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List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
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The Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event. During its history, both the Summer and Winter Games were a subject of many scandals, controversies, and illegal drug uses.
Some states have boycotted the Games on various occasions, often as a sign of protest against the International Olympic Committee, often having racial discrimination or contemporary politics of other participants. After both World Wars, the losing countries were not invited. Other controversies include doping programs, decisions by referees and even gestures made by athletes.
Contents
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1 Summer Olympics
1.1 1908 Summer Olympics – London
1.2 1912 Summer Olympics – Stockholm
1.3 1916 Summer Olympics – [not held - World War I]
1.4 1920 Summer Olympics – Antwerp, Belgium
1.5 1924 Summer Olympics – Paris
1.6 1932 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
1.7 1936 Summer Olympics – Berlin
1.8 1940 and 1944 Summer Olympics – [not held - World War II]
1.9 1948 Summer Olympics – London
1.10 1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne
1.11 1964 Summer Olympics – Tokyo
1.12 1968 Summer Olympics – Mexico City
1.13 1972 Summer Olympics – Munich
1.14 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal
1.15 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow
1.16 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles
1.17 1988 Summer Olympics – Seoul, South Korea
1.18 1992 Summer Olympics – Barcelona, Spain
1.19 1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta
1.20 2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney, Australia
1.21 2004 Summer Olympics – Athens
1.22 2008 Summer Olympics – Beijing
1.23 2012 Summer Olympics – London
1.24 2016 Summer Olympics – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2 Winter Olympics
2.1 1968 Winter Olympics - Grenoble, France
2.2 1972 Winter Olympics - Sapporo, Japan
2.3 1976 Winter Olympics - Innsbruck, Austria
2.4 1980 Winter Olympics - Lake Placid, New York, United States
2.5 1994 Winter Olympics - Lillehammer, Norway
2.6 1998 Winter Olympics - Nagano, Japan
2.7 2002 Winter Olympics - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
2.8 2006 Winter Olympics - Turin, Italy
2.9 2010 Winter Olympics - Vancouver, Canada
2.10 2014 Winter Olympics - Sochi, Russia
2.11 2018 Winter Olympics - PyeongChang, South Korea
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Summer Olympics[edit]
1908 Summer Olympics – London[edit]
Grand Duchy of Finland competed separately from the Russian Empire, but was not allowed to display the Finnish flag.[1]
In the 400 metres, American winner John Carpenter was disqualified for blocking British athlete Wyndham Halswelle in a maneuver that was legal under U.S. rules but prohibited by the British rules under which the race was run. As a result of the disqualification, a second final race was ordered. Halswelle was to face the other two finalists William Robbins and John Taylor, but both were from the United States and decided not to contest the repeat of the final to protest the judges' decision. Halswelle was thus the only medallist in the 400 metres. It was the only walkover victory in Olympic history. Taylor later ran on the Gold medal winning U.S. team for the now-defunct Medley Relay, becoming the first African American medallist.[2]
1912 Summer Olympics – Stockholm[edit]
American athlete Jim Thorpe was stripped of his gold medals in the decathlon and pentathlon after it was learned that he had played professional minor league baseball three years earlier.[3] In solidarity, the decathlon silver medallist, Hugo Wieslander, refused to accept the medals when they were offered to him.[4] The gold medals were restored to Thorpe's children in 1983, thirty years after his death.[3]
1916 Summer Olympics – [not held - World War I][edit]
The 1916 Summer Olympics were to have been held in Berlin, German Empire, but were cancelled because of the outbreak of World War I.
1920 Summer Olympics – Antwerp, Belgium[edit]
Budapest had initially been selected over Amsterdam and Lyon to host the Games, but as the Austro-Hungarian Empire had been a German ally in World War I, the French-dominated International Olympic Committee transferred the Games to Antwerp in April 1919.
Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, and Turkey were not invited to the Games, being the successor states of the Central Powers which lost World War I.[1]
1924 Summer Olympics – Paris[edit]
Germany was again not invited to the Games.[5]
1932 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles[edit]
Nine-time Finnish Olympic gold medallist Paavo Nurmi was found to be a professional athlete and barred from running in the Games. The main conductors of the ban were Swedish officials, especially Sigfrid Edström, who claimed that Nurmi had received too much money for his travel expenses. However, Nurmi did travel to Los Angeles and kept training at the Olympic Village. Despite pleas from all the entrants of the marathon, he was not allowed to compete at the Games. This incident, in part, led to Finland refusing to participate in the traditional Finland-Sweden athletics international event until 1939.
After winning the silver in equestrian dressage, Swedish equestrian Bertil Sandström was demoted to last for clicking to his horse to win encouragement. He asserted that it was a creaking saddle making the sounds.
1936 Summer Olympics – Berlin[edit]
Adolf Hitler arriving at the opening ceremony of the controversial 1936 Berlin Games
Jesse Owens on the podium after winning the long jump at the 1936 Summer Olympics
In 1931 the IOC selected the German capital city Berlin as the host city of the 1936 Summer Olympics. However, following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, the plans for the Olympic Games became entangled with the politics of the Nazi regime. Adolf Hitler regarded the event as 'his' Olympics and sought to exploit the Games for propaganda purposes, with the aim of showcasing the post-First World War Germany. In 1936, a number of prominent politicians and organizations called for a boycott of the Summer Olympics, while other campaigners called for the games to be relocated.[6][7]
The Popular Front government of Spain decided to boycott the Berlin Games entirely and, together with labour and socialist groups around the world, organized an alternative event, the People's Olympiad. The event did not take place however; just as the Games were about to begin the Spanish Civil War broke out and the People's Olympiad was cancelled.
