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Glynis Johns
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Not to be confused with Glyn Johns.
Glynis Johns
Glynis Johns (1952)
Born
(1923-10-05) 5 October 1923 (age 94)
Pretoria, South Africa
Nationality
British
Occupation
Actress, dancer, pianist, singer
Years active
1935–1999
Spouse(s)
Anthony Forwood
(m. 1942–48, divorced); 1 child
David Foster
(m. 1952, divorced)
Cecil Henderson
(m. 1960–62, divorced)
Elliott Arnold
(m. 1964, divorced)
Children
Gareth Forwood (1945–2007)
Parent(s)
Maude Steele (née Wareham; 1901-1970)
Mervyn Johns
Glynis Johns (born 5 October 1923) is a retired British stage, television and film actress, dancer, pianist, and singer. Born in Pretoria, South Africa of Welsh origin, she is best known for creating the role of Desiree Armfeldt in A Little Night Music on Broadway, for which she won a Tony Award, and for playing Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash Mary Poppins. In both roles, she sang songs written specifically for her, including "Send in the Clowns", composed by Stephen Sondheim, and "Sister Suffragette", written by the Sherman Brothers. She was nominated for an Oscar for her work in the 1960 film The Sundowners. She is notable for the breathy quality of her husky voice and her eternally upbeat persona.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Early career
1.3 Stage star
1.4 Film star
1.5 Character actress
1.6 Later career
2 Personal life
3 Complete filmography
4 Partial television credits
5 Theatre (selected)
6 References
7 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life[edit]
Johns was born in Pretoria, South Africa, the daughter of Alice Maude Steele (née Wareham; 1901-1970), a pianist, and Mervyn Johns (1899–1992), the British stage and film actor.[2] Her roots are in West Wales, and she was born in Pretoria while her parents were performing on tour there. She attended Clifton High School in Bristol for a short time.[citation needed] Her ancestors on the Johns side are recorded as living at the farm Glanmorlais Uchaf, Trimsaran, Carmarthenshire in 1701.[citation needed]
Early career[edit]
Johns made her first stage appearance in Buckie's Bears as a child ballerina at the Garrick Theatre in 1935. (She later became a qualified ballet teacher). She was spotted dancing in a children's play during the Christmas holidays and cast in her first notable stage production, St Helena at the Old Vic in 1936. That year she was also in productions of The Children's Hour and The Melody That Got Lost. She followed this with Judgement Day (1937), then became a stage star in A Kiss for Cinderella (1937).[3]
Stage star[edit]
Johns made her screen debut in 1938 in the film version of Winifred Holtby's novel South Riding. She had small roles in Murder in the Family (1938), Prison Without Bars (1939), On the Night of the Fire (1940), Under Your Hat (1940) and The Briggs Family (1940). On stage she was in Quiet Wedding (1939).
Johns' scene in The Prime Minister (1941) did not make the final cut but she had a good part in 49th Parallel (1941), replacing Elisabeth Bergner at the last minute. She was in Quiet Weekend (1941-43) on stage, a huge hit which ran for two years.[3]
Johns had an excellent roles in The Adventures of Tartu (1943) and The Halfway House (1944). On stage she appeared in Peter Pan (1943), I'll See You Again (1944) and Fools Rush In (1946).
Johns received good reviews for her performance as Deborah Kerr's best friend in Perfect Strangers (1945). She continued in supporting roles: This Man Is Mine (1946), Frieda (1947) and An Ideal Husband (1947).
Film star[edit]
Johns became a star playing the title role in Miranda (1948), a mermaid who causes havoc in a London household. Directed by Ken Annakin the film was a solid hit and established Johns as a film name.[4]
She stayed in lead roles for Third Time Lucky (1949), Dear Mr. Prohack (1949) and State Secret (1950). On stage Johns was in Fools Rush In and The Way Things Go.
Johns supported Richard Todd in Flesh and Blood (1951) and was third billed in the Hollywood-financed No Highway in the Sky (1951). She co-starred with David Niven in Appointment with Venus (1951) for director Ralph Thomas and was one of several star names in Encore (1951) and The Magic Box (1951).
Johns was one of Alec Guinness' love interests in The Card (1952). On Broadway she played the title role in Gertie. She was voted by British exhibitors the tenth most popular local star at the box office in 1951 and 1952.[5][6]
She was reunited with Richard Todd for two swashbucklers made for Walt Disney: The Sword and the Rose (1953) (directed by Annakin) and Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue (1953). In between she made Personal Affair (1953) supporting Gene Tierney.
Johns had the starring role in The Weak and the Wicked (1954), about women in prison, and a bit hit. She did another for Annakin, The Seekers (1954) with Jack Hawkins, then co-starred with Robert Newton in The Beachcomber (1954). Mad About Men (1954) was a sequel to Miranda, directed by Thomas.
Johns was top billed in a comedy Josephine and Men (1955), then supported Danny Kaye in The Court Jester (1956). Annakin used her again in Loser Takes All (1956) and she was one of the many stars who made cameos in Around the World in 80 Days (1956).
She returned to Broadway to play the title role in a production of Major Barbara (1956). Johns stayed in America to make the melodrama All Mine to Give (1957).
Character actress[edit]
She returned to Britain to make Another Time, Another Place (1958) and was in Shake Hands with the Devil (1959). Johns was top billed in The Spider's Web (1960) and had a good support role in The Sundowners (1960) which earned her an Oscar nomination.
