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Jeff Healey
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"Jeff Healy" redirects here. For the fictional character, see Jeff Healy (EastEnders).
Jeff Healey
Jeff Healey, live in 1999
Background information
Birth name
Norman Jeffrey Healey
Born
(1966-03-25)March 25, 1966
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Died
March 2, 2008(2008-03-02) (aged 41)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Genres
Blues rock, blues, jazz, rock
Occupation(s)
Musician, guitarist, songwriter, DJ, actor
Instruments
Guitar, vocals, trumpet, piano
Years active
1983–2008
Labels
Arista, BMG, Sony, Eagle, Sensation, Healey-O-Phonic, Stony Plain, Convexe Entertainment, Provogue, CBC, Arbor
Associated acts
The Jeff Healey Band, The Jazz Wizards (aka Jeff Healey's Jazz Wizards), Jeff Healey's Blues Band (aka The Healey's House Band), Blue Direction
Website
jeffhealey.com
Norman Jeffrey "Jeff" Healey (March 25, 1966 – March 2, 2008) was a Canadian jazz and blues-rock vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter who attained musical and personal popularity, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. He hit Number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart with "Angel Eyes" and reached the Top 10 in Canada with the songs "I Think I Love You Too Much" and "How Long Can a Man Be Strong".
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Early career and success
3 Later work and life
4 Illness and death
5 Personal life
6 Discography
6.1 Jeff Healey Band
6.2 Jeff Healey Solo & with The Jazz Wizards
6.3 Jeff Healey solo
6.4 Live albums
6.5 Compilations
6.6 Compilation inclusions
6.7 Singles
7 Film, DVD
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Early life[edit]
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Healey was raised in the city's west end. He was adopted as an infant;[1] his adoptive father was a firefighter. When he was almost one year old, Healey lost his sight to retinoblastoma, a rare cancer of the eyes. His eyes had to be surgically removed, and he was given ocular prostheses.
Early career and success[edit]
Jeff Healey & Tom Lavin (Powder Blues Band)
Healey began playing guitar when he was three, developing his unique style of playing the instrument flat on his lap. At age 9 his musical talents were showcased in an interview on the TVOntario children's programme Cucumber. When he was 15,[2] Jeff Healey formed the band Blue Direction, a four-piece which primarily played bar-band cover tunes and featured bassist Jeremy Littler, drummer Graydon Chapman, and a schoolmate, Rob Quail on second guitar. This band played various local clubs in Toronto, including the Colonial Tavern.
Healey began hosting a jazz and blues show on radio station CIUT-FM where he became known for playing from his massive collection of vintage 78 rpm gramophone records.[3]
Shortly thereafter he was introduced to two musicians, bassist Joe Rockman and drummer Tom Stephen, with whom he formed a trio, The Jeff Healey Band. This band made their first public appearance at the Birds Nest, located upstairs at Chicago's Diner on Queen Street West in Toronto. They received a write-up in Toronto's NOW magazine, and soon were playing almost nightly in local clubs, such as Grossman's Tavern and the famed blues club Albert's Hall (where Jeff Healey was discovered by guitarists Stevie Ray Vaughan and Albert Collins).
After being signed to Arista Records in 1988, the band released the album See the Light, featuring the hit single "Angel Eyes" and the song "Hideaway", which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. While the band was recording See the Light, they were also filming (and recording for the soundtrack of) the Patrick Swayze film Road House.[4] Healey had numerous acting scenes in the movie with Swayze, as his band was the house cover band for the bar featured in the movie. In 1990, the band won the Juno Award for Canadian Entertainer of the Year. The albums Hell to Pay and Feel This gave Healey 10 charting singles in Canada between 1990 and 1994, including a cover of The Beatles' "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" which featured George Harrison and Jeff Lynne on backing vocals and acoustic guitar.[5]
Later work and life[edit]
Healey performing on August 31, 2002
By the release of the 2000 album Get Me Some, Healey began to concentrate his talent in a different musical direction closer to his heart, the appreciation for another original American music form, jazz.
