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Nicole Gale Anderson
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Nicole Gale Anderson
Anderson in June 2010
Born
(1990-08-29) August 29, 1990 (age 27)
Rochester, Indiana, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
2005–present
Nicole Gale Anderson[1] (born August 29, 1990) is a Filipino-American actress. She is best known for her role as Heather Chandler on The CW series Beauty & the Beast. She is also known for her roles as Macy Misa in the Disney Channel Original Series Jonas, and as Kelly Parker and Miranda Collins respectively on the ABC Family series Make It or Break It and Ravenswood.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Philanthropy
4 Filmography
4.1 Television
4.2 Film
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Anderson was born in Rochester, Indiana. Her father is an American who served as a Commander in the United States Navy, and her mother is of Filipino ethnicity.[2] As a child, she won national gymnastics competitions, but retired due to injuries.[3] Anderson was awarded a scholarship to Georgia's Barbizon Modeling and Acting School at age 13.[4] She then began to study acting and attending auditions.[2] She landed several print ads and television commercials, including Mary-Kate & Ashley Online Clothing, Every Girl, Stand Up, and Bratz Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures.
She currently lives in Canada.[5]
Career[edit]
She auditioned for the role of Stella in the television series Jonas, but actress Chelsea Kane ended up winning the role.[6][7] After the series plot changed, producers decided to create a best friend for Stella and offered Anderson, the role of Macy.[8]
Anderson was added to the cast of the television series Beauty & the Beast in March 2012,[9] playing the recurring role of Heather Chandler, Catherine's (Kristin Kreuk) younger sister.[10] In May 2013, it was announced that Anderson had joined Ravenswood, a Pretty Little Liars spin-off, as Miranda Collins, a foster kid, who relies on her wits to cover her emotional scars.[11] Prior to appearing in Ravenswood, Anderson appeared in the Pretty Little Liars episode "Grave New World", introducing her character, Miranda Collins.[12] After the cancellation of Ravenswood, Anderson returned for the third season of Beauty & the Beast as a regular cast member.[13]
Philanthropy[edit]
Gale served as the first international spokesperson for Underwriters Laboratories Youth Safety Smart program and has participated in Disney's Friends for Change.[14]
Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Unfabulous Cheerleader #3 Episode: "The Grey Area"
2007 Nobody Leila Unsold ABC Family pilot
2007 Zoey 101 Maria Episode: "Quarantine"; credited as Nicole Anderson
2007 Hannah Montana Marissa Hughes Episode: "Achy Jakey Heart Part 1"
2008 Sunday! Sunday! Sunday! Dana Unsold Jetix pilot[15]
2008 Princess Jitterbug / Princess Calliope Television film
2009–2010 Jonas Macy Misa Main role, 29 episodes; credited as Nicole Anderson
2009–2012 Make It or Break It Kelly Parker Recurring role; 17 episodes
2009 Imagination Movers Cinderella Episode: "A Fairy Tale Ending"
2010 Accused at 17 Bianca Miller Television film
2011 Mean Girls 2 Hope Plotkin Television film[16]
2011 Happy Endings Madison 1 Episode: "Baby Steps"[17]
2011 Ringer Monica Reynolds Episode: "Oh Gawd, There's Two of Them?"
2012–2016 Beauty & the Beast Heather Chandler Recurring role (seasons 1–2); main role (seasons 3–4)
2013 Pretty Little Liars Miranda Collins Episode: "Grave New World"
2013–2014 Ravenswood Miranda Collins / Original Miranda Main role (season 1)
2018 The Wedding Do Over Abby Anderson Television film
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Mulawin: The Movie Langay
2012 Lukewarm Jessie
2013 Red Line Tori
2014 Never Meghan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Official Nicole Anderson Website Biography". Nicoleandersononline.com. Archived from the original on 2012-12-31. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "MediaNetBio". Disney Channel MediaNet. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Jump up ^ "Nicole Anderson Quit Gymnastics after Winning Nationals". Starlitnews.com. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Jump up ^ "Barbizon Modeling and Acting School Alumni". Barbizonmodeling.com.
Jump up ^ "Nicole Anderson on her verified Twitter-Account: And that's a wrap on Heather! Back to LA I go". Retrieved 2014-12-24 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Lee, Michael J. (November 20, 2007). "Chelsea Staub on 'J.O.N.A.S!' (1)". Radiofree.com. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ Lee, Michael J. (November 20, 2007). "Chelsea Staub on 'J.O.N.A.S!' (2)". Radiofree.com. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
Jump up ^ Sprinklepoponline.com[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon (March 5, 2012). "TV pilot casting eyes finish line". Variety. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Development Update: Friday, February 24". The Futon Critic. February 24, 2012. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Jump up ^ Gonzaelz, Sandra (May 11, 2013). "'Ravenswood': 'Beauty and the Beast sis nabbed as series regular". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Nick. "Pretty Little Liars "Grave New World" Review: Things to Do in Ravenswood When You're Dead". TV.com. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 12, 2014). "Dascha Polanco Promoted To Regular On 'Orange Is The New Black', Nicole Gale Anderson On 'Beauty & The Beast'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Miranda Collins, played by Nicole Gale Anderson". ABC Family.
