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Dewey Decimal Classification
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"Dewey Decimal" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Duodecimal.
The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), or Dewey Decimal System, is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876.[1] It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions, the latest issued in 2011, and has grown from a four-page pamphlet in 1876. It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries. It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries. OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey.
The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject. Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic. The classification's notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes, with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail. Using Arabic numerals for symbols, it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects.[2] A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library, on the basis of its subject. The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves.[notes 1] The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1873–1885: Early development
1.2 1885–1942: Period of adoption
1.3 1942–present: Forging an identity
2 Administration and publication
3 Design
3.1 Classes
3.2 Tables
3.3 Relative Index
4 Influence and criticism
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Melvil Dewey, the inventor of the Dewey Decimal classification
1873–1885: Early development[edit]
Melvil Dewey (1851–1931) was an American librarian and self-declared reformer.[5] He was a founding member of the American Library Association and can be credited with the promotion of card systems in libraries and business.[6] He developed the ideas for his library classification system in 1873 while working at Amherst College library. He applied the classification to the books in that library, until in 1876 he had a first version of the classification. In 1876, he published the classification in pamphlet form with the title A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library.[7] He used the pamphlet, published in more than one version during the year, to solicit comments from other librarians. It is not known who received copies or how many commented as only one copy with comments has survived, that of Ernest Cushing Richardson.[8] His classification system was mentioned in an article in the first issue of the Library Journal and in an article by Dewey in the Department of Education publication "Public Libraries in America" in 1876.[9] In March 1876, he applied for, and received copyright on the first edition of the index.[10] The edition was 44 pages in length, with 2,000 index entries, and was printed in 200 copies.[11]
1885–1942: Period of adoption[edit]
The second edition of the Dewey Decimal system, published in 1885 with the title Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for arranging, cataloging, and indexing public and private libraries and for pamflets, clippings, notes, scrap books, index rerums, etc.,[notes 2] comprised 314 pages, with 10,000 index entries. 500 copies were produced.[11] Editions 3–14, published between 1888 and 1942, used a variant of this same title.[12] Dewey modified and expanded his system considerably for the second edition. In an introduction to that edition Dewey states that "nearly 100 persons hav [spelling of "have" per English-language spelling reform, which Dewey championed] contributed criticisms and suggestions".[13]
One of the innovations of the Dewey Decimal system was that of positioning books on the shelves in relation to other books on similar topics. When the system was first introduced, most libraries in the US used fixed positioning: each book was assigned a permanent shelf position based on the book's height and date of acquisition.[14] Library stacks were generally closed to all but the most privileged patrons, so shelf browsing was not considered of importance. The use of the Dewey Decimal system increased during the early 20th century as librarians were convinced of the advantages of relative positioning and of open shelf access for patrons.[14]
New editions were readied as supplies of previously published editions were exhausted, even though some editions provided little change from the previous, as they were primarily needed to fulfill demand.[15] In the next decade, three editions followed closely on: the 3rd (1888), 4th (1891), and 5th (1894). Editions 6 through 11 were published from 1899 to 1922. The 6th edition was published in a record 7,600 copies, although subsequent editions were much lower. During this time, the size of the volume grew, and edition 12 swelled to 1243 pages, an increase of 25% over the previous edition.[16]
In response to the needs of smaller libraries who were finding the expanded classification schedules difficult to use, in 1894, the first abridged edition of the Dewey Decimal system was produced.[14] The abridged edition generally parallels the full edition, and has been developed for most full editions since that date. By popular request, in 1930, the Library of Congress began to print Dewey Classification numbers on nearly all of its cards, thus making the system immediately available to all libraries making use of the Library of Congress card sets.[17]
Dewey's was not the only library classification available, although it was the most complete. Charles Ammi Cutter published the Expansive Classification in 1882, with initial encouragement from Melvil Dewey. Cutter's system was not adopted by many libraries, with one major exception: it was used as the basis for the Library of Congress Classification system.[18]
