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Viral video
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A viral video[1][2] is a video that becomes popular through a viral process of Internet sharing, typically through video sharing websites, social media and email.[3][4]
Viral videos often contain humorous content and include televised comedy sketches, such as The Lonely Island's "Lazy Sunday" and "Dick in a Box", Numa Numa[5][6] videos, The Evolution of Dance,[5] Chocolate Rain[7] on YouTube; and web-only productions such as I Got a Crush... on Obama.[8] Some eyewitness events have also been caught on video and have "gone viral"[9] such as the Battle at Kruger.[10]
In 2012, the Kony 2012 video by Invisible Children, Inc. became the most viral video in history,[11] with approximately 34,000,000 views three days after its upload to YouTube on 5 March 2012,[12] and 100,000,000 views six days after publication.[13] Another recent example is the 2012 single "Gangnam Style" by Psy, which received one billion views in five months[14][15] and was the most viewed video on YouTube from 2012 until 2017, the title being taken by "Despacito".[16]
In April 2018, Ultra Music uploaded a music video of El Chombo's Dame Tu Cosita, the song that was popular on musical.ly. The video became viral and it hit 150 000 000 views in the first two weeks.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Qualification
3 Reasons for popularity
4 Categories by subject
4.1 Band and music promotion
4.2 Education
4.3 Customer complaints
4.4 Cyberbullying
4.5 Police misconduct
5 Political implications
6 Financial implications
7 Notable sites
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Videos were shared long before YouTube or even the Internet by word-of-mouth, film festivals, VHS tapes, and even to fill time gaps during the early days of cable.[17] Perhaps the earliest was Reefer Madness, a 1936 "educational" film that circulated under several different titles. It was rediscovered by Keith Stroup, founder of NORML, who circulated prints of the film around college film festivals in the 1970s. The company who produced the prints, New Line Cinema, was so successful they began producing their own films.[17] The most controversial was perhaps a clip from a newscast from Portland, Oregon in November 1970. In the clip, the disposal of a beached whale carcass by dynamite is documented, including the horrific aftermath of falling mist and chunks since the exclusion zone wasn't big enough.[18] The exploding whale story obtained urban legend status in the Northwest and gained new interest in 1990 after Dave Barry wrote a hysterical column about the event,[19] leading to copies being distributed over bulletin board systems—a sort of primitive Internet—around 1994.[17][20][21]
The "humorous home movie" genre dates back at least to 1963, when the TV series "Your Funny, Funny Films"[22] debuted. The series showcased amusing film clips, mostly shot on 8mm equipment by amateurs. The idea was revived in 1989 with America's Funniest Home Videos, a series described by an ABC executive as a one-time "reality-based filler special" that was inspired by a segment of a Japanese variety show, Fun With Ken and Kaito Chan, borrowing clips from various Japanese home video shows as well.[23] Now the longest-running primetime entertainment show in the history of ABC, the show's format includes showing clips of home videos sent in to the show's committee, and then the clips are voted on by a live filmed audience, with the winners winning a monetary prize.[24]
During the internet's public infancy, the 1996 Seinfeld episode "The Little Kicks" addresses the distribution of a viral video through non-online, non-broadcast means. It concludes with the citizens of New York City having individually witnessed Elaine's terrible dancing via a bootleg copy of a feature film, establishing that the dancing footage had effectively gone viral.
Viral videos began circulating as animated GIFs small enough to be uploaded to websites over dial-up Internet access or through email as attachments in the early 1990s.[25] Videos were also spread on message boards, P2P file sharing sites, and even coverage from mainstream news networks on television.[26] Two of the most successful viral videos of the early internet era were "The Spirit of Christmas" and "Dancing Baby". "The Spirit of Christmas" surfaced in 1995, spread through bootleg copies on VHS and on the internet, as well as an AVI file on the PlayStation game disc for Tiger Woods 99 (which later led to a recall).[26][27] The popularity of the videos led to the creation of the television series South Park after it was picked up by Comedy Central.[28] "Dancing Baby", a 3D-rendered dancing baby video by the creators of Character Studio for 3D Studio MAX, became something of a late 1990s cultural icon in 1996 in part due to its exposure on worldwide commercials, editorials about Character Studio, and the popular television series Ally McBeal.[28][29][30] The video may have first spread when Ron Lussier, the animator who cleaned up the raw animation, began passing the video around his workplace, LucasArts.[31]
Later distribution of viral videos on the internet before YouTube, which was created in 2005 and bought by Google in 2006, were mostly though websites dedicated to hosting humorous content, such as Newgrounds and YTMND, although message boards such as eBaum's World and Something Awful were also instrumental.[26] Notably, some content creators hosted their content on their own websites, such as Joel Veitch's site for his band Rather Good, which hosted quirky Flash videos for the band's songs; the most popular was "We Like the Moon", whose viral popularity on the internet prompted Quiznos to parody the song for a commercial.[32] The most famous self-hosted home of viral videos is perhaps Homestar Runner, launched in 2000 and still running.[26] The introduction of social media such as Facebook and Twitter has created even more avenues for videos to go viral. More recently, there has been a surge in viral videos on video sharing sites such as YouTube, partially because of the availability of affordable digital cameras.[33] Beginning in December 2015, YouTube introduced a "trending" tab to alert users to viral videos using an algorithm based on comments, views, "external references", and even location.[34] The feature reportedly does not use viewing history to serve up related content, and the content may be curated by YouTube.[35]
Qualification[edit]
There are several ways to gauge whether a video has "gone viral". The statistic perhaps most mentioned is number of views, and as sharing has become easier, the threshold requirement of sheer number of views has increased. YouTube personality Kevin Nalty (known as Nalts) recalls on his blog: "A few years ago, a video could be considered 'viral' if it hit a million views", but says as of 2011, only "if it gets more than 5 million views in a 3–7 day period" can it be considered "viral".[36][37] To compare, 2004's "Numa Numa" received two million hits on Newgrounds in its first three months (a figure explained in a 2015 article as "a staggering number for the time").[26]
Nalts also posits three other considerations: buzz, parody, and longevity,[36] which are more complex ways of judging a viral video's views. Buzz addresses the heart of the issue; the more a video is shared, the more discussion the video creates both online and offline. What he emphasizes is notable is that the more buzz a video gets, the more views it gets. A study on viral videos by Carnegie Mellon University found that the popularity of the uploader affected whether a video would become viral,[38] and having the video shared by a popular source such as a celebrity or a news channel also increases buzz.[36] It is also part of the algorithm YouTube uses to predict popular videos.[34] Parodies, spoofs and spin-offs often indicate a popular video, with long-popular video view counts given with original video view counts as well as additional view counts given for the parodies. Longevity indicates if a video has remained part of the Zeitgeist.
