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Abacus
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For other uses, see Abacus (disambiguation).
"Abaci" and "Abacuses" redirect here. For the Turkish surname, see Abacı. For the medieval book, see Liber Abaci.
A Chinese abacus, Suanpan
Calculating-Table by Gregor Reisch: Margarita Philosophica, 1503. The woodcut shows Arithmetica instructing an algorist and an abacist (inaccurately represented as Boethius and Pythagoras). There was keen competition between the two from the introduction of the Algebra into Europe in the 12th century until its triumph in the 16th.[1]
The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system.[1] The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abaci are often constructed as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
Abaci come in different designs. Some designs, like the bead frame consisting of beads divided into tens, are used mainly to teach arithmetic, although they remain popular in the post-Soviet states as a tool. Other designs, such as the Japanese soroban, have been used for practical calculations even involving several digits. For any particular abacus design, there usually are numerous different methods to perform a certain type of calculation, which may include basic operations like addition and multiplication, or even more complex ones, such as calculating square roots. Some of these methods may work with non-natural numbers (numbers such as 1.5 and 3⁄4).
Although today many use calculators and computers instead of abaci to calculate, abaci still remain in common use in some countries. Merchants, traders and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China and Africa use abaci, and they are still used to teach arithmetic to children.[1] Some people who are unable to use a calculator because of visual impairment may use an abacus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Mesopotamian
2.2 Egyptian
2.3 Persian
2.4 Greek
2.5 Chinese
2.6 Roman
2.7 Indian
2.8 Japanese
2.9 Korean
2.10 Native American
2.11 Russian
3 School abacus
4 Renaissance abaci gallery
5 Uses by the blind
6 Binary abacus
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Footnotes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
12.1 Tutorials
12.2 Abacus curiosities
Etymology[edit]
The use of the word abacus dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from Greek ἄβαξ abax which means something without base, and improperly, any piece of rectangular board or plank.[2][3][4] Alternatively, without reference to ancient texts on etymology, it has been suggested that it means "a square tablet strewn with dust",[5] or "drawing-board covered with dust (for the use of mathematics)"[6] (the exact shape of the Latin perhaps reflects the genitive form of the Greek word, ἄβακoς abakos). Whereas the table strewn with dust definition is popular, there are those that do not place credence in this at all and in fact state that it is not proven.[7][nb 1] Greek ἄβαξ itself is probably a borrowing of a Northwest Semitic, perhaps Phoenician, word akin to Hebrew ʾābāq (אבק), "dust" (or in post-Biblical sense meaning "sand used as a writing surface").[8]
The preferred plural of abacus is a subject of disagreement, with both abacuses[9] and abaci[9] in use. The user of an abacus is called an abacist.[10]
History[edit]
Mesopotamian[edit]
The period 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the Sumerian abacus, a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system.[11]
Some scholars point to a character from the Babylonian cuneiform which may have been derived from a representation of the abacus.[12] It is the belief of Old Babylonian[13] scholars such as Carruccio that Old Babylonians "may have used the abacus for the operations of addition and subtraction; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations".[14]
Egyptian[edit]
The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-right method. Archaeologists have found ancient disks of various sizes that are thought to have been used as counters. However, wall depictions of this instrument have not been discovered.[15]
Persian[edit]
During the Achaemenid Empire, around 600 BC the Persians first began to use the abacus.[16] Under the Parthian, Sassanian and Iranian empires, scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions with the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to have been exported to other countries.
Greek[edit]
An early photograph of the Salamis Tablet, 1899. The original is marble and is held by the National Museum of Epigraphy, in Athens.
The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.[17] Also Demosthenes (384 BC–322 BC) talked of the need to use pebbles for calculations too difficult for your head.[18][19] A play by Alexis from the 4th century BC mentions an abacus and pebbles for accounting, and both Diogenes and Polybius mention men that sometimes stood for more and sometimes for less, like the pebbles on an abacus.[19] The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations. This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.
A tablet found on the Greek island Salamis in 1846 AD (the Salamis Tablet), dates back to 300 BC, making it the oldest counting board discovered so far. It is a slab of white marble 149 cm (59 in) long, 75 cm (30 in) wide, and 4.5 cm (2 in) thick, on which are 5 groups of markings. In the center of the tablet is a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semicircle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line. Below these lines is a wide space with a horizontal crack dividing it. Below this crack is another group of eleven parallel lines, again divided into two sections by a line perpendicular to them, but with the semicircle at the top of the intersection; the third, sixth and ninth of these lines are marked with a cross where they intersect with the vertical line.[20] Also from this time frame the Darius Vase was unearthed in 1851. It was covered with pictures including a "treasurer" holding a wax tablet in one hand while manipulating counters on a table with the other.[18]
Chinese[edit]
Main article: Suanpan
A Chinese abacus (suanpan) (the number represented in the picture is 6,302,715,408)
Abacus
Chinese
算盤
Literal meaning
"calculating tray"
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
suànpán
IPA
[swân.pʰǎn]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
syun-pùhn
IPA
[sȳːnpʰǔːn]
Jyutping
syun3-pun4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
sǹg-pôaⁿ
Tâi-lô
sǹg-puânn
The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.[21]
The Chinese abacus, known as the suanpan (算盤, lit. "counting tray"), is typically 20 cm (8 in) tall and comes in various widths depending on the operator. It usually has more than seven rods. There are two beads on each rod in the upper deck and five beads each in the bottom. The beads are usually rounded and made of a hardwood. The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam; beads moved toward the beam are counted, while those moved away from it are not.[22] The suanpan can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick movement along the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam at the center.
