text:
Virtual private network
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"VPN" redirects here. For other uses, see VPN (disambiguation).
This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2016)
VPN connectivity overview
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network. Applications running across the VPN may therefore benefit from the functionality, security, and management of the private network.[1]
VPNs may allow employees to securely access a corporate intranet while located outside the office. They are used to securely connect geographically separated offices of an organization, creating one cohesive network. Individual Internet users may secure their transactions with a VPN, to circumvent geo-restrictions and censorship, or to connect to proxy servers for the purpose of protecting personal identity and location in order to stay anonymous on the internet. However, some Internet sites block access to known VPN technology to prevent the circumvention of their geo-restrictions. Therefore, many personal use VPN providers have been developing technologies to bypass the blocking of proxies.
A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols, or traffic encryption. A VPN available from the public Internet can provide some of the benefits of a wide area network (WAN). From a user perspective, the resources available within the private network can be accessed remotely.[2]
Traditional VPNs are characterized by a point-to-point topology, and they do not tend to support or connect broadcast domains, so services such as Microsoft Windows NetBIOS may not be fully supported or work as they would on a local area network (LAN). Designers have developed VPN variants, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), and Layer 2 Tunneling Protocols (L2TP), to overcome this limitation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Security mechanisms
2.1 Authentication
3 Routing
3.1 Provider-provisioned VPN building-blocks
4 User-visible PPVPN services
4.1 OSI Layer 2 services
4.2 OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures
4.3 Unencrypted tunnels
5 Trusted delivery networks
6 VPNs in mobile environments
7 VPN on routers
8 Networking limitations
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
Types[edit]
Early data networks allowed VPN-style remote connections through dial-up modem or through leased line connections utilizing Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits, provided through networks owned and operated by telecommunication carriers. These networks are not considered true VPNs because they passively secure the data being transmitted by the creation of logical data streams.[3] They have been replaced by VPNs based on IP and IP/Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networks, due to significant cost-reductions and increased bandwidth[4] provided by new technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)[5] and fiber-optic networks.
VPNs can be either remote-access (connecting a computer to a network) or site-to-site (connecting two networks). In a corporate setting, remote-access VPNs allow employees to access their company's intranet from home or while travelling outside the office, and site-to-site VPNs allow employees in geographically disparate offices to share one cohesive virtual network. A VPN can also be used to interconnect two similar networks over a dissimilar middle network; for example, two IPv6 networks over an IPv4 network.[6]
VPN systems may be classified by:
The tunneling protocol used to tunnel the traffic
The tunnel's termination point location, e.g., on the customer edge or network-provider edge
The type of topology of connections, such as site-to-site or network-to-network
The levels of security provided
The OSI layer they present to the connecting network, such as Layer 2 circuits or Layer 3 network connectivity
The number of simultaneous connections
Security mechanisms[edit]
VPNs cannot make online connections completely anonymous, but they can usually increase privacy and security. To prevent disclosure of private information, VPNs typically allow only authenticated remote access using tunneling protocols and encryption techniques.
The VPN security model provides:
Confidentiality such that even if the network traffic is sniffed at the packet level (see network sniffer and deep packet inspection), an attacker would see only encrypted data
Sender authentication to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the VPN
Message integrity to detect any instances of tampering with transmitted messages
Secure VPN protocols include the following:
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) was initially developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for IPv6, which was required in all standards-compliant implementations of IPv6 before RFC 6434 made it only a recommendation.[7] This standards-based security protocol is also widely used with IPv4 and the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol. Its design meets most security goals: authentication, integrity, and confidentiality. IPsec uses encryption, encapsulating an IP packet inside an IPsec packet. De-encapsulation happens at the end of the tunnel, where the original IP packet is decrypted and forwarded to its intended destination.
Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) can tunnel an entire network's traffic (as it does in the OpenVPN project and SoftEther VPN project[8]) or secure an individual connection. A number of vendors provide remote-access VPN capabilities through SSL. An SSL VPN can connect from locations where IPsec runs into trouble with Network Address Translation and firewall rules.
Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) – used in Cisco AnyConnect VPN and in OpenConnect VPN[9] to solve the issues SSL/TLS has with tunneling over UDP.
Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE) works with the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol and in several compatible implementations on other platforms.
Microsoft Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) tunnels Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) or Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol traffic through an SSL 3.0 channel. (SSTP was introduced in Windows Server 2008 and in Windows Vista Service Pack 1.)
Multi Path Virtual Private Network (MPVPN). Ragula Systems Development Company owns the registered trademark "MPVPN".[10]
Secure Shell (SSH) VPN – OpenSSH offers VPN tunneling (distinct from port forwarding) to secure remote connections to a network or to inter-network links. OpenSSH server provides a limited number of concurrent tunnels. The VPN feature itself does not support personal authentication.[11][12][13]
Authentication[edit]
Tunnel endpoints must be authenticated before secure VPN tunnels can be established. User-created remote-access VPNs may use passwords, biometrics, two-factor authentication or other cryptographic methods. Network-to-network tunnels often use passwords or digital certificates. They permanently store the key to allow the tunnel to establish automatically, without intervention from the administrator.
Routing[edit]
Tunneling protocols can operate in a point-to-point network topology that would theoretically not be considered as a VPN, because a VPN by definition is expected to support arbitrary and changing sets of network nodes. But since most router implementations support a software-defined tunnel interface, customer-provisioned VPNs often are simply defined tunnels running conventional routing protocols.
Provider-provisioned VPN building-blocks[edit]
Depending on whether a provider-provisioned VPN (PPVPN)[clarification needed] operates in layer 2 or layer 3, the building blocks described below may be L2 only, L3 only, or combine them both. Multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) functionality blurs the L2-L3 identity.[citation needed][original research?]
RFC 4026 generalized the following terms to cover L2 and L3 VPNs, but they were introduced in RFC 2547.[14] More information on the devices below can also be found in Lewis, Cisco Press.[15]
Customer (C) devices
A device that is within a customer's network and not directly connected to the service provider's network. C devices are not aware of the VPN.
Customer Edge device (CE)
A device at the edge of the customer's network which provides access to the PPVPN. Sometimes it is just a demarcation point between provider and customer responsibility. Other providers allow customers to configure it.
Provider edge device (PE)
A PE is a device, or set of devices, at the edge of the provider network which connects to customer networks through CE devices and presents the provider's view of the customer site. PEs are aware of the VPNs that connect through them, and maintain VPN state.
Provider device (P)
A P device operates inside the provider's core network and does not directly interface to any customer endpoint. It might, for example, provide routing for many provider-operated tunnels that belong to different customers' PPVPNs. While the P device is a key part of implementing PPVPNs, it is not itself VPN-aware and does not maintain VPN state. Its principal role is allowing the service provider to scale its PPVPN offerings, for example, by acting as an aggregation point for multiple PEs. P-to-P connections, in such a role, often are high-capacity optical links between major locations of providers.
User-visible PPVPN services[edit]
OSI Layer 2 services[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Virtual LAN
Virtual LAN (VLAN) is a Layer 2 technique that allow for the coexistence of multiple local area network (LAN) broadcast domains, interconnected via trunks using the IEEE 802.1Q trunking protocol. Other trunking protocols have been used but have become obsolete, including Inter-Switch Link (ISL), IEEE 802.10 (originally a security protocol but a subset was introduced for trunking), and ATM LAN Emulation (LANE).
Virtual private LAN service (VPLS)
Developed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, VLANs allow multiple tagged LANs to share common trunking. VLANs frequently comprise only customer-owned facilities. Whereas VPLS as described in the above section (OSI Layer 1 services) supports emulation of both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies, the method discussed here extends Layer 2 technologies such as 802.1d and 802.1q LAN trunking to run over transports such as Metro Ethernet.
