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Michigan Attorney General election, 2018
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Michigan Attorney General Election, 2018
← 2014 November 6, 2018 (2018-11-06) 2022 →
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Republican Democratic
Attorney General before election
Bill Schuette
Republican
Elected Attorney General
TBD
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The Michigan Attorney General election of 2018 will take place on November 6, 2018, alongside elections to be Michigan's governor, Class I United States Senator, Secretary of State, as well elections for Michigan's 14 seats in the United States House of Representatives, all 38 seats in the Michigan Senate and all 110 seats in the Michigan House of Representatives; to elect the Secretary of State of Michigan. Incumbent Republican Attorney General Bill Schuette is prohibited from seeking a third term due to term limits. The Michigan GOP is looking to win its 5th straight Attorney General election. Along with the offices of Lieutenant Governor and Secretary of State, the nominees for Attorney General will be chosen by party delegates at their respective party conventions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Republican Party
1.1 Candidates
1.1.1 Declared
1.1.2 Declined
2 Democratic Party
2.1 Candidates
2.1.1 Declared
2.1.2 Declined
3 References
4 External links
5 See also
Republican Party[edit]
Candidates[edit]
Declared[edit]
Tom Leonard, Speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives[1]
Tonya Schuitmaker, state Senator[2]
Declined[edit]
Mary Beth Kelly, former Associate Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court[3]
Democratic Party[edit]
Candidates[edit]
Declared[edit]
Patrick Miles Jr., Former United States Attorney for the Western District of Michigan[2][4]
Dana Nessel, Attorney[5]
William Noakes, former Wayne County Deputy Corporation Counsel[6]
Declined[edit]
Steve Bieda, state Senator (running for Congress)[7]
Tim Greimel, state Representative and former Minority Leader of the Michigan House of Representatives (running for Congress)[8]
Eric Smith, Macomb County Prosecutor[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jonathan Oosting (October 5, 2017). "House speaker joins race for Michigan attorney general". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kathleen Gray (September 19, 2017). "2018 races getting crowded for attorney general, secretary of state". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Livengood, Chad (August 17, 2015). "Justice Kelly to leave Michigan Supreme Court". The Detroit News. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brian McVicar (September 27, 2017). "Former U.S. Attorney Pat Miles announces candidacy for Michigan attorney general". MLive.
Jump up ^ Oralandar Brand-Williams (August 15, 2017). "Same-sex case lawyer to run for Mich. attorney general". The Detroit News. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kathleen Gray (December 18, 2017). "Who's running for Michigan Attorney General in 2018?". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (December 6, 2017). "Michigan state Sen. Steve Bieda want Sander Levin's seat in Congress". Detroit Free.
Jump up ^ Todd Spangler (October 17, 2017). "State Rep. Tim Greimel joins crowded congressional field". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jameson Cook (January 23, 2018). "Eric Smith turns down request to run for Attorney General". Macomb Daily. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
External links[edit]
Tom Leonard (R) for Attorney General
Pat Miles (D) for Attorney General
Dana Nessel (D) for Attorney General
Bill Noakes (D) for Attorney General
Tonya Schuitmaker (R) for Attorney General
See also[edit]
[show]
v
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(2017 ←) 2018 United States elections (→ 2019)
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List of urban parks by size
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A list of international urban parks larger than 1,000 acres (405 hectares; 4 square kilometres; 2 square miles) and contained entirely within a city's municipal or metropolitan boundary.
City
Region/State
Country
Park name
Size in acres
Size in hectares
Moscow Moscow Russia Losiny Ostrov National Park 7008116213575882060♠28,717.0 7008115999901862958♠11,600.0
El Paso Texas United States Franklin Mountains State Park 7007981281745303552♠24,248.0 7007981281745303552♠9,812.8
Edmonton Alberta Canada North Saskatchewan River valley parks system 7007728434156032000♠18,000.0 7007728434156032000♠7,284.3
Sydney New South Wales Australia Western Sydney Parklands 7007527999832400803♠13,047.2 7007527999832400803♠5,280.0[1]
Lahore and Kasur Punjab Pakistan Changa Manga 7007502740973354752♠12,423.0 7007502740973354752♠5,027.4
Toronto Ontario Canada Rouge Park 7007500029579551744♠12,356.0 7007500029579551744♠5,000.3
Dallas Texas United States Trinity River Project 7007404685642240000♠10,000.0 7007404685642240000♠4,046.9
London Greater London United Kingdom Lee Valley Park 7007404685642240000♠10,000.0 7007404685642240000♠4,046.9