Suanpan can be used for functions other than counting. Unlike the simple counting board used in elementary schools, very efficient suanpan techniques have been developed to do multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root operations at high speed. There are currently schools teaching students how to use it.
In the long scroll Along the River During the Qingming Festival painted by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty (960–1297), a suanpan is clearly visible beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the counter of an apothecary's (Feibao).
The similarity of the Roman abacus to the Chinese one suggests that one could have inspired the other, as there is some evidence of a trade relationship between the Roman Empire and China. However, no direct connection can be demonstrated, and the similarity of the abaci may be coincidental, both ultimately arising from counting with five fingers per hand. Where the Roman model (like most modern Korean and Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard suanpan has 5 plus 2. (Incidentally, this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system, which was used for traditional Chinese measures of weight.) Instead of running on wires as in the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese models, the beads of Roman model run in grooves, presumably making arithmetic calculations much slower.
Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder. The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang dynasty (618–907) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.
Roman[edit]
Main article: Roman abacus
Copy of a Roman abacus
The normal method of calculation in ancient Rome, as in Greece, was by moving counters on a smooth table. Originally pebbles (calculi) were used. Later, and in medieval Europe, jetons were manufactured. Marked lines indicated units, fives, tens etc. as in the Roman numeral system. This system of 'counter casting' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.[23] Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with very useful modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century[24][25] This abacus used beads on wires, unlike the traditional Roman counting boards, which meant the abacus could be used much faster.[26]
Writing in the 1st century BC, Horace refers to the wax abacus, a board covered with a thin layer of black wax on which columns and figures were inscribed using a stylus.[27]
One example of archaeological evidence of the Roman abacus, shown here in reconstruction, dates to the 1st century AD. It has eight long grooves containing up to five beads in each and eight shorter grooves having either one or no beads in each. The groove marked I indicates units, X tens, and so on up to millions. The beads in the shorter grooves denote fives –five units, five tens etc., essentially in a bi-quinary coded decimal system, obviously related to the Roman numerals. The short grooves on the right may have been used for marking Roman "ounces" (i.e. fractions).
Indian[edit]
There is no clear evidence for use of the abacus in India. The decimal number system invented in India replaced the abacus in Western Europe.[28]
The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu (316-396), a Sanskrit work on Buddhist philosophy, says that the second-century CE philosopher Vasumitra said that "placing a wick (Sanskrit vartikā) on the number one (ekāṅka) means it is a one, while placing the wick on the number hundred means it is called a hundred, and on the number one thousand means it is a thousand". It is unclear exactly what this arrangement may have been. Around the 5th century, Indian clerks were already finding new ways of recording the contents of the Abacus.[29] Hindu texts used the term śūnya (zero) to indicate the empty column on the abacus.[30]
Japanese[edit]
Main article: Soroban
Japanese soroban
In Japanese, the abacus is called soroban (算盤, そろばん, lit. "Counting tray"), imported from China in the 14th century.[31] It was probably in use by the working class a century or more before the ruling class started, as the class structure did not allow for devices used by the lower class to be adopted or used by the ruling class.[32] The 1/4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China. The abacus is still manufactured in Japan today even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators. The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation. Using visual imagery of a soroban, one can arrive at the answer in the same time as, or even faster than, is possible with a physical instrument.[33]
Korean[edit]
The Chinese abacus migrated from China to Korea around 1400 AD.[18][34][35] Koreans call it jupan (주판), supan (수판) or jusan (주산).[36]
Native American[edit]
Representation of an Inca quipu
A yupana as used by the Incas.
Some sources mention the use of an abacus called a nepohualtzintzin in ancient Aztec culture.[37] This Mesoamerican abacus used a 5-digit base-20 system.[38] The word Nepōhualtzintzin [nepoːwaɬˈt͡sint͡sin] comes from Nahuatl and it is formed by the roots; Ne – personal -; pōhual or pōhualli [ˈpoːwalːi] – the account -; and tzintzin [ˈt͡sint͡sin] – small similar elements. Its complete meaning was taken as: counting with small similar elements by somebody. Its use was taught in the Calmecac to the temalpouhqueh [temaɬˈpoʍkeʔ], who were students dedicated to take the accounts of skies, from childhood.
The Nepōhualtzintzin was divided in two main parts separated by a bar or intermediate cord. In the left part there were four beads, which in the first row have unitary values (1, 2, 3, and 4), and in the right side there are three beads with values of 5, 10, and 15 respectively. In order to know the value of the respective beads of the upper rows, it is enough to multiply by 20 (by each row), the value of the corresponding account in the first row.
Altogether, there were 13 rows with 7 beads in each one, which made up 91 beads in each Nepōhualtzintzin. This was a basic number to understand, 7 times 13, a close relation conceived between natural phenomena, the underworld and the cycles of the heavens. One Nepōhualtzintzin (91) represented the number of days that a season of the year lasts, two Nepōhualtzitzin (182) is the number of days of the corn's cycle, from its sowing to its harvest, three Nepōhualtzintzin (273) is the number of days of a baby's gestation, and four Nepōhualtzintzin (364) completed a cycle and approximate a year (11/4 days short). When translated into modern computer arithmetic, the Nepōhualtzintzin amounted to the rank from 10 to the 18 in floating point, which calculated stellar as well as infinitesimal amounts with absolute precision, meant that no round off was allowed.