In 1895, the International Institute of Bibliography, located in Belgium and led by Paul Otlet, contacted Dewey about the possibility of translating the classification into French, and using the classification system for bibliographies (as opposed to its use for books in libraries). This would have required some changes to the classification, which was under copyright. Dewey gave permission for the creation of a version intended for bibliographies, and also for its translation into French. Dewey did not agree, however, to allow the International Institute of Bibliography to later create an English version of the resulting classification, considering that a violation of their agreement, as well as a violation of Dewey's copyright. Shortly after Dewey's death in 1931, however, an agreement was reached between the committee overseeing the development of the Decimal Classification and the developers of the French Classification Decimal. The English version was published as the Universal Decimal Classification and is still in use today.[19]
According to a study done in 1927, the Dewey system was used in the US in approximately 96% of responding public libraries and 89% of the college libraries.[20] After the death of Melvil Dewey in 1931, administration of the classification was under the Decimal Classification Committee of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation, and the editorial body was the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee with participation of the American Library Association (ALA), Library of Congress, and Forest Press.[17] By the 14th edition in 1942, the Dewey Decimal Classification index was over 1,900 pages in length and was published in two volumes.[21]
1942–present: Forging an identity[edit]
1885 - Dewey Decimal Classification
The growth of the classification to date had led to significant criticism from medium and large libraries which were too large to use the abridged edition but found the full classification overwhelming. Dewey had intended issuing the classification in three editions: the library edition, which would be the fullest edition; the bibliographic edition, in English and French, which was to be used for the organization of bibliographies rather than of books on the shelf; and the abridged edition.[22] In 1933, the bibliographic edition became the Universal Decimal Classification, which left the library and abridged versions as the formal Dewey Decimal Classification editions. The 15th edition, edited by Milton Ferguson, implemented the growing concept of the "standard edition", designed for the majority of general libraries but not attempting to satisfy the needs of the very largest or of special libraries.[23] It also reduced the size of the Dewey system by over half, from 1,900 to 700 pages, a revision so radical that Ferguson was removed[by whom?] from the editorship for the next edition. The 16th and 17th editions, under the editorship of the Library of Congress, grew again to two volumes. However, by now, the Dewey Decimal system had established itself as a classification for general libraries, with the Library of Congress Classification having gained acceptance for large research libraries.[24]
The first electronic version of "Dewey" was created in 1993.[25] Hard-copy editions continue to be issued at intervals; the online WebDewey and Abridged WebDewey are updated quarterly.[26]
Administration and publication[edit]
Dewey and a small editorial staff managed the administration of the very early editions. Beginning in 1922, the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation, a not-for-profit organization founded by Melvil Dewey, managed administrative affairs. The ALA set up a Special Advisory Committee on the Decimal Classification as part of the Cataloging and Classification division of ALA in 1952. The previous Decimal Classification Committee was changed to the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, with participation of the ALA Division of Cataloging and Classification, and of the Library of Congress.[27][need quotation to verify]
Melvil Dewey edited the first three editions of the classification system and oversaw the revisions of all editions until his death in 1931. May Seymour became editor in 1891 and served until her death in 1921. She was followed by Dorcas Fellows, who was editor until her death in 1938. Constantin J. Mazney edited the 14th edition. Milton Ferguson functioned as editor from 1949 to 1951. The 16th edition in 1958 was edited under an agreement between the Library of Congress and Forest Press, with David Haykin as director.[17] Editions 16-19 were edited by Benjamin A. Custer and the editor of edition 20 was John P. Comaromi. Joan Mitchell was editor until 2013, covering editions 21 to 23.[28] As of 2013[update] the Editor-in-Chief is Michael Panzer of OCLC.[29]
Dewey himself held copyright in editions 1 to 6 (1876–1919). Copyright in editions 7–10 was held by the publisher, The Library Bureau.[30] On the death of May Seymour, Dewey conveyed the "copyrights and control of all editions" to the Lake Placid Club Educational Foundation, a non-profit chartered in 1922.[31] The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) of Dublin, Ohio, US, acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification system when it bought Forest Press in 1988. In 2003 the Dewey Decimal Classification came to national[quantify] attention when OCLC sued the Library Hotel for trademark infringement for using the classification system as the hotel theme.[32] The case was settled shortly thereafter.[33]
The OCLC has maintained the classification since 1988, and also publishes new editions of the system. The editorial staff responsible for updates is based partly at the Library of Congress and partly at OCLC. Their work is reviewed by the Decimal Classification Editorial Policy Committee, a ten-member international board which meets twice each year. The four-volume unabridged edition is published approximately every six years, the most recent edition (DDC 23) in mid-2011.[34] The web edition is updated[by whom?] on an ongoing basis, with changes announced each month.[35] An experimental version of Dewey in RDF is available at dewey.info.[36] This includes access to the top three levels of the classification system in 14 languages.[37]
In addition to the full version, a single-volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895. "Abridged 15" was published in early 2012.[38]
Full edition
Publication year
Abridged edition
Publication year
