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Under Pressure
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This article is about the song by Queen and David Bowie. For other uses, see Under Pressure (disambiguation).
"Under Pressure"
Cover of the EMI pressing
Single by Queen and David Bowie
from the album Hot Space
B-side
"Soul Brother"
Released
26 October 1981
Format
7-inch single
12-inch single
CD single
Recorded
July 1981
Studio
Mountain Studios, Montreux
Genre
Rock
Length
4:08
Label
EMI
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Mercury
Brian May
Roger Taylor
John Deacon
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Queen
David Bowie
Queen singles chronology
"Flash"
(1980) "Under Pressure"
(1981) "Body Language"
(1982)
David Bowie singles chronology
"Up the Hill Backwards"
(1981) "Under Pressure"
(1981) "Wild Is the Wind"
(1981)
Alternative pressing
Cover of the Elektra pressing, distributed in the US, Canada, and Australasia
Music video
"Under Pressure" on YouTube
"Under Pressure" is a 1981 song by the British rock band Queen and the British singer David Bowie. It was included on Queen's 1982 album Hot Space. The song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Queen's second number-one hit in their home country (after 1975's "Bohemian Rhapsody", which topped the chart for nine weeks) and Bowie's third (after 1980's "Ashes to Ashes" and the 1975 reissue of "Space Oddity"). The song only peaked at No. 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and would re-chart for one week at No. 45 in the US following Bowie's death in January 2016. It was also number 31 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of the '80s.[1] It has been voted the second best collaboration of all time in a poll by the Rolling Stone magazine.[2]
The song was played live at every Queen concert from 1981 until the end of Queen's touring career in 1986.[3][4][5] It is recorded on the live albums Queen Rock Montreal and Live at Wembley '86.[6][7] The song was included on some editions of Queen's first Greatest Hits compilations, such as the original 1981 Elektra release in the US. It is included on the band's compilation albums Greatest Hits II, Classic Queen, and Absolute Greatest[8] as well as Bowie compilations such as Best of Bowie (2002),[9] The Platinum Collection (2005), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (2016).
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation
2 Music video
3 Track listing
3.1 7": EMI / EMI 5250 (UK)
3.2 7": Elektra / E-47235 (US)
3.3 1988 3" CD: Parlaphone / QUECD9 (UK)
4 Personnel
5 Reception
6 Live performances
6.1 Live recordings
7 Remixes and other releases
7.1 Rah Mix
7.1.1 Track listing
7.2 Other releases
7.3 Other remixes
8 Charts
8.1 Original version
8.1.1 Weekly charts
8.1.1.1 Year-end charts
8.2 "Rah Mix"
9 Certifications
10 My Chemical Romance and the Used version
11 Controversy
12 References
13 External links
Creation[edit]
Queen had been working on a song called "Feel Like", but was not satisfied with the result.[10][11] David Bowie had originally come to Mountain Studios to sing back up vocals on another Queen song, "Cool Cat", but his vocals were removed from the final song because he was not satisfied with his performance. Once he got there, they worked together for a while and wrote the song.[12] The final version, which became "Under Pressure", evolved from a jam session that Bowie had with the band at Queen's studio in Montreux, Switzerland. It was credited as being co-written by the five musicians. The scat singing that dominates much of the song is evidence of the jam-beginnings as improvisation. However, according to Queen bassist John Deacon (as quoted in a French magazine in 1984),[13] the song's primary musical songwriter was Freddie Mercury – though all contributed to the arrangement. Brian May recalled to Mojo magazine, in October 2008, that, "It was hard, because you had four very precocious boys and David, who was precocious enough for all of us. David took over the song lyrically. Looking back, it's a great song but it should have been mixed differently. Freddie and David had a fierce battle over that. It's a significant song because of David and its lyrical content."[14] The earlier, embryonic version of the song without Bowie, "Feel Like", is widely available in bootleg form, and was written by Queen drummer Roger Taylor.
