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Blood alcohol content
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Blood alcohol content
Medical diagnostics
Ethanol
LOINC
5639-0, 5640-8, 15120-9, 56478-1
[edit on Wikidata]
Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood alcohol level, is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood, depending on the country. For instance, in North America a BAC of 0.1 (0.1% or one tenth of one percent) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood.
Contents
[hide]
1 Effects by blood alcohol content
2 Estimated blood alcohol content by intake
3 Binge drinking
4 Units of measurement
5 Legal limits
5.1 Limits by country (BrAC: breath alcohol content)
5.2 Other limitation schemes
6 Test assumptions
7 Metabolism and excretion
7.1 Full stomachs
7.2 Carbonated beverages
7.3 Stress
7.4 Retrograde extrapolation
8 Highest recorded blood alcohol level/content
9 References
9.1 Notes
9.2 Bibliography
10 External links
Effects by blood alcohol content[edit]
See also: Short-term effects of alcohol
Progressive effects of alcohol[1]
BAC (% by vol.)
Behavior
Impairment
0.001–0.029
Average individual appears normal
Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests
0.030–0.059
Mild euphoria
Relaxation
Joyousness
Talkativeness
Decreased inhibition
Concentration
0.060–0.099
Blunted feelings
Reduced sensitivity to pain
Euphoria
Disinhibition
Extraversion
Reasoning
Depth perception
Peripheral vision
Glare recovery
0.100–0.199
Over-expression
Boisterousness
Possibility of nausea and vomiting
Reflexes
Reaction time
Gross motor control
Staggering
Slurred speech
Temporary erectile dysfunction
0.200–0.299
Nausea
Vomiting
Emotional swings
Anger or sadness
Partial loss of understanding
Impaired sensations
Decreased libido
Possibility of stupor
Severe motor impairment
Loss of consciousness
Memory blackout
0.300–0.399
Stupor
Central nervous system depression
Loss of understanding
Lapses in and out of consciousness
Low possibility of death
Bladder function
Breathing
Dysequilibrium
Heart rate
0.400–0.500
Severe central nervous system depression
Coma
Possibility of death
Breathing
Heart rate
Positional alcohol nystagmus
>0.50
High possibility of death
Estimated blood alcohol content by intake[edit]
Further information: Alcohol equivalence
To calculate estimated peak blood alcohol concentration (EBAC), a variation, including drinking period in hours, of the Widmark formula was used. The formula is:[2]
E B A C = ( 0.806 × S D × 1.2 B W × W t − M R × D P ) × 10 {\displaystyle EBAC=\left({\frac {0.806\times SD\times 1.2}{BW\times Wt}}-MR\times DP\right)\times 10}
where :
0.806 is a constant for body water in the blood (mean 80.6%),
SD is the number of standard drinks, that being 10 grams of ethanol each,
1.2 is a factor to convert the amount in grams to Swedish standards set by The Swedish National Institute of Public Health,
BW is a body water constant (0.58 for males and 0.49 for females),
Wt is body weight (kilogram),
MR is the metabolism constant (0.015 for males and 0.017 for females) and
DP is the drinking period in hours.[2]
10 converts the result to permillage of alcohol
Regarding metabolism (MR) in the formula; Females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination (mean, 0.017; range, 0.014–0.021 g/210 L) than males (mean, 0.015; range, 0.013–0.017 g/210 L). Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (mean, 26.0; range, 16.7–36.8%) than males (mean, 18.0; range, 10.2–25.3%).[3] Additionally, men are, on average, heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body, because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well. When it does, a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat. For this reason, most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual, and not specifically his/her water content. Finally, it is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up alcohol intoxication by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster.
Examples:
80 kg male drinking 3 standard drinks in two hours:
E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 ⋅ 80 ) − ( 0.015 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.032534483 ≈ 0.033 g / d L {\displaystyle EBAC=(0.806\cdot 3\cdot 1.2)/(0.58\cdot 80)-(0.015\cdot 2)=0.032534483\approx 0.033g/dL}
70 kg woman drinking 2.5 standard drinks in two hours:
E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 ⋅ 70 ) − ( 0.017 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.036495627 ≈ 0.036 g / d L {\displaystyle EBAC=(0.806\cdot 2.5\cdot 1.2)/(0.49\cdot 70)-(0.017\cdot 2)=0.036495627\approx 0.036g/dL}
Standard drink chart (U.S.)[4]
Alcohol
Amount (ml)
Amount (fl oz)
Serving size
Alcohol (% by vol.)
Alcohol
80 proof liquor 44 1.5 One shot 40 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Table wine 148 5 One glass 12 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Beer 355 12 One can/bottle 5 0.6 US fl oz (18 ml)
Note: This chart defines a drink as 14g of ethanol, while the formula defines a drink as 10g of ethanol.
Standard Drink Sizes (Australia)
375ml can of light beer (2.7% alcohol) = 0.8 standard drinks
375ml can of mid-strength beer (3.5% alcohol) = 1 standard drink
375ml can of full strength beer (4.8% alcohol) = 1.4 standard drinks
100ml glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1 standard drink
150ml glass of wine (13.5% alcohol) = 1.5 standard drinks
30ml shot of spirits (40% alcohol) = 0.95 standard drinks
440ml can of pre-mix spirits (approx. 5% alcohol) = 1.7 standard drinks
440ml can pre-mix spirits (approx. 7% alcohol) = 2.4 standard drinks
Approximate blood alcohol percentage (by vol.)[5]
One drink has 0.5 US fl oz (15 ml) alcohol by volume
Drinks
Sex
Body weight
40 kg
90 lb
45 kg
100 lb
55 kg
120 lb
64 kg
140 lb
73 kg
160 lb
82 kg
180 lb
91 kg
200 lb
100 kg
220 lb
109 kg
240 lb
1 Male – 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Female 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
2 Male – 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03
Female 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
3 Male – 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05
Female 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06
4 Male – 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06
Female 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08
5 Male – 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08
Female 0.25 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09
6 Male – 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09
Female 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.11
7 Male – 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.11
Female 0.35 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.13
8 Male – 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13
Female 0.40 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15
9 Male – 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14
Female 0.45 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.19 0.17
10 Male – 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.16
Female 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19
Subtract approximately 0.01 every 40 minutes after drinking.
Binge drinking[edit]
See also: Binge drinking
The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) define the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above. This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks, and when women consume 4 or more drinks, in about 2 hours.[6]
Units of measurement[edit]
There are several different units in use around the world for defining blood alcohol concentration. Each is defined as either a mass of alcohol per volume of blood or a mass of alcohol per mass of blood (never a volume per volume). 1 milliliter of blood has a mass of approximately 1.06 grams. Because of this, units by volume are similar but not identical to units by mass. In the U.S. the concentration unit 1% w/v (percent mass/volume, equivalent to 10 g/l or 1 g per 100 ml) is in use. This is not to be confused with the amount of alcohol measured on the breath, as with a breathalyzer. The amount of alcohol measured on the breath is generally accepted as proportional to the amount of alcohol present in the blood at a rate of 1:2100. Therefore, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol converts to 0.0001×2100 g/10dL, or 0.021 g/dL of blood alcohol (the units of the BAC in the United States). While a variety of units (or sometimes lack thereof) is used throughout the world, many countries use the g/L unit, which does not create confusion as percentages do. Usual units are highlighted in the table below.
Reference
Unit
Dimensions
Equivalent to
Used in
BAC by volume 1 percent (%) 1/100 g/mL = 1 g/dL 9.43 mg/g, 217.4 mmol/L United States, Australia, Canada
1 permille (‰) 1/1000 g/mL = 1 g/L 0.943 mg/g, 21.7 mmol/L Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey
1 basis point (‱) 1/10,000 g/mL = 10 mg/100 mL 94.3 ppm, 2.17 mmol/L United Kingdom
BAC by mass 1 percent (%) 1/100 g/g = 1 cg/g 1.06 cg/mL, 230 mmol/L
1 permille (‰) 1/1000 g/g = 1 mg/g 1.06 mg/mL, 23 mmol/L Finland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Russian Federation
1 part per million (ppm) 1/1,000,000 g/g = 1 μg/g 1.06 μg/mL, 23 μmol/L
Legal limits[edit]
Further information: Drunk driving law by country
Map of Europe showing countries' blood alcohol limits as defined in g/dl for the general population.
