text:
Vernier scale
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A close-up of a caliper's measurement scales. Assuming the caliper has no "zero error" (that is, it registers 0.00 mm when fully closed) the image shows a reading of 3.58 mm ± 0.02 mm. This is found by adding 3.00 mm (left red mark) read off from the fixed main (upper) scale to 0.58 mm (right red mark) obtained from the sliding vernier (lower) scale. The main scale reading is determined by the rightmost tick on the main scale that is to the left of the zero tick on the vernier scale. The vernier reading is found by locating the closest aligned lines between the two scales. The 0.02 mm inscription indicates the caliper's precision and is just the width that corresponds to the smallest interval on the vernier scale.
A vernier scale is a visual aid that allows the user to measure more precisely than could be done unaided when reading a uniformly divided straight or circular measurement scale. It is a subsidiary scale that indicates where the measurement lies in between two of the graduations on the main scale. Verniers are common on sextants used in navigation, scientific instruments used to conduct experiments, machinists' (or jewelers') measuring tools (all sorts, but especially calipers and micrometers) used to work materials to fine tolerances, on theodolites used in surveying, and in absolute encoders to measure linear or rotational displacements.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Construction
3 Use
4 Least count
5 Examples
6 Mechanism of a vernier scale
7 Vernier acuity
8 Zero error
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Mechanical displacement gauges with vernier scales on wall cracks (Moika Palace, Saint Petersburg).
Calipers without a vernier scale originated in ancient China as early as the Qin dynasty (AD 9).[1][2] The secondary scale, which contributed extra precision, was invented in 1631 by French mathematician Pierre Vernier (1580–1637). Its use was described in detail in English in Navigatio Britannica (1750) by mathematician and historian John Barrow.[3] While calipers are the most typical use of Vernier scales today, they were originally developed for angle-measuring instruments such as astronomical quadrants.
In some languages, the Vernier scale is called a nonius, a precursor to the Vernier scale developed by Portuguese mathematician, cosmographer Pedro Nunes (1502–1578), latinised as Petrus Nonius. It was known by this name in English until the end of the 18th century.[4]
The name "vernier" was popularised by the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande (1732–1807) through his Traité d'astronomie (2 vols) (1764).[5]
Construction[edit]
In the following, N is the number of divisions the maker wishes to show at a finer level of measure.
Vernier scale direct vernier
Direct verniers are the most common. The indicating scale is constructed so that when its zero point coincides with the start of the data scale, its graduations are at a slightly smaller spacing than those on the data scale and so none but the last graduation coincide with any graduations on the data scale. N graduations of the indicating scale cover N−1 graduations of the data scale.
Retrograde verniers are found on some devices, including surveying instruments.[6] A retrograde vernier is similar to the direct vernier, except its graduations are at a slightly larger spacing than on the main scale. N graduations of the indicating scale cover N+1 graduations of the data scale. The retrograde vernier also extends backwards along the data scale.
Direct and retrograde verniers are read in the same manner.
Use[edit]
Animation of a caliper measurement using a vernier scale. Click to enlarge
Vernier scale use 0.02 scale measurement is 19.44 mm
The main use of the vernier caliper is to measure the internal and the external diameters of an object. To measure using a vernier scale, the user first reads the finely marked "fixed" scale (i.e. the main scale; see the diagram). This measure is typically between two of the main scale's smallest graduations. The user then reads the vernier scale (see diagram), which measures between the smallest graduations on the fixed scale—providing much greater precision.
Least count[edit]
The difference between the value of one main scale division and the value of one Vernier scale division is known as least count of the Vernier. It is also known as Vernier constant. Let the measure of the smallest main scale reading, that is the distance between two consecutive graduations (also called its pitch) be S and the distance between two consecutive Vernier scale graduations be V such that the length of (n-1) main scale divisions is equal to n Vernier scale divisions. Then,
the length of (n-1) main scale divisions = the length of n vernier scale division
or, (n-1)S = nV
or, nS-S = nV
or, S = nS - nV
or, S/n = (S-V)
or (Pitch)/(Number of Vernier scale divisions) = (Length of one main scale division - Length of one Vernier scale division)
S/n and (S-V) are both equal to the least count of vernier scale, and are also called the vernier constant.
