text:
The Wonder of You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the song. For the albums, see The Wonder of You (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"The Wonder of You" is a song written by Baker Knight. It was originally recorded by Vince Edwards ('Dr Ben Casey') in 1958, but this recording has never been released. In 1959, Ray Peterson released it as a single. The song became a Top 40 hit for him on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #25, and also reached #23 in the UK. That same year it was recorded by Ronnie Hilton. His version was also a hit reaching #22 on the UK Singles Chart. The Ray Peterson record briefly re-entered the Hot 100 in 1964. In the early 1960s, the Platters also recorded this song, which appeared on a 1970s compilation The Platters – 30 Golden Hits. In 1969, The Sandpipers recorded an album of the same name including the song. An album of instrumentals of the same name by Nelson Riddle was also released in 2000.
Contents
[hide]
1 Elvis Presley version
2 Popularity in association football
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Elvis Presley version[edit]
"The Wonder of You"
Single by Elvis Presley
from the album On Stage
B-side
"Mama Liked the Roses"
Released
April 20, 1970 (1970-04-20)
Recorded
February 1970, International Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada
Label
RCA
Songwriter(s)
Baker Knight
Music video
"The Wonder of You" (audio) on YouTube
Elvis Presley recorded a live version of "The Wonder of You" in Las Vegas, Nevada in February 1970. The song was released as a single on April 20, 1970, backed by the song "Mama Liked the Roses". In the United States, both songs charted at #9 together in the spring of 1970. "The Wonder of You" was one of his most successful records in the UK ever, topping the UK Singles Chart for six weeks in the summer of that year. It is his fifth biggest seller in the UK to date, with sales of 891,000.[1] It also stayed at number one in the Irish Charts for three weeks that same year. This was the 59th Top 40 hit of his career. Presley's version also reached number 37 on the US Country Singles chart, and number one on the easy listening chart.[2]
"The Wonder of You" was one of about thirty-five songs Elvis would regularly perform at concerts.
According to Peterson, "He [Elvis] asked me if I would mind if he recorded 'The Wonder of You.' I said, 'You don't have to ask permission; you're Elvis Presley.' He said, 'Yes, I do. You're Ray Peterson.'"[3]
In 2016, an orchestral version of the song was released together with other orchestral versions of Elvis songs in the album The Wonder of You.
Popularity in association football[edit]
The song has been adopted by English soccer club Port Vale, which runs out to the song at the start of its home matches, while the club's fans sing the song throughout their matches, periodically with altered lyrics.[4] Arsenal Football Club also adopted the song as their opening anthem upon their move to the Emirates Stadium. [5] Scottish club Ross County have also adopted the song as an anthem at the end of home matches.
See also[edit]
List of number-one singles of 1970 (Ireland)
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1970s
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1970 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (August 17, 2017). "Elvis Presley's Top 50 biggest selling songs revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 196.
Jump up ^ "David Neale - Elvis Presley The Originals".
Jump up ^ "The Wonder Of You Chant". fanchants.com. 30 Jul 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Arsenal issue response". Football London.com.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Daughter of Darkness" by Tom Jones Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single (Elvis Presley version)
June 20, 1970 Succeeded by
"A Song of Joy" by Miguel Ríos
Preceded by
"In the Summertime" by Mungo Jerry UK number one single (Elvis Presley version)
August 1, 1970 for six weeks Succeeded by
"The Tears of a Clown" by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles
[show]
v
t
e
Ray Peterson
Singles
"The Wonder of You"
"Goodnight My Love (Pleasant Dreams)"
"Tell Laura I Love Her"
"Answer Me"
"Corrine, Corrina"
[show]
v
t
e
Elvis Presley
Albums discography
Singles discography
Filmography
Studio albums
Elvis Presley
Elvis
Peace in the Valley (EP)
Elvis' Christmas Album
For LP Fans Only
A Date with Elvis
Elvis Is Back!
His Hand in Mine
Something for Everybody
Pot Luck
Elvis for Everyone!
How Great Thou Art
From Elvis in Memphis
From Memphis to Vegas / From Vegas to Memphis
Elvis Country (I'm 10,000 Years Old)
Love Letters from Elvis
Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas
Elvis Now
He Touched Me
Elvis
Raised on Rock / For Ol' Times Sake
Good Times
Promised Land
Today
From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee
Moody Blue
Live albums
On Stage
As Recorded at Madison Square Garden
Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite
Elvis Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis
Having Fun with Elvis on Stage
Elvis in Concert
An Afternoon in the Garden
Soundtrack albums
and EPs
Love Me Tender (EP)
Loving You
Jailhouse Rock (EP)
King Creole
G.I. Blues
Flaming Star (EP)
Blue Hawaii
Follow That Dream (EP)
Kid Galahad (EP)
Girls! Girls! Girls!
It Happened at the World's Fair
Fun in Acapulco
Kissin' Cousins
Viva Las Vegas (EP)
Roustabout
Girl Happy
Tickle Me (EP)
Harum Scarum
Frankie and Johnny
Paradise Hawaiian Style
Spinout
Easy Come, Easy Go (EP)
Double Trouble
Clambake
Speedway
Elvis
That's the Way It Is
Viva Elvis
Compilation albums
Elvis' Golden Records
50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong
Elvis' Golden Records Volume 3
Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4
Elvis Sings Flaming Star
Let's Be Friends
Almost in Love
C'mon Everybody
I Got Lucky
Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1
Elvis' 40 Greatest
Pure Gold
Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 2
The Sun Sessions
Welcome to My World
Mahalo from Elvis
Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 3
Greatest Hits Volume 1
Elvis' Gold Records Volume 5
Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances
Command Performances: The Essential 60s Masters II
Elvis 56
Tiger Man
Memories: The '68 Comeback Special
Sunrise
Suspicious Minds: The Memphis 1969 Anthology
ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits
2nd to None
Elvis at Sun
Hitstory
Elvis Inspirational
Elvis Rock
Elvis Christmas
The Essential Elvis Presley
Christmas Duets
If I Can Dream
Way Down in the Jungle Room
The Wonder of You
The 50 Greatest Hits
Box sets
Worldwide 50 Gold Award Hits Vol. 1
The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters
From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential '60s Masters
Walk a Mile in My Shoes: The Essential '70s Masters
Peace in the Valley: The Complete Gospel Recordings
Live in Las Vegas
Today, Tomorrow, and Forever
Elvis the King
The Complete '68 Comeback Special
The Complete Elvis Presley Masters
Bootlegs
Elvis' Greatest Shit
Feature films
Love Me Tender
Loving You
Jailhouse Rock
King Creole
G.I. Blues
Flaming Star
Wild in the Country
Blue Hawaii
Follow That Dream
Kid Galahad
Girls! Girls! Girls!
It Happened at the World's Fair
Fun in Acapulco
Kissin' Cousins
Viva Las Vegas
Roustabout
Girl Happy
Tickle Me
Harum Scarum
Frankie and Johnny
Paradise, Hawaiian Style
Spinout
Easy Come, Easy Go
Double Trouble
Clambake
Stay Away, Joe
Speedway
Live a Little, Love a Little
Charro!
The Trouble with Girls
Change of Habit
Biographical films
Elvis (1979 film)
Elvis (1990 series)
Elvis Meets Nixon
Elvis (2005 miniseries)
Elvis & Nixon
Documentaries
The Pied Piper of Cleveland
Elvis: That's the Way It Is
Elvis on Tour
This Is Elvis
The New Gladiators
TV specials
The Frank Sinatra Timex Show: Welcome Home Elvis
Singer Presents...ELVIS
Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite
Elvis in Concert
Stage shows
based on Elvis
Cooking with Elvis
All Shook Up
Elvis. The Musical
Elvis: The Concert
Viva Elvis
The Elvis Dead
Top 10 singles
"Heartbreak Hotel"
"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You"
"Don't Be Cruel"
"Hound Dog"
"Love Me Tender"
"Love Me"
"Too Much"
"All Shook Up"
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
"Jailhouse Rock"
"Don't"
"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck"
"Hard Headed Woman"
"One Night"
"I Got Stung"
"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I"
"I Need Your Love Tonight"
"A Big Hunk o' Love"
"Stuck on You"
"It's Now or Never"
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
"Surrender"
"I Feel So Bad"
"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame"
"Little Sister"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Good Luck Charm"
"She's Not You"
"Return to Sender"
"(You're The) Devil in Disguise"
"Bossa Nova Baby"
"Crying in the Chapel"
"In the Ghetto"
"Suspicious Minds"
"Don't Cry Daddy"
"The Wonder of You"
"Burning Love"
Related people
Sam Phillips
The Blue Moon Boys
The Jordanaires
The Imperials
The Sweet Inspirations
TCB Band
J. D. Sumner
Stephen H. Sholes
June Juanico
Memphis Mafia
Colonel Tom Parker
George C. Nichopoulos
Lisa Marie Presley
Priscilla Presley
Judy Spreckels
Linda Thompson
Ginger Alden
Larry Geller
Related
Graceland
Audubon Street House
Cultural depictions
Cultural impact
Personal relationships
Impersonators
Elvis and Gladys
Elvis and Me
Elvis: What Happened?
Elvis-A-Rama Museum
Hit singles
Sun recordings
Million Dollar Quartet
List of Elvis Presley songs
Songs about Elvis
Elvis Presley Enterprises
Elvis Presley Lake
"Elvis has left the building"
Elvis Radio
FBI files on Elvis Presley
Army career
Eight Elvises
Triple Elvis
Elvis Presley's Pink Cadillac
Elvis Presley's guitars
Elvis Presley Forever stamp
Elvis sightings
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Elvis Presley singles discography
1954
"That's All Right" / "Blue Moon of Kentucky"
"Good Rockin' Tonight" / "I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine"
"You're a Heartbreaker"
1955
"Baby Let's Play House"
"I Forgot to Remember to Forget" / "Mystery Train"
1956
"Heartbreak Hotel" / "I Was the One"
"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" / "My Baby Left Me"
"Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog"
"Blue Suede Shoes" / "Tutti Frutti"
"Money Honey"
"I Got a Woman"
"Tryin' to Get to You"
"Blue Moon"
"I'll Never Let You Go (Lil' Darlin')" / "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You)"
"Shake, Rattle and Roll" / "Lawdy Miss Clawdy"
"Love Me Tender"
1957
"Too Much" / "Playing for Keeps"
"All Shook Up"
"Peace in the Valley
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear"
"Paralyzed" (UK)
"Jailhouse Rock"
"Party" / "Got a Lot o' Livin' to Do!" (UK)
1958
"Don't" / "I Beg of You"
"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck"
"Hard Headed Woman" / "Don't Ask Me Why"
"King Creole" (UK)
"One Night" / "I Got Stung"
1959
"I Need Your Love Tonight" / "A Fool Such as I"
"A Big Hunk o' Love"
1960
"Stuck on You" / "Fame and Fortune"
"It's Now or Never"
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
1961
"Surrender" / "Lonely Man"
"I Feel So Bad" / "Wild in the Country"
"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" / "Little Sister"
"Can't Help Falling in Love" / "Rock-A-Hula Baby"
1962
"Good Luck Charm" / "Anything That's Part of You"
"She's Not You"
"Return to Sender" / "Where Do You Come From"
1963
"One Broken Heart for Sale"
"(You're the) Devil in Disguise"
"Bossa Nova Baby" / "Witchcraft"
1964
"Kissin' Cousins" / "It Hurts Me"
"What'd I Say" / "Viva Las Vegas"
"Such a Night" / "Never Ending"
"Ask Me" / "Ain't That Loving You Baby"
"Blue Christmas"
1965
"Do the Clam" / "You'll Be Gone"
"Crying in the Chapel
"(Such an) Easy Question"
"I'm Yours"
"Puppet on a String" / "Wooden Heart"
1966
"Tell Me Why" / "Blue River"
"Frankie and Johnny" / "Please Don't Stop Loving Me"
"Love Letters"
"Spinout" / "All That I Am"
"If Every Day Was Like Christmas"
1967
"Indescribably Blue"
"Long Legged Girl (With the Short Dress On)" / "That's Someone You Never Forget"
"There's Always Me" / "Judy"
"Big Boss Man" / "You Don't Know Me"
1968
"Guitar Man"
"U.S. Male" / "Stay Away"
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
"Your Time Hasn't Come Yet, Baby" / "Let Yourself Go"
"Almost in Love" / "A Little Less Conversation"
"If I Can Dream" / "Edge of Reality"
1969
"Memories" / "Charro"
"How Great Thou Art"
"In the Ghetto" / "Any Day Now"
"Clean Up Your Own Backyard"
"Suspicious Minds" / "You'll Think of Me"
"Don't Cry Daddy"
1970
"Kentucky Rain"
"The Wonder of You"
"I've Lost You"
"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" / "Patch It Up"
"I Really Don't Want to Know" / "There Goes My Everything"
1971
"Rags to Riches"
"Life" / "Only Believe"
"I'm Leavin'"
"It's Only Love"
"Merry Christmas Baby" / "O Come All Ye Faithful"
1972
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"He Touched Me"
"An American Trilogy" / "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"Burning Love" / "It's a Matter of Time"
"Separate Ways" / "Always on My Mind"
1973
"Steamroller Blues" / "Fool"
"Raised on Rock" / "For Ol' Times Sake"
1974
"I've Got a Thing About You Baby"
"If You Talk in Your Sleep" / "Help Me"
"Promised Land" / "It's Midnight"
1975
"My Boy" / "Thinking About You"
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E"
"Bringing It Back" / "Pieces of My Life"
1976
"Hurt" / "For the Heart"
"Moody Blue"
1977
"Way Down"
"My Way" / "America the Beautiful"
1978
"Unchained Melody" / "Softly as I Leave You"
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wonder_of_You&oldid=835277332"
Categories:
1959 singles
1970 singles
Elvis Presley songs
Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Port Vale F.C.
Football songs and chants
Songs written by Baker Knight
1959 songs
Rock ballads
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from November 2008
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 April 2018, at 17:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: td

