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Music of the Dominican Republic
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Music of The Dominican Republic
General topics
Related articles
Genres
Atabales
Bachata
La Mangulina
Merengue
Palos
Pambiche
Salves
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The music of the Dominican Republic is primarily influenced by West African traditions, with some minor European, and native Taino influences. The Dominican Republic is mainly known for its merengue and bachata music, both of which are the most popular forms of music in the country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dominican music
1.1 Music
1.2 Música Congos del Espíritu Santo
1.3 Salves
1.4 Palo
1.5 Bachata
2 Popular music
2.1 Dominican rock
2.2 Hip hop
2.3 Reggaeton
3 Art music
3.1 Jazz
3.2 Classical music
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
Dominican music[edit]
Music[edit]
Main articles: music, Merengue típico, Pambiche, and Merenrap
Merengue is a musical genre native to the Dominican Republic. It has a moderate to very fast 2/4 rhythm played on güira (metal scraper) and the double-headed tambora. The accordion is also common. Traditional, accordion-based merengue is usually termed merengue típico and is still played by living accordionists like Francisco Ulloa, Fefita la Grande, El Ciego de Nagua, and Rafaelito Román. More modern merengues incorporate electric instruments and influences from salsa, and rock and roll. Choruses are often sung in a call and response form by two or three back-up singers, or more traditionally, by the musicians playing tambora or güira. Beginning in the 1960s, dancing became a part of the singers' work with Johnny Ventura's Combo Show format, and is now a staple of many of the genre's biggest stars. Lyrically, irony and double entendres are common Merengue continued to be limited in popularity to the lower classes, especially in the Cibao area, in the early 20th century. Artists like Juan F. García, Juan Espínola and Julio Alberto Hernández tried to move merengue into the mainstream, but failed, largely due to social prejudices. Some success occurred after nationalistic feelings arose among the Cibao elite who resented the U.S. occupation of the country from 1916–1924. Legend has it that at this time the faster (merengue típico cibaeño) was slowed down to accommodate American soldiers who couldn't dance the difficult steps of the merengue; this mid-tempo version was called pambiche. Major mainstream acceptance started with Rafael Trujillo's rise to power in the early 1930s.
Dictator Rafael Trujillo, who seized the presidency of the Dominican Republic in 1930, helped merengue to become a national symbol of the island up until his assassination in 1961. Being that he was of humble origins, he had been barred from elite social clubs. He was therefore resentful of these elite sophisticates and began promoting the Cibao-style merengue, forcing all social classes to participate in the low-class dance. At Trujillo's command, virtually all musical groups had to compose merengues praising Trujillo's dictatorship, its guidelines and actions of his party. Trujillo even made it mandatory for urban dance bands to include merengue in their repertoire. Also, piano and brass instruments were added in merengue-oriented big bands, a trend towards upward mobility popularizing by Luis Alberti's group in Santiago de los Caballeros. On the other hand, merengue that continued to use an accordion became known (rather disrespectfully) as perico ripiao (ripped parrot). It was because of all this that merengue became and still is the Dominican Republic’s national music and dance.
In the 1960s, a new group of artists (most famously Johnny Ventura) incorporated American R&B and rock and roll influences, along with Cuban salsa music. The instrumentation changed, with accordion replaced with electric guitars or synthesizers, or occasionally sampled, and the saxophone's role totally redefined. In spite of the changes, merengue remained the most popular form of music in the Dominican Republic. Ventura, for example, was so adulated that he became a massively popular and influential politician on his return from a time in the United States, and was seen as a national symbol.
The 1980s saw increasing Dominican emigration to Europe and the United States, especially to New York City and Miami. Merengue came with them, bringing images of glitzy pop singers and idols. At the same time, Juan Luis Guerra slowed down the merengue rhythm, and added more lyrical depth and entrenched social commentary. He also incorporated bachata and Western musical influences with albums like 1990's critically acclaimed Bachata Rosa.
Música Congos del Espíritu Santo[edit]
Congo Music of the Holy Spirit can be heard in the village of Villa Mella. This music is highly African in origin and associated with the Afro-Christian sect. It is basically tambores / drum music. The drums are all different sizes from very large to the smallest drum known as Alcahuete. Other instruments used are the maracas, canoas or sticks. This music has maintained its original form and is still sung in call and response, one person sings out a line and all others reply in song also.
Salves[edit]
Salve is a call-and-response type of singing that uses güira, panderos, at yales and other African instruments. Salves are highly ceremonial and are used in pilgrimages and at parties dedicated to voodoo saints. Salve is a ritual inspired by religion and music with roots in both African and Hispanic cultures.[1] Salve is related to palo that is played in a lot of the same contexts and rhythm, but with different instruments. The name comes from the Salve Regina, a catholic psalm, and many still sing a sacred, a cappella salve that preserves the medieval modes of old Spanish hymns. The ecstatic salve played at religious parties however, is all about percussion – featuring large numbers of tambourines playing interlocking rhythms and a melodic drum called the balsie, whose player alters the pitch by applying pressure with his foot. Salve may be played in fewer parts of the country but it’s one of the best-known sounds, largely because it’s the sound of choice in Villa Mella, a poor suburb of the capital often thought of as the epicenter of Afro-Dominican traditions. The salve group of Enerolisa Nuñez, from Villa Mella, is one of the most widely listened to - thanks to her inclusion in merengue-star Kinito Méndez's salve-merengue fusion album A Palo Limpio as well as an excellent recording of her group by the Bayahonda Cultural Foundation.