Jump up ^ "2008 Pilot Season". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. February 27, 2008. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Jump up ^ Weisman, Jon (January 25, 2011). "Viewers nice to 'Mean Girls 2,' making it top 2010-11 movie in 12-34 demo". Variety. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
Jump up ^ Nededog, Jethro (August 15, 2011). "'Happy Endings': ABC Family's Megan Park and Nicole Gale Anderson to Guest Star". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
External links[edit]
Nicole Gale Anderson on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicole_Gale_Anderson&oldid=837508211"
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text:
Dan Scott
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Dan Scott
Portrayed by
Paul Johansson
First appearance
Pilot
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
Danny Boy
(episode 9.11)
Created by
Mark Schwahn
Profile
Occupation
Former
Motivational Speaker
Prison Inmate
Mayor
Car Salesman
Auto shop owner
Diner owner/cook
[show]Family
Family
Royal Scott
(father)
May Scott
(mother)
Keith Scott
(brother, deceased)
Lily Roe Scott
(niece)
Haley James Scott
(daughter-in-law)
Peyton Sawyer Scott
(daughter-in-law)
Spouse
Deborah "Deb" Lee
(ex-wife)
Rachel Gatina
(ex-wife)
Children
Lucas Scott
(son, with Karen ; estranged)
Nathan Scott
(son, with Deb)
Grandchildren
James "Jamie" Lucas Scott
(grandson, via Nathan)
Sawyer Brooke Scott
(granddaughter, via Lucas)
Lydia Bob Scott
(granddaughter, via Nathan)
Daniel Robert "Dan" Scott is a fictional character on the WB/CW television drama series One Tree Hill who is the primary antagonist for the first four seasons before becoming a tragic fallen antihero and is played by Paul Johansson. He is the father of Lucas Scott (by Karen Roe) and Nathan Scott (by Deborah Lee), the grandfather of James Lucas Scott and Lydia Bob Scott (via Nathan) and Sawyer Brooke Scott (via Lucas) and the uncle of Lily Roe Scott.
Every good story needs a villain Lucas. I'm sorry but I'm yours.
—  Dan Scott
Contents
[hide]
1 Fictional character biography
1.1 Season 1
1.2 Season 2
1.3 Season 3
1.4 Season 4
1.5 Season 5
1.6 Season 6
1.7 Season 7
1.8 Season 8
1.9 Season 9
2 See also
3 References
Fictional character biography[edit]
Dan grew up in Tree Hill, NC and attended Tree Hill High, where he was the star of the Ravens basketball team. Towards the end of senior year, Dan got his girlfriend Karen Roe pregnant, but abandoned her to take a basketball scholarship to North Carolina. At college he met Deb Lee, who also became pregnant by him. Dan returned to Tree Hill on the night his and Karen's son Lucas was born but, on seeing Keith with Karen at the hospital, Dan left without Karen seeing him. Dan and Deb married and moved back to Tree Hill with their son Nathan. Dan tried to get joint custody of Lucas, but Karen refused and Dan gave up on trying to be part of Lucas's life. He later became a successful car salesman having set up his own business with Deb's money. Dan is a man with big dreams and expectations, especially regarding his son Nathan, but he doesn't handle it very well when they're not fulfilled.
Season 1[edit]
Dan is a controlling father to Nathan, who is now the Ravens' star player, but has nothing to do with Lucas. When Lucas joins the Ravens, Dan encourages Nathan to give his half-brother a hard time. Dan puts so much pressure on Nathan that Nathan takes drugs to enhance his basketball performance, leading to him collapsing on the court. When Deb finds out, she asks Dan for a divorce. When Dan's parents come to town for Dan's birthday, it is revealed that Dan's father Royal put similar pressure on Dan and that Dan faked the extent of an injury he suffered in college in order to give up basketball. Dan also has an uneasy relationship with Keith, due to Keith's continuing friendship with Karen. When Keith crashes the car he is driving with Lucas inside, Dan pulls Lucas from the car and saves his life, leading to a temporary truce with Karen. Keith is left in financial difficulty due to Lucas's medical bills and Dan offers to buy Keith's garage from him while Keith continues to run it. However, it soon becomes clear that Dan will be running the garage in his own way and Keith quits. After being rejected by Karen, Keith turns to Deb for comfort and they have a one-night stand. On walking in on them in bed together, Dan tells Keith that he is no longer his brother. Dan is about to sign his divorce papers to Deb when he suffers a heart attack. When Deb finds Dan on the floor, Dan tells her "you'd better hope I die."
Season 2[edit]
After his heart attack, Dan claims to be a changed person and tries to get closer to Lucas. Dan and Deb are united in their disapproval of Nathan's marriage to Haley. Dan claims to have forgiven Deb and Keith for their fling and a guilty Deb allows Dan to live with her while he recovers. It becomes clear that the new Dan is an act when he lies to Deb after being given a clean bill of health and it is revealed that Keith's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to seduce his brother. On discovering that he has the same heart condition as Dan, Lucas agrees to move in with Dan on the conditions that Dan pays for Lucas's medication and keeps this from Karen, and also that Dan leaves Keith and "Jules" alone. Dan keeps his promises but Karen discovers the truth about Jules and threatens to tell Keith, leading to Jules leaving Keith at the altar. Dan is delighted at this result and, after knocking down the groom on the wedding cake, looks at Deb saying "one down, one to go". On discovering what Dan did, Keith confronts Dan at the dealership and attacks him. Before leaving town, Keith tells Dan that he has nothing left to lose, but Dan does. When Nathan and Haley's marriage is in trouble, Dan is quick to pounce, and gets Nathan to sign annulment papers and move back in with him and Deb. However, Deb wants Dan out of their lives for good, especially after learning that Dan told Nathan that it is his fault that Deb is now addicted to pills. Lucas continues to live with Dan in order to bring down his father once and for all. He finds cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic of the dealership and discovers that Dan has been making money illegally by changing the amounts on bills and pocketing the extra cash. However, Dan has made Deb the co-owner of the dealership, meaning that she would be incriminated too. Dan then reveals he left the cash and ledger for Lucas to find as a test of Lucas's loyalty, which Lucas failed, and so Dan severs all ties to Lucas, even cutting off his son's heart medication. Dan also sabotages Karen's relationship with her business lecturer Andy by walking into one of Andy's classes and telling everyone that Andy is sleeping with Karen, which leads to Andy losing his job. Dan then tries to have Andy deported back to New Zealand. When Karen angrily confronts Dan at the dealership, Dan grabs her and forcefully kisses her, saying "isn't that was this is really about?" At the end of the season Dan falls unconscious after drinking a poisoned bottle of whisky that was left for him with a note saying "for everything you've done". The dealership is then set on fire with Dan inside.