The rediscovery of the Nepōhualtzintzin was due to the Mexican engineer David Esparza Hidalgo,[39] who in his wanderings throughout Mexico found diverse engravings and paintings of this instrument and reconstructed several of them made in gold, jade, encrustations of shell, etc.[40] There have also been found very old Nepōhualtzintzin attributed to the Olmec culture, and even some bracelets of Mayan origin, as well as a diversity of forms and materials in other cultures.
George I. Sanchez, "Arithmetic in Maya", Austin-Texas, 1961 found another base 5, base 4 abacus in the Yucatán Peninsula that also computed calendar data. This was a finger abacus, on one hand 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used; and on the other hand 0, 1, 2 and 3 were used. Note the use of zero at the beginning and end of the two cycles. Sanchez worked with Sylvanus Morley, a noted Mayanist.
The quipu of the Incas was a system of colored knotted cords used to record numerical data,[41] like advanced tally sticks – but not used to perform calculations. Calculations were carried out using a yupana (Quechua for "counting tool"; see figure) which was still in use after the conquest of Peru. The working principle of a yupana is unknown, but in 2001 an explanation of the mathematical basis of these instruments was proposed by Italian mathematician Nicolino De Pasquale. By comparing the form of several yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20 and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument. Using the Fibonacci sequence would keep the number of grains within any one field at a minimum.[42]
Russian[edit]
Russian abacus
The Russian abacus, the schoty (счёты), usually has a single slanted deck, with ten beads on each wire (except one wire, usually positioned near the user, with four beads for quarter-ruble fractions). Older models have another 4-bead wire for quarter-kopeks, which were minted until 1916. The Russian abacus is often used vertically, with wires from left to right in the manner of a book. The wires are usually bowed to bulge upward in the center, to keep the beads pinned to either of the two sides. It is cleared when all the beads are moved to the right. During manipulation, beads are moved to the left. For easy viewing, the middle 2 beads on each wire (the 5th and 6th bead) usually are of a different color from the other eight beads. Likewise, the left bead of the thousands wire (and the million wire, if present) may have a different color.
As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.[43][44] Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia and likewise the mass production of Felix arithmometers since 1924 did not significantly reduce their use in the Soviet Union.[45] The Russian abacus began to lose popularity only after the mass production of microcalculators had started in the Soviet Union in 1974. Today it is regarded as an archaism and replaced by the handheld calculator.
The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.[46] The abacus had fallen out of use in western Europe in the 16th century with the rise of decimal notation and algorismic methods. To Poncelet's French contemporaries, it was something new. Poncelet used it, not for any applied purpose, but as a teaching and demonstration aid.[47] The Turks and the Armenian people also used abaci similar to the Russian schoty. It was named a coulba by the Turks and a choreb by the Armenians.[48]
School abacus[edit]
Early 20th century abacus used in Danish elementary school.
A twenty bead rekenrek
Around the world, abaci have been used in pre-schools and elementary schools as an aid in teaching the numeral system and arithmetic.
In Western countries, a bead frame similar to the Russian abacus but with straight wires and a vertical frame has been common (see image). It is still often seen as a plastic or wooden toy.
The wire frame may be used either with positional notation like other abaci (thus the 10-wire version may represent numbers up to 9,999,999,999), or each bead may represent one unit (so that e.g. 74 can be represented by shifting all beads on 7 wires and 4 beads on the 8th wire, so numbers up to 100 may be represented). In the bead frame shown, the gap between the 5th and 6th wire, corresponding to the color change between the 5th and the 6th bead on each wire, suggests the latter use.
The red-and-white abacus is used in contemporary primary schools for a wide range of number-related lessons. The twenty bead version, referred to by its Dutch name rekenrek ("calculating frame"), is often used, sometimes on a string of beads, sometimes on a rigid framework.[49]
Renaissance abaci gallery[edit]
Uses by the blind[edit]
An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, called a Cranmer abacus is still commonly used by individuals who are blind. A piece of soft fabric or rubber is placed behind the beads so that they do not move inadvertently. This keeps the beads in place while the users feel or manipulate them. They use an abacus to perform the mathematical functions multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root.[50]
Although blind students have benefited from talking calculators, the abacus is still very often taught to these students in early grades, both in public schools and state schools for the blind. The abacus teaches mathematical skills that can never be replaced with talking calculators and is an important learning tool for blind students.[51] Blind students also complete mathematical assignments using a braille-writer and Nemeth code (a type of braille code for mathematics) but large multiplication and long division problems can be long and difficult. The abacus gives blind and visually impaired students a tool to compute mathematical problems that equals the speed and mathematical knowledge required by their sighted peers using pencil and paper. Many blind people find this number machine a very useful tool throughout life.[50]
Binary abacus[edit]
Two binary abaci constructed by Dr. Robert C. Good, Jr., made from two Chinese abaci
The binary abacus is used to explain how computers manipulate numbers.[52] The abacus shows how numbers, letters, and signs can be stored in a binary system on a computer, or via ASCII. The device consists of a series of beads on parallel wires arranged in three separate rows. The beads represent a switch on the computer in either an "on" or "off" position.