As used in this context, a VPLS is a Layer 2 PPVPN, rather than a private line, emulating the full functionality of a traditional LAN. From a user standpoint, a VPLS makes it possible to interconnect several LAN segments over a packet-switched, or optical, provider core; a core transparent to the user, making the remote LAN segments behave as one single LAN.[16]
In a VPLS, the provider network emulates a learning bridge, which optionally may include VLAN service.
Pseudo wire (PW)
PW is similar to VPLS, but it can provide different L2 protocols at both ends. Typically, its interface is a WAN protocol such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode or Frame Relay. In contrast, when aiming to provide the appearance of a LAN contiguous between two or more locations, the Virtual Private LAN service or IPLS would be appropriate.
Ethernet over IP tunneling
EtherIP (RFC 3378)[17] is an Ethernet over IP tunneling protocol specification. EtherIP has only packet encapsulation mechanism. It has no confidentiality nor message integrity protection. EtherIP was introduced in the FreeBSD network stack[18] and the SoftEther VPN[19] server program.
IP-only LAN-like service (IPLS)
A subset of VPLS, the CE devices must have Layer 3 capabilities; the IPLS presents packets rather than frames. It may support IPv4 or IPv6.
OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures[edit]
This section discusses the main architectures for PPVPNs, one where the PE disambiguates duplicate addresses in a single routing instance, and the other, virtual router, in which the PE contains a virtual router instance per VPN. The former approach, and its variants, have gained the most attention.
One of the challenges of PPVPNs involves different customers using the same address space, especially the IPv4 private address space.[20] The provider must be able to disambiguate overlapping addresses in the multiple customers' PPVPNs.
BGP/MPLS PPVPN
In the method defined by RFC 2547, BGP extensions advertise routes in the IPv4 VPN address family, which are of the form of 12-byte strings, beginning with an 8-byte route distinguisher (RD) and ending with a 4-byte IPv4 address. RDs disambiguate otherwise duplicate addresses in the same PE.
PEs understand the topology of each VPN, which are interconnected with MPLS tunnels, either directly or via P routers. In MPLS terminology, the P routers are Label Switch Routers without awareness of VPNs.
Virtual router PPVPN
The virtual router architecture,[21][22] as opposed to BGP/MPLS techniques, requires no modification to existing routing protocols such as BGP. By the provisioning of logically independent routing domains, the customer operating a VPN is completely responsible for the address space. In the various MPLS tunnels, the different PPVPNs are disambiguated by their label, but do not need routing distinguishers.
Unencrypted tunnels[edit]
Some virtual networks use tunneling protocols without encryption for protecting the privacy of data. While VPNs often do provide security, an unencrypted overlay network does not neatly fit within the secure or trusted categorization.[citation needed] For example, a tunnel set up between two hosts with Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is a virtual private network, but neither secure nor trusted.[23][24]
Native plaintext tunneling protocols include Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) when it is set up without IPsec and Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) or Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE).[25]
Trusted delivery networks[edit]
Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling, and instead rely on the security of a single provider's network to protect the traffic.[26]
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) often overlays VPNs, often with quality-of-service control over a trusted delivery network.
L2TP[27] which is a standards-based replacement, and a compromise taking the good features from each, for two proprietary VPN protocols: Cisco's Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F)[28] (obsolete as of 2009[update]) and Microsoft's Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP).[29]
From the security standpoint, VPNs either trust the underlying delivery network, or must enforce security with mechanisms in the VPN itself. Unless the trusted delivery network runs among physically secure sites only, both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain access to the VPN.
VPNs in mobile environments[edit]
Mobile virtual private networks are used in settings where an endpoint of the VPN is not fixed to a single IP address, but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi-Fi access points.[30] Mobile VPNs have been widely used in public safety, where they give law enforcement officers access to mission-critical applications, such as computer-assisted dispatch and criminal databases, while they travel between different subnets of a mobile network.[31] They are also used in field service management and by healthcare organizations,[32] among other industries.
Increasingly, mobile VPNs are being adopted by mobile professionals who need reliable connections.[32] They are used for roaming seamlessly across networks and in and out of wireless coverage areas without losing application sessions or dropping the secure VPN session. A conventional VPN can not withstand such events because the network tunnel is disrupted, causing applications to disconnect, time out,[30] or fail, or even cause the computing device itself to crash.[32]