tag: b

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: span

tag: small

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: The Wonder of You (The Sandpipers album)

value:
/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada
mw-redirect
Las Vegas, Nevada

value:
/wiki/Irish_Charts
mw-redirect
Irish Charts

value: Edit section: Popularity in association football

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_(UK)
mw-redirect
List of number-one singles (UK)

value:
Ray_Peterson
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

value: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
Elvis_Presley
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

value: How Great Thou Art (Elvis Presley album)

value: Elvis in Person at the International Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada

value: Elvis by Request: Flaming Star and 3 Other Great Songs

value: That's the Way It Is (Elvis Presley album)

value: Welcome to My World (Elvis Presley album)

value: Today, Tomorrow, and Forever (Elvis Presley album)

value:
/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(1957_film)
mw-redirect
Jailhouse Rock (1957 film)

value: List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label

value: List of songs about or referencing Elvis Presley

value: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value:
Elvis_Presley_singles_discography
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

value: Money Honey (Clyde McPhatter and the Drifters song)

value: I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You)

value: Wild in the Country (Elvis Presley song)

value:
/wiki/One_Broken_Heart_for_Sale
mw-redirect
One Broken Heart for Sale

value: Please Don't Stop Loving Me (Elvis Presley song)

value: Long Legged Girl (With the Short Dress On)

value:
/wiki/Your_Time_Hasn%27t_Come_Yet,_Baby
mw-redirect
Your Time Hasn't Come Yet, Baby

value:
/wiki/Patch_It_Up
mw-redirect
Patch It Up

value:
/wiki/Adeste_Fideles
mw-redirect
Adeste Fideles

value: Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles

value: Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles

value: Category:Irish Singles Chart number-one singles

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2008

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/The_Wonder_of_You
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Wonder_of_You rootpage-The_Wonder_of_You skin-vector action-view


text:
2022 Commonwealth Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
XXII Commonwealth Games
Logo of Birmingham's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid
Host city
Birmingham, England
Motto
Heart of the UK, Soul of the Commonwealth
Nations participating
73 Commonwealth nations (expected)
Athletes participating
~5000
Events
TBA in 18 sports
Opening ceremony
27 July
Closing ceremony
7 August
Queen's Baton Final Runner
TBD
Main venue
Alexander Stadium
< XXI
XXIII >
Part of a series on
2022 Commonwealth Games[show]
Bids
Venues (Athlete’s Village)
Queen's Baton Relay
Opening ceremony (Parade of Nations)
Participating nations
Medal table
Event calendar
Closing ceremony
CGF
CGE
v
t
e
The 2022 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XXII Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Birmingham 2022, is an international multi-sport event for members of the Commonwealth that is scheduled to be held in Birmingham, England.[1] This is due to be the third time England has hosted the Games.
The Games are expected to take place between 27 July and 7 August 2022. The city was announced as the host at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham on 21 December 2017.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
1.1 First selection
1.1.1 Withdrawal of Durban as host
1.2 Second selection
1.2.1 Birmingham awarded as replacement host
2 Venues
2.1 Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area
2.2 Venues outside West Midlands
3 Sports
4 References
5 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: Bids for the 2022 Commonwealth Games
First selection[edit]
Two cities initially launched bids for the games; Durban, South Africa and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Edmonton withdrew its bid in February 2015, leaving Durban as the only bid to go forward to CGF General Assembly in September 2015.[3] The coastal South African city of Durban initially secured the right to host the games, as they were the sole bidder for the event. The city previously considered bidding for the 2020 or 2024 Summer Olympics.
Withdrawal of Durban as host[edit]
It was reported in February 2017 that Durban may be unable to host the games due to financial constraints.[4] This was confirmed one month later on 13 March 2017 when the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) stripped Durban of their rights to host the games.[5]
It would have marked the first time the games were held in Africa and the second time a Commonwealth republic would have hosted, following Delhi, India in 2010. The games were set to open on the 18 July 2022, coinciding with the birthday of the late South African President, Nelson Mandela.[6]
Second selection[edit]
A new bidding process was launched, where Liverpool and Birmingham expressed their interests in hosting the games.[7] On 14 March 2017, Manchester, who previously hosted the 2002 Commonwealth Games, expressed their interest in hosting the games.[8] In September 2017, Birmingham beat Liverpool for the recommended bid for England.[9] With Birmingham being the sole bidder for the event they won the right to stage the Games.[10][11]
However, it was announced that the bid was not fully compliant, and the bidding process was extended until 30 November 2017.[12] The CGF had 170 questions regarding Birmingham's bid.[13]
Birmingham awarded as replacement host[edit]
On 21 December 2017, Birmingham was awarded for the 2022 Games as Durban's replacement host.[1] Louise Martin, president of the Commonwealth Games Federation, made the official announcement at a press conference at the Arena Academy in Birmingham.[2]
2022 Commonwealth Games bidding results
City
Nation
Votes
Birmingham England Unanimous
Venues[edit]
Birmingham has a wealth of existing sports venues, arenas and conference halls that are ideal for hosting sport during the Games. 95% of the competition venues are already in place for the 2022 games.[14] Alexander Stadium which will host the ceremonies and athletics will be renovated and the capacity will be increased to 50,000 seats. A 400 metre warm up track will also be developed.
This would leave the stadium well placed to become the home of UK Athletics, hosting all the major national and international competitions after the Games.[15]
Genting Arena
Symphony Hall
Villa Park Stadium
Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area[edit]
Venue
Sport
Capacity
Status
Alexander Stadium Ceremonies
Athletics
50,000 Upgrade
National Exhibition Centre Boxing
Judo
Table Tennis
Freestyle Wrestling
5,000 Existing
Genting Arena Badminton 15,000 Existing
Arena Birmingham Artistic and Rhythmic Gymnastics 15,000 Existing
Symphony Hall Weightlifting 2,200 Existing
University of Birmingham Squash
Hockey
5,000 Existing
Sandwell Aquatics Centre Swimming
Diving
5,000 New
Villa Park Stadium Rugby 7s 42,000 Existing
Victoria Square[16] Basketball 3x3 3,000 Existing
Ericsson Indoor Arena, Coventry Netball 7,000 Existing
Victoria Park, Leamington Spa[17] Bowls 2,000 Existing
Venues outside West Midlands[edit]
Venue
Sport
Capacity
Status
Lee Valley VeloPark, London Cycling (track) 6,000 Existing
Sports[edit]
On 22 December 2017, the BBC Reported that the organisers of the games are currently in talks with the International Cricket Council (ICC) about the inclusion of women's cricket. It was also reported that shooting is likely to be excluded from the games citing a lack of facilities around Birmingham, if this is true it will be the first time since 1970 where shooting has not been included in the games.[18] The dropping of shooting from the games programme was confirmed by the Commonwealth Games Federation CEO, David Grevemberg in January 2018.[19][20][21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Commonwealth Games: Birmingham announced as host of 2022 event". BBC Sport. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Sport, Telegraph (2017-12-21). "Birmingham named 2022 Commonwealth Games host city". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Edmonton withdraws bid for 2022 Commonwealth Games | euronews, world news". Euronews.com. Retrieved 2015-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games 2022: Durban 'may drop out as host'". BBC News. 2017-02-28. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Durban stripped of 2022 Commonwealth Games". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Durban is #ReadyToInspire, are you?". Durban-2022. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ Rumsby, Ben (13 March 2017). "Liverpool and Birmingham battle to host Commonwealth Games 2022". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Jennifer (14 March 2017). "Manchester in discussions to host the 2022 Commonwealth Games". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham beats Liverpool for hosting the 2022 commonwealth games". www.independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham beats Liverpool to become UK candidate for potential 2022 Commonwealth bid". 7 September 2017 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games England to reveal 2022 candidate city in September". Inside the Game. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games 2022: Birmingham bid 'not fully compliant'". 6 October 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth Games Federation had '170 queries' over Birmingham's 2022 bid". 31 October 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022 Heart of the UK, Soul of the Commonwealth". www.birmingham2022.com. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Elkes, Neil (2017-06-30). "See how Alexander Stadium could be transformed for Commonwealth Games". birminghammail. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Cosgrove, David. "How Birmingham's Victoria Square would look hosting basketball in 2022 Commonwealth Games". www.expressandstar.com. Retrieved 2017-08-14.
Jump up ^ Elkes, Neil (2017-08-17). "Lawn bowls venue unveiled for city's 2022 Commonwealth Games bid". birminghammail. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022: Four unanswered questions for the Commonwealth Games". BBC Sport. 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Optional Sports at 2022 Commonwealth Games". Around the Rings. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham 2022: Shooting dropped from Commonwealth Games". BBC. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
Jump up ^ "No shooting at 2022 Commonwealth Games, top official suggests T20 mixed cricket". Indian Express. 2018-01-19. Retrieved 2018-01-20.
External links[edit]
Birmingham 2022
Preceded by
Gold Coast 2018 Birmingham
Host City
XXII Commonwealth Games Succeeded by
TBA 2026
[hide]
v
t
e
Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games Federation
Participating Nations
Commonwealth Day
Inter-Empire Championships
Queen's Baton Relay
Medal Table
Sports
Records
Games
1930 Hamilton
1934 London
1938 Sydney
1950 Auckland
1954 Vancouver
1958 Cardiff
1962 Perth
1966 Kingston
1970 Edinburgh
1974 Christchurch
1978 Edmonton
1982 Brisbane
1986 Edinburgh
1990 Auckland
1994 Victoria
1998 Kuala Lumpur
2002 Manchester
2006 Melbourne
2010 Delhi
2014 Glasgow
2018 Gold Coast
2022 Birmingham
2026 TBA
2030 TBA
Commonwealth Youth Games
Commonwealth Winter Games
Commonwealth Paraplegic Games
Commonwealth Games portal
2020s portal
England portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=838243555"
Categories:
Commonwealth Games
Scheduled multi-sport events
2022 in multi-sport events
2022 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games in the United Kingdom
Sport in Birmingham, West Midlands
July 2022 sports events
2022 in English sport
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from April 2014
Use dmy dates from April 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Cymraeg
Deutsch
Français
हिन्दी
日本語
Português
தமிழ்
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 April 2018, at 20:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: caption

