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Standing Rules of the United States Senate
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The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: "Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings..."
There are currently 44 rules, with the latest revision having been adopted on January 24, 2013.[1] (The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 lobbying reform bill introduces a 44th rule on earmarks). The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.
The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session. Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow Senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity. Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.
During debates, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. President" or "Madam President." Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia" or "the junior senator from California."
There are very few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.
The Standing Rules of the United States Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. (A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day.) The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the Budget process), limits are imposed by statute. In general, however, the right to unlimited debate is preserved.
The filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail, but does not actually require, long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over twenty-four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body, a two-thirds majority is required. Cloture is invoked very rarely, particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority. If the Senate does invoke cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote.
When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when his or her name is called. Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative.
On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret, or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are quite rare, and are usually held only under certain circumstances where the Senate is discussing sensitive subject-matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the President, or even to discuss Senate deliberations during impeachment trials. Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded.
Budget bills are governed under a special rule process called "Reconciliation" that disallows filibusters. Reconciliation was devised in 1974 but came into use in the early 1980s.
The Rules by number[edit]
The Standing Rules of the Senate detail the rules of order of the United States Senate. The latest version was adopted on April 27, 2000 and comprises the following 43 rules. The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduces a 44th rule on earmarks.
SR Rule I: Appointment of a Senator to the Chair
SR Rule II: Presentation of Credentials and Questions of Privilege
SR Rule III: Oaths
SR Rule IV: Commencement of Daily Sessions
SR Rule V: Suspension and Amendment of the Rules
SR Rule VI: Quorum - Absent Senators May Be Sent For
SR Rule VII: Morning Business
SR Rule VIII: Order of Business
SR Rule IX: Messages
SR Rule X: Special Orders
SR Rule XI: Papers - Withdrawal, Printing, Reading of, and Reference
SR Rule XII: Voting Procedure
SR Rule XIII: Reconsideration
SR Rule XIV: Joint Resolutions, and Preambles Thereto
SR Rule XV: Amendments and Resolutions
SR Rule XVI: Appropriations and Amendments to General Appropriation Bills
SR Rule XVII: Reference to Committees; Motions to Discharge; Reports of Committees; and Hearings Available
SR Rule XVIII: Business Continued from Session to Session
SR Rule XIX: Debate
SR Rule XX: Questions for Order
SR Rule XXI: Session with Closed Doors
SR Rule XXII: Precedence of Motions
SR Rule XXIII: Privilege of the Floor
SR Rule XXIV: Appointments of Committee
SR Rule XXV: Standing Committees
SR Rule XXVI: Committee Procedure
SR Rule XXVII: Committee Staff
SR Rule XXVIII: Conference Committees; Reports; Open Meetings
SR Rule XXIX: Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXX: Executive Session - Proceedings on Treaties
SR Rule XXXI: Executive Session - Proceedings on Nominations
SR Rule XXXII: The President Furnished with Copies of Record Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXXIII: Senate Chamber - Senate Wing of the Capitol
SR Rule XXXIV: Public Financial Disclosure
SR Rule XXXV: Gifts
SR Rule XXXVI: Outside Earned Income
SR Rule XXXVII: Conflict of Interest
SR Rule XXXVIII: Prohibition of Unofficial Office Accounts
SR Rule XXXIX: Foreign Travel
SR Rule XL: Franking Privilege and Radio and Television Studios
SR Rule XLI: Political Fund Activity; Definitions
SR Rule XLII: Employment Practices
SR Rule XLIII: Representation by Members
SR Rule XLIV: Congressionally Directed Spending and Related Items
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113sres16ats/pdf/BILLS-113sres16ats.pdf
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Standing Rules of the Senate
Official text, Standing Rules of the Senate