Johns was top billed in the remake of The Cabinet of Caligari (1962) and one of several stars in The Chapman Report (1962). She supported Jackie Gleason in Papa's Delicate Condition (1962) and was in Too Good to be True on Broadway in 1963.
She was cast in 1961 in the ABC/Warner Brothers crime drama The Roaring '20s. She portrayed Kitty O'Moyne, an Irish immigrant who falls overboard into the harbour as she arrives in the United States. In the 1962–63 television season, Johns guest starred in the CBS anthology series The Lloyd Bridges Show. In the autumn of 1963, she and Keith Andes starred as a married couple in her eponymous CBS television series Glynis, in which she played a mystery writer and Andes a criminal defence attorney. The programme was cancelled after thirteen episodes.[7]
Johns had a huge hit in Mary Poppins (1964) and played James Stewart's wife in Dear Brigitte (1965). She was in The King's Mare at the Garrick Theatre in 1966.
She appeared in various character roles in Don't Just Stand There! (1968) and Lock Up Your Daughters (1969), but worked increasingly on stage: A Talent to Amuse (1969), Come As You Are (1969-70) and Marquise (1971-72).
Johns had a huge success appearing in A Little Night Music (1973). The song "Send in the Clowns" was written with her in mind[8]. In 1973, she won a Tony award for her role in the musical.
Later career[edit]
Her later film roles included The Vault of Horror (1973) and The Happy Prince (1974) but her focus was the stage: Ring Round the Moon (1975), 13 Rue de LAmout (1976), Cause Célèbre (1978), Hay Fever (1980-81) and The Circle (1989-90). Johns starred as Myrtle Bledsoe in the premiere of Horton Foote's A Coffin in Egypt in 1998 at the Bay Street Theatre.[9]
During the first season of NBC's hit sitcom Cheers, Johns guest starred as Diane Chambers' mother, Helen Chambers, a rich eccentric who, due to a stipulation in Diane's late father's will, will lose all her money unless Diane is married by the next day. From 1988-89, she played Trudie Pepper, a senior citizen living in an Arizona retirement community, in the television sitcom Coming of Age on CBS.[10]
Her last film appearance to date was as Molly Shannon's grandmother in the 1999 film Superstar.[11]
Personal life[edit]
Johns has been married four times. Her first husband was Anthony Forwood (m. 1942–48), with whom she had her only child, actor Gareth Forwood (1945–2007).[12]
Complete filmography[edit]
South Riding (1938) as Midge Carne
Murder in the Family (1938) as Marjorie Osborne
Prison Without Bars (1938) as Nina
On the Night of the Fire (1939) as Mary Carr
Under Your Hat (1940) as Winnie
The Briggs Family (1940) as Sheila Briggs
The Thief of Bagdad (1940) as Princess' Maid (uncredited)
The Prime Minister (1941) as Miss Sheridan (uncredited)
49th Parallel (1941) as Anna
The Adventures of Tartu (1943), U.S. title Sabotage Agent, as Paula Palacek
The Halfway House (1944) as Gwyneth
Perfect Strangers (1945), U.S. title Vacation from Marriage, as Dizzy Clayton
This Man Is Mine (1946) as Millie
Frieda (1947) as Judy
An Ideal Husband (1947) as Miss Mabel Chiltern
Miranda (1948) as Miranda Trewella
Third Time Lucky (1949) as Joan Burns
Helter Skelter (1949) as Miranda Trewella (uncredited)
Dear Mr. Prohack (1949) as Mimi Warburton
State Secret (1950), U.S. title The Great Manhunt, as Lisa Robinson
Flesh & Blood (1951) as Katherine
No Highway (1951), U.S. title No Highway in the Sky, as Marjorie Corder
Appointment with Venus (1951), U.S. title Island Rescue, as Nicola Fallaize
Encore (1951) as Stella Cotman (segment "Gigolo and Gigolette")
The Magic Box (1951) as May Jones
The Card (1952), U.S. title The Promoter, as Ruth Earp
The Sword and the Rose (1953) as Princess Mary Tudor
Personal Affair (1953) as Barbara Vining
Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue (1953) as Helen Mary MacPherson MacGregor
The Weak and the Wicked (1954), U.S. title Young and Willing, as Jean Raymond
The Seekers (1954), U.S. title Land of Fury, as Marion Southey
The Beachcomber (1954) as Martha Jones
Mad About Men (1954) as Caroline Trewella / Miranda Trewella
Josephine and Men (1955) as Josephine Luton
The Court Jester (1955) as Maid Jean
Loser Takes All (1956) as Cary
Around the World in 80 Days (1956) as Sporting Lady's Companion
All Mine to Give (1957) as Jo Eunson
Another Time, Another Place (1958) as Kay Trevor
Shake Hands with the Devil (1959) as Kitty Brady
Last of the Few (1960) as narrator
The Spider's Web (1960) as Clarissa Hailsham-Brown
The Sundowners (1960) as Mrs. Firth
The Cabinet of Caligari (1962) as Jane Lindstrom
The Chapman Report (1962) as Teresa Harnish
Papa's Delicate Condition (1963) as Amberlyn Griffith
Mary Poppins (1964) as Winifred Banks
Dear Brigitte (1965) as Vina Leaf
Don't Just Stand There! (1968) as Sabine Manning
Lock Up Your Daughters! (1969) as Mrs. Squeezum
Under Milk Wood (1972) as Myfanwy Price
The Vault of Horror (1973) as Eleanor (segment "The Neat Job")
The Happy Prince (1974, short) as Swallow (voice)
Mrs. Amworth (1975 short) as Mrs. Amworth
Three Dangerous Ladies (1977) as Mrs. Amworth (segment "Mrs. Amworth")