Examples[edit]
On decimal measuring instruments, as in the diagram below, the indicating scale has 10 graduations that cover the same length as 9 on the data scale. Note that the vernier's 10th graduation is omitted.
On an angular measurement instrument, the data scale might be in half-degrees, with an indicator scale that provides 30 1-minute graduations (that span 29 of the half-degree graduations).
Mechanism of a vernier scale[edit]
Vernier scale How a vernier scale works
The vernier scale is constructed so that it is spaced at a constant fraction of the fixed main scale. So for a decimal measuring device each mark on the vernier is spaced nine tenths of those on the main scale. If you put the two scales together with zero points aligned, the first mark on the vernier scale is one tenth short of the first main scale mark, the second two tenths short, and so on up to the ninth mark—which is misaligned by nine tenths. Only when a full ten marks are counted is there alignment, because the tenth mark is ten tenths—a whole main scale unit short, and therefore aligns with the ninth mark on the main scale.
Now if you move the vernier by a small amount, say, one tenth of its fixed main scale, the only pair of marks that come into alignment are the first pair, since these were the only ones originally misaligned by one tenth. If we move it two tenths, the second pair aligns, since these are the only ones originally misaligned by that amount. If we move it five tenths, the fifth pair aligns—and so on. For any movement, only one pair of marks aligns and that pair shows the value between the marks on the fixed scale.
Vernier acuity[edit]
Main article: Vernier acuity
Vernier scales work so well because most people are especially good at detecting which of the lines is aligned and misaligned, and that ability gets better with practice, in fact far exceeding the optical capability of the eye. This ability to detect alignment is called 'Vernier acuity'.[7] Historically, none of the alternative technologies exploited this or any other hyperacuity, giving the Vernier scale an advantage over its competitors.[8]
Zero error[edit]
Zero error is defined as the condition where a measuring instrument registers a reading when there should not be any reading. In case of vernier calipers it occurs when a zero on main scale does not coincide with a zero on vernier scale. The zero error may be of two types i.e. when the scale is towards numbers greater than zero it is positive else negative. The method to use a vernier scale or caliper with zero error is to use the formula: actual reading = main scale + vernier scale − (zero error). Zero error may arise due to knocks that cause the calibration to be thrown off at the 0.00 mm when the jaws are perfectly closed or just touching each other.
When the jaws are closed and if the reading is 0.10mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.10mm. The method to use a vernier scale or caliper with zero error is to use the formula 'actual reading = main scale + vernier scale − (zero error)' thus the actual reading is 19.00 + 0.54 − (0.10) = 19.44 mm
Positive zero error refers to the case when the jaws of the vernier caliper are just closed and the reading is a positive reading away from the actual reading of 0.00mm. If the reading is 0.10mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.10 mm.
When the jaws are closed and if the reading is −0.08mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.08 mm. The method to use a vernier scale or caliper with zero error is to use the formula 'actual reading = main scale + vernier scale + (zero error)' thus the actual reading is 19.00 + 0.36 + (+0.08) = 19.44 mm
Negative zero error refers to the case when the jaws of the vernier caliper are just closed and the reading is a negative reading away from the actual reading of 0.00mm. If the reading is 0.08mm, the zero error is referred to as +0.08mm. If positive, the error is subtracted from the mean reading the instrument reads. Thus if the instrument reads 4.39 cm and the error is +0.05, the actual length will be 4.39-0.05=4.34 cm. If negative, the error is added to the mean reading the instrument reads. Thus if the instrument reads 4.39 cm and as above the error is -0.05 cm, the actual length will be 4.39+0.05=4.44 cm. (Considering that, the quantity is called zero correction which should always be added algebraically to the observed reading to the correct value.)
Zero Error (Z.E) = + or- n* Least Count(L.C).
See also[edit]
Micrometer
Nonius – device invented by Pedro Nunes
Transversal (instrument making) – technique in use prior to vernier scales
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ronan, Colin A.; Needham, Joseph (24 June 1994). The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-521-32995-8. adjustable outside caliper gauge... self-dated at AD 9 . An abridged version.
Jump up ^ "Bronze Caliper of the Wang Mang Regime". Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Barrow called the device a Vernier scale. See: John Barrow, Navigatio britannica: or a complete system of navigation … (London, England: W. and J. Mount and T. Page, 1750), pp. 140–142, especially page 142.