See also[edit]
Chinese Zhusuan
Chisanbop
Logical abacus
Mental abacus
Napier's bones
Sand table
Slide rule
Soroban
Suanpan
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Both C. J. Gadd, a keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities at the British Museum, and Jacob Levy, a Jewish Historian who wrote Neuhebräisches und chaldäisches wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim [Neuhebräisches and Chaldean dictionary on the Talmuds and Midrashi] disagree with the "dust table" theory.[7]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyer & Merzbach 1991, pp. 252–253
Jump up ^ de Stefani 1909, p. 2
Jump up ^ Gaisford 1962, p. 2
Jump up ^ Lasserre & Livadaras 1976, p. 4
Jump up ^ Klein 1966, p. 1
Jump up ^ Onions, Friedrichsen & Burchfield 1967, p. 2
^ Jump up to: a b Pullan 1968, p. 17
Jump up ^ Huehnergard 2011, p. 2
^ Jump up to: a b Brown 1993, p. 2
Jump up ^ Gove 1976, p. 1
Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001, p. 11
Jump up ^ Crump 1992, p. 188
Jump up ^ Melville 2001
Jump up ^ Carruccio 2006, p. 14
Jump up ^ Smith 1958, pp. 157–160
Jump up ^ Carr 2014
Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001, p. 15
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams 1997, p. 55
^ Jump up to: a b Pullan 1968, p. 16
Jump up ^ Williams 1997, pp. 55–56
Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001, p. 17
Jump up ^ Fernandes 2003
Jump up ^ Pullan 1968, p. 18
Jump up ^ Brown 2010, pp. 81–82
Jump up ^ Brown 2011
Jump up ^ Huff 1993, p. 50
Jump up ^ Ifrah 2001, p. 18
Jump up ^ Rowlett, Russ (2004-07-04), Roman and "Arabic" Numerals, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, retrieved 2009-06-22
Jump up ^ Körner 1996, p. 232
Jump up ^ Mollin 1998, p. 3
Jump up ^ Gullberg 1997, p. 169
Jump up ^ Williams 1997, p. 65
Jump up ^ Murray 1982
Jump up ^ Anon 2002
Jump up ^ Jami 1998, p. 4
Jump up ^ Anon 2013
Jump up ^ Sanyal 2008
Jump up ^ Anon 2004
Jump up ^ Hidalgo 1977, p. 94
Jump up ^ Hidalgo 1977, pp. 94–101
Jump up ^ Albree 2000, p. 42
Jump up ^ Aimi & De Pasquale 2005
Jump up ^ Burnett & Ryan 1998, p. 7
Jump up ^ Hudgins 2004, p. 219
Jump up ^ Leushina 1991, p. 427
Jump up ^ Trogeman & Ernst 2001, p. 24
Jump up ^ Flegg 1983, p. 72
Jump up ^ Williams 1997, p. 64
Jump up ^ West 2011, p. 49
^ Jump up to: a b Terlau & Gissoni 2006
Jump up ^ Presley & D'Andrea 2009
Jump up ^ Good Jr. 1985, p. 34
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Leushina, A. M. (1991). The development of elementary mathematical concepts in preschool children. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. ISBN 978-0-87353-299-0.
Melville, Duncan J. (May 30, 2001). "Chronology of Mesopotamian Mathematics". St. Lawrence University. It.stlawu.edu. Archived from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved Jun 19, 2014.
Mish, Frederick C., ed. (2003). "abacus". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster, Inc. ISBN 0-87779-809-5.
Mollin, Richard Anthony (September 1998). Fundamental Number Theory with Applications. Discrete Mathematics and its Applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3987-5.
Murray, Geoffrey (July 20, 1982). "Ancient calculator is a hit with Japan's newest generation". The Christian Science Monitor. CSMonitor.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Onions, C. T.; Friedrichsen, G. W. S.; Burchfield, R. W., eds. (1967). "abacus". The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford, UK: Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
Presley, Ike; D'Andrea, Frances Mary (2009). Assistive Technology for Students who are Blind Or Visually Impaired: A Guide to Assessment. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-89128-890-9.
Pullan, J. M. (1968). The History of the Abacus. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-09-089410-9. LCCN 72075113.
Reilly, Edwin D., ed. (2004). Concise Encyclopedia of Computer Science. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-470-09095-4.
Sanyal, Amitava (July 6, 2008). "Learning by Beads". Hindustan Times.
Smith, David Eugene (1958). History of Mathematics. Dover Books on Mathematics. 2: Special Topics of Elementary Mathematics. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-20430-7.
Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard, eds. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History (6th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
Terlau, Terrie; Gissoni, Fred (July 20, 2006). "Abacus: Position Paper". APH.org. Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Trogeman, Georg; Ernst, Wolfgang (2001). Trogeman, Georg; Nitussov, Alexander Y.; Ernst, Wolfgang, eds. Computing in Russia: The History of Computer Devices and Information Technology Revealed. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. ISBN 978-3-528-05757-2.
West, Jessica F. (2011). Number sense routines : building numerical literacy every day in grades K-3. Portland, Me.: Stenhouse Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57110-790-9.
Williams, Michael R. (1997). Baltes, Cheryl, ed. A History of Computing technology (2nd ed.). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 0-8186-7739-2. LCCN 96045232.
Yoke, Ho Peng (2000). Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Dover Science Books. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41445-4.
Further reading[edit]
Fernandes, Luis (2013). "The Abacus: A Brief History". ee.ryerson.ca. Archived from the original on July 31, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Menninger, Karl W. (1969), Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers, MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-13040-8
Kojima, Takashi (1954), The Japanese Abacus: its Use and Theory, Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., ISBN 0-8048-0278-5
Kojima, Takashi (1963), Advanced Abacus: Japanese Theory and Practice, Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., ISBN 0-8048-0003-0
Stephenson, Stephen Kent (July 7, 2010), Ancient Computers, IEEE Global History Network, arXiv:1206.4349  , retrieved 2011-07-02
Stephenson, Stephen Kent (2013), Ancient Computers, Part I - Rediscovery, Edition 2, ISBN 1-4909-6437-1
External links[edit]
Look up abacus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abacus.
