text:
World Open (snooker)
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World Open
Tournament information
Venue
Hainan International Exhibition Center
Location
Haikou
Country
China
Established
1982
Organisation(s)
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
Format
Ranking event
Current champion(s)
Ding Junhui
The World Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament. It had previously been known as the Professional Players Tournament, the LG Cup and the Grand Prix. During 2006 and 2007, it was played in a unique round-robin format, more similar to association football and rugby tournaments than the knock-out systems usually played in snooker. The knock-out format returned in 2008 with an FA Cup-style draw. The random draw was abandoned after the 2010 edition. Ding Junhui was the defending champion.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Winners
3 Records
4 Media coverage
5 References
History[edit]
The tournament was created in 1982 as the Professional Players Tournament by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, in order to provide another ranking event. Ray Reardon beat Jimmy White by 10 frames to 5 in the final to win the first prize of £5,000.
In 1984 Rothmans started sponsoring the tournament, changing its name to the Grand Prix, and moved its venue to the Hexagon Theatre in Reading. The tournament has had various sponsors and venues since. Previous sponsors include LG Electronics, who took over in 2001 and changed the tournament's name to the LG Cup. After LG withdrew their sponsorship, the Grand Prix name was revived for 2004 and was sponsored by totesport. Between 2006 and 2008 the event was sponsored by Royal London Watches.
The tournament was played at the Guild hall in 1998, at the start of the snooker season, until 2005 (moving once to Telford in 2000). Prize money for 2005 totalled £400,000, with the winner receiving £60,000.
In its original form, the tournament had a flatter structure than most tournaments, with the top 32 players all coming in at the last 64 stage (in other tournaments there are only 16 players left when the players ranked 17–32 come in, and then the 16 winners of those matches face the top 16).
These facts made it more common to see surprise results than in most other tournaments, with players such as Dominic Dale, Marco Fu, Euan Henderson and Dave Harold all surprise finalists at the time. A player from outside the top 16 has reached the final roughly half the times the contest has been played. Few of those have become consistent stars, although Stephen Hendry and John Higgins took their first ranking titles in the event. In addition, over the years, many top 16 players were eliminated in the early stages of the contest. Taking the 1996 event as an extreme case, thirteen of the top sixteen seeds failed to reach the quarter final stages, and the semi-finals featured one match between two top 16 players (Mark Williams and John Parrott) and another between two unseeded players (Euan Henderson and Mark Bennett); with Bennett and Henderson respectively winning the first two quarter final matches, a surprise finalist was guaranteed before the quarter finals had been completed.
The event moved to Scotland at the A.E.C.C. in Aberdeen for 2006, and introduced a brand new format. Players were split into groups (8 groups of 8 in qualifying, 8 groups of 6 in the final stages) and played every other player in their group once. The top 2 players progressed; the last 16 and onwards were played as a straight knock-out.
This resulted in several surprise results. Little-known players such as Ben Woollaston, Jamie Jones and Issara Kachaiwong made it through qualifying, while stars such as Graeme Dott, Stephen Hendry and Shaun Murphy failed to clear their groups.
The format was slightly tweaked for 2007, after complaints (notably from Dennis Taylor) that the system was too random. Matches increased in length from best-of-5 to best-of-7, to give the better player more chance to win. The main tie-breaker for players level on wins was changed, with frame difference now taking precedence over results between the players who are level on points. Notably, under the 2007 format, 2006 runner-up Jamie Cope would have been eliminated in the groups, as he defeated third-placed Michael Holt but had an inferior frame-difference.
The 2007 event saw fewer surprises, although 2006 World Champion Graeme Dott, 1997 World Champion Ken Doherty, defending champion Neil Robertson, seven-time World Champion Stephen Hendry, six-time World Champion Steve Davis, twice World Champion Mark Williams and 2007 World Championship finalist Mark Selby were all eliminated in the groups. The format was not continued for 2008, due to dwindling ticket sales in the early rounds.
For 2008, the event moved to the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) in Glasgow. It went back to a knock-out format with no round-robin. The last 16 and beyond however was played using a FA Cup-style draw, rather than automatically pitching higher ranked players (or their conquerors) against lower-ranked players. In 2009, the event was held in Glasgow, but at another venue, the Kelvin Hall.