Jump up ^ Daumas, Maurice, Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and Their Makers, Portman Books, London 1989 ISBN 978-0-7134-0727-3
Jump up ^ Lalande, Jérôme (1746), Astronomie, vol. 2 (Paris, France: Desaint & Saillant), pages 859-860.
Jump up ^ Davis, Raymond, Foote, Francis, Kelly, Joe, Surveying, Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966 LC 64-66263
Jump up ^ Vernier acuity definition at the Online Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Kwan, A. (2011). "Vernier scales and other early devices for precise measurement". American Journal of Physics. 79 (4): 368. doi:10.1119/1.3533717.
External links[edit]
Use of vernier scale in mm and cm - simulator
Use of vernier scale in inch - simulator of measurement and interpretation
How to read a vernier caliper
Calculation of Least Count in Metric & Imperial Scales of Vernier Caliper
Classroom activity on the Vernier scale at Wikiversity
Authority control
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text:
Requiem for a Dream
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Requiem for a Dream (disambiguation).
Requiem for a Dream
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Darren Aronofsky
Produced by
Eric Watson
Palmer West
Screenplay by
Hubert Selby, Jr.
Darren Aronofsky
Based on
Requiem for a Dream
by Hubert Selby, Jr.
Starring
Ellen Burstyn
Jared Leto
Jennifer Connelly
Marlon Wayans
Music by
Clint Mansell
Cinematography
Matthew Libatique
Edited by
Jay Rabinowitz
Production
company
Thousand Words
Protozoa Pictures
Distributed by
Artisan Entertainment
Release date
May 14, 2000 (2000-05-14) (Cannes)
October 27, 2000 (2000-10-27) (US)
Running time
101 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4.5 million
Box office
$7.4 million[2]
Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby, Jr., with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay.
The film depicts four different forms of drug addiction, which lead to the characters' imprisonment in a world of delusion and reckless desperation that is subsequently overtaken by reality, thus leaving them as hollow shells of their former selves.[3][4]
Requiem for a Dream was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival[5] and received positive reviews from critics upon its U.S. release. Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Themes
5 Style
6 Release
6.1 Rating
6.2 Critical reception
6.3 Accolades
7 Soundtrack
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
During the summer in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials. Meanwhile, her son Harry occasionally pawns her television set to fund his, his girlfriend Marion's, and his best friend Tyrone's drug use.
After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show, she becomes excited about attending it. To fit back into her red dress, the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour's, she attempts to lose weight through unsuccessful diets. At the recommendation of a friend, she visits an unscrupulous physician who prescribes her a regimen of weight-loss amphetamines. She begins losing weight, and is excited by how much energy she has.
Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off; that summer, their small-time dealing business thrives. Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion's designs, and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud. Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive. With the extra money, Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set, but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines, she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage, and the extra attention she receives now from her friends.
As Sara’s tolerance for the amphetamines increases, she craves the high she once had, while becoming frantic about the invitation. When she increases her dosage she develops amphetamine psychosis. During a drug deal, Tyrone is caught in a shootout between the two rival gangs. He flees the scene and is arrested. Harry has to use most of their earned money to post bail. The local supply of heroin becomes restricted, and they are unable to find any for either use or sale. Eventually, Tyrone hears of a large shipment coming, but the price is doubled and the minimum high. Harry, desperate, suggests Marion ask her psychiatrist, Arnold, for money in exchange for sex, straining their relationship. When the drug buy goes bad, Harry returns empty-handed to Marion. He departs after giving her the number of a pimp, Big Tim, who trades heroin for sex. Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track, they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholesaler there.
After a series of horrifying hallucinations, Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan, to confirm when she will be on TV. She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments. When none work, the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy.
On the drive to Miami, Harry and Tyrone visit a hospital because of Harry's increasingly infected needle injection sites. The doctor notices the symptoms of drug abuse, and Harry and Tyrone are arrested. Back in New York, a desperate Marion has sex with the pimp to get heroin. Recognizing her addiction, he entices her with a bigger score of heroin if she returns that weekend for a party. Tyrone is taunted by racist prison guards whilst enduring manual labor. Harry’s infected arm is amputated. Sara undergoes violent electroshock therapy. Marion is humiliated as the subject of a graphic sex show.