Texts on Wikisource:
"Abacus". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Abacus", from A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 3rd ed., 1890.
Tutorials[edit]
Heffelfinger, Totton & Gary Flom, Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual
Min Multimedia
Stephenson, Stephen Kent (2009), How to use a Counting Board Abacus
Abacus curiosities[edit]
Schreiber, Michael (2007), Abacus, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project
Abacus in Various Number Systems at cut-the-knot
Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci
An atomic-scale abacus
Examples of Abaci
Aztex Abacus
Authority control
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text:
Bryce Dallas Howard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bryce Dallas Howard
Howard at the 2010 New York Film Festival
Born
(1981-03-02) March 2, 1981 (age 37)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Alma mater
New York University
Occupation
Actress, director, producer, model and writer
Years active
1989–present
Spouse(s)
Seth Gabel (m. 2006)
Children
2
Parents
Ron Howard (father)
Cheryl Alley (mother)
Relatives
Paige Howard (sister)
Clint Howard (uncle)
Rance Howard (grandfather)
Jean Speegle Howard (grandmother)
Bryce Dallas Howard (born March 2, 1981) is an American actress, director, producer, model, writer and daughter of actor/director Ron Howard. Howard attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, but left before graduating to take on roles on Broadway. During a performance of As You Like It where Howard portrayed Rosalind, she caught the attention of director M. Night Shyamalan, and he cast her in what would be her breakout film, the psychological thriller The Village (2004) and then in the fantasy thriller Lady in the Water (2006). Her performance in Kenneth Branagh’s film adaptation of As You Like It (2006) earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2006 she co-wrote and directed the short film Orchids. Howard also appeared as Gwen Stacy in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 3 (2007).
Howard became more recognizable to audiences as the vampire Victoria in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010). This project, as well as Terminator Salvation (2009), was financially successful, but both films garnered mixed reviews from the press. In 2011, she had supporting roles in 50/50 and The Help. She also played a lead role, Claire Dearing, in the science fiction adventure film Jurassic World (2015), the fourth installment in the Jurassic Park film series and her most financially successful film to date. She is signed to reprise her role in the next two films in the franchise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 2002–2006
2.2 2007–present
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
4.4 Music videos
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Howard was born in Los Angeles, California, to writer Cheryl Howard Crew (née Alley)[1] and actor-director Ron Howard, on March 2, 1981.[2] She has two younger sisters, twins Jocelyn and Paige, and a younger brother named Reed.[2] Through her father, she is a granddaughter of actors Rance Howard and Jean Speegle Howard as well as a niece of actor Clint Howard.[2] Her godfather is actor Henry Winkler,[3] who co-starred on Happy Days with her father.[4]
All of the Howard children were raised away from the world of show business. Their parents did not allow them access to television and instead encouraged outdoor activities and hobbies. At the age of seven, however, she was allowed to be an extra in her father's movies. In an appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, she mentioned that she and her siblings were babysat by family friend Tom Cruise on several occasions. She was raised in Westchester County, New York, and on a farm in Greenwich, Connecticut.[5]
Howard attended Stagedoor Manor, a performing arts camp in upstate New York, with actress Natalie Portman.[2] After attending Greenwich Country Day School until 1996[6][7] and then graduating from Byram Hills High School in 1999,[8] Howard studied at New York University's (NYU) Tisch School of the Arts for three years, during which time she also attended the Stella Adler Conservatory, The Experimental Wing, and International Theatre Wing in Amsterdam.[9] During her schooling, she took part in the concept recording of the Broadway-bound musical A Tale of Two Cities.[10] She graduated with her BFA in Drama in 2003.[2] Howard is also an alumna of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company's School at Steppenwolf in Chicago, and of The Actors Center in New York City.[9] During her time in New York, Howard was also a member of downtown theater company Theater Mitu, in residence at New York Theatre Workshop, who are known for their exploration of theatrical forms.[9][11]
Career[edit]
2002–2006[edit]
For several years, Howard appeared in New York plays. Among these were House & Garden, a 2002 Alan Ayckbourn production held at the Manhattan Theatre Club, in which she portrayed a disdainful, flirtatious teen. While performing as Rosalind in the critically acclaimed 2003 William Shakespeare comedy production As You Like It at The Public Theater, Howard caught the eye of director M. Night Shyamalan.
