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West Highland White Terrier
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West Highland White Terrier
Other names
Poltalloch Terrier
Roseneath Terrier
White Roseneath Terrier
Common nicknames
Westie (or Westy)
Origin
Scotland
[hide]Traits
Weight
6.8–9.1 kg (15–20 lb)
Height
25–28 cm (9.8–11.0 in)
Coat
Double
Color
White
Litter size
Three to five
Life span
12 to 17 years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 3, Section 2 Small Terriers #085 standard
AKC
Terrier standard
ANKC
Group 2 (terriers) standard
CKC
Group 4 – terriers standard
KC (UK)
Terrier standard
NZKC
Terrier standard
UKC
Terriers standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The West Highland White Terrier, commonly known as the Westie, is a breed of dog from Scotland with a distinctive white harsh coat with a somewhat soft white undercoat. It is a medium-sized terrier, although with longer legs than other Scottish breeds of terrier. It has a white double coat of fur which fills out the dog's face, giving it a rounded appearance.
The breed is intelligent and quick to learn and can be good with children, but does not always tolerate rough handling. The Westie is an active and intelligent breed, and is social with a high prey drive, as they were once used to hunt rodents.
The modern breed is descended from a number of breeding programs of white terriers in Scotland before the 20th century. Cousin to the Cairn Terrier, the Westie was bred to hunt small rodents at places such as farms. Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch, is credited with the creation of the modern breed from his Poltalloch Terrier, but did not want to be known as such.
Other related breeds included George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll's Roseneath Terrier and Dr Americ Edwin Flaxman's Pittenweem Terriers. This breed of small white Scottish terriers was given its modern name for the first time in 1908, with recognition by major kennel clubs occurring around the same time.
The breed remains very popular in the UK, with multiple winner at Cruft's. It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s. It has been featured in television and film, including in Hamish Macbeth, and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White.
Several breed-specific and nonspecific health issues appear in the breed, including a condition in young dogs nicknamed "westie jaw" which causes an overgrowth of bone in the jaw of the dog. It can also be prone to skin disorders, with a breed-specific condition called hyperplastic dermatosis occurring. They are very energetic and need plenty of exercise.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance
2 Temperament
3 Health
4 History
5 In popular culture
5.1 In public life
5.2 In branding
5.3 In film
5.4 In television
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 External links
Appearance[edit]
Westies have dense, thick undercoat and a rough outer coat
Commonly, Westies have bright, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes that are dark in colour. Their ears are pointed and erect.[1] Members of the breed typically weigh between 15 and 20 pounds (6.8 and 9.1 kg), and the average height is between 10–11 inches (25–28 cm) at the withers.[1] The body should be shorter than the height of the dog at the shoulder.[1]
They also have a deep chest, muscular limbs, a black nose, and a short, closely fitted jaw with "scissors" bite (lower canines locked in front of upper canines, upper incisors locked over lower incisors).[2] The Westie's paws are slightly turned out to give it better grip than flat-footed breeds when it climbs on rocky surfaces.[3] In young puppies, the nose and footpads have pink markings, which slowly turn black as they age.[2] Westies also have short and sturdy tails. Some sources suggest that due to their history as rodent catchers, their tails were bred to be thick so that a Westie trapped in a hole could be easily pulled out by the tail.[4]
They have a soft, dense, thick undercoat and a rough outer coat,[1] which can grow to about 2 inches (5.1 cm) long.[2] The fur fills out the face to give a rounded appearance.[1] As puppies develop into adults, their coarse outer coat is normally removed by either "hand-stripping", especially for dog-showing, or otherwise clipping.[1]
Temperament[edit]
A Westie
The temperament of the West Highland White Terrier can vary greatly, with some being friendly towards children, whilst others prefer solitude.[5] It will not tolerate rough handling such as a child pulling on its ears, and can be both food- and toy-possessive.[6] It is normally independent, assured, and self-confident, and can make a good watchdog. It is a loyal breed that bonds with its owner, but is often always on the move, requiring good exercise (15–30 min). The Westie is highly social and is the most friendly and jolly of all the Scottish breeds of terriers.[7]
It is a hardy breed, and can be stubborn, leading to issues with training. A Westie may need to have its training refreshed on occasion during its lifetime. Having a typical terrier prey drive, it tends to be highly interested in toys, especially chasing balls. It does retain the instincts of an earth-dog, including inquisitive and investigative traits,[7] as well as natural instincts to both bark and dig holes.[6] It is ranked 47th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs.[8]
Health[edit]
Two Westie puppies
The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years.[9] A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years.[10] Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years.[11] The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years, with a median of 13 years.[12] The typical litter size is between three and five puppies.[2]