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: colspan style

tag: tr

tag: th

attr: href title

tag: i

value:
/wiki/Games_opening_ceremony
mw-redirect
Games opening ceremony

value: Seal of the Commonwealth Games Federation

value: font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background: #F8C471; text-align: center; font-size: 110%; padding-right: 1.5em;

value: Venues of the 2022 Commonwealth Games (page does not exist)

value: 2022 Commonwealth Games Athlete’s Village (page does not exist)

value: 2022 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony (page does not exist)

value: 2022 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations (page does not exist)

value: 2022 Commonwealth Games medal table (page does not exist)

value: Chronological summary of the 2022 Commonwealth Games (page does not exist)

value: 2022 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony (page does not exist)

value:
padding-top: 5px; text-align: center;
hlist

value: Template talk:2022 Commonwealth Games (page does not exist)

value:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:right

value: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

value: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: 22em

value: Edit section: Withdrawal of Durban as host

value: Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations

value: Edit section: Birmingham awarded as replacement host

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Edit section: Venues in Birmingham and the West Midlands area

value:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

value: Edit section: Venues outside West Midlands

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235

value:
nofollow
http://www.durban-2022.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/41525305

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/41823005

value:
nofollow
http://www.birmingham2022.com/
external text

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
col
navbox-title
3
background: #FDEBD0;background: #F8C471

value: Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations

value:
/wiki/Inter-Empire_Championships
mw-redirect
Inter-Empire Championships

value:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
background: #FDEBD0;background: #FAD7A0

value:
row
navbox-group
background: #FDEBD0;width:1%

value: 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

value: 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

value: 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

value: 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games

value: padding:0em 0.25em -moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;

value: navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist wraplinks

value:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

value: Category:Commonwealth Games in the United Kingdom

value: Category:Sport in Birmingham, West Midlands

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: 2022 राष्ट्रमण्डल खेल – Hindi

value: 2022年コモンウェルスゲームズ – Japanese

value: Jogos da Commonwealth de 2022 – Portuguese

value: 2022 பொதுநலவாய விளையாட்டுக்கள் – Tamil

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2022_Commonwealth_Games rootpage-2022_Commonwealth_Games skin-vector action-view


text:
Tight junction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tight junction
Diagram of Tight junction
Details
Identifiers
Latin
junctio occludens
TH
H1.00.01.1.02007
FMA
67397
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Tight junctions, also known as occluding junctions or zonulae occludentes (singular, zonula occludens) are multiprotein junctional complex whose general function is to prevent leakage of transported solutes and water and seals the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions may also serve as leaky pathways by forming selective channels for small cations, anions, or water. Tight junctions are present only in vertebrates. The corresponding junctions that occur in invertebrates are septate junctions.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Functions
3 Classification
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Tight junctions are composed of a branching network of sealing strands, each strand acting independently from the others. Therefore, the efficiency of the junction in preventing ion passage increases exponentially with the number of strands. Each strand is formed from a row of transmembrane proteins embedded in both plasma membranes, with extracellular domains joining one another directly. Although more proteins are present, the major types are the claudins and the occludins. These associate with different peripheral membrane proteins such as ZO-1 located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane, which anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton.[1] Thus, tight junctions join together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
Functions[edit]
They perform vital functions:[2]
They hold cells together.
Barrier function, which can be further subdivided into protective barriers and functional barriers serving purposes such as material transport and maintenance of osmotic balance:
Tight Junctions help to maintain the polarity of cells by preventing the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins between the apical and lateral/basal surfaces, allowing the specialized functions of each surface (for example receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface and exocytosis at the basolateral surface) to be preserved. This aims to preserve the transcellular transport.
Tight Junctions prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between plasma membranes of adjacent cells, so materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. Investigation using freeze-fracture methods in electron microscopy is ideal for revealing the lateral extent of tight junctions in cell membranes and has been useful in showing how tight junctions are formed.[3] The constrained intracellular pathway exacted by the tight junction barrier system allows precise control over which substances can pass through a particular tissue. (Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood–brain barrier.) At the present time, it is still unclear whether the control is active or passive and how these pathways are formed. In one study for paracellular transport across the tight junction in kidney proximal tubule, a dual pathway model is proposed: large slit breaks formed by infrequent discontinuities in the TJ complex and numerous small circular pores.[4]
In human physiology there are two main types of epithelia using distinct types of barrier mechanism. Epidermal structures such as skin form a barrier from many layers of keratinized squamous cells. Internal epithelia on the other hand more often rely on tight junctions for their barrier function. This kind of barrier is mostly formed by only one or two layers of cells. It was long unclear whether tight cell junctions also play any role in the barrier function of the skin and similar external epithelia but recent research suggests that this is indeed the case.[5]
Classification[edit]
Epithelia are classed as "tight" or "leaky", depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement:[6]
Tight epithelia have tight junctions that prevent most movement between cells. Examples of tight epithelia include the distal convoluted tubule, the collecting duct of the nephron in the kidney, and the bile ducts ramifying through liver tissue.
Leaky epithelia do not have these tight junctions, or have less complex tight junctions. For instance, the tight junction in the kidney proximal tubule, a very leaky epithelium, has only two to three junctional strands, and these strands exhibit infrequent large slit breaks.
See also[edit]
Cadherin
Gap junction
Tight junction protein (disambiguation)
Zonulin
TEM of negatively stained proximal convoluted tubule of Rat kidney tissue at a magnification of ~55,000x and 80 kV with Tight junction. Note that the three dark lines of density correspond to the density of the protein complex, and the light lines in between correspond to the paracellular space.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anderson, JM; Van Itallie, CM (August 2009). "Physiology and function of the tight junction". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1: a002584. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002584. PMC 2742087  . PMID 20066090.
Jump up ^ Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions (and other cellular connections)". Davidson College. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
Jump up ^ Chalcroft, J. P.; Bullivant, S (1970). "An interpretation of liver cell membrane and junction structure based on observation of freeze-fracture replicas of both sides of the fracture". The Journal of Cell Biology. 47 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1083/jcb.47.1.49. PMC 2108397  . PMID 4935338.
Jump up ^ Guo, P; Weinstein, AM; Weinbaum, S (Aug 2003). "A dual-pathway ultrastructural model for the tight junction of rat proximal tubule epithelium". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 285 (2): F241–57. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00331.2002. PMID 12670832.
Jump up ^ Kirschner, Nina; Brandner, JM (June 2012). "Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1257: 158–166. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x.
Jump up ^ Department, Biology. "Tight Junctions and other cellular connections". Davidson College. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tight junctions.
An Overview of the Tight Junction at Zonapse.Net
Occludin in Focus at Zonapse.Net
Tight Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Histology image: 20502loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
[hide]
v
t
e
Proteins of epithelium
Lateral/cell-cell
Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction
Cadherin
Desmosome
Desmoglein
Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon
Connexin
Cytoskeleton: Desmosome
Desmoplakin
Plakoglobin
Tonofibril
other membrane proteins: Tight junction
Claudin
Occludin
MARVELD2
Basal/cell-matrix
Basal lamina
Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril
Focal adhesion
Costamere
Apical
Cilia/Kinocilium
Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tight_junction&oldid=835166186"
Categories:
Cell anatomy
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
Articles needing additional references from September 2012
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
한국어
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Русский
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
中文
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 23:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: scope style

