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United States House Committee on Rules
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Committee on Rules
114th United States Congress
Committee Logo
History
Founded
April 2, 1789 (1789-04-02)
New session started
January 3, 2015 (2015-01-03)
Leadership
Chairman
Pete Sessions (R)
Since 2013
Ranking Member
Jim McGovern (D)
Structure
Seats
15 members
Political groups
Majority (11)
Republican (11)
Minority (4)
Democratic (4)
Website
rules.house.gov
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The Committee on Rules, or (more commonly) Rules Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives. Rather than being responsible for a specific area of policy, as most other committees are, it is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor. As such, it is one of the most powerful committees and is often described as "an arm of the leadership" and as the "traffic cop of Congress." A rule is a simple resolution of the House of Representatives, usually reported by the Committee on Rules, to permit the immediate consideration of a legislative measure, notwithstanding the usual order of business, and to prescribe conditions for its debate and amendment.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Jurisdiction
2 History
3 Members, 115th Congress
4 Subcommittees
5 Chairs, 1849–1853 and 1880–present
6 Historical members and subcommittees
6.1 Members, 114th Congress
6.2 Subcommittees
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Jurisdiction[edit]
When a bill is reported out of one of the other committees, it does not go straight to the House floor, because the House, unlike the United States Senate, does not have unlimited debate and discussion on a bill. Instead, what may be said and done to a bill is strictly limited. This limitation is performed by the Rules Committee.
When a bill is reported out of another committee with legislative jurisdiction, it is placed on the appropriate House Calendar for debate. Common practice, though, is for bills reported from committees to be considered in the Rules Committee, which will decide for how long and under what rules the full body will debate the proposition.
Consideration by the full body can be in one of two forums: the Committee of the Whole, or on the floor of the full House of Representatives itself. Different traditions govern whether the Committee of the Whole or the House itself will debate a given resolution, and the Rules Committee generally sets the forum under which a proposition will be debated and the amendment/time limitations for every measure, too. For instance, there might be a limit on the number or types of amendments (proposed changes to the bill). Amendments might only be allowed to specific sections of the bill, or no amendments might be allowed at all. Besides control over amendments, the rule issued by the Rules Committee also determines the amount of speaking time assigned on each bill or resolution. If the leadership wants a bill pushed forward quietly, for instance, there might be no debate time scheduled; if they want attention, they might allow time for lengthy speeches in support of the bill.
Between control over amendments, debate, and when measures will be considered, the Rules Committee exerts vast power in the House. As such, the majority party will usually be very keen on controlling it tightly. While most House committees maintain membership in a rough proportion to the full chamber (If the majority party controls 55% of the House, it will tend to have 55% of committee seats), membership on the Rules Committee is disproportionately in favor of the majority party.
History[edit]
The Rules Committee was formed on April 2, 1789, during the first Congress. However, it had nowhere near the powerful role it has today. Instead, it merely proposed general rules for the House to follow when debating bills (rather than passing a special rule for each bill), and was dissolved after proposing these general rules. These general rules still have a great impact on the tone of the House floor today.
The Rules Committee, for a long time, lay dormant. For the first fifty years of its existence, it accomplished little beyond simply reaffirming these rules, and its role was very noncontroversial. On June 16, 1841, it made a major policy change, reducing from 2/3 to 1/2 the fraction of votes needed in the House to close debate and vote on a bill.
In 1880, the modern Rules Committee began to emerge from the reorganization of the House Committees. When the Republican party took over the House in the election of 1880, they quickly realized the power that the Rules Committee possessed. One member, Thomas Brackett Reed (R-Maine), used a seat on the Rules Committee to vault himself to the Speakership, and gained so much power that he was referred to as "Czar Reed".
In the 1890s and 1900s, Reed and his successor, Joseph Gurney Cannon (R-Illinois) used the Rules Committee to centralize the power of the Speakership. Although their power to place members in committees and perform other functions was limited by a forced rule change in 1910, the Rules Committee retained its power. However, it ceased to function as the personal project of the Speaker, as it had originally; instead, as the seniority system took root, it was captured by a coalition of conservative Democrats and Republicans. This state of affairs would continue until the 1960s.
In 1961, Speaker Sam Rayburn (D-Texas), acting on the wishes of the new President John F. Kennedy and the Democratic Study Group, introduced a bill to enlarge the committee from 12 members to 15, to decrease the power of the arch-conservative chairman, Howard W. Smith (D-Virginia). The bill passed, 217 votes to 212. However, it was only partially successful; the Rules Committee continued to block legislation including civil rights and education bills.