Houston Texas United States Cullen Park 7007375143590356480♠9,270.0 7007375143590356480♠3,751.4
Ulsan Yeongnam South Korea Ulsan Grand Park 7007364014735194880♠8,995.0 7007364014735194880♠3,640.1[2][3]
Los Angeles California United States Topanga State Park 7007362598335447040♠8,960.0 7007362598335447040♠3,626.0
Seongnam and Gwangju Gyeonggi-do South Korea Namhansanseong 7007344499984154782♠8,512.8 7007344499984154782♠3,445.0[4]
Moscow Moscow Russia Izmaylovsky Park 7007159999753001144♠3,953.7 7007160404438643384♠1,604.0
Jacksonville Florida United States Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve 7007318487600442880♠7,870.0 7007318487600442880♠3,184.9
Houston Texas United States George Bush Park 7007315654800947200♠7,800.0 7007315654800947200♠3,156.5
Phoenix Arizona United States North Mountain Preserve 7007303514231680000♠7,500.0 7007303514231680000♠3,035.1
Louisville Kentucky United States Jefferson Memorial Forest 7007243256539550464♠6,011.0 7007243256539550464♠2,432.6
San Diego California United States Mission Trails Regional Park 7007292142565133056♠7,219.0 7007292142565133056♠2,921.4
Raleigh North Carolina United States William B. Umstead State Park 7007225774119805696♠5,579.0 7007225774119805696♠2,257.7
Moscow Moscow Russia Bitsa Park 7007220836954970368♠5,457.0 7007220836954970368♠2,208.4
Brescia Lombardy Italy Brescia Hills Park (part) 7007218299575993523♠5,394.3 7007218299575993523♠2,183.0
Mexico City State of Mexico Mexico Sierra de Guadalupe 7007215373698800128♠5,322.0 7007215373698800128♠2,153.7
Honolulu Hawaii United States Ahupuaʻa O Kahana State Park 7007211610122327296♠5,229.0 7007211610122327296♠2,116.1
Portland Oregon United States Forest Park 7007208696385703168♠5,157.0 7007208696385703168♠2,087.0
Indianapolis Indiana United States Eagle Creek Park and Golf Course 7007192873177091584♠4,766.0 7007192873177091584♠1,928.7
Memphis Tennessee United States Shelby Farms 7007182108539008000♠4,500.0 7007182108539008000♠1,821.1
Anchorage Alaska United States Far North Bicentennial Park 7007182108539008000♠4,500.0 7007182108539008000♠1,821.1
Santiago Santiago Metropolitan Region Chile Parque Metropolitano de Santiago 7007178466368227840♠4,410.0 7007178466368227840♠1,784.7
Halifax Nova Scotia Canada Blue Mountain Birch Cove Wilderness Area[5] 4,366.4 1,767.0
Virginia Beach Virginia United States False Cape State Park and Natural Area Preserve 7007174864666011904♠4,321.0 7007174864666011904♠1,748.6
Madrid Madrid Spain Casa de Campo 7007172234209337344♠4,256.0 7007172234209337344♠1,722.3
Los Angeles California United States Griffith Park 7007170655935332608♠4,217.0 7007170655935332608♠1,706.6
Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States Fairmount Park (proper)[6] 7007168632507121408♠4,167.0 7007168632507121408♠1,686.3
Lethbridge Alberta Canada Oldman River valley parks system 7007161874256896000♠4,000.0 7007161874256896000♠1,618.7
Jacksonville Florida United States Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve 7007157665526216704♠3,896.0 7007157665526216704♠1,576.7
Austin Texas United States Walter E. Long Park 7007150340716092160♠3,715.0 7007150340716092160♠1,503.4
Chico California United States Bidwell Park 7007148519630702080♠3,670.0 7007148519630702080♠1,485.2
Fort Worth Texas United States Fort Worth Nature Center/Wildlife Refuge 7007148195882188288♠3,662.0 7007148195882188288♠1,482.0
Dallas Texas United States Mountain Creek Lake Park 7007147426979468032♠3,643.0 7007147426979468032♠1,474.3
Kingsport Tennessee United States Bays Mountain Park 7007145079802743040♠3,585.0 7007145079802743040♠1,450.8
Meridian Mississippi United States Bonita Lakes Park 7007140102169343488♠3,462.0 7007140102169343488♠1,401.0
Virginia Beach Virginia United States North Landing River State Natural Area Preserve 7007139211860930560♠3,440.0 7007139211860930560♠1,392.1
St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Pippy Park 7007137593118361600♠3,400.0 7007137593118361600♠1,375.9
Calgary Alberta Canada Fish Creek Provincial Park 7007134800787430144♠3,331.0 7007134800787430144♠1,348.0
Dallas Texas United States Trinity River Park 7007128406754282752♠3,173.0 7007128406754282752♠1,284.1
Nashville Tennessee United States Warner Parks 7007126868948842240♠3,135.0[7] 7007126868948842240♠1,268.7
Tulsa Oklahoma United States Mohawk Park and Golf Course 7007125452549094400♠3,100.0 7007125452549094400♠1,254.5
Brecksville Ohio United States Brecksville Reservation (part) 7007122457875341824♠3,026.0 7007122457875341824♠1,224.6
Łodz Łódź Voivodeship Poland Las Łagiewnicki 7007120500006204666♠2,977.6 7007120500006204666♠1,205.0
Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil Natal Dunes State Park 7007117196961992704♠2,896.0 7007117196961992704♠1,172.0
Jacksonville Florida United States Cecil Field Greenway 7007115982905065984♠2,866.0 7007115982905065984♠1,159.8
Fortaleza Ceará Brazil Cocó Park 7007115537750859520♠2,855.0 7007115537750859520♠1,155.4
Calgary Alberta Canada Nose Hill Park 7007112704951363840♠2,785.0 7007112704951363840♠1,127.0
New York City New York United States Pelham Bay Park 7007111895580079360♠2,765.0 7007111895580079360♠1,119.0
Newport News Virginia United States Newport News Park (part) 7007108779500634112♠2,688.0 7007108779500634112♠1,087.8