In the United States, there was considerable debate about boycotting the Games.[8] A leading advocate of a boycott was U.S. athlete Ernest Lee Jahncke, the son of a German immigrant, who was an IOC member. He was opposed by United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage and was eventually expelled from the IOC for encouraging athletes to boycott the Berlin Games.
International concern surrounded the ruling German National Socialists' ideology of racial superiority and its application at an international event such as the Olympics.[7][9] In 1934 Avery Brundage undertook a visit to Germany to investigate the treatment of Jews. When he returned, he reported, "I was given positive assurance in writing ... that there will be no discrimination against Jews. You can't ask more than that and I think the guarantee will be fulfilled."[10] In the event, a number of record-holding German athletes were excluded from competing at Berlin for being racially undesirable, including Lilli Henoch,[11] Gretel Bergmann[12][13] and Wolfgang Fürstner.[14] The only Jewish athlete to compete on the German team was fencer Helene Mayer.
Hitler's decision not to shake hands with USA long-jump medal winner Jesse Owens has been widely interpreted as a snub of an African American; however some commentators have noted that the German Chancellor missed all medal presentations after the first day as he only wished to shake hands with German victors.[15][16] Owens himself was reported to have been magnanimous when he mentioned Hitler.[17] After the Games however, Owens was not personally honoured by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[18]
The Irish Olympic Council boycotted the games as the IAAF had expelled National Athletic and Cycling Association for refusing to restrict itself to the Irish Free State rather than the island of Ireland.[19]
In the cycling match sprint final, German Toni Merkens fouled Dutchman Arie van Vliet. Instead of disqualification, Merkens was fined 100 Reichsmarks and kept the gold medal.[citation needed]
In one of the football quarter-finals, Peru beat Austria 4–2 but Austria went through in very controversial circumstances. As a sign of protest the complete Olympic delegations of Peru and Colombia left Germany. See Football at the 1936 Summer Olympics.[citation needed]
French and Canadian Olympians gave what appeared to be the Nazi salute at the opening ceremony, although they may have been performing the Olympic salute, which is similar, as both are based on the Roman salute.[citation needed]
1940 and 1944 Summer Olympics – [not held - World War II][edit]
The 1940 Summer Olympics were scheduled to be held in Tokyo, Japan, but were cancelled due to the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The government of Japan had abandoned its support for the 1940 Games in July 1938.[20] The IOC then awarded the Games to Helsinki, Finland, the runner-up in the original bidding process, but the Games were not held due to the Winter War. Ultimately, the Olympic Games were suspended indefinitely following the outbreak of World War II and did not resume until the London Games of 1948.
1948 Summer Olympics – London[edit]
The two major Axis powers of World War II, Germany and Japan, were suspended from the Olympics.[1] German and Japanese athletes were allowed to compete again at the 1952 Olympics.
The Soviet Union was invited but chose not to send any athletes.
1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne[edit]
Seven countries boycotted the Games for three different reasons. Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon announced that they would not participate in response to the Suez Crisis when Egypt was invaded by Israel, the United Kingdom, and France after Egypt nationalized the Suez canal.[1] The Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew to protest the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and the Soviet presence at the Games.[1] Less than two weeks before the Opening Ceremony, the People's Republic of China also chose to boycott the event, protesting the Republic of China (Taiwan) being allowed to compete (under the name "Formosa").
The political frustrations between the Soviet Union and Hungary boiled over at the games themselves when the two men's water polo teams met for the semi-final. The players became increasingly violent towards one another as the game progressed, while many Hungarian spectators were prevented from rioting only by the sudden appearance of the police.[21] The match became known as the Blood in the Water match.[22][23]
The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[24] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.[25]
Due to quarantine issues, the equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden.
1964 Summer Olympics – Tokyo[edit]
Indonesia and North Korea withdrew after the IOC decision to ban teams that took part in the 1963 Games of the New Emerging Forces.[1]
South Africa was suspended from the Olympics due to its apartheid policies.[1] The suspension would be lifted in 1992.
1968 Summer Olympics – Mexico City[edit]
1968 Olympics Black Power salute: Tommie Smith and John Carlos, two black athletes who finished the 200 metre race first and third respectively, performed the "Power to the People" salute during the national anthem of the United States. Peter Norman, a white Australian who finished in second place, wore a human rights badge in solidarity, and was heavily criticised upon returning to Australia.
Věra Čáslavská, in protest to the 1968 Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia and the controversial decision by the judges on the Balance Beam and Floor, turned her head down and away from the Soviet flag whilst the anthem played during the medal ceremony. She returned home as a heroine of the Czechoslovak people, but was made an outcast by the Soviet dominated government.
Students in Mexico City tried to make use of the media attention for their country to protest the authoritarian Mexican government. The government reacted with violence, culminating in the Tlatelolco Massacre ten days before the Games began and more than two thousand protesters were shot at by government forces.
1972 Summer Olympics – Munich[edit]
The 1972 Olympics Black Power salute also known as the Forgotten Salute.
The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September which had ties to Yasser Arafat's Fatah organization. Eleven athletes, coaches and judges were murdered by the terrorists.
