
Independence of Bangladesh
Siachen conflict
(1984–2003) India Pakistan Victory
Annexation of the Siachen Glacier into India following Operation Meghdoot
India captures Quaid Post / Bana Top during Operation Rajiv
Ceasefire since 2003
Insurgency in Punjab
(incl. Operation Blue Star)
(1984–1995) India Khalistani militants Victory
Clearing out of militants from Harmandir Sahib
Operation Flowers are Blooming
(1986) India
Seychelles Military of Seychelles Victory
Aversion of the coup
Resignation of Berlouis
Sri Lankan Civil War
(1987–1990) India
Sri Lanka Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Withdrawal
Withdrawal of Indian peace-keeping forces from Sri Lanka
Continuation of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Operation Cactus
(1988) India
Maldives PLOTE
Maldivian rebels Victory
Restoration of government rule in Maldives
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
(1989–) India Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
Lashkar-e-Taiba
Jaish-e-Mohammed
Hizbul Mujahideen
Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
Al-Badr
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
Supported by:
Pakistan[7]
Taliban[8]
al-Qaeda[8]
Ongoing
Ongoing low-level Insurgency
Enforcement of AFSPA in Jammu and Kashmir
Kargil War
(1999) India Pakistan Victory
Pakistani retreat from Kargil[9]
See also[edit]
Conflicts/Incidents involving the Republic of India and the Indian military [show]
Operation Woodrose
1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
Atlantique incident
2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff
Operation Madad
Operation Sea Waves
Operation Sukoon
Piracy in Somalia
2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff
Operation Safe Homecoming
2011 India–Pakistan border shooting
2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident
Operation Rahat
Operation Surya Hope
2014 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
Operation Raahat
Operation Maitri
2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar
2016 India–Pakistan military confrontation
United Nations peacekeeping missions involving India [show]
Korean War - 1950-1953
Portuguese Colonial War - 1961-1974
Lebanese Civil War - 1975-1990
Somali Civil War - 1991-Ongoing
India and the Republic of India [show]
India
British India
Sikh Empire
Maratha Empire
Mughal Empire
Delhi Sultanate
Mauryan Empire
Vijayanagar Empire
Dominion of India
Company Raj
Partition of India
Foreign relations of India
History of India
History of the Republic of India
Politics of India
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others.[2]
Jump up ^ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France and the neighbouring Central African Federation.[3] However, it was never officially recognised by any other state.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
Jump up ^ Haskin 2005, pp. 24–5.
Jump up ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Nugent 2004, p. 97.
Jump up ^ http://www.asianage.com/debate/age-debate-after-tripura-it-time-revoke-afspa-jammu-and-kashmir-922
Jump up ^ Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. Atimes.com (2010-04-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
Jump up ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Paul Kapur (7 August 2012). India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia. Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-14375-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Gall, Carlotta (2007-01-21). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 1999-08-07. Retrieved 2012-06-15.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_India&oldid=807004739"
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Jacob Marley
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Marley's Ghost" redirects here. For other uses, see Marley's Ghost (disambiguation).
Jacob Marley
A Christmas Carol character
Jacob Marley's ghost visits Scrooge in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol
First appearance
A Christmas Carol (1843)
Created by
Charles Dickens
Information
Nickname(s)
J.M.
Species
Ghost (Formerly Human)
Gender
Male
Occupation
Business Partner/ Accountant
Family
unspecified (no stated family)
Relatives
The Ghost of Christmas Past
The Ghost of Christmas Present
The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come
Nationality
English
Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. He is Ebenezer Scrooge’s deceased business partner, now a chained and tormented ghost, doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive. Marley roams restlessly, witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them. Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption, which Marley tells him was "...a chance and hope of my procuring."
Contents
[hide]
1 Role in the story
2 Appearances in various film adaptations
3 References
4 External links
Role in the story[edit]
In A Christmas Carol, Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836).
In life, Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley, and he refers to their offices as 'our money-changing hole'. They became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. Scrooge is described as Marley's "sole friend" and "sole mourner", and praises Marley as having been a good friend to him.