Lisbon Lisboa Region Portugal Monsanto Forest Park 7006999978221975040♠2,471.0 7006999978221975040♠1,000.0
Paris Île-de-France France Bois de Vincennes 7006993907937341440♠2,456.0 7006993907937341440♠993.9
San Diego California United States Los Peñasquitos Canyon Preserve 7006973268969587200♠2,405.0 7006973268969587200♠973.3
Birmingham West Midlands United Kingdom Sutton Park 7006971245541376000♠2,400.0 7006971245541376000♠971.2
Kansas City Missouri United States Longview Lake Park (part) 7006963556514173440♠2,381.0 7006963556514173440♠963.6
London Greater London United Kingdom Richmond Park 7006955058115686400♠2,360.0 7006955058115686400♠955.1
Kansas City Missouri United States Blue River Parkway 7006938466004354560♠2,319.0 7006938466004354560♠938.5
Regina Saskatchewan Canada Wascana Centre 7006930776977152000♠2,300.0[8] 7006930776977152000♠930.8
Strongsville Ohio United States Mill Stream Run Reservation (part) 7006905686467333120♠2,238.0 7006905686467333120♠905.7
Lee's Summit Missouri United States Fleming Park (part) 7006902044296552960♠2,229.0 7006902044296552960♠902.0
Bristol Tennessee United States Steele Creek Park 7006900020868341760♠2,224.0 7006900020868341760♠900.0
Lynn Massachusetts United States Lynn Woods Reservation 7006890308412928000♠2,200.0[9] 7006890308412928000♠890.3
Saint John New Brunswick Canada Rockwood Park 7006890308412928000♠2,200.0[10] 7006890308412928000♠890.3
Houston Texas United States Bear Creek Pioneers Park 7006877358472376320♠2,168.0 7006877358472376320♠877.4
Paris Île-de-France France Bois de Boulogne 7006845792992281600♠2,090.0 7006845792992281600♠845.8
Berkeley California United States Tilden Regional Park 7006841341450216960♠2,079.0[11] 7006841341450216960♠841.3
Los Angeles California United States Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area 7006821916539389440♠2,031.0 7006821916539389440♠821.9
Galveston Texas United States Galveston Island State Park 7006814632197829120♠2,013.0 7006814632197829120♠814.6
Belgrade Serbia Ada Ciganlija 7006799658829066240♠1,976.0 7006799658829066240♠799.7
Portland Oregon United States Smith and Bybee Wetlands Natural Area 7006798444772139520♠1,973.0 7006798444772139520♠798.4
Dallas Texas United States White Rock Lake Park 7006789946373652480♠1,952.0 7006789946373652480♠789.9
Vancouver British Columbia Canada Pacific Spirit Regional Park 7006762832435622400♠1,885.0 7006762832435622400♠762.8
Kansas City Missouri United States Swope Park 7006730457584243200♠1,805.0 7006730457584243200♠730.5
San Diego California United States Torrey Pines State Reserve 7006728434156032000♠1,800.0 7006728434156032000♠728.4
Meriden Connecticut United States Hubbard Park 7006728434156032000♠1,800.0 7006728434156032000♠728.4
San Jose California United States Calero County Park 7006721149814471680♠1,782.0 7006721149814471680♠721.1
New York City New York United States Greenbelt Park 7006719531071902720♠1,778.0 7006719531071902720♠719.5
Austin Texas United States Barton Creek Greenway 7006716698272407040♠1,771.0 7006716698272407040♠716.7
Jacksonville Florida United States Little Talbot Island State Park 7006715484215480320♠1,768.0 7006715484215480320♠715.5
Dublin Leinster Ireland Phoenix Park 7006712246730342400♠1,760.0 7006712246730342400♠712.2
San Diego California United States Mission Bay Park 7006710627987773440♠1,756.0 7006710627987773440♠710.6
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia United States Rock Creek Park 7006709818616488960♠1,754.0 7006709818616488960♠709.8
San Diego California United States Tijuana River Valley San Diego 7006692012448230400♠1,710.0 7006692012448230400♠692.0
Jacksonville Florida United States Big Talbot Island State Park 7006691203076945920♠1,708.0 7006691203076945920♠691.2
Monza Lombardy Italy Monza Park 7006688002013515801♠1,700.1 7006688002013515801♠688.0
North Little Rock Arkansas United States Burns Park 7006687965591808000♠1,700.0[12] 7006687965591808000♠688.0
Mexico City Federal District Mexico Chapultepec Park 7006685942163596800♠1,695.0 7006685942163596800♠685.9
Wheeling West Virginia United States Oglebay Park 7006667731309696000♠1,650.0 7006667731309696000♠667.7
Lawrence Indiana United States Fort Harrison State Park 7006663684453273600♠1,640.0 7006663684453273600♠663.7
Eureka Springs Arkansas United States Lake Leatherwood Park 7006655590740428800♠1,620.0 7006655590740428800♠655.6
Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States Pennypack Park 7006654781369144320♠1,618.0 7006654781369144320♠654.8
Madrid Madrid Spain Parque Lineal del Manzanares 7006649925141437440♠1,606.0 7006649925141437440♠649.9
Claremont California United States Claremont Hills Wilderness Park 7006643045485519360♠1,589.0 7006643045485519360♠643.0
Chorzów Silesia Poland Silesian Culture and Recreation Park 7006619978403911680♠1,532.0 7006619978403911680♠620.0
Phoenix Arizona United States Adobe Dam Recreation Area 7006617550290058240♠1,526.0 7006617550290058240♠617.6
Riverside California United States Hidden Valley Wildlife Area 7006611075319782400♠1,510.0 7006611075319782400♠611.1
Des Moines Iowa United States Water Works Park 7006607028463360000♠1,500.0 7006607028463360000♠607.0