Standing Rules of the Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, November 4, 2013
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Britain's Next Top Model
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Britain's Next Top Model
Also known as
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model
(2011–13)
Genre
Reality television
Created by
Tyra Banks
Directed by
Series director - TJ Sherbrooke. Series producer - David Cheesman. Exec Producers - Cheryl Price and Marty Redman
Presented by
Lisa Butcher
Lisa Snowdon
Elle Macpherson
Abbey Clancy
Paul Sculfor
Cindy Bishop
Judges
Marie Helvin
Jonathan Pang
Paula Hamilton
Gerry DeVeaux
Huggy Ragnarsson
Louis Mariette
Julien Macdonald
Charley Speed
Grace Woodward
Tyson Beckford
Whitney Port
Dannii Minogue
Hilary Alexander
Nicky Johnston
Max Rogers
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Ireland
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
11
No. of episodes
108
Production
Running time
60mins (inc. adverts)
Production company(s)
Thumbs Up Productions
Release
Original network
Sky Living (2005–2013)
Lifetime (2016–present)
Picture format
16:9
Original release
Original series:
14 September 2005 (2005-09-14) – 5 September 2013 (2013-09-05)
Revived series:
14 January 2016 (2016-01-14) – present
External links
Website
Britain's Next Top Model (or Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model 2011–13), often abbreviated as BNTM, BINTM, or Top Model, is a British-Irish reality television show in which a number of women compete for the title of Britain's Next Top Model and a chance to start their career in the modelling industry. The first "cycle" premiered on 14 September 2005 on Sky Living.
The winner normally receives a modelling contract, cosmetics campaign, and a spread within a fashion magazine which also includes appearing on the front cover. Other benefits which changed from cycle to cycle include a car, holiday, money, or an apartment among other things.
As part of the Top Model franchise, it is based on the American television series America's Next Top Model. From series 7 onwards, the show was named Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model as it has begun to include contestants from Ireland.
On 28 October 2013, Sky Living confirmed that the show had been cancelled.[1] In April 2015, the show confirmed via its Twitter account that it would be returning in 2015 on Lifetime.[2] The title was changed back to Britain's Next Top Model due to licensing issues,[3] but contestants from Ireland were still allowed to apply for the show.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Format
2.1 Judges
2.2 Requirements
2.3 Exhibition
3 Cycles
3.1 America's Next Top Model: British Invasion
3.2 Juste Juozapaityte
4 References
5 External links
Premise[edit]
Show logo used from 2005–2016
The series features a group of young female contestants who live together in a house for several weeks while taking part in challenges, photo shoots and meetings with members of the modelling industry. Normally, one poor-performing contestant is eliminated each week until the last contestant remaining is declared "Britain's Next Top Model" and receives a modelling contract along with other prizes.
In a BBC interview, Elle Macpherson contrasted the show with the U.S. version, describing BNTM as "Uniquely British, the sense of humour and the styling is very British... more hybrid backgrounds... and I think that is really examplatory [sic] of what's going on in the UK today".[5]
Format[edit]
Main article: Top Model series § Format description
Each series of Britain's Next Top Model features from ten to fourteen episodes and begins with twelve to fourteen contestants. Each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or no elimination is given by consensus of the judging panel. Season 6 saw a live finale where the public chose the winner of the cycle. The series was narrated by Fearne Cotton. Due to maternity leave, Fearne did not fulfill this role for the ninth series. She was replaced by Dawn Porter. When the show got revived on Lifetime, Dawn Porter was replaced by Cycle 5 and America's Next Top Model (cycle 18) contestant, Annaliese Dayes.
Starting with the ninth series, the elimination process was changed. Multiple contestants were in danger of elimination every week, with the number of contestants in danger being lowered as the competition progressed.
Judges[edit]
The season nine panel consisted of Elle Macpherson, Tyson Beckford, and fashion designer, pop star, model, and former X Factor Judge Dannii Minogue. It was originally reported for series 8 that Grace Woodward would leaving the judging panel to be replaced by Kelly Osbourne and that both Charley Speed and Julien Macdonald would continue on the judging panel. However it was later announced that both Speed and Woodward were leaving the panel to be replaced by Tyson Beckford and Whitney Port.[6] Previous judges have included Lisa Butcher, Marie Helvin, Paula Hamilton, Huggy Ragnarsson, industry expert Jonathan Phang and fashion expert Gerry DeVeaux. Usually, an additional guest judge will sit in on the panel every week.