Instead of logically tying the endpoint of the network tunnel to the physical IP address, each tunnel is bound to a permanently associated IP address at the device. The mobile VPN software handles the necessary network authentication and maintains the network sessions in a manner transparent to the application and the user.[30] The Host Identity Protocol (HIP), under study by the Internet Engineering Task Force, is designed to support mobility of hosts by separating the role of IP addresses for host identification from their locator functionality in an IP network. With HIP a mobile host maintains its logical connections established via the host identity identifier while associating with different IP addresses when roaming between access networks.
VPN on routers[edit]
With the increasing use of VPNs, many have started deploying VPN connectivity on routers for additional security and encryption of data transmission by using various cryptographic techniques.[33] Home users usually deploy VPNs on their routers to protect devices, such as smart TVs or gaming consoles, which are not supported by native VPN clients. Supported devices are not restricted to those capable of running a VPN client.[34]
Many router manufacturers supply routers with built-in VPN clients. Some use open-source firmware such as DD-WRT, OpenWRT and Tomato, in order to support additional protocols such as OpenVPN.
Setting up VPN services on a router requires a deep knowledge of network security and careful installation. Minor misconfiguration of VPN connections can leave the network vulnerable. Performance will vary depending on the ISP.[citation needed]
Networking limitations[edit]
One major limitation of traditional VPNs is that they are point-to-point, and do not tend to support or connect broadcast domains. Therefore, communication, software, and networking, which are based on layer 2 and broadcast packets, such as NetBIOS used in Windows networking, may not be fully supported or work exactly as they would on a real LAN. Variants on VPN, such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), and layer 2 tunneling protocols, are designed to overcome this limitation.
See also[edit]
Anonymizer
Comparison of virtual private network services
Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network
Internet privacy
Mediated VPN
Opportunistic encryption
Split tunneling
Tinc (protocol)
UT-VPN
Virtual private server
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mason, Andrew G. (2002). Cisco Secure Virtual Private Network. Cisco Press. p. 7.
Jump up ^ "Virtual Private Networking: An Overview". Microsoft Technet. September 4, 2001.
Jump up ^ Cisco Systems, et al. Internet working Technologies Handbook, Third Edition. Cisco Press, 2000, p. 232.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Mark. Comparing, Designing. And Deploying VPNs. Cisco Press, 2006, p. 5
Jump up ^ International Engineering Consortium. Digital Subscriber Line 2001. Intl. Engineering Consortium, 2001, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Technet Lab. "IPv6 traffic over VPN connections". Archived from the original on 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ RFC 6434, "IPv6 Node Requirements", E. Jankiewicz, J. Loughney, T. Narten (December 2011)
Jump up ^ "1. Ultimate Powerful VPN Connectivity - SoftEther VPN Project". www.softether.org.
Jump up ^ "OpenConnect". Retrieved 2013-04-08. OpenConnect is a client for Cisco's AnyConnect SSL VPN [...] OpenConnect is not officially supported by, or associated in any way with, Cisco Systems. It just happens to interoperate with their equipment.
Jump up ^ "Trademark Status & Document Retrieval". tarr.uspto.gov.
Jump up ^ "ssh(1) - OpenBSD manual pages". man.openbsd.org.
Jump up ^ c@cb.vu, Colin Barschel. "Unix Toolbox". cb.vu.
Jump up ^ "SSH_VPN - Community Help Wiki". help.ubuntu.com.
Jump up ^ E. Rosen & Y. Rekhter (March 1999). "RFC 2547 BGP/MPLS VPNs". Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Jump up ^ Lewis, Mark (2006). Comparing, designing, and deploying VPNs (1st print. ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1587051796.
Jump up ^ Ethernet Bridging (OpenVPN)
Jump up ^ Hollenbeck, Scott; Housley, Russell. "EtherIP: Tunneling Ethernet Frames in IP Datagrams".
Jump up ^ Glyn M Burton: RFC 3378 EtherIP with FreeBSD, 03 February 2011
Jump up ^ net-security.org news: Multi-protocol SoftEther VPN becomes open source, January 2014
Jump up ^ Address Allocation for Private Internets, RFC 1918, Y. Rekhter et al., February 1996
Jump up ^ RFC 2917, A Core MPLS IP VPN Architecture
Jump up ^ RFC 2918, E. Chen (September 2000)
Jump up ^ "Overview of Provider Provisioned Virtual Private Networks (PPVPN)". Secure Thoughts. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
Jump up ^ RFC 1702: Generic Routing Encapsulation over IPv4 networks. October 1994.
Jump up ^ IETF (1999), RFC 2661, Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP"
Jump up ^ Cisco Systems, Inc. (2004). Internetworking Technologies Handbook. Networking Technology Series (4 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 233. ISBN 9781587051197. Retrieved 2013-02-15. [...] VPNs using dedicated circuits, such as Frame Relay [...] are sometimes called trusted VPNs, because customers trust that the network facilities operated by the service providers will not be compromised.