1st 1876
2nd 1885
3rd 1888
4th 1891
5th 1894 1st 1895
6th 1899
7th 1911
8th 1913 2nd 1915
9th 1915
10th 1919
11th 1922 3rd 1926
12th 1927 4th 1929
13th 1932 5th 1936
14th 1942 6th 1945
15th 1951 7th 1953
16th 1958 8th 1959
17th 1965 9th 1965
18th 1971 10th 1971
19th 1979 11th 1979
20th 1989 12th 1990
21st 1996 13th 1997
22nd 2003 14th 2004
23rd 2011 15th 2012
Design[edit]
The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study. Main divisions include philosophy, social sciences, science, technology, and history. The scheme is made up of ten classes, each divided into ten divisions, each having ten sections. The system's notation uses Arabic numbers, with three whole numbers making up the main classes and sub-classes and decimals creating further divisions. The classification structure is hierarchical and the notation follows the same hierarchy. Libraries not needing the full level of detail of the classification can trim right-most decimal digits from the class number to obtain a more general classification.[39] For example:
500 Natural sciences and mathematics
510 Mathematics
516 Geometry
516.3 Analytic geometries
516.37 Metric differential geometries
516.375 Finsler Geometry
The classification was originally enumerative, meaning that it listed all of the classes explicitly in the schedules. Over time it added some aspects of a faceted classification scheme, allowing classifiers to construct a number by combining a class number for a topic with an entry from a separate table. Tables cover commonly used elements such as geographical and temporal aspects, language, and bibliographic forms. For example, a class number could be constructed using 330 for economics + .9 for geographic treatment + .04 for Europe to create the class 330.94 European economy. Or one could combine the class 973 for United States + .05 for periodical publications on the topic to arrive at the number 973.05 for periodicals concerning the United States generally. The classification also makes use of mnemonics in some areas, such that the number 5 represents the country Italy in classification numbers like 945 (history of Italy), 450 (Italian language), 195 (Italian philosophy). The combination of faceting and mnemonics makes the classification synthetic in nature, with meaning built into parts of the classification number.[40]
The Dewey Decimal Classification has a number for all subjects, including fiction, although many libraries create a separate fiction section shelved by alphabetical order of the author's surname. Each assigned number consists of two parts: a class number (from the Dewey system) and a book number, which "prevents confusion of different books on the same subject." [7] A common form of the book number is called a Cutter number, which represents the author and distinguishes the book from other books on the same topic.[41]
Classes[edit]
Main article: List of Dewey Decimal classes
(From DDC 23[42])
000 - Computer science, information & general works
100 – Philosophy and psychology
200 – Religion
300 – Social sciences
400 – Language
500 – Pure Science
600 – Technology
700 – Arts & recreation
800 – Literature
900 – History & geography
Tables[edit]
(From DDC 23[42])
T1 Standard Subdivisions
T2 Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Biography
T3 Subdivisions for the Arts, for Individual Literatures, for Specific Literary Forms
T3A Subdivisions for Works by or about Individual Authors
T3B Subdivisions for Works by or about More than One Author
T3C Notation to Be Added Where Instructed in Table 3B, 700.4, 791.4, 808–809
T4 Subdivisions of Individual Languages and Language Families
T5 Ethnic and National Groups
T6 Languages
Relative Index[edit]
The Relative Index (or, as Dewey spelled it, "Relativ Index") is an alphabetical index to the classification, for use both by classifiers but also by library users when seeking books by topic. The index was "relative" because the index entries pointed to the class numbers, not to the page numbers of the printed classification schedule. In this way, the Dewey Decimal Classification itself had the same relative positioning as the library shelf and could be used either as an entry point to the classification, by catalogers, or as an index to the Dewey-classed library itself.[43]
Influence and criticism[edit]
A library book shelf in Hong Kong classified using the Dewey classification Scheme
Dewey Decimal Classification numbers formed the basis of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), which combines the basic Dewey numbers with selected punctuation marks (comma, colon, parentheses, etc.). Adaptations of the system for specific regions outside the English-speaking world include the Korean Decimal Classification, the New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries, and the Nippon Decimal Classification (Japanese).[44][45]
Despite its widespread usage, the classification has been criticized for its complexity and limited scope of scheme-adjustment. In particular, the arrangement of subheadings has been described as archaic and as being biased towards an Anglo-American world view.[46][47] In 2007–08, the Maricopa County Library District in Arizona, abandoned the DDC in favor of the Book Industry Standards and Communications (BISAC) system, one that is commonly used by commercial bookstores,[48] in an effort to make their libraries more accessible for patrons. Several other libraries across the United States,[49] and other countries (including Canada and the Netherlands) followed suit.[48] The classification has also been criticized as being a proprietary system licensed by a single entity (OCLC), making it expensive to adopt. However, book classification critic Justin Newlan stands by the Dewey Decimal System, stating newer, more advanced book classification systems "are too confusing to understand for newcomers".[50]
See also[edit]
Comparison of Dewey and Library of Congress subject classification
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Consider as an example a book on the network protocol IPv6. It will be located at 004.62, after general networking books (004.6). The shelf location is thus defined.
