text:
It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)
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"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
Single by AC/DC
from the album T.N.T./High Voltage
B-side
"Can I Sit Next to You Girl"
Released
8 December 1975 (1975-12-08)
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
Albert Studios
(Sydney, Australia)
Genre
Hard rock
Length
5:01
Label
Albert
Songwriter(s)
Angus Young
Malcolm Young
Bon Scott
Producer(s)
Harry Vanda
George Young
AC/DC singles chronology
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
"High Voltage"
(1975) "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)"
(1975) "T.N.T."
(1976)
Audio sample
file
help
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It is the first track of the group's album T.N.T., released in December 1975, and was written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young and Bon Scott. The song is notable for combining bagpipes with hard rock instrumentation; in the middle section of the song there is a call and response between the bagpipes and guitar.[1] The original recording is in B-flat major, but it was played live in A major.[2]
A slightly shortened version of the song is also the first track on the international version of High Voltage, released in May 1976. This version appears only on the vinyl release and the 2003 CD reissue.
The full version of the song is also on the Volts CD of the Bonfire box set, released in 1997.
This was a signature song for Bon Scott. Brian Johnson, who replaced Scott as AC/DC's lead vocalist from 1980 until his departure in 2016, did not perform it out of respect for his predecessor.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Bagpipes
3 Personnel
4 Production
5 Music video
6 Popularity
7 Connection to ACDC Lane
8 Recorded cover versions
9 References
Lyrics[edit]
The song chronicles the hardships endured by a rock band on tour, such as being robbed, assaulted, stoned and cheated by a greedy agent. However, the band accepts these hardships as natural on the path to stardom, saying that "It's a long way to the top/If you wanna rock 'n' roll".[4]
Bagpipes[edit]
George Young (the older brother of Angus and Malcolm), having heard that Bon Scott was in a pipe band, encouraged the use of bagpipes in the song. Scott obliged despite having never played them before; he had actually been a drummer in the band.[1] Scott used a set of bagpipes to play the song live until 1976, following an incident where he set them down at the corner of a stage and they were destroyed by fans.[1] Subsequent live performances used a recording of the song's bagpipe part or an extended guitar solo by Angus.[2]
Personnel[edit]
Bon Scott – lead vocals, bagpipes
Angus Young – lead guitar
Malcolm Young – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Mark Evans – bass guitar[5]
Phil Rudd – drums
Production[edit]
Producers: Harry Vanda, George Young
Music video[edit]
The music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)", was filmed on 23 February 1976 for the Australian music television program Countdown. It featured the band's members on the back of a flatbed truck travelling on Swanston Street in Melbourne, Australia, being followed by members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe band. Known members of the Rats of Tobruk Pipe Band at the time of the video's filming include: Alan Butterworth, Les Kenfield and Kevin Conlon.[citation needed] The video was dubbed with the studio track from the album T.N.T. and is available on the Family Jewels DVD.[6]
The video was directed by Paul Drane.[7] David Olney was the cameraman.[8]
Two other videos for the song exist. One version, filmed the same day as the truck version, features the group miming the song on a stage in Melbourne's City Square in front of an audience.[9] The pipe players appear here as well. This version is available in the Backtracks box set. A third version features the group simply miming the song on a soundstage, making it appear as if it were being played live (This version is considered rare and as of 2014 hasn't been officially released on any DVD compilations; it can be found on YouTube). Also, a version of the group performing the song on Australian Bandstand with Scott singing live over the studio track appears on the DVD set Plug Me In.
Popularity[edit]
In May 2001, Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary by naming the Best Australian Songs of all time, as decided by a 100-member industry panel. "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was ranked as the ninth song on the list.[10] The song is regularly played during stoppages at AFL matches at the ANZ stadium in Sydney.
The song was also used in the comedy movie School of Rock (2003) during the ending credits sequence when Jack Black's character, Dewey Finn, is giving his kids an "after-school lesson" on rock.
In 2010, this song was ranked no. 3 in Triple M's Ultimate 500 Rock Countdown in Melbourne. The top five were all AC/DC songs.[11]
In 2012, this song was inducted into the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia.[12]
In the third episode of Empire of Cricket, a 2009 British BBC-TV documentary about the history of cricket, "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" is played over the opening credits. The episode details the history of Australian cricket and its rise to dominance.
ITV used the song for the closing montage to their coverage of the 2010 Tour de France. It was the first to be won by an Australian, when BMC's Cadel Evans won the race.
A clip of the song's intro is often used by the Golf Channel before commercial breaks.
The song is being used to accompany the promotional video for the 2013 Australian Open Tennis Tournament.
Keith Urban guitarist Brian Nutter often uses the song during his solo section during live performances.
The song is being used by the Chicago Cubs in 2017 as an accompaniment to a video played just prior to the team taking the field.