Reasons for popularity[edit]
Due to their societal impact and marketability, viral videos attract attention in both advertising and academia, which try to account for the reason viral videos are spread and what will make a video go viral. Several theories exist.
A viral video's longevity often relies on a hook which draws the audience to watch them. The hook is able to become a part of the viral video culture after being shown repeatedly. The hooks, or key signifiers, are not able to be predicted before the videos become viral.[39] The early view pattern of a viral video can be used to forecast its peak day in future.[4] Notable examples include "All your base are belong to us", based on the poorly translated video game Zero Wing, which was first distributed in 2000 as a GIF animation and became popular for the grammatically incorrect hook of its title, and Don Hertzfeldt's 2000 Academy Awards Best Animated Short Film nomination "Rejected" with the quotable hooks "I am a banana" and "My spoon is too big!"[40] Another early video was the Flash animation "The End of the World", created by Jason Windsor and uploaded to Albino Blacksheep in 2003, with quotable hooks such as "but I'm le tired" and "WTF, mates?"[40][41]
Rosanna Guadagno, a social psychologist at the University of Texas at Dallas, found in a study that people preferred to share a funny video rather than one of a man treating his own spider bite, and overall they were more likely to share any video that evoked an intense emotional response.[42] Two professors at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania also found that uplifting stories were more likely to be shared on the New York Times' web site than disheartening ones.[42]
Others postulate that sharing is driven by ego in order to build up an online persona for oneself. Chartbeat, a company that measures online traffic, compiled data comparing the amount of time spent reading an article and the number of times it was shared and found that people often post articles on Twitter they haven't even read.[42]
Categories by subject[edit]
See also: List of viral videos
Band and music promotion[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Many independent musicians, as well as large companies such as Universal Music Group, use YouTube to promote videos. Six of the 10 most viral YouTube videos of 2015 were rooted in music.[43]
One such video, the "Free Hugs Campaign" with accompanying music by the Sick Puppies, was one of the winners of the 2006 YouTube Awards.[44] However, the awards received criticism over the voting process and accused of bias.[45] However, the main character of the video, Juan Mann, received positive recognition after being interviewed on Australian news programs and appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show.[46]
Education[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2015)
Viral videos continue to increase in popularity as teaching and instructive aids. In March 2007, an elementary school teacher, Jason Smith, created TeacherTube, a website for sharing educational videos with other teachers. The site now features over 54,000 videos.[47] Some college curricula are now using viral videos in the classroom as well. Northwestern University offers a course called "YouTubing 101". The course invites students to produce their own viral videos, focusing on marketing techniques and advertising strategies.[48]
Customer complaints[edit]
"United Breaks Guitars", by the Canadian folk rock music group Sons of Maxwell, is an example of how viral videos can be used by consumers to pressure companies to settle complaints.[49] Another example is Brian Finkelstein's video complaint to Comcast, 2006. Finkelstein recorded a video of a Comcast technician sleeping on his couch. The technician had come to repair Brian's modem but had to call Comcast's central office and fell asleep after being placed on hold waiting for Comcast.[50][51]
Cyberbullying[edit]
The Canadian high school student known as Star Wars Kid was subjected to significant harassment and ostracizing after the viral success of his video. His family accepted a financial settlement after suing the individuals responsible for posting the video online.[52]
In July 2010, an 11-year-old girl with the pseudonym "Jessi Slaughter" was subjected to a campaign of harassment and cyberbullying following the viral nature of videos she had uploaded to Stickam and YouTube. As a result of the case, the potential for cyberbullying as a result of viral videos was widely discussed in the media.[53][54]
Police misconduct[edit]
Further information: Video evidence
The Chicago Tribune reported that in 2015, nearly 1,000 civilians in the United States were shot and killed by police officers— whether the officers behind the trigger are heroes or villains is now often publicly called into question in the age of viral videos.[55] As more people are uploading videos of their encounters with police, more departments are encouraging their officers to wear body cameras.[56] The procedure for releasing such video is currently evolving and could potentially incriminate more suspects than officers, although current waiting times of several months to release such videos appear to be attempted cover-ups of police mistakes.[57] In October 2015, then-FBI Director James Comey remarked in a speech at the University of Chicago Law School that the increased attention on police in light of recent viral videos showing police involved in fatal shootings has made officers less aggressive and emboldened criminals. Comey has acknowledged that there is no data to back up his assertion; according to him, viral videos are one of many possible factors such as cheaper drugs and more criminals being released from prison. Other top officials at the Justice Department have stated that they do not believe increased scrutiny of officers has increased crime.[58]
Two videos went viral in October 2015 of a white school police officer assaulting an African-American student. The videos, apparently taken with cell phones by other students in the classroom, were picked up by local news outlets and then further spread by social media.[59]
Dash cam videos of the Chicago police shooting of Laquan McDonald were released after 14 months of being kept sealed, which went viral and sparked further questions about police actions. Chicago's mayor, Rahm Emanuel, fired Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy and there have also been demands for Emanuel to resign.[60] An eerily similar case, the shooting of Ronald Johnson by Chicago police also caught on a dash cam and also attempted to be kept secret, is currently part of an ongoing federal lawsuit against the city.[61]