The breed is predisposed to conditions found in many breeds, such as abdominal hernias.[13] Westie puppies may be affected by craniomandibular osteopathy, a disease also known as "lion jaw", and is sometimes also referred to as "westie jaw". The disease is an autosomal recessive condition, so a puppy can only be affected by it if both its parents are carriers of the faulty gene. The condition appears across many breeds, including several different types of terriers, as well as other unrelated breeds such as the Great Dane. It typically appears in dogs under a year old, and can cause problems for the dog to chew or swallow food. Radiographic testing can be conducted to diagnose the condition, in which the bones around the jaw thicken; additionally, the blood may show increased calcium levels and enzyme levels. The condition often stops progressing by the time the dog is a year old, and in some cases can recede. It is normally treated with anti-inflammatory medications, and the feeding of soft foods. In some cases, tube feeding may be necessary. However, if the animal still cannot eat and is in uncontrolled pain, then euthanasia may be the only medical option remaining.[14]
The breed is prone to skin disorders.[2] About a quarter of Westies surveyed are affected by atopic dermatitis, a heritable chronic allergic skin condition. A higher proportion of males are affected compared to females.[15] An uncommon but severe breed-specific skin condition, hyperplastic dermatosis, may affect West Highland White Terriers, both juveniles and adults dogs. Affected dogs can suffer from red hyperpigmentation, lichenification, and hair loss. In the initial stages, this condition can be misdiagnosed as allergies or less serious forms of dermatitis.[16]
An inherited genetic problem that exists in the breed is globoid cell leukodystrophy. It is not breed-specific, and can appear in Cairn Terriers and other breeds including Beagles and Pomeranians. It is a neurological disease where the dog lacks an enzyme called galactosylceramidase. The symptoms are noticeable as the puppy develops, and can be identified by the age of 30 weeks. Affected dogs have tremors, muscle weakness, and trouble walking. Symptoms slowly increase until limb paralysis begins to occur. Due to it being a hereditary condition, owners should avoid breeding affected animals to eliminate it from the breed.[17] Another genetic condition that affects the breed is "white dog shaker syndrome". As this condition is most commonly found in Westies and Maltese, the condition was originally thought to be connected to the genes for white coats, but the same condition has since been found in other nonwhite breeds including the Yorkshire Terrier and the Dachshund. The condition typically develops over one to three days, resulting in tremors of the head and limbs, ataxia, and hypermetria. Affected males and females can be affected for different lengths of time, with symptoms in females lasting between four and six weeks, while males can be affected the rest of their lives.[18]
Other less common conditions which appear in the breed include hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is where elevated levels of Alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid are in the dog's urine, blood plasma, and spinal fluid. It can cause seizures, muscle stiffness, and ataxia, but is more commonly found in Staffordshire Bull Terriers.[19] A degeneration of the hip joint, known as Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome, also occurs in the breed.[20] However, the chances of this condition occurring are much higher in some other breeds, such as the Australian Shepherd and the Miniature Pincher.[21] The breed is also one of the least likely to be affected by a luxating patella, where the knee cap slips out of place.[22]
History[edit]
Three Pittenweem Terriers, photographed in 1899
Scottish white terriers were recorded as early as during the reign of James VI of Scotland, who reigned between 1567 and 1625. The king ordered that a dozen terriers be procured from Argyll to be presented to the Kingdom of France as a gift.[3] Sandy- and brindle-coloured dogs were seen as hardier than those of other colours, and white dogs were seen as being weak.[23] At various times during the breed's existence, it has been considered a white offshoot of both the Scottish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier breeds.[24]
Reports of a ship from the Spanish Armada being wrecked on the island of Skye in 1588 indicated the ship carried white Spanish dogs, whose descendants were kept distinct from other breeds by Clan Donald, including the families of the Chiefs.[25] Other families on Skye preserved both white and sandy-coloured dogs. One such family was the Clan MacLeod, and it was reported by their descendants that at least two Chiefs kept white terriers, including "The Wicked Man" Norman MacLeod, and his grandson Norman, who became Chief after his death.[23]
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell, bred a breed of white Scottish terriers known as the "Roseneath Terrier".[26] Another breed of white Scottish terriers also appeared at this point, with Dr. Americ Edwin Flaxman from Fife developing his line of "Pittenweem Terriers" out of a female Scottish Terrier which produced white offspring.[26] The dog seemed to produce these white puppies regardless of the sire to which she was bred, and after drowning over 20 of these offspring, he came upon the theory that it was an ancient trait of the Scottish Terrier that was trying to reappear. He rededicated his breeding program to produce white Scottish Terriers with the aim of restoring it to the same stature as the dark-coloured breed. Flaxman is credited with classes being added to dog shows for white Scottish Terriers towards the end of the 19th century.[27]
