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List of Last Tango in Halifax episodes
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Main article: Last Tango in Halifax
Last Tango in Halifax
Genre
Drama
Written by
Sally Wainwright
Starring
Derek Jacobi
Anne Reid
Sarah Lancashire
Nicola Walker
Composer(s)
Murray Gold
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
4
No. of episodes
20 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Nicola Shindler
Location(s)
Yorkshire
Running time
60 minutes
Production company(s)
Red Production Company
Release
Original network
BBC One
Original release
20 November 2012 (2012-11-20) – present
External links
Website
Production website
Last Tango in Halifax is a British drama series on BBC One. First broadcast on 20 November 2012, twenty episodes have aired. Screenwriter, Sally Wainwright, loosely adapted the story of her mother's second marriage.[1] Starring Derek Jacobi and Anne Reid as Alan and Celia, former childhood sweethearts, who are now in their seventies. Reunited via Facebook, they meet, fall in love, and plan to marry. Reid and Jacobi enjoyed having the chance to play out a love story between older people.[2][3][4] Sarah Lancashire and Nicola Walker star as Caroline, Celia's daughter, and Gillian, Alan's daughter, respectively. Other characters are played by Nina Sosanya, Tony Gardner, Ronni Ancona, Dean Andrews, Sacha Dhawan and Josh Bolt.
The first series of Last Tango In Halifax aired between 20 November and 19 December 2012. It was the UK's highest rated new mid-week television drama of 2012 and was re-commissioned for a second series.[5] The second series aired from 19 November 2013 to 24 December 2013. The series was re-commissioned for a third series on 24 December 2013, ahead of the final episode of the second series.[6] The third series aired from 28 December 2014 to 1 February 2015.[7] Following the end of the final episode of series three, the BBC announced that a fourth series had been commissioned. Series 4 was broadcast on 19 and 20 December 2016.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Series overview
2 Episodes
2.1 Series 1 (2012)
2.2 Series 2 (2013)
2.3 Series 3 (2014-2015)
2.4 Series 4 (2016)
3 References
4 External links
Series overview[edit]
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
Ave. UK viewers
(millions)
First aired
Last aired
1 6 20 November 2012 19 December 2012 7.32
2 6 19 November 2013 24 December 2013 7.10
3 6 28 December 2014 1 February 2015 7.79[9]
4 2 19 December 2016 20 December 2016 7.26[9]
Episodes[edit]
Series 1 (2012)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Ratings (in millions)[10]
Sourced by BARB.
Original airdate
1
"Episode 1" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 7.30[11] 20 November 2012 (2012-11-20)[12]
Recently widowed Celia Dawson (Anne Reid) contacts Alan Buttershaw (Derek Jacobi) — a former romantic interest whom she has not seen in 60 years — on the social networking site Facebook. Celia's daughter Caroline (Sarah Lancashire) is surprised by the revelation, though distracted by her own romantic problems involving her adulterous husband (Tony Gardner) and her own affair with a female colleague, Kate (Nina Sosanya). Alan and Celia meet in Skipton and immediately rekindle their friendship. Celia's car is later damaged in pursuit of a young man who stole Alan's vehicle. Caroline and Alan's daughter Gillian (Nicola Walker) clash on first encounter after rushing to collect their parents; both are shocked to discover that Alan and Celia plan to marry.
2
"Episode 2" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 6.78[13] 27 November 2012 (2012-11-27)[14]
Caroline is worried her affair with Kate may become public knowledge as she considers taking back her adulterous husband John. Widowed Gillian, meanwhile, continues a reckless sexual relationship with Paul (Sacha Dhawan), a man half her age. Alan and Celia enjoy the new lease on life they have discovered and decide to buy a new sports car as an engagement present to each other. As the families come together to celebrate Alan and Celia's engagement, Gillian's son Raff (Josh Bolt) is arrested for assaulting Paul, whilst Caroline's son William (Edward Ashley) reveals that John is still in contact with his lover Judith (Ronni Ancona). John is consequently abandoned at Gillian's farm as everybody else leaves.
3
"Episode 3" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 7.51[15] 4 December 2012 (2012-12-04)[16]
A badly beaten Paul moves in with Gillian, whilst Raff moves in with his paternal uncle Robbie (Dean Andrews), who blames Gillian for her husband's death. Meanwhile, John returns to Caroline's house and they furiously argue about his right to continue living there; their shouting is overheard by a bemused Alan and Celia. Caroline confesses to Kate that she finds it difficult to express her emotions honestly. Alan and Celia begin looking at wedding venues. A Church of England vicar discourages them from having a church wedding, as neither party has attended services in more than 30 years. Celia and Alan discuss politics and religion, and the liberal Alan is surprised by Celia's conservative views. They visit a stately home in Southowram as a possible wedding venue but become locked inside overnight.
4
"Episode 4" Sam Donovan Sally Wainwright 7.33[17] 11 December 2012 (2012-12-11)[18]
Alan and Celia spend a night in Southowram Hall. Gillian and Caroline are unable to make contact with their parents, neither of whom has a mobile phone signal. Gillian's worry prompts Raff and Robbie to visit, and they become closer. Caroline spends the night at Gillian's whilst awaiting news of Alan and Celia, and the two women bond over their fears and their respective problems with children and partners. Paul works out that Alan and Celia may have been visiting Southowram Hall, and the police eventually find them. Caroline grows frustrated with John and admits to seeing an unnamed other.