In the 1970s, however, the Rules Committee was firmly under the command of the Speaker once again. As before, its primary role is to come up with special rules, to help or obstruct the chances of legislation reported to it.
Members, 115th Congress[edit]
Majority Party
Minority Party
Republican
Democratic
Pete Sessions, Texas's 32nd, Chair
Tom Cole, Oklahoma's 4th, Vice Chair
Rob Woodall, Georgia's 7th
Michael C. Burgess, Texas's 26th
Doug Collins, Georgia's 9th
Bradley Byrne, Alabama's 1st
Dan Newhouse, Washington's 4th
Ken Buck, Colorado's 4th
Liz Cheney, Wyoming's at-large
Jim McGovern, Massachusetts's 2nd, Ranking Member
Alcee Hastings, Florida's 20th
Jared Polis, Colorado's 2nd, Vice Ranking Member
Norma Torres, California's 35th
Sources: H.Res. 6 (R), H.Res. 7 (D).
Subcommittees[edit]
The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees, one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House.
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall (R-GA) Alcee Hastings (D-FL)
Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent (R-FL) Jim McGovern (D-MA)
Source: House Committee on Rules Subcommittees
Chairs, 1849–1853 and 1880–present[edit]
The Committee on Rules was first a standing committee of the House, during the 31st and 32nd Congresses (1849–1853). From 1853 until 1880, the panel reverted to being a select committee (as it had been before 1849).[2]
Between 1880 and the revolt against Speaker Cannon, in March 1910, the Speaker of the House also served as Chairman of the Rules Committee.
Chair
Party
State
Years
Note
David S. Kaufman Democratic Texas 1849–1851 Died in office January 31, 1851[3]
George W. Jones Democratic Tennessee 1851–1853 [4]
Samuel J. Randall Democratic Pennsylvania 1880–1881 [5][6]
J. Warren Keifer Republican Ohio 1881–1883 [7]
John G. Carlisle Democratic Kentucky 1883–1889 [8]
Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1889–1891 1st term [9]
Charles F. Crisp Democratic Georgia 1891–1895 [10]
Thomas B. Reed Republican Maine 1895–1899 2nd term
David B. Henderson Republican Iowa 1899–1903 [11]
Joseph G. Cannon Republican Illinois 1903–1910 [12]
John Dalzell Republican Pennsylvania 1910–1911 [13]
Robert L. Henry Democratic Texas 1911–1917 [14]
Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1917–1919 1st term[15]
Philip P. Campbell Republican Kansas 1919–1923 [16]
Bertrand H. Snell Republican New York 1923–1931 [17]
Edward W. Pou Democratic North Carolina 1931–1934 2nd term. Died in
office April 1, 1934.
William B. Bankhead Democratic Alabama 1934–1935 [18]
John J. O'Connor Democratic New York 1935–1939 [19]
Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1935–1947 1st term[20]
Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1947–1949 1st term [21]
Adolph J. Sabath Democratic Illinois 1949–1952 2nd term. Died in
office November 6, 1952.
Leo E. Allen Republican Illinois 1953–1955 2nd term
Howard W. Smith Democratic Virginia 1955–1967 [22]
William M. Colmer Democratic Mississippi 1967–1973 [23]
Ray J. Madden Democratic Indiana 1973–1977 [24]
James J. Delaney Democratic New York 1977–1979 [25]
Richard W. Bolling Democratic Missouri 1979–1983 [26]
Claude D. Pepper Democratic Florida 1983–1989 Died in office
May 30, 1989[27]
Joe Moakley Democratic Massachusetts 1989–1995 [28]
Gerald B. H. Solomon Republican New York 1995–1999 [29]
David T. Dreier Republican California 1999–2007 1st term [30]
Louise M. Slaughter Democratic New York 2007–2011 [31]
David T. Dreier Republican California 2011–2013 2nd term
Pete Sessions Republican Texas 2013–present [32]
Historical members and subcommittees[edit]
Members, 114th Congress[edit]
Majority Party
Minority Party
Republican
Democratic
Pete Sessions, Texas's 32nd, Chairman
Virginia Foxx, North Carolina's 5th, Vice Chair
Tom Cole, Oklahoma's 4th
Rob Woodall, Georgia's 7th
Michael C. Burgess, Texas's 26th
Steve Stivers, Ohio's 15th
Doug Collins, Georgia's 9th
Bradley Byrne, Alabama's 1st
Dan Newhouse, Washington's 4th
Louise Slaughter, New York's 25th, Ranking Member
James P. McGovern, Massachusetts's 2nd
Alcee Hastings, Florida's 20th
Jared Polis, Colorado's 2nd
Sources: H.Res. 6 (Chairs), H.Res. 7 (D), H.Res. 17 (R) and H.Res. 22 (D).