Following Barry Hearn's takeover of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, the Grand Prix was reformatted and renamed to World Open.[1] The event gave a chance for amateurs to play alongside professionals.[2] The amateurs had to win 3 matches to qualify for the main draw.[3] On 9 January 2012 it was announced, that the World Open would be held in the next five years in Haikou on the Hainan Island.[4] In November 2014, it was announced that the tournament would not be held in the 2014/2015 season after the contract with the promoter was not renewed and a new venue was not found in time.[5] The event returned in the 2016/2017 season.[6]
Winners[edit]
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Final score
Venue
Season
Professional Players Tournament
1982 Ray Reardon Jimmy White 10–5 Birmingham 1982/1983
1983 Tony Knowles Joe Johnson 9–8 Bristol 1983/1984
Grand Prix
1984 Dennis Taylor Cliff Thorburn 10–2 Reading 1984/1985
1985 Steve Davis Dennis Taylor 10–9 Reading 1985/1986
1986 Jimmy White Rex Williams 10–6 Reading 1986/1987
1987 Stephen Hendry Dennis Taylor 10–7 Reading 1987/1988
1988 Steve Davis Alex Higgins 10–6 Reading 1988/1989
1989 Steve Davis Dean Reynolds 10–0 Reading 1989/1990
1990 Stephen Hendry Nigel Bond 10–5 Reading 1990/1991
1991 Stephen Hendry Steve Davis 10–6 Reading 1991/1992
1992 Jimmy White Ken Doherty 10–9 Reading 1992/1993
1993 Peter Ebdon Ken Doherty 9–6 Reading 1993/1994
1994 John Higgins Dave Harold 9–6 Derby 1994/1995
1995 Stephen Hendry John Higgins 9–5 Sunderland 1995/1996
1996 Mark Williams Euan Henderson 9–5 Bournemouth 1996/1997
1997 Dominic Dale John Higgins 9–6 Bournemouth 1997/1998
1998 Stephen Lee Marco Fu 9–2 Preston 1998/1999
1999 John Higgins Mark Williams 9–8 Preston 1999/2000
2000 Mark Williams Ronnie O'Sullivan 9–5 Telford 2000/2001
LG Cup
2001 Stephen Lee Peter Ebdon 9–4 Preston 2001/2002
2002 Chris Small Alan McManus 9–5 Preston 2002/2003
2003 Mark Williams John Higgins 9–5 Preston 2003/2004
Grand Prix
2004 Ronnie O'Sullivan Ian McCulloch 9–5 Preston 2004/2005
2005 John Higgins Ronnie O'Sullivan 9–2 Preston 2005/2006
2006 Neil Robertson Jamie Cope 9–5 Aberdeen 2006/2007
2007 Marco Fu Ronnie O'Sullivan 9–6 Aberdeen 2007/2008
2008 John Higgins Ryan Day 9–7 Glasgow 2008/2009
2009 Neil Robertson Ding Junhui 9–4 Glasgow 2009/2010
World Open
2010 Neil Robertson Ronnie O'Sullivan 5–1 Glasgow 2010/2011
Haikou World Open
2012[7] Mark Allen Stephen Lee 10–1 Haikou 2011/2012
2013[8] Mark Allen Matthew Stevens 10–4 Haikou 2012/2013
2014[9] Shaun Murphy Mark Selby 10–6 Haikou 2013/2014
World Open
2016[10] Ali Carter Joe Perry 10–8 Yushan 2016/2017
2017 Ding Junhui Kyren Wilson 10–3 Yushan 2017/2018
Records[edit]
The 1985 final between Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor is the longest one-day final in snooker history. It lasted 10 hours and 21 minutes.[11]
In the 2005 final, John Higgins set two records:
His century breaks in the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth frames marked the first time a player had ever recorded centuries in four consecutive frames in a match during a ranking tournament.[12]
He scored 494 points without reply,[13] the greatest number in any professional snooker tournament at that time.[14] Currently Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record with 556 points without reply against Ricky Walden in the 2014 Masters.[15] Higgins's tally remains the record for a ranking tournament.[16]
John Higgins and Stephen Hendry are the only players to have won this tournament four times each.