A West Highland White Terrier, photographed in 1915
The person most closely associated with developing the modern breed of West Highland White Terrier is Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch. Malcolm owned terriers used to work game; the story told is that a reddish-brown terrier was mistaken for a fox and shot. Following this, Malcolm decided to develop a white terrier breed, which became known as the "Poltalloch Terrier". The first generation of Poltallochs had sandy-coloured coats, and had already developed prick ears, which is a trait seen later in the modern breed.[26] It is unknown if the Poltalloch Terriers and Pittenweem Terriers were interbred.[26] In 1903, Malcolm declared that he did not want to be known as the creator of the breed and insisted that his breed of white terriers be renamed. The term "West Highland White Terrier" first appears in Otters and Otter Hunting by L.C.R. Cameron, published in 1908.[26][28]
The first breed club was set up in 1904; Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll, was the society's first president. A second club was subsequently set up, with the Countess of Aberdeen as chairman. Edward Malcolm succeeded the Countess as the club's second chairman. Kennel Club recognition followed in 1907, and the breed appeared at Crufts for the first time in the same year.[26] The Westie was imported into the United States in 1907–1908, when Robert Goelet imported Ch. Kiltie and Ch. Rumpus Glenmohr. Initially, it was also known at the time as the Roseneath Terrier, and the Roseneath Terrier Club was recognised by the American Kennel Club in 1908. The club was renamed during the following year to the West Highland White Terrier Club of America.[24] The breed spent the period that immediately followed as being "in vogue",[29] becoming popular almost immediately upon its arrival in the US.[29] Canadian Kennel Club recognition followed in 1909.[26] Until 1924 in the UK, Westie pedigrees were allowed to have Cairn and Scottish Terriers in them. By the time of Malcolm's death in 1930, a stable type had appeared with prick ears, a white coat, and a short back.[26]
A Westie in a modern show-cut
In major conformation shows, the breed has been equally successful on both sides of the Atlantic. The first member of the breed to win a show championship was Ch. Morvan in 1905, owned by Colin Young. The dog was registered at the time as a Scottish Terrier, and won the title at the Scottish Kennel Club show at the age of seven months. Because the breed was not yet recognised independently, the championship title was not retained when the dog was reregistered as a West Highland White Terrier.[26] The first win at a major show came at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1942 when Constance Winant's Ch. Wolvey Pattern of Edgerstoune won the title of Best in Show.[30] The same title was taken by Barbara Worcester's Ch. Elfinbrook Simon in 1962.[31] It took a further 14 years before the breed took its first Best in Show title at Crufts, the UK's major dog show. Ch. Dianthus Buttons, owned by Kath Newstead and Dorothy Taylor, took the title for the breed in 1976.[32] A Westie also won Crufts in 1990 with the Best in Show title going to Derek Tattersall's Ch. Olac Moon Pilot.,[33] and in 2016.(Burneze Geordie Girl)
The popularity of the breed during the early 20th century was such that dogs were being exchanged for hundreds of guineas.[34] As of 2010, the Westie is the third-most popular breed of terrier in the UK, with 5,361 puppies registered with the Kennel Club. However, this is a decrease in numbers since 2001, when it was the most popular terrier breed, with 11,019 new dogs registered.[35] The breed's position in the United States is more stable with it remaining in the top third of all breeds since around 1960.[24] It was ranked 30th-most popular in 2001, based on registrations with the American Kennel Club, which has varied around the 30s in the decade since, with it ranked 34th in 2010.[36]
In popular culture[edit]
West Highland White Terrier in the garden
In public life[edit]
Muhammed Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan, was known to own a Westie.[37]
John Green, novelist, co-founder of the VlogBrothers, is known to own a Westie, called Willie (or Fireball Wilson Roberts).[38]
J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, has a Westie.
In branding[edit]
Black & White whisky have used both Scottish Terriers and Westies in their advertisements.[39]
The breed is used as the mascot of the "Cesar" brand of dog food.[40]
The Australian dog food manufacturer Mars Incorporated uses the West Highland White Terrier breed as the "face" of their "My Dog" brand. The Westie can be seen on "My Dog" packaging, their website[41] and television[42] and print commercials.
In film[edit]
The film The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby, released in the UK in February 2006, cast a West Highland White Terrier as Bobby. The appearance of a Westie caused protests from the Skye Terrier breed club, which complained about the filmmaker's use of an incorrect dog breed for the part.[43]
In the film Lethal Weapon 3, Carrie Murtaugh, played by Ebonie Smith, carried a Westie early in the movie when Martin Riggs (played by Mel Gibson) brings his laundry to the Murtaugh home.
In television[edit]
The titular character in the BBC Scotland–produced television series Hamish Macbeth owned a Westie named "Wee Jock".[44] This dog later dies and is replaced by another Westie named Jock.