Season 3[edit]
Dan survives the fire, but the dealership is destroyed. Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire, but it is revealed that Lucas saved him. Wanting access to the fire investigation, Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill. His family-based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce. This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor. As mayor, Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan, and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder. Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence, Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator, and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas. One day at Tree Hill High, Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it, causing a lock down. Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy, but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith. Dan then gets into the school, picks up the gun and shoots Keith, killing him. Jimmy gets the blame for Keith's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself. Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan. Nevertheless, Dan becomes haunted, seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere, and this has a profound effect on him. Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan, telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him. Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan's second wedding. At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her, not Keith, who tried to kill him in the fire. Dan goes to Keith's grave and breaks down. Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith's child. Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time. He then goes home and discovers that someone has written "MURDERER" on his wall.
Season 4[edit]
Dan tries to make amends for Keith's death by looking after Karen. However, he still sees messages everywhere calling him a murderer, and wonders if it is all in his head. Meanwhile, Nathan is in deep debt and asks Dan to help him. Dan refuses and Nathan goes to a loan shark, Daunte, instead. Daunte forces Nathan to shave points in a basketball game and then demands that Nathan lose the State Championship. On discovering the trouble that Nathan is in, Dan confronts Daunte and offers to pay him off, but Daunte gets Dan to back down by threatening Nathan, Lucas, the pregnant Haley and Karen. When the Ravens win the State Championship, Daunte runs Haley over and crashes into a construction site. Nathan pulls Daunte out of the car and beats him, before realizing he is dead. Dan takes the fall for Nathan and is arrested. Dan plans to plead guilty to Daunte's murder in order to be punished for Keith's death, but the coroner's report shows that Daunte was already dead when Nathan pulled him out of the car. Dan is released and the experience brings him and Karen closer together, as Karen admires what Dan was willing to do for his son. Dan and Karen begin to come together romantically, attending the school prom together as chaperones, but Dan continues to receive text messages and notes accusing him of killing his brother. Dan discovers that the person sending the messages is Abby Brown, a student who witnessed the shooting. Dan then visits Abby and her mother and tries to explain why he killed Keith, saying "Karen was mine, she was supposed to be mine". Abby leaves Tree Hill for good, but not before telling Lucas what she knows. Lucas walks in on Dan and his mother kissing and attacks Dan, shouting that he killed Keith, but Karen refuses to believe him. Lucas then goes to the police, but Dan has got there first and told them that Lucas is just trying to sabotage Dan's relationship with Karen. On learning from Haley that Deb has a gun, Lucas steals the gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen, causing her to collapse. Lucas fires a warning shot to make Dan leave, before rushing the unconscious Karen to hospital. After learning from Deb that Dan killed Keith, Nathan confronts Dan and tells him that he will never be a part of his grandson's life. After Karen's daughter is born by c-section, Dan visits his new niece in the hospital, before turning himself in to the police.
Two weeks later, a recovered Karen visits Dan in his cell and tells him that she has a daughter, Lily, who will never know her father because of Dan, before spitting at him. Dan is so distraught by this encounter that he tries to hang himself in his cell with his bedsheet. The sheet unravels after a few seconds, and Dan falls to the floor, left to agonize over what he has done.
Season 5[edit]
Four and a half years later, Nathan visits Dan in prison, and tells him that he will never be like him. Nathan then tells Dan that Jamie found a picture of him once and Nathan told him that his grandfather was dead. Later, a prison guard tells Dan that Nathan left behind an envelope, which contains a picture of Jamie. A parole hearing is held for Dan[1] and despite Lucas pleading with the board not to be fooled by Dan, he is released. Soon after, Dan goes to a store to buy a basketball for his grandson and ends up sleeping with the cashier later that night.[2] At Lucas's wedding, Dan sits outside in his car and is confronted by Haley, who tells him to stay away from the family. When Jamie is abducted during the ceremony by his evil nanny, Carrie, Dan saves him and threatens Carrie, telling her that he killed his brother and would have no problem doing the same to her. Dan then returns Jamie to Nathan and Haley's house and is attacked by Lucas and Nathan. On Jamie's 5th birthday Dan goes to drop off a gift and has a confrontation with Deb. After the party Nathan goes and tells Dan to stay away and Dan reveals he only has six months to live due to his HCM. After the man in front of him on the heart transplant list dies he becomes number one.Excited he leaves the hospital and helps an old man retrieve his cane before getting hit by a car. Ironically, seconds later his beeper goes off because a heart has been found for him.[3]
Season 6[edit]
When he wakes up from the accident, it is revealed that Carrie, Jamie's former nanny, was the one who ran him over, as revenge for interfering with her taking Jamie as her son. He finds himself in a "hospital room" but when he tries to escape (Carrie is torturing him) he discovers that he is not in a hospital room, but in her house, in a room which Carrie designed to confuse him by disguising it as a hospital room by putting medical equipment and painting the room, as well as adding hospital-style curtains. Carrie devises a plan to get Jamie by telling Haley that Dan is dying, so that she'll bring Jamie to see him. Carrie goes after Jamie, then Haley too. Dan shoots Carrie once she attempts to kill Haley and Deb. Carrie wakes up later that night, and reminds Dan that he promised he'd kill her if she came near his family again, prompting him to keep his word and shoot her again, this time killing her. As a result, Nathan and Haley let Dan see Jamie, but Nathan quickly reminds his father that he still hates him for killing his uncle. Unfortunately, Dan still finds himself without a heart transplant and has to wait longer. In the mean time, he tries to be a father to Nathan by advising him on his basketball and has a talk with Lucas about the day of the school shooting to help with the Ravens movie. His relationship with Jamie also grows and he finally has a blowout with Deb about Keith. When his heart transplant does come, the man who delivers it trips over a dog's leash and the dog eats it. Dan ultimately loses all hope and attempts to drown himself at a beach. He then goes to tells Jamie goodbye. Jamie becomes upset and asks him who killed Keith; and Dan admits that he did it. Dan leaves Tree Hill, but not before saying some last words to Lucas and Nathan. At the end of the season we see Dan as a broken man. He hates his life and wants to die. To make amends he goes to visit Coach Durham to whom he confesses that when he looks back on his life it all went wrong when he refused to play at the state championship. He tells Coach Durham that he should be dead but he isn't and that he realizes "this is my hell". He has to see his family experience the happiest moments of their lives but he can't feel them. To this Coach Durham replies "you created that, Danny". Dan then turns a gun on himself but can't bring himself to pull the trigger. He then forces the gun into Coach Durhams hand and begs him to shoot him later, after Dan cries in his arms, adds "there is still time for redemption, son". Nathan shows up and tells Dan that he has made it to the NBA. Later Peyton lets Dan hold his other grandchild Sawyer Scott. At the end of the episode he tells the audience that when he looks in the mirror he sees that he was supposed to be someone else, but fell short of that person.