Subcommittees[edit]
The Rules Committee operates with two subcommittees, one focusing on legislative and budget matters and the other focusing on the internal operations and procedures of the House.
Subcommittee
Chair
Ranking Member
Legislative and Budget Process Rob Woodall (R-GA) Alcee Hastings (D-FL)
Rules and the Organization of the House Rich Nugent (R-FL) Jim McGovern (D-MA)
See also[edit]
List of current United States House of Representatives committees
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration
[hide]
v
t
e
Current United States congressional committees
Senate
(list)
Aging (Special)
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Budget
Commerce, Science, and Transportation
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment and Public Works
Ethics (Select)
Finance
Foreign Relations
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
Indian Affairs
Intelligence (Select)
Judiciary
Narcotics (Caucus)
Rules and Administration
Small Business and Entrepreneurship
Veterans' Affairs
House
(list)
Agriculture
Appropriations
Armed Services
Budget
Education and the Workforce
Energy and Commerce
Ethics
Financial Services
Foreign Affairs
Homeland Security
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Rules
Science, Space, and Technology
Small Business
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Economic
Inaugural Ceremonies (Special)
Library
Printing
Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans (Select)
Taxation
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Standing committees, Defunct committees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Rules. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
Jump up ^ A Pre-Twentieth Century look at the House Committee on Rules, by Walter J. Olezek (House of Representatives, Rules Committee Democrats website; accessed January 16, 2011)
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Kaufman, David Spangler (id: K000021)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Jones, George Washington (id: J000222)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Randall, Samuel Jackson (id: R000039)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Committee on Rules – A History (House of Representatives, Rules Committee Democrats website; accessed January 16, 2011 (confirms Randall was Chairman)
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Keifer, Joseph Warren (id: K000048)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Carlisle, John Griffin (id: C000152)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Reed, Thomas Brackett (id: R000128)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Crisp, Charles Frederick (id: C000908)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Henderson, David Bremner (id: H000478)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Cannon, Joseph Gurney (id: C000121)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Dalzell, John (id: D000016)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Henry, Robert Lee (id: H000516)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Pou, Edward William (id: P000474)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Campbell, Philip Pitt (id: C000097)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Snell, Bertrand Hollis (id: S000652)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Bankhead, William Brockman (id: B000113)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "O'Connor, John Joseph (id: O000030)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Sabath, Adolph Joachim (id: S000001)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Allen, Leo Elwood (id: A000138)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Smith, Howard Worth (id: S000554)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Colmer, William Meyers (id: C000645)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Madden, Ray John (id: M000039)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Delaney, James Joseph (id: D000211)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Bolling, Richard Walker (id: B000605)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Pepper, Claude Denson (id: P000218)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Moakley, John Joseph (id: M000834)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Solomon, Gerald Brooks Hunt (id: S000675)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Dreier, David Timothy (id: D000492)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Slaughter, Louise McIntosh (id: S000480)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Congress. "Sessions, Pete (id: S000250)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Brauer, Carl M. "Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sex Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act", 49 Journal of Southern History, February 1983 online via JSTOR
Dierenfield, Bruce J. Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (1987)
Dion, Douglas, and John D. Huber. "Procedural choice and the house committee on rules." Journal of Politics (1996) 58#1 pp: 25-53. online
Jenkins, Jeffery A., and Nathan W. Monroe. "Buying negative agenda control in the us house." American Journal of Political Science (2012) 56#4 pp: 897-912. online
Jones, Charles O. "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: an Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives" Journal of Politics 1968 30(3): 617-646.
Moffett, Kenneth W. "Parties and Procedural Choice in the House Rules Committee." Congress & the Presidency (2012) 39#1
Race, A. "House Rules and Procedure." in New Directions in Congressional Politics (2012): 111+
Robinson, James Arthur. The House rules committee(1963)
Schickler, Eric; Pearson, Kathryn. "Agenda Control, Majority Party Power, and the House Committee on Rules, 1937-52," Legislative Studies Quarterly (2009) 34#4 pp 455-491
Woods, Clinton Jacob, “Strange Bedfellows: Congressman Howard W. Smith and the Inclusion of Sex Discrimination in the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Southern Studies, 16 (Spring–Summer 2009), 1–32.
