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Dakar
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For other uses, see Dakar (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Dhaka.
Dakar
Place de l'Indépendance
Coat of arms
City of Dakar, divided into 19 communes d'arrondissement
Dakar
Location within Senegal
Coordinates: 14°41′34″N 17°26′48″W / 14.69278°N 17.44667°W / 14.69278; -17.44667Coordinates: 14°41′34″N 17°26′48″W / 14.69278°N 17.44667°W / 14.69278; -17.44667
Country
Senegal
Région
Dakar
Département
Dakar
Settled
15th century
Communes d'arrondissement
19[show]
Cambérène
Parcelles Assaines
Pattie d'Oies
Hann Bel-Air
Dieuppeul Derklé
HLM
Biscuiterie
Grand Dakar
Plateau
Médina
Fass-Gueule Tapée-Colobane
Fann Point-E
Mermoz-Sacré-Coeur
Ouakam
Yoff
Ngor
Liberté
Grand-Yoff
Cape Verde Peninsula
Government
• Mayor
Khalifa Sall (2009)[1] (BSS/PS)
Area
• City
83 km2 (32 sq mi)
Elevation[2]
22 m (72 ft)
Population (2013 estimate)[3]
• City
1,146,053
• Density
12,510/km2 (32,400/sq mi)
• Metro
2,452,656
• Metro density
4,484/km2 (11,610/sq mi)
Data here are for the administrative Dakar région, which matches almost exactly the limits of the metropolitan area
Time zone
GMT (UTC+0)
Website
villededakar.org
The 10 Worst Cities in the World
Dakar (English: /dɑːˈkɑːr, ˈdækər/;[4][5] French: [dakaʁ])[6] is the capital and largest city of Senegal. It is located on the Cap-Vert peninsula on the Atlantic coast and is the westernmost city in the Old World as well as on the African mainland. The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594, whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 2.45 million.[7]
The area around Dakar was settled in the 15th century. The Portuguese established a presence on the island of Gorée off the coast of Cap-Vert and used it as a base for the Atlantic slave trade. France took over the island in 1677. Following the abolition of the slave trade and French annexation of the mainland area in the 19th century, Dakar grew into a major regional port and a major city of the French colonial empire. In 1902, Dakar replaced Saint-Louis as the capital of French West Africa. From 1959 to 1960, Dakar was the capital of the short-lived Mali Federation. In 1960, it became the capital of the independent Republic of Senegal.
Dakar is home to multiple national and regional banks as well as numerous international organizations. From 1978 to 2007, it was also the traditional finishing point of the Dakar Rally.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Colonial history
1.2 Recent history
2 Sports
3 Geography and climate
4 Administration and daily life
5 Notable places
6 Notable Dakarian natives and Dakar residents
7 International relations
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Dakar
Colonial history[edit]
The Cap-Vert peninsula was settled no later than the 15th century, by the Lebou people, an aquacultural ethnic group related to the neighboring Wolof and Sereer. The original villages: Ouakam, Ngor, Yoff and Hann, still constitute distinctively Lebou neighborhoods of the city today. In 1444, the Portuguese reached the Bay of Dakar, initially as slave-raiders.[8][9][10] Peaceful contact was finally opened in 1456 by Diogo Gomes, and the bay was subsequently referred to as the "Angra de Bezeguiche" (after the name of the local ruler).[11] The bay of "Bezeguiche" would go on to serve as a critical stop for the Portuguese India Armadas of the early 16th century, where large fleets would routinely stop, both on their outward and return journeys from India, to repair, collect fresh water from the rivulets and wells along the Cap-Vert shore and trade for provisions with the local people for their remaining voyage.[11] (It was famously during one of these stops, in 1501, where the Florentine navigator Amerigo Vespucci began to construct his "New World" hypothesis about America.[12])
The Portuguese eventually founded a settlement on the island of Gorée (then known as the island of Bezeguiche or Palma), which by 1536 they began to use as a base for slave exportation. The mainland of Cap-Vert, however, was under control of the Jolof Empire, as part of the western province of Cayor which seceded from Jolof in its own right in 1549. A new Lebou village, called Ndakaaru, was established directly across from Gorée in the 17th century to service the European trading factory with food and drinking water. Gorée was captured by the United Netherlands in 1588, which gave it its present name (spelled Goeree, after Goeree-Overflakkee in the Netherlands). The island was to switch hands between the Portuguese and Dutch several more times before falling to the English under Admiral Robert Holmes on January 23, 1664, and finally to the French in 1677. Though under continuous French administration since, métis families, descended from Dutch and French traders and African wives, dominated the slave trade. The infamous "House of Slaves" was built at Gorée in 1776.
In 1795, the Lebou of Cape Verde revolted against Cayor rule. A new theocratic state, subsequently called the "Lebou Republic" by the French, was established under the leadership of the Diop, a Muslim clerical family originally from Koki in Cayor. The capital of the republic was established at Ndakaaru. In 1857 the French established a military post at Ndakaaru (which they called "Dakar") and annexed the Lebou Republic, though its institutions continued to function nominally. The Serigne (also spelled Sëriñ, "Lord") of Ndakaaru is still recognized as the traditional political authority of the Lebou by the Senegalese State today.