Rhodesia was banned from participating in the Olympics as the result of a 36 to 31 vote by the IOC held four days before the opening ceremonies. African countries had threatened to boycott the Munich games had the white minority ruled regime been permitted to send a team. The ban occurred over the objections of IOC president Avery Brundage who, in his speech following the Munich massacre, controversially compared the anti-Rhodesia campaign to the terrorist attack on the Olympic village.[26] (see Rhodesia at the Olympics)
In the controversial gold medal basketball game, the US Olympic Basketball team battled for the gold medal for the last few seconds against the team from the Soviet Union.With three seconds left in the gold medal game, American forward Doug Collins sank two free throws to put the Americans up 50–49. Immediately following Collins' free throws, the Soviets inbounded the ball and failed to score. Soviet coaches claimed that they had requested a timeout before Collins' foul shots. The referees ordered the clock reset to three seconds and the game's final seconds replayed. The horn sounded as a length-of-the-court Soviet pass was being released from the inbounding player, the pass missed its mark, and the U.S. again began celebrating. However, final three seconds was replayed for a third time. This time, the Soviets' Alexander Belov and the USA's Kevin Joyce and Jim Forbes went up for the pass, and Belov caught the long pass from Ivan Edeshko near the American basket. Belov then laid the ball in for the winning points as the buzzer sounded. The U.S. players voted unanimously to refuse their silver medals, and at least one team member, Kenny Davis, has directed in his will that his heirs are never to accept the medals, even posthumously.[27]
At the end of the Marathon, a German impostor entered the stadium to the cheers of the stadium ahead of the actual winner, Frank Shorter of the United States. During the American Broadcasting Company coverage of the event, the guest commentator, writer Erich Segal famously called to Shorter "It's a fraud, Frank."[28][29]
In the men's field hockey final Michael Krause's goal in the 60th minute gave the host West Germans a 1–0 victory in the final over the defending champion Pakistan. Pakistan's players complained about some of the umpiring and disagreed that Krause's goal was good. After the game, Pakistani fans ran onto the field in rage; some players and fans dumped water on Belgium's Rene Frank, then the head of the sport's international governing body. During the medals ceremony, the players staged their protest, some of them turning their backs to the West German flag. Reports also mention that the Pakistani players handled their silver medals disrespectfully. According to the story in The Washington Post, the team's manager, G.R. Chaudhry, said that his team thought the outcome had been "pre-planned" by the officials, Horacio Servetto of Argentina and Richard Jewell of Australia.
1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal[edit]
Countries boycotting the 1976 (yellow), 1980 (blue) and 1984 (red) Summer Olympics
In protest against the New Zealand national rugby union team's 1976 tour of South Africa (controversial due to the regime's apartheid policies), Tanzania led a boycott of twenty-two African nations after the International Olympic Committee refused to bar New Zealand. Some of the teams withdrew after the first day.[1][30][31] The controversy prevented a much anticipated meeting between Tanzanian Filbert Bayi—the former world record holder in both the 1500 metres and the mile run; and New Zealand's John Walker—who had surpassed both records to become the world record holder in both events. Walker went on to win the gold medal in the 1500 metres.[32]
Canada initially refused to allow the Republic of China's team into the country as Canada did not recognize Taiwan as a nation. Canada's decision was in violation of its agreement with the IOC to allow all recognized teams. Canada then agreed to allow the Taiwanese athletes into the country but only if they did not compete under the name or flag of the Republic of China. This led to protests and a threatened boycott by other countries including the US but came to naught after the IOC acquiesced to the Canadian demand which, in turn, led to the Republic of China's boycott of the games. The People's Republic of China also continued its boycott over the failure of the IOC to recognize its team as the sole representative of China.[33]
The various boycotts resulted in only 92 countries participating, down from 121 in 1972 and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games in which 80 states competed.
Soviet modern pentathlete Boris Onischenko was found to have used an épée which had a pushbutton on the pommel in the fencing portion of the pentathlon event. This button, when activated, would cause the electronic scoring system to register a hit whether or not the épée had actually connected with the target area of his opponent. As a result of this discovery, he and the entire male Soviet pentathlon team were disqualified.[34]
Quebec, the host province, incurred $1.5 billion in debt, which was not paid off until December 2006. Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau had famously said: "The Olympics can no more lose money than a man can have a baby."[35]
1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow[edit]
1980 Summer Olympics boycott: U.S. President Jimmy Carter issued a boycott of the games to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, as the Games were held in Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union. Many nations refused to participate in the Games. The exact number of boycotting nations is difficult to determine, as a total of 62 eligible countries did not participate, but some of those countries withdrew due to financial hardships, only claiming to join the boycott to avoid embarrassment.[citation needed] Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games owing to Ayatollah Khomeini's support for the Islamic Conference’s condemnation of the invasion of Afghanistan.[36] Only 80 countries participated in the Moscow games, fewer than the 92 that had joined the 1976 games which had also been the target of boycotts and the lowest number since the 1960 Rome Games which had also featured 80 countries. A substitute event, titled the Liberty Bell Classic (often referred to as Olympic Boycott Games) was held at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia by 29 of the boycotting countries.
