text:
Java virtual machine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"JRE" redirects here. For the podcast, see Joe Rogan Experience.
Java virtual machine
Designer
Sun Microsystems
Bits
32-bit
Introduced
1994
Type
Stack and register–register
Endianness
Big
Registers
General purpose
Per-method operand stack (up to 65535 operands) plus per-method local variables (up to 65535)
Overview of a Java virtual machine (JVM) architecture based on The Java Virtual Machine Specification Java SE 7 Edition
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is an abstract computing machine that enables a computer to run a Java program. There are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance. The specification is a document that formally describes what is required of a JVM implementation. Having a single specification ensures all implementations are interoperable. A JVM implementation is a computer program that meets the requirements of the JVM specification. An instance of a JVM is an implementation running in a process that executes a computer program compiled into Java bytecode.
Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is a software package that contains what is required to run a Java program. It includes a Java Virtual Machine implementation together with an implementation of the Java Class Library. The Oracle Corporation, which owns the Java trademark, distributes a Java Runtime environment with their Java Virtual Machine called HotSpot.
Java Development Kit (JDK) is a superset of a JRE and contains tools for Java programmers, e.g. a javac compiler. The Java Development Kit is provided free of charge either by Oracle Corporation directly, or by the OpenJDK open source project, which is governed by Oracle.
Contents
[hide]
1 JVM specification
1.1 Class loader
1.2 Virtual machine architecture
1.3 Bytecode instructions
1.4 JVM languages
1.5 Bytecode verifier
1.5.1 Secure execution of remote code
1.6 Bytecode interpreter and just-in-time compiler
2 JVM in the web browser
2.1 Java applets
2.2 JavaScript JVMs and interpreters
2.3 Compilation to JavaScript
3 Java Runtime Environment from Oracle
3.1 Performance
3.2 Generational heap
3.3 Security
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
JVM specification[edit]
The Java virtual machine is an abstract (virtual) computer defined by a specification. This specification omits implementation details that are not essential to ensure interoperability: the memory layout of run-time data areas, the garbage-collection algorithm used, and any internal optimization of the Java virtual machine instructions (their translation into machine code). The main reason for this omission is to not unnecessarily constrain implementers. Any Java application can be run only inside some concrete implementation of the abstract specification of the Java virtual machine.[1]
Starting with Java Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) 5.0, changes to the JVM specification have been developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 924.[2] As of 2006[update], changes to specification to support changes proposed to the class file format (JSR 202)[3] are being done as a maintenance release of JSR 924. The specification for the JVM was published as the blue book,[4] The preface states:
We intend that this specification should sufficiently document the Java Virtual Machine to make possible compatible clean-room implementations. Oracle provides tests that verify the proper operation of implementations of the Java Virtual Machine.
One of Oracle's JVMs is named HotSpot, the other, inherited from BEA Systems is JRockit. Clean-room Java implementations include Kaffe and IBM J9. Oracle owns the Java trademark and may allow its use to certify implementation suites as fully compatible with Oracle's specification.
Class loader[edit]
Main article: Java Class loader
One of the organizational units of JVM byte code is a class. A class loader implementation must be able to recognize and load anything that conforms to the Java class file format. Any implementation is free to recognize other binary forms besides class files, but it must recognize class files.
The class loader performs three basic activities in this strict order:
Loading: finds and imports the binary data for a type
Linking: performs verification, preparation, and (optionally) resolution
Verification: ensures the correctness of the imported type
Preparation: allocates memory for class variables and initializing the memory to default values
Resolution: transforms symbolic references from the type into direct references.
Initialization: invokes Java code that initializes class variables to their proper starting values.
In general, there are two types of class loader: bootstrap class loader and user defined class loader.
Every Java virtual machine implementation must have a bootstrap class loader, capable of loading trusted classes. The Java virtual machine specification doesn't specify how a class loader should locate classes.
Virtual machine architecture[edit]
The JVM operates on primitive values (integers and floating-point numbers) and references. The JVM is fundamentally a 32-bit machine. long and double types, which are 64-bits, are supported natively, but consume two units of storage in a frame's local variables or operand stack, since each unit is 32 bits. boolean, byte, short, and char types are all sign-extended (except char which is zero-extended) and operated on as 32-bit integers, the same as int types. The smaller types only have a few type-specific instructions for loading, storing, and type conversion. boolean is not known at all to the JVM; booleans are operated on as 8-bit byte values, with 0 representing false and 1 representing true.
The JVM has a garbage-collected heap for storing objects and arrays. Code, constants, and other class data are stored in the "method area". The method area is logically part of the heap, but implementations may treat the method area separately from the heap, and for example might not garbage collect it. Each JVM thread also has its own call stack (called a "Java Virtual Machine stack" for clarity), which stores frames. A new frame is created each time a method is called, and the frame is destroyed when that method exits.
Each frame provides an "operand stack" and an array of "local variables". The operand stack is used for operands to computations and for receiving the return value of a called method, while local variables serve the same purpose as registers and are also used to pass method arguments. Thus, the JVM is both a stack machine and a register machine.
Bytecode instructions[edit]
Main article: Java bytecode
The JVM has instructions for the following groups of tasks:
Load and store
Arithmetic
Type conversion
Object creation and manipulation
Operand stack management (push / pop)
Control transfer (branching)
Method invocation and return
Throwing exceptions
Monitor-based concurrency
The aim is binary compatibility. Each particular host operating system needs its own implementation of the JVM and runtime. These JVMs interpret the bytecode semantically the same way, but the actual implementation may be different. More complex than just emulating bytecode is compatibly and efficiently implementing the Java core API that must be mapped to each host operating system.
These instructions operate on a set of common abstracted data types rather the native data types of any specific instruction set architecture.
JVM languages[edit]
Main article: List of JVM languages
A JVM language is any language with functionality that can be expressed in terms of a valid class file which can be hosted by the Java Virtual Machine. A class file contains Java Virtual Machine instructions (Java byte code) and a symbol table, as well as other ancillary information. The class file format is the hardware- and operating system-independent binary format used to represent compiled classes and interfaces.[5]
There are several JVM languages, both old languages ported to JVM and completely new languages. JRuby and Jython are perhaps the most well-known ports of existing languages, i.e. Ruby and Python respectively. Of the new languages that have been created from scratch to compile to Java bytecode, Clojure, Apache Groovy, Scala and Kotlin may be the most popular ones. A notable feature with the JVM languages is that they are compatible with each other, so that, for example, Scala libraries can be used with Java programs and vice versa.[6]