Little Gloria... Happy at Last (1982 TV movie) as Laura Fitzpatrick Morgan
Nukie (1987) as Sister Anne
Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School (1988 TV movie) as Ms. Grimwood (voice)
Zelly and Me (1988) as Co-Co
The Ref (1994) as Rose
While You Were Sleeping (1995) as Elsie
Superstar (1999) as Grandma (final film role)
Partial television credits[edit]
Adventures in Paradise (1961) as Esther Holmes
The Naked City (1961) as Miss Arlington, art gallery manager
12 O'clock High (1964) as Jennifer Heath
Batman (1967) as Lady Penelope Peasoup
Cheers (1983) as Mrs. Helen Chambers
Murder, She Wrote (1985) as Bridget O'Hara
Theatre (selected)[edit]
1936–36 St Helena, Old Vic
1937 Judgement Day, Embassy and Strand
1938 Quiet Wedding, Wyndham's
1941 Quiet Weekend, Wyndham's
1943 Peter Pan (Peter), Cambridge Theatre
1950 Fools Rush In, Fortune
1950 The Way Things Go, Phœnix
1952 Gertie (title role), Broadway
1956 Major Barbara (title role), Broadway
1963 Too True to Be Good, Broadway
1966 The King's Mare, Garrick
1969–70 A Talent to Amuse, Phoenix Theatre
1969–70 Come As You Are, New Theatre
1971–72 Marquise, The Hippodrome, Bristol
1973 A Little Night Music (Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical), Broadway
1975 Ring Round the Moon, Los Angeles
1976 13 Rue de l'Amour, Phœnix
1978 Cause Celebre (Best Actress Award, Variety Club), Her Majesty's Theatre
1980–81 Hay Fever, Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford
1980–90 The Boy Friend, Toronto
1989–90 The Circle, Broadway
1998 A Coffin in Egypt, Bay Street Theatre
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Glynis Johns Biography". TCM.com. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Glynis Johns Biography". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "THE LIFE STORY OF Glynis Johns". Voice. 25, (38). Tasmania, Australia. 20 September 1952. p. 4. Retrieved 31 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "Glynis Johns has a mermaid tail in "Miranda"". The Australian Women's Weekly. 15, (6). Australia, Australia. 19 July 1947. p. 36. Retrieved 31 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "Vivien Leigh: Actress of the Year". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Qld.: National Library of Australia. 29 December 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "COMEDIAN TOPS FILM POLL". The Sunday Herald. Sydney: National Library of Australia. 28 December 1952. p. 4. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Leszczak, Bob (2012). Single Season Sitcoms, 1948–1979: A Complete Guide. McFarland. p. 58. ISBN 9780786493050. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel (2008-03-11). "Send In the Sondheim; City Opera Revives 'Night Music,' as Composer Dotes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Glynis Johns Opens Foote's Coffin in Egypt at Bay Street June 17 - Playbill". Playbill.
Jump up ^ Terrace, Vincent (2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7864-6477-7.
Jump up ^ "Superstar". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2013-04-07.
Jump up ^ Glynis Johns on IMDb
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glynis Johns.
Glynis Johns at the Internet Broadway Database
Glynis Johns on IMDb
Glynis Johns images
Glynis Johns at the Disney Legends website
[show]
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical
Imelda de Martin (1964)
no award (1965-1968)
Dorothy Loudon / Bernadette Peters (1969)
Lauren Bacall / Sandy Duncan / Ethel Merman (1970)
Helen Gallagher / Alexis Smith (1971)
Jonelle Allen (1972)
Glynis Johns / Michele Lee (1973)
Ruby Lynn Reyner (1974)
Angela Lansbury (1975)
Donna McKechnie (1976)
Clamma Dale (1977)
Nell Carter (1978)
Angela Lansbury (1979)
Patti LuPone (1980)
Lena Horne (1981)
Jennifer Holliday (1982)
Natalia Makarova (1983)
Chita Rivera (1984)
No award (1985)
Bernadette Peters (1986)
Teresa Stratas (1987)
Patti LuPone (1988)
Toni DiBuono (1989)
Tyne Daly (1990)
Lea Salonga (1991)
Faith Prince (1992)
Chita Rivera (1993)
Donna Murphy (1994)
Glenn Close (1995)
Julie Andrews (1996)
Bebe Neuwirth (1997)
Natasha Richardson (1998)
Carolee Carmello / Bernadette Peters (1999)
Heather Headley (2000)
Marla Schaffel (2001)
Sutton Foster (2002)
Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003)
Donna Murphy (2004)
Victoria Clark (2005)
Christine Ebersole (2006)
Audra McDonald / Donna Murphy (2007)
Patti LuPone (2008)
Allison Janney (2009)
Catherine Zeta-Jones / Montego Glover (2010)
Sutton Foster (2011)
Audra McDonald (2012)
Laura Osnes (2013)
Jessie Mueller (2014)
Kristin Chenoweth (2015)
Cynthia Erivo (2016)
Bette Midler (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical
Grace Hartman (1948)
Nanette Fabray (1949)
Mary Martin (1950)
Ethel Merman (1951)
Gertrude Lawrence (1952)
Rosalind Russell (1953)
Dolores Gray (1954)
Mary Martin (1955)
Gwen Verdon (1956)
Judy Holliday (1957)
Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon (1958)
Gwen Verdon (1959)
Mary Martin (1960)
Elizabeth Seal (1961)
Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll (1962)
Vivien Leigh (1963)