Judges
Cycles
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Hosts
Lisa Butcher Main
Lisa Snowdon Main
Elle Macpherson Main
Abbey Clancy Contestant Guest Main
Paul Sculfor Guest Main
Judging Panelists
Marie Helvin Main
Jonathan Phang Main
Paula Hamilton Main
Gerry DeVeaux Main
Huggy Ragnarsson Main
Louis Mariette Main Guest
Julien Macdonald Main
Charley Speed Main
Grace Woodward Main
Tyson Beckford Guest Main
Whitney Port Main
Dannii Minogue Main
Hilary Alexander Guest Guest Main
Nicky Johnston Guest Guest Main
Max Rogers Main
Requirements[edit]
According to the show's official site, anyone with the right to live or work in Britain is free to apply for the show, but must meet the height requirement of 5'8", and be between the ages of 18-23 at the time they try out for the show.[7] This is true for seasons 6-8. During the first casting episode of cycle 7, some producers stated that 'The requirements would be stricter' in order to accommodate models closer within the range of the real fashion world.
Exhibition[edit]
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model Live was launched by Media 10 in October 2010 at ExCeL London.[8] The event was created to immerse members of the public into the Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model (BINTM) lifestyle. Bringing the TV series to life, the event gave every visitor the opportunity to experience the Top Model lifestyle for themselves. The show featured 45 minute catwalk shows, music performances from celebrities and an exhibition full of clothes and fashion accessories for the visitor to purchase. The 2011 Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model Live took place from 28–30 October at London ExCel.
Cycles[edit]
Cycle
Premiere date
Winner
Runner(s)-up
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants
International destination(s)
1
000000002005-09-14-000014 September 2005 Lucy Ratcliffe Edwina Joseph Marina Fallahi, Claire Hillier, Shauna Breen, Anne Kent (quit), Hayley Wilkins, Marisa Heath, Stephanie Jones, Naomi Teal, Tashi Brown, Jenilee Harris 12
Paris
Milan
2
000000002006-07-24-000024 July 2006 Lianna Fowler Abigail Clancy Yvette Stubbs, Nina Malone, Asha Hibbert, Lucy Flower, Sophia Price, Sam Gerrard, Tamar Higgs & Georgina Edewor-Thorley, Sarah Butler, Amber Niemann, Jasmia Robinson 13
Marrakesh
3
000000002007-07-02-00002 July 2007 Lauren McAvoy Louise Watts Dani Lawrence, Krystal Hancock, Abigail Galatia, Natalie Nwagbo, Holly Alexander, Carly Thompson, Sherece Campbell, Lucy Bennett, Stefanie Webber, Rebecca White 12
Rio de Janeiro
4
000000002008-04-21-000021 April 2008 Alex Evans Catherine Thomas Sophie Roberts, Musayeroh Barrie, Louise Heywood, Lauren Donaldson-Stanley, Lynzi Arnott, Lisa Fowler, Martha Braddell & Leanne Nagle, Aaron Hunt, Charlotte Denton, Rachael Cairns, Stefanie Wilson 14
Cape Town
5
000000002009-04-20-000020 April 2009 Mecia Simson Sophie Sumner Lisa-Ann Hillman, Lauren Wee, Kasey Wynter & Chloe Cummings, Madeleine Wheatley, Hayley Buchanan, Annaliese Dayes, Daisy Payne, Viola Szekely, Ashley Brown, Jade McSorley 13
Reykjavík
Buenos Aires
6
000000002010-07-05-00005 July 2010 Tiffany Pisani Alisha White Hannah Goodeve (quit), Rachelle Harry, Susan Loughnane, Harleen Kaur Nottay, Delita Cole, Amba Hudson-Skye, Nicola Wright, Kirsty Parsons, Olivia Oldham-Stevens, Amelia Thomas, Charlotte Holmes, Joy McLaren 14