The slave trade was abolished by France in February 1794. However, Napoleon reinstated it in May 1802, then finally abolished it permanently in March 1815. Despite Napoleon's abolition, a clandestine slave trade continued at Gorée until 1848, when it was abolished throughout all French territories. To replace trade in slaves, the French promoted peanut cultivation on the mainland. As the peanut trade boomed, tiny Gorée Island, whose population had grown to 6,000 residents, proved ineffectual as a port. Traders from Gorée decided to move to the mainland and a "factory" with warehouses was established in Rufisque in 1840.
A public water well, 1899.
Large public expenditure for infrastructure was allocated by the colonial authorities to Dakar's development. The port facilities were improved with jetties, a telegraph line was established along the coast to Saint-Louis and the Dakar-Saint-Louis railway was completed in 1885, at which point the city became an important base for the conquest of the western Sudan.
Dakar in 1850.
Dakar in 1888.
Dakar Entrepôt. ca. 1900
Gorée, including Dakar, was recognised as a French commune in 1872. Dakar itself was split off from Gorée as a separate commune in 1887. The citizens of the city elected their own mayor and municipal council and helped send an elected representative to the National Assembly in Paris. Dakar replaced Saint-Louis as the capital of French West Africa in 1902. A second major railroad, the Dakar-Niger built from 1906–1923, linked Dakar to Bamako and consolidated the city's position at the head of France's West African empire. In 1929, the commune of Gorée Island, now with only a few hundred inhabitants, was merged into Dakar.
Urbanization during the colonial period was marked by forms of racial and social segregation—often expressed in terms of health and hygiene—which continue to structure the city today. Following a plague epidemic in 1914, the authorities forced most of the African population out of old neighborhoods, or "Plateau", and into a new quarter, called Médina, separated from it by a "sanitary cordon". As first occupants of the land, the Lebou inhabitants of the city successfully resisted this expropriation. They were supported by Blaise Diagne, the first African to be elected Deputy to the National Assembly. Nonetheless, the Plateau thereafter became an administrative, commercial, and residential district increasingly reserved for Europeans and served as model for similar exclusionary administrative enclaves in French Africa's other colonial capitals (Bamako, Conakry, Abidjan, Brazzaville). Meanwhile, the Layene Sufi order, established by Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye, was thriving among the Lebou in Yoff and in a new village called Cambérène. Since independence, urbanization has sprawled eastward past Pikine, a commuter suburb whose population (2001 est. 1,200,000) is greater than that of Dakar proper, to Rufisque, creating a conurbation of almost 3 million (over a quarter of the national population).
In its colonial heyday Dakar was one of the major cities of the French Empire, comparable to Hanoi or Beirut. French trading firms established branch offices there and industrial investments (mills, breweries, refineries, canneries) were attracted by its port and rail facilities. It was also strategically important to France, which maintained an important naval base and coaling station in its harbor and which integrated it into its earliest air force and airmail circuits, most notably with the legendary Mermoz airfield (no longer extant).
Recent history[edit]
During the Battle of Dakar, which took place off the coast of Dakar on September 23–25, 1940, the British navy attempted to rally the colonial administration in Dakar to the Allied cause and detach it from Vichy. In November 1944 West African conscripts of the French army mutinied against poor conditions at the Thiaroye camp, on the outskirts of the city. The mutiny was seen as an indictment of the colonial system and constituted a watershed for the nationalist movement.
Dakar was the capital of the short-lived Mali Federation from 1959 to 1960, after which it became the capital of Senegal. The poet, philosopher and first President of Senegal Léopold Sédar Senghor tried to transform Dakar into the "Sub-Saharan African Athens" (l’Athènes de l’Afrique subsaharienne),[13] as his vision was for it.
Dakar is a major financial center, home to a dozen national and regional banks (including the BCEAO which manages the unified West African CFA currency), and to numerous international organizations, NGOs and international research centers. Dakar has a large Lebanese community (concentrated in the import-export sector) that dates to the 1920s, a community of Moroccan business people, as well as Mauritanian, Cape Verdean, and Guinean communities. The city is home to as many as 20,000 French expatriates. France still maintains an air force base at Yoff and the French fleet is serviced in Dakar's port.
Beginning 1978 and until 2007, Dakar was frequently the ending point of the Dakar Rally. The rally brought worldwide attention to the poverty of Senegal and Dakar.[citation needed]
Sports[edit]
Sports club AS Douanes are based in Sicap-Liberté, they currently play in the Senegal Premier League and previously won the 2014–15 Ligue 1 (Senegal) season.
Geography and climate[edit]
View of Dakar from Earth Orbit
The Dakarois climate is generally warm. Dakar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with a short rainy season and a lengthy dry season. Dakar’s rainy season lasts from July to October while the dry season covers the remaining eight months. The city sees approximately 495 mm (19.5 in) of precipitation per year.