Java 7 JVM implements JSR 292: Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages[7] on the Java Platform, a new feature which supports dynamically typed languages in the JVM. This feature is developed within the Da Vinci Machine project whose mission is to extend the JVM so that it supports languages other than Java.[8][9]
Bytecode verifier[edit]
A basic philosophy of Java is that it is inherently safe from the standpoint that no user program can crash the host machine or otherwise interfere inappropriately with other operations on the host machine, and that it is possible to protect certain methods and data structures belonging to trusted code from access or corruption by untrusted code executing within the same JVM. Furthermore, common programmer errors that often led to data corruption or unpredictable behavior such as accessing off the end of an array or using an uninitialized pointer are not allowed to occur. Several features of Java combine to provide this safety, including the class model, the garbage-collected heap, and the verifier.
The JVM verifies all bytecode before it is executed. This verification consists primarily of three types of checks:
Branches are always to valid locations
Data is always initialized and references are always type-safe
Access to private or package private data and methods is rigidly controlled
The first two of these checks take place primarily during the verification step that occurs when a class is loaded and made eligible for use. The third is primarily performed dynamically, when data items or methods of a class are first accessed by another class.
The verifier permits only some bytecode sequences in valid programs, e.g. a jump (branch) instruction can only target an instruction within the same method. Furthermore, the verifier ensures that any given instruction operates on a fixed stack location,[10] allowing the JIT compiler to transform stack accesses into fixed register accesses. Because of this, that the JVM is a stack architecture does not imply a speed penalty for emulation on register-based architectures when using a JIT compiler. In the face of the code-verified JVM architecture, it makes no difference to a JIT compiler whether it gets named imaginary registers or imaginary stack positions that must be allocated to the target architecture's registers. In fact, code verification makes the JVM different from a classic stack architecture, of which efficient emulation with a JIT compiler is more complicated and typically carried out by a slower interpreter.
The original specification for the bytecode verifier used natural language that was incomplete or incorrect in some respects. A number of attempts have been made to specify the JVM as a formal system. By doing this, the security of current JVM implementations can more thoroughly be analyzed, and potential security exploits prevented. It will also be possible to optimize the JVM by skipping unnecessary safety checks, if the application being run is proven to be safe.[11]
Secure execution of remote code[edit]
A virtual machine architecture allows very fine-grained control over the actions that code within the machine is permitted to take. It assumes the code is "semantically" correct, that is, it successfully passed the (formal) bytecode verifier process, materialized by a tool, possibly off-board the virtual machine. This is designed to allow safe execution of untrusted code from remote sources, a model used by Java applets, and other secure code downloads. Once bytecode-verified, the downloaded code runs in a restricted "sandbox", which is designed to protect the user from misbehaving or malicious code. As an addition to the bytecode verification process, publishers can purchase a certificate with which to digitally sign applets as safe, giving them permission to ask the user to break out of the sandbox and access the local file system, clipboard, execute external pieces of software, or network.
Formal proof of bytecode verifiers have been done by the Javacard industry (Formal Development of an Embedded Verifier for Java Card Byte Code[12])
Bytecode interpreter and just-in-time compiler[edit]
For each hardware architecture a different Java bytecode interpreter is needed. When a computer has a Java bytecode interpreter, it can run any Java bytecode program, and the same program can be run on any computer that has such an interpreter.
When Java bytecode is executed by an interpreter, the execution will always be slower than the execution of the same program compiled into native machine language. This problem is mitigated by just-in-time (JIT) compilers for executing Java bytecode. A JIT compiler may translate Java bytecode into native machine language while executing the program. The translated parts of the program can then be executed much more quickly than they could be interpreted. This technique gets applied to those parts of a program frequently executed. This way a JIT compiler can significantly speed up the overall execution time.
There is no necessary connection between the Java programming language and Java bytecode. A program written in Java can be compiled directly into the machine language of a real computer and programs written in other languages than Java can be compiled into Java bytecode.
Java bytecode is intended to be platform-independent and secure.[13] Some JVM implementations do not include an interpreter, but consist only of a just-in-time compiler.[14]
JVM in the web browser[edit]
Since the very early stages of the design process, Java (and JVM) has been marketed as a web technology for creating Rich Internet Applications.
Java applets[edit]
Main article: Java applet
On the client side, web browsers may be extended with a NPAPI Java plugin which executes so called Java applets embedded into HTML pages. The applet is allowed to draw into a rectangular region on the page assigned to it and use a restricted set of APIs that allow for example access to user's microphone or 3D acceleration. Java applets were superior to JavaScript both in performance and features until approximately 2011, when JavaScript engines in browsers were made significantly faster and the HTML 5 suite of web technologies started enhancing JavaScript with new APIs. Java applets are not able to modify the page outside its rectangular region which is not true about JavaScript. Adobe Flash Player, the main competing technology, works in the same way in this respect. Java applets are not restricted to Java and in general can be created in any JVM language.
As of April 2014, Google Chrome does not allow the use of any NPAPI plugins.[15] Mozilla Firefox will also ban NPAPI plugins by the end of 2016. This means that Java applets can no longer be used in either browser.[16] Oracle ultimately announced in January 2016 that it will discontinue the Java web browser plugin effective Java 9.[17]
As of June 2015[update] according to W3Techs, Java applet use had fallen to 0.1% of all web sites. Flash had fallen to 10.8% and Silverlight to 0.1% of web sites.[18]
JavaScript JVMs and interpreters[edit]
As of May 2016, JavaPoly allows users to import unmodified Java libraries, and invoke them directly from JavaScript. JavaPoly allows websites to use run unmodified Java libraries, even if the user does not have Java installed on their computer.[19]
Compilation to JavaScript[edit]
With the continuing improvements in JavaScript execution speed, combined with the increased use of mobile devices whose web browsers do not implement support for plugins, there are efforts to target those users through compilation to JavaScript. It is possible to either compile the source code or JVM bytecode to JavaScript.
Compiling the JVM bytecode, which is universal across JVM languages, allows building upon the language's existing compiler to bytecode. The main JVM bytecode to JavaScript compilers are TeaVM,[20] the compiler contained in Dragome Web SDK,[21] Bck2Brwsr,[22] and j2js-compiler.[23]
Leading compilers from JVM languages to JavaScript include the Java-to-JavaScript compiler contained in Google Web Toolkit, Clojurescript (Clojure), GrooScript (Apache Groovy), Scala.js (Scala) and others.[24]
Java Runtime Environment from Oracle[edit]
Main article: HotSpot
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a software distribution containing a stand-alone Java VM (HotSpot), browser plugin, Java standard libraries and a configuration tool. It is the most common Java environment installed on Windows computers. It is freely available for download at the website java.com.
Performance[edit]
Main article: Java performance
The JVM specification gives a lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM.
To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap.