In the Brazilian television animated series As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa (The Adventures of Gui & Estopa), the main character Gui is the Terrier breed.[45]
In the TV show Jeeves and Wooster, Bertie's Aunt Agatha owns a Westie named MacIntosh.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Palika, Liz (2007). The Howell Book of Dogs. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-470-00921-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kern, Kerry V (1988). The New Terrier Handbook. New York, NY: Barron's. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8120-3951-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Bruette (1921): p. 191
Jump up ^ www.mypetreference.com http://www.mypetreference.com/2014/07/09/Westie-All-about-the-breed. Retrieved 17 January 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "West Highland White Terrier Breed Profile". Your Dog. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Is a Westie right for you?". San Francisco Bay West Highland White Terrier Club. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Rice (2002): p. 6
Jump up ^ Coren, Stanley (2006). The Intelligence of Dogs. London, UK: Pocket Books. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-4165-0287-6.
Jump up ^ "Westie FAQs". West Highland White Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report" (PDF). 20 February 2007. West Highland White Terrier Club of America. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (2013). "Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England". The Veterinary Journal. 198: 638–43. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020. PMID 24206631.
Jump up ^ Leroy, G. G.; Phocas, F.; Hedan, B.; Verrier, E.; Rognon, X. (2015). "Inbreeding impact on litter size and survival in selected canine breeds". The Veterinary Journal. 203: 74–78. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.008. PMID 25475165. mean=11.89 ± 3.92 median=12.93
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 115
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): pp. 116–117
Jump up ^ Grayson, J. Kevin. "2007 West Highland White Terrier Health Survey Final Report" (PDF). Westie Foundation of America and the Health Committee of the WHWTCA. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gross, Thelma Lee (2005). Skin diseases of the dog and cat. Ames, IO: Blackwell Science. pp. 146–148. ISBN 978-0-632-06452-6.
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 105
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 155
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 108
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 125
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 126
Jump up ^ Ackerman (2011): p. 134
^ Jump up to: a b Smith (1921): p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice (2002): p. 5
Jump up ^ Dalziel, Hugh (1879). British dogs; their varieties, history, characteristics, breeding, management and exhibition. London, UK: The Bazaar Office. p. 350.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Horter, Ria (April 2009). "Col. Edward Donald Malcolm, 16th Laird of Poltalloch, and the West Highland White Terrier" (PDF). Dogs in Canada. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Lane, Charles Henry (1902). Dog shows and doggy people. London, UK: Hutchinson. pp. 100–102.
Jump up ^ Cameron, Ludovick Charles Richard Duncombe-Jewell (1908). Otters and otter-hunting. New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons. p. 43.
^ Jump up to: a b Hochwell, A. F. (1925). Dogs as home companions; a book for all dog lovers. Cincinnati, OH: Sportsman's Digest. pp. 26–29.
Jump up ^ "She Asked For It". Time. 23 February 1942. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fads: The Poodle Dethroned". Time. 23 February 1962. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Dogworld: Digital Crufts Edition (2010): p. 84
Jump up ^ Dogworld: Digital Crufts Edition (2010): p. 88
Jump up ^ Smith (1921): p. 85
Jump up ^ "Comparative Tables of Registrations for the Years 2001 – 2010 Inclusive" (PDF). The Kennel Club. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "AKC Dog Registration Statistics". American Kennel Club. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley Jinnah of Pakistan, Oxford University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-614-21694-X
Jump up ^ Introduction of Willie the puppy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mKgPDp6Y-w&feature=youtu.be
Jump up ^ Barrows, Sydney Biddle; Kennedy, Dan S (2009). Uncensored sales strategies. Irvine, CA: Entrepreneur Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-59918-193-6.
Jump up ^ "Cesar Official Website". Cesar.ca. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "MY DOG® Premium Dog Food". Mars Incorporated. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
Jump up ^ MyDog Dog Food 2010 Ad on YouTube
Jump up ^ Cramb, Auslan (7 November 2002). "Casting row dogs the remake of Greyfriar's Bobby". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Bignell, Jonathan (2005). Popular television drama: critical perspectives. Manchester, UK; New York: Manchester University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7190-6933-8.
Jump up ^ "Mande a foto do seu "Iguinho"" (in Portuguese). iG São Paulo - Redação. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Ackerman, Lowell J (2011). Genetic Connection: A Guide to Health Problems in Purebred Dogs (2nd ed.). Lakewood, CO: American Animal Hospital Association Press. ISBN 978-1-58326-157-6.
Bruette, William A (1921). The Complete Dog Book. Cincinnati, OH: Stewart Kidd Co.
"Digital Crufts Edition". Dogworld. The Dog World Ltd. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 Oct 2011.
Rice, Dan (2002). West Highland White Terriers. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's. ISBN 978-0-7641-1899-9.
Smith, Arthur Croxton (1910). The Power of the Dog. London, UK: Hodder and Stoughton.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Highland White Terrier.