Season 7[edit]
Fourteen months have past since the season six finale, and Dan is now a motivational speaker. He has his own TV show called Scott Free Redemption. He has also written a book with the same title. It is then revealed that he is married to Rachel Gatina. Dan reached out to his son Nathan when he read about him and Renee Richardson who he meets and ask her to speak about it on his show. Dan reveals that Renee Richardson was lying about Nathan Scott alleged affair and exposes her truth on his show. It is also revealed that Dan did in fact have a heart transplant as he quotes Renee Richardson con as "Takes a Con to Know a Con." About a year earlier Dan traveled to Mexico to have a heart transplant. His new wife Rachel Gatina, paid with his money for a family to pull the life support plug on their young son. The heart was then given to Dan. Dan returns to Tree Hill and tries to ask forgiveness from Nathan. Nathan will not forgive Dan, but only "tolerate" him for Jamie's sake. Dan then meets Clay who he shakes up (throws him in the ocean) and basically tells him not to give up on being an agent. On the eve of Nathan and Haley's departure, Rachel gets Dan to do a live broadcast from the school hallway where he killed Keith. Dan then runs into Jimmy's mom who tells him she will never be able to forgive him. So instead of reading his script, Dan talks about his life and tells his audience that there is no forgiveness for him, only what comes next. He gives everything that he has to charity as well as divorce papers to Rachel. As he is preparing to leave Tree Hill, Nathan meets up with him to tell him that he's back with the Bobcats, and says thank you. He then says goodbye to Jamie.
Season 8[edit]
Dan has moved to a diner, and reappears again when Quinn visits him to help her to kill Katie Ryan, and he convinces her not to do it. In the finale, Nathan visits him and gives him a photo of Lydia and a baseball from Jamie's first game and Dan thinks that there is a chance for forgiveness.
Season 9[edit]
Dan burns down his diner and returns to Tree Hill and asks Haley for a place to stay, initially resistant, she offers him money, but he says that he doesn't want money. He moves into Nathan and Haley's house to the delight of Jamie who is excited to spend time with him. Nathan tells him that he is going to Europe and that when he comes back he wants him to be gone. When Nathan does not return from Europe, Haley and Jamie blame Dan. He rents out the sound stage from Julian and uses it to find Nathan. Dan, Julian and Chris Keller save Nathan. However, Dan is shot while rescuing Nathan and dies in the hospital surrounded by Nathan, Haley, Deb, Jamie and Lydia. When he dies, he sees a vision of his brother Keith, who brings him to the hallway where Dan shot Keith and he tells him that he forgives him. When Keith goes into the light, Dan asks him "I know where you're going, but what about me?" and Keith says "Don't worry little brother, You're my plus one."
See also[edit]
Quotes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10: Running to Stand Still
Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.11 You're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side
Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.17 What Comes after the Blue
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Photosynthetic efficiency
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction
6H2O + 6CO2 + energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
where C6H12O6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined – it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps 10 or more[1]) photons to utilize one molecule of CO2. The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%.[2] However, photosynthesis can occur with light up to wavelength 720 nm so long as there is also light at wavelengths below 680 nm to keep Photosystem II operating (see Chlorophyll). Using longer wavelengths means less light energy is needed for the same number of photons and therefore for the same amount of photosynthesis. For actual sunlight, where only 45% of the light is in the photosynthetically active wavelength range, the theoretical maximum efficiency of solar energy conversion is approximately 11%. In actuality, however, plants do not absorb all incoming sunlight (due to reflection, respiration requirements of photosynthesis and the need for optimal solar radiation levels) and do not convert all harvested energy into biomass, which results in an overall photosynthetic efficiency of 3 to 6% of total solar radiation.[1] If photosynthesis is inefficient, excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Energy can be dissipated as heat (non-photochemical quenching), or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Typical efficiencies
1.1 Plants
1.2 Algae and other monocellular organisms
1.2.1 Worldwide figures
2 Efficiencies of various biofuel crops
3 C3 vs. C4 and CAM plants
4 See also
5 References
Typical efficiencies[edit]
Plants[edit]
Quoted values sunlight-to-biomass efficiency
Plant
Efficiency
Plants, typical 0.1%[3]
0.2–2%[4]
Typical crop plants 1–2%[3]
The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao:[5]
Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf,
47% lost due to photons outside the 400–700 nm active range (chlorophyll utilizes photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one)
30% of the in-band photons are lost due to incomplete absorption or photons hitting components other than chloroplasts
24% of the absorbed photon energy is lost due to degrading short wavelength photons to the 700 nm energy level
68% of the utilized energy is lost in conversion into d-glucose
35–45% of the glucose is consumed by the leaf in the processes of dark and photo respiration
Stated another way:
100% sunlight → non-bioavailable photons waste is 47%, leaving
53% (in the 400–700 nm range) → 30% of photons are lost due to incomplete absorption, leaving
37% (absorbed photon energy) → 24% is lost due to wavelength-mismatch degradation to 700 nm energy, leaving
28.2% (sunlight energy collected by chlorophyl) → 32% efficient conversion of ATP and NADPH to d-glucose, leaving
9% (collected as sugar) → 35–40% of sugar is recycled/consumed by the leaf in dark and photo-respiration, leaving
5.4% net leaf efficiency.