When Sara's friends come to the hospital to visit, they are distraught by her almost vegetative state. Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation, knowing that Marion will not be visiting him. Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal. Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa, clutching her score of heroin. Sara dreams that she is on television, and has won the grand prize, with Harry as the guest of honor.
Cast[edit]
Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb
Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb
Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver
Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love
Christopher McDonald as Tappy Tibbons
Mark Margolis as Mr. Rabinowitz
Louise Lasser as Ada
Marcia Jean Kurtz as Rae
Sean Gullette as Arnold, Marion's psychiatrist
Keith David as Big Tim, Marion's pimp
Dylan Baker as Southern Doctor
Ajay Naidu as Mailman
Ben Shenkman as Dr. Spencer
Hubert Selby, Jr. as Laughing guard
Darren Aronofsky (uncredited) as Visitor
Production[edit]
The film rights to Hubert Selby, Jr.'s book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky's film π.
Themes[edit]
The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of "drug movies", along with films like The Basketball Diaries, Trainspotting, Spun, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.[6][7]
However, Aronofsky has said:[8]
Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs… The Harry-Tyrone-Marion story is a very traditional heroin story. But putting it side by side with the Sara story, we suddenly say, 'Oh, my God, what is a drug?' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person's head when they're trying to quit drugs, as with cigarettes, as when they're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds, was really fascinating to me. I thought it was an idea that we hadn't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen.
In the book, Selby refers to the "American Dream" as amorphous and unattainable, a compilation of the various desires of the story's characters.
Style[edit]
Rapid cuts in Requiem for a Dream
Play media
One of the filmmaking techniques in Requiem for a Dream is the use of rapid cuts or a hip hop montage. Whenever the characters use street drugs, a rapid succession of images illustrates their transition from sobriety to intoxication. In this scene, Harry and Tyrone deal drugs and Marion uses cocaine while she designs clothes. The speed of the footage and the cuts alternates as the characters become intoxicated and sober.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
As in his previous film, π, Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film (sometimes termed a hip hop montage).[6] While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts, Requiem features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups.[6][9] Long tracking shots (including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor, called the Snorricam) and time-lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices.[10]
To portray the shift from the objective, community-based narrative to the subjective, isolated state of the characters' perspectives, Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance from the action and intercuts reality with a character's fantasy.[9] Aronofsky aims to subjectivize emotion, and the effect of his stylistic choices is personalization rather than alienation.[10] The camera serves as a vehicle for exploring the characters' states of mind, hallucinations, visual distortions, and corrupted sense of time.[4]
The film's distancing itself from empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles (Summer, Fall, Winter), marking the temporal progress of addiction.[10] The average scene length shortens as the film progresses (beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes) until the movie's climactic scenes, which are cut together very rapidly (many changes per second) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly. After the climax, there is a short period of serenity, during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives.[9]
Release[edit]
Requiem for a Dream premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival on May 14, 2000 and the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 before a wide release on October 27.
Rating[edit]
In the United States, the film was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, but Aronofsky appealed the rating, claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message. The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated.[11] An R-rated version was released on video, with the sex scene edited, but the rest of the film identical to the unrated version.
In the United Kingdom, the film was given an 18 certificate by the BBFC for "drug depiction, coarse language and sex".[1] In Australia the film was rated R18+ by the ACB for "drug use and adult themes".