A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".[37] A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official. The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.[38] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.[39]
Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public, causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials' shoulders to try to keep the events fair. There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to advantage Soviet athletes, and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes.[40][41][42][43][44]
1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles[edit]
1984 Summer Olympics boycott: The Soviet Union and fourteen of its allies boycotted the 1984 Games held in Los Angeles, United States, citing lack of security for their athletes as the official reason. The decision was regarded as a response to the United States-led boycott issued against the Moscow Olympics four years earlier.[45] The Eastern Bloc organized its own multi-sport event, the Friendship Games, instead. The fact that Romania, a Warsaw Pact country, opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States. When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies, they received a standing ovation from the spectators, which comprised mostly U.S. citizens. For different reasons, Iran[46] and Libya[47] also boycotted the Games.[48]
The men's light heavyweight boxing match between Kevin Barry and Evander Holyfield ended in controversy, when referee Gligorije Novicic of Yugoslavia disqualified a clearly dominant Holyfield. Barry eventually won the silver medal, with Holyfield settling for bronze. In contrast, there were also allegations of favorable judging towards American boxers throughout the tournament.[49]
1988 Summer Olympics – Seoul, South Korea[edit]
The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally, Cuba. Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC.[50] Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations.[51] The participation of Madagascar had been expected, and their team was expected at the opening ceremony of 160 nations. However, the country withdrew because of financial reasons.[52]
Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal for the 100 metres when he tested positive for stanozolol after the event. [53]
In a highly controversial 3–2 judge's decision, South Korean boxer Park Si-Hun defeated American Roy Jones, Jr., despite Jones pummelling Park for three rounds, landing 86 punches to Park's 32. Allegedly, Park himself apologized to Jones afterward. One judge shortly thereafter admitted the decision was a mistake, and all three judges voting against Jones were eventually suspended. The official IOC investigation concluding in 1997 found that three of the judges had been wined and dined by South Korean officials. This led to calls for Jones to be awarded a gold medal, but the IOC still officially stands by the decision, despite the allegations. [54]
American diver Greg Louganis suffered a concussion after he struck his head on the springboard during the preliminary rounds. He completed the preliminaries despite his injury, earning the highest single score of the qualifying round for his next dive and repeated the dive during the finals, earning the gold medal by a margin of 25 points. However, Louganis at the time had just been diagnosed HIV-positive six months prior to the games—a diagnosis that was not publicly disclosed until 1995. Most of Louganis' corporate sponsors dropped him as a client following the disclosure in 1995, and people in and out of the international diving community began to question Louganis' decision not to disclose his HIV status during the 1988 Seoul Olympics, even though blood in a pool posed no risk. The blood was diluted by thousands of gallons of water, and "chlorine kills HIV", said John Ward, chief of HIV/AIDS surveillance at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Also, skin is a very effective barrier to HIV; only a diver with an open wound would face any risk. "If the virus just touches the skin, it is unheard of for it to cause infection: the skin has no receptors to bind HIV", explained Anthony Fauci.[55]
1992 Summer Olympics – Barcelona, Spain[edit]
Russian weightlifter Ibragim Samadov was disqualified for protest after he refused to accept the bronze medal. He was eventually banned for the rest of his life.[56]
In the final of the men's 10,000 m Moroccan racer Khalid Skah was racing Kenyan Richard Chelimo for the gold medal; with 3 laps remaining they both lapped fellow racer and Moroccan Hammou Boutayeb, even though he was lapped he stayed with the leaders, slowing down the Kenyan and inciting the crowd to jeer.[57] Initially Skah was disqualified for receiving assistance from a lapped runner, but, after an appeal by the Moroccan team to the International Amateur Athletic Federation, he was reinstated and his gold medal stood.[57][58]
1996 Summer Olympics – Atlanta[edit]
The 1996 Olympics were marred by the Centennial Olympic Park bombing.
A gold medal boxing match in which Daniel Petrov from Bulgaria won against Mansueto Velasco from the Philippines was hailed as "The Robbery in Atlanta" in the Philippines. One media outlet in the Philippines claimed that it appeared that the judges were pressing the buttons on their electronic scoring equipment for the wrong boxer.[59] However, neutral commentators stated that "[i]n Atlanta [Petrov] proved his supremacy beyond doubt and was never really troubled in any of his 4 fights" and that "Velasco’s attempt to be the Philippines’ first Olympic champion faltered from the beginning and [Petrov] was a clear winner by 19 points to 6."[60] The New York Times reported that "Daniel Petrov Bojilov ... dominated Mansueto Velasco of the Philippines, 19-6," but acknowledged that "the Filipino deserved more points."[61]
2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney, Australia[edit]
American track star Marion Jones, in December 2007, was stripped of five medals after admitting to steroid use. Jones had won three gold medals (100 metre sprint, 200 metre sprint and 4x400 relay) and two bronze medals (long jump and 4x100 relay).[62] The IOC action also officially disqualified Jones from her fifth-place finish in the Long Jump at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[62] At the time of her admission and subsequent guilty plea, Marion Jones was one of the most famous athletes to be linked to the BALCO scandal..[63] The case against BALCO covered more than 20 top level athletes, including Jones's ex-husband, shot putter C.J. Hunter, and 100 m sprinter Tim Montgomery, the father of Jones' first child.
In the Women's artistic gymnastics, Australian competitor Allana Slater complained that the vault was set too low. The vault was measured and found to be 5 centimetres lower than it should have been. A number of the gymnasts made unusual errors, including the American Elise Ray, who missed the vault completely in her warm-up, and British Annika Reeder, who fell and had to be carried off the mat after being injured. After Svetlana Khorkina's warm-up, she complained to officials that the vault was set too low, but her protests were ignored. She proceeded to take her first attempt, but crashed painfully on her knees, ruining her chances of gold.
Romanian Andreea Răducan became the first gymnast to be stripped of a medal after testing positive for pseudoephedrine, at the time a prohibited substance.[64] Răducan, 16, took Nurofen, a common over-the-counter medicine, to help treat a fever. The Romanian team doctor who gave her the medication was expelled from the Games and suspended for four years. The gold medal was finally awarded to Răducan's teammate Simona Amânar, who had obtained silver. Răducan was allowed to keep her other medals, a gold from the team competition and a silver from the vault.