Many plants lose much of the remaining energy on growing roots. Most crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.).
Photosynthesis increases linearly with light intensity at low intensity, but at higher intensity this is no longer the case (see Photosynthesis-irradiance curve). Above about 10,000 lux or ~100 watts/square meter the rate no longer increases. Thus, most plants can only utilize ~10% of full mid-day sunlight intensity.[5] This dramatically reduces average achieved photosynthetic efficiency in fields compared to peak laboratory results. However, real plants (as opposed to laboratory test samples) have lots of redundant, randomly oriented leaves. This helps to keep the average illumination of each leaf well below the mid-day peak enabling the plant to achieve a result closer to the expected laboratory test results using limited illumination.
Only if the light intensity is above a plant specific value, called the compensation point the plant assimilates more carbon and releases more oxygen by photosynthesis than it consumes by cellular respiration for its own current energy demand.
Photosynthesis measurement systems are not designed to directly measure the amount of light absorbed by the leaf. Nevertheless, the light response curves that the class produces do allow comparisons in photosynthetic efficiency between plants.
Algae and other monocellular organisms[edit]
From a 2010 study by the University of Maryland, photosynthesizing Cyanobacteria have been shown to be a significant species in the global carbon cycle, accounting for 20–30% of Earth's photosynthetic productivity and convert solar energy into biomass-stored chemical energy at the rate of ~450 TW.[6]
Worldwide figures[edit]
According to the cyanobacteria study above, this means the total photosynthetic productivity of earth is between ~1500–2250 TW, or 4.73–7.10 x 1022 J (47,300–71,000 exajoules) per year. Using this source's figure of 178,000 TW of solar energy hitting the Earth's surface,[6] the total photosynthetic efficiency of the planet is 0.84% to 1.26% (see also Earth's energy budget).
Efficiencies of various biofuel crops[edit]
Popular choices for plant biofuels include: oil palm, soybean, castor oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, corn ethanol, and sugar cane ethanol.
An analysis[original research?] of a proposed Hawaiian oil palm plantation claimed to yield 600 gallons of biodiesel per acre per year. That comes to 2835 watts per acre or 0.7 W/m2.[7][irrelevant citation] Typical insolation in Hawaii is around 5.5 kWh/(m2day) or 230 W/m2.[8] For this particular oil palm plantation, if it delivered the claimed 600 gallons of biodiesel per acre per year, would be converting 0.3% of the incident solar energy to chemical fuel. Total photosynthetic efficiency would include more than just the biodiesel oil, so this 0.3% number is something of a lower bound.
Contrast this with a typical photovoltaic installation,[9] which would produce an average of roughly 22 W/m2 (roughly 10% of the average insolation), throughout the year. Furthermore, the photovoltaic panels would produce electricity, which is a high-quality form of energy, whereas converting the biodiesel into mechanical energy entails the loss of a large portion of the energy. On the other hand, a liquid fuel is much more convenient for a vehicle than electricity, which has to be stored in heavy, expensive batteries.
Most crop plants store ~0.25% to 0.5% of the sunlight in the product (corn kernels, potato starch, etc.), sugar cane is exceptional in several ways to yield peak storage efficiencies of ~8%.[citation needed]
Ethanol fuel in Brazil has a calculation that results in: "Per hectare per year, the biomass produced corresponds to 0.27 TJ. This is equivalent to 0.86 W/m2. Assuming an average insolation of 225 W/m2, the photosynthetic efficiency of sugar cane is 0.38%." Sucrose accounts for little more than 30% of the chemical energy stored in the mature plant; 35% is in the leaves and stem tips, which are left in the fields during harvest, and 35% are in the fibrous material (bagasse) left over from pressing.[citation needed]
C3 vs. C4 and CAM plants[edit]
C3 plants use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon. C4 plants use a modified Calvin cycle in which they separate Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) from atmospheric oxygen, fixing carbon in their mesophyll cells and using oxaloacetate and malate to ferry the fixed carbon to RuBisCO and the rest of the Calvin cycle enzymes isolated in the bundle-sheath cells. The intermediate compounds both contain four carbon atoms, which gives C4. In Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), time isolates functioning RuBisCo (and the other Calvin cycle enzymes) from high oxygen concentrations produced by photosynthesis, in that O2 is evolved during the day, and allowed to dissipate then, while at night atmospheric CO2 is taken up and stored as malic or other acids. During the day, CAM plants close stomata and use stored acids as carbon sources for sugar, etc. production.
The C3 pathway requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose while the C4 pathway requires 20 ATP. Despite this reduced ATP efficiency, C4 is an evolutionary advancement, adapted to areas of high levels of light, where the reduced ATP efficiency is more than offset by the use of increased light. The ability to thrive despite restricted water availability maximizes the ability to use available light. The simpler C3 cycle which operates in most plants is adapted to wetter darker environments, such as many northern latitudes.[citation needed]. Corn, sugar cane, and sorghum are C4 plants. These plants are economically important in part because of their relatively high photosynthetic efficiencies compared to many other crops[citation needed]. Pineapple is a CAM plant.
See also[edit]
Energy conversion efficiency
FLEX (satellite)
Phototroph
Photosynthetically active radiation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Renewable biological systems for unsustainable energy production. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletins (1997).
Jump up ^ Lubert Stryer (1981). Biochemistry (2nd ed.). p. 448. ISBN 0-7167-1226-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Govindjee, What is photosynthesis?