Dakar between December and May is usually pleasantly warm with daily temperatures around 24–27 °C (75–81 °F). Nights during this time of the year are comfortable, some 17–20 °C (63–68 °F). However, between May and November the city becomes decidedly warmer with daily highs reaching 29–31 °C (84–88 °F) and night lows a little bit above 23–24 °C (73–75 °F). Notwithstanding this hotter season Dakar’s weather is far from being as hot as that of African cities inland, such as Niamey and N'Djamena, where temperatures hover above 36 °C (97 °F) for much of the year. Dakar is cooled year-round by sea breezes.
[hide]Climate data for Dakar, Senegal (1981-2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
39.6
(103.3) 38.7
(101.7) 40.4
(104.7) 38.4
(101.1) 36.2
(97.2) 36.6
(97.9) 36.9
(98.4) 35.0
(95) 36.2
(97.2) 39.3
(102.7) 40.3
(104.5) 39.5
(103.1) 40.4
(104.7)
Average high °C (°F)
25.3
(77.5) 25.2
(77.4) 25.4
(77.7) 25.0
(77) 26.0
(78.8) 28.6
(83.5) 30.0
(86) 30.3
(86.5) 30.7
(87.3) 31.0
(87.8) 29.8
(85.6) 27.4
(81.3) 27.9
(82.2)
Average low °C (°F)
18.3
(64.9) 18.0
(64.4) 18.5
(65.3) 19.2
(66.6) 20.7
(69.3) 23.5
(74.3) 25.1
(77.2) 25.3
(77.5) 25.2
(77.4) 25.3
(77.5) 23.3
(73.9) 21.0
(69.8) 22.0
(71.6)
Record low °C (°F)
11.0
(51.8) 10.7
(51.3) 10.9
(51.6) 14.0
(57.2) 15.4
(59.7) 17.0
(62.6) 17.2
(63) 20.0
(68) 20.0
(68) 17.2
(63) 17.0
(62.6) 12.4
(54.3) 10.7
(51.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
1.0
(0.039) 2.0
(0.079) 0.3
(0.012) 0.0
(0) 0.1
(0.004) 14.0
(0.551) 51.0
(2.008) 154.0
(6.063) 133.0
(5.236) 26.0
(1.024) 9.2
(0.362) 1.0
(0.039) 391.6
(15.417)
Average rainy days
1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.4 3.0 8.0 15.0 12.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 47.6
Average relative humidity (%)
68 74 77 81 81 80 78 81 83 80 72 68 77
Mean monthly sunshine hours
244.9 245.8 276.0 288.0 291.4 252.0 232.5 223.2 219.0 257.3 249.0 238.7 3,017.8
Percent possible sunshine
70 74 74 74 73 65 58 57 60 70 73 69 68.1
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[14]
Source #2: Spiegel Online Wetter[15]
Dakar mean sea temperature[16]
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
22.7 °C (72.9 °F) 20.6 °C (69.1 °F) 19.9 °C (67.8 °F) 20.7 °C (69.3 °F) 22.7 °C (72.9 °F) 26.3 °C (79.3 °F) 27.6 °C (81.7 °F) 28.4 °C (83.1 °F) 28.7 °C (83.7 °F) 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) 27.0 °C (80.6 °F) 24.7 °C (76.5 °F)
Administration and daily life[edit]
Market street in the working class Gueule Tapée quarter
Typical souvenirs in the street market
The city of Dakar is a commune (also sometimes known as commune de ville), one of the some 125 communes of Senegal. The commune of Dakar was created by the French colonial administration on June 17, 1887 by detaching it from the commune of Gorée. The commune of Gorée, created in 1872, was itself one of the oldest Western-style municipalities in Africa (along with the municipalities of Algeria and South Africa).
The commune of Dakar has been in continuous existence since 1887, being preserved by the new state of Senegal after independence in 1960, although its limits have varied considerably over time. The limits of the commune of Dakar have been unchanged since 1983. The commune of Dakar is ruled by a democratically elected municipal council (conseil municipal) serving five years, and a mayor elected by the municipal council. There have been 20 mayors in Dakar since 1887. The first black mayor was Blaise Diagne, mayor of Dakar from 1924 to 1934. The longest serving mayor was Mamadou Diop, mayor for 18 years between 1984 and 2002.
The commune of Dakar is also a department, one of the 45 departments of Senegal. This situation is quite similar to Paris, which is both a commune and a department. However, contrary to French departments, departments in Senegal have no political power (no departmental assembly), and are merely local administrative structures of the central state, in charge of carrying out some administrative services as well as controlling the activities of the communes within the department.
The department of Dakar is divided into four arrondissements: Almadies, Grand Dakar, Parcelles Assainies (which literally means "drained lots"; this is the most populous arrondissement of Dakar), and Plateau/Gorée (downtown Dakar). These arrondissements are quite different from the arrondissements of Paris, being merely local administrative structures of the central state, like the Senegalese departments, and are thus more comparable to French departmental arrondissements.
Residential street in the upscale Mermoz quarter
The Assemblée nationale on the Plateau, the heart of old Dakar
In 1996 a massive reform of the administrative and political divisions of Senegal was voted by the Parliament of Senegal. The commune of Dakar, whose population approached 1 million inhabitants, was deemed too large and too populated to be properly managed by a central municipality, and thus on August 30, 1996 Dakar was divided into 19 communes d'arrondissement. These communes d'arrondissement were given extensive powers, and are very much like regular communes. They have more powers than the arrondissements of Paris, and are more akin to the London boroughs. The commune of Dakar was maintained above these 19 communes d'arrondissement, and it coordinates the activities of the communes d'arrondissement, much as Greater London coordinates the activities of the London boroughs. The 19 communes d'arrondissement belong to either of the four arrondissements of Dakar, and the sous-préfet of each arrondissement is in charge of controlling the activities of the communes d'arrondissement in his arrondissement.