For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in court. Most countries disallow operation of motor vehicles and heavy machinery above prescribed levels of blood alcohol content. Operation of boats and aircraft is also regulated.
The alcohol level at which a person is considered legally impaired varies by country. The list below gives limits by country. These are typically blood alcohol content limits for the operation of a vehicle.
Zero effective tolerance
It is illegal to have any measurable alcohol in the blood while driving in these countries. Most jurisdictions have a tolerance slightly higher than zero to account for false positives and naturally occurring alcohol in the body. Some of the following jurisdictions have a general prohibition of alcohol.
Australia—Learner drivers or those drivers with a Provisional/Probationary Licence
Bangladesh
Brazil
Brunei
Canada—new drivers undergoing graduated licensing in Ontario, British Columbia[7] and Newfoundland and Labrador; drivers under the age of 22 in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario,[8] Saskatchewan, Quebec and in Alberta receive a 30-day suspension and 7-day vehicle seizure.[9]
Colombia —Zero Alcohol Tolerance law is effective since December 2013 [10][11]
Czech Republic
Estonia
Fiji
Hungary
Israel—24 µg per 100 ml (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 ml (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 ml of breath.(0,005%) [12]
Italy—for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license
Japan—drivers under the age of 20 because of not reaching legal drinking age.
New Zealand—drivers under the age of 20 and convicted drivers required to gain a zero-limit license.
Nepal
Oman
Qatar
Pakistan
Paraguay
Romania (beyond 0.08% drivers will not only receive a fine and have their license suspended, the offense will also be added to their criminal records.)
Russian Federation (0% introduced in 2010,[13] but discontinued in September 2013[14])
Saudi Arabia
Slovakia
Uruguay[15]
United Arab Emirates
0.02%
China
Netherlands (for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)[16]
Norway (road vehicles and sea vessels over 15 m),[17] alternatively 0.1 mg/L of breath.
Poland
Puerto Rico
Sweden
Ukraine
United States—drivers under the age of 21 may have up to 0.02%, on the federal level, however most states have Zero Tolerance laws emplaced.
0.03%
Belarus
Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.031%)
Chile
India (note: In the state of Kerala, a policy of zero tolerance has developed.)[18]
Serbia
Japan[19]
Russia (since September 2013[14])
0.04%
Lithuania (0.00% for car drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license, motorcycle and truck drivers)
0.05%
Argentina (0.02% for motorbikes, 0.00% for truck, taxi, and bus drivers, 0.00% in the provinces of Cordoba and Salta)
Australia (0.00% for Australian Capital Territory learner, provisional and convicted DUI drivers (changed down from 0.02% on December 1, 2010), 0.02% for truck/bus/taxi, 0.00% for learner drivers, provisional/probationary drivers (regardless of age), truck and bus drivers, driving instructors and DUI drivers in all other states)
Austria – no limit for pedestrians; 0.08% for cycling; 0.05% generally for cars <7,5 t (driving licence B) and motorbikes (A); but 0,01% during learning (for driver and teacher or L17-assistant), during probation period (at least the first 2 years) or up to the age of 20 (A1, AM, L17, F), trucks (C >7,5 t), bus (D), drivers of taxi and public transport [20][21]
Belgium (also for cyclists)
Bulgaria
Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick—provincial offence. Drivers have not committed a criminal offense, however a 3-day licence suspension and 3-day vehicle seizure occurs.
Costa Rica
Croatia—professional drivers, driving instructors and drivers of the vehicle categories C1, C1+E, C, C+E, D, D+E and H; the limit for other drivers is 0.50 mg/g, but they do get an additional separate fine if they cause an accident while having a blood alcohol level between 0 and 0,50 mg/g [22]
Denmark
Finland
France (0.025% for bus drivers)[23]
Germany (0.0% for learner drivers, all drivers 18–21 and newly licensed drivers of any age for first two years of licence; also, if the BAC exceeds 0.03%, driving is illegal if the driver is showing changes in behavior ("Relative Fahruntüchtigkeit"))
Greece
Hong Kong
Iceland
Ireland (0.02% for learner drivers and professional drivers)[24]
Israel 24 µg per 100 ml (0.024%) of breath (penalties only apply above 26 µg per 100 ml (0.026%) of breath due to lawsuits about sensitivity of devices used). This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.05. New drivers, drivers under 24 years of age and commercial drivers 5 µg per 100 ml of breath. This is equivalent to a BAC of 0.01.[12]
Italy (0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
Latvia (0.02% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
Luxembourg
Macedonia (0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license)
Netherlands (0.02% for drivers in their first five years after gaining a driving license)[16]
New Zealand
Peru
Philippines (0.00% for taxicab and public transport drivers)[25]
Portugal (0.02% for drivers holding a driver's licence for less than three years, professional drivers, and drivers of taxis, heavy vehicles, emergency vehicles, public transport of children and carrying dangerous goods).
Scotland
Slovenia (0.00% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a drivers licence, drivers under 21 and professional drivers, such as buses, trucks...)
South Africa
Spain (0.03% for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers, such as buses, trucks...)
Switzerland (0.01% for drivers in their first three years after gaining a drivers licence and for driving instructors)[26]
Thailand
Taiwan (breath alcohol limit decreased from 0.25 to 0.15 from 13 June 2013)
Turkey
0.06%
The Bahamas[27]
0.07%
Honduras
0.08%
Canada[28] Quebec (provincial law)
England and Wales[29] (0.02% for operators of fixed-wing aircraft).
Malaysia (0.00 for Probationary Driving Licence holders)
Malta
Mexico
New Zealand Criminal offence
Norway (legal limit for sea vessels under 15 m)[30]
Northern Ireland (The government of Northern Ireland intends to reduce the general limit to 0.05%.[31])
Puerto Rico (for drivers 21 years and older)
Singapore[32]
Trinidad and Tobago
United States—all states impose penalties for driving with a BAC of 0.08% or greater.[33] Even below those levels drivers can have civil liability and other criminal guilt (e.g., in Arizona driving impairment to any degree caused by alcohol consumption can be a civil or criminal offense in addition to other offenses at higher blood alcohol content levels). Drivers under 21 (the most common U.S. legal drinking age) are held to stricter standards under zero tolerance laws adopted in varying forms in all states: commonly 0.01% to 0.05%. See Alcohol laws of the United States by state. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: 0.04% for drivers of a commercial vehicle requiring a commercial driver's license[34] and 0.01% for operators of common carriers, such as buses.[35]
0.1%
Cayman Islands
Limits by country (BrAC: breath alcohol content)[edit]
In certain countries, alcohol limits are determined by the breath alcohol content (BrAC), not to be confused with blood alcohol content (BAC).
In Greece, the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath. The limit in blood is 0.50 g/l. The BrAC limit for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers are more restricted to 100 microgrammes per litre of breath.
BrAC 250–400 = €200 fine.
BrAC 400–600 = €700 fine, plus suspension of driving license for 90 days (introduced in 2007)[36]
BrAC >600 = 2 months imprisonment, plus suspension of driving license for 180 days, plus €1,200 fine
In Hong Kong, the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes per litre of breath (as well as other defined limits)
In The Netherlands and Finland, the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (μg/l, colloquially known as "Ugl").
In New Zealand, the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath for those aged 20 years or over, and zero (meaning illegal to have any measurable breath alcohol content) for those aged under 20 years.[37]
In Singapore, the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath.[32]
In Spain the BrAC limit is 250 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath and 150 microgrammes per litre of breath for drivers in their first two years after gaining a driving license and common carriers.