Generational heap[edit]
The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by the JVM for dynamic memory allocation.[25]
In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations:
The young generation stores short-lived objects that are created and immediately garbage collected.
Objects that persist longer are moved to the old generation (also called the tenured generation). This memory is subdivided into (two) Survivors spaces where the objects that survived the first and next garbage collections are stored.
The permanent generation (or permgen) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap.[26][27] The permanent generation was removed from Java 8.[28]
Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in the same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements.[26]
Security[edit]
Oracle's JRE is installed on a large number of computers. Since any web page the user visits may run Java applets, Java provides an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites that the user visits. Kaspersky Labs reports that the Java web browser plugin is the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites.[29]
In the past, end users were often using an out-of-date version of JRE which was vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief between users that Java is inherently insecure.[30] Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality.
See also[edit]
Java portal
List of Java virtual machines
Comparison of Java virtual machines
Comparison of application virtual machines
Automated exception handling
Java performance
List of JVM languages
Java processor
Common Language Runtime
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bill Venners, Inside the Java Virtual Machine Chapter 5
Jump up ^ "The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 924". Jcp.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 202". Jcp.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ The Java Virtual Machine Specification (the first and second editions are also available online).
Jump up ^ "The Java Virtual Machine Specification : Java SE 7 Edition" (PDF). Docs.oracle.com. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - Java Interoperability". scala-lang.org. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
Jump up ^ "The Java Community Process(SM) Program - JSRs: Java Specification Requests - detail JSR# 292". Jcp.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Da Vinci Machine project". Openjdk.java.net. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "New JDK 7 Feature: Support for Dynamically Typed Languages in the Java Virtual Machine". Oracle.com. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "The Verification process". The Java Virtual Machine Specification. Sun Microsystems. 1999. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
Jump up ^ Stephen N. Freund and John C. Mitchell. 1999. A formal framework for the Java bytecode language and verifier. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications (OOPSLA '99), A. Michael Berman (Ed.) Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp.147–166. doi:10.1145/320384.320397
Jump up ^ http://www-sop.inria.fr/everest/Lilian.Burdy/CBR02dsn.pdf
Jump up ^ David J. Eck, Introduction to Programming Using Java, Seventh Edition, Version 7.0, August 2014 at Section 1.3 "The Java Virtual Machine"
Jump up ^ Oracle JRockit Introduction Release R28 at 2. "Understanding Just-In-Time Compilation and Optimization"
Jump up ^ "Chrome starts pushing Java off the Web by disabling plugins". Ars Technica. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Firefox will stop supporting plugins by end of 2016, following Chrome's lead". PC World. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oracle deprecates the Java browser plugin, prepares for its demise". Ars Technica. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Historical yearly trends in the usage of client-side programming languages, June 2015". W3techs.com. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ Krill, Paul (13 May 2016). "JavaPoly.js imports existing Java code and invokes it directly from JavaScript". InfoWorld. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "TeaVM project home page". Teavm.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Dragome Web SDK". Dragome.com. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Bck2Brwsr - APIDesign". Wiki.apidesign.org. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ Wolfgang Kuehn (decatur). j2js-compiler GitHub
Jump up ^ "List of languages that compile to JS · jashkenas/coffeescript Wiki · GitHub". Github.com. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Garbage Collection in the Hotspot Java Virtual Machine". Sun Microsystems. 6 February 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Masamitsu, Jon (28 November 2006). "Presenting the Permanent Generation". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Nutter, Charles (11 September 2008). "A First Taste of InvokeDynamic". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "JEP 122: Remove the Permanent Generation". Oracle Corporation. 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
Jump up ^ "Is there any protection against Java exploits? | Kaspersky Lab". Kaspersky.com. 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
Jump up ^ "What Is Java, Is It Insecure, and Should I Use It?". Lifehacker.com. 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
References[edit]
Clarifications and Amendments to the Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition includes list of changes to be made to support J2SE 5.0 and JSR 45
JSR 45, specifies changes to the class file format to support source-level debugging of languages such as JavaServer Pages (JSP) and SQLJ that are translated to Java
External links[edit]
What is Java virtual machine (JVM)?
The Java Virtual Machine Specification
Java implementations at DMOZ
How to download and install prebuilt OpenJDK packages
How to Install Java? (JRE from Oracle)
[show]
v
t
e
Java virtual machines (comparison)
Sun/Oracle
HotSpot
KVM
OpenJDK
Maxine VM
Major implementations
Excelsior JET
JamVM
Jikes RVM
IBM J9
Embedded
Excelsior JET Embedded
JamaicaVM
Mika VM
Mysaifu
Squawk (Sun)
Others
CACAO
Dalvik
IcedTea
JX
more…
Discontinued
Apache Harmony
GCJ
IKVM.NET
JRockit
Kaffe
Microsoft JVM
SableVM
Jupiter
more…
[show]
v
t
e
Java
Platforms
Java language
JVM
Micro Edition
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
Java Card
Android SDK
Oracle technologies
Squawk
Java Development Kit
OpenJDK
Java virtual machine
JavaFX
Maxine VM
Platform technologies
Applets
Servlets
MIDlets
JSP
Web Start (JNLP)
Major third-party technologies
Blackdown
Eclipse
GNU Classpath
GWT
Harmony
Hibernate
IcedTea
Jazelle
Spring
Struts
TopLink
WildFly
History
Java version history
Java Community Process
Sun Microsystems
Free Java implementations
Major JVM languages
BeanShell
Clojure
Groovy
Oxygene
JRuby
Jython
Kotlin
Processing
Rhino
Scala
Tcl/Java
Conferences
JavaOne
Devoxx
[show]
v
t
e
Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corp, 2010)
People
Bill Joy
Andy Bechtolsheim
Scott McNealy
Vinod Khosla
List of notable employees
Hardware
Sun-1
Sun-2
Sun-3
Sun386i
Sun-4
SPARCstation
Netra
Ultra
Enterprise
Sun Blade
Sun Fire
SPARC Enterprise
SPARC
JavaStation
Sun Ray
Sun Modular Datacenter
more...
Software
SunOS
Solaris
NIS (+)
NFS
ZFS
SunView
NeWS
OpenWindows
Java Desktop System
Sun Studio
Java
StarOffice
iPlanet/Sun ONE/Java Enterprise System
Sun Secure Global Desktop
MySQL
Sun xVM
GlassFish
more...
Storage
StorageTek
Sun Open Storage
QFS
ZFS
High-performance computing
Sun Cloud
Sun Constellation System
Sun Visualization System
Sun Grid Engine
Lustre
Research
Sun Labs
picoJava
Fortress
Project Looking Glass
Education
SCPs
BlueJ
Community
Common Development and Distribution License
Java Community Process
NetBeans
OpenOffice.org
OpenSolaris
OpenSPARC
OpenJDK
OSUM
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_virtual_machine&oldid=806970401"
Categories:
Java (programming language)
Java platform
Java platform software
Java specification requests
Java virtual machine
Stack-based virtual machines
Hidden categories:
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015
Articles with DMOZ links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
አማርኛ
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Magyar
മലയാളം
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Русский
Shqip
Simple English
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 October 2017, at 04:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href class title