There has also been some confusion about who had created the song's bassline. John Deacon said (in Japanese magazine Music life in 1982) that David Bowie created it. In more recent interviews, Brian May and Roger Taylor credited the bass riff to Deacon. Bowie, on his website, said that the bassline was already written before he became involved.[15] Roger Taylor, in an interview for the BBC documentary Queen: the Days of Our Lives, stated that Deacon did indeed create the bassline, stating that all through the sessions in the studio he had been playing the riff over and over. He also claims that when the band returned from dinner, Deacon, amusingly, forgot the riff, but fortunately Taylor was still able to remember it.[16] Brian May clarified matters in a 2016 Mirror Online article, writing that it was actually Bowie, not Taylor, who had inadvertently changed the riff. The riff began as "Deacy began playing, 6 notes the same, then one note a fourth down". After the dinner break, Bowie corrected (actually changed) Deacon's memory of the riff to "Ding-Ding-Ding Diddle Ing-Ding".[17]
Music video[edit]
The video for the song features neither Queen nor David Bowie due to touring commitments.[18] Taking the theme of pressure, director David Mallet edited together stock footage of traffic jams, commuter trains packed with passengers, explosions, riots, cars being crushed and various pieces of footage from silent films of the 1920s, most notably Sergei Eisenstein's influential Soviet film Battleship Potemkin, the silent Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde starring John Barrymore, and F.W. Murnau's Nosferatu, a masterpiece of the German Expressionist movement.[18][19] The video explores the pressure-cooker mentality of a culture willing to wage war against political machines, and at the same time love and have fun (there is also footage of crowds enjoying concerts, and lots of black and white kissing scenes).[19] Top of the Pops refused to show the video due to it containing footage of explosions in Northern Ireland, so a choreographed performance was instead shown.[20][21] In 2003, Slant Magazine ranked Under Pressure number 27 among the 100 greatest music videos of all time.[22]
Track listing[edit]
7": EMI / EMI 5250 (UK)[edit]
Side one
"Under Pressure" (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon, Bowie) – 4:08
Side two
"Soul Brother" (Mercury) – 3:38
7": Elektra / E-47235 (US)[edit]
Side one
"Under Pressure" (Mercury, May, Taylor, Deacon, Bowie) – 4:08
Side two
"Soul Brother" (Mercury) – 3:38
1988 3" CD: Parlaphone / QUECD9 (UK)[edit]
"Under Pressure" - 4:08
"Soul Brother" - 3:40
"Body Language" - 4:33
Personnel[edit]
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Original producers:
Queen
David Bowie
Musicians on original version:
Freddie Mercury – lead and backing vocals, piano, Hammond organ, handclaps, finger snaps
Brian May – electric guitar, handclaps, finger snaps
Roger Taylor – drums, backing vocals, handclaps, finger snaps
John Deacon – bass guitar, handclaps, finger snaps
David Bowie – lead and backing vocals, keyboards, handclaps, finger snaps
Reception[edit]
The September 2005 edition of online music magazine Stylus singled out the bassline as the best in popular music history.[23] In November 2004, Stylus music critic Anthony Miccio commented that "Under Pressure" "is the best song of all time" and described it as Queen's "opus".[24] In 2012, Slant Magazine listed "Under Pressure" as the 21st best single of the 1980s.[25]
Live performances[edit]
Although very much a joint project, only Queen incorporated the song into their live shows at the time. Bowie chose not to perform the song before an audience until the 1992 Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, when he and Annie Lennox sang it as a duet (backed by the surviving Queen members).[26] However, after Mercury's death and the Outside tour in 1995, Bowie performed the song at virtually every one of his live shows, with bassist Gail Ann Dorsey taking Mercury's vocal part. The song also appeared in set lists from A Reality Tour mounted by Bowie in 2004, when he frequently would dedicate it to Freddie Mercury. Queen + Paul Rodgers have recently performed the song; and in summer of 2012, Queen + Adam Lambert toured, including a performance of the song by Lambert and Roger Taylor in each show.[27] While David Bowie was never present for a live performance of the song with Freddie Mercury, Roger Taylor instead filled for backing vocals usually in unison with Mercury, as Mercury took over all of Bowie's parts.
Live recordings[edit]
Queen first recorded a live version of the song at The Montreal Forum in Canada on 24 November 1981. This was included in the concert films We Will Rock You and Queen Rock Montreal.[28] Incidentally it is one of the few times in concert where Mercury used falsetto in the song on the line "these are the days it never rains but it pours".
A second live version of the song was recorded at Milton Keynes, England, in 1982. This was released in 2004 on the live album/DVD Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl. Prior to the concert, rumours circulated that Bowie would appear with Queen to sing his parts onstage, but it is probable that he did not even attend the concert.
In September 1982 the band performed the song during an appearance on the eighth-season premiere of Saturday Night Live, which turned out to be Freddie Mercury's final live performance with Queen in the United States.
Later, Queen recorded a third live version of the song at Wembley Stadium, London, in 1986. This was released on the live album/DVD Live at Wembley Stadium. Another rendition from this same tour (from Queen's concert in Budapest) appeared in edited form on the album Live Magic in 1986. A recording taken from Queen's last gig in Knebworth Park in 1986, appears, albeit in remixed form, as a B-side from second CD single of "Rah Mix" version of this song, released in 1999. (See below)
During the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992, the surviving members of Queen along with Bowie and Annie Lennox (filling in for Mercury) performed the song.[26] The concert was later released on DVD in 2002 for the 10th anniversary.[26]
A version recorded by David Bowie's live band in 1995 was released on the bonus disc included with some versions of Outside – Version 2. This live version was also released on the single "Hallo Spaceboy" in 1996.
Bowie's DVD A Reality Tour (2004) and album A Reality Tour (2010) include a November 2003 live version from the A Reality Tour, recorded in Dublin, with Bowie's bassist Gail Ann Dorsey singing Mercury's parts.