In England and Wales the BrAC limit is 350 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
In Scotland the BrAC limit is 220 microgrammes of alcohol per litre of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
In Trinidad and Tobago the BrAC limit is 35 microgrammes of alcohol per 100 millilitres of breath (as well as the above defined blood alcohol content).
Other limitation schemes[edit]
For South Korea, the penalties for different blood alcohol content levels include
0.01–0.049 = No penalty
0.05–0.09 = 100 days license suspension
>0.10 = Cancellation of car license.
Test assumptions[edit]
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Blood alcohol tests assume the individual being tested is average in various ways. For example, on average the ratio of blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content (the partition ratio) is 2100 to 1. In other words, there are 2100 parts of alcohol in the blood for every part in the breath. However, the actual ratio in any given individual can vary from 1300:1 to 3100:1, or even more widely.[38] This ratio varies not only from person to person, but within one person from moment to moment. Thus a person with a true blood alcohol level of .08% but a partition ratio of 1700:1 at the time of testing would have a .10 reading on a Breathalyzer calibrated for the average 2100:1 ratio.
Metabolism and excretion[edit]
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Alcohol is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, but more slowly in the stomach than in the small or large intestine. For this reason, alcohol consumed with food is absorbed more slowly, because it spends a longer time in the stomach. Furthermore, alcohol dehydrogenase is present in the stomach lining. After absorption, the alcohol passes to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, where it undergoes a first pass of metabolism before entering the general bloodstream.[39]
Alcohol is removed from the bloodstream by a combination of metabolism, excretion, and evaporation.
Alcohol is metabolized mainly by the group of six enzymes collectively called alcohol dehydrogenase. These convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (an intermediate more toxic than ethanol). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts the acetaldehyde into non-toxic acetic acid.
Many physiologically active materials are removed from the bloodstream (whether by metabolism or excretion) at a rate proportional to the current concentration, so that they exhibit exponential decay with a characteristic halflife (see pharmacokinetics). This is not true for alcohol, however. Typical doses of alcohol actually saturate the enzymes' capacity, so that alcohol is removed from the bloodstream at an approximately constant rate. This rate varies considerably between individuals. Another sex based difference is in the elimination of alcohol. People under 25[citation needed], women[40] or with liver disease may process alcohol more slowly. False High (BAC) readings are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism and failure (for example, Hematuria 1+ protenuria 1+ )
Such persons have impaired acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes acetaldehyde levels to peak higher, producing more severe hangovers and other effects such as flushing and tachycardia. Conversely, members of certain ethnicities that traditionally did not use alcoholic beverages have lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenases and thus "sober up" very slowly, but reach lower aldehyde concentrations and have milder hangovers. Rate of detoxification of alcohol can also be slowed by certain drugs which interfere with the action of alcohol dehydrogenases, notably aspirin, furfural (which may be found in fusel alcohol), fumes of certain solvents, many heavy metals, and some pyrazole compounds. Also suspected of having this effect are cimetidine (Tagamet), ranitidine (Zantac), and acetaminophen (Tylenol) (paracetamol).
Currently, the only known substance that can increase the rate of metabolism of alcohol is fructose. The effect can vary significantly from person to person, but a 100 g dose of fructose has been shown to increase alcohol metabolism by an average of 80%. Fructose also increases false positives of high BAC ratio readings in anyone with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney-liver metabolism.[41]
Full stomachs[edit]
Alcohol absorption can be slowed by ingesting alcohol on a full stomach.[42] The belief that the food absorbs the alcohol is a common misconception. Alcohol absorption is slowed because the stomach sphincter closes in order to break down the food. The alcohol cannot be absorbed through the stomach, thus cannot be absorbed until the sphincter is opened and the consumed alcohol can flow to the small intestine.[43]
Carbonated beverages[edit]
See also: Carbonated water § Metabolism and excretion
Alcohol in carbonated beverages is absorbed faster than alcohol in non-carbonated drinks.[42][44]
Stress[edit]
Being under stress causes alcohol to metabolize faster.[42][45][46]
Retrograde extrapolation[edit]
Retrograde extrapolation is the mathematical process by which someone's blood alcohol concentration at the time of driving is estimated by projecting backwards from a later chemical test. This involves estimating the absorption and elimination of alcohol in the interim between driving and testing. The rate of elimination in the average person is commonly estimated at .015 to .020 grams per deciliter per hour (g/dl/h),[47] although again this can vary from person to person and in a given person from one moment to another. Metabolism can be affected by numerous factors, including such things as body temperature, the type of alcoholic beverage consumed, and the amount and type of food consumed.
In an increasing number of states, laws have been enacted to facilitate this speculative task: the blood alcohol content at the time of driving is legally presumed to be the same as when later tested. There are usually time limits put on this presumption, commonly two or three hours, and the defendant is permitted to offer evidence to rebut this presumption.
Forward extrapolation can also be attempted. If the amount of alcohol consumed is known, along with such variables as the weight and sex of the subject and period and rate of consumption, the blood alcohol level can be estimated by extrapolating forward. Although subject to the same infirmities as retrograde extrapolation—guessing based upon averages and unknown variables—this can be relevant in estimating BAC when driving and/or corroborating or contradicting the results of a later chemical test.
Highest recorded blood alcohol level/content[edit]
There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:
On 26 October 2012 a man from Gmina Olszewo-Borki, Poland, who died in a car accident, recorded a blood alcohol content of 2.23%; however, the blood sample was collected from a wound and thus possibly contaminated.[48]
In South Africa, a man driving a Mercedes-Benz Vito light van containing 15 sheep, allegedly stolen from nearby farms, was arrested on December 22, 2010, near Queenstown in Eastern Cape. His blood had an alcohol content of 1.6%. Also in the vehicle were five boys and a woman who were also arrested.[49]
In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a BAC of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place.[50] Serum alcohol concentration is not equal to nor calculated in the same way as blood alcohol content.[51]
In 1984 a 30-year-old man survived a blood alcohol concentration of 1.5% after vigorous medical intervention that included dialysis and intravenous therapy with fructose.[52]
In 1995, a man from Wrocław, Poland, caused a car accident near his hometown. He had a blood alcohol content of 1.48% ; he was tested five times but all results were the same. He died a few days later of injuries from the accident.[48]
In 2013, on July 26 a 40-year-old man from Alfredówka, Poland, was found by Municipal Police Patrol from Nowa Dęba lying in the ditch along the road in Tarnowska Wola. At the hospital there was recorded that the man had a blood alcohol content of 1.374%. The man survived.[53][54]
In 2004, an unidentified Taiwanese woman died of alcohol intoxication after immersion for twelve hours in a bathtub filled with 40% ethanol. Her blood alcohol content was 1.35%. It was believed that she had immersed herself as a response to the SARS epidemic.[55]
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A hybridizing of effects as described at Alcohol's Effects Archived May 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. from Virginia Tech and Federal Aviation Regulation (CFR) 91.17: Alcohol and Flying (hosted on FlightPhysical.com)
^ Jump up to: a b Andersson, Agneta; Wiréhn, Ann-Britt; Ölvander, Christina; Ekman, Diana; Bendtsen, Preben (2009). "Alcohol use among university students in Sweden measured by an electronic screening instrument". BMC Public Health. 9: 229. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-229. PMC 2724514  . PMID 19594906.
Jump up ^ Cowan Jr, JM; Weathermon, A; McCutcheon, JR; Oliver, RD (1996). "Determination of volume of distribution for ethanol in male and female subjects". Journal of analytical toxicology. 20 (5): 287–90. doi:10.1093/jat/20.5.287. PMID 8872236.
Jump up ^ Based on the CDC standard of 0.6 fl oz alcohol per drink. CDC alcohol FAQ
Jump up ^ BAC Charts Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. from Virginia Tech
Jump up ^ "Quick Stats: Binge Drinking." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 2008.[1].
Jump up ^ "The Various Alcohol and Drug Related Prohibitions and Suspensions – Prohibitions and Suspensions – RoadSafetyBC".
Jump up ^ "Newsroom : Keeping Drivers Safe". news.ontario.ca.