External links[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Official website of the committee (Archive)
House Rules Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
House Rules Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules&oldid=837154725"
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France in the American Revolutionary War
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The British (center) surrender to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British army no choice but to surrender.
French involvement in the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, when France, a rival of the British Empire, secretly shipped supplies to the Continental Army. A Treaty of Alliance in 1778 soon followed, which led to shipments of money and matériel to the United States. Subsequently, the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic also began to send assistance, leaving the British Empire with no allies.
France's help is considered a vital and decisive contribution to the United States' victory against the British. As a cost of participation in the war, France accumulated over 1 billion livres in debt.
Contents
[hide]
1 American origins of the conflict
2 French involvement
2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war
2.2 Entry into the war
2.3 North American operations
2.4 Other theaters
3 Peace and consequences
4 Financial aspects
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Bibliography
7.1 English
7.2 Primary sources
7.3 French
American origins of the conflict[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
After its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, France lost its vast holdings in North America. Meanwhile, the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London or the colonial assemblies had primary responsibility for taxation. As part of that conflict, the colonists organized the Boston Tea Party in response to a tax on tea. The British government responded by passing the Intolerable Acts, which included the closing of Boston Harbor and the revocation of Massachusetts's colonial charter.[1] This conflict exacerbated tensions further. The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775, at which point the American patriots revolted against British rule. France, who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces, saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy. [2]
French involvement[edit]
Choiseul actively reorganized the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain.
France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years' War and sought revenge. It also wanted to strategically weaken Britain. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France. The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the "English tyranny." Benjamin Franklin traveled to France in December 1776 in order to rally the nation's support, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. At first, French support was covert: French agents sent the Patriots military aid (predominantly gunpowder) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie, beginning in the spring of 1776. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign at up to 90%.[3] By 1777, over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels.
Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general. More importantly, he solidified a favorable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war.[4]
Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war[edit]
Before open war between France and Britain, Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents.
Up against the British power, the young nation lacked arms and allies, and so it turned towards France. France was not directly interested in the conflict, but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then by Benjamin Franklin, France began covert support of the American cause.
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France's foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie. The aid given by France, much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius, contributed to George Washington's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777. The aid was also a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga. French ports accommodated American ships, including privateers and Continental Navy warships, that acted against British merchant ships. France provided significant economic aid, either as donations or loans, and also offered technical assistance, granting some of its military strategists "vacations" so they could assist American troops.
Silas Deane, appointed by the Americans and helped by French animosity towards Britain, obtained unofficial aid, starting in early 1776. However, the goal was the total involvement of France in the war. A new delegation composed of Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee, was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations. Franklin, age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries, served as the chief diplomat with the title of "minister" (the term "ambassador" was not used). He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress, and met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France. When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser, Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against the Prussia in line with the Franco-Austrian Alliance. France refused, causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour. Under these conditions, asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible. Attempts to rally Spain also failed: Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains, and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies.
Public opinion in France was in favor of open war, but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved. The king's economic and military advisors, in particular, remained reluctant. The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt, but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict. Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France's wobbly system of taxation and finance.
The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States, France, and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British, but Vergennes, waiting until his navy was ready, hesitated. On July 23, 1777, Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance, with war, or abandonment of the new nation. The choice, ratified by the king, was war.[5]
Entry into the war[edit]
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, by John Trumbull, 1822
The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans.[6]
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America, fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain. France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters, and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing, thus weakening the British Channel fleet. In spite of this reduction, the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest, and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July. D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27, after which both fleets returned to port for repairs.
France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues. On the continent, France was protected through its alliance with Austria which, even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War, affirmed its diplomatic support of France.
Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause. Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and, in 1780, Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality.
North American operations[edit]
Franco-American routes during the Yorktown campaign.
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders. In 1778, American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport, Rhode Island, then under British occupation. The attempt failed, in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet. He then sailed to Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm. In 1779, d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations, this time against British-held Savannah, Georgia. About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah, in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful. An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses.
Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, and then established a naval base there. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met in Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington.
De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis's army. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[7]
Other theaters[edit]
The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing.
Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the world, from the West Indies to India. France's navy at first dominated in the West Indies, capturing Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Montserrat, Tobago, and St. Kitts, but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war. A planned Franco-Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782. At the end of the war. the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands. In European waters, France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors. French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, but were unsuccessful in either storming the site, or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison. They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782.