Connection to ACDC Lane[edit]
On October 1, 2004, Melbourne, Australia's Corporation Lane was officially renamed "ACDC Lane" in honour of the band (street names in the City of Melbourne cannot contain the "/" character). This change was made in part because the music video for "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" was filmed on Melbourne's Swanston Street, near ACDC Lane. The Melbourne City Council's vote to rename the street was unanimous.[13] Bagpipers played "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" at the official renaming ceremony.[3]
Recorded cover versions[edit]
Performed by:
Jack Black and the cast of School of Rock - Original soundtrack (2003)
Pat Boone - In a Metal Mood: No More Mr. Nice Guy (1997)
Dead Moon - Destination X (1999)
Die Krupps - Covered In Black: An Industrial Tribute to the Kings of High Voltage (tribute compilation) (1997)
Dropkick Murphys - The Singles Collection, Vol. 2 (2005)
Electric - A Tribute to AC/DC (2006)
John Farnham - b-side to Two Strong Hearts (1988)
John Farnham & Tom Jones - Together in Concert (2005)
Iced Earth - Tribute to the Gods (2002)
Lemmy - Cover Me in '80s Metal (Fantastic Price Records, 2006)
Local H - Pack Up the Cats B-Side. Features Brendan O'Brien playing the bagpipe parts on a hurdy-gurdy.
The Meanies - Fuse Box – An Alternative Tribute (1995)
The Melbourne Ukulele Kollective - ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks (2006)
Motörhead - Thunderbolt: A Tribute to AC/DC (1998)
Nantucket - Long Way to the Top (1980)
Scarlett Pomers - A Millennium Tribute to AC/DC (2010)
Rawkus - AC/DC: Hometown Tribute (2002)
Sandra Weckert - Bar Jazz (2003)
The Wiggles - The Andrew Denton Breakfast Show - Musical Challenge (2000)
Lucinda Williams - Little Honey (2008)
Eric Fish - Gegen den Strom (2007, as Ein langer Weg in German)
W.A.S.P.
The song was covered during the credit sequence of the comedy movie School of Rock, performed by Jack Black and the class of children he taught while masquerading as a teacher. However, the children ad-libbed their own lyrics towards the end of the song.
Billy Corgan covered the song live as an encore on almost every show during his 2005 tour supporting his debut solo effort TheFutureEmbrace.
A dramatic re-interpretation was released by Norwegian duo Susanna and the Magical Orchestra (aka Susanna Wallumrød and Morten Qvenild) in late summer 2006 on their second album Melody Mountain, which consists entirely of cover versions. Their style is slow and melancholic with only cembalo accompaniment to Wallumrød's pure vocal, and brings out the essential sadness of the song.
The band Hanson performed this song during some of the shows on the "Walk around the World" tour, often inviting the opening acts back on stage to sing together.
Melbourne Ukulele Kollective frequently play the song live, the most notable performances being during ABC-TV's Spicks and Specks in 2004;[14] and during the Australia Day flag-raising ceremony and people's march in 2009.
German Medieval Metal Band In Extremo played the song on their Tranquilo-Acoustic Tour in 2009 on German Bagpipes.
On the 34th anniversary of the filming of the music video, it was recreated as part of the SLAM (Save Live Australian Music) rally, to protest liquor licensing laws which threaten live music. About ten thousand protesters marched down Swanston Street and up Bourke Street to the Victorian Parliament House, accompanied by the RocKwiz band on a flatbed truck playing the song.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wall, Mick (2012). AC/DC: Hell Aint a Bad Place to Be. London: Orion Publishing group. ISBN 9781409115359.
^ Jump up to: a b Evans, Mark, Dirty Deeds: My Life Inside/Outside of AC/DC, Bazillion Points, 2011, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b "The legend lives on in a laneway to heaven", The Age, 15 February 2005. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)". acdc.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
Jump up ^ Saulnier, Jason (30 September 2011). "Mark Evans Interview". Music Legends. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Video Footage and Liner Notes, Family Jewels 2-Disc DVD Set, 2005.
Jump up ^ Dino Scatena, "Clip Go the Years", Sydney Morning Herald, 26 Feb. 2005, retrieved 13 December 2008
Jump up ^ Johnston, Chris, "AC/DC still current 30 years on", The Age, 23 February 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ Donovan, Patrick (13 February 2010). "For a piper, it's a long way to the top from the back of a flatbed truck". The Age. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
Jump up ^ "The final list: APRA'S Ten best Australian Songs". APRA. 2001-05-28. Archived from the original on 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2008-05-08.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-11-08. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
Jump up ^ Boulton, Martin, "Lane way to the top for AC/DC", The Age, 10 September 2004. Retrieved on 2007-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Melbourne Ukulele Kollective on Spicks and Specks". MUK. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
[hide]
v
t
e
AC/DC singles discography
High Voltage
"Can I Sit Next to You, Girl" (Australia)
"Baby, Please Don't Go" (Australia)
T.N.T.