Alicante
Hardanger
Kuala Lumpur
7
000000002011-07-04-00004 July 2011 Jade Thompson Juste Juozapaityte Kimberleigh Spreadbury & Joanne Northey, Ufuoma Itoje, Hannah Devane, Holly Higgins & Amy Woodman, Tanya Mihailovic & Stacey Haskins, Jessica Abidde, Imogen Leaver & Anastasija Bogatirjova 13
Dublin
Miami
8
000000002012-07-09-00009 July 2012 Letitia Herod Emma Grattidge Amelia Raven (quit), Emma Sharratt, Penelope Williamson, Tasmin Golding, Anne Winterburn, Kellie Forde, Jennifer Joint, Madeleine Taga, Roxanne O'Connor, Rissikat Oyebade, Lisa Madden, Anita Kaushik 14
Dubai
Paris
Toronto
9
000000002013-06-20-000020 June 2013 Lauren Lambert Emma Ward
Sarah Kennedy Christina Chalk, Danielle Sandhu, Jess Patterson, Abigail Johns, Laura Young, Emily Garner, Saffron Williams, Holly Carpenter, Angel Mbonu, Naomi Pelkiewicz, Sophie Ellson 14
Bridgetown
10
000000002016-01-14-000014 January 2016 Chloe Keenan Angel Cole
Jessica Workman Jasmine Hodge, Amreen Akhtar (quit), Alex Needham, Jenna McMahon, Megan Brunell & Georgia Butler, Billie Downes, Lexi Kelly, Bethan Sowerby 12
Zagreb
Ocho Rios
11
000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017 Olivia Wardell Jennifer Malengele Anastasia Ellis, Abby Heaton, Victoria Clay, Eleanor Sippings (quit), Talulah-Eve Brown, Bianca Thomas, Chloe Lockley-Middleton, Simone Murphy, Tallulah Steed-Fassett, Alannah Beirne 12
Santa Maria
12
000000002017-10-19-000019 October 2017 Ivy Watson Eleanor Sippings
Kira MacLean Georgia Mason-Mottram, Alisia Grant, Tamsin Hough, Efi Muntoni-Clements (quit), Shaunagh Slattery & Louisa Northcote, Martha Miller (quit), Cirrah Leah Webb, Sophia Chawki 12
Bangkok
& Ayutthaya
America's Next Top Model: British Invasion[edit]
See also: America's Next Top Model (cycle 18)
In 2012, it was announced that seven past contestants, they being Jasmia Robinson, Louise Watts, Catherine Thomas, Ashley Brown, Annaliese Dayes, Sophie Sumner, and Alisha White, would be appearing on cycle 18 of America's Next Top Model. Cycle 1 and cycle 7 were unrepresented. The returning contestants from Britain's Next Top Model and their placements for cycle 18 were:
Previous season
Contestant
Original rank
Cycle 18 rank
Cycle 2 Jasmia Robinson 3rd 14th
Cycle 3 Louise Watts Runner-up 12th (quit)
Cycle 5 Ashley Brown 4th 10th
Cycle 4 Catherine Thomas Runner-up 6th
Cycle 6 Alisha White Runner-up 4th (quit)
Cycle 5 Annaliese Dayes 7th 3rd
Cycle 5 Sophie Sumner Runner-up Winner
Juste Juozapaityte[edit]
See also: Top Model po-russki (cycle 5)
In 2014, cycle 7 runner-up Juste Juozapaityte participated on Top Model po-russki's (the Russian adaptation of Top Model) fifth cycle, which included contestants from Russia and contestants from other countries with Russian roots. Juozapaityte, from London, was born in Lithuania and is of Russian descent.[9] She finished in second place to Zhenya Nekrasova of Kemerovo.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (28 October 2013). "'Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model' axed by Sky Living". Digital Spy. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Britain's Next Top Model Lifetime".
Jump up ^ "ALL NEW BNTM". Twitter.
Jump up ^ "ALL NEW BNTM". Twitter.
Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4, Front Row, Interview with Mark Lawson – podcasted 2 July 2010
Jump up ^ Abraham, Tamara (4 February 2012). "She's so over The Hills: Whitney Port to join Elle Macpherson on new Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model panel". London: The Mail Online. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Sky Living HD (9 December 2011). "'Conditions for entry' BINTM 8 casting". Sky Living. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "BINTM Top model live". Pottle Productions, Inc. 11 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Юстэ Юзапайтитэ - Участницы - Топ-модель по-русски". topmodel.u-tv.ru. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
External links[edit]
Official site
Britain's Next Top Model on IMDb
Britain's Next Top Model at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
Britain's Next Top Model
Cycles
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Contestants
Winners
Lucy Ratcliffe
Lianna Fowler
Lauren McAvoy
Alex Evans
Mecia Simson
Tiffany Pisani
Jade Thompson
Letitia Herod
Lauren Lambert
Chloe Keenan
Olivia Wardell
Ivy Watson
Other alumni
Abbey Clancy
Jasmia Robinson
Georgina Edewor-Thorley
Rachael Cairns
Sophie Sumner
Jade McSorley
Charlotte Holmes
Susan Loughnane
Juste Juozapaityte
Lisa Madden
Holly Carpenter
Related
America's Next Top Model: British Invasion
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History of Las Vegas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Las Vegas Valley.
Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe
The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera, a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles, and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico. At that time, several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish. The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash, which runs to the Colorado River.
Urbanisation began in 1902, when a railroad linking Los Angeles and Salt Lake City attracted many farmers to the area, and fresh water was piped into the settlement. In 1911, the city was incorporated as part of Clark County. In 1931 work started on the Boulder Dam (now the Hoover Dam), bringing a huge influx of young male workers, for whom theatres and casinos were built, largely by the Mafia. Electricity from the dam also enabled the building of many new hotels along the Strip. The arrival of Howard Hughes in 1966 did much to offset mob influence, and helped turn Las Vegas into more of a family tourist centre, now classified as a Megaresort.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prehistory
2 1829–1905: origins
3 1905–1929: birth, growth and crisis
4 1930–1941: Hoover Dam and the first casinos
5 1941–1945 war years
6 1946–1955: postwar boom
6.1 Atomic testing
7 1956–1969: the beginning of modern Las Vegas
7.1 Howard Hughes
7.2 Hank Greenspun
7.3 Local government
7.4 Desegregation
8 1970-1988: Explosive growth
9 Since 1989: the megaresort era
10 Since 2007: downturn and recovery
11 See also
12 References
13 Sources
Prehistory[edit]
The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation. The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground, and the marsh receded. The valley then evolved into a parched, arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants.
At some point in the valley's early geologic history, the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River. This created a luxurious plant life, forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape.
Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993, when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth. Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago.
Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs.[1]
1829–1905: origins[edit]
A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party.[8] By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area "Las Vegas" which is Spanish for "The Meadows".[9]
John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3, 1844, while it was still part of Mexico. He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists, scouts, and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico. Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs, establishing a clandestine fort there. A war with Mexico did occur, resulting in the region becoming United States territory. The fort was used in later years by travellers, mountain men, hunters, and traders seeking shelter, but was never permanently inhabited.
In 1855, William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley. The missionaries built a 150-square-foot (14 m2) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops, a process still used at the park. However, because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community, the summer heat and difficulty growing crops, the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857, abandoning the fort.
For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders. Then the U.S. Army, in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864, falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker, briefly recalling the area to national attention. After the end of the war in 1865, Octavius Gass, with a commission from the federal government, re-occupied the fort. The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States, ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment. Consequently, Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area 'Las Vegas Rancho.' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail. In 1881, because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate, Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property.[citation needed] In 1884, Archibald's wife, Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster.
The property (increased to 1,800 acres (730 ha)), stayed with the family (despite Archibald Stewart's murder in July 1884) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad, then being built across southern Nevada. The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark. Clark enlisted Utah's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line's completion through Utah to Las Vegas. The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare). Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas. Not until 1895 did the first large-scale migration of Mormons begin in the area, at long last fulfilling Brigham Young's early dream. Through wells and arid irrigation, agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development, the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator.