value:
/wiki/Joe_Rogan_Experience
mw-redirect
Joe Rogan Experience

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: caption

value:
/wiki/32-bit_computing
mw-redirect
32-bit computing

value:
/wiki/General_purpose_register
mw-redirect
General purpose register

value:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

value:
/wiki/Class_(file_format)
mw-redirect
Class (file format)

value:
/wiki/Java_Class_loader
mw-redirect
Java Class loader

value: Edit section: Virtual machine architecture

value:
/wiki/Instruction_(computer_science)
mw-redirect
Instruction (computer science)

value:
/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation
mw-redirect
Dynamic memory allocation

value:
/wiki/Native_data_type
mw-redirect
Native data type

value:
/wiki/Java_byte_code
mw-redirect
Java byte code

value: Edit section: Secure execution of remote code

value:
/wiki/Clipboard_(software)
mw-redirect
Clipboard (software)

value: Edit section: Bytecode interpreter and just-in-time compiler

value:
/wiki/Rich_Internet_Applications
mw-redirect
Rich Internet Applications

value:
/wiki/Java_applets
mw-redirect
Java applets

value:
/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox
mw-redirect
Mozilla Firefox

value: Edit section: JavaScript JVMs and interpreters

value: Edit section: Java Runtime Environment from Oracle

value: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

value: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

value: Comparison of application virtual machines

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=924

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=202

value:
nofollow
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/vmspec/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.scala-lang.org/old/faq/4

value:
nofollow
external text
https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=292

value:
nofollow
http://openjdk.java.net/projects/mlvm/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1145%2F320384.320397

value:
nofollow
http://teavm.org/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.dragome.com/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
http://openjdk.java.net/jeps/122

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=45

value:
nofollow
http://openjdk.java.net/install/
external text

value: Category:Discontinued Java virtual machines

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

value:
/wiki/Hibernate_(Java)
mw-redirect
Hibernate (Java)

value:
/wiki/Apache_Struts
mw-redirect
Apache Struts

value:
/wiki/Oracle_Solaris_Studio
mw-redirect
Oracle Solaris Studio

value: Common Development and Distribution License

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Java_virtual_machine
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: ጃቫ ቨርቹአል ማሽን – Amharic

value: آلة جافا الافتراضية – Arabic

value:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/JVM
JVM – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