Howard was cast in Shyamalan's fantasy thriller The Village (2004) two weeks later without having to audition.[4] Its story is about a "turn-of-the-20th-century" village whose residents live in fear of the creatures inhabiting the woods beyond it. She plays the female lead, the chief's blind daughter and love interest to Joaquin Phoenix's part. Her performance was applauded by critics and Howard was nominated for several awards, mostly in the category of "Best Breakthrough Performance".[12] The Village did well commercially, but had a mixed reception.[13][14] Following that, Howard was cast by Lars Von Trier to replace Nicole Kidman as Grace Mulligan in Manderlay, the 2005 sequel to Dogville (2003). The director said that it is "quite clear" his movie, set in a plantation, can be seen as an allusion to the Iraq War.[15]
Howard reunited with Shyamalan for Lady in the Water, in which she acts as Story, a type of water nymph called a narf. The 2006 fantasy film release also stars Paul Giamatti as the co-lead. Shyamalan's project follows the story of Giamatti's character rescuing what he thinks is a young woman (Howard) from his pool. Once he discovers that she is actually a character from a bedtime story who is trying to get back home, he teams up with his tenants to protect her from creatures that try to keep her in their world. It underperformed at the box office, falling short of its $75 million budget, and got largely negative reviews from critics.[16][17] Next, she once again played Rosalind in Kenneth Branagh's 2006 film version of Shakespeare's As You Like It. It played in theatres in Europe before going directly to cable in the United States, premiering on HBO.[18] Howard was nominated for a Golden Globe Award at the 2008 ceremony.[19] The project got soundly negative reviews from the British media,[20] while American reviewers gave it more favorable notice.[21] That year, she wrote and directed a short film, Orchids, as part of Glamour magazine's "Reel Moments" series funded by Cartier and FilmAid International.[22]
2007–present[edit]
In 2007, Howard starred in her first blockbuster, Spider-Man 3 as Peter Parker's classmate Gwen Stacy, a fan favorite.[23] A challenge that came with playing Gwen was reminding fans of the good-intentioned character who was Peter's first love in the comics, yet came off as "the other woman" in the movie.[23] Howard dyed her naturally red hair blonde for the role and performed many of her own stunts, unaware that she was several months pregnant.[24] Grossing $890 million.[25][26]Terminator Salvation was her next project.[27] Cast in June 2008, she replaced Claire Danes as Kate Connor.[28] Howard was already a fan of the series.[29] It grossed a total of $370 million,[27] but was not well received critically.[30]
Howard starred as the lead character in The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond in 2009. Based on a 1957 screenplay by Tennessee Williams, it did not play at many theaters.[31] She played the role of Victoria, a vampire seeking revenge, in the Twilight series' third installment The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[32] She landed the part after Rachelle Lefevre was dropped due to a scheduling conflict and filming started in August 2009.[33] Howard had already been a huge fan of the books and considered Victoria to be an "incredible character".[31] Released on June 30, 2010 the film made nearly $700 million[34] and although reviews were mixed,[35] critics gave very positive reviews for Howard in the role.[36][37]
In December 2009, Howard was cast in Clint Eastwood's Hereafter (2010), as a burgeoning love interest for Matt Damon's character.[38][39]
In early January 2011, Howard became the first celebrity ambassador for purse designer Kate Spade.[40] Her first film of 2011 was The Help, a movie adaptation of Kathryn Stockett's 2009 best-selling novel of the same name. She received critical acclaim for her performance in the film and was nominated for many Best Supporting Actress Awards, along with winning awards shared with the rest of the cast.[41] Howard then produced Gus Van Sant's Restless, a dark coming of age movie about a teenage boy and girl who are engrossed with death.[42] She had a supporting role opposite Joseph Gordon-Levitt in the cancer dramedy 50/50, which was based on a true story. "It's viewing that experience through a very truthful lens of humour", she stated of 50/50's take on its heavy subject matter.[43] Both films had September releases.
Howard directed the short film When You Find Me, a social film developed through a collaboration with Canon. The film was developed under the premise of gathering inspiration through images selected from a photography contest. 96,362 entries[44] were accepted, while only eight final images were selected to be utilized for the production of the film.[45]
In 2015, Howard appeared in the lead role, alongside Chris Pratt, in Jurassic World as the park's operations manager Claire Dearing.[46] In 2016, she starred in the remake of the 1977 film Pete's Dragon,[47] and appeared in the drama Gold with Matthew McConaughey.[48] In 2016, she appeared in "Nosedive", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror.[49] In 2017, she started production of the follow up to Jurassic World, currently titled Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[50]
Personal life[edit]
During her senior year of high school, Howard learned of existentialism. "I was like, 'This is it! This is my religion.' I had never felt a connection to any sort of spirituality before that. It was very basic – you're responsible for the choices that you make – but it was mind-blowing at the time."[4]
Howard met actor Seth Gabel at New York University[18] and the two dated for five years before marrying on June 17, 2006.[2][23][23] She had only one previous boyfriend and claims to have pursued Gabel vigorously after first meeting him.[32][51][52] They had planned to start a family together in their 30s;[32] however, seven days after their wedding, she learned that she was expecting their first child.[53] Howard gave birth to their child, a son named Theodore, nicknamed Theo, in 2007.[2][54] Howard openly discussed having experienced post-partum depression. With the help of a physician and a therapist she recovered from the depression,[53] which lasted for about 18 months.[32] Howard said of the depression in 2010,
Do I wish I had never endured post-partum depression? Absolutely. But to deny the experience is to deny who I am. I still mourn the loss of what could have been, but I also feel deep gratitude for those who stood by me, for the lesson that we must never be afraid to ask for help, and for the feeling of summer that still remains.[53]
Howard gave birth to the couple's second child, daughter Beatrice, in 2012.[55]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1989 Parenthood Strawberry-blonde girl in audience
1995 Apollo 13 Girl in yellow dress
2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Surprised Who
2001 A Beautiful Mind Harvard Student
2004 Book of Love Heather
2004 Village, TheThe Village Ivy Elizabeth Walker
2005 Manderlay Grace Margaret Mulligan
2006 As You Like It Rosalind
2006 Lady in the Water Story
2006 Orchids Short film; co-writer, director
2007 Spider-Man 3 Gwen Stacy
2008 Good Dick Kissing woman[56] Cameo
2008 Loss of a Teardrop Diamond, TheThe Loss of a Teardrop Diamond Fisher Willow
2009 Terminator Salvation Katherine "Kate" Brewster Connor
2010 The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Victoria
2010 Hereafter Melanie
2011 Help, TheThe Help Hilly Holbrook
2011 50/50 Rachael
2012 The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 Victoria Archive footage
2015 Jurassic World Claire Dearing
2016 Pete's Dragon Grace Meacham
2016 Gold Kay
2017 McLaren Herself Documentary
2018 Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Claire Dearing Post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 Family Guy Episode: "We Love You, Conrad" (voice)
2013 Call Me Crazy: A Five Film — Television film, director (segment: "Lucy")
2014 HitRecord on TV Various 2 episodes
2016 Black Mirror Lacie Pound Episode: "Nosedive"
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Voice role
2015 Lego Jurassic World Claire Dearing
Lego Dimensions
Music videos[edit]
Year
Title
Artist
Role
Notes
2013 Claudia Lewis M83 Director
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Film
Result
Ref.