Critical reception[edit]
Requiem for a Dream received positive reviews from critics and has a "Certified Fresh" score of 78% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The critical consensus states, "Though the movie may be too intense for some to stomach, the wonderful performances and the bleak imagery are hard to forget."[12] The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[13] Film critic James Berardinelli considered Requiem for a Dream the second best film of the decade, behind The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[14] Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of four, stating that "What is fascinating about Requiem for a Dream,...is how well [Aronofsky] portrays the mental states of his addicts. When they use, a window opens briefly into a world where everything is right. Then it slides shut, and life reduces itself to a search for the money and drugs to open it again."[15] Elvis Mitchell, writing for The New York Times, gave the film a positive review, stating that "After the young director's phenomenal debut with the barely budgeted Pi, which was like watching a middleweight boxer win a fight purely on reflexes, he comes back with a picture that shows maturation."[16]
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, lauded the film. "His agonising and unflinchingly grim portrait of drug abuse, taken from a novel by Hubert Selby Jr (with whom Aronofsky co-wrote the screenplay), is a formally pleasing piece of work - if pleasing can possibly be the right word."[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that "no one interested in the power and magic of movies should miss it."[18] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the work an "A" grade, argued that it "may be the first movie to fully capture the way drugs dislocate us from ourselves" and said, "The movie, a full-throttle mind-bender, is hypnotically harrowing and intense, a visual and spiritual plunge into the seduction and terror of drug addiction."[19] Scott Brake of IGN gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 and argued, "The reason it works so well as a film about addiction is that, in every frame, the film itself is addictive. It's absolutely relentless, from Aronofsky's bravura cinematic techniques (split screens, complex cross-cutting schemes, hallucinatory visuals) to Clint Mansell's driving, hypnotic score (performed by the Kronos Quartet), the movie compels you to watch it."[20]
Some critics were less positive, however. On Mr. Showbiz, Kevin Maynard stated that the film is "never the heart-wrenching emotional experience it seems intended to be." J. Rentilly billed the work as "chilling and technically proficient and, also, fairly hollow." Desson Thompson of The Washington Post argued that its characters are "mostly relegated to human mannequins in Aronofsky's visual schemes". David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor wrote that "Aronofsky's filmmaking gets addicted to its own flashy cynicism".[21]
Accolades[edit]
Ellen Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Sara Goldfarb,[22] but lost to Julia Roberts in the title role of Erin Brockovich. She was nominated for several other awards including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.[23]
In 2007, Requiem for a Dream was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).[24] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Requiem for a Dream as the 29th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its members.[25] In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, the film, Toni Erdmann and Carlos were tied together and were three voted together as the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000.[26]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main articles: Requiem for a Dream (soundtrack) and Lux Aeterna (Mansell)
The soundtrack was composed by Clint Mansell with the string ensemble performed by Kronos Quartet. The string quartet arrangements were written by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang.
The soundtrack was re-released with the album Requiem for a Dream: Remixed, which contains remixes of the music by Paul Oakenfold, Josh Wink, Jagz Kooner, and Delerium, among others.
See also[edit]
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "REQUIEM FOR A DREAM (18)". British Board of Film Classification. November 23, 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. January 1, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Skorin-Kapov, Jadranka (2015) Darren Aronofsky's Films and the Fragility of Hope, p.32 Bloomsbury Academic
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Requiem for a Dream". Festival-Cannes.com. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Booker, M. (2007). Postmodern Hollywood. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-99900-9.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Susan (2008). Hooked. New York: Routledge. pp. 97–98. ISBN 0-415-95706-0.
Jump up ^ "It's a punk movie". Salon.com (October 13, 2000). Retrieved 2010-12-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dancyger, Ken (2002). The Technique of Film and Video Editing. London: Focal. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-240-80420-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Anna (2007). Deleuze, Altered States and Film. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 75. ISBN 0-7486-3282-4.
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Eugene; Anthony Kaufman (August 25, 2000). "MPAA Upholds NC-17 Rating for Aronofsky's "Requiem for a Dream"; Artisan Stands Behind Film and Will Release Film Unrated". indieWIRE. SnagFilms. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Requiem for a Dream Reviews". Metacritic. n.d. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Movies of the Decade". ReelViews.com. Retrieved March 1, 2011
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (November 3, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream Movie Review (2000)". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Elvis (October 6, 2000). "Movie Review: Requiem for a Dream". The New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (January 18, 2001). "Living in Oblivion". The Guardian. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (December 11, 2000). "Requiem for a Dream". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (October 13, 2000). "Movie Review: 'Requiem for a Dream' Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Review of Requiem for a Dream". IGN. October 20, 2000. Retrieved December 13, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Requiem for a Dream". Metacritic. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lyman, Rick (March 4, 2001). "OSCAR FILMS/ACTORS: An Angry Man and an Underused Woman; Ellen Burstyn Enjoys Her Second Act". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Award Nominees – 2000". The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Oscars.org. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) Ballot
Jump up ^ "The 75 Best Edited Films". Editors Guild Magazine. 1 (3). May 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 21st century's 100 greatest films". BBC. August 23, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Requiem for a Dream
Requiem for a Dream on IMDb
Requiem for a Dream at AllMovie
Requiem for a Dream at Box Office Mojo
Requiem for a Dream at Rotten Tomatoes
Requiem for a Dream at Metacritic
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