Jump up ^ Note that the title makes use of Dewey's "reformed spelling" in some areas.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dewey, Melvil (1876), Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library (Project Gutenberg eBook), retrieved 31 July 2012
Jump up ^ Chapter 17 in Joudrey, Daniel N.; Taylor, Arlene G.; Miller, David P. (2015). Introduction to Cataloging and Classification (11th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited/ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-856-4.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Services". OCLC. 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009. Offers library users familiarity and consistency of a time-honored classification system used in 200,000 libraries worldwide
Jump up ^ "Countries with libraries that use the DDC". OCLC. 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009. Libraries in more than 135 countries use the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system to organize their collections for their users. [135 countries are listed.]
Jump up ^ Wiegand, Wayne A. (1996), Irrepressible reformer, Chicago: American Library Association, ISBN 083890680X, 083890680X
Jump up ^ Krajewski, Markus (2011), Paper machines, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press
^ Jump up to: a b Dewey, Melvil (1876), A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a .., [s.n.], OCLC 78870163
Jump up ^ Comaromi, John P. (1976), The eighteen editions of the Dewey Decimal Classification, Albany, N.Y: Forest Press Division, Lake Placid Education Foundation, p. 43, ISBN 0-910608-17-2
Jump up ^ United States. Bureau of Education. (1876), Public libraries in the United States of America, Washington: Govt. Print. Off., pp. 623–648
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 88
^ Jump up to: a b Comaromi (1976), p. 155
Jump up ^ "Dewey decimal classification and relative index (1971)". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 171
^ Jump up to: a b c Chan, Lois Mai (2007), Cataloging and classification (Third ed.), The Scarecrow Press, Inc., p. 321, ISBN 978-0-8108-5944-9, 0810859440
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 218
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 315
^ Jump up to: a b c "Timeline". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Cutter Classification". Forbes Library Subject Guides. Forbes Library. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), pp. 297-313
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 321
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 376
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 381
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 345
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 321–323
Jump up ^ Trotter, Ross (6 July 1995). "Electronic Dewey: The CD-ROM Version of the Dewey Decimal Classification". Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 19 (3-4): 213–234. doi:10.1300/J104v19n03_17. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Majumder, Apurba Jyoti; Gautam Sarma. "Webdewey: The Dewey Decimal Classification in The Web" (PDF). INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad, Planner 2007 [held at Gauhati University]. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 416
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 323
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Joan (24 January 2013). "Michael Panzer named Editor-in-Chief of the Dewey Decimal Classification system". OCLC Press Release. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Dewey, Melvil (1922). Decimal classification and relative index for libraries and personal use .. Lake Placid Club, N.Y: Forest Press. p. 2. OCLC 1367992.
Jump up ^ Comaromi (1976), p. 286
Jump up ^ Luo, Michael (September 23, 2003). "Where Did Dewey File Those Law Books?". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "OCLC and The Library Hotel settle trademark complaint". Library Technology Guides. October 24, 2003.
Jump up ^ "Latest versions". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Updates". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Web Services". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Decimal Classification/Linked Data". OCLC. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Abridged". OCLC. 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), pp. 326–331
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), p. 331
Jump up ^ Chan (2007), p. 333-362
^ Jump up to: a b OCLC. "Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification". Retrieved 8 December 2013.
Jump up ^ United States. Office of Education. (1876), Public libraries in the United States of America, Washington: Govt. print. off., p. 628
Jump up ^ "A Brief Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification". OCLC. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Insup; Wang Guizhi. "Library Systems in East Asia". McLuhan Studies. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Tali Balas. "Done with Dewey". ALSC. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Fandino, Marta (2008). "UDC or DDC: a note about the suitable choice for the National Library of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Extensions and Corrections to the UDC. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, Rachel Ivy (May 7, 2013). "Picturing Classification The Evolution and Use of Alternative Classification in Dutch Public Libraries". Public Libraries Online. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Fister, Barbara (October 1, 2009). "In the search for better browsability, librarians are putting Dewey in a different class". The Library Journal. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Laena (January 2009). "New Classification System for Public Libraries?". The Public Library Association Blog. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dewey Decimal System.