1905–1929: birth, growth and crisis[edit]
St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910.[10]
By the early 20th century, wells piped water into the town, providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth. The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop, first for wagon trains and later railroads, on the trail between Los Angeles, California, and points east such as Albuquerque, New Mexico.
The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905, linking Salt Lake City to southern California. U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad, which was a corporation based in Utah. Among its original incorporators were Utah's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith. Kearns, one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah, and Keith were the owners of Utah's Silver King Coalition Mine, several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper. Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California. Curiously, for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas. The east-side of Las Vegas (which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard) was owned by Clark, and the west-side Las Vegas (which encompassed the area north of modern-day Bonanza Road) was owned by J.T. McWilliams, who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch. It was from their property that Las Vegas took form.
Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there, the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing. On May 15, 1905, Las Vegas officially was founded as a city, when 110 acres (45 ha), in what would later become downtown, were auctioned to ready buyers. Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County, Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county. The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911-1913.
Shortly after the city's incorporation, the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming. This occurred at midnight, October 1, 1910, when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada. It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink. Nonetheless, Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community, and therefore continued to grow until 1917. In that year, a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy. Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad, a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state.
1930–1941: Hoover Dam and the first casinos[edit]
Hoover Dam in 1942
On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers.[11]
Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath (this was during the time of Prohibition) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal-controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers.
Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well-established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas[12] and received the city's first traffic light in 1931.
In reply, the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas. Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed. In 1934, to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry, the city's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam. This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas. A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days.[13]
Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn, the city was recharged—both literally and figuratively—when the dam was completed in 1935. In 1937, Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam, and Las Vegas was its first customer. Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam. Meanwhile, although the dam worker population disappeared, Hoover Dam and its reservoir, Lake Mead, turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear.
In 1940, U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas, giving the city two major access roads. Also in 1940 Las Vegas's first permanent radio station, KENO, began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters.
1941–1945 war years[edit]
Main article: Las Vegas in the 1940s
On January 25, 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas. Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development. The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base. The U.S. Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice, putting Block 16, the local red light district permanently out of business.
On April 3, 1941, hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas. It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip. The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered. On October 30, 1942, Texas cinema magnate R. E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair-O-Dice,[14] that first opened in 1930, and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier. A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street, but it was the next hotel on the Strip that publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas.
Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels, the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard-bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back. This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel, with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky, poured money through Mormon-owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946. Siegel modeled his enterprises on the long-running gambling empire in Galveston, Texas, which had pioneered the high-class casino concepts that became mainstays on the Strip.[15]
1946–1955: postwar boom[edit]
Main articles: Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s
The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills, California in the summer of 1947. Additionally, local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy-handed tactics toward mobsters who "grew too big for their pants." However, many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas. From 1952 to 1957, through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara, the Sands, the New Frontier, the Royal Nevada, the Showboat, The Riviera, The Fremont, Binion's Horseshoe (which was the Apache Hotel), and finally The Tropicana.[16]
Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle, such as Meyer Lansky, these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment.[citation needed] Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds, by 1954, over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos. Gambling was no longer the only attraction; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, Liberace, Bing Crosby, Carol Channing, and others performed in intimate settings. After coming to see these stars, the tourists would resume gambling, and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry.
However, the confluence of various marginal and/or suspected groups such as Jews, Sicilians, and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two-year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950–51.[citation needed] The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country. This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control. Only through the power and influence of Nevada's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee.
Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City, these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston, Texas; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation.[17] Nevada's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable.
Atomic testing[edit]
Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site
While the Strip was booming, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27, 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site. These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground. The last test explosion was in 1992. Despite the dangers and risks, greatly underestimated at the time, of radiation exposure from the fallout, Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds.
The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon-controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos. But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos. In 1948, McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic. In 1957 the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was first established, initially as a branch of the University of Nevada, Reno and becoming independent in 1969. In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center, which would become a vital part of the area's economy. A new utility company, Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954.