2005 Online Film Critics Society Best Breakthrough Performance The Village Nominated [57]
Empire Awards Best Actress Nominated [58]
Best Newcomer Nominated [58]
MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Female Nominated [59]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Scary Scene Nominated [60]
2006 Robert Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Manderlay Nominated
2008 Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television As You Like It Nominated [19]
2010 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress: Action Terminator Salvation Nominated [61]
2011 MTV Movie Awards Best Fight (shared with cast members Xavier Samuel and Robert Pattinson) The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Won [62]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Villain Nominated
Black Reel Awards Best Ensemble The Help Won
Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Won
Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Nominated
Hollywood Film Festival Ensemble of the Year Won
2012 MTV Movie Awards Best Cast (shared with cast members Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Jessica Chastain, and Octavia Spencer) Nominated [63]
Best Jaw Dropping Moment Nominated [63]
Best Villain Nominated [63]
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress Nominated [64]
San Diego Film Critics Society Best Performance by an Ensemble Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Cast – Motion Picture Won
Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won [65]
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated
Women Film Critics Circle Best Ensemble[citation needed] Won
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Hissy Fit Jurassic World Nominated [66]
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female Nominated [66]
2016 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Actress in an Action Movie Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries Black Mirror Nominated
2017 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Gold Nominated [67]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "15 Juicy Facts about Bryce Dallas Howard". Extra. Warner Bros. Television Distribution. 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Davis, Peter (January 26, 2006). "Too Good To Be True". Paper Mag. Paper Publishing Company. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Dicker, Ron (December 20, 2009). "Actress Bryce Howard Wild About Greenwich". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut: Tronc. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Actress Bryce Howard Wild About Greenwich". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Greenwich Notable Alumni". GreenwichMag. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Raising their voices to raise Byram Hills' 'Guys and Dolls'". lohud.com. Retrieved 2015-08-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bryce Dallas Howard profile at". Theater Mitu. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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Jump up ^ "BRYCE DALLAS HOWARD, ; RON HOWARD'S DAUGHTER, MAKES A NAME FOR HERSELF IN M. NIGHT SHYAMALAN'S `THE VILLAGE'". Boston Globe. The New York Times Company. 2004-08-03. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "BRYCE DALLAS HOWARD BIO". Tribute Canada. Tribute Entertainment Media Group. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ "The Village (2004)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ "The Village (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ Higgins, Charlotte (2005-05-17). "Lars von Trier acts as a slave to controversy". The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Lady in the Water". Box Office Mojo. IMDb Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Lady in the Water". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Fradkin, Lori (2007-08-20). "Interview: Bryce Dallas Howard, As You Like Her". New York Magazine. New York Media LLC. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruno, Mike (2007-12-14). "Golden Globes: The 2008 nominees". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "As You Like It (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "As You Like It: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Film Orchids". Palm Springs International Film Festival. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Howard's new life includes Spidey and a family". Vancouver Sun. Postmedia Network Inc. 2007-05-03. Archived from the original on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Daly, Steve (2007-04-26). "World Wide Web". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Spider-Man 3". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Spider-Man 3 (2007)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Terminator Salvation". Box Office Mojo. IMDb Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter (2008-06-01). "Bryce Dallas Howard is Kate Connor in Terminator 4". /Film. Peter Sciretta. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Toal, Drew (2009-05-20). "Terminator Salvation star Bryce Dallas Howard has a dark side". Time Out New York. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Huddlestone, Tom (June 2009). "Terminator Salvation (2009)". Time Out London. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Kung, Michelle (2009-12-30). "'The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond' Star Bryce Dallas Howard on Tennessee Williams and 'Twilight'". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lipworth, Elaine (2010-06-28). "Twilight: Bryce Dallas Howard interview". The Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
Jump up ^ Zeitchik, Steven (2009-07-29). "Howard to replace Lefevre in 3rd 'Twilight' film". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse". Box Office Mojo. IMDB Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (2010-06-22). "The Twilight Saga: Eclipse – Film Review". Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Movie Review: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. 2010-06-28. Archived from the original on 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ MCnary, Dave (2009-12-10). "'Hereafter' calls Bryce Dallas Howard". Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Caparell, Adam (2010-10-17). "'Hereafter' star Bryce Dallas Howard can see into her own future - and it's red hot". New York Daily News. Mortimer Zuckerman. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Harman, Justine (2011-01-03). "Bryce Dallas Howard Springs into Fashion with Kate Spade Ads". People magazine. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (2010-05-17). "Octavia Spencer nabs key role in 'The Help'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner Inc. Archived from the original on 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Zeitchik, Steven (2009-10-08). "Mia Wasikowska in talks for 'Restless'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Richard (2011-05-15). "Cannes 2011: Bryce Dallas Howard on 50/50". Total Film. Future Publishing Limited. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ number of entries is noted at the end of the completed film at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVrW26tkT7Q