5
"Episode 5" Sam Donovan Sally Wainwright 7.49[19] 18 December 2012 (2012-12-18)[20]
Alan confides his darkest secret to Celia: that when Gillian's less-than-ideal husband Eddie attempted suicide, he did not die immediately, and she refrained from calling an ambulance; because he did not tell that to the police, Alan holds himself partly responsible for the man's death. Under the influence of alcohol, Gillian sleeps with the troubled John. Caroline meanwhile, prepares to go public about her lesbian relationship with Kate. Whilst William had suspected the relationship and is happy for her, Lawrence (Louis Greatorex), Caroline's younger son, is upset and confused. Caroline's birthday evening with Kate and her two sons is ruined by the arrival of an extremely drunk Judith, who ends up in accident and emergency. John discovers that Caroline is seeing Kate, and informs Celia.
6
"Episode 6" Sam Donovan Sally Wainwright 7.48[19] 19 December 2012 (2012-12-19)[21]
Celia refuses to accept Caroline's relationship with Kate; her homophobic views shock Alan, who implores her to give Kate a chance. Celia agrees to meet Kate at a dinner party hosted by Caroline. However, Celia's bigotry and hostility towards Kate ruins the evening, leading Alan to call off the wedding and driving a wedge between Caroline and Kate. Caroline and Celia have a blazing row, trading insults and expletives. Celia realises that her behaviour had made her daughter unhappy and visits Kate, apologising for her own behaviour and imploring Kate to give Caroline another chance. Alan, meanwhile, suffers a heart attack. Celia realises that she may have lost everything and rushes to his bedside. They reconcile and decide the wedding will go ahead.
The first series ends with a flashback to 60 years ago, showing the teenage Alan (Nico Mirallegro) asking Celia on a date, just as the present-day Alan regains consciousness. Prior to the closing credits, a dedication to Alec Walker (1929–2009), who inspired the character of Alan Buttershaw, is shown.
Series 2 (2013)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Ratings (in millions)[10]
Sourced by BARB; figures show consolidated audience of first showing.
Original airdate
7
"Episode 1" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 7.42[22] 19 November 2013 (2013-11-19)[23]
Alan recuperates in hospital from his heart attack. Meanwhile, Gillian is contacted by John, who claims to have fallen in love with her. Unsettled, Gillian confesses to Caroline that she had a one night stand with John. Alan and Celia decide to get married as quickly as possible, with minimum fuss, and book an appointment at the register office. After finding out about Gillian's sexual encounter with John, Alan tells her that both he and his late wife were ashamed of her morals, mentioning an abortion she had at age fifteen. At the end of the episode Gillian discovers Alan and Celia's appointment card for the register office on the morning of their wedding.
8
"Episode 2" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 7.60[24] 26 November 2013 (2013-11-26)[25]
Alan and Celia get married, persuading two passersby to act as witnesses. Gillian turns up at the register office and expresses her feelings of hurt and rejection at not being invited to the ceremony. She is convinced that Alan and Celia think less of her than Caroline's family because of their differing social class. Caroline seeks to secure funds to buy John out of their house. To achieve this she needs financial support from both Celia and Kate, and asks Kate to move in with her. Kate tells Caroline that, because she is nearing her 42nd birthday, she wants a baby of her own before it is too late. Gillian discovers that Raff's girlfriend Ellie (Katherine Rose Morley) is eight months pregnant. Alan and Celia arrive to provide support, and after Ellie goes into labour, Alan welcomes a great-granddaughter.
9
"Episode 3" Euros Lyn Sally Wainwright 5.96[26] 3 December 2013 (2013-12-03)[27]
Maurice (Roy Barraclough) is hurt by Alan having married quietly without inviting his friends. Later, Celia relays to Robbie that Gillian had an abortion at the age of fifteen; he realises it was his child she aborted, causing fractures in their relationship. Meanwhile, Kate tells Caroline she has chosen her friend Greg as a sperm donor, while Alan and Celia plan to buy a bungalow. With Robbie absent, and Raff and Ellie neglecting the baby, Gillian is left to look after her granddaughter. John arrives to support her, and she tells him of her doubts about Robbie's suitability for her, given the fact she did not take the necessary action to prevent Eddie's death. Alan tells Celia that Gillian had actually killed Eddie with a block of wood following Eddie's apparent suicide attempt.
10
"Episode 4" Jill Robertson Sally Wainwright 7.15[28] 10 December 2013 (2013-12-10)[29]
Alan muses about whether or not the coroner's verdict of suicide regarding Eddie was correct. On what was supposed to be a romantic birthday weekend getaway Kate is angered by Caroline's continuing reluctance to publicly acknowledge her and Kate's relationship. Kate and Greg reminisce about their university days, excluding Caroline, and Caroline reacts badly. Kate tells her the next morning that she believes Caroline is too old to change, and their relationship is over, having never properly started. Judith arrives at Gillian's and accuses John of plagiarism, as his novel was inspired by her idea to write a novel based on Celia and Alan's romance. John's infatuation and one night stand with Gillian is revealed in front of Robbie, inciting Robbie to punch John and walk out again. At Caroline's, Celia and Alan deal with a drunken Lawrence and a shaken William, who has been assaulted at a cashpoint. Alan is devastated by the news of Maurice's sudden death. At the wake, he and Celia decide to marry a second time so that this time they can share the day with family and friends.