"High Voltage" (Australia)
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" (Australia)
"T.N.T." (Australia)
High Voltage (International)
"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" (international)
"High Voltage" (international)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
"Jailbreak"
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap"
"Love at First Feel"
Let There Be Rock
"Dog Eat Dog"
"Let There Be Rock"
"Whole Lotta Rosie"
Powerage
"Rock 'n' Roll Damnation"
Highway to Hell
"Highway to Hell"
"Girls Got Rhythm"
"Touch Too Much"
Back in Black
"You Shook Me All Night Long"
"Hells Bells"
"Back in Black"
"Rock and Roll Ain't Noise Pollution"
For Those About to Rock We Salute You
"Let's Get It Up"
"For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)"
Flick of the Switch
"Guns for Hire"
"Nervous Shakedown"
"Flick of the Switch"
Fly on the Wall
"Danger"
"Sink the Pink"
"Shake Your Foundations"
Who Made Who
"Who Made Who"
Blow Up Your Video
"Heatseeker"
"That's the Way I Wanna Rock 'n' Roll"
The Razors Edge
"Thunderstruck"
"Moneytalks"
"Are You Ready"
Live
"Highway to Hell" (live)
"Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" (live)
Ballbreaker
"Hard as a Rock"
"Hail Caesar"
"Cover You in Oil"
Stiff Upper Lip
"Stiff Upper Lip"
"Safe in New York City"
"Satellite Blues"
Black Ice
"Rock 'N Roll Train"
"Big Jack"
"Anything Goes"
"Money Made"
Rock or Bust
"Play Ball"
"Rock or Bust"
Non-album single
"Big Gun"
Book:AC/DC
Category:AC/DC songs
Portal:AC/DC
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text:
List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of offenders executed in the United States in 2017. A total of twenty-three criminal offenders – all male – were executed in the United States in 2017, all by lethal injection. The State of Arkansas executed four individuals in April, ending a hiatus on executions in the state which had lasted for over 11 years.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017
2 Demographics
3 Executions in recent years
4 Double execution in Arkansas
5 See also
6 References
List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017[edit]
Number
Date of execution
Name
Date of birth
Age of offender
Gender
Ethnicity
State
Method
Source
At execution
At offense
Age difference
1 000000002017-01-11-0000January 11, 2017 Wilkins, Christopher ChubascoChristopher Chubasco Wilkins 000000001968-09-29-0000September 29, 1968 48 37 11 Male White Texas Lethal injection [1]
2 000000002017-01-18-0000January 18, 2017 Gray, Ricky JavonRicky Javon Gray 000000001977-03-09-0000March 9, 1977 39 28 Black Virginia
3 000000002017-01-26-0000January 26, 2017 Edwards, Terry DarnellTerry Darnell Edwards 000000001973-08-10-0000August 10, 1973 43 15 Texas [2]
4 000000002017-01-31-0000January 31, 2017 Christeson, Mark AnthonyMark Anthony Christeson 000000001979-02-20-0000February 20, 1979 37 18 19 White Missouri
5 000000002017-03-07-0000March 7, 2017 Ruiz, Jr., RolandoRolando Ruiz, Jr. 000000001972-07-04-0000July 4, 1972 44 20 24 Hispanic Texas [3][4]
6 000000002017-03-14-0000March 14, 2017 Bigby, James EugeneJames Eugene Bigby 000000001955-04-05-0000April 5, 1955 61 32 29 White [5][6]
7 000000002017-04-20-0000April 20, 2017 Lee, Ledell T.Ledell T. Lee 000000001965-07-31-0000July 31, 1965 51 27 24 Black Arkansas [7]
8 000000002017-04-24-0000April 24, 2017 Jones, Jr., Jack HaroldJack Harold Jones, Jr. 000000001964-08-10-0000August 10, 1964 52 30 22 White
9 Williams, Marcel WayneMarcel Wayne Williams 000000001970-08-20-0000August 20, 1970 46 24 Black
10 000000002017-04-27-0000April 27, 2017 Williams, Kenneth DewayneKenneth Dewayne Williams 000000001979-02-23-0000February 23, 1979 38 20 18 [8]
11 000000002017-05-17-0000May 17, 2017 Ledford III, John W.John W. Ledford III 000000001971-12-29-0000December 29, 1971 45 25 White Georgia
12 000000002017-05-26-0000May 26, 2017 Arthur, Thomas Douglas “Tommy”Thomas Douglas “Tommy” Arthur 000000001941-12-20-0000December 20, 1941 75 40 35 Alabama [9]
13 000000002017-06-08-0000June 8, 2017 Melson, Robert BryantRobert Bryant Melson 000000001971-06-05-0000June 5, 1971 46 22 24 Black [10]
14 000000002017-07-06-0000July 6, 2017 Morva, William CharlesWilliam Charles Morva 000000001982-02-09-0000February 9, 1982 35 24 11 White Virginia [11]
15 000000002017-07-26-0000July 26, 2017 Phillips, Ronald RayRonald Ray Phillips 000000001973-10-10-0000October 10, 1973 43 19 24 Ohio [12]
16 000000002017-07-27-0000July 27, 2017 Preyor, TaichinTaichin Preyor 000000001970-09-02-0000September 2, 1970 46 33 13 Black Texas [13][14]