Jump up ^ "Tolérance zéro pour les conducteurs de moins de 21 ans". La Presse.
Jump up ^ "Tolerancia cero: ni una cerveza si va a conducir". eltiempo.com.
Jump up ^ http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Normativa/Leyes/Documents/2013/LEY%201696%20DEL%2019%20DE%20DICIEMBRE%20DE%202013.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol and Driving". Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Medvedev signs total drink driving ban". RIAN. 2010-07-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russian drivers to be allowed to have slight alcohol content in blood". Itar-tass. 2013-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol cero rige a partir de 2016".
^ Jump up to: a b "Alcohol".
Jump up ^ /d: LOV-1965-06-18-4 :d/ Lov om vegtrafikk (vegtrafikkloven)
Jump up ^ according to Section 185 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988. On first offence, the punishment is imprisonment of 6 months and/or fine of 2000 Indian Rupees (INR). If the second offence is committed within three years, the punishment is 2 years and/or fine of 3000 Indian Rupees (INR). The clause of 30 mg/dL was added by an amendment in 1994. It came into effect beginning 14 November 1994.
Jump up ^ http://www.npa.go.jp/policies/application/license_renewal/pdf/english.pdf The breath alcohol concentration limit for driving in Japan is 0.15 mg/l, which, assuming a breath alcohol to blood alcohol ratio of 1:2,100, is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0315%. The penalties become even more severe at 0.25 mg/l, which is roughly equivalent to a BAC of 0.0525%.
Jump up ^ https://www.help.gv.at/Portal.Node/hlpd/public/content/4/Seite.042000.html Alkohol am Steuer, HELP.gv.at, of 19. January 2013, retr. 22. April 2013
Jump up ^ http://www.verkehrspsychologie.at/gesetzliche_grundlagen_fuehrerscheinentzug.htm Gesetzliche Grundlagen für den Führerscheinentzug (Alkohol), verkehrspsychologie.at, AAP – Angewandte Psychologie und Forschung GmbH, Wien, retr. 22. April 2013
Jump up ^ Driving law (hr)
Jump up ^ Between 0.05% and 0.08%, drivers can be fined €135 and have six points removed from their licence. Above 0.08%, the punishment is more severe with possible imprisonment of up to two years, heavy fines and licence suspension. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2008-06-23. (in French)
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "BAC and BrAC Limits – International Alliance for Responsible Drinking". International Alliance for Responsible Drinking.
Jump up ^ "Quoi de neuf en 2014 ?". Archived from the original on 2014-01-16.
Jump up ^ "Driving Under the Influence Unit".
Jump up ^ Drinking and Driving: SAAQ
Jump up ^ "The drink drive limit".
Jump up ^ /d: LOV-1998-06-26-47 :d/ Lov om fritids- og småbåter
Jump up ^ DOE – Biggest shake up in drink driving laws for forty years – Attwood
^ Jump up to: a b Driving In Singapore – Home Archived February 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. http://alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov/Blood_Alcohol_Concentration_Limits_Adult_Operators_of_Noncommercial_Motor_Vehicles.html. Accessed on February 01, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Commercial Driver's License Program". Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration.
Jump up ^ "18 U.S.C. § 343 : US Code – Section 343: Presumptions". Findlaw.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Alcohol and drug limits". Driving Tests Resources.
Jump up ^ Alobaidi TA, Hill DW, Payne JP (1976). "Significance of variations in blood: breath partition coefficient of alcohol". Br Med J. 2: 1479–81. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6050.1479. PMC 1689868  . PMID 793681.
Jump up ^ Alan J.Buglass, ed. (2011). Handbook of alcoholic beverages : technical, analytical and nutritional aspects. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-97665-4. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Thomasson, Holly R. (2002). "Gender Differences in Alcohol Metabolism". Recent Developments in Alcoholism. 12. pp. 163–72. doi:10.1007/0-306-47138-8_9. ISBN 0-306-44921-8.
Jump up ^ Fructose & ethanol
Carpenter, Thorne M.; Lee, Robert C (1937). "THE EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE ON THE METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MAN". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 60 (3). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
Tygstrup, Niels; Winkler, Kjeld; Lundquist, Frank (1 May 1965). "The Mechanism of the Fructose Effect on the Ethanol Metabolism of the Human Liver*". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44 (5): 817–830. doi:10.1172/JCI105194. PMC 292558  . PMID 14276139.
Patel, AR; Paton, AM; Rowan, T; Lawson, DH; Linton, AL (August 1969). "Clinical studies on the effect of laevulose on the rate of metabolism of ethyl alcohol". Scottish medical journal. 14 (8): 268–71. PMID 5812044.
Lowenstein, LM; Simone, R; Boulter, P; Nathan, P (14 September 1970). "Effect of fructose on alcohol concentrations in the blood in man". JAMA. 213 (11): 1899–901. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170370083021. PMID 4318655.
Pawan, GL (September 1972). "Metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) in man". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 31 (2): 83–9. doi:10.1079/pns19720020. PMID 4563296.
Thieden, HI; Grunnet, N; Damgaard, SE; Sestoft, L (October 1972). "Effect of fructose and glyceraldehyde on ethanol metabolism in human liver and in rat liver". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 30 (2): 250–61. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02093.x. PMID 4145889.
Soterakis, J; Iber, FL (March 1975). "Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 (3): 254–7. PMID 1119423.
Rawat, AK (February 1977). "Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man". Research communications in chemical pathology and pharmacology. 16 (2): 281–90. PMID 847286.
Iber, FL (September 1977). "The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism". Archives of Internal Medicine. 137 (9): 1121. doi:10.1001/archinte.137.9.1121. PMID 901079.
Bode, JC; Bode, C; Thiele, D (1 February 1979). "Alcohol metabolism in man: effect of intravenous fructose infusion on blood ethanol elimination rate following stimulation by phenobarbital treatment or chronic alcohol consumption". Klinische Wochenschrift. 57 (3): 125–30. doi:10.1007/bf01476052. PMID 439778.
Sprandel, U; Tröger, HD; Liebhardt, EW; Zöllner, N (1980). "Acceleration of ethanol elimination with fructose in man". Nutrition and metabolism. 24 (5): 324–30. doi:10.1159/000176278. PMID 7443107.
Meyer, BH; Müller, FO; Hundt, HK (6 November 1982). "The effect of fructose on blood alcohol levels in man". South African medical journal (Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde). 62 (20): 719–21. PMID 6753183.
Crownover, BP; La Dine, J; Bradford, B; Glassman, E; Forman, D; Schneider, H; Thurman, RG (March 1986). "Activation of ethanol metabolism in humans by fructose: importance of experimental design". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 236 (3): 574–9. PMID 3950864.
Mascord, D; Smith, J; Starmer, GA; Whitfield, JB (1991). "The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism and on the [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratio in man". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 26 (1): 53–9. PMID 1854373.
Onyesom, I; Anosike, EO (June 2004). "Oral fructose-induced changes in blood ethanol oxidokinetic data among healthy Nigerians". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 35 (2): 476–80. PMID 15691159.
Uzuegbu, UE; Onyesom, I (June 2009). "Fructose-induced increase in ethanol metabolism and the risk of Syndrome X in man". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 332 (6): 534–8. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2009.01.007. PMID 19520316.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Absorption Rate Factors". BHS.UMN.edu. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. When food is ingested, the pyloric valve at the bottom of the stomach will close in order to hold food in the stomach for digestion and thus keep the alcohol from reaching the small intestine. The larger the meal and closer in time to drinking, the lower the peak of alcohol concentration; some studies indicate up to a 20% reduction in peak blood alcohol level.
Stress causes the stomach to empty directly into the small intestine, where alcohol is absorbed even faster.
Liquor mixed with soda or other bubbly drinks speeds up the passage of alcohol from the stomach to the small intestine, which increases the speed of absorption.
Jump up ^ "8 Big Boozy Myths About Drinking". EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved 2017-10-21.