11
"Episode 5" Jill Robertson Sally Wainwright 7.06[30] 17 December 2013 (2013-12-17)[31]
Three months after the previous episode, William leaves for university, and Lawrence tells his mother he wants to live with his dad, who is now co-habitating with a pregnant Judith. Gillian is jealous of Robbie's new partner, Cheryl (Rachel Leskovac). Kate reveals she is twelve weeks pregnant; though Caroline is restrained in her presence, she is later overcome with emotion. Gillian volunteers her and Caroline's services to plan Alan and Celia's second wedding. Alan and Celia visit Celia's estranged sister Muriel (Gemma Jones), whom Celia fell out with when Muriel married a man whom Celia had been attracted to. After a day out together researching the wedding, a drunken Gillian tells Caroline she deliberately killed her husband and staged his suicide, as she could take no more of his abuse and feared he'd one day kill her.
12
"Episode 6" Jill Robertson Sally Wainwright 7.40[32] 24 December 2013 (2013-12-24)[33]
Caroline promises Gillian she will keep her secret. Caroline implores Kate to give her another chance and let her learn from her mistakes. When Kate is rushed to hospital, Caroline drops everything to check that she and the baby are safe and well. Alan visits his first wife's grave and talks about Celia, seeking her blessing. In the days before the wedding, Alan's brother Ted (Timothy West) makes a surprise appearance from New Zealand. At Alan's stag party, Alan and Raff encourage Robbie to pursue Gillian, as they believe they are right for each other. Meanwhile, Celia puts her differences with Muriel behind her and tells her of her own unhappy first marriage. The wedding takes place on Christmas Eve, with Kate playing the piano at Celia's request, and Caroline taking on the traditional duties of the bride's father. At the wedding dance, Gillian flirts with Robbie and Kate asks Caroline to dance, with the two women promising to commit to each other. The episode ends with Kate and Caroline, and Alan and Celia happy together, whilst John and Gillian demonstrate unease at their individual predicaments.
Series 3 (2014-2015)[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Ratings (in millions)[10]
Sourced by BARB.
Original airdate
13
"Episode 1" Nigel Cole Sally Wainwright 7.89[9] 28 December 2014 (2014-12-28)[7]
On Valentine's Day, Alan and Celia enjoy a romantic dinner, whilst Caroline proposes to a now heavily pregnant Kate, and Gillian goes on a date with a man named Gary (Rupert Graves). It soon transpires that Gary is Alan's son, a product of a brief affair he had in the 1960s. Both Caroline and Alan are afraid of how Celia might take the news, given the unhappiness caused by her first husband's adultery. Meanwhile, the news of Caroline and Kate's upcoming wedding brings out Celia's latent prejudices and an incident of homophobic bullying directed towards Lawrence. John returns to seek solace from Caroline and her family in the wake of Judith's suffering a miscarriage, whilst Gillian has another casual fling with Robbie, despite his ongoing relationship with Cheryl. At the end of the episode Gillian takes Celia shopping for a wedding outfit, so that Alan can sneak off and visit Gary behind his wife's back.
14
"Episode 2" Nigel Cole Sally Wainwright 7.47[9] 4 January 2015 (2015-01-04)
Alan's encounter with Gary leaves him enamoured. Meanwhile, as Judith has moved away to St Albans, John moves into Caroline's spare room, making Kate feel uncomfortable. Gillian loses her job at the supermarket after Cheryl publicly humiliates her. Celia is devastated after Alan reveals his secret child, infuriated by his dishonesty and unsure of how to progress in their marriage. She refuses to meet Gary after he invites all of Alan's family to dinner, and moves back to Harrogate to have some space and be close to Caroline. Alan, Raff, and Gillian are impressed by Gary's success after learning how as a young entrepreneur he eventually acquired a multimillion pound empire. Despite Caroline's efforts to counter her mother's despondency, Celia rejects both Alan and Caroline, refusing to attend her daughter's wedding. Caroline warns her mother that this may irrevocably damage their relationship. When Alan turns up alone at the register office prior to the wedding she lashes out at him, telling his presence is not required without Celia — something she had also said (almost word-for-word) to her father when he showed up at her doctoral graduation and Celia didn't.
15
"Episode 3" Nigel Cole Sally Wainwright 7.43[9] 11 January 2015 (2015-01-11)
Caroline and Kate exchange vows and rings in the company of friends, colleagues, and Caroline's eldest son William (now Dean Smith). Robbie tells Gillian he wants to marry her and wishes to support her financially. After John drives Alan back to the farm, he gets drunk with Gillian, and they sleep together. Following the departure of the wedding guests, Celia visits Caroline and enquires about her day. Caroline is angered and hurt by her mother's behaviour, and uninterested in Celia's marital problems. The next day, Gillian tells John he is a bad influence on her, and she cannot be with him, opting instead to accept Robbie's proposal. Celia attempts to repair her relationship with Alan by meeting Gary and spending the afternoon with Alan's extended family. Caroline is distraught when Kate is critically injured in a car accident. Alan and Celia rush to support and console her, and Caroline makes amends with Alan following her words at the wedding. They learn the baby has been delivered safely; Caroline breaks down in tears after hearing further information from the surgeon.
16
"Episode 4" Syd Macartney Sally Wainwright 7.84[9] 18 January 2015 (2015-01-18)
On the morning of Kate's funeral, Caroline decides to name their baby Flora Grace. At the wake, Caroline bonds with Kate's mother (Michelle Hurst) but is perturbed when Greg offers to provide paternal support to her and Kate's child. Meanwhile, Celia is furious when she catches Alan sneaking a cigarette, in spite of his heart condition. Caroline, struggling with her bereavement and postpartum depression, leans on Celia's emotional support. Raff is delighted that Gillian and Robbie are getting married, though Gillian is anxious for Caroline to keep her secret. Gary becomes increasingly paranoid when neither Gillian nor Alan is willing to get in touch. Unwilling to give up her career or place too much of a burden on her elderly parents, Caroline hires ex-pupil Holly (Cara Theobold) to be Flora's nanny.