17 000000002017-08-24-0000August 24, 2017 Asay, Mark JamesMark James Asay 000000001964-03-12-0000March 12, 1964 53 23 30 White Florida [15]
18 000000002017-09-13-0000September 13, 2017 Otte, Gary WayneGary Wayne Otte 000000001971-12-21-0000December 21, 1971 45 20 25 Ohio [16]
19 000000002017-10-05-0000October 5, 2017 Lambrix, Michael RayMichael Ray Lambrix 000000001960-03-29-0000March 29, 1960 57 22 35 Florida [17]
20 000000002017-10-12-0000October 12, 2017 Pruett, Robert LynnRobert Lynn Pruett 000000001979-09-18-0000September 18, 1979 38 20 18 Texas [18]
21 000000002017-10-19-0000October 19, 2017 McNabb, Torrey TwaneTorrey Twane McNabb 000000001977-06-09-0000June 9, 1977 40 20 Black Alabama [19]
22 000000002017-11-08-0000November 8, 2017 Hannon, Patrick CharlesPatrick Charles Hannon 000000001964-10-24-0000October 24, 1964 53 26 27 White Florida [20]
23 Cardenas Ramirez, RubenRuben Cardenas Ramirez 000000001970-04-07-0000April 7, 1970 47 21 Hispanic Texas [21][22]
Average:
47 years
25 years
22 years
Demographics[edit]
Gender
Male 23 100%
Female 0 0%
Ethnicity
White 13 56%
Black 8 35%
Hispanic 2 9%
State
Texas 7 30%
Arkansas 4 17%
Alabama 3 13%
Florida 3 13%
Ohio 2 9%
Virginia 2 9%
Georgia 1 4%
Missouri 1 4%
Month
January 4 17%
February 0 0%
March 2 9%
April 4 17%
May 2 9%
June 1 4%
July 3 13%
August 1 4%
September 1 4%
October 3 13%
November 2 9%
December 0 0%
Age
30 - 39 5 22%
40 - 49 11 48%
50 - 59 5 22%
60 - 69 1 4%
70 - 79 1 4%
Day
Monday 2 9%
Tuesday 3 13%
Wednesday 7 30%
Thursday 10 43%
Friday 1 4%
Saturday 0 0%
Sunday 0 0%
Total
23
100%
Executions in recent years[edit]
Number of executions
2018 9
2017 23
2016 20
Total
52
Double execution in Arkansas[edit]
See also: Capital punishment in Arkansas and List of individuals executed in Arkansas
On April 24, 2017, Arkansas carried out back-to-back executions. Convicted rapist and murderer Jack Jones, age 52, was pronounced dead at 7:20 pm Monday. Approximately three hours later, convicted rapist and murderer Marcel Williams, age 46, was pronounced dead at 10:33 pm. Jones was sentenced to death for the 1995 rape and murder of Mary Phillips (August 18, 1959 - June 6, 1995) and the near-fatal assault of her then-10-year-old daughter, Lacy Phillips (born July 9, 1984), during a botched robbery in Bald Knob, Arkansas. Williams was sent to death row for the 1994 rape and murder of 22-year-old Stacy Errickson, whom he kidnapped from a gas station in central Arkansas.
The last double execution in Arkansas was on September 8, 1999.[23] By conducting the double execution in 2017, Arkansas became the first U.S. state to put more than one inmate to death on the same day in 17 years. The last state to do so was Texas, which executed two murderers in August 2000. Oklahoma planned a double execution in 2014 but scrapped plans for the second one after the first (the execution of Clayton Lockett) went awry.[24]
Arkansas executed four men in an eight-day period in 1960. The only quicker pace included quadruple executions in 1926 and 1930.[24]
See also[edit]
List of death row inmates in the United States
List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976
List of most recent executions by jurisdiction
List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States
List of women executed in the United States since 1976
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Offender Information – Christopher Wilkins", Texas Department of Criminal Justice
Jump up ^ "Offender Information – Terry Edwards", Texas Department of Criminal Justice
Jump up ^ "Offender Information – Rolando Ruiz Jr.", Texas Department of Criminal Justice
Jump up ^ "Remorseful hit man in Texas murder-for-hire slaying executed". CBS News.
Jump up ^ "Offender Information – James Bigby", Texas Department of Criminal Justice
Jump up ^ "Tarrant County man who killed father and baby in 1987, pointed gun at judge is executed". Dallas News.
Jump up ^ Arkansas Puts Ledell Lee to Death, in Its First Execution Since 2005
Jump up ^ Fourth and final Arkansas inmate Kenneth Williams executed
Jump up ^ Tommy Arthur, Inmate Who Escaped Death 7 Times, Is Executed
Jump up ^ Robert Bryant Melson executed for 1994 triple slaying
Jump up ^ William Morva executed by lethal injection for 2006 killings
Jump up ^ "Ohio executed a prisoner for the first time in three years". NBC News. Retrieved 2017-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Offender Information - Taichin Preyor". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Texas executes man who killed woman at her apartment in 2004". Retrieved 2017-07-28.