Chinese gymnast Dong Fangxiao was stripped of a bronze medal in April 2010. Investigations by the sport's governing body (FIG) found that she was only 14 at the 2000 Games. (To be eligible the gymnastic athletes must turn 16 during the Olympic year). Dong also lost a sixth-place result in the individual floor exercises and seventh in the vault. FIG recommended the IOC take the medal back as her scores aided China in winning the team bronze. The US women's team, who had come fourth in the event, then moved up to third (bronze medal).[65]
2004 Summer Olympics – Athens[edit]
While leading in the men's marathon with less than 10 kilometres to go, Brazilian runner Vanderlei de Lima was attacked by Irish priest Neil Horan and dragged into the crowd. De Lima recovered to take bronze, and was later awarded the Pierre de Coubertin medal for sportsmanship.[66]
Hungarian fencing official Joszef Hidasi was suspended for two years by the FIE after committing six errors in favour of Italy during the gold-medal match in men's team foil, robbing China the gold medal with result 45–42.[67]
Canadian men's rowing pair Chris Jarvis and David Calder were disqualified in the semi-final round after they crossed into the lane belonging to the South African team of Donovan Cech and Ramon di Clemente and in doing so, according to the South Africans, interfered with their progress. The Canadians appealed unsuccessfully to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.[citation needed]
In the women's 100m hurdles, Canadian sprinter Perdita Felicien stepped on the first hurdle, tumbling to the ground and taking Russian Irina Shevchenko with her. The Russian Federation filed an unsuccessful protest, pushing the medal ceremony back a day. Track officials debated for about two hours before rejecting the Russians' arguments. The race was won by the United States' Joanna Hayes in Olympic-record time.[citation needed]
In a tournament match in men's volleyball, the US and Greece were in the final game of the match (Game 5). When the Americans were handling the ball, a whistle was blown from the audience. As a result, the Greeks stopped their defence because in volleyball the ball is "dead" as soon as a whistle blows. To the officials however, it was still a live ball. That let the Americans make the last spike to win by two to move to the next round. The Greek team protested, but the officials let the play count. No appeal has been made.[citation needed]
Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaili was disqualified after he was found to be overweight before a judo bout against Israeli Ehud Vaks. He had gone on an eating binge the night before in a protest against the IOC's recognition of the state of Israel. It was reported that Iranian Olympic team chairman Nassrollah Sajadi had suggested that the Iranian government should give him $115,000 (the amount he would have received if he had won the gold medal) as a reward for his actions. Then-President of Iran, Mohammad Khatami, who was reported to have said that Arash's refusal to fight the Israeli would be "recorded in the history of Iranian glories", stated that the nation considered him to be "the champion of the 2004 Olympic Games."[citation needed]
Pelle Svensson, a former two-time world champion (Greco-Roman 100 kg class) and member of board of FILA from 1990 to 2007, has described FILA as an inherently corrupt organization.[68] During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Svensson served as chairman of the disciplinary committee of FILA.[68] As he was watching the final in the men's Greco-Roman wrestling 84 kg class between Alexei Michine from Russia and Ara Abrahamian from Sweden, Svensson witnessed how the Russian team leader Mikhail Mamiashvili was giving signs to the referee.[68] When Svensson approached him and informed him that this was not allowed according to the rules, Mamiashvili responded by saying: "you should know that this may lead to your death".[68] Svensson later found proof that the Romanian referee was bribed (according to Svensson the referee had received over one million Swedish krona).[68]
2008 Summer Olympics – Beijing[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Players for the men's basketball teams posed for a pre-Olympic newspaper advertisement in popular Spanish daily Marca, in which they were pictured pulling back the skin on either side of their eyes, narrowing them in order to mimic the stereotypes of thin Asian eyes.[69]
Swedish wrestler Ara Abrahamian placed his bronze medal onto the floor immediately after it was placed around his neck in protest at his loss to Italian Andrea Minguzzi in the semifinals of the men's 84kg Greco-Roman wrestling event.[70] He was subsequently disqualified by the IOC. His bronze medal was stripped, but it was not handed out to Chinese wrestler Ma Sanyi, who finished fifth.
Questions have been raised about the ages of two Chinese female gymnasts, He Kexin and Jiang Yuyuan. This is due partly to their overly-youthful appearance, as well as a speech in 2007 by Chinese director of general administration for sport Liu Peng.[71]
Norway's last-second goal against South Korea in the semifinals of handball put it through to the Gold Medal game. According to a photograph that has surfaced on the Internet, however, the ball had failed to fully cross the goal line prior to time expiring. The South Koreans protested and requested that the game continue at the overtime point. The IHF has confirmed the results of the match[72]. Team handball rules suggest, but do not clearly state, that a goal in flight after the buzzer is not valid, but in any case the decision is not reviewable[73]. Other sports, such as basketball and water polo, allow a goal that has left the thrower's hand prior to time; netball, on the other hand, explicitly disallows a goal unless the ball has gone through the ring at the buzzer.
Cuban taekwondoist Ángel Matos was banned for life from any international taekwondo events after kicking a referee in the face. Matos attacked the referee after he disqualified Matos for violating the time limit on an injury timeout.[74] He then punched another official.[75]
China was criticized for their state run athlete training program that often forces young children to leave their families to endure long and tough training regimens in the state academies, where 250,000 children are enrolled.[76][77] The sports schools focus on training at the expense of general education, leaving athletes unprepared to live regular lives after sports. Yang Wenjun, a C-2 Canoeing champion at the Athens Olympics recounted officials' threats to withhold his retirement income if he quit before the Beijing Games, adding that it was "not possible to survive without those benefits".
By April 2017, the 2008 Summer Olympics has had the most (50) Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. The leading country is Russia with 14 medals stripped.
2012 Summer Olympics – London[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The North Korean women's football team delayed their game against Colombia for an hour after the players were introduced on the jumbo screen with the South Korean flag.[78]
Greek triple jumper and long jumper Paraskevi Papachristou was expelled by the Greek Olympic Committee after posting a racially insensitive comment on the social media website Twitter.[79][80]
South Korean fencer Shin A-lam lost the semifinal match in the individual épée to Germany's Britta Heidemann, after a timekeeping error allowed Heidemann to score the winning point before time expired. Shin A-lam had to remain on the piste for over an hour while her appeal was being considered,[81][82] but the appeal was ultimately rejected and Germany advanced to play for the Gold Medal. Shin A-Lam was offered a consolation medal but declined the offer.
In the men's team artistic gymnastics, Japan was promoted to the silver medal position after successfully lodging an appeal over Kōhei Uchimura's final pommel horse performance. His fall on the last piece of apparatus had initially relegated the Japanese to fourth, and elevated hosts Great Britain to silver, and Ukraine to bronze. Although the decision to upgrade the Japanese score was greeted with boos in the arena (where the reasoning for the appeal was not fully known), the teams involved accepted the correction.[83]
Swiss footballer Michel Morganella was expelled from the Olympics after a racist comment on Twitter about Koreans after Switzerland lost 2–1 to South Korea.