Wikidata has the property: Dewey Decimal Classification (P1036) (see uses)
OCLC's Dewey Decimal website
Dewey Summaries as Linked Data
Full text of A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library (Dewey Decimal Classification) (1876) from Project Gutenberg
Book Industry Standards and Communications (BISAC) system
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Miller Lite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Miller Lite
Miller Lite logo
Type
American Light Lager
Manufacturer
Miller Brewing Company
Introduced
1973
Alcohol by volume
4.2%[1]
Website
https://www.millerlite.com/
Miller Lite
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
113 kJ (27 kcal)
Carbohydrates
.9
Fat
0.0
Protein
<1
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Miller Lite, also known simply as Lite, is an 4.2% ABV American light pale lager sold by MillerCoors of Milwaukee, Wisconsin,[2] United States.[1] Miller Lite competes with Anheuser-Busch's Bud Light beer. The company also produces Miller Genuine Draft and Miller High Life.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Awards
3 Advertising
3.1 Motorsport sponsorship
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Miller Lite was essentially the first mainstream light beer.[citation needed] After its first inception as "Gablinger's Diet Beer," developed in 1967 by Joseph L. Owades, PhD, a biochemist working for New York's Rheingold Brewery,[3] the recipe was given by Owades to Chicago's Peter Hand Brewing.[4] That year, Peter Hand Brewing was purchased by a group of investors, renamed Meister Brau Brewing, and Lite was soon introduced as Meister Brau Lite, a companion to their flagship Meister Brau. Under the new management, Meister Brau Brewing encountered significant financial problems, and in 1972, sold several of its existing labels to Miller. The recipe was relaunched simply as "Lite" on packaging and in advertising (with "Lite Beer from Miller" being its "official" name until the late '90s) in the test markets of Springfield, Illinois, Knoxville, Tennessee, and San Diego, California, in 1973, and heavily marketed using masculine pro sports players and other, so-called, macho figures of the day in an effort to sell to the key beer-drinking male demographic. Miller Lite was introduced nationally in 1975.[5] Miller's heavy-advertising approach worked where the two previous light beers had failed, and Miller's early production totals of 12.8 million barrels quickly increased to 24.2 million barrels by 1977 as Miller rose to 2nd place in the American brewing marketplace. Other brewers responded, in particular Anheuser-Busch with its heavily advertised Bud Light in 1982, which eventually overtook Lite in sales by 1994. Anheuser-Busch played on the branding style of "Lite" by highlighting the fact that their beer was called "Bud Light," as "everything else is just a light." In 1992, light beers became the biggest domestic beer in America, and in 1998, Miller relabeled its "Lite" brand as "Miller Lite."[citation needed]
In 2008, Miller Brewing Company test-marketed three new recipes – an amber, a blonde ale, and a wheat – under the Miller Lite brand, marketed as Miller Lite Brewers Collection.[6]
In December 2013, as part of a product placement marketing campaign with the film Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, Miller reintroduced the 1974 navy-blue blackletter font "Lite" packaging on its 16-US-fluid-ounce (470 ml) cans for a limited time (the original 1972 cans used a light-blue script logo). However, the vintage packaging was such a success that by September 2014, the company decided to switch back to the vintage packaging full-time, including on bottles and tap handles, mirroring the unexpected success that PepsiCo had in 2009 with its Pepsi Throwback & Mountain Dew Throwback lines in tapping into the retro-themed packaging market. The unexpected sales increase, combined with wanting to differentiate the packaging from Bud Light, were factors in the decision, with some consumers even stating that Miller actually improved on the taste when nothing changed in the beer itself.[7][8]
Awards[edit]
Miller Lite Great American Beer Festival's silver medal in 2003 in the same category. At the 2010 and 2014 Great American Beer Festival, Miller Lite won the gold medal for Best American Style Lager or Light Lager, beating out Miller Genuine Draft, which received the bronze. The beer debuted at #1 on the list of top 100 beers of all time by Cold Cans.
Advertising[edit]
The Miller Lite logo, 2003-2014.
Miller Lite's long-running "Tastes Great!...Less Filling!" advertising campaign was ranked by Advertising Age magazine as the eighth best advertising campaign in history. The campaign was developed by the advertising agency McCann-Erickson Worldwide.[9] In the prime of the campaign, television commercials typically portrayed a Lite Beer drinker noting its great taste followed by another who observed that it was less filling. This usually led to a parody of Wild West saloon fights in which every patron got involved in the dispute for no real reason, though in this case it was always a shouting match, and blows were never thrown. The commercials were closed with a voiceover from actor Eddie Barth, who read the slogan, "Lite Beer from Miller: Everything you've always wanted in a beer. And less."[10]
The then-recently retired New York Jets running back Matt Snell was the first person to appear in Miller Lite's first commercial in 1973.
To attract 'Joe Sixpack' to a light beer, these commercials started to feature both elite ex-athletes such as Ray Nitschke, Ben Davidson, and Bubba Smith but also oddball cultural figures such as Mickey Spillane (accompanied by a blonde, Lee Meredith, who is better known for her role as Ulla, the secretary in The Producers), and comedian Rodney Dangerfield. As the series of commercials went on, it began featuring athletes and celebrities of all sorts. Some commercials from this era include:
Former Major League catcher and Milwaukee Brewers broadcaster Bob Uecker being rousted from his good seat at a ballgame, and escorted away by an usher. Uecker comments, "I must be in the front rowwwwwww," but ends up in the last row of the nosebleed seats. This gave rise to the term "Bob Uecker seats".[11]
Joe Frazier, famous heavyweight boxing champion, walking into a full bar as part of a barbershop quartet while the on-screen caption says "Joe Frazier, Famous Heavyweight Singer." The quartet sings "do like Smokin' Joe" and the song goes on to praise Miller Lite's advantages. There is then a moment's silence which follows with a roar of applause. [1]
Marv Throneberry, who was one of the most famously hapless members of the 1962 New York Mets, wondering over and over, "I don't know why I was asked to do this commercial."