The 2006 VH1 Rock Honors at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, featured Queen + Paul Rodgers performing "Under Pressure" along with "The Show Must Go On", "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions" as a live broadcast.[29]
Remixes and other releases[edit]
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
Single by Queen and David Bowie
from the album Greatest Hits III
B-side
"The Song of the Millennium – Bohemian Rhapsody"
"Thank God It's Christmas"
Released
6 December 1999
Format
P7”
CD
Genre
Rock
Length
4:08 (album and single)
4:27 (music video)
Label
EMI
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Queen
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Queen
David Bowie
Queen singles chronology
"Another One Bites the Dust (Small Soldiers remix)"
(1998) "Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
(1999) "We Will Rock You"
(2000)
David Bowie singles chronology
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
(1999) "Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
(1999) "Survive"
(2000)
Rah Mix[edit]
A remixed version (called the "Rah Mix") was issued in December 1999 to promote Queen's Greatest Hits III compilation, reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart. The video for the Rah Mix was directed by DoRo, featuring footage of Freddie Mercury from the Wembley concert on 12 July 1986 and David Bowie at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert also at Wembley on 20 April 1992 spliced together using digital technology (with Annie Lennox carefully edited out). This version is featured on the Greatest Flix III compilation, the Rah Mix CD single (as an Enhanced CD video) and the 2011 iTunes LP edition of Hot Space.
Track listing[edit]
Two CD singles (one multimedia enhanced) released 6 December 1999 and 7" picture disc released 13 December 1999. As "Bohemian Rhapsody" wins The Song of The Millennium award, this released as B-side under the title "The Song of The Millenium – Bohemian Rhapsody".[30]
CDS No. 1
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
The Song of the Millennium – "Bohemian Rhapsody"
"Thank God It's Christmas"
CDS No. 2
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix – Radio Edit)"
"Under Pressure (Mike Spencer Mix)"
"Under Pressure (Knebworth Mix)"
Enhanced section
7-inch single
"Under Pressure (Rah Mix)"
The Song of the Millennium – "Bohemian Rhapsody"
Other releases[edit]
It was initially released in US on the Elektra Records US and Canadian versions of Queen's Greatest Hits as a new track.
It was released in UK on Queen's (1991) Greatest Hits II (which would later be included in The Platinum Collection (2000, 2002 and 2011) removing the second time David Bowie sings, "This is our last dance."
It was released as a bonus track on the Virgin Records reissue of Bowie's Let's Dance in 1995.
Hollywood Records remixed the song for their 1992 release, Classic Queen. This version features improved sound quality, but removes Mercury's interjection "that's okay!" at about 0:53.
It also appeared on the Bowie compilation Bowie: The Singles 1969-1993 (1993).
The original single version appears on disc three of Bowie's The Platinum Collection (2005). This disc was later released separately as The Best of David Bowie 1980/1987 (2007).
The original single version also appears on Bowie's Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (2016).
An instrumental version appears in the DVD menu for the Hot Space section of Greatest Video Hits 2.
It has also been performed, but without the lyrics, by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.[31][32]
It was featured nearly in its entirety in the 2010 film It's Kind of a Funny Story, initially as a 'cover' by the patients in a music therapy class at a New York City psychiatric ward, which the film transformed into the authentic song 'performed' by the patients, dressed in glam, in a near music-video style imaginary sequence (with David Bowie and Queen's original vocals and instrumentation).
Other remixes[edit]
Mr. Mixx Remix. Mr. Mixx of 2 Live Crew produced a hip-hop remix intended for inclusion as the fourth track on the cancelled 1992 Hollywood Records compilation BASIC Queen Bootlegs.
Lazy Kiss Edit. Released in October 2013 by Brazilian Electro-House duo, Lazy Kiss. This edit/mashup gained exposure through blog filter site, Hype Machine and the Italian music blog, Frequenze Indipendenti.[33]
Mouth Pressure. Released in January 2017 as a part of the Neil Cicierega album Mouth Moods, "Mouth Pressure" pairs the instrumentals from "Under Pressure" with the vocals from Smash Mouth's "All Star".[34][35]
Charts[edit]
In the U.K., "Under Pressure" was Queen's second number-one hit and Bowie's third. Queen's smash hit "Bohemian Rhapsody" reached number one in November 1975, just two weeks after Bowie's "Space Oddity" had done the same. Bowie also topped the British charts in August 1980 with "Ashes To Ashes", his own answer song to "Space Oddity".[36]
Original version[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1981–82)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[37]
6
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[38]
10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[39]
5
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[40]
5
Canada (CHUM)[41]
1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[42]
3
Germany (Official German Charts)[43]
21
Ireland (IRMA)[44]
2
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[45]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[46]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[47]
6
Norway (VG-lista)[48]
5
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[49]
4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50]
10
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]
10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[52]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[53]
29
US Cash Box Top 100[54] 22
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Rank
Australia 89
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[55] 73
UK [56] 43
Chart (1982)
Rank
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[57] 41
US (Joel Whitburn's Pop Annual)[58] 170
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[59]
45
Chart (2016) (after Bowie's death)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[60]
42
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[38]
37
France (SNEP)[61]
20
Germany (Official German Charts)[43]
71
Ireland (IRMA)[62]
51
Italy (FIMI)[63]
29
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[46]
66
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[64]
28
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50]
59
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]
49
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[52]
43
US Billboard Hot 100[65]
45
"Rah Mix"[edit]
Country (1999)
Peak position
UK 14
Netherlands 19
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Italy (FIMI)[66]
Platinum
United Kingdom (BPI)[67]
Gold
My Chemical Romance and the Used version[edit]
"Under Pressure"
Single by My Chemical Romance and the Used
from the album In Love and Death
Released
12 April 2005
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2005
Genre
Alternative rock[68]
Length
3:32
Label
Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Freddie Mercury
Brian May
Roger Taylor
John Deacon
David Bowie
Producer(s)
Howard Benson
My Chemical Romance singles chronology
"Helena"
(2005) "Under Pressure"
(2005) "The Ghost of You"
(2005)
The Used singles chronology
"I Caught Fire"
(2005) "Under Pressure"
(2005) "The Bird and the Worm"
(2007)
The song was covered in 2005 by American alternative rock bands the Used and My Chemical Romance for tsunami relief. The cover was originally released as an Internet download track but has subsequently been featured as a bonus track on the 2005 re-release of the Used's second studio album In Love and Death, and received wide airplay in 2005.