He went on to release three CDs of music of traditional American jazz from the 1920s and 1930s. He had been sitting in with these types of bands around Toronto since the beginning of his music career. Though known primarily as a guitarist, Healey also played trumpet during live performances. His main jazz group for touring and recording being Jeff Healey's Jazz Wizards.
Healey was an avid record collector and amassed a collection of well over 30,000 78 rpm records. Starting in 1990 he hosted a radio program of very early jazz on CIUT at the University of Toronto with Colin Bray. Later he went national on CBC Radio's program entitled My Kind of Jazz, in which he played records from his vast vintage jazz collection. He moved the show two years later to Jazz FM - CJRT; as a part of ongoing celebrations for what would have been Healey's 50th birthday in 2016, the latter program began to air in repeats Wednesdays 9pm on jazz.fm.[6]
For many years, Healey toured throughout North America and Europe and performed at his club, "Healey's" on Bathurst Street in Toronto, where he played with his blues band on Thursday nights and also with his jazz group on Saturday afternoons. The club moved to a bigger location at 56 Blue Jays Way and was rechristened "Jeff Healey's Roadhouse." Though he had lent his name to the club and often played there, Jeff Healey did not own or manage the bar. (The name came from the 1989 film, Road House, in which Healey appeared.) At the time of his death, he had been planning to perform a series of shows in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands with his other band, the "Jeff Healey Blues Band" (aka the "Healey's House Band") in April 2008.
Over the years, Healey toured and sat in with many well-known performers, including The Allman Brothers, Bonnie Raitt, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Buddy Guy, BB King, ZZ Top, Steve Lukather, Eric Clapton and many more. In 2006, Healey appeared on Deep Purple vocalist Ian Gillan's CD/DVD Gillan's Inn.
Healey discovered and helped develop the careers of other musical artists, including Terra Hazelton and Amanda Marshall.[7]
In early 2009, Healey's album Mess of Blues won in The 8th Annual Independent Music Awards for Best Blues Album.[8]
In 2009, Healey was inducted into the Terry Fox Hall of Fame.
In June 2011, Woodford Park in Toronto was renamed Jeff Healey Park in his honour.[9][citation needed]
In 2014 Healey was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. In September 2016, Jeff Healey was inducted into the Mississauga Music Walk of Fame.[10] In March 2016 the posthumous album Heal My Soul was released,[11] followed by the companion album Holding On in December of the same year.[12] Both records were compiled from unreleased recordings by Roger Costa.[13] The 12 track Heal My Soul featured six covers and a number of collaborations with Marti Frederiksen, Arnold Lanni and Stevie Salas.[14] The 15 track Holding On album contains ten live tracks recorded in 1999 at the Rockefeller Music Hall in Norway and five studio tracks.[15][16]
Illness and death[edit]
On January 11, 2007, Healey underwent surgery to remove metastatic tissue from both lungs. In the previous eighteen months, he had two sarcomas removed from his legs.[17]
On March 2, 2008, Healey died of sarcoma cancer in his home town of Toronto at age 41.[18][19]
Healey's death came a month before the release of Mess of Blues, which was his first rock/blues album in eight years.[20]
Personal life[edit]