Seven years after his death, on Christmas Eve, Marley's ghost visits Scrooge. Marley preys upon Scrooge's mind in many different ways, notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring. The ghost maintains the same voice, hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life, but is translucent. He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws, and "captive, bound and double-ironed" with chains which are described as "long, and wound about him like a tail; it was made... of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel." He often, in moments of great despair or impatience at Scrooge's scepticism, flings these upon the ground before him and almost induces his former partner "into a swoon". He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life, as a result of his greed and selfishness. As he spent his life on this earth obsessing over money and mistreating the poor and wretched to fill his pocket, Marley is condemned to walk the earth for eternity, never to find rest or peace, experiencing an "incessant torture of remorse". He laments that Christmas is the time he suffers most of all.
When the spectre asks, "Why do you doubt your senses?" Scrooge scoffs that "...a little thing affects them. A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat. You may be an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato. There's more gravy than grave about you, whatever you are!" Marley's only reply is a spine-chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees, begging for mercy.
Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits. and admonishes his former partner to listen to what they have to say, or Scrooge will suffer Marley's fate; he says that Scrooge's chain was as heavy as his seven years earlier, and remarks that "you have laboured on it since — it is a ponderous chain!".
Marley then departs into the night sky, surrounded by a countless horde of other tormented spirits, some of whom were known to Scrooge when they were alive, all of them chained in a similar manner to Marley and suffering the same unbearable torment, as they struggle in vain to make up for their wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby.
Appearances in various film adaptations[edit]
Frank Finlay as Marley
In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains. In this adaptation, he is invisible, and the viewers only hear his voice.
In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol, he is played by Leo G. Carroll.
Michael Hordern played Marley twice, once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams' 1971 animated film. Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC, with the role of Marley played by John Le Mesurier.
In the 1962 animated television special Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol, he is voiced by Royal Dano.
In the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales, Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague. This incarnation of Marley has a skull-like head with hair dancing up like a flame, a floor-length nightgown, and chais wrapped around his waist.
In the 1970 film Scrooge, Marley is played by Alec Guinness.
In the 1983 special Mickey's Christmas Carol, the character is played by Goofy (Hal Smith). This version of the character was mentioned to be like a twisted version of Robin Hood, "robbing widows and swindling the poor," which ultimately led to his punishment of carrying his chains “for eternity... or even longer”. He was also mentioned to have left very little in the way of a fortune, leaving only enough for Scrooge to pay for Marley's tombstone, so the former had him buried at sea instead. After bidding Scrooge farewell, he trips on Scrooge’s cane and falls down the stairs, letting out Goofy’s signature howl as he tumbles.
In the 1984 made-for-television film of A Christmas Carol, the film opens with Marley's funeral procession. While Scrooge walks home, he hears Marley's voice calling him from an apparitional hearse, and then again before Scrooge sees Marley's face on the door knocker. Frank Finlay's performance as Marley is considered one of the best portrayals of the character.[1]
In the film Scrooged (1988), a modern interpretation of Dickens' novella, Lew Heyward, a version of Jacob Marley, is portrayed by John Forsythe. In a particularly memorable scene, he is depicted as a walking mummified corpse all covered in dust and cobwebs as he appears to Frank Cross, the film's Scrooge, played by Bill Murray.
In the 1991 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Devil's Due", Data reenacts Jacob Marley's scene, playing the role of Scrooge. A holodeck version of Marley is portrayed by William Glover.
In the 1992 movie The Muppet Christmas Carol, the character is bifurcated into two brothers named Jacob and Robert (a reference to Bob Marley) so that they can be played respectively by Statler and Waldorf (Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz).
In the 1994 special A Flintstones Christmas Carol, the character is called 'Jacob Marbley' and is played by Mr. Slate (John Stephenson). A stone tablet portrait shows of Marbley cheating Scrooge by tipping his side of the scale with his finger.
In the 1995 made-for-TV film Ebbie, Jeffrey DeMunn plays Marley's modern version, Jake Marley, Elizabeth "Ebbie" Scrooge's mentor and later partner who dies of a heart attack right in front of her.
In the 1997 made-for-television film, Ms. Scrooge, Katherine Helmond portrays a female version of the character, Maude Marley. She explains that her only chance for salvation is for Ebenita to changer her ways.