Jump up ^ "For the first time since 1970s, White man executed for racial killings in Florida". New York Times. Retrieved 2017-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Ohio executes double murderer Gary Otte as he sings Hymn". NBC News. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Florida executes man convicted of killings 2 decades ago". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Texas executes inmate convicted of fatally stabbing a prison guard". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Torrey McNabb executed for murder of Montgomery police officer". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Florida executes Patrick Hannon for killing two men in 1991". Fox News. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Latest: Texas executes Mexican citizen for 1997 slaying". ABC News. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mexican man executed after appeals fail". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Arkansas executes 2 inmates in one night
^ Jump up to: a b Arkansas goes ahead with double execution
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Bridge scoring
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: Glossary of contract bridge terms
Bridge scoring is keeping score in contract bridge. There are two main categories of scoring: duplicate and rubber scoring. While based upon the same basic elements of scoring, they differ in how the elements are applied to individual deals and in how these are then totaled. Chicago, being a variant of rubber bridge, uses an adaptation of rubber bridge scoring. Duplicate bridge has many variations for scoring, comparing and ranking the relative performance of partnerships and teams playing the same deals as their competitors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Scoring elements
2.1 Contract points
2.2 Overtrick points
2.3 Slam bonus
2.4 Doubled or redoubled bonus
2.5 Penalty points
2.6 Rubber bonus
2.7 Honor bonus or honors
2.8 Game or part-game bonus
3 Rubber bridge
3.1 The score sheet
3.2 An example rubber
4 Duplicate bridge
4.1 Scoring deals
4.1.1 Example results for a sixteen board match
4.2 Comparing deals
4.2.1 Matchpoint scoring
4.2.2 International Match Point scoring
5 History of Contract bridge scoring
5.1 Scoring of tricks in no trump contracts
5.2 Scoring of undertricks
5.3 8-Level bids
5.4 International Match Points
6 References
7 External links
Terminology[edit]
The following terms and concepts, defined in the glossary of contract bridge terms, are essential to understanding bridge scoring:
Contract
Denomination
Down
Honors
Make or Made
Odd tricks
Overtrick
Slam and grand slam
Undertricks
Undoubled, doubled and redoubled
vulnerable, not vulnerable and none vulnerable
Scoring elements[edit]
Bridge scoring consists of nine elements. Not all elements are included in all game variants and the method of accumulation of the elements over several deals varies.
If the contract is made, the score for each such deal consists of:
Contract points, assigned to each odd trick bid and made
Overtrick points, assigned for each trick taken over the contracted number of odd tricks
A slam bonus for a small slam or grand slam contract bid and made
A bonus, colloquially known as 'for insult', is received at the end of any deal in which a doubled or redoubled contract is bid and made
If the contract is defeated, the defenders receive
Penalty points, assigned for every undertrick
In rubber bridge only,
A rubber bonus is received at the end of a completed rubber by the side that is first to win two games. A rubber bonus is also awarded for some game and part-game scores at the end of an unfinished rubber
An honor bonus is received by any player at the end of any deal in which he held particular honor cards.
In duplicate bridge only,
A partial-game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any partial game contract bid and made
A game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any game contract bid and made
Contract points[edit]
Contract points are awarded for each odd trick bid and made. Their values depend on the suit (or notrump) and whether the contract is doubled or redoubled; they are not affected by vulnerability. Tricks won beyond that necessary to fulfill the contract are referred to as overtricks and their scoring points are accounted for separately because their values are dependent upon declarer's vulnerability.
Denomination
Contract Points Per Trick
Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled
Notrump
First trick
Subsequent tricks
40
30
80
60
160
120
Major suits 30 60 120
Minor suits 20 40 80
Overtrick points[edit]
When declarer makes overtricks, their score value depends upon the contract denomination, declarer's vulnerability and whether or not the contract is undoubled, doubled or redoubled. In an undoubled contract each overtrick earns the same as in contract points (30 for notrump and major suit contracts, 20 for minor suit contracts); values increase significantly when the contract has been doubled or redoubled, especially when vulnerable.
Contract
Overtrick Points Per Trick
Vulnerable
Not Vulnerable
Undoubled in:
- Notrump
- Major suit
- Minor suit
30
30
20
30
30
20
Any doubled 200 100
Any redoubled 400 200
Slam bonus[edit]
Bonuses are awarded for all slam contracts bid and made:
a small slam, or successful contract to win 12 of 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 500 points if not vulnerable and 750 points if vulnerable;
a grand slam, or successful contract to win all 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 1000 points if not vulnerable and 1500 points if vulnerable.
Doubled or redoubled bonus[edit]
When a doubled or redoubled contract is made, a bonus is awarded to the declaring side. It is colloquially referred to as a bonus for "insult", meaning that the opponents have insulted the pair by suggesting that the declarer will not make the contract.
50 points are awarded for a doubled contract made, and
100 points are awarded for a redoubled contract made.
In scoring notation, a doubled contract is indicated by an 'X" after the contract (e.g. a contract of four hearts doubled is indicated by 4♥ X); a redoubled contract is indicated by "XX" (e.g. 4♥ XX).
Penalty points[edit]
When a contract is defeated, penalty points are awarded to the defending side. The value of the penalty depends on the number of undertricks, whether the declaring side is vulnerable or not vulnerable and whether the contract was undoubled, doubled or redoubled.