Media coverage[edit]
The World Open was shown live on Eurosport and Eurosport 2. It was shown on BBC One, BBC Two and BBC Red Button, but the BBC confirmed that they would not be showing the 2012 edition. ITV4 televised the event in 2013.[17]
References[edit]
General
Turner, Chris. "Professional Players Tournament, Grand Prix, LG Cup". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
Turner, Chris. "World Open". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
"Hall of Fame (1982–2010)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
"Hall of Fame (2012–2014)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
Special
Jump up ^ "Hearn reveals future plans". Sky Sports. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Amateurs to take on pros in World Open snooker". Sports City. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Reanne Evans invited to play in snooker World Open". BBC Sport. 21 April 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Haikou To Stage World Open". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "World Open Removed From Calendar". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Calendar 2016/2017
Jump up ^ "Haikou World Open (2012)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Yearly Yuan-jiang Gujinggong Liquor Haikou World Open (2013)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gujinggong Liquor Haikou World Open (2014)". Snooker.org. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Calendar 2016/2017
Jump up ^ Dee, John (1 May 2001). "Ebdon quick to sit on fence". London: The Sunday Telegraph. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "John Higgins: ‘The Wizard of Wishaw’". stv.tv. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Chowdhury, Saj (8 May 2007). "Reborn Higgins joins the greats". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Everton, Clive. "Century-maker Higgins overwhelms O'Sullivan". theguardian.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ McGovern, Thomas (17 January 2014). "Awesome O'Sullivan Smashes Record". worldsnooker.com. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Turner, Chris. "Various Snooker Records". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Metcalfe, Nick (6 February 2013). "ITV to show first ranking event in 20 years as deal agreed to screen snooker's World Open". London: Mail Online. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
[show]
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e
World Open (snooker)
Players Tournament
1982
1983
Grand Prix
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
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1992
1993
1994
1995
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1997
1998
1999
2000
LG Cup
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2002
2003
Grand Prix
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2005
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2007
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2009
World Open
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2016
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[show]
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Thad Luckinbill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Thad Luckinbill
Thad Luckinbill (right) and Trent Luckinbill in 2015
Born
Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill
(1975-04-24) April 24, 1975 (age 43)
Enid, Oklahoma, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, producer
Years active
1999–present
Spouse(s)
Amelia Heinle
(m. 2007; div. 2017)
Children
2
Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill (born April 24, 1975) is an American actor and producer best known for playing J.T. Hellstrom on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, from August 1999 to November 2010. He revived the role of J.T. in December 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Acting career
2.1 Television
3 Producer
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Personal life[edit]
Thad Luckinbill has an identical twin brother, Trent, who is twelve minutes younger. Trent Luckinbill is a lawyer who lives in Los Angeles.[1] In the final episode of the television series Law & Order: Criminal Intent, "To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap", Trent briefly appeared as the identical twin murder victim/corpse lying beside the murder victim/corpse of the character played by Thad.
Luckinbill married Young and the Restless co-star Amelia Heinle in March 2007 while their characters were also married on the show. He is stepfather to Amelia's son from a previous marriage. They have two children, a son and a daughter.[2][3][4] On March 1, 2017, Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle, citing "irreconcilable differences".[5]
Luckinbill enjoys playing volleyball, surfing, boxing and going to the gym.[1] He occasionally plays for the Hollywood Knights basketball team.[6] He majored in business finance at the University of Oklahoma.[1]
Acting career[edit]
Television[edit]
In addition to his role as J.T. Hellstrom on The Young and the Restless, Thad Luckinbill has guest-starred on several primetime television shows, including Undressed, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Providence, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Nash Bridges, 8 Simple Rules, Without a Trace, CSI: NY, Nip/Tuck, Ghost Whisperer, CSI: Miami, and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. He was a recurring character on The CW show Nikita completing six episodes as Nathan, the neighbor and love interest of Alexandra Udinov Lyndsy Fonseca, before the show was cancelled after its fourth season. Fonseca was also Luckinbill's former Young and the Restless co-star.