17
"Episode 5" Syd Macartney Sally Wainwright 7.94[9] 25 January 2015 (2015-01-25)[34]
Lawrence's behaviour at school becomes disruptive, leading Caroline to suspend him. Alan starts to distance himself from Gary when Gary's behaviour becomes increasingly needy and obsessive. Gary offers to pay for Gillian's wedding and to put Raff through an accountancy apprenticeship in his business, though she is unhappy with both suggestions. Meanwhile, Caroline is incredulous when John suggests they give their relationship another go. When Holly is revealed to be an alcoholic, Caroline invites Greg, a successful comic book artist, to become Flora's live-in sitter. Greg bonds with Flora, impresses both Caroline and Celia, and manages to win round Lawrence to his half-sister. Gillian discovers that Gary has divulged the secret of his true parentage to the press, which greatly embarrasses Alan.
18
"Episode 6" Syd Macartney Sally Wainwright 8.16[9] 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01)
Caroline prepares to drive Gillian to the wedding, but her step-sister has cold feet. Flashbacks reveal that she accepted Gary's offer of a lavish wedding out of guilt at Alan's having rejected him, and she cheated on her fiance twice; once with a colleague (Jaz Martin) after Robbie insulted her, and again with John. She has also learnt that Robbie knew that his brother had abused her and did not intervene. After a series of delays, Caroline, Gillian, and Alan arrive at the venue. With encouragement from Caroline, Gillian marries Robbie, not wishing to cause a scene or stand him up. Later, Celia helps Alan and Gary make peace, Gary having apologised for his behaviour. Caroline reflects on the tragedy of her own short-lived marriage, realising just how much she loves Flora and that she cannot keep holding on to the image of Kate's "ghost". As she prepares to visit Kate's mother in New York, Gary upgrades Alan and Celia's tickets for their belated honeymoon to New Zealand and Australia, whilst Gillian and Robbie are to have use of his apartment in Mallorca for their own honeymoon.
Series 4 (2016)[edit]
Series Four consists of two episodes featured as Christmas Specials.[35]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
UK viewers
(in millions)
Original air date
19
"Episode 1" Juliet May Sally Wainwright 7.30 19 December 2016 (2016-12-19)
20
"Episode 2" Juliet May Sally Wainwright 7.21 20 December 2016 (2016-12-20)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Interview with writer, Sally Wainwright". BBC Press Office. BBC Online. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Anne Reid interview". The Telegraph. 19 November 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anne Reid's slow-burn success: The Our Zoo star on the surgeon's knife, bedding Daniel Craig and having a late-blooming career". The Independent. 6 September 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax on BBC1 tonight with Sarah Lancashire, Derek Jacobi, Anne Reid and Nicola Walker". Scunthorpe Telegraph. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Daisy (11 December 2012). "BBC One drama Last Tango in Halifax re-commissioned for second series". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC One commissions third series of Last Tango In Halifax". BBC Media Centre. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Last Tango in Halifax, Series 3 Episode 1". BBC. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Gill, James (2 February 2015). "Last Tango in Halifax series four confirmed". Radio Times. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Based on 28 day consolidated ratings data from BARB
^ Jump up to: a b c "Viewing Data — Top Tens". BARB. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 25 November 2012". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 1". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 2 December 2014". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 2". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 9 December 2012". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 3". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 16 December 2012". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 4". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 23 December 2012". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 5". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 6". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 24 November 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 1". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 1 December 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 2". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 8 December 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 3". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 15 December 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 4". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 10 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 22 December 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 5". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 24 November 2013". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Last Tango in Halifax: Episode 6". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Top 30 Programmes: BBC1 w/e 25 January 2015".
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03h4107/episodes/guide
External links[edit]
Last Tango in Halifax at BBC Programmes
Last Tango in Halifax at British Comedy Guide
Last Tango in Halifax on IMDb
Last Tango in Halifax on PBS
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Last_Tango_in_Halifax_episodes&oldid=837862166"
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"Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)"
Single by Waylon Jennings
from the album Music Man
B-side
"It's Alright"
Released
August 1980
Format
7"
Recorded
1980
Genre
Country
Length
2:06
Label
RCA 12067
Songwriter(s)
Waylon Jennings
Producer(s)
Richie Albright
Waylon Jennings singles chronology
"Clyde"
(1980) "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)"
(1980) "Storms Never Last"
(1981)
"Clyde"
(1980) "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)"
(1980) "Storms Never Last"
(duet with Jessi Colter)
(1981)
The "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)" is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Waylon Jennings. It was released in August 1980 as the second single from the album Music Man. Recognizable to fans as the theme to the CBS comedy adventure television series The Dukes of Hazzard, the song became a #1 hit on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in 1980.
Contents
[hide]
1 Song history
2 Commercial performance
2.1 Charts
3 Other versions
4 Other artists
5 References
6 Further reading
Song history[edit]
As the narrator for the movie Moonrunners (1975), Jennings was tapped to serve in the same capacity for The Dukes of Hazzard which premiered on CBS in 1979 and was based on Moonrunners. Jennings wrote the theme song for the show and recorded two versions: the television theme version and a slightly different version made commercially available on both single and album which received radio airplay.[1]
The television show version features Larry McNeely's banjo work which the commercially available version does not. Additionally, the television version's third verse contains the lyric, "Fightin' the system like two modern-day Robin Hoods", which is accompanied by a "Yee-haw!" said by characters, Bo Duke (John Schneider) and Luke Duke (Tom Wopat), though it is in fact Schneider's vocal used twice.