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

value:
/wiki/Apical_surface
mw-redirect
Apical surface

value:
/wiki/Collecting_duct
mw-redirect
Collecting duct

value:
/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule
mw-redirect
Proximal convoluted tubule

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a002584

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20066090

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.47.1.49

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4935338

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1152%2Fajprenal.00331.2002

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12670832

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zonapse.net/tight_junction

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.zonapse.net/occludin

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2012

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value:
/wiki/Tight_junction
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: Плотные контакты – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value: ไทต์ จังก์ชัน – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Щільні контакти – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tight_junction rootpage-Tight_junction skin-vector action-view


text:
Cell division
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with cellular differentiation.
Three types of cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.[1] Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. In eukaryotes, there are two distinct types of cell division: a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis),[2] and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of DNA replication followed by two divisions. Homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division, and sister chromatids are separated in the second division. Both of these cell division cycles are used in the process of sexual reproduction at some point in their life cycle. Both are believed to be present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
Prokaryotes (bacteria) undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. All cell divisions, regardless of organism, are preceded by a single round of DNA replication.
For simple unicellular microorganisms such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction – an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[3] The human body experiences about 10 quadrillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[4]
The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information that is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome must be separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between generations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Phases of cell division
1.1 Interphase
1.2 Prophase
1.3 Metaphase
1.4 Anaphase
1.5 Telophase
2 Variants
3 Degradation
4 History
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Phases of cell division[edit]
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Interphase[edit]
Interphase is the process a cell must go through before mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis.[5] Interphase consists of four main stages: G1, S, G0, and G2. G1 is a time of growth for the cell. If the cell does not progress through G1, the cell then enters a stage called G0. In G0, cells are still living but they are put on hold. The cells may later be called back into interphase if needed at a later time. There are checkpoints during interphase that allow the cell to be either progressed or denied further development. In S phase, the chromosomes are replicated in order for the genetic content to be maintained. During G2, the cell undergoes the final stages of growth before it enters the M phase. The M phase, can be either mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell. Germ cells undergo meiosis, while somatic cells will undergo mitosis. After the cell proceeds successfully through the M phase, it may then undergo cell division through cytokinesis. The control of each checkpoint is controlled by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases. The progression of interphase is the result of the increased amount of cyclin. As the amount of cyclin increases, more and more cyclin dependent kinases attach to cyclin signaling the cell further into interphase. The peak of the cyclin attached to the cyclin dependent kinases this system pushes the cell out of interphase and into the M phase, where mitosis, meiosis, and cytokinesis occur.
Prophase[edit]
Prophase is the first stage of division. The nuclear envelope is broken down, long strands of chromatin condense to form shorter more visible strands called chromosomes, the nucleolus disappears, and microtubules attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochores present in the centromere.[6] Microtubules associated with the alignment and separation of chromosomes are referred to as the spindle and spindle fibers. Chromosomes will also be visible under a microscope and will be connected at the centromere. During this condensation and alignment period, homologous chromosomes may swap portions of their DNA in a process known as crossing over.
Metaphase[edit]
Metaphase is the stage in cell division when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell by MTOCs ( microtubule organizing center) by pushing and pulling on centromeres of both chromatids which causes the chromosome to move to the center. The chromosomes are still condensing and are currently at one step away from being the most coiled and condensed they will be.[7] Spindle and spindle fibers have already connected to the kinetochores. At this point, the chromosomes are ready to split into opposite poles of the cell towards the spindle to which they are connected. [8]
Anaphase[edit]
Anaphase is a very short stage of the cell cycle and occurs after the chromosomes align at the mitotic plate. After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart. The chromosomes are split apart as the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.[9]
Telophase[edit]
Telophase is the last stage of the cell cycle. Two cells form around the chromatin at the two poles of the cell. Two nuclear membranes begin to reform and the chromatin begin to unwind.[10]
Variants[edit]
Image of the mitotic spindle in a human cell showing microtubules in green, chromosomes (DNA) in blue, and kinetochores in red.
Cells are broadly classified into two main categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. Owing to their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way. Also, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm cells in males or egg cells in females), termed meiosis, is different from that of the division of somatic cells in the body.
Cell division over 42. The cells were directly imaged in the cell culture vessel, using non-invasive quantitative phase contrast time-lapse microscopy.[11]
Degradation[edit]
Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs, on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication, shorten with each copy, eventually being consumed.[citation needed] Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing division to continue indefinitely.
History[edit]
Kurt Michelwith his phase-contrast microscope
A cell division under microscope was first discovered by German botanist Hugo von Mohl in 1835 as he worked over Green algae Cladophora glomerata.[12]
In 1943, cell division was filmed for the first time,[13] by Kurt Michelwith, using a phase-contrast microscope.[14]
See also[edit]
Binary fission
Cell growth
Labile cells, cells that constantly divide
Klerokinesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Robert.S Hine, ed. (2008). Oxford Dictionary Biology (6th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-920462-5.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Wessler, Susan R.; Carroll, Sean B.; Doebley, John (2012). Introduction to Genetic Analysis (10 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4292-2943-2.
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 70–74. ISBN 0-13-423476-6.
Jump up ^ Quammen, David (April 2008). "Contagious cancer: The evolution of a killer". Harper's. 316 (1895): 42. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine (2000). Essentials of human anatomy and physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4940-5.
Jump up ^ Schermelleh, Lothar; Carlton, Peter M.; Haase, Sebastian; Shao, Lin; Winoto, Lukman; Kner, Peter; Burke, Brian; Cardoso, M. Cristin; Agard, David A. (2008-06-06). "Subdiffraction Multicolor Imaging of the Nuclear Periphery with 3D Structured Illumination Microscopy". Science. 320 (5881): 1332–1336. doi:10.1126/science.1156947. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2916659  . PMID 18535242.
Jump up ^ "Researchers Shed Light On Shrinking Of Chromosomes". ScienceDaily. June 12, 2007. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ Elrod, Susan (2002). Schaum's Outline of Genetics (Fifth ed.). United States of America: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. p. 8. ISBN 9780071625036.
Jump up ^ "The Cell Cycle". www.biology-pages.info. Retrieved 2017-02-02.
Jump up ^ Hetzer, Martin W. (2017-02-02). "The Nuclear Envelope". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (3). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000539. ISSN 1943-0264. PMC 2829960  . PMID 20300205.
Jump up ^ Phase Holographic Imaging. Cell Division
Jump up ^ Karl Mägdefrau (1994), "Mohl, Hugo von", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 17, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 690–691 ; (full text online)
Jump up ^ Masters, Barry R (2008). "History of the Optical Microscope in Cell Biology and Medicine" (PDF). eLS (formerly Encyclopedia of Life Sciences). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 3. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0003082. ISBN 9780470015902.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Further reading[edit]
Morgan HI. (2007). "The Cell Cycle: Principles of Control" London: New Science Press.
J.M.Turner Fetus into Man (1978, 1989). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-30692-9
Cell division: binary fission and mitosis
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell division.
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis
The Mitosis and Cell Cycle Control Section from the Landmark Papers in Cell Biology (Gall JG, McIntosh JR, eds.) contains commentaries on and links to seminal research papers on mitosis and cell division. Published online in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology
The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains many videos showing the cell division.
The Cell Division of the Cell Image Library
Videos of the first cell divisions in Xenopus laevis embryos (side view and top view), acquired by MRI (DOI of paper)
Images : Calanthe discolor Lindl. - Flavon's Secret Flower Garden
Tyson's model of cell division and a Description on BioModels Database
WormWeb.org: Interactive Visualization of the C. elegans Cell Lineage - Visualize the entire set of cell divisions of the nematode C. elegans
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
Cdc25
Cdc42
Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
E2F
Maturation promoting factor
Wee
Cullin (CUL7)
Phases and
checkpoints
Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
Mitosis (Preprophase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase)
Cytokinesis
Cell cycle checkpoints
Restriction point
Spindle checkpoint
Postreplication checkpoint
Other cellular phases
Apoptosis
G0 phase
Meiosis
Authority control
GND: 4190668-8
NDL: 00569966
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_division&oldid=836326192"
Categories:
Cell cycle
Cellular processes
Telomeres
1835 in science
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism
Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017
All articles lacking reliable references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Башҡортса
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
IsiXhosa
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Lietuvių
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پښتو
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
48 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 April 2018, at 02:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