Jump up ^ The Green Solar Collector; converting sunlight into algal biomass Wageningen University project (2005—2008)
^ Jump up to: a b David Oakley Hall; K. K. Rao; Institute of Biology (1999). Photosynthesis. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64497-6. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Pisciotta JM, Zou Y, Baskakov IV (2010). "Light-Dependent Electrogenic Activity of Cyanobacteria". PLoS ONE. 5 (5): e10821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010821. PMC 2876029  . PMID 20520829.
Jump up ^ Biodiesel Fuel. Ag.ndsu.edu.. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
Jump up ^ PVWATTS: Hawaii. Rredc.nrel.gov. Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
Jump up ^ NREL: In My Backyard (IMBY) Home Page. Nrel.gov (2010-12-23). Retrieved on 2011-11-03.
[show]
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Ecology: Modelling ecosystems: Trophic components
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United States Secretary of Homeland Security
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Secretary of Homeland Security of the United States
Seal of the Department of Homeland Security
Flag of the Secretary of Homeland Security
Incumbent
Kirstjen Nielsen
since December 6, 2017
United States Department of Homeland Security
Style
Madam Secretary
Member of
Cabinet
Reports to
The President
Seat
Washington, D.C.
Appointer
The President
with Senate advice and consent
Term length
No fixed term
Constituting instrument
6 U.S.C. § 112
Formation
January 24, 2003
(14 years ago) (2003-01-24)
First holder
Tom Ridge
Succession
Eighteenth[1]
Deputy
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Salary
Executive Schedule, level 1
Website
www.dhs.gov
The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the U.S. and the safety of U.S. citizens. The secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. The position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the attacks of September 11, 2001. The new department consisted primarily of components transferred from other cabinet departments because of their role in homeland security, such as the Coast Guard, the Federal Protective Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (which includes the Border Patrol), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (which includes Homeland Security Investigations), the Secret Service, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). It did not, however, include the FBI or the CIA.[2]
On January 20, 2009, the Senate confirmed Barack Obama's appointment of Janet Napolitano to be the third Secretary of Homeland Security,[3] effective January 21, 2009.[4] Napolitano resigned effective August 2013 to head the University of California. On October 17, President Obama announced his intention to nominate former General Counsel of the Department of Defense Jeh Johnson, and on December 16, the US Senate confirmed the nomination.[5]
The current Secretary of Homeland Security is Kirstjen Nielsen following the appointment of the then-incumbent secretary, John F. Kelly, to the post of White House Chief of Staff by President Donald Trump.[6] It was announced on October 12, 2017, that Kirstjen Nielsen was nominated as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security by President Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate on December 5, 2017.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Inclusion in the presidential line of succession
2 List of Secretaries of Homeland Security
3 Living former Secretaries of Homeland Security
4 Order of succession
5 Administration-cited potential nominees
5.1 Bernard Kerik
5.2 Raymond Kelly
6 References
7 External links
Inclusion in the presidential line of succession[edit]
Traditionally, the order of the presidential line of succession is determined (after the Vice President, Speaker of the House, and President pro tempore of the Senate) by the order of the creation of the cabinet positions, and the list as mandated under 3 U.S.C. § 19 follows this tradition.[citation needed]
On March 7th, 2006, 43rd President George W. Bush signed H.R. 3199 as Pub.L. 109–177, which renewed the still controversial Patriot Act of 2001 and amended the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 to include the newly created Presidential Cabinet position of Secretary of Homeland Security in the line of succession after the previously authorized Secretary of Veterans Affairs (§ 503) (which are listed and designated in the order that their departments were created). In the 109th Congress, legislation was introduced to place the Secretary of Homeland Security into the line of succession after the Attorney General but that bill expired at the end of the 109th Congress and was not re-introduced.[citation needed]
List of Secretaries of Homeland Security[edit]
Prior to the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, there existed an Assistant to the President for the Office of Homeland Security, which was created following the September 11 attacks in 2001.
Parties
Republican (2) Democratic (2) Independent (2)
Status
Denotes acting Homeland Security Secretary
No.
Portrait
Name
State of residence
Took office
Left office
President(s)
1
Tom Ridge Pennsylvania January 24, 2003 February 1, 2005 George W. Bush
–
James Loy Pennsylvania February 1, 2005 February 15, 2005
2
Michael Chertoff New Jersey February 15, 2005 January 21, 2009
3
Janet Napolitano Arizona January 21, 2009 September 6, 2013 Barack Obama
–
Rand Beers District of Columbia September 6, 2013 December 16, 2013
4
Jeh Johnson New Jersey December 23, 2013 January 20, 2017
5
John F. Kelly Massachusetts January 20, 2017 July 31, 2017 Donald Trump
–
Elaine Duke Ohio July 31, 2017 December 6, 2017
6
Kirstjen Nielsen Florida December 6, 2017 Incumbent
1 James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from February 1, 2005, to February 15, 2005.
2 Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security; Beers was the highest ranking Senate-approved presidential appointee at the Department of Homeland Security from September 6, 2013, to December 23, 2013.
3 Elaine Duke served as acting secretary in her capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security from July 31, 2017, to December 2017.