In 2001, Luckinbill was also featured in an episode of the MTV documentary series True Life and appeared in Madonna's "Don't Tell Me" video as the cowboy who was thrown from his horse at the end of the song.[7] On November 3, 2017, it was announced that Luckinbill would reprise his portrayal of J.T. on The Young and the Restless, beginning December 12, 2017. Thad's run on " The Young and the Restless " ended on April 13, 2018 when Nikki Newman hit him on the back of his head with a fireplace poker.[8]
Producer[edit]
In 2013, Thad, with his twin brother Trent, and well-known producer Molly Smith (producer of P.S. I Love You and The Blind Side) started a production company called Black Label Media. The production company has worked with A-listers such as Reese Witherspoon, Emily Blunt, and Jake Gyllenhaal, producing films including Sicario starring Blunt, Josh Brolin, and Benicio Del Toro, The Good Lie starring Witherspoon, and Demolition starring Gyllenhaal, Naomi Watts, and Chris Cooper.
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Task Force 2001 Gary Direct-to-video
2001 Boyz II Men Faux boy band model Segment "Crush"
2003 Just Married Willie McNerney
2004 Sleepover Todd
2005 5 Stages of Grief Manuel Short film
2006 Shadow Effect, TheThe Shadow Effect Steve Sexly Short film
2006 Home of the Brave Soldier #1
2007 Grampa's Cabin Older Jake (voice) Short film
2008 Essence of Depp, TheThe Essence of Depp JB
2014 The Good Lie Matt Producer
2015 Breaking a Monster Documentary; producer
2015 Sicario Producer
2015 Demolition Producer
2016 La La Land Executive Producer
2017 Rebel in the Rye Producer
2017 Only the Brave Scott Norris Producer
2018 12 Strong Vern Michaels Producer
2018 Sicario: Day of the Soldado Producer
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 Undressed Kyle 9 episodes
1999–2010; 2017-2018 Young and the Restless, TheThe Young and the Restless J.T. Hellstrom Role held: August 27, 1999 – November 5, 2010; December 12, 2017 - April 13, 2018
2001 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Sean Hexton Episode: "Witchright Hall"
2001 Nash Bridges Young Bobby Bridges Episode: "Quack Fever"
2002 Generation Gap N/A Unsold WB pilot
2002 Division, TheThe Division Josh Costa Episode: "A Priori"
2002 Providence Jack Finch Episode: "The Whole Truth"
2002 JAG PO1 Moritz Episode: "In Thin Air"
2002 Buffy the Vampire Slayer R.J. Brooks Episode: "Him"
2003 8 Simple Rules Donny Doyle 5 episodes
2005 Bobby Cannon Dallas Unsold ABC pilot
2006 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Timothy Johnson Episode: "Bang-Bang"
2006 Nip/Tuck Mitchell Skinner Episode: "Blu Mondae"
2007 Protect & Serve Tim Cook Unsold CBS pilot
2008 Without a Trace Tim Collier Episode: "Article 32"
2009 CSI: NY Connor Dunbrook 2 episodes
2009 Ghost Whisperer Grant Harper/Dr. Troy Holdon Episode: "Stage Fright"
2010 CSI: Miami Dominic Cross Episode: "Miami, We Have a Problem"
2010 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Michael Wilson Episode: "Blood Moon"
2011 Nikita Nathan Colville 6 episodes
2011 Law & Order: Criminal Intent Parker Gaffney/Thomas Gaffney Episode: "To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap"
2011 Keeping Up with the Randalls Will Randall Television film
2012 Matchmaker Santa Justin Greene Television film
2012 Grey's Anatomy Kevin Banks Episode: "Moment of Truth"
2013 Rizzoli & Isles Tucker Franklin Episode: "Killer in High Heels"
2013 Major Crimes Hunt Massey Episode: "Curve Ball"
2015 Criminal Minds Larry Merrin Episode: "Mr. Scratch"
2015 Ballers Stoops Episode: "Everything Is Everything"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Young and the Restless Cast: Jessica Collins Archived 2010-02-10 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill welcome Thaddeus Rowe via Celebrity Baby Blog; Retrieved 13 November 2007
Jump up ^ It's a Boy for Y&R Stars Archived 2007-11-21 at the Wayback Machine. via SOAPnet; Retrieved 13 November 2007
Jump up ^ Leon, Anya (December 23, 2009) "Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March". . People.com. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ SOD (March 2, 2017). "Real-Life Y&R Couple Splits". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ HollywoodKnights.com > The Knights Gazette
Jump up ^ Soapoperadigest.com
Jump up ^ SOD (November 3, 2017). "Thad Luckinbill Back To Y&R!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
External links[edit]
Thad Luckinbill on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 316391841
LCCN: no2016039050
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thad_Luckinbill&oldid=838442695"
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History of mobile phones
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A man talks on his mobile phone while standing near a conventional telephone box, which stands empty. Enabling technology for mobile phones was first developed in the 1940s but it was not until the mid 1980s that they became widely available. By 2011, it was estimated in the United Kingdom that more calls were made using mobile phones than wired devices.[1]
The history of mobile phones covers mobile communication devices that connect wirelessly to the public switched telephone network.