Healey married Krista Miller in 1992; they had a daughter and were divorced in 1998. He married Cristie Hall in 2003 and had a son with her.[18][21]
Discography[edit]
Jeff Healey Band[edit]
Year
Album
Label and Catalog Number
CAN
AUS
[22]
UK
[23]
US
[24]
Certification
1988 See the Light Arista AL-8553 25 33 58 22 RIAA - Platinum[25]
1990 Hell to Pay Arista ARCD-8632 5 20 18 27 RIAA - Gold
1992 Feel This Arista B000002VML 27 37 72 174 -
1995 Cover to Cover Arista B00008G71N 44 80 50 - -
2000 Get Me Some Eagle B00004T98N – – – – -
Jeff Healey Solo & with The Jazz Wizards[edit]
Year
Album
Label and Catalog Number
US
2002 Among Friends Stony Plain B000I2KPO6 –
2004 Adventures in Jazzland Stony Plain B000I2KPOG –
2006 It's Tight Like That Stony Plain B000ETRIZ2 –
2008 Mess Of Blues Stony Plain B0016MX3F0 –
2009 Songs From The Road Stony Plain B002F040F4 –
2010 Last Call Stony Plain B0036WL32S –
Jeff Healey solo[edit]
2002: Among Friends[26]
2003: Live at Healey's (Bolder)[27]
2004: Adventures in Jazzland (Healeyophonic)[26]
2006: It's Tight Like That (Stony Plain)[28]
2008: Mess of Blues
2009: Songs From The Road (Stony Plain)
2010: Last Call (Stony Plain Records)
2016: Heal My Soul (Convexe Entertainment)[29]
Live albums[edit]
1993: Live in Belgium (CD & DVD) (Eagle Vision)
2003: Live at Healey's (Bolder)[27]
2005: The Jeff Healey Band Live at Montreux 1999 (Eagle)
2011: Live at Grossman's 1994 (Eagle Rock North/Convexe)
2013: As The Years Go Passing By: Live in Germany 1989-1995-2000 (in-akustik)[30]
2013: Live From NYC (Eagle Rock)
Compilations[edit]
1998 The Very Best of Jeff Healey (RCA)[31]
1998 The Very Best of Jeff Healey (MSI Music Distribution)[32]
1999 Master Hits (Arista)
2004 The Platinum and Gold Collection (Arista)
2008 Super Hits (Sony)
2009 Legacy, Volume 1 (Arbor)[33][34]
2013 House on Fire – Demos & Rarities (Eagle Rock North)
2016 Holding On: A Heal My Soul Companion (Convexe Entertainment)
Compilation inclusions[edit]
1995 "Let It Rock" (Quality Records) Ronnie Hawkins' 60th Birthday Bash, Live at Massey Hall, featuring members of The Hawks, The Band, Mr. Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Larry Gowan, & more.
1997 Hits of the 80's
2002 While My Guitar Gently Weeps
2004 What's Love? A Tribute to Tina Turner (Versailles)[35]
2006 Ruf Records Anthology: 12 Years of Where Blues Crosses Over (Ruf Records)[36]
2006 Saturday Night Blues: 20 Years (CBC)[37]
Singles[edit]
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
CAN
AUS
[22]
UK
[23]
US
US Rock
1986
"Adrianna / See the Light"
— — — — — single only
1988
"Confidence Man"
— 84 76 — 11 See the Light
1989
"Angel Eyes"
16 79 86 5 24
"See the Light"
— — — — 33
"Raising Heaven / Hoochie Coochie Man" (by Patrick Swayze / The Jeff Healey Band)
— — — — 29 Road House Soundtrack
"When the Night Comes Falling From the Sky"
— — 99 — —
1990
"I Think I Love You Too Much"
5 — 98 — 5 Hell to Pay
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
27 — 85 — 7
"Full Circle"
72 — — — 16
1991
"How Long Can a Man Be Strong"
8 — — — 34
"How Much"
32 — — — —
1992
"Cruel Little Number"
17 — — — 2 Feel This
1993
"Heart of an Angel"
52 — — — 20
"Lost in Your Eyes"
15 — — 91 —
"Leave the Light On"
60 — — — —
1994
"You're Coming Home"
40 — — — —
1995
"I Got a Line on You"
34 — — — — Cover To Cover
"Angel"
33 — — — —
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
33 96 79 — 39
2000
"My Life Story"
— — — — — Get Me Some
"I Tried"
— — — — —
"—" denotes single that did not chart or was not released.