Jump up ^ Roberts, C.; Robinson, S.P. (2007). "Alcohol concentration and carbonation of drinks: The effect on blood alcohol levels". Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 14 (7): 398–405. doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2006.12.010. PMID 17720590.
Jump up ^ Holt S (1 February 1981). "Observations on the relation between alcohol absorption and the rate of gastric emptying". Can Med Assoc J. 124: 267–77, 297. PMC 1705129  . PMID 7459787.
Jump up ^ LEIKOLA A. "Influence of stress on alcohol intoxication in rats". Q J Stud Alcohol. 23: 369–75. PMID 13929435.
Jump up ^ Montgomery, Mark R.; Reasor, Mark J. (1992). "Retrograde extrapolation of blood alcohol data: An applied approach". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. 36 (4): 281–92. doi:10.1080/15287399209531639. PMID 1507264.
^ Jump up to: a b Łuba, Marcin (24 October 2012). "Śmiertelny rekord: Kierowca z powiatu ostrołęckiego miał 22 promile alkoholu! Zginął w wypadku". eOstroleka.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2017-11-04.
Jump up ^ Drunkest driver in SA arrested Sowetan
Jump up ^ Johnson, R (1982). "Survival After a Serum Ethanol Concentration of 11/2%". The Lancet. 320 (8312): 1394. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91285-5.
Jump up ^ Labianca, Dominick A. (2002). "Conversion of Serum-Alcohol Concentrations to Corresponding Blood-Alcohol Concentrations". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (7): 803. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..803L. doi:10.1021/ed079p803.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Shane; Tipton, KF; Prichard, JS; Quinlan, A (1984). "Survival After High Blood Alcohol Levels: Association with First-Order Elimination Kinetics". Archives of Internal Medicine. 144 (3): 641–2. doi:10.1001/archinte.1984.00350150255052. PMID 6703836.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-11. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Informacje".
Jump up ^ Wu, Yen-Liang; Guo, How-Ran; Lin, Hung-Jung (2005). "Fatal alcohol immersion during the SARS epidemic in Taiwan". Forensic Science International. 149 (2–3): 287. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.014. PMID 15749375.
Bibliography[edit]
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. Science and Technology Department. The Handy Science Answer Book. Pittsburgh: The Carnegie Library, 1997. ISBN 978-0-7876-1013-5.
Perham, Nick; Moore, Simon C.; Shepherd, Jonathan; Cusens, Bryany (2007). "Identifying drunkenness in the night-time economy". Addiction. 102 (3): 377–80. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01699.x. PMID 17298644.
Taylor, L., and S. Oberman. Drunk Driving Defense, 6th edition. New York: Aspen Law and Business, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7355-5429-0.
External links[edit]
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text:
2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2008 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
Administrator(s)
International Cricket Council
Cricket format
One Day International
Tournament format(s)
Round-robin and Knockout
Host(s)
Malaysia
Champions
India (2nd title)
Runners-up
South Africa
Participants
16
Matches played
44
Player of the series
Tim Southee
Most runs
Tanmay Srivastava (262)
Most wickets
Wayne Parnell (18)
← 2006
2010 →
Cricket portal
The 2008 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in Malaysia from 17 February 2008 to 2 March 2008. The opening ceremony took place on 15 February 2008. The final was played between South Africa and India, which India won by 12 runs by D/L Method.
Contents
[hide]
1 Venues
1.1 Kuala Lumpur
1.2 Johor
1.3 Penang
2 Squads
3 Groups
4 Group stage
4.1 Group A
4.2 Group B
4.3 Group C
4.4 Group D
5 Quarter-Finals
5.1 Super Quarter-Finals
5.2 Plate Quarter-Finals
6 Semi-Finals
6.1 Super Semi-Finals
6.2 5th Place Semi-Finals
6.3 Plate Semi-Finals
6.4 13th Place Semi-Finals
7 Finals
7.1 13th Place Final
7.2 Plate Final
7.3 5th Place Final
7.4 Final
8 Final standings
9 External links
Venues[edit]
The matches took place at three locations, Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Penang. The respective venues were
Kuala Lumpur[edit]
Kinrara Academy Oval
Royal Selangor Club
Bayuemas Oval
Johor[edit]
Johor Cricket Academy
Maktab Perguruan Temenggong Ibrahim
Penang[edit]
Penang Sports Club
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Squads[edit]
Main article: 2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads
Groups[edit]
The league stage of the tournament consisted of four groups of four teams each. Each team would play once with every team in the group. The groups would be stationed at their respective venues for the group stage. The figures in brackets indicate respective seedings.
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Pakistan (1)
Zimbabwe (8)
New Zealand (9)
Malaysia (16)
India (2)
West Indies (7)
South Africa (10)
Papua New Guinea (15)
Australia (3)
Sri Lanka (6)
Nepal (11)
Namibia (14)
England (4)
Bangladesh (5)
Bermuda (12)
Ireland (13)
Johor
Kuala Lumpur
Penang
Kuala Lumpur
Group stage[edit]
Group A[edit]
All matches start at 0200 UTC.
Team
Pts
Pld
W
T
L
NR
NRR
Pakistan 6 3 3 0 0 0 +1.765
New Zealand 4 3 2 0 1 0 +1.407
Malaysia 2 3 1 0 2 0 −1.403
Zimbabwe 0 3 0 0 3 0 −1.700
17 February
(scorecard)
Malaysia
75 all out (24.4 overs)
v
Pakistan
76/2 (9.3 overs)
Nik Azril Arifin 28 (43)
Adil Raza 6/29 (10 overs)
Umar Amin 31 (25)
Sarath Ananthasivam 1/13 (2 overs)
Pakistan won by 8 wickets
Johor Cricket Academy, Johor
Umpires: Marais Erasmus & GA Pratapkumar
Player of the match: Adil Raza
18 February
(scorecard)
New Zealand
221/8 (50 overs)
v
Zimbabwe
123 all out (42.4 overs)
Corey Anderson 82 (95)
Prince Masvaure 3/37 (10 overs)
Daniel Landman 51 (72)
Tim Southee 5/11 (8.4 overs)
New Zealand won by 98 runs
Johor Cricket Academy, Johor
Umpires: Lakani Oala & GA Pratapkumar
Player of the match: Corey Anderson
19 February
(scorecard)
Pakistan
156 all out (47.1 overs)
v
New Zealand
129 all out (47.2 overs)
Usman Salahuddin 53 (95)
Trent Boult 2/21 (8 overs)
Harry Boam 38 (97)
Ahmed Shehzad 3/35 (10 overs)
Pakistan won by 27 runs
MPTI, Johor
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Lakani Oala
Player of the match: Usman Salahuddin
20 February
(scorecard)
Malaysia
194/8 (50 overs)
v
Zimbabwe
124 all out (38.4 overs)
Ahmed Faiz 50 (77)
Daniel Landman 3/34 (10 overs)
Tendai Mashonganyika 24 (42)
Shahid Ali Khan 3/41 (8.4 overs)
Malaysia won by 70 runs
MPTI, Johor
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Marais Erasmus
Player of the match: Shahid Ali Khan
21 February
(scorecard)
Malaysia
47 all out (17.1 overs)
v
New Zealand
48/2 (11.1 overs)
Faizal Abu Hasan 9 (34)
Trent Boult 7/20 (8.1 overs)
Kane Williamson 27 (37)
Saravanan Raj 2/15 (4 overs)
New Zealand won by 8 wickets
Johor Cricket Academy, Johor
Umpires: Marais Erasmus and GA Pratapkumar
Player of the match: Trent Boult
22 February
(scorecard)
Pakistan
173/8 (50 overs)
v
Zimbabwe
86 all out (29 overs)
Ali Asad 76* (124)
Kyle Jarvis 3/40 (9 overs)
Justin Gaisford 18 (53)
Mohammed Rameez 3/26 (7 overs)
Pakistan won by 87 runs
MPTI, Johor
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Lakani Oala
Player of the match: Ali Asad
Group B[edit]
All matches started at 0200 UTC.