While the transmission of speech by radio has a long history, the first models that were wireless, mobile, and also capable of connecting to the standard telephone network are much more recent. The first such devices were barely portable compared to today's compact hand-held devices, and their use was clumsy.
Along with the process of developing a more portable technology, and a better interconnections system, drastic changes have taken place in both the networking of wireless communication and the prevalence of its use, with smartphones becoming common globally and a growing proportion of Internet access now done via mobile broadband.
Contents
[hide]
1 Predecessors
2 Early services
2.1 MTS
2.2 IMTS
2.3 Radio Common Carrier
2.4 Other services
2.5 European mobile radio networks
3 The cellular concept
4 Emergence of automated services
5 Handheld mobile phone
6 The early generations
6.1 1G – Analogue cellular
6.2 2G – Digital cellular
6.3 3G – Mobile broadband
7 4G – Native IP networks
8 Mobile device charger standards
8.1 In China
8.2 OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution
8.3 EU smartphone power supply standard
9 Satellite mobile
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
Predecessors[edit]
Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie A. G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]
Karl Arnold drawing of public use of mobile telephones
Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.[6]
The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.
In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.
In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones. The weight of one model, presented in 19kdn61, was only 70 g and could fit on a palm.[7][8] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was made.[9]
In 1965, Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented on the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[10]
The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks.
Early services[edit]
MTS[edit]
In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb.[11]
Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[12] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[11]
In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[13] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.
IMTS[edit]
AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.[11]
Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[11]
Radio Common Carrier[edit]
A mobile radio telephone
Radio Common Carrier[14] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.
Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)
At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.
Other services[edit]
In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[12]
In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device. [15][better source needed] With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.
European mobile radio networks[edit]
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In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.
In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.
In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[16]
West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.
The cellular concept[edit]
See also: Cellular network
A multi-directional, cellular network antenna array ("cell tower")
In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[17] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[18] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.
In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[19] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.
A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[20] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[21]
Emergence of automated services[edit]
The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[22][23] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.
In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[24] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.
In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.[citation needed]
In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.[citation needed]
Handheld mobile phone[edit]
Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype
Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[19] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[25][26] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg (2.42 lb) and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[27]
John F. Mitchell,[28][29][30] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[31][32]
The early generations[edit]
Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems.
1G – Analogue cellular[edit]
Main article: 1G
First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.
The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[33] It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.
On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[34] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[35][36]
Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.
In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.
2G – Digital cellular[edit]
Main articles: 2G, 2.5G, and 2.75G
Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.
In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[37] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[38] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100 – 200 gram hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.
Personal Handy-phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997–2003
The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.
2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.
Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.
The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.
3G – Mobile broadband[edit]
Main article: 3G
As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.[39] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).
Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:
Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags
All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[40]
The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.
During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[41] with companies such as RealNetworks[42] and Disney[43] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.
In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.
By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.
Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.
Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.
4G – Native IP networks[edit]
Main article: 4G
By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[44] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.
One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[45]
Mobile device charger standards[edit]
USB power standards for mobile charger
Port
Current
Voltage
Power (max)
Micro-USB 500 mA 5 V 2.5 W
1 A 5 V 5 W
2 A 5 V 10 W
Type-C[46] 100 mA to 3 A 5 V 15 W
1.7 A to 3 A 9 V 27 W
1.8 A to 3 A 15 V 45 W
2.25 A to 5 A 20 V 100 W
Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery.