Political implications[edit]
The United States presidential election, 2008, showcased the impact of political viral videos. For the first time, YouTube hosted the CNN-YouTube presidential debates, calling on YouTube users to pose questions. In this debate, the opinions of viral video creators and users were taken seriously. There were several memorable viral videos that appeared during the campaign. In June 2007, "I Got a Crush... on Obama", a music video featuring a girl claiming to have a crush on presidential candidate Barack Obama, appeared. Unlike previously popular political videos, it did not feature any celebrities and was purely user-generated. The video garnered many viewers and gained attention in the mainstream media.[62]
YouTube became a powerful source of campaigning for the 2008 Presidential Election. Every major party candidate had their own YouTube channel in order to communicate with the voters, with John McCain posting over 300 videos and Barack Obama posting over 1,800 videos. The music video, "Yes We Can", by will.i.am demonstrates user-generated publicity for the 2008 Presidential Campaign. The video depicts many celebrities as well as black and white clips of Barack Obama. This music video inspired many parodies and won an Emmy for Best New Approaches in Daytime Entertainment.[63]
The proliferation of viral videos in the 2008 campaign highlights the fact that people increasingly turn to the internet to receive their news. In a study for the Pew Research Center in 2008, approximately 2% of the participants said that they received their news from non-traditional sources such as MySpace or YouTube.[64] The campaign was widely seen as an example of the growing influence of the internet on United States politics; further evidenced by the founding of viral video producers like Brave New Films.[65]
During the United States presidential election, 2012, Obama Style and Mitt Romney Style, the parodies of Gangnam Style, both peaked on Election Day and received approximately 30 million views within one month before Election Day.[4] Mitt Romney Style, which negatively portrays Mitt as an affluent, extravagant and arrogant businessman, received an order of magnitude views more than Obama Style.[citation needed]
Financial implications[edit]
The web traffic gained by viral videos allows for advertising revenue. The YouTube website is monetized by selling and showing advertising. According to the New York Times, YouTube uses an algorithm called "reference rank" to evaluate the viral potential of videos posted to the site. Using evidence from as few as 10,000 views, it can assess the probability that the video will go viral. If it deems the video a viable candidate for advertising, it contacts the original poster by e-mail and offers a profit-sharing contract. By this means, such videos as "David After Dentist" have earned more than $100,000 for their owners.[66] One successful YouTube video creator, Andrew Grantham, whose "Ultimate Dog Tease" had been viewed more than 170,000,000 times (as of June 2015), entered an agreement with Paramount Pictures in February 2012 for the development of a feature film. The film was to be written by Alec Berg and David Mandel.[67] Pop stars such as Justin Bieber and Esmée Denters also started their careers via YouTube videos which ultimately went viral. By 2014, pop stars such as Miley Cyrus, Eminem, and Katy Perry were regularly obtaining web traffic in the order of 120 to 150 million hits a month,[68] numbers far in excess of what many viral videos receive. In March 2014, it was reported that a YouTube channel called Stampylonghead, owned by a UK broadcaster Joseph Garrett, was regularly receiving hits at a similar rate. Garrett posts daily videos of himself playing Minecraft. Garrett estimates that "channels with more than 100,000 subscribers generate enough cash for a decent living."[68]
Companies also use viral videos as a type of marketing strategy. The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty is considered to have been one of the first viral marketing strategies to hit the world when Dove released their Evolution video in 2006.[69] Their online campaign continued to generate viral videos when Real Beauty Sketches was released in 2013 and spread all throughout social media, especially Facebook and Twitter.
Notable sites[edit]
Albino Blacksheep
Break.com
BuzzFeed
eBaum's World
Fail Blog
Facebook
Google Video
JibJab
LiveLeak
Metacafe
Newgrounds
Nico Nico Douga
Upworthy
Vine (service)
Veoh.com
VT[disambiguation needed]
WorldStar HipHop
YouTube
YTMND
See also[edit]
Internet portal
Internet meme
List of Internet phenomena
List of viral videos
List of viral music videos
Positive feedback
Seeding agency
Shock site
Streisand effect
Viral marketing
References[edit]
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See also: Evolution on YouTube
External links[edit]
CMU Viral Videos A public data set for viral video study.
Viral Video Chart Guardian News, UK.
Photos Gone Viral! — slideshow by Life magazine
YouTube 'Rewind' - YouTube's page covering their top-viewed videos by year and brief information on their spread.
The Worlds of Viral Video Documentary produced by Off Book (web series)
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It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
Single by AC/DC
from the album T.N.T./High Voltage
B-side
"Can I Sit Next to You Girl"
Released
8 December 1975 (1975-12-08)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
Albert Studios
(Sydney, Australia)
Genre
Hard rock
Length
5:01
Label
Albert
Songwriter(s)
Angus Young
Malcolm Young
Bon Scott
Producer(s)
Harry Vanda
George Young
AC/DC singles chronology
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
Audio sample
file
help
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It is the first track of the group's album T.N.T., released in December 1975, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott. The song is notable for combining bagpipes with hard rock instrumentation; in the middle section of the song there is a call and response between the bagpipes and guitar.[1] The original recording is in B-flat major, but it was played live in A major.[2]
A slightly shortened version of the song is also the first track on the international version of High Voltage, released in May 1976. This version appears only on the vinyl release and the 2003 CD reissue.
The full version of the song is also on the Volts CD of the Bonfire box set, released in 1997.