Former Baltimore Orioles first baseman Boog Powell and former umpire Jim Honochick doing a spot together, with Honochick totally unaware whom he is standing next to, until he puts his glasses on at the end, and exclaims, "Hey - you're Boog Powell!"
Pro footballer/actor Bubba Smith proclaims at the end of a spot, "I also like the easy-opening can," then proceeds to tear off the entire top third of an aluminum Miller Lite can. In a later ad, pro bowling legend Don Carter laments that bowlers are athletes too, and attempts to prove it by repeating Smith's feat. But he struggles to do so.
And perhaps most famously, when Billy Martin and George Steinbrenner were in the middle of their legendary 1970s era feuds, they did an ad with Martin saying, "Tastes great, George", and Steinbrenner replying, "Less filling, Billy!", back and forth until Steinbrenner finally says, "You're fired!" (changed to "You're hired!" when Martin was re-hired by Steinbrenner in real life). Martin replies, "Not Again!"
As the popularity of the ads and the number of athletes and celebrities that appeared in them grew, Miller produced occasional "alumni" ads featuring all of the stars, generally in some sort of competition between the 'Less Fillings' and the 'Taste Greats'. The ads usually ended with Rodney Dangerfield somehow being the goat of the losing team. In one of the last spots to feature Dangerfield, the Miller Lite alumni are competing in a bowling match. It is the last frame of a tie game, and Ben Davidson grumbles to Dangerfield, "All we need is one pin, Rodney." Dangerfield rolls the ball down the lane, only to have it bounce horizontally off the head pin and into the gutter, knocking down zero pins.
As part of this campaign, Miller Brewing ran a series of highly distinctive[according to whom?] television commercials in the winter of 1993–1994 showing several fictitious "extreme sports" such as "Wiener Dog Drag Racing" (which featured two wiener dogs racing each other at a drag racing strip), "Sumo High Dive" (which depicted a Japanese sumo wrestler diving off a platform) and "The Miss Perfect Face-Off" (which featured beauty pageant contestants playing ice hockey). The tag line that followed was, "If you can combine great taste with less filling, you can combine anything." and the question "Can your beer do this?"
In 1995-1996, Miller Lite ran the "Life Is Good" campaign, which showed Miller Lite drinkers' aspirational transition to more fun via a Miller Lite bottle tap, like "Beach Rewind", where three men on a beach admired three beautiful women walking by, and could rewind, and enjoy, the scene repeatedly. The campaign was developed by Leo Burnett Company, and received the American Marketing Association EFFIE award for outstanding advertising effectiveness. The campaign included celebrities such as Larry Bird, Keith Jackson, and Richard Karn.[12]
Beginning January 12, 1997, a series of surrealistic Miller Lite ads, purportedly made by a man named "Dick", began to air. They were hallmarked as such either at the beginning or the end of the commercial. The campaign was developed by Minneapolis-based ad agency Fallon. The series of "Dick" commercials was directed by Gerald Casale of the new wave band Devo. Such commercials include one where a middle-aged man sees the message "twist to open" on a Miller Lite bottle cap, and he proceeds to do the Twist.[13]
Screenshot from the Catfight commercial where a blonde and a brunette fight over whether Miller Lite beer tastes great or is less filling
The ad campaign changed back to using high-profile celebrities who were either on opposite ends of the spectrum or had bragging rights to exchange with the other. Notable pairings included the following:
George Brett and Robin Yount. Brett and Yount were both elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999 with 98 and 77 percent of the vote respectively while Yount won two MVP awards to Brett's one.
Edgar Winter and George Hamilton. Winter's albinism was a stark contrast to the tanned look of Hamilton on screen.
Ken Stabler and Dan Fouts. Stabler needles Fouts about never getting to or winning a Super Bowl while Fouts lets Stabler know about his inferior passing statistics.
In 2002, "Catfight", another high-profile commercial in the long-running "Great Taste...Less Filling" campaign, was denounced by critics as depicting women as sexual objects.[14] The commercial featured two women, a blonde (Tanya Ballinger) and a brunette (Kitana Baker), discussing the classic "Great Taste/Less Filling" debate, except they engaged in a catfight, hence the ad's title, with the fight moving from a fountain to a mud pit, with the girls stripping each other of their clothing in the process. An uncensored version of the commercial ended in the muddy beauties, stripped down to their underwear, sharing a passionate kiss. The girls received much publicity from the commercial, and later starred in a few related commercials, videos and events.