attr: class id

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: class style

tag: sup

value:
/wiki/Binary_fission
mw-redirect
Binary fission

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources

value:
/wiki/Mitotic_spindle
mw-redirect
Mitotic spindle

attr: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Telomere_shortening
mw-redirect
Telomere shortening

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1156947

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535242

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a000539

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1943-0264

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20300205

value:
nofollow
http://cellimages.ascb.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.ascb.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://cellimagelibrary.org

value:
/wiki/Xenopus_laevis
mw-redirect
Xenopus laevis

value:
/wiki/BioModels_Database
mw-redirect
BioModels Database

value:
nofollow
external text
http://wormweb.org/celllineage

value: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein

value: Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4190668-8

value: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

value: Category:Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Cell_division
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value: انقسام خلوي – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: কোষ বিভাজন – Bangla

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

value: Күҙәнәк бүленеүе – Bashkir

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

value: Κυτταρική διαίρεση – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: تقسیم یاخته – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: कोशिका विभाजन – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value: רבייה תאית – Hebrew

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value: ಅಣುಕೋಶ ವಿಭಜನೆ – Kannada

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

value: Жасушаның бөлінуі – Kazakh

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value: Делба на клетките – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: കോശവിഭജനം – Malayalam

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celdeling
Celdeling – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

value: حجروی ویش – Pashto

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Деление клетки – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value: Ћелијска деоба – Serbian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: கலப்பிரிவு – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: การแบ่งเซลล์ – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value: Поділ клітини – Ukrainian

value: خلیائی تقسیم – Urdu

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cell_division rootpage-Cell_division skin-vector action-view