value: জাভা ভার্চুয়াল মেশিন – Bangla

value: ماشین مجازی جاوا – Persian

value: 자바 가상 머신 – Korean

value: जावा आभासी मशीन – Hindi

value: Java виртуалды машинасы – Kazakh

value: ജാവ വെർച്വൽ മെഷീൻ – Malayalam

value: Java ဒြပ်မဲ့စက် – Burmese

value: ਜਾਵਾ ਵਰਚੁਅਲ ਮਸ਼ੀਨ – Punjabi

value: Јава виртуелна машина – Serbian

value: Java (virtualna mašina) – Serbo-Croatian

value: Віртуальна машина Java – Ukrainian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Java_virtual_machine rootpage-Java_virtual_machine vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
13 Reasons Why
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the television series. For the novel, see Thirteen Reasons Why.
13 Reasons Why
Genre
Teen drama
Mystery
Based on
Thirteen Reasons Why
by Jay Asher
Developed by
Brian Yorkey
Starring
Dylan Minnette
Katherine Langford
Christian Navarro
Alisha Boe
Brandon Flynn
Justin Prentice
Miles Heizer
Ross Butler
Devin Druid
Amy Hargreaves
Derek Luke
Kate Walsh
Narrated by
Katherine Langford
Opening theme
"Oh in This World of Dread, Carry On" by Eskmo
Composer(s)
Eskmo
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
13 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Brian Yorkey
Diana Son
Tom McCarthy
Joy Gorman Wettels
Steve Golin
Michael Sugar
Selena Gomez
Mandy Teefey
Kristel Laiblin
Producer(s)
Joseph Incaprera
Editor(s)
Leo Trombetta
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
49–61 minutes
Production company(s)
July Moon Productions
Kicked to the Curb Productions
Anonymous Content
Paramount Television
Distributor
Netflix
Release
Original network
Netflix
Picture format
4K (Ultra HD)[1]
Original release
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31) – present
External links
Website
13 Reasons Why (stylized onscreen as Th1rteen R3asons Why) is an American mystery teen drama web television series based on the 2007 novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher and adapted by Brian Yorkey for Netflix. The series revolves around a high school student, Clay Jensen, and his friend Hannah Baker, a girl who committed suicide after suffering a series of demoralizing circumstances brought on by select individuals at her school. A box of cassette tapes recorded by Hannah before her suicide details thirteen reasons why she ended her life.
Diana Son and Brian Yorkey serve as showrunners on the series. The first season consists of thirteen episodes.[2] The series is produced by July Moon Productions, Kicked to the Curb Productions, Anonymous Content and Paramount Television. Originally conceived as a film set to be released by Universal Pictures with Selena Gomez in the role of Hannah Baker, the adaptation was picked up as a television series by Netflix in late 2015. Gomez serves as an executive producer. The first season, and the special 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, were released worldwide on Netflix on March 31, 2017.
The series has received largely positive reviews from critics and audiences, who have praised its subject matter and casting, particularly the two leads, Dylan Minnette and Katherine Langford. It has attracted controversy from some, including mental health professionals, over the series' graphic depiction of issues such as suicide and rape, along with other mature content. In May 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season, scheduled to premiere in 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Reception
5.1 Audience viewership
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Social impact
5.4 Accolades
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
Teenager Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box lying on his porch. Inside, he discovers seven double-sided cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, his classmate and unrequited love, who tragically committed suicide two weeks earlier. On tape, Hannah unfolds an emotional audio diary, detailing the thirteen reasons why she decided to end her life. Her instructions are clear: each person who receives the package is one of the reasons why she killed herself. And after each person has completed listening to the tapes, they must pass the package on to the next person. If anyone decides to break the chain, a separate set of tapes will be released to the public. Each tape is addressed to a select person in her school and details their involvement in her eventual suicide.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen[4]
Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker[4]
Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla[4]
Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis[4]
Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley[4]
Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker[4]
Miles Heizer as Alex Standall[4]
Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey[4]
Devin Druid as Tyler Down[4]
Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen[5]
Derek Luke as Kevin Porter[6]
Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker[6]
Recurring[edit]
Brian d'Arcy James as Andrew "Andy" Baker[7]
Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen
Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen
Steven Silver as Marcus Cole
Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland
Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver
Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller
Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins
Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz
Steven Weber as Principal Gary Bolan
Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley
Mark Pellegrino as Sheriff's Deputy Standall
Joseph C. Phillips as Mr. Davis
Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey
Henry Zaga as Brad
Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen
Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez
Jake Weber as Barry Walker[8]
Brenda Strong as Nora Walker[8]
Meredith Monroe as Carolyn[8]
R.J. Brown as Caleb[8]
Anne Winters as Chloe[9]
Bryce Cass as Cyrus[9]
Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie[9]
Allison Miller as Sonya[9]
Samantha Logan as Nina[9]
Kelli O'Hara as Jackie[9]
Ben Lawson as Rick[9]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Tape 1, Side A" Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep. He plays the first in his father's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker, before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother. Clay steals his friend Tony's Walkman to continue listening. Clay listens to the first tape, in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide. She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss, with Justin Foley, who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide. Clay is revealed, through numerous short flashbacks, to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater.
Tape subject: Justin Foley, for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter.
2
"Tape 1, Side B" Tom McCarthy Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students: Jessica, who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force, and Alex, who they met at a coffee shop. Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah. When Alex breaks up with Jessica, she very publicly blames Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia, finds a note in her daughter's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied. Clay asks Jessica about the tapes, which results in Bryce Walker's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah's recordings.
Tape subject: Jessica Davis, for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex.
3
"Tape 2, Side A" Helen Shaver Diana Son March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah, her relationships are threatened by a "best/worst list" made by Alex Standall, who has put a "target" on Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery. In the midst of his investigation, Clay turns to Alex for answers, who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes, but also warns Clay against trusting Tony, whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers. As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump, Bryce strong-arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway.
Tape subject: Alex Standall, for listing Hannah's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and to become more popular.
4
"Tape 2, Side B" Helen Shaver Thomas Higgins March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah hears someone outside her window, and confesses to her friend, Courtney, that she has a stalker. Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act. While waiting for the stalker to arrive, they play an alcohol-fueled game of truth or dare which leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah's bed. The stalker, school photographer Tyler Down, takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school. This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph. In the present, Clay goes to Hannah's house and talks to her mother, though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were. He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers. Tony responds that "people have to make their own justice" and proves he has an extra set of tapes. Inspired by this, Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge.
Tape subject: Tyler Down, for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney's kiss around the school.
5
"Tape 3, Side A" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Julia Bicknell March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Courtney, afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality, spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura, an openly lesbian classmate. Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin, worsening Hannah's poor reputation. In the present, Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah's grave. She leaves, not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality. Tony arrives with Clay's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal. Later, Justin, Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit. They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex's father. Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother, who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing.
Tape subject: Courtney Crimsen, for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah.
6
"Tape 3, Side B" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Nic Sheff March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah's date on Valentine's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is "easy". In the present, Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both have to appear before the student council. Clay helps Sheri on an assignment, and they nearly hook up, but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah's death.
Tape subject: Marcus Cole, for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date.
7
"Tape 4, Side A" Gregg Araki Elizabeth Benjamin March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach, he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project. In the present, Clay hears Zach's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge, but things turn out to be different than they appeared. Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day, including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school's intercom system. He returns the tapes to Tony, unable to continue listening.
Tape subject: Zach Dempsey, for stealing the "positive notes" destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help.
8
"Tape 4, Side B" Gregg Araki Kirk Moore March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver, and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club, a place where people write and perform their own poetry, and listen and critique others. Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her. Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine. Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious, but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it, not realizing Hannah is the author. In the present day, Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah's death, and Clay takes back the tapes. Clay later gives the poem to Hannah's mother.
Tape subject: Ryan Shaver, for stealing a poem she wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent.
9
"Tape 5, Side A" Carl Franklin Hayley Tyler March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
While hiding in Jessica's room during a party, Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica. In the present, Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes, this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school. Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close. After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother, he goes to Justin's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica. Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real, and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth.
Tape subject: Justin Foley (and seemingly Hannah Baker herself), for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica.
10
"Tape 5, Side B" Carl Franklin Nathan Louis Jackson March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After the party, Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate, cheerleader Sheri Holland. They have what appears to be a minor accident, knocking over a stop sign. While Hannah wants to call the police to report it, Sheri refuses to do so, because she is afraid she will get in trouble. While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities, the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection, resulting in the death of Clay's friend Jeff Atkins, which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident. When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign, he pushes her away, thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic. In the present, Jessica's behavior becomes more erratic. Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way, and he tells Jeff's parents that Jeff was sober when he died.