In the 1998 Canadian made-for-television Western version, Ebenezer (portrayed by Jack Palance), the character's last name has been changed to "Marlowe" and is portrayed by Richard Halliday.
In the 1999 made-for-television film version, he is portrayed by Bernard Lloyd. This film version opens with his funeral in 1836, then jumps ahead to 1843.
In the 2000 VH1 made-for-television film A Diva's Christmas Carol, Rozonda Thomas plays a female version of the character Marli Jacob, the former singing partner of Ebony Scrooge who died in a car crash years earlier. Unlike other adaptations, she is freed from her chains when Ebony changes her ways.
In the 2001 film Christmas Carol: The Movie, Marley is voiced by Nicolas Cage.
In the 2004 parody An Easter Carol, Marley is voiced by Tim Hodge. (as Grandma Nezzer)
In the 2004 film A Christmas Carol: The Musical, Marley is played by Jason Alexander.
Marley's Ghost is a 2003 play by Jeff Goode which is a prequel to A Christmas Carol.
In the 2006 movie A Christmas Carol, the character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic cricket (just like Jiminy Cricket, who played the Ghost of Christmas Past in Mickey's Christmas Carol). In this adaptation, he is given an extra scene where Scrooge's redemption frees him from his punishment.
In the 2008 comedy film An American Carol, the role of Marley is taken by the spirit of John F. Kennedy, portrayed by Chriss Anglin.
In the 2009 animated film adaptation, he is voiced by Gary Oldman. This version is shown to be in a state of decay, with his cheeks splitting at one point, rendering him unable to talk properly.
In the 2015 BBC television series Dickensian he is played by Peter Firth.
Early in planning for the My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", Discord was cast as a Jacob Marley like character; however, the concept was cut for time.
In the Thomas and Friends episode, Diesel's Ghostly Christmas, the role of Marley's Ghost is portrayed by Emily (played by UK: Teresa Gallagher/US: Jules de Jongh.
In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, he was played by Donald Sumpter.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Scrooge U: Part XV - Great Scott!". Jimhillmedia.com. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
External links[edit]
[show]
v
t
e
Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol
Characters
Ebenezer Scrooge
Bob Cratchit
Mr. Fezziwig
Ghost of Christmas Past
Ghost of Christmas Present
Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come
Jacob Marley
Tiny Tim
Films
Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost
A Christmas Carol (1908)
A Christmas Carol (1910)
Scrooge (1913)
Scrooge (1935)
A Christmas Carol (1938)
Scrooge (1951)
It's Never Too Late
A Christmas Carol (1960)
Scrooge (1970)
A Christmas Carol (1971)
An American Christmas Carol
Mickey's Christmas Carol
Scrooged
The Muppet Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1997)
A Diva's Christmas Carol
Christmas Carol: The Movie
A Carol Christmas
Springtime with Roo
Chasing Christmas
A Christmas Carol (2006)
A Dennis the Menace Christmas
An American Carol
Ghosts of Girlfriends Past
A Christmas Carol (2009)
The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol (2011)
Television
"The Christmas Carol" (1949)
A Christmas Carol (1954)
Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol
A Carol for Another Christmas
Rich Little's Christmas Carol
A Special Sesame Street Christmas
The Stingiest Man in Town
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1982)
A Christmas Carol (1984)
Blackadder's Christmas Carol
A Flintstones Christmas Carol
Ebbie
Ebenezer
An All Dogs Christmas Carol
A Christmas Carol (1999)
A Christmas Carol (2000)
An Easter Carol
A Christmas Carol (2004)
Karroll's Christmas
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas
Nan's Christmas Carol
"A Christmas Carol" (Doctor Who)
It's Christmas, Carol!
Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale
Musicals
Scrooge (1992)
A Christmas Carol (1994)
Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge (2002)
Plays
A Christmas Carol (1988)
Fellow Passengers (2004)
A Klingon Christmas Carol (2007)
Soundtracks
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (2011)
Other
Adaptations of A Christmas Carol
Batman: Noël (comic)
"Green Christmas" (single)
The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins
The Man Who Invented Christmas
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