The commune d'arrondissement of Dakar-Plateau (34,626 inhabitants), in the arrondissement of Plateau/Gorée, is the historical heart of the city, and most ministries and public administrations are located there. The densest and most populous commune d'arrondissement is Médina (136,697 inhabitants), in the arrondissement of Plateau/Gorée. The commune d'arrondissement of Yoff (55,995 inhabitants), in the arrondissement of Almadies, is the largest one, while the smallest one is the commune d'arrondissement of Île de Gorée (1,034 inhabitants), in the arrondissement of Plateau/Gorée.
Dakar is one of the 14 régions of Senegal. The Dakar région encompasses the city of Dakar and all its suburbs along the Cape Verde Peninsula. Its territory is thus roughly the same as the territory of the metropolitan area of Dakar. Since the administrative reforms of 1996, the régions of Senegal, which until then were merely local administrative structures of the central state, have been turned into full-fledged political units, with democratically elected regional councils, and regional presidents. They were given extensive powers, and manage economic development, transportation, or environmental protection issues at the regional level, thus coordinating the actions of the communes below them.
In Senegal the traditional culture is very centred around the idea of family. This even includes the way that they eat. When it is time to eat a typical meal someone will say "kay lekk" which means 'come eat'. Everyone will come together and sit around the plate and eat with their hands.[17] Some famous dishes include Cebbu Jën (Tiéboudienne) and Yassa. The etiquette of people in Dakar is very simple but very vital. To not greet someone upon sight is to portray rudeness and oftentimes ignorance. Due to French colonialism the children of Dakar have a unique school system. The school will get a break at about midday and return home to get some rest. Since the population is majority Muslim daily activities such as going to the mosque at noon prayer and attending the mosque on Fridays. Music has a big influence on the youth with famous artists like Daara J Family who use their voice to represent the problems in their communities.[18]
Notable places[edit]
The Dakar Railway Station
Village des Arts
Musée Théodore Monod
Layen Mausoleum
Palais Présidentiel
Mamelles Lighthouse
Chambre de Commerce
Place de l'Indépendance
Plage de N'gor[19]
The Dakar Cathedral
African Renaissance Monument
Attractions in Dakar include major markets, Dakar Grand Mosque (built in 1964), Dakar Cathedral, Gorée Island, the IFAN Museum of West African culture, the newly completed African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, clifftop walks and beaches, and Parc de Hann, aka the Senegal Zoo.
The town serves as a port and is home to the Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport. It is also the terminus of the Dakar-Niger railroad line, although this no longer functions
Dakar used to be the finishing point of the Dakar Rally and is a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities. Cheikh Anta Diop University also known as the University of Dakar, was established in 1957.
Notable Dakarian natives and Dakar residents[edit]
Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye, footballer
Akon, R&B singer (real name - Alioune Thiam)
Baaba Maal, singer and guitarist
Boris Diaw, basketball player, Utah Jazz
Bouna Coundoul, footballer, Achna FC
Cheikh Samb, basketball player, former Los Angeles Clippers
DeSagana Diop, basketball player, Charlotte Bobcats
Élage Diouf, singer, songwriter and percussionist (real name - El Hadji Fall Diouf)
Hamady Ndiaye, basketball player Washington Wizards
Ibrahim Ba, former footballer
Ismaël Lô, singer-songwriter
Issa, R&B singer
Macoumba Kandji, footballer, Colorado Rapids
Mamadou N'Diaye, former basketball player for Auburn University and the Toronto Raptors
Mame Biram Diouf, footballer, Stoke City
Marc Lièvremont, former rugby player and former head coach of the France national rugby union team
Marcel Lefebvre, Founder of the SSPX, Apostolic delegate to Pope Pius XII, and Archbishop of Dakar.
Mbaye Diagne, United Nations military observer and hero during the Rwandan genocide
Ofeibea Quist-Arcton, foreign correspondent for NPR News
Orchestra Baobab
Ousmane Barro, basketball player, Marquette University
Papa Bouba Diop, former footballer
Pape Paté Diouf, football player
Papiss Cisse, footballer, Newcastle United
Patrice Evra, footballer, Juventus
Patrick Vieira, former footballer
Ségolène Royal, French politician born in Dakar
Tacko Fall, high school basketball player
Thione Seck, singer and songwriter
Wasis Diop, musician
Youssou N'Dour, singer and percussionist
Racine Talla, college basketball player, IPFW
International relations[edit]
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Senegal
Dakar is twinned with:
Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Baku, Azerbaijan[20]
Douala, Cameroon
Isfahan, Iran
Milan, Italy[21]
Oran, Algeria
Rangpur, Bangladesh
Rosario, Argentina[22]
Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
Taipei, Taiwan
Washington, D.C., United States[23]
[24]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ L'opposant Khalifa Sall élu maire de Dakar. AFP. 2009-04-19
Jump up ^ climatemps.com
Jump up ^ UN Data. Projection based on 2002 census.
Jump up ^ "Dakar - definition of Dakar". The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 29 October 2013. /dəˈkɑːr, dɑːˈkɑːr, ˈdækər/
Jump up ^ "Define Dakar". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 29 October 2013. /dɑːˈkɑːr, ˈdækər/