Jump up ^ Layer Two Tunneling Protocol "L2TP", RFC 2661, W. Townsley et al., August 1999
Jump up ^ IP Based Virtual Private Networks, RFC 2341, A. Valencia et al., May 1998
Jump up ^ Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP), RFC 2637, K. Hamzeh et al., July 1999
^ Jump up to: a b c Phifer, Lisa. "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap", SearchMobileComputing.com, July 16, 2006.
Jump up ^ Willett, Andy. "Solving the Computing Challenges of Mobile Officers", www.officer.com, May, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cheng, Roger. "Lost Connections", The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Encryption and Security Protocols in a VPN". Retrieved 2015-09-23.
Jump up ^ "VPN". Draytek. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Kelly, Sean (August 2001). "Necessity is the mother of VPN invention". Communication News: 26–28. ISSN 0010-3632. Archived from the original on 2001-12-17.
[show]
v
t
e
Virtual private networking
Communications protocol
SSTP
IPsec
L2TP
L2TPv3
PPTP
Split tunneling
SSL/TLS
(Opportunistic: tcpcrypt)
Free software
Cloudvpn
FreeLAN
FreeS/WAN
Libreswan
n2n
OpenConnect
OpenIKED
Openswan
OpenVPN
Social VPN
SoftEther VPN
strongSwan
tcpcrypt
tinc
VTun
Shadowsocks
Vendor-driven protocols
Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol
DirectAccess
Proprietary software
Avast SecureLine VPN
Check Point VPN-1
Cisco Systems VPN Client
LogMeIn Hamachi
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway
Risk Vectors
Content-control software
Deep content inspection
Deep packet inspection
IP address blocking
Network enumeration
Stateful firewall
TCP Reset
VPN blocking
[show]
v
t
e
Cryptographic software
Email clients
Apple Mail
Claws Mail
Enigmail
GPG (Gpg4win)
Kontact
Outlook
p≡p
PGP
Sylpheed
Thunderbird
Secure
communication
OTR
Adium
BitlBee
Centericq
ChatSecure
climm
Jitsi
Kopete
MCabber
Profanity
SSH
Dropbear
lsh
OpenSSH
PuTTY
SecureCRT
WinSCP
wolfSSH
Xshell
TLS & SSL
Bouncy Castle
BoringSSL
Botan
cryptlib
GnuTLS
JSSE
LibreSSL
MatrixSSL
NSS
OpenSSL
mbed TLS
RSA BSAFE
SChannel
SSLeay
stunnel
wolfSSL
VPN
Check Point VPN-1
Hamachi
Openswan
OpenVPN
SoftEther VPN
strongSwan
Tinc
ZRTP
CSipSimple
Jitsi
Linphone
Ring
Zfone
P2P
Bitmessage
RetroShare
Tox
DRA
Matrix
OMEMO
Conversations
Cryptocat
ChatSecure
Proteus
Signal Protocol
Google Allo
Facebook Messenger
Signal
TextSecure
WhatsApp
Disk encryption
(Comparison)
BestCrypt
BitLocker
CrossCrypt
Cryptoloop
DiskCryptor
dm-crypt
DriveSentry
E4M
eCryptfs
FileVault
FreeOTFE
GBDE
geli
LUKS
PGPDisk
Private Disk
Scramdisk
Sentry 2020
TrueCrypt
History
VeraCrypt
Anonymity
GNUnet
I2P
Java Anon Proxy
Tor
Vidalia
RetroShare
Ricochet
Wickr
File systems (List)
EncFS
EFS
eCryptfs
LUKS
PEFS
Rubberhose
StegFS
Tahoe-LAFS
Service providers
Freenet
Tresorit
TeamDrive
Wuala
Educational
CrypTool
Related topics
Outline of cryptography
Timeline of cryptography
Hash functions
Cryptographic hash function
List of hash functions
S/MIME
Category
Commons
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Internet censorship circumvention technologies
Background
Internet censorship
Internet censorship in China
National intranet
Censorship and blocking technologies
IP address blocking
DNS cache pollution
Wordfilter
Great Firewall of China
Blocks on specific websites
Wikipedia
Facebook
Twitter
Principles
With a proxy server
P2P
Web proxies
SSH
VPN
PAC
Without a proxy server
HTTPS
IPv6 transition mechanism
hosts
DNSCrypt
Anti-censorship software
Free software
Lantern
Psiphon
GoAgent
GoProxy
Shadowsocks
V2Ray
VPN Gate
Proprietary software
Freegate
Ultrasurf
Hotspot Shield
fqrouter
GPass
Xiaoyaoyou
Huofenghuang
Garden Networks
Puff
West Wing plan
Telex
FreeBrowser
Integrated into browsers
X browser (supporting Android only)
Xingyuan browser (supporting Windows only)
Changyou Wuxian browser
Xskywalker (Tianxing browser)
Browser extensions
uProxy
Hongxing
Anonymity
Anonymous software
Tor
I2P
JAP
Anonymous P2P network
ZeroNet
Freenet
StealthNet
Relevant organizations
GreatFire
FreeWeibo
FreeBrowser
Turkey Blocks
Relevant events
2016 Chinese meme war on Facebook
Reference
Program Think Blog
Great Cannon
Strike through: the maintainers have stopped maintenance
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_private_network&oldid=837892967"
Categories:
Network architecture
Computer network security
Internet privacy
Crypto-anarchism
Virtual private networks
Hidden categories:
Pages using RFC magic links
Articles needing cleanup from November 2016
All pages needing cleanup
Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2016
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
All articles that may contain original research
Articles that may contain original research from June 2013
Articles needing additional references from August 2016
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Piemontèis
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
45 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 April 2018, at 17:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/VPN_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
VPN (disambiguation)