In the Men's Light Fly Gold Medal match between Kaeo Pongprayoon of Thailand and Zou Shiming of China, the Chinese fighter won on a controversial decision. The Thai boxer was hit with a two-point penalty for an unclear offence with 9 seconds left in the bout to give the Chinese boxer the clear advantage in the point system. The crowd showed an unappreciated outcome after the Chinese boxer beat the Thai boxer 13–10. Zou's second gold made him the first man to win three medals in the light flyweight. He took bronze at the 2004 Athens Games, Gold in the 2008 Beijing Games and Gold in 2012 London Games.
During the semi-finals of the women's football match featuring Canada and USA, a very controversial free kick given to the Americans by Norwegian referee Christina Pedersen in 78th minute with the Canadians leading 3-2 allowed the Americans to score, forcing extra time, where the Americans then won. Comments by Canadian captain Christine Sinclair questioning the delay of time call made against goalkeeper Erin McLeod, which is a call rarely made unless the goalkeeper is blatantly wasting time, led to a suspension from FIFA following the Olympics. The US ended up winning gold in the final and Canada finished with a bronze.[84]
The Indian Olympic Committee lodged a protest against the judges' decision in the match between Indian boxer Sumit Sangwan and Brazilian Yamaguchi Falcao. The judges awarded the match 15–14 in favour of the Brazilian. ESPN commentators who were surprised by the verdict called it "daylight robbery".[85] However, the protest which was specific to Round 2 of the disputed match was turned down by the jury.[86]
The badminton women's doubles tournament at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at Wembley Arena. The competition became embroiled in controversy during the group stage when eight players (both pairs from South Korea and one pair each from China and Indonesia) were ejected from the tournament by the Badminton World Federation after being found guilty of "not using best efforts" and "conducting oneself in a manner that is clearly abusive or detrimental to the sport" by playing to lose matches in order to manipulate the draw for the knockout stage. In one match, both teams made a series of basic errors, and in one match the maximum rally was just four shots.
In the Men's Bantamweight early round match, Japanese boxer Satoshi Shimizu floored Magomed Abdulhamidov of Azerbaijan six times in the third round. The referee, Ishanguly Meretnyyazov of Turkmenistan, never scored a count in each of the six knockdowns and let the fight continue on. Meretnyyazov claimed they were slips, and even fixed Abdulhamidov's headgear during the affair. Abdulhamidov had to be helped to his corner following the round. The fight was scored 22-17 in favour of Abdulhamidov. AIBA, governing body for Olympic boxing, overturned the result following an appeal by Japan.[87]
By April 2017, the Olympics has had 29 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations. The leading country is Russia with 13 medals stripped off.
2016 Summer Olympics – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Russian doping scandal and participation restrictions
See also: Doping in Russia, McLaren Report, Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and Independent Olympians at the Olympic Games
During the 1st tournament for the Women's Volleyball World Olympic qualification tournament, the match between Japan and Thailand caused controversy over the Thailand team being given two red cards during the final set.[88][89] Japan finished the tournament third and qualified for the Olympics, while Thailand finished fifth and did not qualify. The FIVB declined to review the match.[90]
Islam El Shehaby, an Egyptian, refused to shake hands and bow to his opponent after being defeated by the Israeli Or Sasson.[91]
Hope Solo of the US Soccer Team generated controversy after making comments that the Swedish Soccer Team, who had defeated the US in the quarterfinals, were 'cowards' because they had chosen a defensive posture during the match.
Four U.S. swimmers, Ryan Lochte, Jimmy Feigen, Gunnar Bentz, and Jack Conger, allegedly vandalized a gas station bathroom, and were forced to pay for the damage by two security men who brandished a gun at the swimmers before a translator arrived. The swimmers later claimed to have been pulled over and robbed by a gunman or gunmen wearing police uniforms. The Federal Police of Brazil detained Feigen, Bentz, and Conger (Lochte having already left the country) after it was determined that the swimmers had made false reports to the police of being robbed.[92] All of the swimmers involved would receive various punishments and suspensions relating to their conduct during the incident.