Jump up ^ Dakar pronunciation: How to pronounce Dakar in French, Spanish, Polish
Jump up ^ Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie, Government of Senegal. ""Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal", édition 2005, page 163" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 18, 2008. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
Jump up ^ Dinis Dias doubled Cap-Vert in 1444, but it is unclear if he sailed into the bay itself. Álvaro Fernandes anchored at the uninhabited island of Goree and lured and captured two natives off a Lebou fishing canoe before being driven off. The large slaving fleet of Lançarote de Freitas anchored in the bay, but their attempts to reach the mainland shore were fended off by missile fire and took no captives. The subsequent fleets of Estêvão Afonso (1446) and Valarte (1447) stopped briefly at Goree, but were also fended off the shores and took no captives. In the aftermath, Prince Henry the Navigator suspended all Portuguese expeditions beyond Cap-Vert for nearly a decade. There are no more recorded attempts until contact was made in 1456. (As reported in the 1453 chronicle of Gomes Eanes de Zurara)
Jump up ^ B.W. Diffie and G.D. Winius (1977) Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.83-85
Jump up ^ A. Teixeira da Mota (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, Vol. 1. No. 2 (Apr), p. 273-326.
^ Jump up to: a b A. Teixeira da Mota (1968) "Ilha de Santiago e Angra de Bezeguiche, escalas da carreira da India", Do tempo e da historia, Lisbon, v.3, pp.141-49.
Jump up ^ Vespucci's letter from Bezeguiche is reproduced in F.A. de Varnhagen (1865) Amerigo Vespucci, pp.78-82.
Jump up ^ "Discours de réception de M. Jean-Claude JUNCKER comme membre associé étranger à l’Académie des Sciences morales et politiques" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Climate Averages for Dakar" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Africa, Senegal, Dakar". Spiegel Online Wetter. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Monthly Dakar water temperature chart". Seatemperature.org. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Senegal - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette". www.commisceo-global.com. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Hip-hop in Senegal". 2015-02-06. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ Planet, Lonely. "Attractions in Senegal". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2016-11-14.
Jump up ^ "Twin-cities of Azerbaijan". Azerbaijans.com. Retrieved 2013-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Città Gemellate" (in Italian). Comune di Milano. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Town Twinning Agreements". Municipalidad de Rosario - Buenos Aires 711. Retrieved 2014-10-14.
Jump up ^ "DC Sister City Agreement" (PDF). The District of Columbia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
Jump up ^ L. Bigon (2009) A History of Urban Planning in Two West African Colonial Capitals: Residential Segregation in British Lagos and French Dakar, 1850-1930 Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.
Bibliography[edit]
See also: Bibliography of the history of Dakar
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dakar.
Senegal portal
Media related to Dakar at Wikimedia Commons
(in French) Dakar official website
"Dakar". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Dakar". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
[show]
v
t
e
Communes d'arrondissement of Dakar
Biscuiterie
Cambérène
Dieuppeul-Derklé
Fann-Point E-Amitié
Gueule Tapée-Fass-Colobane
Gorée
Grand Yoff
Grand Dakar
Hann Bel-Air
HLM
Médina
Mermoz-Sacré-Cœur
Ngor
Ouakam
Parcelles Assainies
Patte d'Oie
Dakar-Plateau
Sicap-Liberté
Yoff
[show]
v
t
e
Capitals of Africa
Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics
Abuja, Nigeria
Accra, Ghana
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Algiers, Algeria
Antananarivo, Madagascar
Asmara, Eritrea
Bamako, Mali
Bangui, Central African Republic
Banjul, Gambia
Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
Brazzaville, Rep. of the Congo
Bujumbura, Burundi
Cairo, Egypt
Conakry, Guinea
Dakar, Senegal
Djibouti, Djibouti
Dodoma, Tanzania
El Aaiún(claimed)/Tifariti(factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1
Freetown, Sierra Leone
Funchal, Madeira4
Gaborone, Botswana
Harare, Zimbabwe
Hargeisa, Somaliland1
Jamestown, St Helena, Ascension & Tristan da Cunha2
Juba, South Sudan
Kampala, Uganda
Khartoum, Sudan
Kigali, Rwanda
Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
Libreville, Gabon
Lilongwe, Malawi
Lomé, Togo
Luanda, Angola
Lusaka, Zambia
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
Mamoudzou, Mayotte3
Maputo, Mozambique
Maseru, Lesotho
Mbabane (executive)
Lobamba (legislative), Swaziland
Mogadishu, Somalia
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1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
2 British Overseas Territory
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 133615639
LCCN: n79108879
GND: 4010921-5
SUDOC: 02637417X
BNF: cb11863399c (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dakar&oldid=806620044"
Categories:
Dakar
Capitals in Africa
French West Africa
Populated coastal places in Senegal
Populated places established in 1857
Populated places in Dakar Region
Port cities in Africa
Regional capitals in Senegal
1677 establishments in the French colonial empire
1664 establishments in the British Empire
Communes of Senegal
1857 establishments in the French colonial empire
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Dakar (disambiguation)