On the Billboard charts, the single reached number 28 on Modern Rock chart and number 41 on the Hot 100.[69]
Chart (2005)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks 28
US Billboard Pop 100 28
US Billboard Hot 100 41
Controversy[edit]
Controversy arose when Vanilla Ice sampled the bassline for his 1990 single "Ice Ice Baby". Initially he denied the accusation and then said he had modified it[70] but did not originally pay songwriting credit or royalties to Queen and Bowie.[71][72] A lawsuit resulted in Bowie and all members of Queen receiving songwriting credit for the sample. Vanilla Ice later claimed that he purchased the publishing rights to "Under Pressure".[73][74] Vanilla Ice said buying the song made more financial sense than paying out royalties.[73]
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Jump up ^ Anderson, Becky (22 February 2010). "Interview with Vanilla Ice (transcript)". cnn.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013. The great thing is, is I bought back all my royalties and I bought that song, too. So it kind of comes back around, kind of like Michael Jackson both The Beatles. [...] I can do whatever I want with it, because I own it.
External links[edit]
Official YouTube videos:
Original music video
Live at Wembley
Live at The Bowl
At Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert (with Annie Lennox and David Bowie)
Lyrics of Rah Mix at Queen official website (from Greatest Hits III)
Preceded by
"Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic" by The Police UK number-one single
21 November 1981 – 28 November 1981 Succeeded by
"Begin The Beguine" by Julio Iglesias
[show]
Queen songs
Discography
Queen
"Keep Yourself Alive"
"Liar"
Queen II
"Seven Seas of Rhye"
Sheer Heart Attack
"Killer Queen"/"Flick of the Wrist"
"Now I'm Here"
"Lily of the Valley"
"Stone Cold Crazy"
A Night at the Opera
"Bohemian Rhapsody"
"You're My Best Friend"
"Love of My Life"
A Day at the Races
"Somebody to Love"
"Tie Your Mother Down"
"Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together)"
"Long Away"
"Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy"
News of the World
"We Are the Champions"/"We Will Rock You"
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2000s
"Survive"
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"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
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2010s
"Where Are We Now?"
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"The Next Day"
"Valentine's Day"
"Love Is Lost"
"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)"
"★"
"Lazarus"
"I Can't Give Everything Away"
"Life on Mars? (2016 Mix)"
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Benue State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the tributary of the Niger River, see Benue River.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Benue State
State
Nickname(s): Food Basket of the Nation
Location of Benue State in Nigeria
Coordinates: 7°20′N 8°45′E / 7.333°N 8.750°E / 7.333; 8.750Coordinates: 7°20′N 8°45′E / 7.333°N 8.750°E / 7.333; 8.750
Country
Nigeria
Date created
3 February 1976
Capital
Makurdi
Government
• Governor
(List)
Samuel Ortom (APC)
• Deputy Governor
Benson Abounu
• Senators
David Mark
George Akume
Barnabas Andyar Gemade
Area
• Total
34,059 km2 (13,150 sq mi)
Area rank
11th of 36
Population (2006 Census)
• Total
4,253,641[1]
• Rank
7th of 36
GDP (PPP)
• Year
2007 (estimate)
• Total
$6.86 billion[2]
• Per capita
$1,592[2]
Time zone
WAT (UTC+01)
ISO 3166 code
NG-BE
Benue State is a state in the mid-belt region of Nigeria with a population of about 4,253,641 in 2006 census. It is inhabited predominantly by the Tiv, Idoma and Igede peoples, who speak the Tiv language, Idoma, and Igede respectively. The Tivs comprise the Etulos while the Idomas comprise the Ufia's (Utonkon) to Orokam at the west border of the state. There are other ethnic groups, including the Etulo, Abakwa,[3] Jukun, Hausa, Igbo, ￼￼Igala people,￼ Akweya and Nyifon. With its capital at Makurdi, Benue is a rich agricultural region; some of the crops grown there are potatoes, cassava, soya bean, guinea corn, flax, yams, sesame, rice, and groundnuts, Palm Tree.
Benue State is named after the Benue River and was formed from the former Benue-Plateau State in 1976, along with Igala and some part of Kwara State. In 1991 some areas of Benue state (mostly Igala area), along with areas in Kwara State, were carved out to become part of the new Kogi State. Igbo people are found in the boundary areas of Ebonyi State and Enugu State in local government areas like the Obi, Oju etc.