The commercially available version receiving radio airplay contains a musical bridge which follows the first verse and chorus. Also, following the commercial version's second chorus, Jennings makes a tongue-in-cheek reference to his faceless appearance in the credits by singing, "I'm a good ol' boy, you know my mama loves me, but she don't understand why they keep showing my hands and not my face on TV" (a statement referring to the opening shot in the television theme version where Jennings is only shown below the neck playing guitar).
Most of Jennings' greatest hits albums and various compilation releases containing the "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)" feature the commercially available version.
Commercial performance[edit]
In November 1980, "Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard (Good Ol' Boys)" became Jennings' twelfth #1 country hit overall (tenth as a solo recording act). The song spent seventeen weeks on the Billboard country singles charts and became his biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #21.[2] It also appeared on several other music charts. The original 1980 single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales over a million. Subsequent to the 2005 movie, the song was certified platinum in 2007 for a million ringtone sales.[3] Note: the certification sales qualification levels had been changed in 1989.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1980)
Peak
position
New Zealand Singles Chart 26
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 2
US Billboard Hot 100[4] 21
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 1
U.S. Cashbox Top 100 22
Other versions[edit]
The song was covered by the Swedish Lo-fi-group Loosegoats on their demo For Sale by Owner but has never been featured on any of their full-length albums.
Rapper Lil Wyte sampled the song on his song "Comin' Yo Direction" off his album Doubt Me Now.
Other artists[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Waylon Jennings' son Shooter Jennings is known for singing "Good ol' Boys" at the Dukefests, which honor the series, and his late father.
Along with Willie Nelson and Ben L. Jones (Cooter on the series), Waylon Jennings sang the song in an extended version.
Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song while driving The General Lee for their album The Chipmunks Go Hollywood (1982).
In 2006, John Schneider (Bo Duke), Tom Wopat (Luke Duke), and Catherine Bach (Daisy Duke) made a music video, as seen on the 7th Season DVD of the series. John Schneider also covered the song.[6]
In The Dukes of Hazzard film adaptation (2005), a recording of Waylon Jennings was used in one scene, also, as heard on the soundtrack, by Willie Nelson (Uncle Jesse in the film).
In the film The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning (2007), country singer John Anderson sings the theme.
Rock band Cage9, performed a cover version of the song was heard in the trailers from the same two films.
Nike used the song in an advertising campaign featuring NFL star Randy Moss and NBA star Jason Williams, who were teammates in the same high school in rural Belle, West Virginia.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roland, Tom, "The Billboard of Number One Country Hits" (Billboard Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1991 (ISBN 0-82-307553-2)), p. 426-427
Jump up ^ Bruce Eder (1996-11-05). "Television's Greatest Hits, Vol. 6 - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum Certification - RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Waylon Jennings Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Waylon Jennings Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Good Ol' Boys by John Schneider". YouTube. 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
Further reading[edit]
Whitburn, Joel, "Top Country Songs: 1944-2005," 2006.
Whitburn, Joel, "Top Pop Singles: 1955-2006," 2007.
Preceded by
"I Believe in You"
by Don Williams Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
November 1, 1980 Succeeded by
"On the Road Again"
by Willie Nelson
[hide]
v
t
e
Waylon Jennings
Albums
Singles
Studio albums
Waylon at JD's
Folk-Country
Leavin' Town
Nashville Rebel
Waylon Sings Ol' Harlan
Love of the Common People
The One and Only
Hangin' On
Only the Greatest
Jewels
Just to Satisfy You
Waylon
Singer of Sad Songs
The Taker/Tulsa
Cedartown, Georgia
Good Hearted Woman
Ladies Love Outlaws
Lonesome, On'ry and Mean
Honky Tonk Heroes
This Time
The Ramblin' Man
Dreaming My Dreams
Are You Ready for the Country
Ol' Waylon
I've Always Been Crazy
What Goes Around Comes Around
Music Man
Black on Black
It's Only Rock + Roll
Waylon and Company
Never Could Toe the Mark
Turn the Page
Sweet Mother Texas
Will the Wolf Survive
Hangin' Tough
A Man Called Hoss
Full Circle
The Eagle
Too Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A.
Ol' Waylon Sings Ol' Hank
Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt
Waymore's Blues (Part II)
Right for the Time
Closing In on the Fire
Waylon Forever
Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings
Live albums
Waylon Live
Never Say Die: Live
Live from Austin, TX
Never Say Die: The Final Concert
Notable singles
1960s
"That's the Chance I'll Have to Take"
"Stop the World (And Let Me Off)"
"Anita, You're Dreaming"
"Time to Bum Again"
"(That's What You Get) For Lovin' Me"
"Green River"
"Mental Revenge"
"The Chokin' Kind"
"Walk On Out of My Mind"
"I Got You" with Anita Carter
"Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line"
"Yours Love"
"Something's Wrong in California"
"The Days of Sand and Shovels"
"Brown Eyed Handsome Man"
1970s
"Singer of Sad Songs"
"The Taker"
"(Don't Let the Sun Set on You) Tulsa"
"Mississippi Woman"
"Under Your Spell Again" with Jessi Colter
"Cedartown, Georgia"
"Good Hearted Woman"
"Sweet Dream Woman"
"Pretend I Never Happened"
"You Can Have Her"
"We Had It All"
"You Ask Me To"
"This Time"
"I'm a Ramblin' Man"
"Rainy Day Woman"
"Dreaming My Dreams with You"
"Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way"
"Bob Wills Is Still the King"
"Can't You See"
"Are You Ready for the Country"
"Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)"
"I've Always Been Crazy"
"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand"
"Amanda"
"Come With Me"
"I Ain't Living Long Like This"
1980s – 1990s
"Clyde"
"Good Ol' Boys"
"Storms Never Last" with Jessi Colter
"Shine"
"Just to Satisfy You" with Willie Nelson
"Women Do Know How to Carry On"
"Lucille (You Won't Do Your Daddy's Will)"
"Breakin' Down"
"Hold On, I'm Comin'" with Jerry Reed
"The Conversation" with Hank Williams Jr.