In 2006, Miller Lite had an advertising campaign called Man Laws featuring celebrities that include actor Burt Reynolds, professional wrestler Triple H, comedian Eddie Griffin, and former American football player Jerome Bettis. The celebrities and other actors were in a "Men of the Square Table", a group meeting where they discuss different situations that should be included in the "Man Laws". The ads were developed by the ad agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky/Miami, and were directed by comedy film director Peter Farrelly.[15]
In June 2010, commercials premiered featuring actresses Lindsey McKeon and Nadine Heimann as bartenders.
Motorsport sponsorship[edit]
The Miller Lite car in 2012. The car's current driver, Brad Keselowski, won the Sprint Cup Series title that same year.
Miller Brewing Company began their NASCAR sponsorship in 1983 with driver Bobby Allison, advertising the Miller High Life brand and later in 1990 with driver Rusty Wallace, advertising the Miller Genuine Draft brand. In 1997, the company began advertising the Miller Lite brand on Wallace's #2 Penske Racing car. The car later earned the nickname "Blue Deuce", due to its number and blue paint scheme. Wallace retired following the 2005 season, and Kurt Busch was named as his replacement. Busch drove the "Blue Deuce" from 2006 to 2010. The car is currently driven by Brad Keselowski, who won the 2012 Sprint Cup Series championship.
Other promotion in motorsport included the sponsoring of Don Prudhomme's Larry Dixon-driven NHRA top fuel dragster from 1997 to 2007. Prior to that, Dixon was sponsored by Miller Genuine Draft. Additionally, Miller Brewing sponsored the Unlimited hydroplane of R.B. "Bob" Taylor in 1984 with the U-7 "Lite All-Star", driven by Tom D'Eath. The following year, Miller switched teams and brands with the "Miller American" Unlimited hydroplane owned by Fran Muncey and Jim Lucero--which resulted in the 1985 National Championship, and APBA Gold Cup wins in 1985, 1986, and 1987, driven by Chip Hanauer.
For the first time in a video game, it was featured in NASCAR '15: Victory Edition and NASCAR Heat Evolution as a sponsor available to users verified to be over 21 years of age.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Beer Nutrition Facts and Codes". MillerCoors. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
Jump up ^ http://www.millercoors.com/Who-We-Are/Proud-History.aspx
Jump up ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (December 22, 2005). "Joseph L. Owades, Developer of Recipe for Light Beer, Is Dead at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Grimm, Lisa. "A Brief History of Beer in Chicago". Serious Eats. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "B.S.B. Loses Miller Lite Account to Burnett". New York Times. Feb 14, 1991. Retrieved Feb 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Official Miller Lite Brewers Collection website Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Miller Lite Brings Back Its White Label, Possibly Also Its Mojo Bloomberg Businessweek (09/02/2014)
Jump up ^ People Really Think Miller Lite In Vintage-Style Cans Tastes Better Consumerist (09/02/2014)
Jump up ^ "TOP 100 ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS." Advertising Age. Accessed on July 2, 2006
Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike (2010-06-04). "Teshome Actor Eddie Barth dies; Voiceover artist known for 1980s Miller Lite commercials". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2010-07-03.
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-17/sports/sp-2233_1_bob-uecker
Jump up ^ "Miller revives "Miller Time" theme for Lite". Modern Brewery Age. 2000.
Jump up ^ "See Dick Make Ads" Archived 2006-11-06 at the Wayback Machine.. University of Iowa Department of Communication. Accessed on July 2, 2006
Jump up ^ "Miller Lite's 'Catfight' ad angers some viewers." USA Today. Accessed on July 2, 2006
Jump up ^ Miller Lite | "Unopened Beer". AdWeek. Accessed on July 2, 2006
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miller Lite.
Official website
Important dates in the history of Miller Brewing Co. San Antonio Express-News.
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Docket (court)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A docket in the United States is the official summary of proceedings in a court of law.[1][2] In the United Kingdom in modern times it is an official document relating to delivery of something,[2] with similar meanings to these two elsewhere. In the late nineteenth century the term referred to the large folio books in which clerks recorded all filings and court proceedings for each case,[3] although use has been documented since 1485.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical usage
2 United States
2.1 Supreme Court
2.2 Court docket links
2.2.1 Official
2.2.2 Unofficial
3 See also
4 References
Historical usage[edit]
The term originated in England; it was recorded in the form "doggette" in 1485, and later also as doket, dogget(t), docquett, docquet, and docket.[4] The derivation and original sense are obscure, although it has been suggested that it derives from the verb "to dock", in the sense of cutting short (e.g. the tail of a dog or horse);[4] a long document summarised has been docked, or docket using old spelling. It was long used in England for legal purposes (there was an official called the Clerk of the Dockets in the early nineteenth century), although discontinued in modern English legal usage.