In China[edit]
The Micro-USB interface is commonly found on chargers for mobile phones.
As of 14 June 2007[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.[47][48] This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.[49]
OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution[edit]
In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.[50][51]
The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,[52][52][53][54][55] and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,[56] with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[57]
EU smartphone power supply standard[edit]
Main article: Common external power supply
In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[58][59] In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.[60]
Satellite mobile[edit]
Main article: Satellite phone
As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.
The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.
See also[edit]
The Mobile Revolution
Autopatch
History of the prepaid mobile phone
History of the telephone
List of best-selling mobile phones
Personal Communications Service PCS
Pager
Babylonokia
Subscriber identity module
Smartphone § History
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "1900". deutsches-telefon-museum.eu. 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
Jump up ^ Informatikzentrum Mobilfunk (IZMF). izmf.de: "The development of digital mobile communications in Germany", retrieved on 2013-05-30
Jump up ^ Punch
Jump up ^ simplicissimus.info: Bild „Drahtlose Telephonie" in Simplicissimus, 1926 (Jg. 31) Heft 38, S. 498., (PDF-file), retrieved on 2012-03-14
Jump up ^ Рыбчинский, Юрий (1961). РАДИОФОН. Орловская Правда (in Russian) (12–1961). М.: Орловская Правда.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "1946: First Mobile Telephone Call". corp.att.com. AT&T Intellectual Property. 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon A. Gow, Richard K. Smith Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006 ISBN 0-335-21761-3 page 23
Jump up ^ http://www.btplc.com/today/art91356.html
Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=hsA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=%22radio+common+carrier%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=caK2VL2xG5PVasaPgsgK&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20common%20carrier%22&f=false The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America, 47 CFR1 22.2, 10-1-92 Edition, retrieved 2015 Jan 14
Jump up ^ Rabbit (telecommunications)
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^ Jump up to: a b See Amos Joel patent 3,663,762.
Jump up ^ "Switching hipatitas for a Cellular Mobile Telephone System":, Z. Fluhr and E. Nussbaum, IEEE Transactions on Communications volume 21, #11 p. 1281 (1973)
Jump up ^ Hachenburg, V.; Holm, B.D.; Smith, J.I. (1977). "Data signaling functions for a cellular mobile telephone system". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 26: 82. doi:10.1109/T-VT.1977.23660.
Jump up ^ Shi, Mingtao (2007). Technology Base of mobile cellular operators in Germany and China. Univerlagtuberlin. pp. 55–. ISBN 978-3-7983-2057-4. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Facts about the Mobile. A Journey through Time. mobilen50ar.se
Jump up ^ The first Russian mobile phone. Englishrussia.com (2006-09-18). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Shiels, Maggie (21 April 2003). "BBC interview with Martin Cooper". BBC News.
Jump up ^ Martin Cooper, et al., "Radio Telephone System", US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee Motorola
Jump up ^ "Martin Cooper-The Inventor of the Cell Phone". Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ John F. Mitchell Biography. Brophy.net (2012-08-07). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ The Top Giants in Telephony Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. Historyofthecellphone.com (2009-06-11). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Who invented the cell phone?. Brophy.net (2012-08-07). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ "Motorola Executive Helped spur Cellphone Revolution, Oversaw Ill-fated Iridium Project". The Wall Street Journal, 20–21 June 2009,
Jump up ^ "John F. Mitchell, 1928–2009: Was president of Motorola from 1980 to '95". Chicago Tribune. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
Jump up ^ AT&T article. Corp.att.com (1946-06-17). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ "First Cell Phone a True 'Brick'". Associated Press. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "This Is the Original Mobile Phone Design Icon". Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ A. Kling, Andrew (2010). Cell Phones. 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills MI 48331: Lucent Books. pp. 24–26.