Jump up ^ "Bryce Dallas Howard's 'When You Find Me' Appearing at SXSW 2012". Yahoo! Movies. March 18, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marnell, Blair (May 9, 2015). "Jurassic World Cast–A Look at the Characters". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (November 20, 2014). "Bryce Dallas Howard in Talks to Join 'Pete's Dragon'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (August 28, 2015). "Bryce Dallas Howard Joins Matthew McConaughey In 'Gold'". deadline.com. Retrieved August 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joe Wright To Direct 'Black Mirror' Episode For Netflix; Bryce Dallas Howard & Alice Eve To Star". Deadline. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford (July 23, 2015). "'Jurassic World 2' Set for 2018". The Hollywood Reporter. (Prometheus Global Media). Retrieved February 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bryce Dallas Howard". The Mail on Sunday. Associated Newspapers Ltd. 2011-01-09. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Lipworth, Elaine (2011-01-14). "Bryce Dallas Howard". Daily Mail. London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marikar, Sheila (2010-08-04). "Gisele Bundchen, Gwyneth Paltrow, Bryce Dallas Howard: Hollywood's Pregnancy Pundits". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Serpe, Gina (2007-02-20). "Bryce Dallas Howard Welcomes Son". E! Online. NBCUniversal. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Raftery, Liz (2012-01-22). "Bryce Dallas Howard Has a Baby Girl". People. Time Warner Inc. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
Jump up ^ Weintraub, Steve (2008-10-14). "Jason Ritter Exclusive Interview – Good Dick". Collider. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
Jump up ^ Soares, Andre (2005-01-10). "2005 Online Film Critics Society Awards". ALT Film Guide. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Empire Awards Nominees Are Announced!". Empire Awards. 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ Cosgrove, Ben (2005-05-04). "Vicious Teens And Happy Drunk Lead 2005 MTV Movie Awards Nominees". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Teen Talent". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. 2005-08-16. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Milet, Sandrine (2010-06-28). "Teen Choice Awards 2010: Second (Giant) Wave Of Nominees Announced!". MTV. Viacom. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
Jump up ^ MTV Movie Award Staff (2011-05-03). "'Eclipse,' 'Inception' Lead 2011 MTV Movie Awards Nominations". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c MTV Movie Award Staff (2012-05-01). "2012 MTV Movie Awards Nominees: The Full List". MTV. Viacom. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
Jump up ^ "'The Game,' Beyonce, 'The Help' lead Image Awards noms". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
Jump up ^ "SAG Awards 2012 winners list". Entertainment Weekly's EW.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Wells, Kaeli (July 8, 2015). "Teen Choice Awards 2015: Taylor Swift, 'Empire,' 'Pitch Perfect 2' Among Second Wave of Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (2 March 2017). "'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations". Variety. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bryce Dallas Howard.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Bryce Dallas Howard
Bryce Dallas Howard at brycedhoward.com
Bryce Dallas Howard on Twitter
Bryce Dallas Howard on IMDb
Bryce Dallas Howard at Internet Off-Broadway Database
[show]
Awards for Bryce Dallas Howard
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
2000s
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
Hairspray
Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
2008
Milk
Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010s
2010
The Fighter
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Melissa Leo, Jack McGee, Mark Wahlberg
2011
The Help
Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Chris Lowell, Ahna O'Reilly, Sissy Spacek, Octavia Spencer, Mary Steenburgen, Emma Stone, Cicely Tyson, Mike Vogel
2012
Silver Linings Playbook
Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro, Anupam Kher, Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Tucker, Jacki Weaver
2013
American Hustle
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Louis C.K., Bradley Cooper, Jack Huston, Jennifer Lawrence, Alessandro Nivola, Michael Peña, Jeremy Renner, Elisabeth Röhm, Shea Whigham
2014
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)
Zach Galifianakis, Michael Keaton, Edward Norton, Andrea Riseborough, Amy Ryan, Emma Stone, Naomi Watts
2015
Spotlight
Billy Crudup, Brian d'Arcy James, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Mark Ruffalo, Liev Schreiber, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci
2016
Moonlight
Mahershala Ali, Patrick Decile, Alex R. Hibbert, Naomie Harris, André Holland, Jharrel Jerome, Janelle Monáe, Jaden Piner, Trevante Rhodes, Ashton Sanders
2017
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Abbie Cornish, Peter Dinklage, Woody Harrelson, John Hawkes, Lucas Hedges, Željko Ivanek, Caleb Landry Jones, Frances McDormand, Clarke Peters, Sam Rockwell, Samara Weaving
[show]
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore (1996)
Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft (1997)
Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black (1998)
Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary (1999)
Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix (2000)
Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 (2002)
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2003)
Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)
Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005)
Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 (2007)
Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down (2008)
Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight (2009)
Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed (2010)
Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games (2012)
Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers (2013)
Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014)
Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner (2015)
Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 84235017
LCCN: no2005107483
ISNI: 0000 0001 1476 1642
GND: 137823967
SUDOC: 104452021
BNF: cb14641414m (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryce_Dallas_Howard&oldid=837790106"
Categories:
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