During the Weightlifting tournament, Iran’s Behdad Salimi broke the world record in the snatch weightlifting of the Men's over 105-kilogram class, but was later disqualified in the clean and jerk stage following a controversial decision by the jury.[93] The Iranian National Olympic Committee filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF), and the IWF's website was hacked by protestors.[94][95][96][97] The CAS dismissed the appeal due to a lack of evidence that the disqualification was made or applied in bad faith.[98][99]
Nine Australian athletes had their passports seized by Brazilian police and were fined R$10,000 (US $3,000) after it was revealed they had falsified their credentials in order to watch a basketball game between Serbia and Australia. While Olympians have free access to all events, where they are seated in a section reserved for them, the nine athletes falsified their credentials in order to gain free access to seats reserved for paying customers. The athletes in question are Ashlee Ankudinoff (cycling), Melissa Hoskins (cycling), Ed Jenkins (rugby), Alec Potts (archery), Ryan Tyack (archery), Olympia Aldersey (rowing), Fiona Albert (rowing), Lucy Stephan (rowing) and Simon Orchard (field hockey). Another cyclist, Matthew Glaetzer, was not accused of a crime but was held as a witness.[100]
During the second bronze medal match between Uzbekistan's Ikhtiyor Navruzov and Mongolia's Ganzorigiin Mandakhnaran in the 65 kg freestyle wrestling, Mandakhnaran held a lead of 7-6 near the end of the match and began celebrating before the it had concluded. In response, Ikhtiyor was awarded a penalty point for Mandakhnaran "failing to engage" during the end of the match, which resulted in Ikhtiyor winning the bronze due. The Mongolian coaches protested the point, which could not be challenged, by stripping in front of the judges on the mat, resulting in a shoe being sent into the judges' table. Ikhtiyor was awarded a second penalty point as the coaches were escorted away from the mat, leading to the final score being 7-8.[101][102][103]
Controversy surrounded the new judging system in boxing; the new system had five judges who judge each bout, and a computer would randomly select three whose scores were counted. Traditionally, judges would use a computer scoring system to count each punch landed, but in 2016, the winner of each round was awarded 10 points and the loser a lower number, based on criteria which included the quality of punches landed, effective aggression, and tactical superiority.[104] Two results in particular attracted controversy: the defeat of Vasily Levit by Evgeny Tishchenko in the men's heavyweight gold-medal fight, drawing jeers from the audience,[105] and the defeat of Michael Conlan by Vladimir Nikitin in the men's bantamweight quarter-final, after which Conlan accused AIBA and the Russian team of cheating, even tweeting to Russian President Vladimir Putin "Hey Vlad, How much did they charge you bro??"[104][106] The AIBA removed an unspecified number of judges and referees following the controversy, stating that they "determined that less than a handful of the decisions were not at the level expected" and that "the concerned referees and judges will no longer officiate at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games"; however, the original decision would still remain.[107][108]
On 8 December 2016, Russian boxer Misha Aloyan was stripped of the silver medal in 52 kg boxing at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.[109]
Winter Olympics[edit]
1968 Winter Olympics - Grenoble, France[edit]
French skier Jean-Claude Killy achieved a clean sweep of the then-three alpine skiing medals at Grenoble, but only after what the IOC bills as the "greatest controversy in the history of the Winter Olympics."[110] The slalom run was held in poor visibility and Austrian skier Karl Schranz claimed a course patrolman crossed his path during the slalom race, causing him to stop. Schranz was given a restart and posted the fastest time. A Jury of Appeal then reviewed the television footage, declared that Schranz had missed a gate on the upper part of the first run, annulled his repeat run time, and gave the medal to Killy.[111]
Three East German competitors in the women's luge event were disqualified for illegally heating their runners prior to each run.
1972 Winter Olympics - Sapporo, Japan[edit]
Austrian skier Karl Schranz, a vocal critic of then-IOC president Avery Brundage and reportedly earning $50,000 a year at the time,[112] was singled out for his status as a covertly professional athlete, notably for his relationship with the ski manufacturer Kneissl, and ejected from the games. Schranz's case was particularly high-profile because of the disqualification controversy centring on Schranz and French skier Jean-Claude Killy at the 1968 games and Schranz's subsequent dominance of alpine skiing in the Skiing World Cups of 1969 and 1970. However, the ostensible reason was that Schranz was photographed at a soccer game wearing a T-shirt with a coffee advertisement. The incident led directly to changes in athlete sponsorship rules: Schranz reportedly said of these "It's an emphasis on the wrong principle. I think the Olympics should be a contest of all sportsmen, with no regard for color, race or wealth."[112] Brundage's twenty-year reign as President of the IOC ended six months later and subsequent presidents have been limited to terms of eight years, renewable once for four years. There were no boycotts during the games, but there were few protesters.
The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[24] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism.[25]
1976 Winter Olympics - Innsbruck, Austria[edit]
The chosen location for the 1976 Winter Olympics was originally Denver, Colorado. However, upon enormous concerns expressed by the city's voters, the games were relocated to Innsbruck, Austria.[citation needed]
1980 Winter Olympics - Lake Placid, New York, United States[edit]
The 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York stirred controversy because of plans to convert the Olympic dormitory facilities into a state prison (FCI, Ray Brook) afterwards. Legal history was made when the National Moratorium on Prison Construction won a court ruling allowing its use of the Olympic symbol on a poster.
Taiwan (The Republic of China) refused to compete under the name of Chinese Taipei. It is the only case of boycotting the Winter Olympic Games.
1994 Winter Olympics - Lillehammer, Norway[edit]
Jeff Gillooly, the ex-husband of U.S. figure skater Tonya Harding, arranged for an attack on her closest U.S. rival, Nancy Kerrigan, a month before the start of the Games. Both women competed, with Kerrigan winning the silver and Harding performing poorly. Harding was later banned for life both from competing in USFSA-sanctioned events and from becoming a sanctioned coach.
1998 Winter Olympics - Nagano, Japan[edit]
At the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, a judge in the ice dancing event tape-recorded another judge trying to pre-ordain the results. Dick Pound, a prominent IOC official, said soon afterward that ice dancing should be stripped of its status as an Olympic event unless it could clean up the perception that its judging is corrupt.[113]
Also making the news was Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati's disqualification for marijuana being found in his system and having his gold medal stripped. The IOC reinstated the medal days later.
2002 Winter Olympics - Salt Lake City, Utah, United States[edit]
A number of IOC members were forced to resign after it was uncovered that they had accepted inappropriately valuable "gifts" in return for voting for Salt Lake City to hold the Games.
Further information: 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal
Dual gold medals were awarded in pairs figure skating, to Canadian pair Jamie Salé and David Pelletier and to Russian pair Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, after allegations of collusion among judges.
Further information: 2002 Olympic Winter Games figure skating scandal
Three cross-country skiers, Spaniard Johann Mühlegg and Russians Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova, were disqualified after blood tests indicated the use of darbepoetin. Following a December 2003 ruling by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), the IOC in February 2004 withdrew all the doped athletes' medals from the Games, amending the result lists accordingly.
South Korean speedskater Kim Dong-sung was disqualified for cross-tracking (cutting off another skater) through the final turn of the men's 1500 metre short-track speedskating final. This disqualification handed the gold to American Apolo Anton Ohno.