Samuel Ortom is the governor and Benson Abounu is the deputy governor. Both are All Progressives Congress (APC) members.[4]
Benue state has three universities: Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State University, Makurdi, and University of Mkar, Mkar, Gboko. It has two polytechnics: Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo and Fidei polytechnic, Gboko as well as the Akperan Orshi college of Agriculture Yandev. There are about four colleges of education which are Federal College of Education Agasha, College of Education Oju, College of Education Kastina Ala. Benue State as it exists today is a surviving legacy of an administrative entity which was carved out of the protectorate of northern Nigeria at the beginning of the twentieth century. The territory was initially known as Munshi Province until 1918 when the name of its dominant geographical feature, the 'Benue River' was adopted.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Benue State
1.1 Population Structure and Distribution
1.2 Settlement Pattern and Urbanization
2 Geology and Environment
2.1 Geology
2.2 Mineral Resources
2.3 Natural Resources
2.4 Relief and Drainage
3 People and culture
3.1 Traditional Rulers
3.2 Culture
4 The State Capital
5 Local Government Areas
6 Economy
6.1 Agricultural production
6.2 Commerce and industry
6.3 Infrastructure and Transportation
6.4 Power supply
6.5 Telecommunications
6.6 Tourism and Recreation
7 References
8 External links
History of Benue State[edit]
Population Structure and Distribution[edit]
The State which is in the has a total population of 4,253,641 in 2006 census, with an average population density of 99 persons per km2. This makes Benue the 9th most populous state in Nigeria. However, the distribution of the population according to Local government areas shows marked duality.
There are areas of low population density . such as Guma, Gwer East, Ohimini, Katsina-Ala, Apa, Logo and Agatu, each with less than seventy persons per km2, while Vandeikya, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, Obi and Gboko have densities ranging from 140 persons to 200 persons per km2. Makurdi LGA has over 380 person per km2. The males are 49.8 percent of the total population while females constitute 50.2 per cent.
Settlement Pattern and Urbanization[edit]
Benue State region was depleted of its human population during the slave trade. It is largely rural, with scattered settlements mainly in tiny compounds or homesteads, whose population range from 630 people, most of whom are farmers.
Urbanization in Benue State did not predate the colonial era. The few towns established during colonial rule remained very small(less than 30,000 people) up to the creation of Benue State in 1976.
Benue towns can be categorised into three groups. The first group consists of those with a population of 80,000 to 500,000 people. These include Makurdi, the State Capital, Gboko and Otukpo the "headquarters" of the two dominant ethnic groups (125,944 and 88,958 people respectively). The second group comprises towns with a population of between 20,000 and 50,000 people and includes Katsina-Ala, Zaki-Biam, Ukum￼￼, and Adikpo, Kwande. These are all local government headquarters. The third category comprises towns with a population of 10,000 to 19,000 people and includes Vandeikya, Lessel, lhugh, Naka, Adoka, Aliade, Okpoga, lgumale, Oju, Utonkon, Ugbokolo, Wannune, Ugbokpo, Otukpa, Ugba and Korinya. Most of these towns are headquarters of recently created Local Government Areas and/or district headquarters or major market areas. Some of the headquarters of the newly created LGAs have populations of less than 10,000 people. Such places include Tse-Agberaba, Gbajimba, Buruku, Idekpa, Obagaji and Obarikeito. Apart from earth roads, schools, periodic markets and chemists(local drug stores), the rural areas are largely used for farming, relying on the urban centres for most of their urban needs. Benue State has no problem of capital city primacy. Rather, three towns stand out very clearly as important urban centres which together account for more than 70 per cent of the social amenities provided in the state and almost all the industrial establishments. These centres are Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo. They are amongst the oldest towns in the state and are growing at a much faster rate than the smaller younger towns.
Makurdi doubles as the capital of the state and the headquarters of Makurdi LGA, while Gboko, Otukpo and Oju double as local government and ethnic headquarters (i.e. for Tiv, Idoma, and Igede). All the roads in the state radiate from these three centres. As an administrative unit, Benue State was first created on 3 February 1976. It was one of the seven states created by the military administration headed by General Murtala Mohammed, which increased the number of states in the country from 13 to 19. In 1991, its boundaries were re-adjusted with the creation of Kogi State. The new Benue State of today has twenty (23) local government areas, which are administered by local government councils.
Geology and Environment[edit]
Benue State lies within the lower river Benue trough in the middle belt region of Nigeria. Its geographic coordinates are longitude 7° 47' and 10° 0' East. Latitude 6° 25' and 8° 8' North; and shares boundaries with five other states namely: Nasarawa State to the north, Taraba State to the east, Cross-River State to the south, Enugu State to the south-west and Kogi State to the west. The state also shares a common boundary with the Republic of Cameroon on the south-east. Benue occupies a landmass of 34,059 square kilometres.
Geology[edit]
Based on Köppen climate classification, Benue State lies within the AW climate and experiences two distinct seasons, the Wet season and the Dry season. The rainy season lasts from April to October with annual rainfall in the range of 100-200mm. The dry season begins in November and ends in March. Temperatures fluctuate between 21 – 37 degrees Celsius in the year. The south-eastern part of the state adjoining the Obudu-Cameroun mountain range, however, has a cooler climate similar to that of the Jos Plateau.