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: img

tag: b

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_list
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Embedded list

tag: i

tag: small

tag: tbody

tag: table

attr: class role

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value:
/wiki/Point-to-point_(network_topology)
mw-redirect
Point-to-point (network topology)

value:
/wiki/Dial-up_modem
mw-redirect
Dial-up modem

value:
/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Security
mw-redirect
Internet Protocol Security

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6434

value:
/wiki/Network_Address_Translation
mw-redirect
Network Address Translation

value:
/wiki/Two-factor_authentication
mw-redirect
Two-factor authentication

value:
/wiki/Digital_certificates
mw-redirect
Digital certificates

value: Edit section: Provider-provisioned VPN building-blocks

value: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2013)

value:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Multiprotocol_label_switching
mw-redirect
Multiprotocol label switching

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2013)

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4026

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2547

value: Edit section: User-visible PPVPN services

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3378

value: Edit section: OSI Layer 3 PPVPN architectures

value:
/wiki/Label_Switch_Router
mw-redirect
Label Switch Router

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)

value:
/wiki/Multi-Protocol_Label_Switching
mw-redirect
Multi-Protocol Label Switching

value: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

value: Edit section: VPNs in mobile environments

value:
/wiki/Public_safety
mw-redirect
Public safety

value:
/wiki/Computer-assisted_dispatch
mw-redirect
Computer-assisted dispatch

value:
/wiki/Network_tunnel
mw-redirect
Network tunnel

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)

value: Comparison of virtual private network services

value: Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network

value:
/wiki/Microsoft_Technet
mw-redirect
Microsoft Technet

value:
nofollow
external text
http://cb.vu/unixtoolbox.xhtml#vpn

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2547.txt

value:
nofollow
external text
http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc3378

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1918.txt

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2917

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2918

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1702

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2661

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2661.txt

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2341.txt

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2341

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2637.txt

value:
external mw-magiclink-rfc
nofollow
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2637

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0010-3632

value:
/wiki/Communications_protocol
mw-redirect
Communications protocol

value: Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Template:Internet censorship circumvention technologies

value: Template talk:Internet censorship circumvention technologies

value: DNS cache pollution (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China
mw-redirect
Great Firewall of China

value:
/wiki/Web_proxies
mw-redirect
Web proxies

value: Puff (proprietary internet censorship circumvention software) (page does not exist)

value: Changyou Wuxian browser (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/2016_Chinese_meme_war_on_Facebook
mw-redirect
2016 Chinese meme war on Facebook

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Category:Articles needing cleanup from November 2016

value: Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from November 2016

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

value: Category:All articles that may contain original research

value: Category:Articles that may contain original research from June 2013

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2016

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Virtual_private_network
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: شبكة خاصة افتراضية – Arabic

value: Virtual özəl şəbəkələr (VPN) – Azerbaijani

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

value: Виртуална частна мрежа – Bulgarian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value: Εικονικό ιδιωτικό δίκτυο – Greek

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

value:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value: شبکه خصوصی مجازی – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

value: 가상 사설망 – Korean

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

value:
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Kazakh
kk
kk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

value: Виртуелна приватна мрежа – Macedonian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

value: ပုံရိပ် ကိုယ်ပိုင်ကွန်ယက် – Burmese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

value:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

value:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vpn
Vpn – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

value:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

value: Virtual private network – Simple English

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

value: Virtuelna privatna mreža – Serbo-Croatian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

value: மெய்நிகர் தனியார் பிணையம் – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value: เครือข่ายส่วนตัวเสมือน – Thai

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN
VPN – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

value: 虛擬私人網路 – Chinese

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Virtual_private_network rootpage-Virtual_private_network skin-vector action-view