Birmingham Alabama United States Red Mountain Park 7006607028463360000♠1,500.0 7006607028463360000♠607.0
Vienna Vienna Austria Prater 7006607028463360000♠1,500.0 7006607028463360000♠607.0
Nashville Tennessee United States Beaman Park 7006604195663864320♠1,493.0 7006604195663864320♠604.2
San Francisco California United States Presidio of San Francisco Park 7006603386292579840♠1,491.0 7006603386292579840♠603.4
Chennai Tamil Nadu India Arignar Anna Zoological Park 7006602981606937600♠1,490.0 7006602981606937600♠603.0
Lincoln Nebraska United States Wilderness Park 7006595697265377280♠1,472.0 7006595697265377280♠595.7
Cincinnati Ohio United States Mount Airy Forest 7006595292579735040♠1,471.0 7006595292579735040♠595.3
Houston Texas United States Memorial Park 7006593269151523840♠1,466.0 7006593269151523840♠593.3
Omaha Nebraska United States Glenn Cunningham Lake 7006582342639183360♠1,439.0 7006582342639183360♠582.3
Los Angeles California United States Hansen Dam Recreation Center 7006581533267898880♠1,437.0 7006581533267898880♠581.5
Virginia Beach Virginia United States Stumpy Lake Park 7006580723896614400♠1,435.0 7006580723896614400♠580.7
Lee's Summit Missouri United States Longview Lake Park (part) 7006578295782760960♠1,429.0 7006578295782760960♠578.3
Riverside California United States Sycamore Canyon Wilderness Park 7006576272354549760♠1,424.0 7006576272354549760♠576.3
Quito Pichincha Ecuador Parque Metropolitano Guangüiltagua 7006573998021240371♠1,418.4 7006573998021240371♠574.0[13]
Anchorage Alaska United States Kincaid Park 7006571011441200640♠1,411.0 7006571011441200640♠571.0
Munich Bavaria Germany Englischer Garten 7006566559899136000♠1,400.0 7006566559899136000♠566.6
San Antonio Texas United States Rancho Diana 7006563322413998080♠1,392.0 7006563322413998080♠563.3
Honolulu Hawaii United States Sacred Falls State Park 7006556038072437760♠1,374.0 7006556038072437760♠556.0
Huntersville North Carolina United States Latta Plantation Nature Preserve 7006543492817528320♠1,343.0 7006543492817528320♠543.5
Colorado Springs Colorado United States Garden of the Gods Park 7006533780362114560♠1,319.0 7006533780362114560♠533.8
New Orleans Louisiana United States New Orleans City Park 7006526091334912000♠1,300.0 7006526091334912000♠526.1
St. Louis Missouri United States Forest Park 7006523258535416320♠1,293.0 7006523258535416320♠523.3
San Diego California United States Black Mountain Park 7006519616364636160♠1,284.0 7006519616364636160♠519.6
Colorado Springs Colorado United States North Cheyenne Cañon Park 7006509903909222400♠1,260.0 7006509903909222400♠509.9
New York City New York United States Flushing Meadows – Corona Park 7006507880481011200♠1,255.0 7006507880481011200♠507.9
Toronto Ontario Canada Tommy Thompson Park 7006499786768166400♠1,235.0 7006499786768166400♠499.8
Oakland California United States Martin Luther King, Jr. Shoreline Park 7006493716483532800♠1,220.0 7006493716483532800♠493.7
Chicago Illinois United States Lincoln Park 7006492097740963840♠1,216.0 7006492097740963840♠492.1
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia United States Anacostia Park 7006491693055321600♠1,215.0 7006491693055321600♠491.7
Phoenix Arizona United States Cave Buttes Recreation Area I & II 7006485622770688000♠1,200.0 7006485622770688000♠485.6
Baltimore Maryland United States Gwynns Falls Leakin Park 7006485622770688000♠1,200.0 7006485622770688000♠485.6
Jersey City New Jersey United States Liberty State Park 7006480766542981120♠1,188.0 7006480766542981120♠480.8
Madrid Madrid Spain Parque de Valdebebas 7006479957171696640♠1,186.0 7006479957171696640♠480.0
Glendale Arizona United States Thunderbird Conservation Park 7006479552486054400♠1,185.0 7006479552486054400♠479.6
Tallahassee Florida United States Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park 7006477124372200960♠1,179.0 7006477124372200960♠477.1
Columbus Ohio United States Three Creeks Parks 7006467816602429440♠1,156.0 7006467816602429440♠467.8
Mesa Arizona United States Red Mountain Park 7006463891151699712♠1,146.3[14] 7006463891151699712♠463.9
New York City New York United States Van Cortlandt Park 7006463769746007040♠1,146.0[15] 7006463769746007040♠463.8
Memphis Tennessee United States T.O. Fuller State Park 7006460532260869120♠1,138.0[16] 7006460532260869120♠460.5
Austin Texas United States Emma Long Metropolitan Park 7006460127575226880♠1,137.0[17] 7006460127575226880♠460.1
Huntsville Alabama United States Monte Sano Nature Preserve 7006447987005959680♠1,107.0[18] 7006447987005959680♠448.0
Winnipeg Manitoba Canada Assiniboine Park 7006445154206464000♠1,100.0 7006445154206464000♠445.2
Detroit Michigan United States Rouge Park 7006445154206464000♠1,100.0 7006445154206464000♠445.2
London Greater London United Kingdom Bushy Park 7006444749520821760♠1,099.0 7006444749520821760♠444.7
Charlotte North Carolina United States McDowell Nature Preserve 7006444344835179520♠1,098.0 7006444344835179520♠444.3
San Diego California United States Balboa Park 7006522449164131840♠1,291.0 7006522449164131840♠522.4
Colorado Springs Colorado United States Cheyenne Mountain State Park 7006428966780774400♠1,060.0 7006428966780774400♠429.0