Film, DVD[edit]
1989 Road House
1999 Live at Montreux[38]
2004 See The Light (BMG)[39]
2009 Legacy, Volume 1 (Arbor)[34]
2013: As The Years Go Passing By: Live in Germany 1989-1995-2000 (in-akustik)[40]
See also[edit]
Canadian blues
Canadian rock
Music of Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jessey Bird (March 3, 2008). "Award-winning musician 'followed his own passion'". Ottawa Citizen. Archived from the original on March 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
Jump up ^ Assayas, Michka (ed.) (2000). Le dictionnaire du rock. Robert laffont, collection Bouquins. p. 775. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Jeff Healey". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Road House (1989)". www.imdb.com. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Arista Records LP AL-8632, 1990.
Jump up ^ The 50th Celebrations Start Now!
Jump up ^ The Ultimate Amanda Marshall Homepage. Pages.infinit.net. Retrieved on 2011-09-28.
Jump up ^ Independent Music Awards – 8th Annual Winners Archived July 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Agency, Q. M. I. "Park named after guitar legend Jeff Healey". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2016-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Our Consolation Is In The Stardust Of His Songs" - Mississauga News
Jump up ^ "Heal My Soul - Jeff Healey | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Holding On: A Heal My Soul Companion - Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Yates, Henry (February 23, 2016). "Heal My Soul: The story of the great 'lost' Jeff Healey album". The Blues Magazine. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, John (August 16, 2016). "Jeff Healey – Heal My Soul | Album Review". Blues Blast Magazine. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Healey – Holding On – A Heal My Soul Companion". All About The Rock. 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Jeff Healey – Holding On". The Rocking Magpie. 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2017-01-26.
Jump up ^ "Blues guitarist Jeff Healey recovering from lung cancer surgery". CBC News. January 16, 2007. Retrieved 2017-11-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Douglas Martin (March 4, 2008). "Jeff Healey, Guitarist and Singer, Dies at 41". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Blind rocker Healey dies aged 41", BBC News, March 3, 2008,
Jump up ^ Greg Quill (March 3, 2008). "Jeff Healey, 41: Canadian musician". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2009-04-26. At the time of his death Healey was planning to release his first rock/blues album in eight years, Mess of Blues
Jump up ^ https://prezi.com/opoiu2s0i3t1/greatest-canadian/
^ Jump up to: a b Australian (ARIA) chart peaks:
Top 50 peaks: "australian-charts.com > Jeff Healey in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
"Confidence Man": "Chartifacts Week Ending 11th June 1995 – Issue No. 278 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 278)". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2017-06-01.
"Angel Eyes": "The ARIA Report! Week Commencing: 12 July 2004 – Issue No. 750" (PDF). Pandora Archive (original document published by ARIA). p. 2. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Top 100 peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
"Stuck in the Middle with You": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 16 Jul 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 2017-06-01. N.B. The HP column displays the highest peak reached.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Charts > Jeff Healey Band". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
Jump up ^ "Billboard > Artists / Jeff Healey > Chart History > Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Results for Jeff Healey". riaa.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Re-released 2006, Stony Plain.
^ Jump up to: a b Subtitled "The Thursday Night Recordings".
Jump up ^ Jeff Healey and The Jazz Wizards.
Jump up ^ Live, Love, Celebrate!
Jump up ^ The first release of archival material compiled with the participation and full approval of the Jeff Healey Estate. (3CD set – also available as 3CD/2DVD deluxe ed.) www.jeffhealey.com
Jump up ^ CD re-release 2003 on RCA Camden. However, "(w)ith the 2004 merger of BMG (RCA Victor's parent company) and Sony (Columbia Records' parent company), the Camden label...(was) abandoned", implying that the re-released greatest hits package was discontinued shortly thereafter. See RCA Camden.