This was a signature song for Bon Scott. Brian Johnson, who replaced Scott as AC/DC's lead vocalist after Scott's death in 1980 until his departure in 2016, did not perform it, out of respect for his predecessor.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Bagpipes
3 Personnel
4 Production
5 Music video
6 Popularity
7 Connection to ACDC Lane
8 Recorded cover versions
9 References
Lyrics[edit]
The song chronicles the hardships endured by a rock band on tour, such as being robbed, assaulted, stoned and cheated by a greedy agent. However, the band accepts these hardships as natural on the path to stardom, saying that "It's a long way to the top/If you wanna rock 'n' roll".[4]
Bagpipes[edit]
George Young (the older brother of Angus and Malcolm), having heard that Bon Scott was in a pipe band, encouraged the use of bagpipes in the song. Scott obliged despite having never played them before; he had actually been a drummer in the band.[1] Scott used a set of bagpipes to play the song live until 1976, following an incident where he set them down at the corner of a stage and they were destroyed by fans.[1] Subsequent live performances used a recording of the song's bagpipe part or an extended guitar solo by Angus.[2]
Personnel[edit]
Bon Scott – lead vocals, bagpipes
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Mark Evans – bass guitar[5]
Phil Rudd – drums
Production[edit]
Producers: Harry Vanda, George Young
Music video[edit]
The music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)", was filmed on 23 February 1976 for the Australian music television program Countdown. It featured the band's members on the back of a flatbed truck travelling on Swanston Street in Melbourne, Australia, being followed by members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe band. Known members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe Band at the time of the video's filming include: Alan Butterworth, Les Kenfield and Kevin Conlon.[citation needed] The video was dubbed with the studio track from the album T.N.T. and is available on the Family Jewels DVD.[6]
The video was directed by Paul Drane.[7] David Olney was the cameraman.[8]
Two other videos for the song exist. One version, filmed the same day as the truck version, features the group miming the song on a stage in Melbourne's City Square in front of an audience.[9] The pipe players appear here as well. This version is available in the Backtracks box set. A third version features the group simply miming the song on a soundstage, making it appear as if it were being played live (This version is considered rare and as of 2014 hasn't been officially released on any DVD compilations; it can be found on YouTube). Also, a version of the group performing the song on Australian Bandstand with Scott singing live over the studio track appears on the DVD set Plug Me In.
Popularity[edit]
In May 2001, Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time, as decided by a 100-member industry panel. "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was ranked as the ninth song on the list.[10] The song is regularly played during stoppages at AFL matches at the ANZ stadium in Sydney.
The song was also used in the comedy movie School of Rock (2003) during the ending credits sequence when Jack Black's character, Dewey Finn, is giving his kids an "after-school lesson" on rock.
In 2010, this song was ranked no. 3 in Triple M's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Melbourne. The top five were all AC/DC songs.[11]
In 2012, this song was inducted into the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia.[12]
In the third episode of Empire of Cricket, a 2009 British BBC-TV documentary about the history of cricket, "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is played over the opening credits. The episode details the history of Australian cricket and its rise to dominance.
ITV used the song for the closing montage to their coverage of the 2010 Tour de France. It was the first to be won by an Australian, when BMC's Cadel Evans won the race.
A clip of the song's intro is often used by the Golf Channel before commercial breaks.
The song is being used to accompany the promotional video for the 2013 Australian Open Tennis Tournament.
Keith Urban guitarist Brian Nutter often uses the song during his solo section during live performances.
The song is being used by the Chicago Cubs in 2017 as an accompaniment to a video played just prior to the team taking the field.
The original version of the song is played prior to Metallica coming in stage.
Connection to ACDC Lane[edit]
On October 1, 2004, Melbourne, Australia's Corporation Lane was officially renamed "ACDC Lane" in honour of the band (street names in the City of Melbourne cannot contain the "/" character). This change was made in part because the music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was filmed on Melbourne's Swanston Street, near ACDC Lane. The Melbourne City Council's vote to rename the street was unanimous.[13] Bagpipers played "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" at the official renaming ceremony.[3]
Recorded cover versions[edit]
Performed by:
Jack Black and the cast of School of Rock - Original soundtrack (2003)
Pat Boone - In a Metal Mood: No More Mr. Nice Guy (1997)
Dead Moon - Destination X (1999)
Die Krupps - Covered In Black: An Industrial Tribute to the Kings of High Voltage (tribute compilation) (1997)
Dropkick Murphys - The Singles Collection, Vol. 2 (2005)
Electric - A Tribute to AC/DC (2006)
John Farnham - b-side to Two Strong Hearts (1988)
John Farnham & Tom Jones - Together in Concert (2005)
Iced Earth - Tribute to the Gods (2002)
Lemmy - Cover Me in '80s Metal (Fantastic Price Records, 2006)
Local H - Pack Up the Cats B-Side. Features Brendan O'Brien playing the bagpipe parts on a hurdy-gurdy.
The Meanies - Fuse Box – An Alternative Tribute (1995)
The Melbourne Ukulele Kollective - ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks (2006)
Motörhead - Thunderbolt: A Tribute to AC/DC (1998)
Nantucket - Long Way to the Top (1980)
Scarlett Pomers - A Millennium Tribute to AC/DC (2010)
Rawkus - AC/DC: Hometown Tribute (2002)
Sandra Weckert - Bar Jazz (2003)
The Wiggles - The Andrew Denton Breakfast Show - Musical Challenge (2000)
Lucinda Williams - Little Honey (2008)
Eric Fish - Gegen den Strom (2007, as Ein langer Weg in German)
W.A.S.P.
The song was covered during the credit sequence of the comedy movie School of Rock, performed by Jack Black and the class of children he taught while masquerading as a teacher. However, the children ad-libbed their own lyrics towards the end of the song.
Billy Corgan covered the song live as an encore on almost every show during his 2005 tour supporting his debut solo effort TheFutureEmbrace.