Carol Channing (1964)
Liza Minnelli (1965)
Angela Lansbury (1966)
Barbara Harris (1967)
Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams (1968)
Angela Lansbury (1969)
Lauren Bacall (1970)
Helen Gallagher (1971)
Alexis Smith (1972)
Glynis Johns (1973)
Virginia Capers (1974)
Angela Lansbury (1975)
Donna McKechnie (1976)
Dorothy Loudon (1977)
Liza Minnelli (1978)
Angela Lansbury (1979)
Patti LuPone (1980)
Lauren Bacall (1981)
Jennifer Holliday (1982)
Natalia Makarova (1983)
Chita Rivera (1984)
No award (1985)
Bernadette Peters (1986)
Maryann Plunkett (1987)
Joanna Gleason (1988)
Ruth Brown (1989)
Tyne Daly (1990)
Lea Salonga (1991)
Faith Prince (1992)
Chita Rivera (1993)
Donna Murphy (1994)
Glenn Close (1995)
Donna Murphy (1996)
Bebe Neuwirth (1997)
Natasha Richardson (1998)
Bernadette Peters (1999)
Heather Headley (2000)
Christine Ebersole (2001)
Sutton Foster (2002)
Marissa Jaret Winokur (2003)
Idina Menzel (2004)
Victoria Clark (2005)
LaChanze (2006)
Christine Ebersole (2007)
Patti LuPone (2008)
Alice Ripley (2009)
Catherine Zeta-Jones (2010)
Sutton Foster (2011)
Audra McDonald (2012)
Patina Miller (2013)
Jessie Mueller (2014)
Kelli O'Hara (2015)
Cynthia Erivo (2016)
Bette Midler (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 56796565
LCCN: no83217410
ISNI: 0000 0000 5514 6294
GND: 135171237
SUDOC: 160772745
BNF: cb138956689 (data)
MusicBrainz: 35b4d9cc-918a-4496-9b9b-52fac536fbec
SNAC: w62s78p9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glynis_Johns&oldid=821601142"
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text:
New Jersey Plan
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The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population.[2] The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia state Plan).
Contents
[hide]
1 Proposals
2 Consideration
3 References
4 External links
Proposals[edit]
Under the New Jersey Plan, the unicameral legislature with one vote per state was inherited from the Articles of Confederation. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, remained so.
The plan proposed the following:
The Articles of Confederation should be amended.
In addition to the existing powers under the Articles of Confederation, Congress gained authority to raise funds via tariffs and other measures, and to regulate interstate commerce and commerce with other nations. Cases involving these powers would still be heard by state courts unless appealed to the federal judiciary.
Congress has the authority to collect taxes from states based on the number of free inhabitants and 3/5ths of slaves in that state. However, this power requires the consent of some proportion of the states.
Congress elects a federal executive, consisting of multiple people, who cannot be re-elected and can be recalled by Congress when requested by the majority of executives of the states.
The federal judiciary is represented by a Supreme Tribunal, appointed by the federal executive, which has authority in federal impeachment cases and as the appeal of last resort in cases dealing with national matters (such as treaties).
The Articles of Confederation and treaties are the supreme law of the land. The federal executive is authorized to use force to compel non-compliant states to observe the law.
A policy of admission of new states should be established.
A singular policy for naturalization should be established.
A citizen of one state can be prosecuted under the laws of another state in which the crime was committed.
Variations also proposed that state governments must be bound by oath to support the Articles, that a policy should be established to handle territorial disputes,[3] and that the offenses deemed as treason should be defined.[4]
The New Jersey Plan
Consideration[edit]
Ultimately, the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a new constitution. The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added. Perhaps the most important of these was introduced by the Connecticut Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned by population, as desired by the Virginia Plan, and the Senate granted equal votes per state, as desired by the New Jersey Plan.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : on June 15". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on 2017-01-23. Retrieved 2017-08-20.
Jump up ^ William Paterson Biography in Soldier Statesmen of the Constitution, a publication of the United States Army Center of Military History. Accessed October 23, 2007. "He was the co-author of the New Jersey (or Paterson) Plan that asserted the rights of the small states by proposing a national legislature that, ignoring differences in size and population, gave equal voice to all the states. The proposal countered the Virginia Plan introduced by Edmund Randolph, which granted special recognition to differences in population and, therefore, favored the large states."
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text B". The Avalon Project.
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Plan Presented by William Patterson - Text C". The Avalon Project.