Tape subject: Sheri Holland, for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign, which ultimately caused the death of another student.
11
"Tape 6, Side A" Jessica Yu Diana Son March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
With Tony's support, Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah's death. Tony manages to calm him down. Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce's home. He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party, causing her to break up with him. Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes, although she does not know what the list means.
Tape subject: Ostensibly Clay Jensen, for complying with Hannah's request to leave her alone at Jessica's party. However, Hannah is quite explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list, but is there because he needs to be as he is part of the story.
12
"Tape 6, Side B" Jessica Yu Elizabeth Benjamin March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After accidentally losing her parents' store's earnings, a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce. The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him, and he rapes her in his hot tub. This leads Hannah to create a list of people (the one that her mother found in the previous episode) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances, which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes. In the present, everyone on Hannah's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school. The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do. Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce, but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth. Sheri turns herself in. Clay goes to Bryce's house, on the pretext of buying marijuana, to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah. Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten. However, Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah. An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics.
Tape subject: Bryce Walker, for raping Hannah in his hot tub.
13
"Tape 7, Side A" Kyle Patrick Alvarez Brian Yorkey March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape. Hannah secretly records the conversation, hoping he will help her. When he does not, she heads home and commits suicide by cutting her wrists and arms in a bathtub filled with water. In the present, Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy. He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day. He also hands over the tapes, including the additional tape containing Bryce's confession. Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape. The depositions begin, Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah's death as much as possible. Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes. Before his deposition, Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room, and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview. Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound; he is in critical condition at the hospital. Justin leaves town out of guilt, but not before telling Bryce about the tapes. Jessica finally tells her father about her rape. At school, Clay reaches out to Skye Miller, his former friend, to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah.
Tape subject: Mr. Porter, for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help.
Production[edit]
Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker.[10] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.[11] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[12] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[12]
Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[13][14] The first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[15]
Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.[16]
On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season. A short promo was released on various 13 Reasons Why social media accounts.[17] Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017,[18] but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed.[19]
Reception[edit]
Audience viewership[edit]
The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company’s U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.[20]
Critical response[edit]
The show has received positive reviews from critics, with much of the praise for the show has been directed at the cast's performances, direction, story, visuals, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter.
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 82% approval rating with an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 42 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu."[21] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[22]
Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why, giving it a 9.2 out of 10, "Amazing", stating that the show is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century".[23] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show, saying that "the drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking".[24] Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing".[25] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the show "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world".[26] Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", calling its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the show's strongest points.[27]
The cast's performances, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, were frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford's performances, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role."[23] Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another." Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."[27]
Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, whom Ryan describes as "career-best work".[25] Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances of Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire, who enjoyed the show and gave it a glowing score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.[25][23][27][28]
Another aspect frequently mentioned within several reviews was the show's mature and emotional approach to dark and adult subject matter depicted in the show. This was positively reviewed by critics, such as Miller of Indiewire, who gave it a positive review of the season, particularly her mentions that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth", but also states that this makes the show difficult to watch at times.[28] Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also states that the show is very difficult to watch at times,[27] while Schedeen of IGN states that the show is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."[23]
Numerous critics also praised several aspects of the show. Feinberg praised the show's directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative",[28] while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."[24]
Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."[29]
Writing for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me." Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."[30]
Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding 13 Reasons Why "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story ... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."[31]
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly Hannah. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy."[32]
Social impact[edit]
The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self-harm, causing Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first episode. School psychologists and educators have raised alarm about the series. The superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools, reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harm behavior from students, and that some of those students "have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series."[33]
The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show's release in the country.[34][35][36]
In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34[a] OECD countries during 2009 to 2012,[38][39] the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.[40][41]
In response to the controversy, Gomez, one of the executive producers on 13 Reasons Why, defended the series. She stated: "We stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [author] Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do," Gomez told Associated Press. "We wanted to do it justice and, yeah, [the backlash is] gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing."[42]
In April 2017, National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide."[43] The NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for the NASP in response to a television show.[44]
In May 2017, the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth and lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide.[45] The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional such as a clinical child psychologist using evidence-based practice.
Similarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion.[46][47][48] However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide".[43]
Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or depicting them in fiction in order to not encourage copycat suicides.[49] The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard.[50] Nic Sheff, a writer for the show, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.[51]
The NASP statement also criticizes the show's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms. Alex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the show's entire plotline as "essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live."[50]
Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told Slate.[50]
In May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement of similar concerns to the ones raised by the NASP. The CMHA is concerned that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, and, particularly, in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology. While the CMHA and CASP praised the show for raising awareness about "this preventable health concern", they added that: "raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to the CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson."[52][53]
One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide related searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and a 9% increase for "how to kill yourself".[54] A review, however, found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide.[55]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actress – Television Series Drama Katherine Langford Nominated [56]
Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Season Kent Pending [57]
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series Carl Franklin for "Tape 5, Side B" Won [58]
Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Katherine Langford Pending [59]
Best Drama Series 13 Reasons Why Pending
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ While there are 35 OECD countries, figures for 2009–2012 exclude Latvia, which became a member country on July 1, 2016.[37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why". instantwatcher.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2016). "Diana Son Joins Selena Gomez's Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why' As Showrunner". Deadline. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'13 Reasons Why' Renewed for a Second Season at Netflix". Variety. May 7, 2017. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Andreeva, Nellie (June 8, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why' Netflix Series: Dylan Minnette & Katherine Langford Lead Cast". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 23, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why' Casts Amy Hargreaves; Frances Conroy In 'The Mist'". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (June 10, 2016). "'13 Reasons Why': Kate Walsh To Co-Star In Netflix Series, Derek Luke Also Cast". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Spotlight's Brian d'Arcy James Cast In Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why', Joins TNT Pilot 'Civil'". Deadline.com. June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Petski, Denise (August 10, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why': Jake Weber, Brenda Strong, Meredith Monroe & RJ Brown Join Season 2 Cast". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 8, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why' Adds Seven New Actors for Season 2". Variety. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (February 9, 2011). "Selena Gomez To Star In '13 Reasons Why': Movie, adapted from Jay Asher's young adult novel, looks back at a girl's reasons for committing suicide". MTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Gives Selena Gomez's '13 Reasons Why' Straight-To-Series Order". Deadline. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (February 25, 2016). "Spotlight's Tom McCarthy To Direct & Produce Selena Gomez's Netflix Series '13 Reasons Why' From Paramount TV". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 11, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mara, Janis (June 23, 2016). "Marin Netflix series shoot brings economic benefits". Marin Independent Journal. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mara, Janis (June 24, 2016). "Selena Gomez-produced Netflix series shooting in Marin brings economic benefits". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (January 25, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why Gets Netflix Premiere Date". Deadline. Archived from the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Keaney, Quinn (April 7, 2017). "How Netflix's 13 Reasons Why Is the Most Important YA Adaptation Yet". PopSugar Celebrity UK. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why Renewed for Season 2 By Netflix". E! Online. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fuller, Becky (June 12, 2017). "13 Reasons Why Season 2 Begins Filming". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/10/13-reasons-why-production-shut-down-wildfires-northern-california-1202185999/