In India, British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779, sparking the Kingdom of Mysore, a longtime French ally, to begin the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Allied with the French, the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast, but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784. A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes, and the only major military land action, the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore, was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed.
Because of decisive battles on American soil, the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris.
Peace and consequences[edit]
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown, Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States. Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, except for Florida (which went to Spain). However, since France was not included in the American-British peace discussions, the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened. Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited.[8]
Ratification of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. The British delegation refused to pose for the picture
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. France gained (or regained) territories in the Americas, Africa, and India. Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were in part regained: Tobago, Saint Lucia, the Senegal River area, as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova. Spain regained Florida and Minorca, but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British.
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature, over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort, raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion. The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker, who, rather than increase taxes, used loans to pay off debts. State secretary of Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas. The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances. Trade also severely declined during the war, but was revived by 1783.
The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France, who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter. However, Great Britain, not France, became the leading trading partner of the United States.[9] The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment, as attested by Franklin and Jefferson, and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. In turn, the Revolution influenced France.[10] Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences. European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous, and began to take measures in order to secure their positions. On May 22, 1781, the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons, reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility.
Financial aspects[edit]
In all the French spent 1.3 billion livres to support the Americans directly, in addition to the money it spent fighting Britain on land and sea outside the U.S.[11][12][13]
France's status as a great modern power was re-affirmed by the war, but it was detrimental to the country's finances. Even though France's European territories were not affected, victory in a war against Great Britain with battles like the decisive siege of Yorktown in 1781 had a large financial cost which severely degraded fragile finances and increased the national debt. France gained little except that it weakened its main strategic enemy and gained a new, fast-growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner. However, the trade never materialized, and in 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic.[14]
Some historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict. But Jonathan R. Dull states that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation, not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada.[15]
See also[edit]
Franco-American alliance
List of French units in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1774: Parliament passes the Boston Port Act". History Channel. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981)
Jump up ^ "Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage (September 9, 2013).[1]
Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer, "America's Lafayette and Lafayette's America: A European and the American Revolution," William & Mary Quarterly (1981) 38#2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître (2005). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin (2000). From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South. iUniverse. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf (1991). Establishing the New Regime: The Washington Administration. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2002). The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 21–23.
Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff (2006). A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'" OAH Magazine of History 25.1 (2011): 19-24.
Jump up ^ Peter McPhee (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne U. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill (1988). French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793. American Philosophical Society. p. 172.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774-1787 (1975)
Bibliography[edit]
English[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Brown, John L. "Revolution and the Muse: the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry." William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41(4): 592–614. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext in : Jstor
Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online
Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey; 1991.
Corwin, Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books; 1962.
Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution; Yale U. Press, 1985.
Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787 (1975)
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." Reviews in American History 1976 4(3): 385–390. review of Dull (1975) in JSTOR
Gottschalk, Louis. Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online; Lafayette Joins the American Army (1937)
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. U. Press of Virginia, 1986. 263 pp.
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. U. Press of Virginia, 1981. 200 pp.
Hudson, Ruth Strong. The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729–1790. Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
Hutson, James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980)
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
Kramer, Lloyd. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. (1996). 355 pp.
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51.
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Perkins, James Breck. France in the American Revolution 1911 online
Popofsky, Linda S. and Sheldon, Marianne B. "French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: a Comparative Perspective." History of European Ideas1987 8(4–5): 597–609. Issn: 0191-6599
Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." Naval War College Review 1994 47(4): 83–108. Issn: 0028-1484
Schaeper, Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era: The Life of Jacques-Donatien Leray de Chaumont, 1725–1803. Berghahn Books, 1995. 384 pp. He provided military supplies.
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette Wiley, 2002 online
Van Tyne, C. H. "Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America, 1778," American Historical Review (1916) 21#3 pp. 528–541 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
Lafayette, Marquis de. Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Vol. 2: April 10, 1778–March 20, 1780. Cornell U. Press, 1979. 518 pp.
French[edit]
Susan Mary Alsop, Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI, 1982. Traduction française : Jean-Claude Lattès (1983).
Henri Haeau, Complot pour l'Amérique 1775–1779, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1990, ISBN 2-221-05364-8
J.-M. Bizière et J. Sole, Dictionnaire des Biographies, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1993.
Olivier Chaline, La France au XVIIIe siècle (1715–1787), Paris, Éditions Belin, 1996.