External links[edit]
Variant texts of the New Jersey Plan at the Avalon Project
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GNU/Linux naming controversy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The GNU/Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free software community and open-source software community over whether to refer to computer operating systems that use a combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel as "GNU/Linux" or "Linux".[1]
Proponents of the term Linux argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media,[2][3] and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources.[4]
Proponents of the term GNU/Linux note that GNU alone would be just as good a name for GNU variants which combine the GNU operating system software with software from other sources.[5] GNU/Linux is a term promoted by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and its founder Richard Stallman.[6] Proponents call for the correction of the more extended term, on the grounds that it doesn't give credit to the major contributor and the associated free software philosophy.[1][7] GNU is a longstanding project begun in 1984 to develop a free operating system. It is argued that when the Linux kernel was independently created in 1991, it merely provided a substantial missing piece.[6] Several distributions employ the FSF-endorsed name, such as Debian,[8] Trisquel[9] and Parabola GNU/Linux-libre.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Composition of operating systems
3 Opinions supporting "GNU/Linux"
4 Opinions supporting "Linux"
5 Pronunciation
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
In 1983, Richard Stallman, founder of the Free Software Foundation, set forth plans of a complete Unix-like operating system, called GNU, composed entirely of free software. In September of that year, Stallman published a manifesto in Dr. Dobb's Journal detailing his new project publicly, outlining his vision of free software.[11][12] Software development work began in January 1984. By 1991, the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete, and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System, but the lower level (kernel, device drivers, system-level utilities and daemons) was still mostly lacking. The GNU kernel was called GNU Hurd. The Hurd followed an ambitious design which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement and has only been marginally usable.
Independently, in 1991, Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel. Early Linux developers ported GNU code, including the GNU C Compiler, to the kernel. The free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system. This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system.
Over the next few years, several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components. In 1992, the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name "Linux/GNU/X". In Usenet and mailing-list discussions, one can find usages of "GNU/Linux" as early as 1992[13] and of "GNU+Linux" as early as 1993.[14] The Debian project, which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation, switched to calling its product "Debian GNU/Linux" in early 1994;[3][15][16][17] This change followed a request by Richard Stallman (who initially proposed "LiGNUx," but suggested "GNU/Linux" instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term).[18] GNU's June 1994 Bulletin describes "Linux" as a "free Unix system for 386 machines" (with "many of the utilities and libraries" from GNU),[19] but the January 1995 Bulletin switched to the term "GNU/Linux" instead.[20]
Stallman's and the FSF's efforts to include "GNU" in the name started around 1994, but were reportedly mostly via private communications (such as the above-mentioned request to Debian) until 1996.[21][22] In May 1996, Stallman released Emacs 19.31 with the Autoconf system target "linux" changed to "lignux" (shortly thereafter changed to "linux-gnu" in emacs 19.32),[23][7] and included an essay "Linux and the GNU system"[24] suggesting that people use the terms "Linux-based GNU system" (or "GNU/Linux system" or "Lignux" for short). He later used "GNU/Linux" exclusively, and the essay was superseded by Stallman's 1997 essay, "Linux and the GNU project".[6]
Composition of operating systems[edit]
Modern free software and Open-source software systems are composed of software by many different authors, including the Linux kernel developers, the GNU project, and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System. Desktop- and server-based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library (glibc), GNU Core Utilities (Coreutils), and bash.
In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1, a typical Linux distribution, the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel.[25] Later, a 2011 analysis of Ubuntu's "Natty" release (a popular Linux distribution) main repository found that 8% to 13% of it consisted of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU), while only 6% is taken by the Linux kernel (9% when including its direct dependencies).[26] Determining exactly what constitutes the "operating system" per se is a matter of continuing debate.
On the other hand, some embedded systems, such as handheld devices and smartphones (like Google's Android), residential gateways (routers), and Voice over IP devices, are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU. A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc and BusyBox for Coreutils. Google's Linux-based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries, replacing glibc with Google's own BSD-based Bionic C library. The FSF agrees that "GNU/Linux" is not an appropriate name for these systems.[27][28][29]
There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and/or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel, for example Debian GNU/Hurd (GNU userland on the GNU kernel)[30] or Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD).[31]
Opinions supporting "GNU/Linux"[edit]
FSF artwork of the gnu (GNU mascot) and the penguin Tux (mascot of the Linux kernel) representing their viewpoint on "GNU/Linux". The GNU General Public License (GPL), which is used by the Linux kernel as well as by most GNU software, armors both characters.
The FSF justifies the name "GNU/Linux" primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system, of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps;[32] the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument:
So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice would be GNU. But we don't think that is the right way to consider the question. The GNU Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software packages. [...] Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system, and they all deserve credit. But the reason it is an integrated system—and not just a collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system, and we systematically wrote, or found people to write, everything on the list.
—  Richard Stallman[32]
In addition, the FSF also argues that "GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in building our community, and helps the public recognize the practical importance of these ideals",[27] in contrast to the focus on "technical advantage" rather than "freedom" of the Linux kernel developers.[33][34] In the case of the Linux kernel, notable and recurring examples of this focus on technical advantage over freedom come from the long-time inclusion in the Linux kernel of many non-free firmware files and other files with non-free license terms.[6]
The ordinary understanding of "operating system" includes both the kernel—the specific subsystem that directly interfaces with the hardware—and the "userland" software that is employed by the user and by application software to control the computer. Moreover, both the name "GNU" and the name "Linux" are intentionally related to the name "Unix", and Unix has always conceptually included the C library and userland tools as well as the kernel.[7] In the 1991 release notes for versions 0.01 to 0.11 of the Linux kernel (which was not released under the GNU General Public License until version 0.12[35]), Torvalds wrote,
"Sadly, a kernel by itself gets you nowhere [...] Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software."[36]
Torvalds also wrote during the 1992 Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate that,
"As has been noted (not only by me), the linux kernel is a miniscule part of a complete system".[37][38]
Tanenbaum had criticized Torvalds for developing Linux as a monolithic kernel, which he considered obsolete and inferior to microkernels such as Mach.[39] He believed that Linux would be rejected in favor of GNU's Hurd microkernel, which had stalled in development for years.[40]
The use of the word "Linux" to refer to the kernel, the operating system, and entire distributions, often leads to confusion about the distinctions among the three. Many GNU packages are a key part of almost every Linux distribution, particularly the GNU toolchain, which is present in all distros (unless Android is included). Media sources sometimes make erroneous statements as well, such as claiming that the entire operating system (rather than simply the kernel) was written by Torvalds;[41][42]
Today tens of millions of users are using an operating system that was developed so they could have freedom—but they don't know this, because they think the system is Linux and that it was developed by a student 'just for fun'.