Jump up ^ Collection issued in Germany and imported via MSI Music Distribution, based in Florida. At the time, MSI Music Distribution was one of the largest importers of recorded music in the United States. See In Other News! Super D buys MSI Music. Entry of September 13, 2007; www.myblogutopia.com.
Jump up ^ A Winnipeg-based record company, distributed by EMI in Canada, Allego Music in the United States, New Music Distribution in Germany and Disques Dorn in France. See Particulars of Arbor Records Archived March 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.; www.arborrecords.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Contains two CDs and one DVD. One CD is a collection of Healey singles, while the other CD is a collection of unreleased live material. The DVD contains "rare footage, interviews, intimate behind the scenes moments, and unseen live performances...(including) collaborations and jams with Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton, The Rolling Stones, Tina Turner, Keith Richards, George Harrison, B.B. King, Mark Knopfler, Jeff Lynne, Sheila E, Clarence Clemons, Paul Shaffer and Dave Edmunds." See Legacy Product Description; www.cduniverse.com.
Jump up ^ Healey plays on "I Can't Stand The Rain", with Alannah Myles.
Jump up ^ Healey performs "Workin' Overtime" with Walter Trout.
Jump up ^ A compilation album of live performances from the Saturday Night Blues radio program on CBC Radio, hosted by Holger Petersen. Healey's "Anything For You" (Also known as "I Would Do Anything For You", originally recorded on the Among Friends album) is included.
Jump up ^ Re-released 2005, RED Distribution. Includes Jeff Healey Band 1999 performance at the Montreux Festival, plus 1997 performances of four songs at Stravinsky Hall, also in Montreux.
Jump up ^ Three video clips and live performances of 10 songs taped April 14, 1989 in London, England. Includes previously unreleased video clip "When the Night Comes Falling From the Sky."
Jump up ^ The first release of archival material compiled with the participation and full approval of the Jeff Healey Estate. (3CD/2DVD deluxe ed. – also available as 3 CD set) www.jeffhealey.com
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeff Healey.
Official website
Official Facebook Page
Official Youtube Channel
Official Jeff Healey Biography
Jeff Healey on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Jeff Healey
Jeff Healey Band albums
See the Light (1988)
Hell to Pay (1990)
Feel This (1992)
Cover to Cover (1995)
Get Me Some (2000)
Solo albums
Mess of Blues (2008)
Songs From The Road (2009)
Jeff Healey Band songs
"Angel Eyes"
"While My Guitar Gently Weeps"
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 60736172
LCCN: n92031110
ISNI: 0000 0000 7251 0959
GND: 135514053
SUDOC: 156754401
BNF: cb14024101q (data)
MusicBrainz: 14cfaf3c-af7c-49e8-85d5-8097c7d0e675
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Inner core
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the cores of other planetary bodies, see Planetary core.
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see Earth core.
The internal structure of Earth
The Earth's inner core is the Earth's innermost part. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 kilometres (760 miles), which is about 70% of the Moon's radius.[1][2] It is composed of an iron–nickel alloy and some other elements. The temperature at the inner core's surface is approximately 5,700 K (5,430 °C), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Discovery
2 Composition
3 Temperature and pressure
4 Dynamics
5 History
6 See also
7 References
Discovery[edit]
The Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann,[4] who deduced its presence by studying seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand. She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. This boundary is known as the Bullen discontinuity,[5] or sometimes as the Lehmann discontinuity.[6] A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron; its rigidity was confirmed in 1971.[7]
The outer core was determined to be molten from observations showing that compressional waves pass through it, but elastic shear waves do not – or do so only very weakly.[8] The solidity of the inner core had been difficult to establish because the elastic shear waves that are expected to pass through a solid mass are very weak and difficult for seismographs on the Earth's surface to detect, since they become so attenuated on their way from the inner core to the surface by their passage through the liquid outer core. Dziewonski and Gilbert established that measurements of normal modes of vibration of Earth caused by large earthquakes were consistent with a liquid outer core.[9] It has recently been claimed that shear waves have been detected passing through the inner core; these claims were initially controversial, but are now gaining acceptance.[10]
Composition[edit]
Based on the relative prevalence of various chemical elements in the Solar System, the theory of planetary formation, and constraints imposed or implied by the chemistry of the rest of the Earth's volume, the inner core is believed to consist primarily of a nickel-iron alloy. Pure iron was found to be denser than the core by approximately 3%, implying the presence of light elements in the core (e.g. silicon, oxygen, sulfur) in addition to the probable presence of nickel.[11]
Further, if the primordial and mostly fluid (still forming) earth contained any significant mass(es) of elements denser than iron and nickel, namely the white (appearance) precious metals (and a few others) except silver, specifically the siderophile elements then these would necessarily have differentiated to the very center of the core into concentric nested spheres by Planetary differentiation. The most dense (and stable, i.e. platinum, iridium, and osmium, (etc.) in order of density) of these forming the innermost spheroid(s).[12] While unstable elements of such trans-iron/nickel density would have mostly decayed to iron/nickel/lead by the time the earth formed a discrete core.