West Highland White Terrier at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
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text:
Education in Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Education in Australia
National education budget (2009)
Budget
$489 million (5.10% of GDP)[1][2] – 56th ranking of government expenditure on education worldwide.[3]
General details
Primary languages
English
System type
State
Established compulsory education
1830s[4]
1870s[4]
Literacy (2003)
Total
99%[2]
Male
99%[2]
Female
99%[2]
Enrollment (2008)
Total
20.4% of population[5][6]
Primary
1.9 million[5]
Secondary
1.4 million[5]
Post secondary
1 million[7]
Attainment (2008)
Secondary diploma
75%[5]
Post-secondary diploma
34%[citation needed]
Education in Australia encompasses the sectors of early childhood education[8] (preschool) and primary education (primary schools), followed by secondary education (high schools), tertiary education (universities, TAFE colleges, and vocational education and training providers) and adult education (referred to as adult and community education or ACE)[9]. Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories, but the Federal Government also plays a funding role.[10]
Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of five or six[11] and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the State or territory and date of birth.[12]
For primary and secondary education, government schools educate approximately 60% of Australian students, with approximately 40% in private or independent schools.[5] At the tertiary level, the majority of Australia's universities are public, and student fees are subsidised through a student loan program where payment becomes due when graduates reach a certain income level.[13]
For primary and secondary schools, a national Australian Curriculum has been progressively developed and implemented since 2010.[14]
The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Australia as 0.993, the highest in the world.[15] In 1966, Australia signed the Convention against Discrimination in Education, which aims to combat discrimination and racial segregation in the field of education.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regulation and funding
2 Preschool
3 Primary and secondary education
3.1 Compulsory attendance requirements
3.2 Government schools
3.3 Private and independent schools
4 Tertiary education
5 Rankings
6 Issues and controversies
6.1 Government education policy
6.2 School violence
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Regulation and funding[edit]
The regulation, operation, and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories, partly because the Federal Government does not have a specific constitutional power to pass laws with respect to education.[16] However, the Federal government helps fund independent or private schools,[17] helps fund public universities and subsidises tertiary education through a national student loan scheme,[18] and regulates vocational education providers.[19]
Post-compulsory education is regulated within the Australian Qualifications Framework, a unified system of national qualifications in schools, vocational education and training, and the tertiary education sector.
The Federal Government's involvement in education has been the responsibility of a number of departments over the years,[20] the present version of which is the Department of Education and Training.
The academic year in Australia varies between States and institutions, but generally runs from late January/early February until early/mid-December for primary and secondary schools, with slight variations in the inter-term holidays[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and TAFE colleges,[29][30][31] and from late February until mid-November for universities with seasonal holidays and breaks for each educational institute.[32]
Preschool[edit]
Preschool and pre-prep programmes in Australia are relatively unregulated, and are not compulsory.[33] The first exposure many Australian children have to learning with others outside of traditional parenting is day care or a parent-run playgroup.[34] This sort of activity is not generally considered schooling, as preschool education is separate from primary school in all states and territories, except Western Australia where pre-school education is taught as part of the primary school system[35] and Victoria where the state framework, VEYLDF covers children from birth to 8 years old, is used by some schools over the federal framework. In Queensland, preschool programmes are often called Kindergarten or Pre-Prep, and are usually privately run but attract state government funding if run for at least 600 hours a year and delivered by a registered teacher.[36]
Preschools are usually run by the state and territory governments, except in Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales where they are more often run by local councils, community groups or private organisations.[35] Preschool is offered to three- to five-year-olds; attendance numbers vary widely between the states, but 85.7% of children attended pre-school the year before school.[37] The year before a child is due to attend primary school is the main year for pre-school education. This year is far more commonly attended, and may take the form of a few hours of activity during weekdays.[38]
Responsibility for preschools in New South Wales and Victoria, lies with the Department of Education and Communities and the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), respectively.[39] In all other states and territories of Australia, responsibility for preschools lie with the relevant education department.[35]
The average net cost (taking into account the Child Care Benefit and Child Care Tax Rebate entitlements) for a long day care in Australia is $3.85 per hour,[40] or a net cost of around $46 a day for a long day care service offering 12-hour days.