—  Richard Stallman[43]
Because of this confusion, legal threats and public relations campaigns apparently directed against the kernel, such as those launched by the SCO Group or the Alexis de Tocqueville Institution (AdTI), have been misinterpreted by many commentators who assume that the whole operating system is being targeted. SCO and the AdTI have even been accused of deliberately exploiting this confusion.[44][45][46]
Regarding suggestions that renaming efforts stem from egotism or personal pique, Stallman has responded that his interest is not in giving credit to himself but to the GNU Project: "Some people think that it's because I want my ego to be fed. Of course, I'm not asking you to call it 'Stallmanix'."[47] Stallman has admitted to irritation, although he believes it to be justified in response to seeing "an idealistic project stymied and made ineffective, because people don't usually give it the credit for what it has done," concluding "If you're an idealist like me, that can ruin your whole decade."[48]
In response to another common argument (see below), the FSF acknowledges that many people have contributed to the system and that a short name cannot credit all of them, but argues that this cannot justify calling the system "Linux":
Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and omit the names of the many other secondary contributions. There is no one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it, we won't argue against it ... But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is "Linux". It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).
—  GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman[27]
In continuing to speak on the subject, in 2010, Stallman stated that naming is not simply a matter of giving equal mention to the GNU Project. Because the system is more widely referred as "Linux" people tend to "think it's all Linux, that it was all started by Mr. Torvalds in 1991, and they think it all comes from his vision of life, and that's the really bad problem."[42]
Opinions supporting "Linux"[edit]
"Linux" is by far the more widespread name.[2][3]
Eric S. Raymond writes (in the "Linux" entry of the Jargon File):
Some people object that the name "Linux" should be used to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the term GNU/Linux want the FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because [Stallman] and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor the term GNU/Linux has gained more than minority acceptance.
When Linus Torvalds was asked in the documentary Revolution OS whether the name "GNU/Linux" was justified, he replied:
Well, I think it's justified, but it's justified if you actually make a GNU distribution of Linux ... the same way that I think that "Red Hat Linux" is fine, or "SuSE Linux" or "Debian Linux", because if you actually make your own distribution of Linux, you get to name the thing, but calling Linux in general "GNU Linux" I think is just ridiculous.[49][50]
An earlier comment by Torvalds on the naming controversy was:
Umm, this discussion has gone on quite long enough, thank you very much. It doesn't really matter what people call Linux, as long as credit is given where credit is due (on both sides). Personally, I'll very much continue to call it "Linux", ...
The GNU people tried calling it GNU/Linux, and that's ok. It's certainly no worse a name than "Linux Pro" or "Red Hat Linux" or "Slackware Linux" ...
Lignux is just a punny name—I think Linux/GNU or GNU/Linux is a bit more "professional" ...[51]
The name "GNU/Linux," particularly when using Stallman's preferred pronunciation (see below), has been criticized for its perceived clumsiness and verbosity,[52][53] a factor that Torvalds has cited as the downfall of operating systems such as 386BSD.[54]
The Linux Journal speculated that Stallman's advocacy of the combined name stems from frustration that "Linus got the glory for what [Stallman] wanted to do."[55]
Others have suggested that, regardless of the merits, Stallman's persistence in what sometimes seems a lost cause makes him and GNU look bad. For example, Larry McVoy (author of BitKeeper, once used to manage Linux kernel development) opined that "claiming credit only makes one look foolish and greedy".[56]
Many users and vendors who prefer the name "Linux," such as Jim Gettys, one of the original developers of the X Window System, point to the inclusion of non-GNU, non-kernel tools, such as KDE, LibreOffice, and Firefox, in end-user operating systems based on the Linux kernel:
There are lots of people on this bus; I don't hear a clamor of support that GNU is more essential than many of the other components; can't take a wheel away, and end up with a functional vehicle, or an engine, or the seats. I recommend you be happy we have a bus.[57]
Pronunciation[edit]
Although "GNU/Linux" /ɡəˈnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks/ is often pronounced without the slash, Stallman recommends explicitly saying the word "slash" or "plus" (i.e. "GNU+Linux") in order to avoid the mistaken suggestion that the Linux kernel itself is a GNU package,[58] as is the case with GNU Linux-libre.
See also[edit]
free software portal
Alternative terms for free software
GNU variants
List of GNU packages
History of free software
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Noyes, Katherine (2012-05-10). "To GNU or Not to GNU? That Is the Question". www.linuxinsider.com. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Kurp, Abraham (July 2008). "Learning The Linux Lingo". MakeUseOf. Archived from the original on 8 March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Siever, Ellen (June 2005). "What Is Linux". Linux Dev Center. O'Reilly. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Eckert, Jason W. (2012). Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. p. 33. ISBN 978-1111541538. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013. The shared commonality of the kernel is what defines a system's membership in the Linux family; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common kernel are what differentiate Linux distributions.