Joël Cornette, Absolutisme et Lumière 1652–1783, collection Carré Histoire, Paris, Éditions Hachette, 2000. ISBN 2-01-145422-0
Jean Egret, Necker, ministre de Louis XVI, 1776–1790, Honoré Champion; Paris, 1975.
André Zysberg, La Monarchie des Lumières (1775–1786), Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.
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List of Super Bowl head coaches
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of Super Bowl head coaches.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Super Bowl head coaches
2 Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances
3 See also
4 References
Super Bowl head coaches[edit]
Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach
(Win number in parenthesis). [Loss number in brackets]. Click on heading arrows to sort table.
Date
Super Bowl
Winning coach
Team
Opponent
Losing coach
Score
Site
January 15, 1967 I Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers Kansas City Chiefs Stram, HankHank Stram 35–10 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 14, 1968 II Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi (2) Green Bay Packers B !Green Bay Packers Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders Rauch, JohnJohn Rauch 33–14 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 12, 1969 III Ewbank, WeebWeeb Ewbank New York Jets Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts Shula, DonDon Shula 16–07 !16–7 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 11, 1970 IV Stram, HankHank Stram Kansas City Chiefs Minnesota Vikings A !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant 23–07 !23–7 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 17, 1971 V McCafferty, DonDon McCafferty Indianapolis Colts A !Baltimore Colts Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry 16–13 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 16, 1972 VI Landry, TomTom Landry Dallas Cowboys A !Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [2] 24–03 !24–3 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 14, 1973 VII Shula, DonDon Shula Miami Dolphins A !Miami Dolphins Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins Allen , GeorgeGeorge Allen 14–07 !14–7 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles
January 13, 1974 VIII Shula, DonDon Shula (2) Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings B !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [2] 24–07 !24–7 Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas
January 12, 1975 IX Noll, ChuckChuck Noll Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings C !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [3] 16–06 !16–6 Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 18, 1976 X Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (2) Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry [2] 21–17 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 9, 1977 XI Madden, JohnJohn Madden Oakland Raiders A !Oakland Raiders Minnesota Vikings D !Minnesota Vikings Grant, BudBud Grant [4] 32–14 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 15, 1978 XII Landry, TomTom Landry (2) Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos Miller, RedRed Miller 27–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 21, 1979 XIII Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (3) Pittsburgh Steelers C !Pittsburgh Steelers Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys Landry, TomTom Landry [3] 35–31 Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida
January 20, 1980 XIV Noll, ChuckChuck Noll (4) Pittsburgh Steelers D !Pittsburgh Steelers St. Louis Rams A !Los Angeles Rams Malavasi, RayRay Malavasi 31–19 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 25, 1981 XV Flores, TomTom Flores Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders Philadelphia Eagles A !Philadelphia Eagles Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil 27–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 24, 1982 XVI Walsh, BillBill Walsh San Francisco 49ers A !San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals A !Cincinnati Bengals Gregg, ForrestForrest Gregg 26–21 Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan
January 30, 1983 XVII Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs Washington Redskins A !Washington Redskins Miami Dolphins B !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [3] 27–17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 22, 1984 XVIII Flores, TomTom Flores (2) Oakland Raiders C !Los Angeles Raiders Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs 38–09 !38–9 Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 20, 1985 XIX Walsh, BillBill Walsh (2) San Francisco 49ers B !San Francisco 49ers Miami Dolphins C !Miami Dolphins Shula, DonDon Shula [4] 38–16 Stanford Stadium in Palo Alto, California
January 26, 1986 XX Ditka, MikeMike Ditka Chicago Bears New England Patriots A !New England Patriots Berry, RaymondRaymond Berry 46–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1987 XXI Parcells, BillBill Parcells New York Giants A !New York Giants Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves 39–20 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 31, 1988 XXII Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (2) Washington Redskins B !Washington Redskins Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves [2] 42–10 Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California
January 22, 1989 XXIII Walsh, BillBill Walsh (3) San Francisco 49ers C !San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals B !Cincinnati Bengals Wyche, SamSam Wyche 20–16 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1990 XXIV Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers Denver Broncos D !Denver Broncos Reeves, DanDan Reeves [3] 55–10 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 27, 1991 XXV Parcells, BillBill Parcells (2) New York Giants B !New York Giants Buffalo Bills A !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy 20–19 Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida
January 26, 1992 XXVI Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs (3) Washington Redskins C !Washington Redskins Buffalo Bills B !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [2] 37–24 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota
January 31, 1993 XXVII Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson Dallas Cowboys C !Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills C !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [3] 52–17 Rose Bowl Stadium in Pasadena, California
January 30, 1994 XXVIII Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson (2) Dallas Cowboys D !Dallas Cowboys Buffalo Bills D !Buffalo Bills Levy, MarvMarv Levy [4] 30–13 Georgia Dome in Atlanta
January 29, 1995 XXIX Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert (2) San Francisco 49ers E !San Francisco 49ers San Diego Chargers Ross, BobbyBobby Ross 49–26 Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 28, 1996 XXX Switzer, BarryBarry Switzer Dallas Cowboys E !Dallas Cowboys Pittsburgh Steelers A !Pittsburgh Steelers Cowher, BillBill Cowher 27–17 Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona
January 26, 1997 XXXI Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren Green Bay Packers C !Green Bay Packers New England Patriots B !New England Patriots Parcells, BillBill Parcells 35–21 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 25, 1998 XXXII Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan Denver Broncos A !Denver Broncos Green Bay Packers A !Green Bay Packers Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren 31–24 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
January 31, 1999 XXXIII Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan (2) Denver Broncos B !Denver Broncos Atlanta Falcons Reeves, DanDan Reeves [4] 34–19 Pro Player Stadium in Miami, Florida
January 30, 2000 XXXIV Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil St. Louis Rams A !St. Louis Rams Tennessee Titans Fisher, JeffJeff Fisher 23–16 Georgia Dome in Atlanta
January 28, 2001 XXXV Billick, BrianBrian Billick Baltimore Ravens New York Giants A !New York Giants Fassel, JimJim Fassel 34–07 !34–7 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 3, 2002 XXXVI Belichick, BillBill Belichick New England Patriots A !New England Patriots St. Louis Rams B !St. Louis Rams Martz, MikeMike Martz 20–17 Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
January 26, 2003 XXXVII Gruden, JonJon Gruden Tampa Bay Buccaneers Oakland Raiders B !Oakland Raiders Callahan, BillBill Callahan 48–21 Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California
February 1, 2004 XXXVIII Belichick, BillBill Belichick (2) New England Patriots B !New England Patriots Carolina Panthers Fox, JohnJohn Fox 32–29 Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 6, 2005 XXXIX Belichick, BillBill Belichick (3) New England Patriots C !New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles B !Philadelphia Eagles Reid, AndyAndy Reid 24–21 Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida
February 5, 2006 XL Cowher, BillBill Cowher Pittsburgh Steelers E !Pittsburgh Steelers Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren [2] 21–10 Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan
February 4, 2007 XLI Dungy, TonyTony Dungy Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts Chicago Bears Smith, LovieLovie Smith 29–17 Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 3, 2008 XLII Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin New York Giants C !New York Giants New England Patriots C !New England Patriots Belichick, BillBill Belichick 17–14 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 1, 2009 XLIII Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin Pittsburgh Steelers F !Pittsburgh Steelers Arizona Cardinals Whisenhunt, KenKen Whisenhunt 27–23 Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida
February 7, 2010 XLIV Payton, SeanSean Payton New Orleans Saints Indianapolis Colts B !Indianapolis Colts Caldwell , JimJim Caldwell 31–17 Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida
February 6, 2011 XLV McCarthy, MikeMike McCarthy Green Bay Packers D !Green Bay Packers Pittsburgh Steelers B !Pittsburgh Steelers Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin 31–25 Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas
February 5, 2012 XLVI Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin (2) New York Giants D !New York Giants New England Patriots D !New England Patriots Belichick, BillBill Belichick [2] 21–17 Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana
February 3, 2013 XLVII Harbaugh, JohnJohn Harbaugh Baltimore Ravens D !Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers D !San Francisco 49ers Harbaugh, JimJim Harbaugh 34–31 Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana
February 2, 2014 XLVIII Carroll, PetePete Carroll Seattle Seahawks A !Seattle Seahawks Denver Broncos E !Denver Broncos Fox, JohnJohn Fox [2] 43–8 MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey
February 1, 2015 XLIX Belichick, BillBill Belichick (4) New England Patriots H !New England Patriots Seattle Seahawks B !Seattle Seahawks Carroll, PetePete Carroll 28–24 University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona
February 7, 2016 50 Kubiak, GaryGary Kubiak Denver Broncos C !Denver Broncos Carolina Panthers B !Carolina Panthers Rivera, RonRon Rivera 24–10 Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California
February 5, 2017 LI Belichick, BillBill Belichick (5) New England Patriots H !New England Patriots Atlanta Falcons B !Atlanta Falcons Quinn, DanDan Quinn 34–28 (OT) NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas
February 4, 2018 LII U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Coaches with multiple Super Bowl appearances[edit]
Elected to Hall of Fame as Coach Elected to Hall of Fame as Player Active Coach
The following NFL head coaches have coached in two or more Super Bowls.