Team
Pts
Pld
W
T
L
NR
NRR
India 6 3 3 0 0 0 +2.132
South Africa 4 3 2 0 1 0 +1.066
West Indies 2 3 1 0 2 0 +0.653
Papua New Guinea 0 3 0 0 3 0 −3.959
17 February
(scorecard)
India
254/4 (50 overs)
v
Papua New Guinea
84 all out (27.5 overs)
Tanmay Srivastava 83 (76)
John Reva 1/25 (4 overs)
Alfred Amini 26 (52)
Iqbal Abdulla 3/2 (3 overs)
India win by 195 runs
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Sarika Prasad and Ian Robinson
Player of the match: Tanmay Srivastava
18 February
(scorecard)
West Indies
222/8 (50 overs)
v
South Africa
223/7 (43.5 overs)
Kieran Powell 53 (50)
Obus Pienaar 3/36 (10 overs)
Riley Rossouw 58* (74)
Sharmarh Brooks 4/39 (9 overs)
South Africa win by 3 wickets
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Baxter and Zameer Haider
Player of the match: Riley Rossouw
19 February
(scorecard)
South Africa
149 all out (30.1 overs)
v
India
153/4 (42 overs)
Jonathan Vandiar 53 (45)
Pradeep Sangwan 5/44 (10 overs)
Taruwar Kohli 54 (117)
Wayne Parnell 2/27 (8 overs)
India won by 6 wickets
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Baxter and Sarika Prasad
Player of the match: Pradeep Sangwan
20 February
(scorecard)
West Indies
319 all out (49.4 overs)
v
Papua New Guinea
143 all out (37.1 overs)
Steven Jacobs 101 (86)
Loa Nou 4/63 (9.4 overs)
Tony Ura 32 (21)
Jason Dowes 4/25 (8 overs)
West Indies won by 176 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Ian Robinson and Zameer Haider
Player of the match: Steven Jacobs
21 February
(scorecard)
Papua New Guinea
125 all out (45 overs)
v
South Africa
128/3 (15.1 overs)
Tanti Heni 35 (70)
Jonathan Vandiar 4/27 (10 overs)
Pieter Malan 56 (46)
Willie Gavera 2/33 (4 overs)
South Africa won by 7 wickets
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Sarika Prasad and Ian Robinson
Player of the match: Jonathan Vandiar
22 February
(scorecard)
India
264/8 (50 overs)
v
West Indies
205 all out (47.5 overs)
Virat Kohli 106 (108)
Dawnley Grant 2/56 (10 overs)
Darren Bravo 43 (68)
Siddarth Kaul 3/37 (8 overs)
India won by 59 runs
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Baxter and Zameer Haider
Player of the match: Virat Kohli
Group C[edit]
All matches start at 0200 UTC.
Team
Pts
Pld
W
T
L
NR
NRR
Sri Lanka 6 3 3 0 0 0 +1.912
Australia 4 3 2 0 1 0 +1.342
Nepal 2 3 1 0 2 0 −1.027
Namibia 0 3 0 0 3 0 −2.100
17 February
(scorecard)
Australia
312 all out (48 overs)
v
Namibia
163 all out (31 overs)
Michael Hill 124 (71)
Ashley van Rooi 3/25 (5 overs)
Dawid Botha 56 (46)
Steve Smith 4/41 (7 overs)
Australia win by 149 runs
Penang Sports Club, Penang
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and Peter Hartley
Player of the match: Michael Hill
18 February
(scorecard)
Sri Lanka
236/9 (50 overs)
v
Nepal
175 all out (48.5 overs)
Sachith Pathirana 62 (60)
Amrit Bhattarai 4/42 (10)
Mahesh Chhetri 39 (69)
Sachith Pathirana 3/32 (10)
Sri Lanka win by 61 runs
Penang Sports Club, Penang
Umpires: Roger Dill and Peter Hartley
19 February
(scorecard)
Australia
206 all out (49.3 overs)
v
Nepal
110 all out (32.1 overs)
Phillip Hughes 46 (94)
Paras Khadka 4/32 (9.3 overs)
Rahul Vishwakarma 33* (47)
Clive Rose 3/21 (9 overs)
Australia won by 96 runs
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
Umpires: Roger Dill and Enamul Haque
Player of the match: James Pattison
20 February
(scorecard)
Sri Lanka
247/7 (50 overs)
v
Namibia
84 all out (32.4 overs)
Lahiru Thirimanne 68 (84)
Bernard Scholtz 2/32 (10 overs)
Dawid Botha 17 (27)
Sachith Pathirana 4/31 (10 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 163 runs
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and Enamul Haque
Player of the match: Lahiru Thirimanne
21 February
(scorecard)
Nepal
164 all out (49.5 overs)
v
Namibia
161 all out (49 overs)
Mahesh Chhetri 62 (133)
Louis van der Westhuizen 2/17 (10 overs)
Louis van der Westhuizen 65 (75)
Gyanendra Malla 2/3 (2 overs)
Nepal won by 3 runs
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and Peter Hartley
Player of the match: Mahesh Chhetri
22 February
(scorecard)
Australia
172 all out (49.3 overs)
v
Sri Lanka
175/5 (37.3 overs)
Steve Smith 36 (61)
Navin Kavikara 3/20 (10 overs)
Dilshan Munaweera 43 (42)
Clive Rose 2/23 (8.3 overs)
Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
Penang Sports Club, Penang
Umpires: Roger Dill and Enamul Haque
Player of the match: Dinesh Chandimal
Group D[edit]
All matches start at 0200 UTC.
Team
Pts
Pld
W
T
L
NR
NRR
Bangladesh 6 3 3 0 0 0 +2.078
England 4 3 2 0 1 0 +1.861
Bermuda 2 3 1 0 2 0 −2.285
Ireland 0 3 0 0 3 0 −2.264
17 February
(scorecard)
Ireland
109 (31.2 overs)
v
England
110/0 (15.5 overs)
Christopher Dougherty 34 (64)
Steven Finn 3/21 (8 overs)
James Taylor 52* (63)
Ben Ackland 0/12 (1.5 overs)
England win by 10 wickets
Bayueams Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Steve Davis and Jeff Luck
Player of the match: Steven Finn
18 February
(scorecard)
Bangladesh
260/8 (50 overs)
v
Bermuda
82 (26.2 overs)
Nasir Hossain 84 (95)
Malachi Jones 2/64 (10 overs)
Rodney Trott 20 (37)
Suhrawadi Shuvo 4/9 (7.2 overs)
Bangladesh win by 178 runs
Bayueams Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Steve Davis and Tyron Wijewardene
Player of the match: Nasir Hossain
19 February
(scorecard)
England
56/0 (10.4 overs)
v
Bermuda
55 all out (28.5 overs)
James Taylor 43(52)
Chris Douglas 21(35)
Liam Dawson 3/15 (7 overs)
England won by 10 wickets
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Buddhi Pradhan and Tyron Wijewardene
Player of the match: Liam Dawson
20 February
(scorecard)
Ireland
123 all out (43.4 overs)
v
Bangladesh
124/2 (22.3 overs)
James Shannon 31 (73)
Mahmudul Hasan 4/17 (6.4 overs)
Ashraful Hossain 71* (79)
James Hall 1/8 (5 overs)
Bangladesh won by 8 wickets
Bayueams Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Jeff Luck and Buddhi Pradhan
Player of the match: Mahmudul Hasan
21 February
(scorecard)
Bermuda
221/9 (50 overs)
v
Ireland
201 all out (48.4 overs)
Rodney Trott 64 (94)
James Hall 3/44 (10 overs)
Christopher Dougherty 70 (108)
Chris Douglas 5/40 (10 overs)
Bermuda won by 20 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Steve Davis and Jeff Luck
Player of the match: Chris Douglas
22 February
(scorecard)
Bangladesh
149 all out (42 overs)
v
England
136 all out (47.4 overs)
Suhrawadi Shuvo 56* (96)
James Harris 5/29 (10 overs)
Dan Redfern 26 (66)
Mahmadul Hasan 2/16 (10 overs)
Bangladesh won by 13 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Buddhi Pradhan and Tyron Wijewardene
Player of the match: Suhrawadi Shuvo
Quarter-Finals[edit]
Super Quarter-Finals[edit]
24 February
(scorecard)
England
146 all out (46 overs)
v
India
149/3 (39.1 overs)
James Taylor 41 (88)
Iqbal Abdulla 3/29 (9 overs)
Taruwar Kohli 63* (111)
Tom Westley 2/30 (6 overs)
India won by 7 wickets
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Baxter and Marais Erasmus
Player of the match: Taruwar Kohli
24 February
(scorecard)
South Africa
242 all out (50 overs)
v
Bangladesh
41 all out (11.4 overs)
Wayne Parnell 57 (49)
Subashis Roy 2/31 (10 overs)
Nasir Hossain 17 (20)
Wayne Parnell 6/8 (5 overs)
South Africa won by 201 runs
Bayuemas Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: GA Pratapkumar and Zameer Haider
Player of the match: Wayne Parnell
25 February
(scorecard)
New Zealand
213 all out (49.5 overs)
v
Sri Lanka
134 all out (42.1 overs)
George Worker 47 (94)
Roshen Silva 3/39 (10 overs)
Sachith Pathirana 42 (63)
Nick Beard 3/15 (6 overs)
New Zealand won by 79 runs
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Enamul Haque and Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)
Player of the match: Tim Southee
25 February
(scorecard)
Australia
129 all out (47.2 overs)
v
Pakistan
130/4 (27.5 overs)
James Pattinson 34* (57)
Adil Raza 3/26 (8 overs)
Ali Asad 63*
Josh Hazlewood 2/31 (5.5 overs)
Pakistan won by 6 wickets
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Peter Hartley and Tyron Wijewardene