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (August 18, 2017). "Netflix's 'Marvel's The Defenders' Poised for Binge-Viewing Pop, Data Indicates". Variety. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why: Season 1 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why: Season 1 reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Schedeen, Jesse (April 5, 2017). "13 Reasons Why: Season 1 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert, Matthew (March 29, 2017). ""Yes, '13 Reasons Why' is for young adults. It's still very good."". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ryan, Maureen (March 21, 2017). "TV Review: '13 Reasons Why' on Netflix". Variety. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Greenblatt, Leah (March 22, 2017). "13 Reasons Why: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fienberg, Daniel (March 27, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why': TV review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 8, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Liz Shannon (March 31, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why' review: Netflix brings a brutally adult edge to a tale of teen suicide". Indiewire. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hale, Mike (March 30, 2017). "Review: '13 Reasons Why' She Killed Herself, Drawn Out on Netflix". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Rebecca (March 31, 2017). "13 Reasons Why review – sex, drugs and mixtapes in Netflix's high-school horror show". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank (March 30, 2017). "'Thirteen Reasons Why' shows how adults can really mess up teen angst". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 12, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wiegand, David (March 29, 2017). "'13 Reasons' why Netflix drama works despite gimmickry". SFGate. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Balingit, Moriah (May 2, 2017). "Educators and school psychologists raise alarms about '13 Reasons Why'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why: Headspace issues warning over new Netflix show". Community Newspaper Group. April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Netflix series 13 Reasons Why under fire from mental health experts". news.com.au. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "headspace: dangerous content in 13 Reasons Why". headspace.org.au. Archived from the original on April 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD". Oecd.org. Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Social Report 2016 – Te pūrongo oranga tangata". Ministry of Social Development - New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on April 6, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mconnell, Glenn. "The highest rate of teen suicide in the developed world". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand teens can only watch Netflix show 13 Reasons Why with their parents". BBC. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "13 Reasons Why: Censors make new RP18 rating for controversial Netflix show". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Kayleigh. "Selena Gomez Responds to the '13 Reasons Why' Backlash". Elle. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Howard, Jacqueline. "Why teen mental health experts are focused on '13 Reasons Why'". CNN. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blistein, Jon (May 2, 2017). "Netflix Adds More Advisory Warnings to '13 Reasons Why'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Division 53 SCCAP Statement on 13 Reasons Why". clinicalchildpsychology.org. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ MollyKate, Cline. "Why '13 Reasons Why' Can Be Triggering for People Coping With Mental Illness". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Korin (April 13, 2017). "13 Reasons Why Is Not the Force for Mental Health Awareness People Say It Is". Self. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Thorbecke, Catherine (April 18, 2017). "'13 Reasons Why' faces backlash from suicide prevention advocacy group". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Recommendations - Reporting on Suicide". Archived from the original on April 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martinelli, Marissa (May 1, 2017). "13 Reasons Why's Controversial Depiction of Teen Suicide Has School Counselors Picking Up the Pieces". Slate. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sheff, Nic (April 13, 2017). "13 Reasons Why Writer: Why We Didn't Shy Away from Hannah's Suicide". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CMHA National Statement Responding to Netflix Series: 13 Reasons Why - Canadian Mental Health Association". Archived from the original on May 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ National Association of School Psychologists. (2017). 13 Reasons Why Netflix series: Considerations for educators (handout). Bethesda, MD: Author. at nasponline.org Archived June 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed May 8, 2017
Jump up ^ Ayers, John W.; Althouse, Benjamin M.; Leas, Eric C.; Dredze, Mark; Allem, Jon-Patrick (2017). "Internet Searches for Suicide Following the Release of 13 Reasons Why". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (10): 1527–1529. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.3333.
Jump up ^ Mok, K; Jorm, AF; Pirkis, J (August 2015). "Suicide-related Internet use: A review". The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry. 49 (8): 697–705. doi:10.1177/0004867415569797. PMID 25698810.
Jump up ^ "Golden Globes Winners: Complete List". Variety. January 7, 2018. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sufjan Stevens, 'Greatest Showman,' 'Girls' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees". Variety. January 11, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ THR Staff (20 November 2017). "NAACP Image Awards: 'Marshall,' 'Get Out,' 'Girls Trip' Dominate Film Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (November 28, 2017). "'Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations". TheWrap. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 13 Reasons Why.
Wikiversity has learning resources about What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why
13 Reasons Why on Netflix
13 Reasons Why on IMDb
13 Reasons Why at Rotten Tomatoes
13 Reasons Why at TV.com
What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why -- support resources organized by episode and topic, curated by HGAPS and SCCAP
[show]
v
t
e
Netflix original series
Current
Since 2013
House of Cards
Orange Is the New Black
Since 2014
BoJack Horseman
Since 2015
The Adventures of Puss in Boots
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Chef's Table
Daredevil
Grace and Frankie
Residue
Sense8
Club de Cuervos
Project Mc2
Dinotrux
Narcos
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show
Master of None
Jessica Jones
F Is for Family
Making a Murderer
Real Rob
Since 2016
Degrassi: Next Class
Love
Fuller House
Lego Friends: The Power of Friendship
Flaked
Lost & Found Music Studios
The Ranch
Kong: King of the Apes
Marseille
Voltron: Legendary Defender
Word Party
World of Winx
Stranger Things
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh
Last Chance U
Beat Bugs
Kulipari: An Army of Frogs
Easy
Luke Cage
Skylanders Academy
The Crown
3%
Luna Petunia
The OA
Travelers
Trollhunters
Since 2017
One Day at a Time
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Frontier
Santa Clarita Diet
Abstract: The Art of Design
Ultimate Beastmaster
Legend Quest
Buddy Thunderstruck
Iron Fist
Julie's Greenroom
Ingobernable
13 Reasons Why
Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Return
Bill Nye Saves the World
Dear White People
Cable Girls
Spirit Riding Free
Anne with an E
El Chapo
Free Rein
GLOW
Castlevania
Friends from College
Ozark
The Worst Witch
Atypical
True and the Rainbow Kingdom
Disjointed
Greenhouse Academy
The Confession Tapes
American Vandal
Neo Yokio
Jack Whitehall: Travels with My Father
Big Mouth
The Magic School Bus Rides Again
Suburra
Mindhunter
Super Monsters
Cuando conocí al Chapo: La historia de Kate del Castillo
Beyond Stranger Things
Blazing Transfer Student
The Punisher
Shot in the Dark
Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters
She's Gotta Have It
Dark
Wormwood
The Toys That Made Us
Since 2018
The End of the F***ing World
Devilman Crybaby
My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman
Trolls: The Beat Goes On!
Continuations
Arrested Development (season 4, 2013)
The Killing (season 4, 2014)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (season 6, 2014)
Trailer Park Boys (seasons 8–11, 2014–17)
DreamWorks Dragons (seasons 3–7, 2015–17)
Longmire (seasons 4–6, 2015–16)
Black Mirror (seasons 3–4, 2016–17)
Lovesick (seasons 2–3, 2016–18)
The Last Kingdom (season 2, 2017)
Glitch (season 2, 2017)
Former
Lilyhammer (2012–14)
Hemlock Grove (2013–15)
Turbo FAST (2013–16)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
Marco Polo (2014–16)
All Hail King Julien (2014–17)
Richie Rich (2015)
Bloodline (2015–17)
Between (2015–16)
Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015)
Popples (2015–16)
Care Bears and Cousins (2015–16)
W/ Bob & David (2015)
Atelier (2015)
Dawn of the Croods (2015–17)
Chelsea Does (2016)
Lego Bionicle: The Journey to One (2016)
Netflix Presents: The Characters (2016)
Chelsea (2016–17)
Lady Dynamite (2016–17)
Hibana: Spark (2016)
Ask the StoryBots (2016)
Paranoid (2016)
The Get Down (2016–17)
StoryBots Super Songs (2016)
Haters Back Off (2016–17)
Roman Empire: Reign of Blood (2016)
Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016)
Captive (2016)
White Rabbit Project (2016)
Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (2016–17)
Crazyhead (2016)
Chasing Cameron (2016)
Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Tarzan and Jane (2017)
We're Lalaloopsy (2017)
Five Came Back (2017)
Girlboss (2017)
The Keepers (2017)
Gypsy (2017)
Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later (2017)
The Defenders (2017)
Alias Grace (2017)
Godless (2017)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
Upcoming
Damnation (2018)
Altered Carbon (2018)
Queer Eye (2018)
Everything Sucks! (2018)
The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale (2018)
Seven Seconds (2018)
B: the Beginning (2018)
A.I.C.O. -Incarnation- (2018)
Sword Gai: The Animation (2018)
O Mecanismo (2018)
Alexa & Katie (2018)
Baki (2018)
Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee (season 10, 2018)
Disenchantment (2018)
Dr. Seuss' Green Eggs and Ham (2018)
Harvey Street Kids (2018)
Hilda (2018)
Insatiable (2018)
Kingdom (2018)
Kiss Me First (2018)
Knights of the Zodiac: Saint Seiya (2018)
La Casa de las Flores (2018)
Lost in Space (2018)
Lost Song (2018)
Maniac (2018)
On My Block (2018)
Safe (2018)
Samantha! (2018)
Spy Kids: Mission Critical (2018)
The Ballad of Buster Scruggs (2018)
The Boss Baby: Back in Business (2018)
The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018)
The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants (2018)
The New Legends of Monkey (2018)
The Umbrella Academy (2018)
Carmen Sandiego (2019)
Top Boy (season 3, 2019)
Best Worst Weekend Ever (TBA)
Chambers (TBA)
Collateral (TBA)
Nightflyers (TBA)
Raising Dion (TBA)
Ratched (TBA)
Requiem (TBA)
The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance (TBA)
The Eddy (TBA)
The Forgiving Earth (TBA)
The Good Cop (TBA)
The Green Beret’s Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse (TBA)
The Haunting of Hill House (TBA)
The Kominsky Method (TBA)
The Letdown (TBA)
The Spy (TBA)
The Witcher (TBA)
Tidelands (TBA)
Troy: Fall of a City (TBA)
Unbelievable (TBA)
Wanderlust (TBA)
Watership Down (TBA)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=13_Reasons_Why&oldid=822132799"
Categories:
2010s American drama television series
2010s American mystery television series
2017 American television series debuts
American high school television series
American LGBT-related television shows
American teen drama television series
Bullying in television
English-language television programs
Lesbian-related television programmes
LGBT-related drama television series
Netflix original programming
Rape in fiction
Serial drama television series
Suicide in television
Television programs based on American novels
Television series by Anonymous Content
Television series by Paramount Television
Television shows filmed in California
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from May 2017
Use American English from April 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Pages using infobox television with editor parameter
Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters
Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters
Commons category without a link on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 January 2018, at 15:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