Brasília Federal District Brazil Parque da Cidade Dona Sarah Kubitschek 7006419998946942361♠1,037.8 7006419998946942361♠420.0
Bedford Ohio United States Bedford Reservation (part) 7006418040268433920♠1,033.0 7006418040268433920♠418.0
Dallas Texas United States Rochester Park 7006417635582791680♠1,032.0 7006417635582791680♠417.6
Arlington Texas United States River Legacy Park 7006417230897149440♠1,031.0 7006417230897149440♠417.2
San Francisco California United States Golden Gate Park 7006415612154580480♠1,027.0 7006415612154580480♠415.6
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico Parque Tangamanga I 7006410755926873600♠1,015.0 7006410755926873600♠410.8
Birmingham Alabama United States Ruffner Mountain Park 7006409137184304640♠1,011.0 7006409137184304640♠409.1
San Antonio Texas United States Olmos Basin 7006408732498662400♠1,010.0 7006408732498662400♠408.7
Willoughby Hills Ohio United States North Chagrin Reservation (part) 7006406304384808960♠1,004.0 7006406304384808960♠406.3
Perth Western Australia Australia Kings Park 7006405899699166720♠1,003.0 7006405899699166720♠405.9
Vancouver British Columbia Canada Stanley Park 7006404685642240000♠1,000.0 7006404685642240000♠404.7
See also[edit]
Lists of urban parks by country or region[edit]
Urban parks in Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Western Sydney Regional Park Draft Plan of Management" (PDF). NSW Government. Retrieved 16 May 2013. ...It is approximately 5,280 hectares in size and is the largest urban park in Australia....
Jump up ^ "조성배경". ulsanpark.com (in Korean). Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ulsan Grand Park (울산대공원)". Official Site of Korea Tourism Org. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1075373&cid=40942&categoryId=31925
Jump up ^ Environment, Nova Scotia (2009-04-01). "Blue Mountain - Birch Cove Lakes Wilderness Area | Protected Areas | Nova Scotia Environment". www.novascotia.ca. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Fairmount Park" is officially the name of Philadelphia's entire municipal park system, consisting of 63 units. The system is named after the original Fairmount Park, the system's oldest unit, which occupies nearly half of the system's area.
Jump up ^ Recent acquisition of the Hill Tract has added 451 acres to the existing 2684 acres http://www.nashville.gov/Parks-and-Recreation/Nature-Centers-and-Natural-Areas/Warner-Park-Nature-Center.aspx http://www.friendsofwarnerparks.com/ht_about.html
Jump up ^ "Walk 1 - A Place for People!". Wascana Centre Authority. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Lynn Woods!". Friends of Lynn Woods. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Rockwood Park". Tourism New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-19.
Jump up ^ http://www.ebparks.org/parks/tilden
Jump up ^ "Burns Park".
Jump up ^ "Parque Metropolitano".
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.vcpark.org/
Jump up ^ http://tnstateparks.com/parks/about/t-o-fuller
Jump up ^ http://austinparks.org/our-parks.html?parkid=247
Jump up ^ http://landtrustnal.org/properties/monte-sano-preserve/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_urban_parks_by_size&oldid=830235582"
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Urban parks

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Virginia Beach

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Newport News

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White Rock Lake Park

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Torrey Pines State Reserve

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Calero County Park

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Mission Bay Park

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North Little Rock

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Eureka Springs

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Memorial Park, Houston, Texas

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Lee's Summit

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Mens rea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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v
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Mens rea (/ˈmɛnz ˈriːə/; Law Latin for "guilty mind"[1][2][3]) is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed. It is a necessary element of many crimes.
The standard common law test of criminal liability is expressed in the Latin phrase actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, i.e. "the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty". In jurisdictions with due process, there must be both actus reus ("guilty act") and mens rea for a defendant to be guilty of a crime (see concurrence). As a general rule, someone who acted without mental fault is not liable in criminal law. Exceptions are known as strict liability crimes.
In civil law, it is usually not necessary to prove a subjective mental element to establish liability for breach of contract or tort, for example. But if a tort is intentionally committed or a contract is intentionally breached, such intent may increase the scope of liability and the damages payable to the plaintiff.