See also: Densities of the elements (data page)
It then necessarily follows that all, or almost all, of these denser elements we have mined (or are even able to) at the surface (or near surface, or even at all "above" the core) have been delivered later as part of impact objects/masses.[13]
Temperature and pressure[edit]
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa). These considerations suggest that its temperature is about 5,700 K (5,400 °C; 9,800 °F).[3] The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).[14] Iron can be solid at such high temperatures only because its melting temperature increases dramatically at pressures of that magnitude (see the Clausius–Clapeyron relation).[15]
A report published in the journal Science [16] concludes that the melting temperature of iron at the inner core boundary is 6230 ± 500 K.
Dynamics[edit]
The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).[17] Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous, because the solid inner core was originally formed by a gradual cooling of molten material, and continues to grow as a result of that same process. Even though it is growing into liquid, it is solid, due to the very high pressure that keeps it compacted together even if the temperature is extremely high. It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.[18] However, this prediction was disproved by observations indicating that in fact there is a degree of disorder within the inner core.[19] Seismologists have found that the inner core is not completely uniform, but instead contains large-scale structures such that seismic waves pass more rapidly through some parts of the inner core than through others.[20] In addition, the properties of the inner core's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km. This variation is surprising, since lateral temperature variations along the inner-core boundary are known to be extremely small (this conclusion is confidently constrained by magnetic field observations). Recent discoveries suggest that the solid inner core itself is composed of layers, separated by a transition zone about 250 to 400 km thick.[21] If the inner core grows by small frozen sediments falling onto its surface, then some liquid can also be trapped in the pore spaces and some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior.
Because the inner core is not rigidly connected to the Earth's solid mantle, the possibility that it rotates slightly faster or slower than the rest of Earth has long been entertained.[22][23] In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves faster in some directions. Estimates of this super-rotation are around one degree of extra rotation per year.
Growth of the inner core is thought to play an important role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field by dynamo action in the liquid outer core. This occurs mostly because it cannot dissolve the same amount of light elements as the outer core and therefore freezing at the inner core boundary produces a residual liquid that contains more light elements than the overlying liquid. This causes it to become buoyant and helps drive convection of the outer core.[citation needed] The existence of the inner core also changes the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core as it grows and may help fix the magnetic field since it is expected to be a great deal more resistant to flow than the outer core liquid (which is expected to be turbulent).[citation needed]
Speculation also continues that the inner core might have exhibited a variety of internal deformation patterns. This may be necessary to explain why seismic waves pass more rapidly in some directions than in others.[24] Because thermal convection alone appears to be improbable,[25] any buoyant convection motions will have to be driven by variations in composition or abundance of liquid in its interior. S. Yoshida and colleagues proposed a novel mechanism whereby deformation of the inner core can be caused by a higher rate of freezing at the equator than at polar latitudes,[26] and S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.[27]
There is an East–West asymmetry in the inner core seismological data. There is a model which explains this by differences at the surface of the inner core – melting in one hemisphere and crystallization in the other.[28] The western hemisphere of the inner core may be crystallizing, whereas the eastern hemisphere may be melting. This may lead to enhanced magnetic field generation in the crystallizing hemisphere, creating the asymmetry in the Earth's magnetic field.[29]
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Earth
Based on rates of cooling of the core, it is estimated that the current solid inner core started solidifying approximately 0.5 to 2 billion years ago[30] out of a fully molten core (which formed just after planetary formation). If true, this would mean that the Earth's solid inner core is not a primordial feature that was present during the planet's formation, but a feature younger than the Earth (the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old).