Jump up ^ "Cell Phone Generations 1G, 2G, 3G and now 4G – Tech Forums". Forums.techeblog.com. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Before IPhone and Android Came Simon, the First Smartphone". Businessweek. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ 3G and Cellular radio Information. Privateline.com (2005-01-23). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Gopal, Thawatt (11–15 March 2007). "IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference". IEEE: 3262–7. doi:10.1109/WCNC.2007.601. ISBN 1-4244-0658-7. |contribution= ignored (help)
Jump up ^ "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 20 September 2005. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Gonsalves, Antone (19 September 2005). "RealNetworks Launches Streaming Music on Sprint Phones". Informationweek.com. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Media Week, 20 September 2005, 12:00 am (20 September 2005). "Disney will offer mobile content – Media news". Media Week. Retrieved 16 October 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Fahd Ahmad Saeed. "Capacity Limit Problem in 3G Networks". Purdue School of Engineering. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "VoIP Support in Nokia Devices". Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "10 Power Rules", Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification revision 3.0, version 1.1, USB Implementers Forum, retrieved 2017-09-05
Jump up ^ Cai Yan (2007-05-31). "China to enforce universal cell phone charger". EE Times. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
Jump up ^ The Chinese FCC's technical standard: "YD/T 1591-2006, Technical Requirements and Test Method of Charger and Interface for Mobile Telecommunication Terminal Equipment" (PDF) (in Chinese). Dian yuan.
Jump up ^ Lam, Crystal; Liu, Harry (22 October 2007). "How to conform to China's new mobile phone interface standards". Wireless Net DesignLine. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Pros seem to outdo cons in new phone charger standard". News. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Broad Manufacturer Agreement Gives Universal Phone Cable Green Light" (Press release). OTMP. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Agreement on Mobile phone Standard Charger" (Press release). GSM World.
Jump up ^ "Common Charging and Local Data Connectivity". Open Mobile Terminal Platform. 11 February 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-11.
Jump up ^ "Universal Charging Solution ~ GSM World". GSM world. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Meeting the challenge of the universal charge standard in mobile phones". Planet Analog. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "The Wireless Association Announces One Universal Charger Solution to Celebrate Earth Day" (Press release). CTIA. 2009-04-22. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "ITU" (Press release). 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "chargers". EU: EC. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Europe gets universal cellphone charger in 2010". Wired. 2009-06-13. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ "One size-fits-all mobile phone charger: IEC publishes first globally relevant standard". International Electrotechnical Commission. 2011-02-01. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
Further reading[edit]
Agar, Jon (2004). Constant Touch: a Global History of the Mobile Phone. Cambridge: Icon. ISBN 978-1840465419.
Farley, Tom (2007). "The Cell-Phone Revolution". American Heritage of Invention & Technology. New York: American Heritage. 22 (3): 8–19. ISSN 8756-7296. OCLC 108126426. BL Shelfmark 0817.734000.
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List of Degrassi soundtracks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of Degrassi soundtracks.
Season
Album
Release date
Season 4 Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation 1 November 2005
Season 5 The N Soundtrack 1 August 2006
Season 7 Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation 2 December 2008
Season 8 Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie 4 August 2009
Season 9 Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On 13 July 2010
Season 10 Degrassi: The Boiling Point 1 February 2011
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation[edit]
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
1 November 2005 (2005-11-01)
Genre
Pop/Punk/Alternative Rock
Length
51:38
Label
Orange Record Label
Degrassi chronology
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation The N SoundtrackString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation. It was released as a digital download on 1 November 2005, following the fourth season, and as a CD on 8 January 2007.[1][2]
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Degrassi: The Next Generation Theme" Jakalope 0:55
2. "Heartbreaker" Tuuli 3:20
3. "Beautifully Undone" Lindy 3:24
4. "Midnite Rider" Supergarage 3:31
5. "Secret Splendor" Buck 65 5:02
6. "Hard Road" Sam Roberts 4:07
7. "Rooftop" Melissa McClelland 5:13
8. "Suburbs" Junior Achiever 3:30
9. "Feel It" Jakalope 3:56
10. "I Don't Want to Be Me" Amanda Clemens 3:52
11. "White Lightning" The Premiums 3:22
12. "Down and Out" Evren 3:44
13. "Just Jane" Christopher Rouse 4:30
14. "Degrassi: The Next Generation Theme (extended version)" The Degrassi Junior Strings 3:12
Total length: 51:38
The N Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: The N Soundtrack
Released following the fifth season, in 2006, The N Soundtrack contains songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation, including the first recording by Degrassi actor turned rapper Drake, and other shows airing on The N and CTV.