Much of Benue State falls within the Benue Valley/trough which is believed to be structurally developed. During the Tertiary and possibly the Interglacial periods of the Quaternary glaciation, the Benue and Niger Valleys, otherwise known as the Niger/Benue trough, were transgressed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. As a result, marine sediments form the dominant surface geology of much of Benue State.
Mineral Resources[edit]
Benue State is blessed with abundant mineral resources. These resources are distributed in the Local Government Areas of the state. Of these mineral resources, only Limestone at Tse-Kucha near Gboko and Kaolinite at Otukpo are being commercially exploited. Other mineral deposits include Baryte, Gypsum, Feldspar, Wolframite, Kaolinite, mineral salts and Gemstone etc.
Natural Resources[edit]
Benue State is the nation's acclaimed food basket because of its rich agricultural produce which include Yam, Rice, Beans, Cassava, Sweet-potato, Maize, Soybean, Sorghum, Millet, Sesame, cocoyam etc. The state accounts for over 70% of Nigeria's Soybean production.
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, engaging over 75% of the state farming population. The State also boasts of one of the longest stretches of river systems in the country with great potential for a viable fishing industry, dry season farming through irrigation and for an inland water highway.
The vegetation of the southern parts of the state is characterised by forests, which yield trees for timber and provide a suitable habitat for rare animals types and species. The state thus possesses potential for the development of viable forest and wildlife reserves.
Relief and Drainage[edit]
The land is generally low lying (averaging 100m-250m) and gently undulating with occasional inselbergs, Knoll, Laterite etc. It is only at the boundary area with Cameroon, also Kwande and Oju Local Government Areas that hilly terrain with appreciable local relief is encountered. Here, the terrain is characterised by steep slopes, deep incised valleys and generally rugged relief. Elsewhere, gradients average less than 4°. River Benue is the dominant geographical feature in the state. It is one of the few large rivers in Nigeria. The Katsina-Ala is the largest tributary, while the smaller rivers include Mkomon, Amile, Duru, Loko Konshisha, Kpa, Okpokwu, Mu, Be, Aya, Apa Ogede and Ombi. The flood plains which are characterised by extensive swamps and ponds are good for dry season irrigated farming.
Though Benue State has high drainage density many of the streams are seasonal. Hence, there is an acute water shortage in the dry season in Local Government Areas such as Guma, Okpokwu, Ogbadibo, Gwer West (Naka, Nigeria) and Oju.
People and culture[edit]
The state is populated by several ethnic groups: Tiv, Idoma, Igede, Etulo, Abakpa, Jukun, Hausa, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon. The Tiv are the dominant ethnic group, occupying 14 local government areas with the Etulo and Jukun , while the Idoma, Igede, Igbo, Akweya and Nyifon occupy the remaining nine local government areas.
Most of the people are farmers while the inhabitants of the river areas engage in fishing as their primary or important secondary occupation. The people of the state are famous for their cheerful and hospitable disposition as well as rich cultural heritage.
Traditional Rulers[edit]
The Benue State Government accords high respect to traditional rulers in recognition of their role as custodians of culture and as agents of development. Also, their roles in enhancing peace and order at the grassroots level are also recognised. To enhance their contribution to the affairs of the state, government has established a three-tier traditional council system made up of Local Government Area Traditional Councils, Area Traditional Councils and the State Council of Chiefs with the Tor Tiv (Tiv king) as chairman.
The two Area Councils are the Tiv Traditional Council and the Idoma Traditional Council. The former has the Tor Tiv(Tiv King) as chairman of all the traditional rulers from the Tiv dominant Local Government Areas, while the latter has the Och' Idoma (Idoma king) as the chairman of all the traditional rulers from the Idoma dominant Local Government Areas.
The State Council of Chiefs had the Tor Tiv, Orchivirigh Professor James Ortese Iorzua Ayatse (Tor Tiv V) ([5]), with Och'Idoma and all second class Chiefs/Chairmen of the Local Government Traditional Council as members.
Culture[edit]
Dancers in Benue state attire
Benue State possesses a rich and diverse cultural heritage which finds expression in colourful cloths, exotic masquerades, supplicated music and dances. Traditional dances from Benue State have won acclaim at national and international cultural festivals. The most popular of these dances include Ingyough, Ange, Anchanakupa, Swange and Ogirinya among others.
The socio-religious festivals of the people, colourful dances, dresses and songs are also of tourist value. The Alekwu ancestral festival of the Idoma people, for instance, is an occasion when the local people believe their ancestors re-established contact with the living in the form of masquerades.
The lgede-Agba is a Yam Festival, marked every year in September by the lgede people of Oju and Obi local government areas. Among the Tiv, the Tiv Day, marriage ceremonies and dance competitions (e.g. Swange dance) are often very colourful. Kwagh-hir is a very entertaining Tiv puppet show.