Number of
Undertricks
Points Per Undertrick
Vulnerable
Not Vulnerable
Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled
Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled
1st undertrick 100 200 400 50 100 200
2nd and 3rd, each 300 600 200 400
4th and each subsequent 300 600 300 600
Without a double or redouble, every undertrick has a fixed cost of 100 or 50 points. The scores for (re)doubled undertricks are such that after the first vulnerable undertrick, n vulnerable undertricks cost the same as n+1 undertricks when not vulnerable; for example, four undertricks when doubled and not vulnerable cost 800 points (100+200+200+300), the same as three undertricks when doubled and vulnerable (200+300+300).
Rubber bonus[edit]
In rubber bridge only, a bonus is awarded at the conclusion of the rubber as follows:
for a completed rubber, the side which wins the rubber, i.e. is first to win two games, receives a rubber bonus:
if the opponents have won no games, i.e. they are not vulnerable, the rubber bonus is 700 points; colloquially known as a 'fast rubber'
if the opponents have won one game, i.e. they are vulnerable, the rubber bonus is 500 points; colloquially known as a 'slow rubber'
for unfinished rubbers:
if but one side has won a game, it scores 300 points, and
if but one side has a part-score, it scores 100 points.
Honor bonus or honors[edit]
In rubber bridge only, a bonus is awarded for any one hand holding four or five of the honors, i.e. an ace, king, queen, jack or ten.
100 points are awarded for any one hand holding any four of the five trump suit honors, and
150 points are awarded for any one hand holding all five trump suit honors, or all four aces in a notrump contract.
Honors may be declared and scored at any time after the auction but for strategic reasons it is best to do so at the conclusion of play so as not to give the opponents information about the lay of the cards. Honors may be held by any of the four players, including dummy.
Game or part-game bonus[edit]
In duplicate bridge only, game and partial-game bonuses are awarded at the conclusion of each deal as follows:
any partial contract, i.e. one scoring less than 100 contract points, scores a bonus of 50 points, and
any game contract, i.e. one scoring 100 or more points, scores a game bonus of 300 if not vulnerable and 500 if vulnerable.
Rubber bridge[edit]
For additional scoring information for the rubber bridge variant Chicago, see Chicago scoring
Rubber bridge score sheet
The score sheet[edit]
Rubber scoring is tallied on a score sheet divided into four parts where each partnership accumulates points either above the line or below the line.
The objective is to win by scoring the most total points in the rubber; the rubber is completed when one side has twice accumulated 100 or more contract points below the line.
Only contract points are recorded below the line; all other points are recorded above the line. Any of the four players may be the recorder, his side being represented in the "We" column and the opponents in the "They" column. In the ensuing examples, South is the recorder (the 'We' on the score sheet).
An example rubber[edit]
The following table summarizes the results of a rubber consisting of six deals.
Deal
Declarer
Contract
Made
Down
Contract
Points
Overtrick
Points
Slam
Bonus
(Re)doubled
Bonus
Penalty
Points
Honor
Bonus
Deal
Total NS
Deal
Total EW
1 N 2NT 3 (1×40)+(1×30)=70 1×30=30 100
2 W 4♥ 4 4×30=120 120
3 W 5♣ 2 2×100=200 200
4 S 4♠ X 5 2×(4×30)=240 1×100=100 50 390
5 N 3♣ 4 3×20=60 1×20=20 80
6 E 6♦ 6 6×20=120 750 150 1020
Rubber Bonus 500
Total 770 1640
The following panels illustrate the progression of the scoring on the score sheet.
Deal 1
Deal 2
Deal 3
Deal 4
Deal 5
Deal 6
Rubber Bonus
Total
Deal 1: South bids 2NT making 3. Only the contract points (70) are scored below the line; the overtrick points (30) are scored above the line.
Deal 2: West bids and makes 4♥. This scores 120 contract points below the line; since there are no overtricks, no points are scored above the line. The accumulation of 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the first game and is signified by the drawing of a horizontal line. Since no part-game or game bonus is awarded in rubber bridge, East-West do not receive an additional game bonus and North-South do not receive any part-game bonus. Furthermore, the part score of 70 by North-South is no longer available for accumulation towards a game by them; the 70 points are said to be "cut off" as signified by the drawing of the horizontal line. Having won a game, East-West are vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber meaning that they are now eligible for a larger rubber bonus if they win a second game before their opponents win one and they are susceptible to increased penalties if they are defeated in a contract.
Deal 3: West bids 5♣ and goes down 2, vulnerable, undoubled. This scores 200 penalty points for North-South above the line.
Deal 4: South bids 4♠ doubled, not vulnerable and makes 5. North-South score 240 contract tricks below the line, 100 overtrick points above the line and 50 points for 'insult' above the line. Accumulating 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the second game, signified by the drawing of a horizontal line. Having won a game, North-South are now also vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber.
Deal 5: North bids 3♣ and makes 4 scoring 60 contract points below the line and 20 overtrick points above the line.