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Place de l'Indépendance

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Coat of arms of Dakar

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Dakar is located in Senegal

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Robert Holmes (admiral)

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Dakar-Saint-Louis railway

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Dakar-Niger railway

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Arrondissement in France

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London borough

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Dakar Grand Mosque

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IFAN Museum

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List of statues by height

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Dakar-Niger railroad line

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University of Dakar

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Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye

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Charlotte Bobcats

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Hamady Ndiaye

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Archbishop of Dakar

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Papiss Cisse

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Twin towns and sister cities

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Rangpur, Bangladesh

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Government of Senegal

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Henry the Navigator

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Dakar – Afrikaans
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Dakar – Aragonese
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an
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Arpitan
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frp
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Dakar – Asturian
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ast
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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Azerbaijani
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https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Bambara
bm
bm
interlanguage-link-target

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value: Дакар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

value:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

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https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – German
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de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Ντακάρ – Greek

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https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar
Dakar – Spanish
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es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakaro
Dakaro – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Basque
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eu
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Dakar – Fiji Hindi
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hif
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Dakar – French
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fr
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Western Frisian
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fy
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Scottish Gaelic
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gd
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Dakar – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Hakka Chinese
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hak
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Hausa
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Croatian
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Dakar – Ido
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io
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Indonesian
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id
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Interlingue
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ie
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Icelandic
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is
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Italian
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Javanese
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Swahili
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sw
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Kongo
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kg
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Haitian Creole
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Kurdish
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ku
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Latin
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la
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakara – Latvian
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lv
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Luxembourgish
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lb
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Dakaras – Lithuanian
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lt
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Ligurian
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lij
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Lingala
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Lombard
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Dakar – Hungarian
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Dakar – Malagasy
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Dakar – Malay
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Dakar – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
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interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Dutch
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Dakaa – Norfuk / Pitkern
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Dakar – Norwegian
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no
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Dakar – Norwegian Nynorsk
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Dakar – Occitan
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Dakar – Uzbek
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Dakar – Papiamento
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Dakar – Piedmontese
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Dakar – Tok Pisin
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Dakar – Polish
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Dakar – Portuguese
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Dakar – Romanian
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Dakar – Quechua
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Dakar – Sardinian
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Dakar – Scots
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Dakar – Saterland Frisian
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Dakari – Albanian
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Dakar – Sicilian
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Dakar – Simple English
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Dakar – Slovak
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Dakar – Slovenian
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Dakar – Silesian
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Dakar – Somali
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Dakar – Serbo-Croatian
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sh
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Swedish
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Dakar – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