2006 Winter Olympics - Turin, Italy[edit]
Members of the Austrian biathlon team had their Olympic Village residences raided by Italian authorities, who were investigating doping charges.
Russian biathlete Olga Medvedtseva was stripped of her silver medal won in the individual race, due to positive drug test. A two-year ban from any competition was imposed.
2010 Winter Olympics - Vancouver, Canada[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2010 Winter Olympics
2014 Winter Olympics - Sochi, Russia[edit]
Main articles: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics and Doping in Russia
In August 2008, the government of Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics, set to be held in Sochi, Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the 2008 South Ossetia war.[114] Sochi is within twenty miles from Abkhazia, a disputed territory claimed by Georgia. The IOC responded to concerns about the status of the 2014 games by stating that it was "premature to make judgments about how events happening today might sit with an event taking place six years from now."[115]
In mid-2013, a number of organizations, including Human Rights Watch,[116] began calling for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics due to oppressive and homophobic legislation that bans 'gay propaganda',[117] including the open acknowledgement of gay identities, the display of rainbow flags and public displays of affection between same-sex couples.[118] Since June 2013 there have been ongoing Olympic protests of Russian anti-gay laws.
Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history; with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials,[119] and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms.[120] While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, various factors caused the budget to expand to US$51 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, making Sochi the most expensive Olympics in history.
Lebanese skier Jackie Chamoun, who had a photo shoot taken of her wearing nothing but ski boots and a thong, had the Lebanese government claim that she damaged the reputation of her country.[121]
Doping in Russia - Richard McLaren published a 97-page report in July 2016 followed with part 2 in December 2016 proving that from "at least late 2011 to 2015" more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from a doping cover-up.[122] As of 25 December 2015, 43 Russian athletes who competed in Sochi are disqualified, 13 medals are stripped.
Russian figure-skater Adelina Sotnikova won a gold medal in Woman's Free Skate. However, numerous commentators stated that they believed that Yuna Kim, a South Korean Figure Skater, had had a stronger performance, and that Russian and Ukrainian judges were biased towards the Russian.[123]
2018 Winter Olympics - PyeongChang, South Korea[edit]
Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Russia was banned by the International Olympic Committee from attending the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang due to the state-sponsored doping scandal.[124]
Kei Saito, a Japanese Short Track Speed Skater has been suspended from Winter Olympics caught from illegal doping. [125]
See also[edit]
List of stripped Olympic medals
Campaign for a Scottish Olympic Team
Doping at the Olympic Games
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Jump up ^ "Wrestling - Men's Freestyle 65 kg - Match Number 398 - Mat B" (PDF). Rio 2016. 21 August 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mongolian wrestling coaches go nuts, strip down after unfavorable decision". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Olympic coaches strip in front of everyone". News.com.au. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rio Olympics 2016: Boxing judges are 'crazy' over new scoring system". BBC.
Jump up ^ "Olympic heavyweight final booed at Rio 2016". Boxing News. 16 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Conlan calls out Vladimir Putin in first tweet since controversial loss". SportsJOE.ie.
Jump up ^ "Number of Olympic boxing judges dropped from duty". ITV. 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Olympic Boxing: Judges sent home amid criticism". SkySports. 17 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "CAS AD 16/10 and 16/11. The Anti-doping Division of the Court of Arbitration for Sport Issues Decisions in the Cases of Gabriel Sincrain (ROM/Weightlifting-85kg) and Misha Aloian (RUS/Boxing-52kg)" (PDF). Court of Arbitration for Sport. December 8, 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ www.Olympic.org IOC, 1968 Grenoble Games.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Dan (26 February 1968). "JEAN-CLAUDE WINS THE BATTLE AND THE WAR". Sports Illustrated (Feb. 26, 1968). Retrieved 13 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ice Dancers Struggle To Prove Legitimacy". The New York Times. 15 February 2002. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Weir, Fred (11 July 2008). "Putin Faces Green Olympic Challenge". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Hefling, Kimberly (15 August 2008). "Lawmakers want Olympics out of Russia". USA Today. Associated Press.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Elder, Miriam. (June 11, 2013). Russia passes law banning gay 'propaganda'. Law will make it illegal to equate straight and gay relationships and to distribute gay rights material. The Guardian, UK.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Mark. (July 4, 2013). Sochi 2014 Olympics Unsafe For LGBT Community Under Russia's Anti-Gay Law, Activists Warn. International Business Times.
Jump up ^ Bennetts, Marc (19 January 2014). "Winter Olympics 2014: Sochi Games "nothing but a monstrous scam," says Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Sochi Olympics: Castles in the sand". The Economist. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lebanese Olympic Skier Jackie Chamoun Topless Photos Cause Scandal". TIME.com. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (9 December 2016). "Russia's Doping Program Laid Bare by Extensive Evidence in Report". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Abad-Santos, Alexander. "Why People Think Adelina Sotnikova's Figure Skating Gold Medal Was Rigged". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-02-14.
Jump up ^ Ruiz, Rebecca R. (5 December 2017). "Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C." The New York Times.
Jump up ^ CNN, Zayn Nabbi and Jo Shelley,. "Japanese speed skater Kei Saito suspended from Winter Olympics for doping". CNN. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
External links[edit]
Moran, Michael; Bajoria, Jayshree; et al. "Politics and the Olympics". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
[show]
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Death of Nodar Kumaritashvili (2010)
One minute of silence campaign (2012)
LGBT rights protests (2014)
Sochi Ladies' singles judging controversy (2014)
Russian doping scandal (2015–present)
Ireland Summer Olympics ticket scandal (2016)
Death of Bahman Golbarnezhad (2016)
Lochtegate (2016)
Rule 40 (2016)
List of stripped Olympic medals
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