1956–1969: the beginning of modern Las Vegas[edit]
Main article: Las Vegas in the 1950s
Howard Hughes[edit]
In 1966, Howard Hughes, the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry, and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country, moved to Las Vegas. Initially staying in the Desert Inn, he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city.
Hank Greenspun[edit]
The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties, activities, and government corruption in Las Vegas. His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state's national committeeman for the Democratic Party. Before his death in 1989, Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family's assets, and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas, with media holdings in print, television and the Internet; substantial real estate holdings; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos.
Local government[edit]
One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this, the city lost tax revenue. There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas, but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise. Under Nevada Law, an incorporated town, Las Vegas, cannot annex an unincorporated township. To this day, virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas.
Desegregation[edit]
Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States, entertainment venues were segregated between black- and white-owned businesses. With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites, Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused, regardless of their legitimacy or criminality, on entertaining a white-only clientele. As a result of property deeds, businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the "west side" of the tracks. This also was enforced in many of the work positions. Thus, African Americans (except those who provided the labor for low-paying menial positions or entertainment) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white-owned clubs. However, because of employment deals with black worker groups, many clubs favored black workers, and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s.
Organized crime-owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and, despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities, made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share. An attempt was made at forming an all-integrated night-club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, like those owned by German-Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz. On May 24, 1955, Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz, along with other investors, opened the Moulin Rouge. It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip, especially the non-white owned strips on the west side. By the end of the year, the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out, but the seeds for racial integration were sown.
Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos.[18] One famous story tells of Sinatra's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room.[19] The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues, forcing owners to amend their policies over time.[20]
However, it took political action for racial desegregation to occur. In 1960, the NAACP threatened a protest of the city's casinos for their policies. A meeting between the NAACP, the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation, starting with the employees. Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions. Along with the rest of the country, Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights. Activists like James B. McMillan, Grant Sawyer, Bob Bailey, and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration.
Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs, the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities (Jewish and Italian) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks. This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin.
Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson. Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store, he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas, backed the NAACP in its actions, and promoted black workers for jobs. He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas. Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them. His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas.
Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established. The only real violence came as a result of school integration, with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites. Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. That school was then later destroyed.
1970-1988: Explosive growth[edit]
On a percentage basis, Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession. During that period, the population of the city more than doubled in most decades. The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate, but never dropped below 60% (1980–1990), and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration. By 2000, Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century,[21] and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US, with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County. The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area. Also urban sprawl development of single-family homes continued across the valley, building the areas of Henderson, North Las Vegas, Centennial Hills, and Summerlin. The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession.[22][23]
During this period of time, American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city.
On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, suffered a devastating fire. A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history. The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally's Las Vegas, while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue.
Since 1989: the megaresort era[edit]
The Strip resorts in late 2009
The "Mafia/Rat Pack" Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation, the decline of organized crime elements, and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city's history, the so-called megaresort era. Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized, family-oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels, casinos, and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses. The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage. Built by developer Steve Wynn, it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street, selling $630 million in junk bonds. Its 3,044 rooms, each with gold tinted windows, set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves, leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip. More landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever-larger and more opulent resorts including:
1990: Rio and Excalibur
1993: MGM Grand, Treasure Island, and Luxor,
1996: Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo
1997: New York-New York
1998: Bellagio
1999: Mandalay Bay, Venetian, and Paris
2000: Planet Hollywood (Formerly Aladdin)
2001: Palms
2005: Wynn (opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship, the constructed at a cost of US$2.7 billion.)
The Helldorado Days festival was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas' centennial celebration.[13]
Since 2007: downturn and recovery[edit]
The home mortgage crisis (2007-2010) and the late 2000s recession affected Las Vegas' economic success. New home construction was stalled, and construction projects were either canceled, postponed, or continued with financial troubles. Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter, Fontainebleau, Echelon, and The Plaza. The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue, causing many of the companies to report net loss.