Social life in Benue State is also enriched by the availability of diverse recreational facilities. Apart from parks, beaches, dancing and masquerades mentioned above, the big hotels in Makurdi, Gboko and Otukpo are equipped with several indoor sporting facilities. There are golf clubs, the Makurdi Club, Railway Club, Police Club and Air Force Club, where, apart from the sale of drinks and snacks, various types of games are played.
There is a standard Arts Theatre, a modern Sports Complex which includes the Aper Aku Stadium, which has provisions for such games as tennis, basketball, volleyball and handball, an indoor sports hall and Olympic size swimming pool in Makurdi. A Smaller stadia exist in Gboko (J. S. Tarka Stadium), Katsina-Ala, Adikpo, Vandeikya and Otukpo. The BCC Lawn Tennis tournament attracts players from all over the country. Benue State has three teams in the professional soccer ranks, Lobi Stars F.C. in Division One, BCC Lions FC in Division Two, Mark mentors as the basketball premier league team.
The State Capital[edit]
Makurdi, the state capital was established in the early twenties and gained prominence in 1927 when it became the headquarters of the then Benue Province. Being a river port, it attracted the establishment of trading depots by companies such as United Africa Company of Nigeria and John Holt plc. Its commercial status was further enhanced when the Railway Bridge was completed and opened in 1932. In 1976, the town became the capital of Benue State and today, doubles as the headquarters of Makurdi Local Government Area.
The town is divided by the River Benue into the north and south banks, which are connected by two bridges: the railway bridge, which was built in 1932, and the new dual carriage bridge commissioned in 1978.
The southern part of the town is made up of several wards, including Central Ward, Old GRA, Ankpa Ward, Wadata Ward, High Level, Wurukum (Low Level), New GRA etc. Important establishments and offices located here include the Government House, The State Secretariat, The Federal Secretariat, The Central Bank of Nigeria Regional headquarters, Commercial Banks, Telecommunication companies, Police Headquarters, Nigeria Prisons Service, Aper Aku Stadium, Nigeria Air force Base, Makurdi, The Makurdi Modern Market, the Federal Medical Centre, Nigeria Railway Station, Benue Printing and Publishing Company Limited, Radio Benue, Nigerian Television Authority (NTA), Nigerian Postal service, Benue Hotels Makurdi, Benue Plaza hotel, Benue State University, Benue State Breweries.
The North bank area of the town houses among other establishments, the Federal University of Agriculture, the Nigerian Army School of Military Engineering, the headquarters of the 72 Airborne Battalion and the State Headquarters of the Department of Customs and Excise.
Owing to its location in the valley of River Benue, Makurdi experiences warm temperatures most of the year. The period from November to January, when the harmattan weather is experienced is, however, relatively cool.
Makurdi can be reached by air, rail, road and water. The major northern route is the Makurdi – Lafia – Jos road. The southern routes are Makurdi – Otukpo – Enugu and Makurdi – Yandev – Adikpo – Calabar roads. Traffic from the west comes through Makurdi – (3) Naka – Adoka Ankpa (3) – Okene (1) roads and from the east through Makurdi – Yandev – Katsina Ala – Wukari roads. These Makurdi Rail Bridge provides the only rail link between the northern and eastern parts of Nigeria.
Makurdi Airport has the Nigerian Airways and other private airlines provide air links between Makurdi and the rest of the country. The beautiful beaches of River Benue can be exploited to provide good sites for relaxation. The river itself provides tourist opportunities for boating angling and swimming. The Makurdi Moratorium that houses a variety of animals including some rare species also serves as another feature of tourist attraction.
Local Government Areas[edit]
Benué State consists of twenty-three (23) Local Government Areas. They are:
Local Government Area
Headquarters
Ado Igumale
Agatu Obagaji
Apa Ugbokpo
Buruku Buruku
Gboko Gboko
Guma Gbajimba
Gwer East Aliade
Gwer West Naka
Katsina-Ala Katsina-Ala
Konshisha Tse-Agberagba
Kwande Adikpo
Logo Ugba
Makurdi Makurdi
Obi Obarike-Ito
Ogbadibo Otukpa
Ohimini Idekpa
Oju Anyuwogbu-ibilla
Okpokwu Okpoga
Otukpo Otukpo
Tarka Wannune
Ukum Sankera
Ushongo Lessel
Vandeikya Vandeikya
Economy[edit]
Agricultural production[edit]
Agriculture forms the backbone of the Benue State economy, engaging more than 70 per cent of the working population. This has made Benue the major source of food production in the Nation. It can still be developed because most of the modern techniques are not yet popular to 98% of Nigeria. Mechanization and plantation agriculture/agro-forestry are still at its infancy. Farm inputs such as fertilizers, improved seed, insecticides and other foreign methods are being increasingly used. However, cost and availability is still a challenge. Important cash crops include Soy-beans, Rice, Peanuts, mango varieties, Citrus etc. Other cash crops include Palm oil, Melon, African pear, Chili pepper, Tomatoes etc. Food crops indude Yam, Cassava, Sweet potato, Beans, Maize, Millet, Guinea corn, Vegetables etc. There is very little irrigation agriculture and techniques.
Animal production include, Cattle, Pork, Poultry and Goat but no dairy and dairy products yet.