A dramatic re-interpretation was released by Norwegian duo Susanna and the Magical Orchestra (aka Susanna Wallumrød and Morten Qvenild) in late summer 2006 on their second album Melody Mountain, which consists entirely of cover versions. Their style is slow and melancholic with only cembalo accompaniment to Wallumrød's pure vocal, and brings out the essential sadness of the song.
The band Hanson performed this song during some of the shows on the "Walk around the World" tour, often inviting the opening acts back on stage to sing together.
Melbourne Ukulele Kollective frequently play the song live, the most notable performances being during ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks in 2004;[14] and during the Australia Day flag-raising ceremony and people's march in 2009.
German Medieval Metal Band In Extremo played the song on their Tranquilo-Acoustic Tour in 2009 on German Bagpipes.
On the 34th anniversary of the filming of the music video, it was recreated as part of the SLAM (Save Live Australian Music) rally, to protest liquor licensing laws which threaten live music. About ten thousand protesters marched down Swanston Street and up Bourke Street to the Victorian Parliament House, accompanied by the RocKwiz band on a flatbed truck playing the song.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wall, Mick (2012). AC/DC: Hell Aint a Bad Place to Be. London: Orion Publishing group. ISBN 9781409115359.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Mark, Dirty Deeds: My Life Inside/Outside of AC/DC, Bazillion Points, 2011, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b "The legend lives on in a laneway to heaven", The Age, 15 February 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". acdc.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ Saulnier, Jason (30 September 2011). "Mark Evans Interview". Music Legends. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Video Footage and Liner Notes, Family Jewels 2-Disc DVD Set, 2005.
Jump up ^ Dino Scatena, "Clip Go the Years", Sydney Morning Herald, 26 Feb. 2005, retrieved 13 December 2008
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris, "AC/DC still current 30 years on", The Age, 23 February 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ Donovan, Patrick (13 February 2010). "For a piper, it's a long way to the top from the back of a flatbed truck". The Age. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "The final list: APRA'S Ten best Australian Songs". APRA. 2001-05-28. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
Jump up ^ Boulton, Martin, "Lane way to the top for AC/DC", The Age, 10 September 2004. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Melbourne Ukulele Kollective on Spicks and Specks". MUK. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
[hide]
v
t
e
AC/DC singles discography
High Voltage
"Can I Sit Next to You, Girl" (Australia)
"Baby, Please Don't Go" (Australia)
T.N.T.
"High Voltage" (Australia)
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" (Australia)
"T.N.T." (Australia)
High Voltage (International)
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" (international)
"High Voltage" (international)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
"Jailbreak"
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap"
"Love at First Feel"
Let There Be Rock
"Dog Eat Dog"
"Let There Be Rock"
"Whole Lotta Rosie"
Powerage
"Rock 'n' Roll Damnation"
Highway to Hell
"Highway to Hell"
"Girls Got Rhythm"
"Touch Too Much"
Back in Black
"You Shook Me All Night Long"
"Hells Bells"
"Back in Black"
"Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution"
For Those About to Rock We Salute You
"Let's Get It Up"
"For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)"
Flick of the Switch
"Guns for Hire"
"Nervous Shakedown"
"Flick of the Switch"
Fly on the Wall
"Danger"
"Sink the Pink"
"Shake Your Foundations"
Who Made Who
"Who Made Who"
Blow Up Your Video
"Heatseeker"
"That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll"
The Razors Edge
"Thunderstruck"
"Moneytalks"
"Are You Ready"
Live
"Highway to Hell" (live)
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" (live)
Ballbreaker
"Hard as a Rock"
"Hail Caesar"
"Cover You in Oil"
Stiff Upper Lip
"Stiff Upper Lip"
"Safe in New York City"
"Satellite Blues"
Black Ice
"Rock 'N Roll Train"
"Big Jack"
"Anything Goes"
"Money Made"
Rock or Bust
"Play Ball"
"Rock or Bust"
Non-album single
"Big Gun"
Book:AC/DC
Category:AC/DC songs
Portal:AC/DC
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My Name Is Earl (season 4)
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My Name Is Earl (season 4)
DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
27
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
September 25, 2008 – May 14, 2009
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
List of My Name Is Earl episodes
The fourth and final season of My Name Is Earl originally aired from September 25, 2008 to May 14, 2009 on NBC.
Episodes[edit]
Season four began on September 25, 2008.[1] Greg Garcia said in a press interview that Season 4 would have Earl get back to doing things on the list since season 3 had Earl go through prison, coma, and relationship.[2]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
70
1 "The Magic Hour" Eyal Gordin Timothy Stack September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25) 077
While Joy creates Make-A-Wish T-shirts so her boys can line jump at the grand opening of an amusement park, Earl remembers when he stole a pony from a boy named Buddy whose Make-A-Wish dream was to ride it in a parade. when Earl goes to make amends with Buddy's parents, he discovers that Buddy (Seth Green) is still alive. Buddy does not want a pony, but he wants Earl's help to produce a sci-fi action film called 2 The Max. With Buddy as the title character, they cast Randy as the president, Joy and Patty as assistants, Catalina as a terrorist, and other townsfolk for other parts. Although Randy turns out to be a good actor, everyone gets tired of Buddy's perfectionistic directing, and they eventually quit. Buddy tells Earl to throw him a premiere in two weeks while he edits and finishes the film. On the big night, everyone turns up, except Buddy. His mother tells Earl that Buddy had finally died of his terminal illness (it is revealed that whenever Buddy was storming off the set, he was actually getting some treatments). Earl wants to tell everyone of Buddy's death after the screening, but finds that Buddy used the movie to help himself achieve many of his dreams. As well as crossing Buddy off his list, Earl also finds the movie to have inspired many others to follow their own dreams.