Deal 6: East bids and makes 6♦ - a small slam holding all five top honors. This scores a game of 120 contract points and earns a slam bonus of 750 points above the line (East-West being vulnerable). 150 honor points are scored above the line for holding all five honors. Having again accumulated 100 or more points below the line, East-West win a second game; a horizontal line is drawn to end the rubber.
Rubber Bonus: At the conclusion of the rubber, a rubber bonus is awarded. In this case, East-West have won a slow rubber and receive a 500-point rubber bonus above the line.
Total: The scores for each side are totalled and East-West (the 'They' on the score sheet) win the rubber.
Duplicate bridge[edit]
Scoring in duplicate bridge is done in two stages:
Each deal is scored as in rubber bridge but with some variations in methodology.
The result of each deal by each partnership is compared to all other results for the same deal by all other partnerships.
Scoring deals[edit]
In duplicate scoring, the score for each deal is independent from all others and is a single number resulting from the addition of points awarded in accordance with either of two cases:
when the contract is successful, the declaring side receives a positive score which is the sum of the following elements, if applicable: (i) contract points, (ii) overtrick points, (iii) a part-game or game bonus, (iv) a bonus for making any doubled or redoubled contract, i.e. for 'insult', and (v) a slam or grand slam bonus; the defending side receives a negative score of the same absolute value.
when the contract is defeated, the defending side receives a positive score based upon the number of tricks defeated, declarer's vulnerability, and whether undoubled, doubled or redoubled; the declaring side receives a negative score of the same absolute value.
Example results for a sixteen board match[edit]
In duplicate bridge, the dealer and the status of vulnerability for each side is predetermined by the board, there being sixteen possible combinations.
Board
Dealer
Vulnerability
Declarer
Contract
Made
Down
Contract
Points
Overtrick
Points
Slam
Bonus
(Re)doubled
Bonus
Penalty
Points
Game
Points
Total
N-S
Total
E-W
1 N None E 1♥ 3 30 2×30=60 50 −140 140
2 E N-S N 4♠ X 2 (1×200)+(1×300)=500 −500 500
3 S E-W N 2♦ 4 2×20=40 2×20=40 50 130 −130
4 W Both W 1NT 3 40 2×30=60 50 −150 150
5 N N-S S 3NT 1 100 −100 100
6 E E-W S 3♥ 4 3×30=90 30 50 170 −170
7 S Both W 3♣ 3 3×20=60 50 −110 110
8 W None E 7♥ 7 7×30=210 1000 300 −1510 1510
9 N E-W N 4♠ X 4 2×(4×30)=240 50 300 590 −590
10 E Both E 2NT 2 40+30=70 50 −120 120
11 S None N 6♣ 6 6×20=120 500 300 920 −920
12 W N-S E 2♦ 3 2×20=40 20 50 −110 110
13 N Both W 4♥ X X 4 2×2×(4×30)=480 100 500 −1080 1080
14 E None S 5♠ 1 50 −50 50
15 S N-S E 4♥ 5 4×30=120 30 300 −450 450
16 W E-W N 3NT 3 40+(2×30)=100 300 400 −400
Comparing deals[edit]
Matchpoint scoring[edit]
The most common form of pairs scoring is by matchpoints. On each board, a partnership scores two matchpoints for each other partnership that scored fewer points with the same cards, and one point for each other partnership that scored the same number of points. Thus, every board is weighted equally, with the best result earning 100 percent of the matchpoints available, and the worst earning no matchpoints; the opponents receive the complement score, e.g. an 80% score for a N-S pair implies a 20% score for their E-W opponents. Colloquially, a maximum matchpoints score on a board is known as a "top", and a zero score is a "bottom". The terms "high board" and "low board" are also used.
Note 1: using American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) methods, scoring is one point for each pair beaten, and one-half point for each pair tied.
Note 2: The rule of two matchpoints for each pair beaten is easy to apply in practice: if the board is played n times, the top result achieves 2n−2 matchpoints, the next 2n−4, down to zero. When there are several identical results, they receive the average. However, complications occur if not every board is played the same number of times, or when an "adjusted" (director-awarded) score occurs. These cases can result in non-integer matchpoint scores – see Neuberg formula.
These matchpoints are added across all the hands that a pair plays to determine the winner. Scores are usually given as percentages of a theoretical maximum: 100% would mean that the partnership achieved the best score on every single hand. In practice, a result of 60% or 65% is likely to win the tournament or come close. In a Mitchell movement (see above) the overall scores are usually compared separately for North-South pairs and for East-West pairs, so that there is one winner in each group (unless arrow-switching has been applied - see above).
Historical Note: At some time in the past, both North-South and East-West might be awarded the same matchpoint score. Using this arrangement, the lowest East-West Score would be the winner.
In Board-a-match team game, the matchpoints are calculated using a similar principle. Since there are only two teams involved, the only possible results are 2 (won), 1 (tied) and 0 (lost) points per board.
International Match Point scoring[edit]
In International Match Point (IMP) scoring, every individual score is subtracted from another score, and the difference (or "swing") is converted to IMPs, using the standard IMP table below.[1] The purpose of the IMP table, which has sublinear dependency on differences, is to reduce results occurring from large swings.