In some jurisdictions, the terms mens rea and actus reus have been replaced by alternative terminology. In Australia, mens rea is now called "fault elements" or "mental elements" and actus reus is now called "physical elements" or "external elements". The point of the changes was to replace Latin with plain English.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Levels of mens rea
2 Modes of culpability
2.1 England and Wales
2.2 Scotland
2.3 United States
2.3.1 State criminal law
2.3.1.1 Model Penal Code
2.3.2 Federal criminal law
2.4 Canada
2.5 Australia
2.6 India
3 Ignorance of the law and mens rea
4 Subjective and objective tests
5 Relevance of motive
6 Intention
7 Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")
8 Criminal negligence
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Levels of mens rea[edit]
Under the traditional common law, the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime (actus reus), and whether he intended to commit the crime (mens rea). However, many modern penal codes have created levels of mens rea called modes of culpability, which depend on the surrounding elements of the crime: the conduct, the circumstances, and the result, or what the Model Penal Code calls CAR (conduct, attendant circumstances, result). The definition of a crime is thus constructed using only these elements rather than the colorful language of mens rea:[6]
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.
—  18 U.S.C. §1111 (traditional common law)
A person commits an offense if he:
(1) intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual
—  portion of Texas Penal Code §19.02 (modern offense element)
The traditional common law definitions and the modern definitions approach the crime from different angles.
In the traditional common law approach, the definition includes:
actus reus: unlawful killing of a human being;
mens rea: malice aforethought.
Modern law approaches the analysis somewhat differently. Homicide is a "results" crime in that it forbids any "intentional" or "knowing" conduct that results in the death of another human being. "Intentional" in this sense means the actor possessed a "purpose" or "desire" that his or her objective (i.e. death of another human being) be achieved. "Knowing" means that the actor was aware or practically certain that the death would result. Thus, the actus reus and mens rea of homicide in a modern criminal statute can be considered as follows:
actus reus: any conduct resulting in the death of another individual;
mens rea: intent or knowledge that the conduct would result in the death.
In the modern approach, the attendant circumstances tend to replace the traditional mens rea, indicating the level of culpability as well as other circumstances. For example, the crime of theft of government property would include as an attendant circumstance that the property belong to the government.[6]
Modes of culpability[edit]
The levels of mens rea and the distinction between them vary between jurisdictions. Although common law originated from England, the common law of each jurisdiction with regard to culpability varies as precedents and statutes vary.
England and Wales[edit]
Direct intention: the actor has a clear foresight of the consequences of his actions, and desires those consequences to occur. It's his aim or purpose to achieve this consequence (death).
Oblique intention: the result is a virtually certain consequence or a 'virtual certainty' of the defendant's actions, and that the defendant appreciates that such was the case.[7][8][9]
Knowingly: the actor knows, or should know, that the results of his conduct are reasonably certain to occur.
Recklessness: the actor foresees that particular consequences may occur and proceeds with the given conduct, not caring whether those consequences actually occur or not.[10][11][12]
Criminal negligence: the actor did not actually foresee that the particular consequences would flow from his actions, but a reasonable person, in the same circumstances, would have foreseen those consequences.
Scotland[edit]
Intention: the accused willingly committed a criminal act entirely aware of his actions and their consequences. Necessary for murder and for assault.
Recklessness: the accused was aware the criminal act could be potentially dangerous but did not give a second thought to its consequences, for example involuntary culpable homicide.
United States[edit]
State criminal law[edit]
The vast majority of criminal prosecutions in the United States are carried out by the component states in accordance with the laws of the state in question. Historically, the states (with the partial exception of civil-law Louisiana) applied common law rules of mens rea similar to those extant in England, but over time American understandings of common law mens rea terms diverged from those of English law and from each other. By the late 1950s to early 1960s, the common law of mens rea was widely acknowledged to be a slippery, vague, and confused mess.[13] This was one of several factors that led to the development of the Model Penal Code.
Model Penal Code[edit]
Since its publication in 1957, the formulation of mens rea set forth in the Model Penal Code has been highly influential throughout the US in clarifying the discussion of the different modes of culpability.[13] The following levels of mens rea are found in the MPC:
Strict liability: the actor engaged in conduct and his mental state is irrelevant. Under Model Penal Code Section 2.05, this mens rea may only be applied where the forbidden conduct is a mere violation, i.e. a civil infraction.
Negligently: a "reasonable person" would be aware of a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is under prohibited attendant circumstances, and the actor was not so aware but should have been.
Recklessly: the actor consciously disregards a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is of a prohibited nature.
Knowingly: the actor is practically certain that his conduct will lead to the result, or is aware to a high probability that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, or is aware to a high probability that the attendant circumstances exist.
Purposefully: the actor has the "conscious object" of engaging in conduct and believes or hopes that the attendant circumstances exist.
Except for strict liability, these classes of mens rea are defined in Section 2.02(2) of the MPC.
Federal criminal law[edit]
Since the federal government of the United States does not have a generalized police power like that of the states, the scope of its criminal statutes is necessarily circumscribed. Ordinary prosecutions are the province of the states, and only crimes of special federal import are pursued by the federal government. Consequently, Title 18 of the United States Code does not use the aforementioned culpability scheme but relies instead on more traditional definitions of crimes taken from common law. For example, malice aforethought is used as a requirement for committing capital murder.[14]
Canada[edit]
The Supreme Court of Canada has found that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees a minimum requirement for the mental state of various crimes. For example, the crime of murder must include a mental requirement of at least subjective foresight of death. For crimes where imprisonment is a sanction, there is a requirement of at least a defence of due diligence.