Primary and secondary education[edit]
Compulsory attendance requirements[edit]
People attending an infants or primary school as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area
School education in Australia is compulsory between certain ages as specified by state or territory legislation. Depending on the state or territory, and date of birth of the child, school is compulsory from the age of five to six to the age of fifteen to seventeen.[12]
In the ACT,[41] NSW,[42] the Northern Territory,[43] Queensland,[44][45] South Australia,[46][47] Victoria,[48] and Western Australia,[49][50] children are legally required to attend school from the age of six years old, until the minimum leaving age. In Tasmania, the compulsory school starting age is 5 years old.[51]
In recent years, over three quarters of students stay at school until they are seventeen. Government schools educate approximately 60% of Australian students, with approximately 40% in Catholic and independent schools.[5] A small portion of students are legally home-schooled, particularly in rural areas.[52]
People attending secondary school as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area
Government schools[edit]
Government schools (also known as public schools) are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, while Catholic and independent schools usually charge attendance fees.[53] However, in addition to attendance fees, stationery, textbooks, uniforms, school camps and other schooling costs are not covered under government funding. The additional cost for schooling has been estimated to be on average $316 per year per child.[54][55]
Regardless of whether a school is part of the Government, Catholic or independent systems, they are required to adhere to the same curriculum frameworks of their state or territory. The curriculum framework however provides for some flexibility in the syllabus, so that subjects such as religious education can be taught. Most school students wear uniforms,[56] although there are varying expectations and some Australian schools do not require uniforms. A common movement among secondary schools to support student voice has taken form as organisations such as VicSRC in Victoria bring together student leaders to promote school improvement.[citation needed]
Private and independent schools[edit]
See also: Public and private education in Australia, Catholic education in Australia, and Anglican education in Australia
In 2010 66% of students in Australia attended government schools, 20% attended Catholic schools and 14% attended independent schools.[57] In 2000 these figures were 69%, 20% and 11% respectively.
Most Catholic schools are either run by their local parish, local diocese and their state's Catholic education department.[58][59] Independent schools include schools operated by secular educational philosophies such as Steiner or Montessori; however, the majority of independent schools are religious, being Anglican, Protestant, Jewish, Islamic or non-denominational. In addition, many private schools are also Catholic, but independent of those run by the Church and Catholic education departments, which are classed as systemic schools. [60]
Some Catholic and independent schools charge high fees, and because of this Government funding for these schools is often criticised by the Australian Education Union and the Greens.[61][62]
Tertiary education[edit]
People attending a tertiary institution as a percentage of the local population at the 2011 census, geographically subdivided by statistical local area
Main article: Tertiary education in Australia
Further information: List of universities in Australia
Tertiary education (or higher education) in Australia is primarily study at university or a technical college[63] studying Diploma or above in order to receive a qualification or further skills and training.[64] A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government, a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.[65] VET providers, both public and private are registered by State and Territory governments.
There are several prominent universities located in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney. There are 43 universities in Australia: 40 public universities, two international universities, one private university.[66] The largest university in Australia is Monash University in Melbourne: it has five campuses and 75,000 students.[67]
There are non-self-accrediting higher education providers accredited by State and Territory authorities, numbering more than 150 as listed on State and Territory registers. These include several that are registered in more than one State and Territory.
All students doing nationally recognised training need to have a Unique Student Identifier (USI).[68]
Rankings[edit]
In terms of rankings, 33 Australian educational institutions are listed in the QS World University Rankings for 2016,[69] 31 institutions are listed in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[70] 29 institutions are listed in China's Academic Ranking of World Universities ranking,[71] and 26 institutions in U.S. News & World Report's Best Global Universities Rankings.[72]
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) evaluation in 2006 ranked the Australian education system as sixth for reading, eighth for science and thirteenth for mathematics, on a worldwide scale including 56 countries.[73] The PISA evaluation in 2009 ranked the Australian education system as sixth for reading, seventh for science and ninth for mathematics, an improvement relative to the 2006 rankings.[74] In 2012, education firm Pearson ranked Australian education as thirteenth in the world [75]
The Education Index, published with the UN's Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Australia as 0.993, the highest in the world.[15]
Issues and controversies[edit]
Government education policy[edit]
Despite a substantial increase in government spending per student over the past ten years (after correcting for inflation), the proportion of students who are proficient in maths, reading and science has actually declined over that same period. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Menzies Research Centre have both concluded that increasing school funding above a basic level has little effect on student proficiency. Instead, they both recommend greater autonomy. That is, the states should merely monitor the performance of the schools. Individual principals should have full authority and responsibility for ensuring student proficiency in core areas.[76]
School violence[edit]
In Queensland, the Education Minister of the State of Queensland said in July 2009 that the rising levels of violence in schools in Queensland were "totally unacceptable" and that not enough had been done to combat violent behaviour. In Queensland, 55,000 school students had been suspended in 2008, nearly a third of which were for "physical misconduct".[77]
In South Australia, 175 violent attacks against students or staff were recorded in 2008.[78] Students were responsible for deliberately causing 3,000 injuries reported by teachers over two years from 2008 to 2009.[79]
See also[edit]
Australian Flexible Learning Framework, a national strategy to support vocational and technical education (VTE) in technology-driven learning environment
History of state education in Queensland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Education, Employment and Workplace Relations" (PDF). Australian Government Portfolio Overview. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Australia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Marion McCreadie. "The Evolution of Education in Australia". Internet Family History Association of Australia. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Primary and Secondary Education". Year Book Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "December Key Figures". Australian Demographic Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. December 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Higher Education". Year Book Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2008. Archived from the original on 30 March 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Early learning and schools support". Annual Report 2015. Australian Government. Department of Education. 29 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Come in Cinderella: the emergence of adult and community education". Senate Standing Committee on Employment, Education & Training. 1991 – via VOCED National Centre for Vocational Education Research.