text:
File system permissions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Most file systems have methods to assign permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. These permissions control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.
Two types of permissions are very widely used: traditional Unix permissions date back many decades to the earliest days of Unix. They are universally available on all Unix and Linux derived platforms. Access Control Lists (ACLs) are more recent in origin and are universally used on Microsoft Windows based file systems where the file system supports user permissions (mainly NTFS and ReFS), and are also now commonly used and widely available in most common Unix and Linux based systems, although not necessarily all. They are generally capable of far more detailed fine-tuning of permissions than the traditional Unix permissions, and permit a system of access control which traditional ACLs cannot provide. On Unix and Linux based systems, the standard type of ACL is that defined by the POSIX standard (POSIX ACLs) but other variants exist such as NFS v3 and v4 ACLs, which work slightly differently (NFSv3 ACLs or NFSv4 ACLs).
Where multiple systems are available within the same operating system, there is usually a way to specify which will be used for any given file system, and how the system should handle attempts to access or modify permissions that are controlled by one of these, using commands designed for another. The usual solution is to ensure at least some degree of awareness and inter-operability between the different commands and methods.
Contents
[hide]
1 Operating system variations
2 Traditional Unix permissions
2.1 Classes
2.2 Permissions
2.3 Changing permission behavior with setuid, setgid, and sticky bits
3 Notation of traditional Unix permissions
3.1 Symbolic notation
3.2 Numeric notation
4 User private group
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Operating system variations[edit]
Unix-like and otherwise POSIX-compliant systems, including Linux-based systems and all macOS versions, have a simple system for managing individual file permissions, which in this article are called "traditional Unix permissions". Most of these systems also support some kind of access control lists (ACLs), either proprietary (old HP-UX ACLs, for example), or POSIX.1e ACLs, based on an early POSIX draft that was withdrawn in 1997, or NFSv4 ACLs, which are part of the NFSv4 standard.
Microsoft and IBM DOS variants (including MS-DOS, PC DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, and Windows ME) do not have permissions, only file attributes. There is a read-only attribute (R), which can be set or unset on a file by any user or program, and therefore does not prevent him/her/it from changing/deleting the file. There is no permission in these systems which would prevent a user from reading a file.
Other MS-DOS/PC DOS-compatible operating systems such as DR DOS 3.31 and higher, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS, FlexOS, 4680 OS, 4690 OS, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, Datapac System Manager and IMS REAL/32 support read/write/execute/delete file/directory access permissions on FAT volumes. With the exception of FlexOS, 4680 OS, and 4690 OS all these operating systems also support individual file/directory passwords. All operating systems except for DR DOS, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS also support three independent file/directory ownership classes world/group/owner, whereas the single-user operating systems DR DOS 6.0 and higher, PalmDOS, Novell DOS and OpenDOS only support them with an optional multi-user security module (SECURITY.BIN) loaded.
OpenVMS (a.k.a. VMS), as well as Microsoft Windows NT and its derivatives (including Windows 2000 and Windows XP), use ACLs[1] to administer a more complex and varied set of permissions. OpenVMS also uses a permission scheme similar to that of Unix, but more complex. There are four categories (System, Owner, Group, and World) and four types of access permissions (Read, Write, Execute and Delete). The categories are not mutually disjoint: World includes Group which in turn includes Owner. The System category independently includes system users (similar to superusers in Unix).[2]
Classic Mac OS operating systems' HFS do not support permissions, only file attributes: "Hidden" (does not show in directory listings); "Locked" (read-only); "Name locked" (cannot be renamed); and "Stationery" (copy-on-write).
The AmigaOS Filesystem, AmigaDOS supports a relatively advanced permissions system, for a single-user OS. In AmigaOS 1.x, files had Archive, Read, Write, Execute and Delete (collectively known as ARWED) permissions/flags. In AmigaOS 2.x and higher, additional Hold, Script, and Pure permissions/flags were added.
Mac OS X versions 10.3 ("Panther") and prior use POSIX-compliant permissions. Mac OS X, beginning with version 10.4 ("Tiger"), also support the use of NFSv4 ACLs. They still support "traditional Unix permissions" as used in previous versions of Mac OS X, and the Apple Mac OS X Server version 10.4+ File Services Administration Manual recommends using only traditional Unix permissions if possible. It also still supports the Mac OS Classic's "Protected" attribute.
Solaris ACL support depends on the filesystem being used; older UFS filesystem supports POSIX.1e ACLs, while ZFS supports only NFSv4 ACLs.[3]
Linux supports POSIX.1e ACLs. There is experimental support for NFSv4 ACLs for ext3 filesystem [4] and ext4 filesystem.
FreeBSD supports POSIX.1e ACLs on UFS, and NFSv4 ACLs on UFS and ZFS.[5][6]
IBM z/OS implements file security via RACF (Resource Access Control Facility)[7]
Traditional Unix permissions[edit]
Permissions on Unix-like systems are managed in three distinct scopes or classes. These scopes are known as user, group, and others.
When a file is created on a Unix-like system, its permissions are restricted by the umask of the process that created it.
Classes[edit]
Files and directories are owned by a user. The owner determines the file's user class. Distinct permissions apply to the owner.
Files and directories are assigned a group, which define the file's group class. Distinct permissions apply to members of the file's group. The owner may be a member of the file's group.
Users who are not the owner, nor a member of the group, comprise a file's others class. Distinct permissions apply to others.
The effective permissions are determined based on the first class the user falls within in the order of user, group then others. For example, the user who is the owner of the file will have the permissions given to the user class regardless of the permissions assigned to the group class or others class.
Permissions[edit]
Main article: Modes (Unix)
Unix-like systems implement three specific permissions that apply to each class:
The read permission grants the ability to read a file. When set for a directory, this permission grants the ability to read the names of files in the directory, but not to find out any further information about them such as contents, file type, size, ownership, permissions.
The write permission grants the ability to modify a file. When set for a directory, this permission grants the ability to modify entries in the directory. This includes creating files, deleting files, and renaming files.
The execute permission grants the ability to execute a file. This permission must be set for executable programs, in order to allow the operating system to run them. When set for a directory, the execute permission is interpreted as the search permission: it grants the ability to access file contents and meta-information if its name is known, but not list files inside the directory, unless read is set also.
The effect of setting the permissions on a directory, rather than a file, is "one of the most frequently misunderstood file permission issues".[8]
When a permission is not set, the corresponding rights are denied. Unlike ACL-based systems, permissions on Unix-like systems are not inherited. Files created within a directory do not necessarily have the same permissions as that directory.
Changing permission behavior with setuid, setgid, and sticky bits[edit]
Unix-like systems typically employ three additional modes. These are actually attributes but are referred to as permissions or modes. These special modes are for a file or directory overall, not by a class, though in the symbolic notation (see below) the setuid bit is set in the triad for the user, the setgid bit is set in the triad for the group and the sticky bit is set in the triad for others.
The set user ID, setuid, or SUID mode. When a file with setuid is executed, the resulting process will assume the effective user ID given to the owner class. This enables users to be treated temporarily as root (or another user).
The set group ID, setgid, or SGID permission. When a file with setgid is executed, the resulting process will assume the group ID given to the group class. When setgid is applied to a directory, new files and directories created under that directory will inherit their group from that directory. (Default behaviour is to use the primary group of the effective user when setting the group of new files and directories, except on BSD-derived systems which behave as though the setgid bit is always set on all directories (See Setuid).)
The sticky mode. (Also known as the Text mode.) The classical behaviour of the sticky bit on executable files has been to encourage the kernel to retain the resulting process image in memory beyond termination; however such use of the sticky bit is now restricted to only a minority of unix-like operating systems (HP-UX and UnixWare). On a directory, the sticky permission prevents users from renaming, moving or deleting contained files owned by users other than themselves, even if they have write permission to the directory. Only the directory owner and superuser are exempt from this.