71
2 "Monkeys Take a Bath" Greg Garcia Greg Garcia September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25) 078
Earl and Randy try to make amends for pranking their childhood neighbors, the Clarks. But when they discover more skeletons in the closet than they had expected, the brothers find themselves needing to sort out some family issues between their parents. Meanwhile, Joy buys a marble game from the Hickeys' garage sale, claiming Willie the One-Eyed Mailman's glass eye in the process.
(Note: This episode aired as the second half-hour with "The Magic Hour" as the season premiere.)
72
3 "Joy in a Bubble" Michael Fresco Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh October 2, 2008 (2008-10-02) 071
Earl's attempt to give Joy the hot tub she's always wanted backfires as Joy contracts a rare flesh-eating infection on her big toe, and is forced to stay quarantined in a make-shift bubble part of the trailer. While she is out of commission, Earl must take care of Joy's everyday activities such as learning the gossip from the ladies at the hair salon, shopping for meat out of a guy's trunk, and protesting the ice cream cart vendor's sales. Earl is concerned the kids were having problems making friends when he sees they were not invited to a birthday party, but later discovers that it's because of Joy's bad behavior and not the kids.
73
4 "Stole an RV" Chris Koch Kat Likkel & John Hoberg October 2, 2008 (2008-10-02) 073
To cross Jerry (Jerry Van Dyke) off of his list, Earl can't just return the RV he stole, mostly because Randy had blown it up. Earl and Randy visit Jerry and discover he has lost all will to live until they restore him by bringing back the keepsakes he had in his trailer. Jerry then becomes highly motivated to get back one more keepsake: to cut off the ear of his army squad mate Joel (John Amos) as revenge for being ditched during a battle in the Korean War. Meanwhile, Joy encounters the legendary "pigsquatch" in the trailer park. She tries to capture it in order to make some money as a sideshow exhibit, but the pig dies from a drug overdose and they are unable to move it.
74
5 "Sweet Johnny" Eyal Gordin Kat Likkel & John Hoberg October 9, 2008 (2008-10-09) 072
Earl decides it's time to make it up to local stunt man Sweet Johnny (David Arquette) for sleeping with his girlfriend. When Earl finds Sweet Johnny, he discovers Johnny has an amnesia in which he forgets everything that happened that day, and has been planning to do a stunt involving tying balloons to a lawn chair. Meanwhile, after being carjacked, Joy buys a gun but Darnell does not approve because of her disregard of gun safety.
75
6 "We've Got Spirit" Eyal Gordin Hilary Winston October 16, 2008 (2008-10-16) 070
Earl wants to take Kenny to attend a cheerleading camp, only to find out that the person who really wanted to become a male cheerleader was not Kenny but Randy. They register for camp, where they discover part of the instructor Kimmy (Jenna Elfman)'s face was ruined by a wild badger, and that they are allocated to a squad by town among a motley crew of girls who have always finished last in everything. Earl and Randy work hard to represent Camden, but the squad hits a setback when Kimmy tells them that Earl and Randy cannot be in the squad. Meanwhile, Joy is upset that her son Dodge thinks of Catalina as beautiful, and tries to make herself look more glamorous to him, much to Darnell's chagrin.
76
7 "Quit Your Snitchin'" Chris Koch Matt Ward October 23, 2008 (2008-10-23) 076
Earl tries to surprise Randy by giving him a Ford Ranchero, but it is stolen. Earl tries to get it back, but the thieves think Earl has crossed over from being a crook to being a citizen / victim, so he is no longer covered by the criminal code of ethics of not stealing from each other. Earl struggles with the idea of going to the police, despite Joy's protests that snitches are the lowest of the low. When he does, he ends up being labelled as a snitch everywhere he goes, until he eventually decides to fight fire with fire.
77
8 "Little Bad Voodoo Brother" Chris Koch Alan Kirschenbaum October 30, 2008 (2008-10-30) 074
While Earl is busy planning a Halloween party for Dodge and Earl Jr., Randy wants to be a big brother mentor. He takes on Catalina's visiting nephew O-Scar under his wing, but when O-Scar is caught stealing tips, Randy tries his best to confront him and tells him to return the money. The boy then appears to go into some sort of trance, which Randy takes to be voodoo, especially when he make dolls. Earl tries to convince Randy and O-Scar that voodoo is fake, and that karma is the real force behind things. After the nephew steals some of Joy's hair, Joy leads the locals in a mob intent on getting their hands on him. Randy and Earl have no choice but to defend the boy from the clutches of the mob.
78
9 "Sold a Guy a Lemon Car" John Putch Michael Pennie November 6, 2008 (2008-11-06) 075
A mysterious man named Lloyd (Courtney Gains)[2] moves next door to Earl and Randy, and makes a lot of noise at night building something. Earl and Randy think Lloyd might be a terrorist, and realize it is the same guy to whom they had sold a lemon car. Lloyd had since resold the lemon to another person, and it was repeatedly sold to other suckers. Lloyd loses faith in humanity, thinking they are all scum, so Earl must convince him otherwise before he activates the bomb. Meanwhile, Joy becomes obsessed with winning a science fair so that she can buy a necklace designed by Jane Seymour with the $500 prize money.
79
10 "Earl and Joy's Anniversary" Michael Fresco Danielle Sanchez-Witzel November 13, 2008 (2008-11-13) 079
When Earl works on repairing the hole in the bar at the Crab Shack, he recalls how he had ruined his and Joy's first wedding anniversary. Randy had eaten the wedding cake, and later throws a surprise party on behalf of Earl where he had inadvertently invited Joy's previous sexual partners in her little black book instead of her friends. One of the said ex's was Earl's more successful and handsome cousin Blake (Jason Priestley), who makes Earl feel less than adequate as a husband. Killer bees invade Camden, locking down the Crab Shack, and trapping Darnell, Catalina, Patty and Kenny in a phone booth.