Docket was described in The American and English Encyclopedia of Law as a courts summary, digest, or register. A usage note in this 1893 text warns that term docket and calendar are not synonymous.[6]
A 1910 law dictionary states the terms trial docket and calendar are synonymous.[7]
United States[edit]
In the United States, court dockets are considered to be public records, and many public records databases and directories include references to court dockets. Rules of civil procedure often state that the court clerk shall record certain information "on the docket" when a specific event occurs.[citation needed] The Federal Courts use the PACER (Public Access Court Electronic Records) system to house dockets and documents on all federal civil, criminal and bankruptcy cases, available to the public for a fee.[8]
The term is also sometimes used informally to refer to a court calendar, the schedule of the appearances, arguments and/or hearings scheduled for a court. It may also be used as a metonym to refer to a court's caseload as a whole. Thus, either sense may be intended (depending upon the context) in the frequent use of the phrase "crowded dockets" by legal journalists and commentators.[citation needed]
Supreme Court[edit]
In its meaning as calendar, the docket of the United States Supreme Court is different both in its composition and significance. The justices of the Supreme Court have almost complete discretion over the cases they choose to hear. From the large number of cases which it receives, only 70 to 100 will be placed on the docket. The Solicitor General decides which cases to present on behalf of the federal government.[9]
Court docket links[edit]
Official[edit]
Supreme Court
United States Supreme Court Calendar
Court of Appeals
Public Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER) is a system for public access to court records, subject to payment.
Federal Circuit
First Circuit Court of Appeals, Court Calendar
Second Circuit Court of Appeals, Court Calendar
Third Circuit Court of Appeals PACER
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals PACER
Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, Appeals Calendar
Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, Oral Argument Calendar
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Oral Arguments
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Court Calendar
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, Court Calendar
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Court Calendar, and dockets via PACER
Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals; Argument Calendar
Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals "Voluntary filing to begin on 1 January 2012"
Federal District Courts
Iowa
Northern District of Iowa Has Decisions/Verdicts page. Links to PACER
Northern District of Iowa Bankruptcy
Southern District of Iowa
Southern District of Iowa Bankruptcy, Calendars[permanent dead link]
Unofficial[edit]
Docket Alarm, Inc. provides a search engine and alerts for Federal Court dockets and bankruptcies, as well as providing programmatic access via an API.[10]
Inforuptcy.com is a PACER alternative website that provides all queries including dockets for U.S. bankruptcy courts.[11]
LegalDockets.com is the oldest and most reliable docket portal on the internet. In addition to linking to all PACER courts, it also links to all state court dockets, which can be very difficult to find.
See also[edit]
Calendar
Minutes
Schedule
Transcript (law)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sutton, John R. (1985). "The Juvenile Court and Social Welfare: Dynamics of Progressive Reform". Law & Society Review. 19 (1): 107–146. JSTOR 3053396.
^ Jump up to: a b "docket Meaning, definition in Cambridge English Dictionary". cambridge.org.
Jump up ^ Cockcroft, James; Garland, David Shephard; McGehee, Lucius Polk; et al., eds. (1896–1905). The American and English encyclopedia of law. 9 (2nd ed.). Edward Thompson company. OCLC 21556933.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oxford English Dictionary 2nd ed. Definition of "... brief, summarized statement ... abstract, abridgement, digest, minute" described as obsolete and historical. "A memorandum or register of legal judgements". "A list of causes for trial" given as U.S. usage
Jump up ^ 1641 Les Termes de la Ley; or certaine difficult and obscure words and termes of the common lawes of this realme expounded: Docket is a little peece of paper or parchment written, that conteineth in it the effect of a greater writing.
Jump up ^ Williams, Charles (1893). The American and English encyclopedia of law. Edward Thompson Company.
Jump up ^ Black, Henry Campbell (1910). A LAW DICTIONARY CONTAINING DEFINITIONS OF THE TERMS AND PHRASES OF AMERICAN AND ENGLISH JURISPRUDENCE ANCIENT AND MODERN. West Publishing. The name of docket or trial docket sometimes given to the list or calendar causes set to be tried at a specified term prepared by the clerks for the use of the and bar
Jump up ^ Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (2013-04-01). "Electronic Public Access Fee Schedule". USCourts.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
Jump up ^ Scardino, Franco (2009). The Complete Idiot's Guide to U.S. Government and Politics. Alpha. ISBN 978-1-59257-853-5.
Jump up ^ "Checking The Court Docket Manually Is So Outdated: Docket Alarm API". ProgrammableWeb.
Jump up ^ Stephanie Gleason. "New Website Launches Bankruptcy-Focused PACER Alternative". WSJ.
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