Australia[edit]
Mens rea needs to be proved by prosecution from offence to offence. If it is a common law offence, mens rea is found out by relevant precedent (DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182). Where the offence is in legislation, the requisite mens rea is found by interpreting the intention of the legislation.[15][16] They must intend to commit the full offence.[17]
India[edit]
Mens Rea in the Indian Penal Code 1860 sets out the definition of offences, the general conditions of liability, the conditions of exemptions from liability and punishments for the respective offences. Legislatures had not used the common law doctrine of mens rea in defining these crimes. However, they preferred to import it by using different terms indicating the required evil intent or mens rea as an essence of a particular offence.[18]
Guilt in respect to almost all offences created under the IPC is fastened either on the ground of intention, knowledge or reason to believe. Almost all the offences under the IPC are qualified by one or other words such as ‘wrongful gain or loss’, ‘dishonesty’, ‘fraudulently’, ‘reason to believe’, ‘criminal knowledge or intention’, ‘intentional cooperation’, ‘voluntarily’, ‘malignantly’, ‘wantonly’, ‘maliciously’. All these words indicate the blameworthy mental condition required at the time of commission of the offence, nowhere found in the IPC, its essence is reflected in almost all the provisions of the Indian Penal Code 1860. Every offence created under the IPC virtually imports the idea of criminal intent or mens rea in some form or other.[19]
Ignorance of the law and mens rea[edit]
The general rule under common law is that "ignorance of the law or a mistake of law is no defense to criminal prosecution."[20][21] In some cases, courts have held if knowledge of a law, or the intent to break a law, is a material element of an offense a defendant may use ignorance as a defense to willfulness if his misunderstanding is in good faith:
The proliferation of statutes and regulations has sometimes made it difficult for the average citizen to know and comprehend the extent of the duties and obligations imposed by the tax laws. . . . [T]he Court almost 60 years ago interpreted the statutory term "willfully" as used in federal criminal tax statutes as carving out an exception to the traditional rule."[22]
Crimes like tax evasion are specific intent crimes and require intent to violate the law as an element of the offense.[23] In R. v. Klundert, for example, the Ontario Court of Appeal found as follows:
"[55] Section 239(1)(d) is part of an Act which is necessarily and notoriously complex. It is subject to ongoing revision. No lay person is expected to know all the complexities of the tax laws. It is accepted that people will act on the advice of professionals and that the advice will often turn on the meanings to be given to provisions in the Act that are open to various interpretations. Furthermore, it is accepted that one may legitimately structure one’s affairs so as to minimize tax liability. Considered in this legislative context, I have no difficulty in holding that a mistake or ignorance as to one’s liability to pay tax under the Act may negate the fault requirement in the provision, regardless of whether it is a factual mistake, a legal mistake, or a combination of both."
Not all offenses require specific intent, and a misreading, even in good faith, may not excuse the criminal conduct.[24] A good-faith belief that a law is unjust or unconstitutional is no excuse,[25] but "reasonable compliance upon an official statement of law, afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous" does not constitute a criminal act.[26]
However, a law must be worded as such, that it affords that a reasonable person who is not an attorney is able to comprehend the specific acts that the law prohibits. Otherwise, the statute may be struck down as unconstitutional pursuant to the Vagueness doctrine.
Subjective and objective tests[edit]
The test for the existence of mens rea may be:
(a) subjective, where the court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time (for purposely, knowingly, recklessly etc) (see concurrence);
(b) objective, where the requisite mens rea element is imputed to the accused, on the basis that a reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances (for negligence); or
(c) hybrid, where the test is both subjective and objective.
The court will have little difficulty in establishing mens rea if there is actual evidence – for instance, if the accused made an admissible admission. This would satisfy a subjective test. But a significant proportion of those accused of crimes make no such admissions. Hence, some degree of objectivity must be brought to bear as the basis upon which to impute the necessary component(s). It is always reasonable to assume that people of ordinary intelligence are aware of their physical surroundings and of the ordinary laws of cause and effect (see causation). Thus, when a person plans what to do and what not to do, he will understand the range of likely outcomes from given behaviour on a sliding scale from "inevitable" to "probable" to "possible" to "improbable". The more an outcome shades towards the "inevitable" end of the scale, the more likely it is that the accused both foresaw and desired it, and, therefore, the safer it is to impute intention. If there is clear subjective evidence that the accused did not have foresight, but a reasonable person would have, the hybrid test may find criminal negligence. In terms of the burden of proof, the requirement is that a jury must have a high degree of certainty before convicting, defined as "beyond a reasonable doubt" in the United States and "sure" in the United Kingdom.[27][28][29] It is this reasoning that justifies the defenses of infancy, and of lack of mental capacity under the M'Naghten Rules, an alternate common law rule (e.g., Durham test), and one of various statutes defining mental illness as an excuse. Moreover, if there is an irrebuttable presumption of doli incapax - that is, that the accused did not have sufficient understanding of the nature and quality of his actions – then the requisite mens rea is absent no matter what degree of probability might otherwise have been present.[30] For these purposes, therefore, where the relevant statutes are silent and it is for the common law to form the basis of potential liability, the reasonable person must be endowed with the same intellectual and physical qualities as the accused, and the test must be whether an accused with these specific attributes would have had the requisite foresight and desire.