Jump up ^ Wynants, Marleen; Cornelis, Jan (2005). How Open is the Future?: Economic, Social & Cultural Scenarios Inspired by Free & Open-source Software. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. p. 71. ISBN 9789054873785.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Stallman, Richard. "Linux and the GNU System". Gnu.org. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stallman, Richard. "GNU/Linux FAQ".
Jump up ^ "About Debian". Debian. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trisquel GNU/Linux". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Parabola GNU/Linux-libre". Retrieved 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Kirk St.Amant & Brian Still. Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives. ISBN 1591409993.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Rosalie (17 November 2008). "Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation". PC & Tech Authority. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Jamie Mazer (26 November 1992). "Re: ANNOUNCEMENT: Alpha release Linux/GNU/X ..." Newsgroup: comp.unix.misc. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Rodrigo Vanegas (18 May 1993). "The free software myth and the commercial myth". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Stephen Benson (12 May 1994). "Linux/GNU in EE Times". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc. Usenet: 178@scribendum.win-uk.net. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Official announcement of the name change on the debian-announce mailing list
Jump up ^ Moody, Glyn (2002). Rebel Code: Linux And The Open Source Revolution. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0738206707.
Jump up ^ "Sam Williams, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software, chapter 10 (O'Reilly, 2002)". Oreilly.com. 6 January 1994. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 17".
Jump up ^ "GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 18".
Jump up ^ Richard Stallman (12 January 2003). "Re: Why is Nvidia given GPL'd code to use in closed source drivers?". linux-kernel (Mailing list). Lkml.org. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Matt Welsh (8 September 1994). "Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc. Retrieved 3 February 2008. RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.
Jump up ^ Stallman, Richard. "emacs-19.31-19.32.diff-1". pp. line 151–155. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Stallman, Richard. "Linux and The GNU system". gnu.org. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
Jump up ^ David A. Wheeler (29 July 2002). "More Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size". the total of the GNU project's code is much larger than the Linux kernel's size. Thus, by comparing the total contributed effort, it's certainly justifiable to call the entire system GNU/Linux and not just Linux.
Jump up ^ Côrte-Real, Pedro (31 May 2011). "How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux?". Split Perspective. (self-published data)
^ Jump up to: a b c "GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman".
Jump up ^ Bradley M. Kuhn, Android/Linux's Future and Advancement of Mobile Software Freedom, blog post (4 November 2009).
Jump up ^ Paul, Ryan (23 February 2009). "Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android". Arstechnica.com. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Debian GNU/Hurd web page, and GNU Hurd web page. (Accessed June 2013.)
Jump up ^ Debian GNU/kFreeBSD web page (accessed June 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b "Richard Stallman, "Linux and the GNU Project"". GNU Project. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Richard Stallman, Linux, GNU, and freedom (2002): "Calling this variant of the GNU system "Linux" plays into the hands of people who choose their software based only on technical advantage, not caring whether it respects their freedom."
Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds, linux-kernel mailing list: "Besides, as the whole notion of 'free software' has very little to do with the kernel, please just link to some open source site" (28 April 2002)
Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds, "Release Notes for Linux v0.12" (January 1992)
Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds, "Notes for linux release 0.01" (September 1991)
Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds (31 January 1992). "LINUX is obsolete". Newsgroup: comp.os.minix.
Jump up ^ Appendix A Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, O'Reilly, 2000.
Jump up ^ Tanenbaum had developed his own microkernel for educational purposes, Minux, and it greatly influenced the development of Linux.
Jump up ^ Torvalds has said that if the Hurd were released at that time he would not have developed Linux.
Jump up ^ "Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland." Linux.org, (15 October 2008); reprinted in Bill Holtsnider and Brian D. Jaffe, IT Manager's Handbook, 2nd ed., p. 395 (Morgan Kaufmann, 2010).
^ Jump up to: a b "Richard Stallman talk+Q&A at the useR! 2010 conference (audio files attached)". R-statistics blog. 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Free Software as a Social Movement". ZNet. 18 December 2005. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Mike Angelo (28 April 2003). "SCO-Caldera v IBM". Generally, SCO's Caldera v IBM Complaint is vague and confusing as to whether the accusations involve the Linux kernel, the GNU/Linux operating system, Linux distributions, Linux applications, or whatever.
Jump up ^ Eben Moglen (27 June 2003). "FSF Statement on SCO v IBM]". SCO has used "Linux" to mean "all free software", or "all free software constituting a UNIX-like operating system." This confusion, which the Free Software Foundation warned against in the past, is here shown to have the misleading consequences the Foundation has often predicted
Jump up ^ Lisa Stapleton (27 May 2004). "Stallman: Accusatory Report Deliberately Confuses". LinuxInsider. In particular, Stallman criticized the [Ken Brown/AdTI] report for capitalizing on common confusion between the Linux kernel, which Stallman says "Linus really wrote", with the full GNU operating system and associated software, which can be and generally is used with the Linux kernel.
Jump up ^ "Transcript of Richard M. Stallman's speech, "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation", given at New York University in New York, NY, on 29 May 2001".
Jump up ^ Richard Stallman (3 April 1999). "Re: GNU/Linux". linux-kernel (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 5 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Moore, J.T.S. (Produced, Written, and Directed) (2001). Revolution OS (DVD).
Jump up ^ "Linus Torvalds, Linux, GNU/Linux".
Jump up ^ Linus Torvalds (3 June 1996). "Lignux, what's the matter with you people?". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Chris. "The Great Debate: Is it Linux or GNU/Linux?". Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "It's GNU/Linux; stop calling it "Linux" (idea)". 2001-04-28. Retrieved 2016-12-19.