These additional modes are also referred to as setuid bit, setgid bit, and sticky bit, due to the fact that they each occupy only one bit.
Notation of traditional Unix permissions[edit]
Symbolic notation[edit]
Unix permissions are represented either in symbolic notation or in octal notation.
The most common form, as used by the command ls -l, is symbolic notation.
Three permission triads
first triad what the owner can do
second triad what the group members can do
third triad what other users can do
Each triad
first character r: readable
second character w: writable
third character x: executable
s or t: setuid/setgid or sticky (also executable)
S or T: setuid/setgid or sticky (not executable)
The first character of the ls display indicates the file type and is not related to permissions. The remaining nine characters are in three sets, each representing a class of permissions as three characters. The first set represents the user class. The second set represents the group class. The third set represents the others class.
Each of the three characters represent the read, write, and execute permissions:
r if reading is permitted, - if it is not.
w if writing is permitted, - if it is not.
x if execution is permitted, - if it is not.
The following are some examples of symbolic notation:
-rwxr-xr-x: a regular file whose user class has full permissions and whose group and others classes have only the read and execute permissions.
crw-rw-r--: a character special file whose user and group classes have the read and write permissions and whose others class has only the read permission.
dr-x------: a directory whose user class has read and execute permissions and whose group and others classes have no permissions.
In some permission systems additional symbols in the ls -l display represent additional permission features:
+ (plus) suffix indicates an access control list that can control additional permissions.
. (dot) suffix indicates an SELinux context is present. Details may be listed with the command ls -Z.
@ suffix indicates extended file attributes are present.
To represent the setuid, setgid and sticky or text attributes, the executable character ('x' or '-') is modified. Though these attributes affect the overall file, not only users in one class, the setuid attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for the user, the setgid attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for the group and the sticky or text attribute modifies the executable character in the triad for others. For the setuid or setgid attributes, in the first or second triad, the 'x' becomes 's' and the '-' becomes 'S'. For the sticky or text attribute, in the third triad, the 'x' becomes 't' and the '-' becomes 'T'. Here is an example:
-rwsr-Sr-t: a file whose user class has read, write and execute permissions; whose group class has read permission; whose others class has read and execute permissions; and which has setuid, setgid and sticky attributes set.
Numeric notation[edit]
Another method for representing Unix permissions is an octal (base-8) notation as shown by stat -c %a. This notation consists of at least three digits. Each of the three rightmost digits represents a different component of the permissions: owner, group, and others. (If a fourth digit is present, the leftmost (high-order) digit addresses three additional attributes, the setuid bit, the setgid bit and the sticky bit.)
Each of these digits is the sum of its component bits in the binary numeral system. As a result, specific bits add to the sum as it is represented by a numeral:
The read bit adds 4 to its total (in binary 100),
The write bit adds 2 to its total (in binary 010), and
The execute bit adds 1 to its total (in binary 001).
These values never produce ambiguous combinations; each sum represents a specific set of permissions. More technically, this is an octal representation of a bit field – each bit references a separate permission, and grouping 3 bits at a time in octal corresponds to grouping these permissions by user, group, and others.
These are the examples from the symbolic notation section given in octal notation:
Symbolic Notation
Numeric Notation
English
---------- 0000 no permissions
-rwx------ 0700 read, write, & execute only for owner
-rwxrwx--- 0770 read, write, & execute for owner and group
-rwxrwxrwx 0777 read, write, & execute for owner, group and others
---x--x--x 0111 execute
--w--w--w- 0222 write
--wx-wx-wx 0333 write & execute
-r--r--r-- 0444 read
-r-xr-xr-x 0555 read & execute
-rw-rw-rw- 0666 read & write
-rwxr----- 0740 owner can read, write, & execute; group can only read; others have no permissions
User private group[edit]
Some systems diverge from the traditional POSIX-model of users and groups, by creating a new group – a "user private group" – for each user. Assuming each user is the only member of its user private group, this scheme allows an umask of 002 to be used without allowing other users to write to newly created files in normal directories because such files are assigned to the creating user's private group. However, when sharing files is desirable, the administrator can create a group containing the desired users, create a group-writable directory assigned to the new group, and, most importantly, make the directory setgid. Making it setgid will cause files created in it to be assigned to the same group as the directory and the 002 umask (enabled by using user private groups) will ensure that other members of the group will be able to write to those files. [9] [10]
See also[edit]
chattr or chflags which set attributes or flags including "immutable" flags which lock files, overriding and restricting their permissions
chmod, the command used to set permissions on Unix-like systems
Group identifier (Unix)
lsattr
POSIX
umask
User identifier (Unix)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "File and Folder Permissions". Microsoft.
Jump up ^ "OpenVMS documentation".
Jump up ^ http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/819-5461.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.suse.de/~agruen/nfs4acl/
Jump up ^ "NFSv4_ACLs - FreeBSD Wiki".
Jump up ^ http://www.freenas.org/images/resources/freenas9.1.1/freenas9.1.1_guide.pdf
Jump up ^ "IBM Knowledge Center".
Jump up ^ Hatch, Brian. "Linux File Permission Confusion pt 2", "Hacking Linux Exposed", April 24, 2003, accessed July 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Brian. "The How and Why of User Private Groups in Unix". https://security.ias.edu/. Institute for Advanced Study Network Security. Retrieved 5 August 2014. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Hradílek, Jaromír. "Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide, 3.3.3 Creating Group Directories". https://access.redhat.com/. Red Hat. External link in |website= (help)
External links[edit]
The Linux Cookbook: Groups and How to Work in Them by Michael Stutz 2004
[show]
v
t
e
Computer files
Types
Binary file / Text file
File format
List of file formats
File signatures
Magic number
Metafile
Sidecar file
Sparse file
Swap file
System file
Temporary file
Zero-byte file
Properties
Filename
8.3 filename
Long filename
Filename mangling
Filename extension
List of filename extensions
File attribute
Extended file attributes
File size
Hidden file / Hidden directory
Organisation
Directory/Folder
NTFS junction point
Temporary folder
Directory structure
File sequence
File system
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Path
Operations
Open
Close
Read
Write
Linking
Alias
File descriptor
Hard link
Shadow
Shortcut
Symbolic link
Management
File comparison
File compression
File manager
Comparison of file managers
File system permissions
File transfer
File sharing
File verification
[show]
v
t
e
File systems
Comparison of file systems
distributed
Unix filesystem
Disk
ADFS
AdvFS
Amiga FFS
Amiga OFS
APFS
AthFS
BFS
Be File System
Boot File System
Btrfs
CVFS
CXFS
DFS
EFS
Encrypting File System
Extent File System
Episode
ext
ext2
ext3
ext3cow
ext4
FAT
exFAT
Files-11
Fossil
HAMMER
HFS
HFS+
HPFS
HTFS
IBM General Parallel File System
JFS
LFS
MFS
Macintosh File System
TiVo Media File System
MINIX
NetWare File System
Next3
NILFS
NILFS2
NSS
NTFS
OneFS
PFS
QFS
QNX4FS
ReFS
ReiserFS
Reiser4
Reliance
Reliance Nitro
RFS
SFS
SNFS
Soup (Apple)
Tux3
UBIFS
UFS
VxFS
WAFL
Xiafs
XFS
Xsan
zFS
ZFS
Optical disc
HSF
ISO 9660
ISO 13490
UDF
Flash memory and SSD
APFS
FAT
exFAT
CHFS
TFAT
FFS2
F2FS
HPFS
JFFS
JFFS2
JFS
LogFS
NILFS
NILFS2
NVFS
YAFFS
UBIFS
Distributed
CXFS
GFS2
Google File System
OCFS2
OrangeFS
PVFS
QFS
Xsan
more...
NAS
AFS (OpenAFS)
AFP
Coda
DFS
GPFS
Google File System
Lustre
NCP
NFS
POHMELFS
Hadoop
SMB (CIFS)
SSHFS
more...
Specialized
Aufs
AXFS
Boot File System
CDfs
Compact Disc File System
cramfs
Davfs2
FTPFS
FUSE
GmailFS
Lnfs
LTFS
NOVA
MVFS
SquashFS
UMSDOS
OverlayFS
UnionFS
WBFS
Pseudo and virtual
configfs
devfs
debugfs
kernfs
procfs
specfs
sysfs
tmpfs
WinFS
Encrypted
eCryptfs
EncFS
EFS
Rubberhose
SSHFS
ZFS
Types
Clustered
Global
Grid
Self-certifying
Flash
Journaling
Log-structured
Object
Record-oriented
Semantic
Steganographic
Synthetic
Versioning
Features
Case preservation
Copy-on-write
Data deduplication
Data scrubbing
Execute in place
Extent
File attribute
Extended file attributes
File change log
Fork
Links
Hard
Symbolic
Access control
Access control list
Filesystem-level encryption
Permissions
Modes
Sticky bit
Interfaces
File manager
File system API
Installable File System
Virtual file system
Lists
Cryptographic
Default
Log-structured
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File_system_permissions&oldid=837854519"
Categories:
File system permissions
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
한국어
Hrvatski
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Українська
中文
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 12:50.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: p