Living former Secretaries of Homeland Security[edit]
See also: List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
As of January 2018, there are 5 living former Secretaries of Homeland Security, and 3 living former Acting Secretaries of Homeland Security the oldest being James Loy (served February 1, 2005 – February 15, 2005, born 1942)
Name
Term
Date of birth (and age)
James Loy February 1, 2005 – February 15, 2005 (1942-08-10) August 10, 1942 (age 75)
Rand Beers September 6, 2013 – December 16, 2013 (1942-11-30) November 30, 1942 (age 75)
Tom Ridge January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005 (1945-08-26) August 26, 1945 (age 72)
Michael Chertoff February 15, 2005 – January 21, 2009 (1953-11-28) November 28, 1953 (age 64)
Janet Napolitano January 21, 2009 – September 6, 2013 (1957-11-29) November 29, 1957 (age 60)
Jeh Johnson December 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 (1957-09-11) September 11, 1957 (age 60)
John F. Kelly January 20, 2017 – July 31, 2017 (1950-05-11) May 11, 1950 (age 67)
Elaine Duke July 31, 2017 – July 31, 2017 (1958-06-26) June 26, 1958 (age 59)
Order of succession[edit]
The order of succession for the Secretary of Homeland Security is as follows:[8]
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Under Secretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs
Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management
Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security for Policy (acting as Under Secretary-equivalent)
Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Science and Technology
General Counsel of the Department of Homeland Security
Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration
Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Director of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Director of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
Chief Financial Officer
Regional Administrator, Region V, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Regional Administrator, Region VI, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Regional Administrator, Region VII, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Regional Administrator, Region IX, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Regional Administrator, Region I, Federal Emergency Management Agency
Administration-cited potential nominees[edit]
Bernard Kerik[edit]
George W. Bush nominated Bernard Kerik for the position in 2004. However a week later, Kerik withdrew his nomination, explaining that he had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny.[9]
Raymond Kelly[edit]
By July 2013, Raymond Kelly had served as Commissioner of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) for nearly 12 straight years. Within days of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano's announcement that she was resigning, Kelly was soon cited as an obvious potential successor by New York Senator Charles Schumer and others.[10]
During a July 16, 2013, interview, President Obama referred generally to the "bunch of strong candidates" for nomination to head the Department of Homeland Security, but singled out Kelly as "one of the best there is" and "very well qualified for the job".[11]
Later in July 2013, the online internet news website/magazine Huffington Post detailed "a growing campaign to quash the potential nomination of New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly as the next secretary of the Department of Homeland Security" amid claims of "divisive, harmful, and ineffective policing that promotes stereotypes and profiling".[12] Days after that article, Kelly penned a statistics-heavy Wall Street Journal opinion article defending the NYPD's programs, stating "the average number of stops we conduct is less than one per officer per week" and that this and other practices have led to "7,383 lives saved—and... they are largely the lives of young men of color."[13]
Kelly was also featured because of his NYPD retirement and unusually long tenure there in a long segment on the CBS News program Sunday Morning in December 2013, especially raising the question of the controversial "stop and frisk" policy in New York City and the long decline and drop of various types of crimes committed.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". LII / Legal Information Institute.
Jump up ^ Homeland Security Act, Pub.L. 107–296
Jump up ^ Murray, Shailagh; Kane, Paul (January 21, 2009). "Obama Picks Confirmed, But Clinton Is on Hold". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Chertoff: Inauguration security forces 'ready' - CNN.com
Jump up ^ "Senate confirms new homeland security secretary". bostonherald.com.
Jump up ^ Byrnes, Jesse (July 28, 2017). "Meet the woman set to lead Homeland Security". TheHill. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Senate confirms Kirstjen Nielsen to head Homeland Security". CBS News. December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13442: Amending the Order of Succession in the Department of Homeland Security" (PDF). Retrieved January 29, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Nina. "Mystery Woman in Kerik Case: Nanny". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Names already popping as possible Janet Napolitano replacements", by Kevin Robillard and Scott Wong, Politico, July 12, 2013, retrieved July 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Obama would consider Ray Kelly to replace Janet Napolitano", by Jennifer Epstein, Politico, July 16, 2013, retrieved July 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Muslims Oppose Raymond Kelly Bid For Homeland Security Secretary", by Omar Sacirbey, Huffington Post, August 1, 2013, retrieved August 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ray Kelly: The NYPD: Guilty of Saving 7,383 Lives", by Ray Kelly, Opinion: The Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2013, retrieved August 4, 2013.
External links[edit]
Official website
Current U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded by
David Shulkin
as Secretary of Veterans Affairs Order of Precedence of the United States
as Secretary of Homeland Security Succeeded by
John F. Kelly
as White House Chief of Staff
Current U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
David Shulkin 18th in line Last
[show]
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Current leadership of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Secretary: Elaine Duke (Acting)
Deputy Secretary: Elaine Duke
Chief of Staff for Operations: Jan Lesher
Chief of Staff for Policy: Noah Kroloff
Executive Secretary / Executive Director for Operations and Administration: Phil McNamara
General Counsel: Ivan Fong
Senior Military Advisor: Rear Admiral Charles Michel
Under Secretary, Management Directorate: Claire Grady
Deputy Under Secretary, Management Directorate: Shari Barbeau
Chief Administrative Services Officer: Donald G. Bathurst
Acting Chief Financial Officer: Peggy Sherry
Chief Human Capital Officer: Jeff Neal
Chief Information Officer: Richard Spires
Acting Chief Procurement Officer: Thomas Essig
Chief Security Officer: Jerry Williams
Under Secretary, National Protection & Programs Directorate (NPPD): Rand Beers
Acting Assistant Secretary, Cyber Security and Communications: Rear Admiral Mike Brown
Acting Assistant Secretary, Office of Infrastructure Protection: James Snyder
Under Secretary, Science & Technology Directorate (S&T): Tara O'Toole
Deputy Under Secretary, Science & Technology Directorate (S&T): Bradley Buswell
Acting Under Secretary, Office of Intelligence & Analysis (I&A): Bart Johnson
Assistant Secretary, Intergovernmental Affairs: Philip A. McNamara
Assistant Secretary (acting as Under Secretary-equivalent), Office of Policy (PLCY): David Heyman
Chairman, Homeland Security Advisory Council: William H. Webster
Assistant Secretary, International Affairs: Alan Bersin
Assistant Secretary, Policy Development: Arif Alikhan
Assistant Secretary, Private Sector: Douglas A. Smith
Deputy Assistant Secretary, Strategic Plans: Alan Cohn
Assistant Secretary, State and Local Law Enforcement: Vacant
Director, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS): Lee Cissna
Commandant, United States Coast Guard (USCG): Admiral Robert J. Papp, Jr.