Nevertheless, new landmark hotels and resorts were still to arise, including:
2007: Palazzo
2008: Encore
2009: CityCenter
2010: The Cosmopolitan
Starting in 2013, the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction. The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza. Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed. Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016.
Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events, such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards, & the Consumer Electronics Show.
Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering, with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013.[24][25] Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market, with many new custom homes being built. January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year.[26] In addition, Las Vegas was named America's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia.[27]
In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded, with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit.[28]
During the late evening of October 1, 2017, Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting committed by a single gunman in the history of the United States. A gunman opened fire on Route 91 Harvest festival-goers from the Mandalay Bay resort, killing 58 and injuring 851.[29][30]
See also[edit]
Timeline of Las Vegas
Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Moehring, Eugene P.; & Green, Michael S. (2005). Las Vegas: A Centennial History. University of Nevada Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-87417-615-8
Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas
Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken. Las Vegas: the great American playground. University of Nevada Press. 1997. p. 7. ISBN 0-87417-301-9
Jump up ^ Lake, Richard (December 17, 2008). "Road Warrior Q&A: Foliage removed for widening". Retrieved October 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html
Jump up ^ Land, Barbara; Land, Myrick (2004). A Short History of Las Vegas. University of Nevada Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-87417-564-X.
Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/
Jump up ^ "Clark County, NV – FAQs/History". Retrieved December 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ H2O University – 6 through 12
Jump up ^ Chung, Su Kim (2005). Las Vegas Then and Now. San Diego, California: Thunder Bay Press. p. 36. ISBN 1-59223-734-7.
Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe, TIME Magazine, June 1, 1931
Jump up ^ "Fremont Street History". Retrieved 9 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Koch, Ed (2005-01-08). "A history of change". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved 2009-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas: An Unconventional History". American Experience. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
Jump up ^ Collins, Marion (2002). Without a Trace: Inside the Robert Durst Case. MacMillian. p. 294.
Jump up ^ https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/from-siegel-to-spilotro-mafia-influenced-gambling-regulation-in-las-vegas/
Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall (2007). Lone Star Lawmen. Oxford. pp. 217–218. ISBN 9780198035169.
Waldron, Lamar; Hartmann, Thom (2006). Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba. Basic Books. p. 294. ISBN 9780786718320.
John Dombrink; William Norman Thompson (1990). The last resort: success and failure in campaigns for casinos. University of Nevada Press. pp. 138–139.
Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr, "Hollywood in a suitcase", William Morrow and company, 1980
Jump up ^ "Sammy Davis Jr". Nevada Humanities.
Jump up ^ "The Best Bet: Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas". Frank Sinatra Enterprises.
Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History Archived 2005-07-27 at the Wayback Machine., retrieved 2012-06-20
Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust, retrieved 2012-06-20
Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada's population-growth streak, retrieved 2012-06-20
Jump up ^ http://www.nevadabusiness.com/2013/03/housing-market-honing-in-on-homes/
Jump up ^ http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2012/mar/19/moodys-analysts-las-vegas-recovery-under-way/
Jump up ^ http://www.8newsnow.com/story/21236124/high-end-home-building-underway-in-las-vegas
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/01/03/2012s-top-turnaround-housing-markets-las-vegas-and-seattle/
Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/02/police-shut-down-part-of-las-vegas-strip-due-to-shooting/
Jump up ^ Torres-Cortez, Ricardo (January 19, 2018). "Sheriff: Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe; Paddock had child porn". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Sources[edit]
See also: Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography
Las Vegas website
Ainlay, Thomas, Jr., & Gabaldon, Judy Dixon. Las Vegas: The Fabulous First Century, Arcadia Publishing, 2003.
Denton, Sally & Morris, Howard. The Money and the Power: The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America – 1947–2000. Knopf, Borzoi Books, 2001.
Land, Barbara & Land, Myrick. A Short History of Las Vegas. University of Nevada Press, Reno, 1999
Paher, Stanley W. Las Vegas: As It Began – As It Grew, Nevada Publications, Las Vegas, NV, 1971.
Orleck, Annelise. "Storming Caesar's Palace", 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers
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