value:
/wiki/Access_Control_List
mw-redirect
Access Control List

value: Edit section: Operating system variations

value:
/wiki/Windows_98_SE
mw-redirect
Windows 98 SE

value:
/wiki/IBM_4680_OS
mw-redirect
IBM 4680 OS

value:
/wiki/IBM_4690_OS
mw-redirect
IBM 4690 OS

value:
/wiki/Concurrent_DOS
mw-redirect
Concurrent DOS

value:
/wiki/Datapac_System_Manager
mw-redirect
Datapac System Manager

value:
/wiki/IMS_REAL/32
mw-redirect
IMS REAL/32

value:
/wiki/FAT_access_rights
mw-redirect
FAT access rights

value:
/wiki/FAT_file_password
mw-redirect
FAT file password

value:
/wiki/FAT_directory_password
mw-redirect
FAT directory password

value: Edit section: Traditional Unix permissions

value:
/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)
mw-redirect
Directory (file systems)

value: Edit section: Changing permission behavior with setuid, setgid, and sticky bits

value:
/wiki/User_identifier_(Unix)
mw-redirect
User identifier (Unix)

value:
/wiki/Group_identifier_(Unix)
mw-redirect
Group identifier (Unix)

value:
/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science)
mw-redirect
Kernel (computer science)

value: Edit section: Notation of traditional Unix permissions

value: text-align: center; vertical-align: text-top;

value: float: right; margin-right:0; margin-left: 1em

value:
/wiki/Binary_numeral_system
mw-redirect
Binary numeral system

value:
nofollow
http://www.suse.de/~agruen/nfs4acl/
external free

value:
nofollow
external text
http://wiki.freebsd.org/NFSv4_ACLs

value:
nofollow
https://security.ias.edu/
external free

value:
nofollow
https://access.redhat.com/
external free

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://dsl.org/cookbook/cookbook_9.html

value:
/wiki/File_operation
mw-redirect
File operation

value:
/wiki/File_compression
mw-redirect
File compression

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/File_system_permissions
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: تصاريح نظام الملفات – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: Άδειες συστήματος αρχείων – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: مجوزهای سیستم فایل – Persian

value: 파일 시스템 권한 – Korean

value: Dopuštenja datotečnog sustava – Croatian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value: ファイルパーミッション – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value: Permissões de sistema de arquivos – Portuguese

value: Права доступа – Russian

value: Право доступу – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: 文件系统权限 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-File_system_permissions rootpage-File_system_permissions skin-vector action-view