In English law, s8 Criminal Justice Act 1967 provides a statutory framework within which mens rea is assessed. It states:[31]
A court or jury, in determining whether a person has committed an offense,
(a) shall not be bound in law to infer that he intended or foresaw a result of his actions by reasons only of its being a natural and probable consequence of those actions; but
(b) shall decide whether he did intend or foresee that result by reference to all the evidence, drawing such inferences from the evidence as appear proper in the circumstances.
Under s8(b) therefore, the jury is allowed a wide latitude in applying a hybrid test to impute intention or foresight (for the purposes of recklessness) on the basis of all the evidence.
Relevance of motive[edit]
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One of the mental components often raised in issue is that of motive. If the accused admits to having a motive consistent with the elements of foresight and desire, this will add to the level of probability that the actual outcome was intended (it makes the prosecution case more credible). But if there is clear evidence that the accused had a different motive, this may decrease the probability that he or she desired the actual outcome. In such a situation, the motive may become subjective evidence that the accused did not intend, but was reckless or willfully blind.[citation needed]
Motive cannot be a defense.[32] If, for example, a person breaks into a laboratory used for the testing of pharmaceuticals on animals, the question of guilt is determined by the presence of an actus reus, i.e. entry without consent and damage to property, and a mens rea, i.e. intention to enter and cause the damage. That the person might have had a clearly articulated political motive to protest such testing does not affect liability. If motive has any relevance, this may be addressed in the sentencing part of the trial, when the court considers what punishment, if any, is appropriate.[citation needed]
Intention[edit]
Main article: Intention (criminal law)
Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")[edit]
Main articles: Recklessness (law) and Willful blindness
In such cases, there is clear subjective evidence that the accused foresaw but did not desire the particular outcome. When the accused failed to stop the given behavior, he took the risk of causing the given loss or damage. There is always some degree of intention subsumed within recklessness. During the course of the conduct, the accused foresees that he may be putting another at risk of injury: A choice must be made at that point in time. By deciding to proceed, the accused actually intends the other to be exposed to the risk of that injury. The greater the probability of that risk maturing into the foreseen injury, the greater the degree of recklessness and, subsequently, sentence rendered. For example, at common law, an unlawful homicide committed recklessly would ordinarily constitute the crime of voluntary manslaughter. One committed with "extreme" or "gross" recklessness as to human life would constitute murder, sometimes defined as "depraved heart" or "abandoned and malignant heart" murder.[33]
Criminal negligence[edit]
Main article: Criminal negligence
Here, the test is both subjective and objective. There is credible subjective evidence that the particular accused neither foresaw nor desired the particular outcome, thus potentially excluding both intention and recklessness. But a reasonable person with the same abilities and skills as the accused would have foreseen and taken precautions to prevent the loss and damage being sustained. Only a small percentage of offences are defined with this mens rea requirement. Most legislatures prefer to base liability on either intention or recklessness and, faced with the need to establish recklessness as the default mens rea for guilt, those practising in most legal systems rely heavily on objective tests to establish the minimum requirement of foresight for recklessness.
See also[edit]
Actus reus
Animus nocendi
Command responsibility
Henry de Bracton
Morissette v. United States (1952)
Flores-Figueroa v. United States (2009)
Voluntas necandi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Martin, ed. (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860756-3.
Jump up ^ Black's Law Dictionary, p. 889 (5th ed. 1979).
Jump up ^ Barron's Law Dictionary, p. 289 (2d ed. 1984).
Jump up ^ Brent Fisse, "Howard's Criminal Law" (1990) 12-13.
Jump up ^ Meyers v R [1997] HCA 43, High Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), p. 46.
Jump up ^ R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025
Jump up ^ R v Woollin [1998]
Jump up ^ R v Matthews & Alleyne [2004]
Jump up ^ R v Cunningham [1957]
Jump up ^ R v G & R [2003]
Jump up ^ R v Caldwell [1982]
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), pp. 60-80.
Jump up ^ Dubber (2002), p. 55.
Jump up ^ He Kaw Teh v R [1985] HCA 43, (1985) 157 CLR 523 (11 July 1985), High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ CTM v R [2008] HCA 25, (2008) 236 CLR 440, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ Knight v R [1992] HCA 56, (1992) 175 CLR 495, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ "INDIAN PENAL CODE" (PDF). Human Resource Development Institute.
Jump up ^ "12_CHAPTER v" (PDF). Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET.
Jump up ^ Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991)
Jump up ^ Ostrowski v Palmer [2004] HCA 30
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 199-200
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 194
Jump up ^ People v. Marrero, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (N.Y. 1987)
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 205-7
Jump up ^ State v. Godwin, 31 S.E. 221 (N.C. 1898)
Jump up ^ In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
Jump up ^ R v Majid [2009] EWCA Crim 2563
Jump up ^ Crown Bench Book: Directing the Jury. Judicial Studies Board. 2010.
Jump up ^ In re Devon T., 584 A.2d 1287 (Md. Court App. 1991)
Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1967 (c.80)
Jump up ^ Hessick, Carrisa (2006). "Motive's Role in Criminal Punishment". Southern California Law Review. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ California Penal Code §§ 188-199
Further reading[edit]
Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Criminal Law: Model Penal Code. Foundation Press.
External links[edit]
Criminal Responsibility and Intent
Mens Rea: The Need for a Meaningful Intent Requirement in Federal Criminal Law: Hearing before the Over-Criminalization Task Force of 2013 of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, July 19, 2013.
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