Sort chart by clicking arrows by heading.
In descending order, the tiebreakers are – 1) Better win percentage 2) Earliest Super Bowl
Coaches listed by Games 1st, Wins 2nd, then Super Bowl number
Games
Coach
Wins
Losses
Percent
Super Bowls
Team(s)
7 Belichick, BillBill Belichick 5 2.9 ! 2 .714 s !XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI New England Patriots
6 Shula, DonDon Shula 2.1 ! 2 4.9 ! 4 .340 ! .333 c ! III, VI, VII, VIII, XVII, XIX Baltimore Colts, Miami Dolphins
5 Landry, TomTom Landry 2.2 ! 2 3.9 ! 3 .400 e ! V, VI, X, XII, XIII Dallas Cowboys
4 Noll, ChuckChuck Noll 4 0.9 ! 0 1.410 !1.000 f ! IX, X, XIII, XIV Pittsburgh Steelers
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs 3.8 ! 3 1.9 ! 1 .750 j ! XVII, XVIII, XXII, XXVI Washington Redskins
Grant, BudBud Grant .9 ! 0 4.8 ! 4 -7 ! .000 d ! IV, VIII, IX, XI Minnesota Vikings
Levy, MarvMarv Levy .8 ! 0 4.7 ! 4.8 ! 4 -6 ! .000 n !XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII Buffalo Bills
Reeves, DanDan Reeves .7 ! 0 4.6 ! 4 -2 ! .000 l ! XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXIII Denver Broncos, Atlanta Falcons
3 Walsh, BillBill Walsh 3.9 ! 3 0.8 ! 0 1.400 !1.000 i ! XVI, XIX, XXIII San Francisco 49ers
Parcells, BillBill Parcells 2.3 ! 2 1.8 ! 1 .667 k ! XXI, XXV, XXXI New York Giants, New England Patriots
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren 1.5 ! 1 2.8 ! 2 .339 ! .333 q ! XXXI, XXXII, XL Green Bay Packers, Seattle Seahawks
2 Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi 2.9 ! 2 0.7 ! 0 1.310 !1.000 a !I, II Green Bay Packers
Flores, TomTom Flores 2.8 ! 2 0.6 ! 0 1.309 !1.000 g !XV, XVIII Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson 2.7 ! 2 0.5 ! 0 1.308 !1.000 o ! XXVII, XXVIII Dallas Cowboys
Seifert, GeorgeGeorge Seifert 2.6 ! 2 0.4 ! 0 1.307 !1.000 m ! XXIV, XXIX San Francisco 49ers
Shanahan, MikeMike Shanahan 2.5 ! 2 0.3 ! 0 1.306 !1.000 r !XXXII, XXXIII Denver Broncos
Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin 2.4 ! 2 0.2 ! 0 1.305 !1.000 t !XLII, XLVI New York Giants
Stram, HankHank Stram 1.9 ! 1 1.7 ! 1 .510 ! .500 b !I, IV Kansas City Chiefs
Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil 1.8 ! 1 1.6 ! 1 .509 ! .500 h ! XV, XXXIV Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams
Cowher, BillBill Cowher 1.7 ! 1 1.5 ! 1 .508 ! .500 p !XXX, XL Pittsburgh Steelers
Tomlin, MikeMike Tomlin 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 .507 ! .500 u !XLIII, XLV Pittsburgh Steelers
Carroll, PetePete Carroll 1.6 ! 1 1.4 ! 1 .507 ! .500 v !XLVIII, XLIX Seattle Seahawks
Fox, JohnJohn Fox 0.3 ! 0 1.5 ! 2 -3 ! .000 v !XXXVIII, XLVIII Carolina Panthers, Denver Broncos
See also[edit]
American football portal
National Football League portal
NFL head coach playoff records
Active NFL head coach career Super Bowl history
History of NFL Championships
List of NFL champions
List of Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts
List of Super Bowl appearances
NFL lore
List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.pro-football-reference.com/ Pro Football Reference
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NFL head coach playoff records

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History of NFL Championships

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List of NFL champions

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List of Super Bowl appearances

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value: List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts

value: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

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value: Category:National Football League head coaches

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value: Anexo:Entrenadores del Super Bowl – Spanish

value: Super Bowlon részt vett vezetőedzők listája – Hungarian

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