Jump up ^ Education in Australia: Regulation
Jump up ^ http://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/education-and-training/school-education
^ Jump up to: a b "Education". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Human development indices" (PDF). Human Development Reports. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
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Jump up ^ These include: Department of Education, Employment and Training (DEET) (1988), Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DEETYA) (1996), Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETYA) (1997), Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST) (2001), Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) (2007), Department of Education (Australia) (2013), Department of Education and Training (Australia) (2014).
Jump up ^ "School Term Dates". Department of Education (Western Australia). Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "School Calendar". Department of Education and Training (New South Wales). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "South Australian State Schools Term Dates". Department of Education and Children's Services. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Term Dates". Department of Education and Training (Northern Territory). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Term Dates – Key Dates". Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Term Dates and Public Holidays" (PDF). Department of Education and Training (Australian Capital Territory). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "State Schools Holidays and Qld Public Holidays". Department of Education and Training (Queensland). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Term dates for Tasmanian Government school students". Department of Education (Tasmania). Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Term Dates". TAFE SA. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "TAFE Term Dates". Swinburne University of Technology. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Student calendar". TAFE NSW. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Summary of 2010 Principal Academic Dates for Australian Universities" (PDF). Universities Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vision and Mission" (PDF). Playgroup Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "History" (PDF). Playgroup Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Structures of Preschool Education in Australia" (PDF). October 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Office for Early Childhood Education and Care. "Kindergarten programs". Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Structures of Preschool Education in Australia" (PDF). Australian Education Union. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Marilyn (9 May 2008). "Enrolments, attendance and providers". Preschool education in Australia. Parliamentary Library. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Early Childhood Education" (PDF). Australian Education Union. June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics. "CHILD CARE". Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION ACT 2004 - SECT 10 Child of compulsory education age—enrolment and registration". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION ACT 1990 - SECT 21B Compulsory school-age". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION ACT - SECT 38 Compulsory school age". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION (GENERAL PROVISIONS) ACT 2006 - SECT 176 176 Obligation of each parent". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION (GENERAL PROVISIONS) ACT 2006 - SECT 9 9 Meaning of compulsory school age". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
Jump up ^ "EDUCATION ACT 1972 - SECT 5". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-01-19.
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Jump up ^ "School Fees". Catholic Education – Diocese of Parramatta. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Reid, Alan (May 1999). "The Redefinition of Public Education". The Australian Education Union. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Overview". Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Higher education in Australia". Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Archived from the original on 28 December 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Overview". Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Universities and Higher Education - Study In Australia". Australian Government.
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Jump up ^ https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25
Jump up ^ http://www.shanghairanking.com/Search.html
Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/australia
Jump up ^ "Key findings". Programme for International Student Assessment. Australian Council for Educational Research. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Shepherd, Jessica (7 December 2010). "World education rankings". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "World education rankings". Pearson.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Kevin (22 June 2017). "Despite schools funding obsession, extra billions failed to lift standards". The Australian. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Chilcott, T., & Odgers, R. (2009, July 9). Government can do more on school violence.The Courier-Mail, Brisbane.
Jump up ^ School violence 'dealt with'. (2009, June 26). ABC News Online.
Jump up ^ Lucy Hood (27 February 2010). "Hatred, violence in our schools' classrooms". The Advertiser. News Limited. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Martin, Arthur Patchett (1889). "The State Schoolmaster". Australia and the Empire (1 ed.). Edinburgh: David Douglas. pp. 157–187. — free, secular and compulsory education in colonial Australia
External links[edit]
Australian Qualifications Framework website
Information on education in Australia, OECD - Contains indicators and information about Australia and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
Study English in Melbourne Australia
[hide]
v
t
e
Education in Australia
Overview
National overview
States and territories
ACT
NSW
NT
Queensland
SA
Tasmania
Victoria
WA
Australian Qualifications Framework
Primary
Australian Curriculum
List of schools
Secondary
Australian Curriculum
List of schools
NAPLAN
Leaving certificates
ACT
NSW
NT
Queensland
SA
Tasmania
Victoria
WA
International Baccalaureate
Tertiary
Overview
Tuition fees
Academic grading
List of universities
TAFE
Federal agencies
Department of Education and Training
Australian Skills Quality Authority
State agencies
Department of Education and Training (ACT)
Department of Education and Communities (NSW)
Board of Studies (NSW)
Department of Education and Training (NT)
Department of Education, Training and Employment (Queensland)
Department of Education and Children's Services (SA)
Department of Education (Tasmania)
Department of Education and Training (Victoria)
Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (Victoria)
Department of Education (WA)
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Education in Oceania
Sovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states
of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependencies
and other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
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Hosanna
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Hosanna (disambiguation).