See also[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Structure of the Earth
Geodynamics
Iron meteorite
Structure of the Earth
Travel to the Earth's center
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monnereau, Marc; Calvet, Marie; Margerin, Ludovic; Souriau, Annie (May 21, 2010). "Lopsided Growth of Earth's Inner Core". Science. 328 (5981): 1014–1017. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1014M. doi:10.1126/science.1186212. PMID 20395477
Jump up ^ E. R. Engdahl; E. A. Flynn & R. P. Massé (1974). "Differential PkiKP travel times and the radius of the core". Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 40 (3): 457–463. Bibcode:1974GeoJI..39..457E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05467.x.
^ Jump up to: a b D. Alfè; M. Gillan & G. D. Price (January 30, 2002). "Composition and temperature of the Earth's core constrained by combining ab initio calculations and seismic data" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 195 (1–2): 91–98. Bibcode:2002E&PSL.195...91A. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00568-4.
Jump up ^ Edmond A. Mathez, ed. (2000). EARTH: INSIDE AND OUT. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ John C. Butler (1995). "Class Notes – The Earth's Interior". Physical Geology Grade Book. University of Houston. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Although another discontinuity is named after Lehmann, this usage still can be found: see for example: Robert E Krebs (2003). The basics of earth science. Greenwood Publishing Company. ISBN 0-313-31930-8. ,and From here to "hevean," or the D layer, About.com
Jump up ^ Lee, William H. K.; Kanamori, Hiroo; Jennings, Paul C.; Kisslinger, Carl, eds. (2002). International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology; part A. Academic Press. p. 926. ISBN 0-12-440652-1.
Jump up ^ William J. Cromie (1996-08-15). "Putting a New Spin on Earth's Core". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ A. M. Dziewonski; F. Gilbert (1971-12-24). "Solidity of the Inner Core of the Earth inferred from Normal Mode Observations". Nature. 234 (5330): 465–466. Bibcode:1971Natur.234..465D. doi:10.1038/234465a0.
Jump up ^ Robert Roy Britt (2005-04-14). "Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Stixrude, Lars; Wasserman, Evgeny; Cohen, Ronald E. (1997-11-10). "Composition and temperature of Earth's inner core". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 102 (B11): 24729–24739. Bibcode:1997JGR...10224729S. doi:10.1029/97JB02125. ISSN 2156-2202.
Jump up ^ "core – National Geographic Society".
Jump up ^ "Earth's Precious Metals Could Be From Meteorites and Asteroids".
Jump up ^ David. R. Lide, ed. (2006–2007). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). pp. j14–13.
Jump up ^ Anneli Aitta (2006-12-01). "Iron melting curve with a tricritical point". Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment. iop. 2006 (12): 12015–12030. arXiv:cond-mat/0701283  . Bibcode:2006JSMTE..12..015A. doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2006/12/P12015. or see preprints https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0701283 , https://arxiv.org/pdf/0807.0187 .
Jump up ^ S. Anzellini; A. Dewaele; M. Mezouar; P. Loubeyre & G. Morard (2013). "Melting of Iron at Earth's Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction". Science. AAAS. 340 (6136): 464–466. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..464A. doi:10.1126/science.1233514.