Jump up ^ Torvalds, Linus (1993-03-16). "Post". comp.unix.pc-clone.32bit. Google Groups. Retrieved 2011-02-19. No. That's it. The cool name, that is. We worked very hard on creating a name that would appeal to the majority of people, and it certainly paid off: thousands of people are using linux just to be able to say "OS/2? Hah. I've got Linux. What a cool name". 386BSD made the mistake of putting a lot of numbers and weird abbreviations into the name, and is scaring away a lot of people just because it sounds too technical.
Jump up ^ "From the Publisher: On the Politics of Freedom". Linux Journal No. 30 (October 1996). Perhaps RMS is frustrated because Linus got the glory for what RMS wanted to do.
Jump up ^ Larry McVoy (3 April 1999). "Re: GNU/Linux". linux-kernel (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 29 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Jim Gettys (5 April 1999). "Re: GNU/Linux". linux-kernel (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Jeremy Andrews, Interview: Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org (2 January. 2005) Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
"Why GNU/Linux?" (or "What's in a name?"), by Richard Stallman
GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU, also by Richard Stallman
GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
The "Say Lignux" Campaign, by Richard Stallman, 2013
David A. Wheeler on why he mostly says "GNU/Linux"
Stallman explaining the relationship of GNU and Linux, Zagreb, 2006
Who wrote Linux?, by Josh Mehlman, ZDNet Australia, 7 July 2004
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2017 Commonwealth Shooting Championships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The 2017 Commonwealth Shooting Federation Championships was held at the Belmont Shooting Complex in Brisbane, Australia from 28 October to 8 November 2017. It was held in tandem with that year's Oceania Shooting Championships and served as a test event for the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medalists
1.1 Men
1.2 Women
1.3 Open
2 Medal table
3 References
4 External links
Medalists[edit]
Men[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
10 m air pistol[3] Shahzar Rizvi
India Omkar Singh
India Jitu Rai
India
25 m rapid fire pistol[4] Sergei Evglevski
Australia Anish Anish
India Neeraj Kumar
India
50 m pistol[5] Prakash Nanjappa
India Amanpreet Singh
India Jitu Rai
India
10 m air rifle[6] Alex Hoberg
Australia Jack Rossiter
Australia Deepak Kumar
India
50 m rifle prone[7] Dane Sampson
Australia Gagan Narang
India Swapnil Suresh Kusale
India
50 m rifle 3 positions[8] Satyendra Singh
India Sanjeev Rajput
India Dane Sampson
Australia
Skeet[9] Ben Llewellin
Wales Jack Fairclough
England Paul Adams
Australia
Trap[10] Aaron Heading
England Michael Wixey
Wales James Willett
Australia
Double trap[11] Ankur Mittal
India Matthew French
England Nathan-Lee Xuereb
Malta
Women[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
10 m air pistol[12] Heena Sidhu
India Elena Galiabovitch
Australia Kristy Gillman
Australia
25 m pistol[13] Lalita Yauhleuskaya
Australia Elena Galiabovitch
Australia Annu Raj Singh
India
10 m air rifle[14] Pooja Ghatkar
India Anjum Moudgil
India Martina Veloso
Singapore
50 m rifle prone[15] Jennifer McIntosh
Scotland Seonaid McIntosh
Scotland Anjum Moudgil
India
50 m rifle 3 positions[16] Seonaid McIntosh
Scotland Katie Gleeson
England Martina Veloso
Singapore
Skeet[17] Amber Hill
England Chloe Tipple
New Zealand Aislin Jones
Australia
Trap[18] Laetisha Scanlan
Australia Penny Smith
Australia Natalie Rooney
New Zealand
Double trap[19] Emma Cox
Australia Shreyasi Singh
India Rachel Parish
England
Open[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Fullbore individual[20] David Luckman
England Petrus Haasbroek
South Africa Jim Bailey
Australia
Fullbore pairs[21] England
David Luckman
Parag Patel Australia
Ben Emms
Jim Bailey Scotland
Ian Shaw
Alexander Walker
Medal table[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 India 6 7 7 20
2 Australia 6 5 6 17
3 England 4 3 1 8
4 Scotland 2 1 1 4
5 Wales 1 1 0 2
6 New Zealand 0 1 1 2
7 South Africa 0 1 0 1
8 Singapore 0 0 2 2
9 Malta 0 0 1 1
Total
19
19
19
57
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CSF and OSF Championships Brisbane 28 October-8 November". Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Schedule" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "10m AIR PISTOL MEN (CSF) -Sh" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "25m RAPID FIRE PISTOL MEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "50m PISTOL MEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "10m AIR RIFLE MEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "50m RIFLE PRONE MEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "50m RIFLE 3 POSITIONS MEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "SKEET MEN (CSF) – FINALS" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "TRAP MEN (CSF)" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "DOUBLE TRAP MEN (CSF)" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "10m AIR PISTOL WOMEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "25m PISTOL WOMEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "10m AIR RIFLE WOMEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "50m RIFLE PRONE WOMEN (CSF) – INDIVIDUAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "50m RIFLE 3 POSITIONS WOMEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "SKEET WOMEN (CSF) – FINAL" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "TRAP WOMEN (CSF)" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "DOUBLE TRAP WOMEN (CSF)" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "CSF Championship – Aggregate" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "CSF PAIRS MATCH" (PDF). Shooting Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Commonwealth_Shooting_Championships&oldid=812199766"
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