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation[edit]
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
2 December 2008 (2008-12-02)
Genre
Pop/Punk/Alternative Rock
Length
41:33 (Canada)
47:24 (US iTunes)
Label
Sall Entertainment Group / Fontana North
Degrassi chronology
The N SoundtrackString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original MovieString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation. It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2008, following the seventh season, and as a CD on 9 December 2008.[3][4][5]
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Misery Business" Paramore 3:30
2. "Face Down" The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus 3:09
3. "Neighbors" The Academy Is... 3:09
4. "All Time Lows" Hellogoodbye 2:44
5. "Pocketful of Sunshine" Natasha Bedingfield 3:43
6. "My Window" Jake Epstein 2:36
7. "(Let's Get Movin') Into Action" Skye Sweetnam 3:41
8. "More Than a Friend" All Too Much 4:20
9. "How Long" Army of Me 3:34
10. "Come One, Come All" All Time Low 3:32
11. "Rock My Body" The Higher 3:31
12. "Bodies and Words" Silverstein 3:13
13. "Degrassi Theme Song" Jakalope 0:51
[show]US iTunes Store bonus tracks
No.
Title
Artist
Length
14. "Tell Me Lies" Soundtrack & Melissa McIntyre 1:11
15. "Degrassi Theme (remix)" Soundtrack & Jakalope 4:40
Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie[edit]
Main article: Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie
During the eighth season, in 2009, Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie was released to coincide with the Degrassi Goes Hollywood film.
Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On[edit]
Main article: Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On (Music from the Original Movie)
During the ninth season, in 2010, Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On (Music from the Original Movie) was released to coincide with the Degrassi Takes Manhattan film.
Degrassi: The Boiling Point[edit]
Degrassi: The Boiling Point (Music from the Series)
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
1 February 2011 (2011-02-01)
Genre
Pop/Alternative
Length
34:44
Label
Sall Entertainment Group
Degrassi chronology
Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is OnString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Degrassi: The Boiling Point
Degrassi: The Boiling Point (Music from the Series) (simply Degrassi: The Boiling Point in Canada) is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi. It was released as a digital download on 1 February 2011, following the first half of the tenth season, and as a CD on 22 February 2011.[6][7][8]
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Balls" Stefan Brogren, Melinda Shankar, & Spencer Van Wyck 0:15
2. "Believe" Moneen 3:30
3. "One of Those Pregnant Teenagers" Melinda Shankar & Jessica Tyler 0:19
4. "Mr. Perfect" Jessica Tyler 2:27
5. "Concert of the Century" Munro Chambers, Raymond Ablack, & Jordan Todosey 0:17
6. "Don't Say Love (Ralph Sall edit)" All Too Much 2:23
7. "Stranger to Me" Hannah Georgas 3:06
8. "I'm a Young Adult" Raymond Ablack 0:43
9. "The Good Times" Royalchord 4:07
10. "The Girlfriend Label" Luke Bilyk & Melinda Shankar 0:20
11. "Hand to Hold" Adaline 2:53
12. "That is Pandemic!" Raymond Ablack & Charlotte Arnold 0:12
13. "Whitehorse" Raymond Ablack & Jessica Tyler 1:35
14. "Scream at the Top of Your Lungs" Munro Chambers & Aislinn Paul 0:36
15. "Carjack My Heart" Dance Movie 2:30
16. "Just A Girl" Jessica Tyler 2:25
17. "Last Night Was Epic!" Munro Chambers, Jordan Todosey, & Raymond Ablack 0:28
18. "Paisley Jacket" The Dead Hand 3:01
19. "Sammy Decter" Eve and the Ocean 3:27
20. "Big Changes" Stefan Brogren 0:10
Total length: 34:44
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation". Amazon.com. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Apple. "Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation". iTunes Store (Canada). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation". Amazon.com. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Apple. "Music From Degrassi: The Next Generation". iTunes Store (Canada). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Apple. "Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation". iTunes Store (United States). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Degrassi: Boiling Point (soundtrack)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Apple. "Degrassi: The Boiling Point". iTunes Store (Canada). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Apple. "Degrassi: The Boiling Point (Music from the Series)". iTunes Store (United States). Retrieved 4 March 2011.
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