80
11 "Nature's Game Show" Eyal Gordin Hunter Covington November 20, 2008 (2008-11-20) 080
A series of tornadoes hit Camden County, causing Earl to lose his list, and the townsfolk scrambling to take loose items off the ground according to Finders, keepers. Catalina, who was upset about the rule, uses a found gun to get her stuff back and a bunch of everything else, but when the next tornado knocks the gun out of her hand with a Bible, she has a religious awakening, as well as Patty the daytime hooker. Randy, who survived being hurled from a boat onto the motel roof, wants to fly during the next tornado, thinking he is invincible. Meanwhile, Darnell cannot stand Joy's arguing, but Joy takes offense when Darnell tells her that he is smarter than her.
81
12 "Reading Is a Fundamental Case" Michael Fresco Mike Mariano December 4, 2008 (2008-12-04) 082
While reading to children, Earl reminisces about a recent list item that he and Randy righted. It all began when Earl found his old friend Raynard (Ewen Bremner) living in the wild and keeping company with a raccoon.
The episode is dedicated to Garcia's newborn son Gump in the Amigos de Garcia Productions logo stating: "Happy Birthday, Gump!"
82
13 "Orphan Earl" Marc Buckland Michael Shipley December 11, 2008 (2008-12-11) 081
Earl discovers that Joy has continued a holiday scam they started years before, and has expanded the scam to include her friends.
83
14 "Got the Babysitter Pregnant" Mike Mariano Story by : Patrick McCarthy, Erika Kaestle and Vali Chandrasekaran
Teleplay by : Vali Chandrasekaran January 8, 2009 (2009-01-08) 083
After having his heart broken by the babysitter, a young Earl goes to drastic measures to make sure she and her boyfriend pay the ultimate price. Now older and wiser, Earl decides it's time to cross them off his list. When he finds the couple and their live-in, obnoxious, grown son, he believes karma wants him to help the freeloader learn how to make it on his own. But when Earl finds that the lesson in tough love also applies to Randy, he realizes the difficulty in kicking someone out of the nest. Meanwhile, Joy struggles to tell Darnell that she lost his beloved pet turtle.
84
15 "Darnell Outed" Eyal Gordin Ralph Greene January 15, 2009 (2009-01-15) 084
When auditions for Erik Estrada's new competition show Estrada or Nada come to Camden, Earl encourages Joy to go for her childhood dream of becoming famous and try out, thus allowing him to cross an item off his list, as he had screwed up her chance of being on Fear Factor by accidentally destroying her audition tape. Joy, initially reluctant, steals Randy's audition spot, but makes a fool of herself. Her crazy antics are a cause for concern when Darnell receives a startling phone call.
85
16 "Darnell Outed: Part 2" Eyal Gordin Story by : Alan Kirschenbaum, Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh
Teleplay by : Hunter Covington & Matt Ward January 22, 2009 (2009-01-22) 085
After losing his Witness Protection cover, Darnell must pack up the family and they have to assume a new identity. Earl and Randy try to mail themselves to Darnell's forwarding address, only to discover that the mail goes to an undisclosed dumpster. There they find a letter from Estrada or Nada inviting Joy back to the show if she can get enough text message votes by phone.
86
17 "Randy's List Item" Paul Burke Pedreira Bobby Bowman February 5, 2009 (2009-02-05) 086
When Randy wins $250. from a scratcher lottery ticket, and is hit by a bike, sending the ticket blowing away, he thinks it is Karma, and gets inspired to make his own List like Earl's. One of the items coincides with an item from Earl's list, where they are to make amends for ruining a friendship with former trailer park neighbor Zeke and his brother Arlo. Earl and Zeke had done a lot of things together, mainly to win T-shirts, but Randy got jealous and tricked Earl into thinking Zeke stole his Andrew Dice Clay belt buckle, causing Earl to burn the T-shirts. After meeting Zeke, Earl is able to be friends with him again, and they do more activities together, but Arlo gets upset and burns the shirts. Randy comes up with an idea to have Zeke and Arlo be on good terms again. Meanwhile, Joy, Darnell and their family are relocated multiple times in the witness protection program, mainly because Joy is not satisfied with the living conditions.
87
18 "Friends with Benefits" Allison Liddi-Brown Jessica Goldstein & Chrissy Pietrosh February 12, 2009 (2009-02-12) 090
When Mr. Turtle finds his way home after being lost, Earl sets off to return him to Darnell, who now lives in an upscale community with his family, thanks to Witness Protection. Meanwhile, adjusting to her new wealthy lifestyle proves difficult when Joy struggles to fit in with her trophy-wife neighbors. Back in Camden, Randy unwittingly shares a bed with a guy named Jim, who has a crush on him. Guest stars Morgan Fairchild as Carol and Joan Van Ark as Janine, two of Joy's neighbors.
88
19 "My Name Is Alias" Eyal Gordin Matthew W. Thompson February 19, 2009 (2009-02-19) 089
Darnell's father (Danny Glover) arrives in Camden claiming he needs to make amends with his son. Earl and Randy smell trouble and go to warn Joy and Darnell. Unfortunately, trouble follows them there and the family reunion results in Darnell and his dad going on one last super-secret, undercover operation.
89
20 "Chaz Dalton's Space Academy" Marc Buckland Hilary Winston March 5, 2009 (2009-03-05) 087
Earl returns to a space camp in order to make up for ruining the space suit that his childhood hero Chaz Dalton wore in space. He finds that Chaz has been treating the kids well, so when he goes to a space launch facility to try to get a replacement suit, he sees a picture of Chaz Dalton and realizes that his childhood hero is not the same person. He recruits the real Chaz Dalton to take over the camp, but the real Chaz has become a disoriented mess, and is no good with kids. Meanwhile, Darnell gets in touch with his old friends using a social networking website called BuddyBook, but when Joy tries it out, she is unable to get any friends from the people she knows.