Player of the match: Ali Asad
Plate Quarter-Finals[edit]
24 February
(scorecard)
Malaysia
144 all out (47.2 overs)
v
Namibia
147/1 (31.1 overs)
Ahmed Faiz 41 (60)
Keady Strauss 3/15 (6.2 overs)
Raymond van Schoor 60* (96)
Sharul Nizam 1/32 (10 overs)
Namibia won by 9 wickets
Johor Cricket Academy Oval, Johor
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and Buddhi Pradhan
Player of the match: Dawid Botha
24 February
(scorecard)
Nepal
158 all out (45.1 overs)
v
Zimbabwe
59 all out (27.2 overs)
Puspa Thapa 40 (48)
Stewart Matsika 3/34 (10 overs)
Tinashe Chimbambo 20 (34)
Amrit Bhattarai 3/14 (8 overs)
Nepal won by 99 runs
Institute Perguruan Temenggong Ibramhim, Johor
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Lakani Oala
Player of the match: Paras Khadka
25 February
(scorecard)
Ireland
154/9 (50 overs)
v
West Indies
158/3 (23.1overs)
James Hall 45 (112)
Steven Jacobs 3/18 (10 overs)
Kieran Powell 50 (46)
Greg Thompson 2/51 (6 overs)
West Indies won by 7 wickets
Institute Perguruan Temenggong Ibramhim, Johor
Umpires: Steve Davis (umpire) and Roger Dill
Player of the match: Steven Jacobs
25 February
(scorecard)
Bermuda
102 all out (34.2 overs)
v
Papua New Guinea
108/3 (18.4 overs)
Rodney Trott 23 (45)
Joel Tom 3/26 (8 overs)
Tony Ura 76 (55)
Rodney Trott 1/24 (5 overs)
Papua New Guinea won by 7 wickets
Johor Cricket Academy Oval, Johor
Umpires: Jeff Luck and Sarika Prasad
Player of the match: Tony Ura
Semi-Finals[edit]
Super Semi-Finals[edit]
27 February
(scorecard)
New Zealand
205/8 (50 overs)
v
India
191/7 (41.3 overs)
Corey Anderson 70 (67)
Virat Kohli 2/27 (7 overs)
Shreevats Goswami 51 (76)
Tim Southee 4/29 (9 overs)
India won by 3 wickets (D/L Method)
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Marais Erasmus and Peter Hartley
Player of the match: Virat Kohli
29 February and 1 March
(scorecard)
South Africa
260/8 (50 overs)
v
Pakistan
153 all out (39.3 overs)
JJ Smuts 58 (63)
Imad Wasim 3/44 (10 overs)
Ahmed Shehzad 60 (85)
Yaseen Vallie 4/25 (8.3 overs)
South Africa won by 98 runs (D/L Method)
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Steve Davis (umpire) and Tyron Wijewardene
Player of the match: Yaseen Vallie
5th Place Semi-Finals[edit]
27 February
(scorecard)
Sri Lanka
241/4 (50 overs)
v
England
204/3 (44.1 overs)
Sachith Pathirana 97 (91)
Tom Westley 2/38 (9 overs)
Tom Westley 58 (77)
Roshen Silva 2/38 (7 overs)
England won by 8 runs (D/L Method)
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Buxter and GA Pratapkumar
Player of the match: Tom Westley
28 February
(scorecard)
Bangladesh
115 all out (41.2 overs)
v
Australia
18/0 (6 overs)
Amit Majumder 43 (79)
Clive Rose 2/18 (10 overs)
Kirk Pascoe 4 (15)
No Result
Bayuemas Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Ian Robinson and Zameer Haider
Plate Semi-Finals[edit]
26 February
(scorecard)
Nepal
143/8 (34 overs)
v
Namibia
139/9 (34 overs)
Paras Khadka 44 (63)
Sean Silver 3/20 (5 overs)
Raymond van Schoor 48 (73)
Raj Shrestha 2/23 (6 overs)
Nepal won by 4 runs
Johor Cricket Academy Oval, Johor
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and Sarika Prasad
Player of the match: Paras Khadka
27 February
(scorecard)
Papua New Guinea
89 all out (36.5 overs)
v
West Indies
90/4 (15.3 overs)
John Reva 14 (36)
Sharmarh Brooks 2/9 (7 overs)
Kieran Powell 37 (37)
Loa Nou 2/8 (3.3 overs)
West Indies won by 6 wickets
Institute Perguruan Temenggong Ibrahim, Johor
Umpires: Roger Dill and Jeff Luck
Player of the match: Sharmarh Brooks
13th Place Semi-Finals[edit]
26 February
(scorecard)
Zimbabwe
186/6 (34 overs)
v
Malaysia
142 all out (28.5 overs)
Daniel Landman 45 (22)
Nik Azril Arafin 2/23 (7 overs)
Aminuddin Ramly 70 (67)
Edzai Jaure 3/39 (7 overs)
Zimbabwe won by 44 runs
Institute Perguruan Temenggong Ibrahim, Johor
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Buddhi Pradhan
Player of the match: Daniel Landman
29 February
(scorecard)
Ireland
236/7 (50 overs)
v
Bermuda
167 all out (48.1 overs)
James Hall 75 (82)
Rodney Trott 4/37 (10 overs)
Rodney Trott 53 (73)
Greg Thompson 5/26 (10 overs)
Ireland won by 69 runs
Johor Cricket Academy Oval, Johor
Umpires: Lakani Oala and Sarika Prasad
Player of the match: Greg Thompson
Finals[edit]
13th Place Final[edit]
1 March
(scorecard)
Zimbabwe
99/9 (27 overs)
v
Ireland
100/4 (23.2 overs)
Reginald Nehonde 43 (61)
Andrew Britton 4/14 (6 overs)
James Hall 32 (29)
Stewart Matsika 2/14 (5 overs)
Ireland won by 6 wickets
Johor Cricket Academy Oval, Johor
Umpires: Jeff Luck and Buddhi Pradhan
Player of the match: Andrew Britton
Plate Final[edit]
1 March
(scorecard)
Nepal
74 all out (25.3 overs)
v
West Indies
78/3 (14.2 overs)
Sagar Khadka 17 (55)
Jason Dawes 4/18 (6 overs)
Darren Bravo 24 (15)
Amrit Bhattarai 2/25 (6 overs)
West Indies won by 7 wickets
Bayuemas Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Paul Baldwin and GA Pratapkumar
Player of the match: Jason Dawes
5th Place Final[edit]
1 March
(scorecard)
Australia
106/7 (24 overs)
v
England
47/2 10.5 overs)
Kirk Pascoe 55 (67)
James Harris 2/8 (5 overs)
Billy Godleman 20 (19)
Clive Rose 1/4 (1.5 overs)
No Result ( England won the 5th place play-off)
Royal Selangor Club, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Clyde Duncan and Zameer Haider
Final[edit]
2 March
(scorecard)
India
159 all out (45.4 overs)
v
South Africa
103/8 (25 overs)
Tanmay Srivastava 46 (74)
Wayne Parnell 2/21 (7.4 overs)
Reeza Hendricks 35 (43)
Ajitesh Argal 2/7 (5 overs)
India won by 12 runs (D/L Method)
Kinrara Academy Oval, Kuala Lumpur
Umpires: Gary Baxter and Peter Hartley
Player of the match: Ajitesh Argal
Final standings[edit]
Position
Team
1 India
2 South Africa
3 Pakistan
4 New Zealand
5 England
6 Australia
7 Bangladesh
8 Sri Lanka
9 West Indies
10 Nepal
11 Namibia
12 Papua New Guinea
13 Ireland
14 Zimbabwe
15 Malaysia
16 Bermuda
External links[edit]
Official Site
Cricinfo U/19 Cricket World Cup 2008
[show]
v
t
e
Under-19 Cricket World Cup
Tournaments
Australia 1988
South Africa 1998
Sri Lanka 2000
New Zealand 2002
Bangladesh 2004
Sri Lanka 2006
Malaysia 2008
New Zealand 2010
Australia 2012
UAE 2014
Bangladesh 2016
New Zealand 2018
Squads
1988
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Qualification
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[show]
v
t
e
International cricket in 2007–08
Preceding season: International cricket in 2007
September 2007
2007 ICC World Twenty20
October 2007
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Intercontinental Cup
November 2007
Sri Lanka v England
Australia v Sri Lanka
India v Pakistan
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December 2007
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Australia v India
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January 2008
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February 2008
ICC U/19 Cricket World Cup
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Women's Ashes
March 2008
India v South Africa
West Indies v Sri Lanka
Bangladesh v Ireland
Following season: International cricket in 2008
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=829349951"
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Icarus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Icarus (disambiguation).
Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus.
Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker, Roman-Greece
In Greek mythology, Icarus (the Latin spelling, conventionally adopted in English; Ancient Greek: Ἴκαρος, Íkaros, Etruscan: Vikare[1]) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus, the creator of the Labyrinth. Often depicted in art, Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax. Icarus' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris, asking that he fly neither too low nor too high, so the sea's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun's heat melt them. Icarus ignored his father's instructions not to fly too close to the sun; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned.