Commerce and industry[edit]
Banking services are available as all the banks in Nigeria have branches in the state with the Central Bank of Nigeria having its regional headquarters in Makurdi. Dangote Cement Company is a private company that operates within the state and provides a little employment to the people.
This is a rough estimated employment percentage in the state: 75% are farmers, 10% traders, 6% civil servants, 9% private.
Benue State has the capacity to support a wide range of industries using local agricultural and mineral resources although potentials are yet to be exploited. Private initiatives in commerce and industry, particularly by indigenes, is as also on a small scale and is limited to carpentry, shoe repairs and manufacturing, small scale rice mills, leather and plastic industries, weaving, printing, catering, block making, food processing etc. Industry and commerce have been greatly retarded by the absence of capital funds, basic infrastructure and the frequent political changes.
Infrastructure and Transportation[edit]
The location of Benue State in the centre of the country plus the presence of bridges on two large rivers, the Benue River and Katsina-Ala River, make the state a major cross-roads centre. Two major highways connect the Eastern States to the North and North East. The present government has shown commitment to the construction of roads within the state capital Makurdi and other major roads leading in and out of the state. The roads are in an excellent condition.
The Federal government is also remodelling and expanding the Makurdi Airport to become the largest agricultural cargo airport in the country.
The rivers Benue and Katsina-Ala only needs to be dredged and a modern river port built at Makurdi, Turan, Buruku and Katsina-Ala to transport goods all over the nation since the state is at the middle of the country. Ships are sighted very occasionally offloading cargo for Benue company at the Abinsi jetty.
The eastern rail line connects Makurdi, Otukpo, Taraku, Utonkon and lgumale with the rest of the country. Altogether, about 180 km of rail line traverses the state.
Power supply[edit]
Electricity is not yet stable but industrialists use private power plants.
Telecommunications[edit]
Benue has facilities for the GSM service companies operating in the Country The state also has 4 radio stations and 2 television stations.
Tourism and Recreation[edit]
Benue State possesses immense tourism potentials which are yet to be exploited. Since some of the tourist attractions are best selected by the tourist, Benue State in her bid to develop tourism embarked on infrastructural development necessary for the overall well being of the tourist. The options are still opened to foreign investors.
The programme of road development, hotels, postal, telephone and Email services, electricity, potable water, recreational facilities and the general hospitality of the people will eventually open up the state to tourists. An amusement park and Zoo have been developed at Makurdi. There is a wild life park at lkwe where a conference hall and chalets have been built to serve tourists. Tourist attractions in the state may be grouped into natural scenic, historical monuments and festivals.
Natural Attractions in Benue State include hills and ranges such as Ikyogen, Abande, Ngokur, Mkar, Ushongo and Harga. There is a heavily wooded natural trench at Tse-Mker which is believed to be inhabited by dangerous creatures including Pythons. Gurgul is a waterfall on Katsina Ala River. The border stretch adjoining the Obudu/South Cameroon Plateau ranges features a beautiful scenery of forests, dissected hills, Dykes, dozens of fast flowing streams and incised valleys. In the Dry season, the water level in both the Benue River and Katsina-Ala River falls, giving rise to beautiful sandy river beaches and clean shallow waters. The waters are excellent for recreational boating and swimming. At Orokam in Ogbadibo Local government areas, occurs the Enumabia Warm Spring.At Epwa-Ibilla, Andi-Ibilla, Uchenyum-Ibilla, Okochi-Uwokwu, Irachi-Uwokwu, Ette-Uda-Uwokwu, Odepa-Uwokwu, Igbegi-Ipinu-Uwokwu, Edde-Ibilla-Uwokwu, and Ohuma-Uwokwu of Oju, are springs of clean water. There are masses of unusually tall trees in the deep valleys and on the pretty steep highlands, which are all however inhabited.
Historical monuments in the state include the Royal Niger Company Trading Stores at Makurdi and Gbileve near Katsina-Ala; the tombs of the first Dutch missionaries at Harga and Sai in Katsina-Ala Local Government Areas; the tombs of the legendary politician, Mr. J. S. Tarka and past three Tor Tiv in Gboko town; and the trench fortifications in Turan district of Kwande local government areas which were dug by the Tiv to ward off Chamba invasions in the 19th century.
At Utonkon, is a thick forest with tall giant trees, the centre of which used to serve as a slave trade market, but is now the site of shrines and a periodic market. Swem is a shrine site at the foot of the Cameroon range in Kwande local government area from where the Tivs were said to have originated.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION". population.gov.ng. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "C-GIDD (Canback Global Income Distribution Database)". Canback Dangel. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Seibert, Uwe. "Languages of Benue State". Nigerian Languages. Department of Languages and Linguistics, University of Jos. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Ajaero, Chris (18 November 2007). "A Brand New Image For Benue". Newswatch magazine. Newswatch Communications. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
Jump up ^ "New dawn, as Tiv land crowns Professor James Ortese Iorzua Ayatse King". Retrieved 22 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Official Benué State Website
"Benue State Executive Council". Library of Congress Africa Pamphlet Collection – Flickr. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
"Benue State Executive Council – Members and Special Advisers". Library of Congress Africa Pamphlet Collection – Flickr. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
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