"I May Be Used (But Baby I Ain't Used Up)"
"Never Could Toe the Mark"
"America"
"Waltz Me to Heaven"
"Drinkin' and Dreamin'"
"The Devil's on the Loose"
"Working Without a Net"
"Will the Wolf Survive"
"What You'll Do When I'm Gone"
"Rose in Paradise"
"Fallin' Out"
"My Rough and Rowdy Days"
"If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now"
"How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A."
"Which Way Do I Go (Now That I'm Gone)"
"Trouble Man"
"You Put the Soul in the Song"
"Wrong"
"Where Corn Don't Grow"
"What Bothers Me Most"
"The Eagle"
"Just Talkin'"
"Too Dumb for New York City"
"Wild Ones"
"I Know About Me Don't Know About You"
"Outlaw Shit"
Collaborations
Waylon & Willie
Albums: Waylon & Willie
WWII
Take It to the Limit
Clean Shirt
Super Hits
Singles: "The Wurlitzer Prize (I Don't Want to Get Over You)"
"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys"
"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay"
"Take It to the Limit"
"If I Can Find a Clean Shirt"
Other collaborations
Country-Folk with The Kimberlys
Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter
Heroes with Johnny Cash
Old 97's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97's
Collaboration singles
"MacArthur Park" with The Kimberlys
"Suspicious Minds" with Jessi Colter
"Good Hearted Woman" with Willie Nelson (Re-recording)
"Suspicious Minds" with Jessi Colter (Re-release from Wanted! The Outlaws)
"There Ain't No Good Chain Gang" with Johnny Cash
"Wish I Was Crazy Again" with Johnny Cash
"The Wild Side of Life/It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" with Jessi Colter
"Leave Them Boys Alone" with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb
"Even Cowgirls Get the Blues" with Johnny Cash
"Ballad of Forty Dollars" with Johnny Cash
"Somewhere Between Ragged and Right" with John Anderson
"High Ridin' Heroes" with David Lynn Jones
"One Good Love" with Neil Diamond
Compilations
The Best of Waylon Jennings
Don't Think Twice
Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town
Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line
Heartaches by the Number
Greatest Hits
Waylon's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2
The Best of Waylon
New Classic Waylon
Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line: The RCA Years
The Journey: Six Strings Away
The Journey: Destiny's Child
The Restless Kid: Live at JD's
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Waylon Jennings
RCA Country Legends
Ultimate Waylon Jennings
16 Biggest Hits
Nashville Rebel
The Essential Waylon Jennings
Related
The Waylors
Outlaw country
Wanted! The Outlaws
"We Are the World"
The Highwaymen
Old Dogs
Jessi Colter
Waylon Albright "Shooter" Jennings
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theme_from_The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(Good_Ol%27_Boys)&oldid=816261814"
Categories:
1980 singles
Waylon Jennings songs
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
Television theme songs
The Dukes of Hazzard
Songs written by Waylon Jennings
RCA Records singles
1980 songs
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text:
Flag of Venezuela
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Venezuela
Use
Civil flag and ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
March 12, 2006
Design
A horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue and red with the National Coat of Arms on the upper hoist-side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered on the blue band.
Variant flag of Venezuela
Use
State and war flag, state and naval ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
March 12, 2006
Design
A horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue and red with an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered on the blue band.
Variant flag of Venezuela
Use
Naval Jack
The current flag of Venezuela was introduced in 2006. The basic design includes a horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue, and red, dating to the original flag introduced in 1811, in the Venezuelan War of Independence. Further modifications have involved including a set of stars, multiple changes to the placement and number of stars and inclusion of an optional coat of arms at the upper-left corner.
Contents
[hide]
1 Original flag
2 Colors and symbolism
3 19th-century changes
4 1954 changes
5 2006 changes
6 Customs and regulations
6.1 Folding the flag
7 Flag anthem
8 Student Oath to the Flag
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Original flag[edit]
Detail of The Battle of Carabobo (1887) by Martín Tovar y Tovar
The flag is essentially the one designed by Francisco de Miranda for his unsuccessful 1806 expedition to liberate Venezuela and later adopted by the National Congress of 1811. It consisted of three equal horizontal stripes of yellow, blue and red. Miranda's flag is also the inspiration for the flags of Colombia and Ecuador. This original design was first flown on March 12, 1806 at Jacmel, Haiti as Miranda's expedition prepared to make the final leg of its voyage to Venezuela. The flag was first flown over Venezuelan soil at La Vela de Coro, on August 3. Until August 3, 2006, Flag Day was celebrated in Venezuela on March 12. Since 2006 it has been celebrated on August 3.
Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to Count Semyon Vorontsov in 1792, Miranda stated that the colors were based on a theory of primary colors given to him by the German writer and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Miranda described a late-night conversation he had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated with Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him that, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted.” He proceeded to clarify what he meant by this:
"First he explained to me the way the iris transforms light into the three primary colors […] then he proved to me why yellow is the most warm, noble and closest to [white] light; why blue is that mix of excitement and serenity, a distance that evokes shadows; and why red is the exaltation of yellow and blue, the synthesis, the vanishing of light into shadow.
It is not that the world is made of yellows, blues and reds; it is that in this manner, as if in an infinite combination of these three colors, we human beings see it. […] A country starts out from a name and a flag, and it then becomes them, just as a man fulfils his destiny."
After Miranda later designed his flag based on this conversation, he happily recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar-colored flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage.[1]
In his military diary, Miranda gave another source of inspiration: the yellow, blue and red standard of the Burgers' Guard (Bürgerwache) of Hamburg, which he also saw during his travels in Germany.[2] The idea of the flag is documented in his 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet. In it Miranda requested the materials for "ten flags, whose colours shall be red, yellow and blue, in three zones."[3]
The symbolism traditionally ascribed to the colors are that the yellow band stands for the wealth of the land, the red for courage, and the blue for the independence from Spain, or "golden" America separated from bloody Spain by the deep blue sea.[citation needed]
Colors and symbolism[edit]
The official colors
Scheme
Yellow
Blue
Red
Pantone 116 287 186
RGB (hex) 252-209-22 (#FFCC00) 0-56-147 (#003893) 206-17-38 (#CE1126)
CMYK C0-M17.1-Y91.3-K0 C100-M61.9-Y0-K42.4 C0-M91.7-Y81.6-K19.2
According to the current interpretation, the colors signify:
Yellow: Represents the riches of the country, the wealth of Venezuelan soil, gold, sovereignty, harmony, justice and agriculture, as well as the Sun, the source of Light.
Blue: represents courage
Red: represents independence from Spain.
19th-century changes[edit]
During the first half of the 19th century, seven stars were added to the flag to represent the seven signatories to the Venezuelan declaration of independence, being the provinces of Caracas, Cumaná, Barcelona, Barinas, Margarita, Mérida, and Trujillo.
Flag of Venezuela (1810–1812)
Flag of Venezuela (1813–1814)
Flag of Venezuela (1817–1819)
Flag of Venezuela (1830–1836)
Flag of Venezuela (1836–1859)
Flag of Venezuela (1859)
Flag of Venezuela (1859–1863)
Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905)
Flag of Venezuela (1905–1930)
After the Guayana campaign, Simón Bolívar added an eighth star to the national flag (the so-called Flag of Angostura) in representation of the newly freed province. Bolívar issued the following decree:
Simón Bolívar. Supreme Leader of the Republic and Captain-in-chief of the Armies of Venezuela and Nueva Granada. Since the number of provinces that compose the Republic of Venezuela has increased with the number of stars on that the Venezuelan national flag has one more star as a symbol of the province of Guayana, in this way, from now on there will be eight stars on the flag. Signed by me, and stamped with the country's official stamp in the government palace in the city of Angostura, November 20, 1817. Simón Bolívar.[4]
1954 changes[edit]
7-star Flag of Venezuela, in use 1930–1954.
The Law of the National Flag, Coat of Arms and Anthem added the Coat of Arms to the flag on February 19, 1954. The coat of arms was not incorporated into the Civil or Maritime Flag, which is intended for non-governmental purposes, such as civilian use, merchant craft, and international sports competition.
2006 changes[edit]
7-star Flag of Venezuela with coat of arms, in use 1954–2006. Since 2006 it has used by some of the opposition parties.
In 2006 the President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced plans to add an eighth star to the flag of Venezuela to bring about a much belated fulfillment to Bolívar's 1817 decree. The eighth star represents the Guayana Province, one of the Provinces of Venezuela at the time of the declaration of independence. The changes also include a white horse galloping left instead of right, a bow and arrow representing Venezuela’s indigenous people and a machete to represent the labor of workers. Although the new flag was approved by the Venezuelan government, opposition spokesperson Óscar Pérez stated that they would not use the new flag.[5]
Customs and regulations[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
As with most other national flags, the Venezuelan flag should be flown every day by the legally registered public institutions from 7 a.m. until 6 p.m. Private institutions, businesses and citizens should fly the flag on national holidays or on days determined by the National Executive. Institutions which should fly the flag by obligation are:
The Federal Legislative Palace, when the National Assembly is in session and buildings in which a legislative council is being held,
Public national, state and municipal offices on national holidays and other days determined by special resolution of the relevant authorities,
Embassies, legations, consulates and other national agencies abroad, on national holidays or when required by the protocol of the host nation,
Miraflores Palace, the building of the office of the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, daily,
Buildings of the Armed Forces, fortresses and other military buildings, as determined by law and pertinent regulations,
Venezuelan merchant ships, using the civil ensign, since they operate in a civil capacity.
There is currently no regulation as to the dimensions of the flag, its use inside private or public institutions or by the public in general, its form and protocol. The conventions that currently exist have been freely determined. Nevertheless, educational institutions currently follow a protocol modeled on the regulations issued for the armed forces for use in raising the flag on special days.
Out of respect for the flag, popular culture holds that upon raising the flag, the national anthem should be played and all civilians present should stand still, straight, with closed hands at the sides and without any headgear, while military and police personnel out of formation must salute.[citation needed]
Folding the flag[edit]
Although there is no official regulation on the manner in which the flag should be folded, there is, as in other countries, a procedure with widespread acceptance in schools, scout groups and military institutions. Its origins are not known, but there are several possibilities, such as the adoption of the custom from other nations of the region, such as the United States, in which this singular way of folding a flag originated. In the Venezuelan case, there are two ways of folding the flag depending on whether it is a civil or state flag.