This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon.
Contents
[hide]
1 The legend
2 Classical literature
3 Medieval and Renaissance literature
4 Interpretation
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
The legend[edit]
The Lament for Icarus by H. J. Draper
Icarus' father Daedalus, a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman, built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur, a half-man, half-bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull. Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos's daughter, Ariadne, a clew[2] (or ball of string) in order to help Theseus, the enemy of Minos, to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur.
Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece
Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son. Daedalus tried his wings first, but before trying to escape the island, he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, nor too close to the sea, but to follow his path of flight. Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him, Icarus soared into the sky, but in the process he came too close to the sun, which due to the heat melted the wax. Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms, and so Icarus fell into the sea in the area which today bears his name, the Icarian Sea near Icaria, an island southwest of Samos.[3][4][5]
Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat, provided by Pasiphaë, for which Daedalus invented the first sails, to outstrip Minos' pursuing galleys, and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned. Heracles erected a tomb for him.[6][7]
Classical literature[edit]
The Sun, or the Fall of Icarus (1819) by Merry-Joseph Blondel, in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre
Icarus' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing, but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus.[8] In the literature of ancient Rome, the myth was of interest to Augustan writers. Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40, beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë, daughter of the Sun, resulting in the birth of the Minotaur. Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses (viii.183–235), and refers to it elsewhere.[9]
Medieval and Renaissance literature[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2011)
Ovid's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature[10] as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer,[11] Marlowe,[12] Shakespeare,[13] Milton,[14] and Joyce.[15]
Bruegel's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (ca. 1558), famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background
In Renaissance iconography, the significance of Icarus depends on context: in the Orion Fountain at Messina, he is one of many figures associated with water; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high-flying ambition.[16] The 16th-century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder, was the inspiration for two of the 20th century's most notable ecphrastic English-language poems, "Musée des Beaux Arts" by W.H. Auden and "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" by William Carlos Williams. Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are "To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph" by Anne Sexton, "Icarus Again" by Alan Devenish, "Mrs Icarus" by Carol Ann Duffy, and "Icarus Burning" and "Icarus Redux" by Hiromi Yoshida.
Interpretation[edit]
17th-century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right (Musée Antoine Vivenel)
Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition.[17][18] An Icarus-related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi-Ducroux.[19] In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire, enuresis, high ambition, and ascensionism.[20] In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic-high and depressive-low of bipolar disorder. Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex, apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights, fascinated by both fire and water, narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far-fetched imaginary cognition.[21][22]
See also[edit]
Icarus imagery in contemporary music
Kua Fu, a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close
Bladud, a legendary king of the Britons, purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed
Etana, a sort of "Babylonian Icarus"[23]
Sampati, an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante, Judith Swaddling, Etruscan Myths, p. 43
Jump up ^ clew – a ball of yarn or thread. The etymology of the word "clue" is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth.
Jump up ^ Graves, Robert (1955). "92 – Daedalus and Talus". The Greek Myths. ISBN 0-14-007602-6.
Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012-01-24.
Jump up ^ Translated by A. S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005-07-03.
Jump up ^ Smith, William (ed.). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
Jump up ^ Pinsent, J. (1982). Greek Mythology. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN 0-600-55023-0.
Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i.11 and ii.6.3.
Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams, Banished voices: readings in Ovid's Exile Poetry (Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 132 online.
Jump up ^ Peter Knox, A Companion to Ovid (Blackwell, 2009), p. 424 online.
Jump up ^ Jane Chance, The Mythographic Chaucer (University of Michigan Press, 1995), p. 65 online.
Jump up ^ Troni Y. Grande, Marlovian Tragedy (Associated University Presses, 1990), pp. 14 online, 40–42 et passim; Frederic B. Tromly, Playing with Desire: Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization (University of Toronto Press, 1998), p. 181.
Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn, Man's estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare (University of California Press, 1981), p. 53 online.
Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu, Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 154 online; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, Lucifer and Prometheus (Routledge, 2001, reprinted from 1952), p. 32 online.
Jump up ^ R.J. Schork, Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce (University Press of Florida, 1997), p. 160 online.
Jump up ^ E. H. Gombrich, Symbolic Images; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance (London, 1972); p.8.
Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/
Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process: Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus, the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press, 2003 Retrieved 2012-01-24 ISBN 0-8143-3002-9 See also Harry Levin, The Overreacher, Harvard University Press, 1952 [1]
Jump up ^ Frontisi-Ducroux, Françoise (1975). Dédale: Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne. Paris: François Maspero. p. 227.
Jump up ^ Wiklund, Nils (1978). The icarus complex. Lund: Doxa. ISBN 91-578-0064-2.
Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts, University Press of America, 2010, p. 166 ff, [2] ISBN 0-7618-4993-9
Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012-01-24.
Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H.Ph. Römer, "Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia," in Historia Religionum: Religions of the Past (Brill, 1969), vol. 1, p. 163.
Further reading[edit]
Graves, Robert, (1955) 1960. The Greek Myths, section 92 passim
Smith, William, ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
Pinsent, J. (1982). Greek Mythology. New York: Peter Bedrick Books
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