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Dakar – Kabyle
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Dakar – Turkish
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Dakar – Venetian
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Web server
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The inside and front of a Dell PowerEdge web server, a computer designed for rack mounting
Web server refers to server software, or hardware dedicated to running said software, that can serve contents to the World Wide Web. A web server processes incoming network requests over the HTTP protocol (and several other related protocols).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Path translation
4 Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers
5 Load limits
5.1 Causes of overload
5.2 Symptoms of overload
5.3 Anti-overload techniques
6 Market share
6.1 October 2017
6.2 February 2017
6.3 February 2016
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
The primary function of web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to clients. The communication between client and server takes place using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Pages delivered are most frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in addition to the text content.
Multiple web servers may be used for a high traffic website; here, Dell servers are installed together being used for the Wikimedia Foundation.
A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented.
While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files.
Many generic web servers also support server-side scripting using Active Server Pages (ASP), PHP, or other scripting languages. This means that the behaviour of the web server can be scripted in separate files, while the actual server software remains unchanged. Usually, this function is used to generate HTML documents dynamically ("on-the-fly") as opposed to returning static documents. The former is primarily used for retrieving or modifying information from databases. The latter is typically much faster and more easily cached but cannot deliver dynamic content.
Web servers are not only used for serving the World Wide Web. They can also be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only a local network. The web server may then be used as a part of a system for monitoring or administering the device in question. This usually means that no additional software has to be installed on the client computer, since only a web browser is required (which now is included with most operating systems).
History[edit]
The world's first web server, a NeXT Computer workstation with Ethernet, 1990. The case label reads: "This machine is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!"
Sun's Cobalt Qube 3 - a computer server appliance (2002, discontinued)
In 1989 Sir Tim Berners-Lee proposed a new project to his employer CERN, with the goal of easing the exchange of information between scientists by using a hypertext system. The project resulted in Berners-Lee writing two programs in 1990:
A browser called WorldWideWeb
The world's first web server, later known as CERN httpd, which ran on NeXTSTEP
Between 1991 and 1994, the simplicity and effectiveness of early technologies used to surf and exchange data through the World Wide Web helped to port them to many different operating systems and spread their use among scientific organizations and universities, and subsequently to industry.
In 1994 Berners-Lee decided to constitute the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to regulate the further development of the many technologies involved (HTTP, HTML, etc.) through a standardization process.
Path translation[edit]
Web servers are able to map the path component of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) into:
A local file system resource (for static requests)
An internal or external program name (for dynamic requests)
For a static request the URL path specified by the client is relative to the web server's root directory.
Consider the following URL as it would be requested by a client:
http://www.example.com/path/file.html

The client's user agent will translate it into a connection to www.example.com with the following HTTP 1.1 request:
GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.1
Host: www.example.com

The web server on www.example.com will append the given path to the path of its root directory. On an Apache server, this is commonly /home/www (on Unix machines, usually /var/www). The result is the local file system resource:
/home/www/path/file.html