tag: i

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: href title

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: th

attr: colspan class style

value: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

tag: tr

tag: img

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: Netflix's 13 Reasons Why title screen.png

attr: href class

tag: td

attr: colspan style

tag: li

tag: ul

value: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.netflix.com/title/80117470

value: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

value: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

value:
description
5
border-bottom:solid 3px #000814

value:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

value: October 2017 Northern California wildfires

value:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

value: Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)

value: National Association of School Psychologists

value:
/wiki/Clinical_psychologists
mw-redirect
Clinical psychologists

value:
/wiki/Suicide_contagion
mw-redirect
Suicide contagion

value:
/wiki/Coping_mechanism
mw-redirect
Coping mechanism

value:
/wiki/Slate_(website)
mw-redirect
Slate (website)

value: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama

value: background: #FDD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: background: #FFD; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series

value: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

value: Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama

value: Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Drama

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.webcitation.org/6sqg1uawF

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25698810

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: v:What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why

value:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1837492/
external text

attr: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
nofollow
http://www.tv.com/shows/13-reasons-why/
external text

value: wikiversity:What We Wish They Knew: 13 Reasons Why

value: wikiversity:Helping Give Away Psychological Science

value: List of original programs distributed by Netflix

value: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

value: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)

value: Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp

value: Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (TV series)

value: Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later

value:
/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego_(2019_TV_series)
mw-redirect
Carmen Sandiego (2019 TV series)

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:2010s American drama television series

value: Category:2010s American mystery television series

value: Category:2017 American television series debuts

value: Category:American high school television series

value: Category:American LGBT-related television shows

value: Category:American teen drama television series

value: Category:LGBT-related drama television series

value: Category:Television programs based on American novels

value: Category:Television series by Anonymous Content

value: Category:Television series by Paramount Television

value: Category:Television shows filmed in California

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Use American English from April 2017

value: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

value: Category:Pages using infobox television with editor parameter

value: Category:Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters

value: Category:Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters

value: Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/13_Reasons_Why
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: ثلاثة عشر سببا (مسلسل) – Arabic

value: 13 səbəb, niyə (teleserial, 2017) – Azerbaijani

value: 13 причини защо (сериал) – Bulgarian

value: Tote Mädchen lügen nicht (Fernsehserie) – German

value: 13 Reasons Why (serie de televisión) – Spanish

value: ۱۳ دلیل برای اینکه – Persian

value: 13 Reasons Why (série télévisée) – French

value: 루머의 루머의 루머 – Korean

value: 13 պատճառ՝ ինչու – Armenian

value: 13 סיבות (סדרת טלוויזיה) – Hebrew

value: Tizenhárom okom volt (sorozat) – Hungarian

value: 13 причин почему – Russian

value: Тринаест разлога (серија) – Serbian

value: Kolmetoista syytä (televisiosarja) – Finnish

value: Tretton skäl varför (TV-serie) – Swedish

value: 13 บันทึกลับหัวใจสลาย – Thai

value: Тринадцять причин чому (телесеріал) – Ukrainian

value: 漢娜的遺言 (電視劇) – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-13_Reasons_Why rootpage-13_Reasons_Why skin-vector action-view