90
21 "Witch Lady" Eyal Gordin Michael Shipley & Matt Ward March 19, 2009 (2009-03-19) 088
Earl tries to atone to a woman known as the Crazy Witch Lady (Betty White) whom he had harassed and mocked many kids when he was a kid. He has tea with her, but then finds himself abducted by the lady and placed in her basement. Soon Randy is captured and the others including Joy, Darnell, Catalina, Kenny, Stuart, and Patty. Also, Joy tries to prove that she has a nice side.
91
22 "Pinky" Greg Garcia Greg Garcia March 26, 2009 (2009-03-26) 092
Earl helps Randy find his first love, a girl with pink hair called Pinky. Randy learns Earl had come between them all those years ago, lying to Pinky by writing a note saying that Skipper (Randy) had broken up with her. They agree to reunite on a bridge, but Randy discovers that Pinky is actually Joy.
92
23 "Bullies" Eyal Gordin Vali Chandrasekaran & Hunter Covington April 16, 2009 (2009-04-16) 091
Earl attempts to cross off another list item for bullying a classmate from when he was briefly in Catholic school, Wally Panzer (Matthew Willig), whom Earl dubbed "Pansy." Wally has since become a very strong gym rat, so Earl, under the alias Cliff, agrees to help him to re-enter the Mr. Camden bodybuilding competition. Meanwhile, Randy takes drastic measures to avoid Joy's bullying, trying out shark adrenaline; however, he ends up going crazy when he injects the entire vial. He reveals that Cliff is Earl, and then goes on a rampage, fighting Wally, and then going after joy.
93
24 "Gospel" Ken Whittingham Mike Mariano & Deweyne Lamar Lee April 23, 2009 (2009-04-23) 093
Earl returns a stolen church organ to Reverend Greene (Faizon Love), a former "gangsta" who went by the nickname "Hash Brown". At first, Reverend Greene forgives Earl, but they discover that Earl had wronged Greene multiple times on the list. During a church service where Earl was a guest, Greene learns that Earl had slept with his wife, and reverts to being his thug Hash Brown ways. Meanwhile, a drunken Joy runs into Catalina with a riding mower and traps her in a tool shed. When Catalina threatens to contact the cops, Joy makes it an abduction and turns to Darnell, who concludes that Catalina should be killed.
94
25 "Inside Probe: Part 1" Greg Garcia Greg Garcia April 30, 2009 (2009-04-30) 094
An episode of the news show Inside Probe, guest hosted by Geraldo Rivera, airs on television after being held for eight years because of Darnell's witness protection. The show focuses on the mysterious disappearance of the Crab Shack's owner Ernie Belcher, and goes into the background of Camden 's most notorious crooks (Earl and his friends). Earl and Randy become prime suspects in the murder of Ernie Belcher, and even get Randy to confess that they did it, but race car driver Michael Waltrip provides them a solid alibi.
95
26 "Inside Probe: Part 2" Greg Garcia Michael Pennie & Timothy Stack May 7, 2009 (2009-05-07) 095
The Inside Probe investigation continues as other speculations arise including people seeing a bright light in the sky, suggesting alien abduction. They look into the history of Camden in the American Civil War where they had formed an independent country called The Central. They also look into a fetish video side business that Ernie had been involved in. Eventually, they discover that Ernie had been videotaping women in the Crab Shack's ladies' restroom, and had fallen into the deep freshly laid concrete floor in a freak accident, leaving only his nose to be exposed like a doorstop.
96
27 "Dodge's Dad" Chris Koch Alan Kirschenbaum & Danielle Sanchez-Witzel May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14) 096
After being reminded of ruining Dodge's Career Day a few years earlier, Earl agrees to appear again. Awkward questions remind Earl that Dodge doesn't know that Earl isn't his natural father. Under pressure, Joy reveals that Little Chubby – the richest businessman in Camden – is Dodge's real dad. Earl tries to get Little Chubby to do his duty to Dodge; Little Chubby responds to Earl's efforts by freezing his bank account and having him evicted from the motel. Eventually a DNA test reveals that Dodge's father is not Little Chubby but Earl himself: the conception occurred during a Halloween party, at which Earl and Little Chubby wore similar costumes. Even more surprising, Darnell is not Earl Jr's father. Because the series was unexpectedly cancelled, the mystery remains unsolved.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fall TV: NBC Unveils Its Premiere Dates Archived September 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., TV Guide
^ Jump up to: a b ""My Name Is Earl" Season 4 Preview: The Legend Of Dan Coscino - Channel Guide Magazine". channelguidemag.com. September 19, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
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Calendar year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year.[1] This may be termed a "year's time", but not a "calendar year". To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days ("leap days" or "intercalary days").
The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8,760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8,784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days.
The astronomer's mean tropical year, which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars, but the astronomer's value changes over time, so William Herschel's suggested correction to the Gregorian calendar may become unnecessary by the year 4000.
Quarters[edit]
The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.
First quarter, Q1: 1 January – 31 March (90 days or 91 days in leap years)
Second quarter, Q2: 1 April – 30 June (91 days)
Third quarter, Q3: 1 July – 30 September (92 days)
Fourth quarter, Q4: 1 October – 31 December (92 days)
When combined with a year, the quarter/year combination may be written, for example, as Q42018 or 4Q2018 or 2018Q4.
See also[edit]
Academic term
Calendar reform
Common year
Fiscal year
ISO 8601
ISO week date
Leap year
Model year
Tropical year
Seasonal year
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "calendar year". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_year&oldid=836492720"
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/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_civil
Any civil – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Ημερολογιακό έτος – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value: سال تقویمی – Persian

value: कालदर्शक वर्ष – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value: நாட்காட்டி ஆண்டு – Tamil

value: ปีปฏิทิน – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value: Календарний рік – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Calendar_year rootpage-Calendar_year skin-vector action-view