Hosanna (/hoʊˈzænə/) is a liturgical word in Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism, it is always used in its original Hebrew form, הושענה Hoshana.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Liturgical use in different traditions
2.1 Judaism
2.2 Christianity
3 Other examples of modern usage
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word hosanna (Latin osanna, Greek ὡσαννά, hōsanná) is from Hebrew הושיעה־נא, הושיעה נא hôšîʿâ-nā and related to Aramaic אושענא (ʾōshaʿnā) meaning "save, rescue, savior".[1]
In the Hebrew Bible it is used only in verses such as "help" or "save, I pray" (Psalms 118:25).
It is applied in numerous verses of the New Testament including "Hosanna; blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord" (Mark 11.9), "hosanna in the highest" (Mark 11.10); "hosanna to the Son of David" (Matt 21:9). The old interpretation "Save, now!",[2] based on Psalm 118:25, does not fully explain the occurrence of the word in the Gospels[3] as a shout of jubilation, and this has given rise to complex discussions.[4]
Liturgical use in different traditions[edit]
In a liturgical context, it refers to a cry expressing an appeal for divine help.[5]
Judaism[edit]
In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles.[3] The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, "Great Hosanna").[6]
Christianity[edit]
"Hosanna" was the shout of praise or adoration made in recognition of the Messiahship of Jesus on his triumphal entry into Jerusalem,[3] "Hosanna! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord!"[7] It is used in the same way in Christian praise.
Other examples of modern usage[edit]
The "Hosanna Anthem",[8] based on the phrase Hosanna, is a traditional Moravian Church anthem written by Bishop Christian Gregor of Herrnhut sung on Palm Sunday and the first Sunday of Advent. It is antiphonal, i.e. a call-and-response song; traditionally, it is sung between the children and adult congregation, though it is not unheard of for it to be done in other ways, such as between choir and congregation, or played between trombone choirs.
Architect Frank Lloyd Wright famously used the word in his exclamation "Hosanna! A client!" after securing a commission, breaking a long, dry spell.[9]
"Hosanna" is also the name of one of the songs featured in the 1971 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar. The song covers the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, as in the above Biblical passages. Jesus is briefly harassed by the high priest Caiaphas but the people celebrate him as the Messiah. There is also a reprise of the chorus when Jesus is sent to King Herod.
Many songs for church use bear the title "Hosanna", including songs written by New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser Ligertwood (released on the 2007 Hillsong United albums All of the Above and live on Saviour King and covered by the Canadian group Starfield on their album I Will Go); another song by Paul Baloche on his 2006 album A Greater Song; another by gospel artist Kirk Franklin, and another by Andrew Peterson on his 2008 album Resurrection Letters II. Sidney Mohede's "Hosanna (Be Lifted High)" was included on Israel Houghton's 2011 Grammy Award-winning album Love God, Love People. In the 1969 Broadway musical 1776 the word is used repeatedly as part of the chorus of the song "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men."
A. R. Rahman composed the song "Hosanna" for the 2010 Tamil movie Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa. Here the word is used as an exclamation of joy when a man sees his beloved. The Catholic Christian Secular Forum (CSF) objected to this song and asked film-makers Fox Star Studios to remove it from the final cut of the Hindi remake of the film, Ekk Deewana Tha.[10] Paul McCartney's most recent release, the album New, features a song titled Hosanna. Contextually, he uses the phrase as a cry for help in light of the world's current state of affairs.
American comedians Tim and Eric use the phrase "blessed Hosanna" freely in their piece "Morning Prayer with Skott and Behr."[11]
See also[edit]
Language of Jesus
Hallelujah
Hosanna Shout (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary and Bauer lexicon
Jump up ^ See ArtScroll Siddur, p. 727.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hosanna". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 783.
Jump up ^ See the articles Thayer, J. H. (1902). "Hosanna". In James Hastings. A Dictionary of the Bible. and more especially Cheyne, T. K. "Hosanna". In Cheyne and Black. Encyclopedia Biblica.
Jump up ^ Friberg Lexicon
Jump up ^ See ArtScroll Siddur, p. 726; so also in Syrian usage.
Jump up ^ Matthew 21:9,15; Mark 11:9-10; John 12:13.
Jump up ^ The Moravian Hymn Book with Services (authorized for use in the British Province of the Moravian Church), 1960
Jump up ^ Frank Lloyd Wright: The Fellowship. Event occurs at 17:20. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ Prashant Singh (20 January 2012). "AR Rahman reacts to Hosanna controversy". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Vimeo clip
Sources[edit]
Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, The MacMillan Bible Atlas, Revised Edition, pp. 157–165 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Aherne, Cornelius (1910). "Hosanna". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. 7. New York: Robert Appleton.
External links[edit]
The dictionary definition of hosanna at Wiktionary
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