For the state flag, the flag is lowered and taken to the place where it will be folded. It is then held at all four corners by at least two people. The red stripe is folded over the blue and then the yellow over the red, so that the yellow stripe and the national arms are on top and the blue stripe with stars on the bottom. The flag is then folded under in a triangular manner from the fly to the hoist such that at the end the remaining material is tucked into the last fold and the resulting triangle is all yellow with the national arms.
For the civil flag, the flag is also lowered in the same manner as above but the yellow stripe is folded first over the blue one, then the red one over the yellow stripe, with the blue stripe and stars facing down. The flag is then folded over in a triangular manner so that the resulting triangle is only blue with stars.
Flag anthem[edit]
The flag has its own anthem, which was composed in 1889 with music by Francisco Araldi and lyrics by Zolessi Geronimo, which reads:
Himno de la Bandera
Spanish
English
Verse I
Oh, Bandera del pueblo Caribe
vivo foco de luz y de honor
en tus pliegues mi patria se exhibe
grande en gloria y rica en valor.
Oh, flag of the Caribbean people
Living focus of light and honor
in your folds my homeland is shown
great in glory and rich in valour.
Verse II
Difundiste por cumbres y llanos
la epopeya de la libertad
y dejaste sobre ambos océanos
los relumbres de la heroicidad.
You spread throughout peaks and plains
the epic of freedom
and left on both oceans
shining flashes of heroism.
Verse III
Venezuela la hermosa y pujante
en sus brazos la gloria te alzó
y en tu seno de amor palpitante
ocho estrellas de vida encendió.
Venezuela, the beautiful and thriving
in its arms glory has raised you
and in your breast of throbbing love
eight stars of life have been lit
Student Oath to the Flag[edit]
Similarly, a Flag Oath has also been written for students to be said on August 3, which is as follows:
Spanish
English
¡Bandera Mía!
¡Mi Patria eres tú!
Y la Patria es la tierra: ¡Venezuela!
Es el Llano, son los Andes, es el Mar que nos rodea.
Es la Selva y sus riquezas.
Son sus ríos.
Son sus hombres, sus mujeres y sus niños.
Es su música.
Es la Lengua Castellana en que te hablamos.
Es la Historia que es Bolívar.
¡Son mis padres, mis hermanos, mis amigos, mis maestros!.
Aquí vengo reverente,
El cariño, el respeto y la adhesión que te debemos
¡Porque eres, mi Bandera, todo eso! Y eres más.
Te prometo, cada día, ser mejor:
Estudiar con dedicación.
Ser honesto y capaz.
Contribuir a tu grandeza
Y elevar, hasta el cielo,
Esas franjas amarilla, azul y roja
¡Y entregarle ocho estrellas que le faltan!
My Flag!
My Fatherland you are!
And the Fatherland is the land: Venezuela!
It's the Plains, the Andes, and the sea that surrounds us.
It's the rainforest and its virtues.
It's its rivers.
AIt's their men, women and children.
It's its music.
It is the Spanish language with which we speak to you.
It is the history that is Bolivar.
They are my parents, my brothers, my friends, my teachers!.
Here I come in reverence,
The love, respect and commitment we owe you
Because you're my banner, all that! And you are more.
I promise you, every day, to be better:
Studying with dedication.
Being honest and capable.
To contribute to your greatness
And raise up to the sky,
Those stripes of yellow, blue and red
And give it the eight stars it's missing!
This is followed by the following pledge for those in schools:
Spanish
English
Pledge to the National Flag
Maestro:
¡Joven venezolano
que de la Bandera has hecho
una imagen de la Patria!
¡Has hecho una promesa!
¿Juras cumplirla?
Estudiantes:
¡Juramos!
Pledge to the National Flag
Teacher:
Young Venezuelans,
this Flag holds before you
an image of the Fatherland!
And it has a promise!
Do you swear to fulfill it?
Students:
Yes, we pledge!
Versions of this oath and pledge are used for the National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and the Policia Nacional Bolivariana, but in this case, only the pledge is used during graduation and passing out parades.
See also[edit]
List of flags of Venezuela
Flag of Gran Colombia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Serpa Erazo, Jorge [summary of Ricardo Silva Romero's], "La Bandera del Mundo." Pañol de la Historia. Part 1, Section 1 (July 30, 2004). ISSN 1900-3447. Retrieved on December 2, 2008
Jump up ^ Dousdebés, Pedro Julio, "Las insignias de Colombia," Boletín de historia y antigüedades, August 1937, 462, cited in Nelson González Ortega, "Formación de la iconografía nacional en Colombia: una lectura semiótico-social," Revista de Estudios Colombianos, No. 16 (1996), 20.
Jump up ^ Miranda, Francisco; Salcedo-Bastardo, Rodríguez de Alonso (1978). Colombeia: Primera parte: Miranda, súbdito español, 1750–1780. 1. Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. p. 80. ISBN 978-84-499-5163-3
Jump up ^ "Bandera de Venezuela" (in Spanish). Retrieved February 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Morsbach, Greg (March 13, 2006). "New Venezuela flag divides nation". BBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Venezuela.
Venezuela at Flags of the World
Venezuela Historical flag
Ley de Bandera, Escudo, e Himno Nacionales – Law of the National Flag, Coat of Arms and Anthem.
BBC Report on change of flag
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