The web server then reads the file, if it exists, and sends a response to the client's web browser. The response will describe the content of the file and contain the file itself or an error message will return saying that the file does not exist or is unavailable.
Kernel-mode and user-mode web servers[edit]
A web server can be either incorporated into the OS kernel, or in user space (like other regular applications).
Web servers that run in user-mode have to ask the system for permission to use more memory or more CPU resources. Not only do these requests to the kernel take time, but they are not always satisfied because the system reserves resources for its own usage and has the responsibility to share hardware resources with all the other running applications. Executing in user mode can also mean useless buffer copies which are another handicap for user-mode web servers.
Load limits[edit]
A web server (program) has defined load limits, because it can handle only a limited number of concurrent client connections (usually between 2 and 80,000, by default between 500 and 1,000) per IP address (and TCP port) and it can serve only a certain maximum number of requests per second (RPS, also known as queries per second or QPS) depending on:
its own settings,
the HTTP request type,
whether the content is static or dynamic,
whether the content is cached, and
the hardware and software limitations of the OS of the computer on which the web server runs.
When a web server is near to or over its limit, it becomes unresponsive.
Causes of overload[edit]
At any time web servers can be overloaded due to:
Excess legitimate web traffic. Thousands or even millions of clients connecting to the web site in a short interval, e.g., Slashdot effect;
Distributed Denial of Service attacks. A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users;
Computer worms that sometimes cause abnormal traffic because of millions of infected computers (not coordinated among them)
XSS viruses can cause high traffic because of millions of infected browsers or web servers;
Internet bots Traffic not filtered/limited on large web sites with very few resources (bandwidth, etc.);
Internet (network) slowdowns, so that client requests are served more slowly and the number of connections increases so much that server limits are reached;
Web servers (computers) partial unavailability. This can happen because of required or urgent maintenance or upgrade, hardware or software failures, back-end (e.g., database) failures, etc.; in these cases the remaining web servers get too much traffic and become overloaded.
Symptoms of overload[edit]
The symptoms of an overloaded web server are:
Requests are served with (possibly long) delays (from 1 second to a few hundred seconds).
The web server returns an HTTP error code, such as 500, 502, 503, 504, 408, or even 404, which is inappropriate for an overload condition.
The web server refuses or resets (interrupts) TCP connections before it returns any content.
In very rare cases, the web server returns only a part of the requested content. This behavior can be considered a bug, even if it usually arises as a symptom of overload.
Anti-overload techniques[edit]
To partially overcome above average load limits and to prevent overload, most popular web sites use common techniques like:
Managing network traffic, by using:
Firewalls to block unwanted traffic coming from bad IP sources or having bad patterns
HTTP traffic managers to drop, redirect or rewrite requests having bad HTTP patterns
Bandwidth management and traffic shaping, in order to smooth down peaks in network usage
Deploying web cache techniques
Using different domain names to serve different (static and dynamic) content by separate web servers, e.g.:
http://images.example.com
http://www.example.com
Using different domain names or computers to separate big files from small and medium-sized files; the idea is to be able to fully cache small and medium-sized files and to efficiently serve big or huge (over 10 - 1000 MB) files by using different settings
Using many internet servers (programs) per computer, each one bound to its own network card and IP address
Using many internet servers (computers) that are grouped together behind a load balancer so that they act or are seen as one big web server
Adding more hardware resources (i.e. RAM, disks) to each computer
Tuning OS parameters for hardware capabilities and usage
Using more efficient computer programs for web servers, etc.
Using other workarounds, especially if dynamic content is involved
Market share[edit]
The LAMP (software bundle) (here additionally with Squid), composed entirely of free and open-source software, is a high performance and high-availability heavy duty solution for a hostile environment
Chart:
Market share of all sites of major web servers 2005-2018
Further information on HTTP server programs: Category:Web server software
October 2017[edit]
Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by W3Techs Usage of Web Servers for Websites.
Product
Vendor
Percent
Apache Apache 48.5%
nginx NGINX, Inc. 35.4%
IIS Microsoft 10.8%
LiteSpeed Web Server LiteSpeed Technologies 2.9%
GWS Google 1.1%
All other web servers are used by less than 1% of the websites.
February 2017[edit]
Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by Netcraft February 2017 Web Server Survey.
Product
Vendor
January 2017
Percent
February 2017
Percent
Change
Chart color
IIS Microsoft 821,905,283 45.66% 773,552,454 43.16% -2.50 red
Apache Apache 387,211,503 21.51% 374,297,080 20.89% -0.63 black
nginx NGINX, Inc. 317,398,317 17.63% 348,025,788 19.42% 1.79 green
GWS Google 17,933,762 1.00% 18,438,702 1.03% 0.03 blue
February 2016[edit]
Below are the latest statistics of the market share of all sites of the top web servers on the Internet by Netcraft February 2016 Web Server Survey.
Product
Vendor
January 2016
Percent
February 2016
Percent
Change
Chart color
Apache Apache 304,271,061 33.56% 306,292,557 32.80% 0.76 black
IIS Microsoft 262,471,886 28.95% 278,593,041 29.83% 0.88 red
nginx NGINX, Inc. 141,443,630 15.60% 137,459,391 16.61% -0.88 green
GWS Google 20,799,087 2.29% 20,640,058 2.21% -0.08 blue
Apache, IIS and Nginx are the most used web servers on the Internet.
See also[edit]
Server (computing)
Application server
Comparison of web server software
HTTP compression
Open source web application
SSI, CGI, SCGI, FastCGI, PHP, Java Servlet, JavaServer Pages, ASP, ASP.NET, SAPI
Variant object
Virtual hosting
Web hosting service
Web container
Web proxy
Web service
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is web server?'". webdevelopersnotes. 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
External links[edit]
RFC 2616, the Request for Comments document that defines the HTTP 1.1 protocol
C64WEB.COM — Commodore 64 running as a web server using Contiki
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LCCN: sh95009237
BNF: cb124996255 (data)
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