The score that is being compared against can be obtained in the following ways:
In team events, it is the score from the other table;
In pair events, it can be:
The datum score, most often calculated as the average score on board, excluding a number of top and bottom results. Sometimes, the median score is used instead.
In "cross-imps" or "Calcutta" scoring, every score on board is compared against every other score (sometimes excluding top and bottom results) and IMPs summed up (and possibly averaged, to reduce "inflation").
Example of averaged cross-imp scoring: Assume that you are one of five pairs who play Board 2 as N/S (you are vulnerable). On this board you bid and make 4 Spades, scoring +620, while the other four N/S pairs score −100, −100, −300, and +650. To figure out your averaged cross-imp score, you would create a table like the Cross-IMP example table below: after writing in the scores of you and your opponents in the bolded areas, you would then fill in the Score Delta row by subtracting each of the opponent's scores from yours. Then, you would fill in the IMPS Gained row by converting each of the score deltas into IMPS via the standard IMP table (e.g. 720 equates to 12 IMPs, because it falls in the range of 600 to 740 in the IMP table). You then add up those numbers and get 36 IMPS. To turn the 36 IMPS into a averaged cross-IMP score, you simply divide that number by the number of competitors (36 IMPs divided by 4 competitors) to arrive at 9 as your averaged cross-IMP score.
Example of cross-IMP table
Our score on Board 2 is 620
Scores of the four other North/South pairs
−100
−100
−300
650
Score Deltas
720 720 920 −30
IMPS Gained
12 12 14 −1
IMP table
Point difference
IMPs
Point difference
IMPs
Point difference
IMPs
from
to
from
to
from
to
0 10 0 370 420 9 1750 1990 18
20 40 1 430 490 10 2000 2240 19
50 80 2 500 590 11 2250 2490 20
90 120 3 600 740 12 2500 2990 21
130 160 4 750 890 13 3000 3490 22
170 210 5 900 1090 14 3500 3990 23
220 260 6 1100 1290 15 4000 or more 24
270 310 7 1300 1490 16
320 360 8 1500 1740 17
History of Contract bridge scoring[edit]
Scoring of tricks in no trump contracts[edit]
In the 1932 Laws of Contract Bridge, no trump tricks bid and made, and undoubled no trump tricks made but not bid, score 30, 40, 30, 40, 30, 40, 30.[2]:law 30
In 1935 this became 40, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30.[3]:law 39
Scoring of undertricks[edit]
before 1935[2]:law 32
1935-1987[3]:law 39[4]:law 81
after 1987, for duplicate bridge,[5]:law 77 and after 1993 for rubber bridge
not vulnerable, not doubled 50 each 50 each 50 each
not vulnerable, doubled 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 etc. 100, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200 etc. 100, 200, 200, 300, 300, 300 etc.
vulnerable, not doubled 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 etc. 100 each 100 each
vulnerable, doubled 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 etc. 200, 300, 300, 300, 300, 300 etc. 200, 300, 300, 300, 300, 300 etc.
Redoubled undertricks have always scored twice as much as the same doubled undertricks.
The 1987 change, to the scoring of the fourth and subsequent non-vulnerable undertricks, was made after a hand in the finals of the 1981 Bermuda Bowl. Munir and Fazli, playing for Pakistan, bid skilfully to reach a vulnerable 7 hearts, which would have scored them 2310. But their non-vulnerable Meckstroth then sacrificed in 7 spades on a weak hand with fives spades to the jack. This went nine off doubled for a score of -1700, a profitable sacrifice. The change of scoring increased the penalty from -1700 to -2300.[6]
Also, the "insult bonus" for making a redoubled contract used to be only 50. This was changed to 100, so that playing 5 of a minor, redoubled, making an overtrick, is always worth more than an undoubled small slam.
8-Level bids[edit]
It has always been the intention of every official set of Laws of Contract Bridge to forbid contracts for more than seven tricks. Some versions have stated this more clearly than others, but this intention of the Laws has never changed.
International Match Points[edit]
When International Match Points were first introduced in Europe, they were as in this table.[7]
IMP table, 1949
Point difference
IMPs
Point difference
IMPs
from
to
from
to
0 10 0 1000 1240 8
20 40 1 1250 1490 9
70 130 2 1500 1990 10
140 210 3 2000 2490 11
220 340 4 2500 2990 12
350 490 5 3000 3490 13
500 740 6 3500 3990 14
750 990 7 4000 or more 15
On September 1st 1962 they were changed to the table above.[8]:law 87
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Official IMP Table
^ Jump up to: a b The Laws of Contract Bridge. de la Rue. 1932.
^ Jump up to: a b The International Laws of Contract Bridge. de la Rue. 1935.
Jump up ^ The International Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge. Bibliagora. 1981.
Jump up ^ The Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge. The English Bridge Union Ltd. 1987.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, Bill (April 2010). "(untitled section)" (PDF). Victorian Bridge Association Bulletin: 6.
Jump up ^ (untitled leaflet). European Bridge League.
Jump up ^ Laws of Duplicate Contract Bridge. de la Rue. 1963.
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