Commissioner, United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP): W. Ralph Basham
Acting Assistant Secretary, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE): John P. Torres
Administrator, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): W. Craig Fugate
Director, United States Secret Service: Mark J. Sullivan
Assistant Secretary/Administrator, Transportation Security Administration (TSA): John Pistole
Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman: Prakash I. Khatri
Officer for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties: Daniel W. Sutherland
Acting Director of the Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement: John Leech
Acting Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office: Chuck Galloway
Director, Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLTEC): Connie L. Patrick
Acting Federal Coordinator, Recovery and Rebuilding of Gulf Coast Region: Paul Conway
Acting Assistant Secretary, Office of Health Affairs/Chief Medical Officer: Dr. Jon R. Kromher
Inspector General: Richard L. Skinner
Acting Assistant Secretary, Office of Legislative Affairs: James Howe
Director, Operations Coordination: Roger T. Rufe, Jr. (USCG Ret)
Acting Chief Privacy Officer: John Kropf
Assistant Secretary, Office of Public Affairs: William R. Knoche
[show]
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United States Secretaries of Homeland Security
Ridge
Chertoff
Napolitano
Johnson
Kelly
Nielsen
[show]
v
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Agencies under the United States Department of Homeland Security
Headquarters: Nebraska Avenue Complex
Elaine Duke, Acting Secretary of Homeland Security
Elaine Duke, Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
Deputy Secretary
United States Coast Guard
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Citizenship and Immigration Services
Customs and Border Protection
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
United States Secret Service
Office of Operations Coordination
Transportation Security Administration
Office of Health Affairs
Office of Policy
Office of Immigration Statistics
Homeland Security Advisory Council
National Protection
and Programs
National Protection and Programs Directorate
Federal Protective Service
Office of Cybersecurity and Communications
Office of Infrastructure Protection
Office of Biometric Identity Management
Office of Cyber and Infrastructure Analysis
Science and
Technology
Science and Technology Directorate
Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency
Explosives Division
Chemical and Biological Defense Division
Border and Maritime Security Division
Human Factors and Behavioral Sciences Division
Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division
Cyber Security Division (National Cybersecurity Center)
Intelligence and Analysis
Office of Intelligence and Analysis
Management
Management Directorate
Law enforcement in the United States
Terrorism in the United States
[show]
v
t
e
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Book
Portal
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Category
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MC
N
AF
CG
Navbox
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Leadership
Commander-in-chief: President of the United States
Secretary of Defense
Deputy Secretary of Defense
Secretary of Homeland Security
Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
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Chairman
Vice Chairman
United States Congress: Committees on Armed Services:
Senate
House
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National Security Act of 1947
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Organization
Service departments
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Navy (Secretary)
Air Force (Secretary)
Department of Homeland Security (Secretary): Coast Guard
Branches
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Marine Corps (Commandant)
Navy (Chief of Naval Operations)
Air Force (Chief of Staff)
Coast Guard (Commandant)
Reserve components
Reserves:
Army
Marine Corps Reserve
N
AF
CG
National Guard:
A
AF
Civilian auxiliaries
Military Auxiliary Radio System
Merchant Marine
Civil Air Patrol
Coast Guard Auxiliary
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Northern
Central
European
Pacific
Southern
Africa
Special Operations
Strategic
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Installations
Units:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
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Media
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Conflicts
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A
MC
N
AF
CG
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World War II
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African Americans
Asian Americans
Buddhist Americans
Jewish Americans
Muslim Americans
Pakistani Americans
Sikh Americans
Historiography:
Army Center of Military History
MC History Division
Naval History and Heritage Command
Air Force Historical Research Agency
American official war artists:
Army Art Program
AF Art Program
Personnel
Training
MEPS
ASVAB
Recruit training:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Officer candidate school:
A
MC
N
AF
Warrant:
A
MC
Service academies:
A (prep)
N (prep)
AF (prep)
CG
Merchant Marine
ROTC
A:ECP
MC/N
AF
Medical
Other education
Uniforms
Uniforms:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Awards & decorations:
Inter-service
A
MC/N
AF
CG
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Badges:
Identification
A
MC
N
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Enlisted:
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Officer:
A
MC
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CG
Other
Oath:
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A
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A
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Chiefs of Chaplains:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
Equipment
A
MC:
vehicles
weapons
other
N
AF
CG
Land
Individual weapons
Crew-served weapons
Vehicles (active)
Sea
All watercraft
Ships:
A
N (active)
AF
CG
MSC
Weapons:
N
CG
Aircraft:
N
CG
Reactors
Air
Aircraft
World War I
active
Aircraft designation
Missiles
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Other
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Flags:
A
MC
N
AF
CG
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Jack
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WMDs:
Nuclear
Biological
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Legend
A = Army
MC = Marine Corps
N = Navy
AF = Air Force
CG = Coast Guard
[show]
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Leaders of the United States federal executive departments
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[show]
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Vice President (Mike Pence)
Speaker of the House of Representatives (Paul Ryan)
President pro tempore of the Senate (Orrin Hatch)
Secretary of State (Rex Tillerson)
Secretary of the Treasury (Steven Mnuchin)
Secretary of Defense (Jim Mattis)
Attorney General (Jeff Sessions)
Secretary of the Interior (Ryan Zinke)
Secretary of Agriculture (Sonny Perdue)
Secretary of Commerce (Wilbur Ross)
Secretary of Labor (Alex Acosta)
Secretary of Health and Human Services (Eric Hargan)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Ben Carson)
Secretary of Transportation (Elaine Chao[a])
Secretary of Energy (Rick Perry)
Secretary of Education (Betsy DeVos)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs (David Shulkin)
Secretary of Homeland Security (Kirstjen Nielsen)
Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.
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