Jump up ^ J.A. Jacobs (1953). "The Earth's inner core". Nature. 172 (4372): 297–298. Bibcode:1953Natur.172..297J. doi:10.1038/172297a0.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (1995-04-04). "The Core of the Earth May Be a Gigantic Crystal Made of Iron". NY Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
Jump up ^ Robert Sanders (1996-11-13). "Earth's inner core not a monolithic iron crystal, say UC Berkeley seismologist". Retrieved 2007-05-22.
Jump up ^ Andrew Jephcoat; Keith Refson (2001-09-06). "Earth science: Core beliefs". Nature. 413 (6851): 27–30. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...27J. doi:10.1038/35092650. PMID 11544508.
Jump up ^ Kazuro Hirahara; Toshiki Ohtaki & Yasuhiro Yoshida (1994). "Seismic structure near the inner core-outer core boundary". Geophys. Res. Lett. American Geophysical Union. 51 (16): 157–160. Bibcode:1994GeoRL..21..157K. doi:10.1029/93GL03289.
Jump up ^ Aaurno, J. M.; Brito, D.; Olson, P. L. (1996). "Mechanics of inner core super-rotation". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (23): 3401–3404. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.3401A. doi:10.1029/96GL03258
Jump up ^ Xu, Xiaoxia; Song, Xiaodong (2003). "Evidence for inner core super-rotation from time-dependent differential PKP traveltimes observed at Beijing Seismic Network". Geophysical Journal International. 152 (3): 509–514. Bibcode:2003GeoJI.152..509X. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01852.x
Jump up ^ G Poupinet; R Pillet; A Souriau (1983). "Possible heterogeneity of the Earth's core deduced from PKIKP travel times". Nature. 305: 204–206. Bibcode:1983Natur.305..204P. doi:10.1038/305204a0.
Jump up ^ T. Yukutake (1998). "Implausibility of thermal convection in the Earth's solid inner core". Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 108 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1998PEPI..108....1Y. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(98)00097-1.
Jump up ^ S.I. Yoshida; I. Sumita & M. Kumazawa (1996). "Growth model of the inner core coupled with the outer core dynamics and the resulting elastic anisotropy". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 101: 28085–28103. Bibcode:1996JGR...10128085Y. doi:10.1029/96JB02700.
Jump up ^ S. I. Karato (1999). "Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's inner core resulting from flow induced by Maxwell stresses". Nature. 402 (6764): 871–873. Bibcode:1999Natur.402..871K. doi:10.1038/47235.
Jump up ^ Alboussière, T.; Deguen, R.; Melzani, M. (2010). "Melting-induced stratification above the Earth's inner core due to convective translation". Nature. 466 (7307): 744–747. arXiv:1201.1201  . Bibcode:2010Natur.466..744A. doi:10.1038/nature09257. PMID 20686572.
Jump up ^ "Figure 1: East–west asymmetry in inner-core growth and magnetic field generation." from Finlay, Christopher C. (2012). "Core processes: Earth's eccentric magnetic field". Nature Geoscience. 5: 523–524. Bibcode:2012NatGe...5..523F. doi:10.1038/ngeo1516.
Jump up ^ Labrosse, Stéphane; Poirier, Jean-Paul; Le Mouël, Jean-Louis (2001-08-15). "The age of the inner core". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 190 (3–4): 111–123. Bibcode:2001E&PSL.190..111L. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00387-9.
[hide]
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Structure of the Earth
Shells
Crust
Lithosphere
Mesosphere
Mantle
Asthenosphere
Lithospheric mantle
Subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Oceanic lithospheric mantle
Outer core
Inner core
Discontinuities
Conrad (continental crust)
Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)
Lehmann (upper mantle)
Gutenberg (mantle–core)
Lehmann (core)
Arguments
Plate tectonics
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