Palo[edit]
Main article: Palo music
Palo, also known as Atabales is a Dominican sacred music that can be found throughout the island. The drum and human voice are the principal instruments. Palo is played at religious ceremonies - usually coinciding with saint's days - as well as for secular parties and special occasions. Its roots are in the Congo region of central-west Africa, but it is mixed with European influences in the melodies. Palos are related to Dominican folk Catholicism, which includes a pantheon of deities/saints (here termed misterios) much like those found in the Afro-American syncretic religious traditions of Cuba, Brazil, Haiti, and elsewhere. Palos are usually associated with the lower class, black and mixed populations. They can be seen in different regions of Dominican Republic, but with variations.
Palo music is played on long drums termed palos.The word palos means trees, and therefore all Dominican palos drums are instruments made from hollowed out logs. The head of the drum is made of cowhide and it is attached to the log portion with hoops and pegs in the Eastern region, or with nails in the Southwest. There is a master drum (palo mayor) which is the large, wide drum played with slimmer drums (alcahuetes) alongside: two in the East or three elsewhere. Palos are usually played with guiras, which are metal scrapers. They may also be played with maracas, or a little stick used to hit the master drum, called the catá. The Dominican region in which the palos are played determines the form, the number of the instruments, and how they are played.
Palos are associated with the Afro- Dominican brotherhoods called cofradías. Originally, the brotherhoods were composed solely of males. As time progressed, females and family inheritance maintained the brotherhoods’ sanctity. Each brotherhood is devoted to a particular saint. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the brotherhood is to honor the saint with a festival. Historically, cofradías were established on principals similar to those of the Mediterranean guild-based societies and those founded by Africans that inhabited southern Spain. Through colonization and the slave trade, these traditions were brought to the Dominican Republic. However, the cofradías are not limited to the Dominican Republic, they are found in other parts of the Americas as well, where they may be adapted to Native-American folk Catholicism, particularly in Mexico and Central America.
Palo music is generally played at festivals honoring saints (velaciones) or during other religious events. The configuration of instruments present depends on the region in which these events take place. Palo drums are played with the hands, held between the legs, and tied to the palero's waist by a rope. The three paleros each play a distinct beat on their palos, which ultimately blend together. These rhythms vary depending on the region as well. For example, in the East, the "palo corrido" rhythm is popular, while in San Cristóbal, one may be more likely to find the "palo abajo" rhythm. While they play their drums, one of the paleros simultaneously sings verses of a song. The surrounding audience often invokes spirits of ancestors or saints, and it is not unusual to encounter participants becoming possessed at these events.
Bachata[edit]
Main article: Bachata (music)
Bachata is a style of music that inhabitants of shantytowns call their own to own, meaning they call it theirs before anyone else gets it. Though this may seem like a negative connotation, one should remember that bachata has been widely accepted through many, though not all, classes of Dominican society. Bachata evolved from bolero, a Pan-American style said to have originated in Cuba. The guitars (lead, rhythm, and bass) are the principal instruments in bachata. They are accompanied by the bongo and güira (which has replaced the maracas).
The Dominican bourgeoisie at first dismissed bachata as worthless and it was therefore given the name bachata, meaning a rowdy lower-class fiesta (party). Until fairly recently, bachata was informally banned from Dominican radio and television. Despite this, bachata flourished and has now gained wide acceptance, not only in the Dominican Republic, but worldwide. One of the most popular bands making bachata music was the former band Aventura, which split in 2011.
Popular music[edit]
Dominican rock[edit]
Main article: Dominican rock
Dominican rock is also popular among younger and older crowds of the Dominican Republic. Dominican rock is influenced by British and American rock, but also has its own sense of unique style. The rock scene in the Dominican Republic has been very vibrant in recent years, spanning many genres of rock such as pop rock, reggae/rock, punk, metal. Dominican rock had started its scene in the early 1980s, when Luis Días & Transporte Urbano, (who is considered to be the father of Dominican rock), came onto the scene and created this genre. Since then, there have been hundreds of Dominican rock bands, with the most successful being Toque Profundo, Tabu Tek, Al-Jadaqui Tribu del Sol, Top 40, TKR, Poket, La Siembra, La Reforma and others. Rita Indiana y los Misterios are a musical group known for their blend of traditional merengue music with rock. Bocatabu, Dronk, Futuros Divorciados and 42-01 are new Dominican rock groups who are also on the rise.
There are also several underground Metal concerts occurring occasionally mainly in the cities of Santo Domingo and Santiago, where teenagers and young adults usually not satisfied with the other genres express themselves.
Hip hop[edit]
Main articles: Hip hop, Latin rap, Latin trap, and Dominican hip hop
Hip hop is a cultural movement developed in New York City in the 1970s primarily by African Americans and Afro-Latinos. Since first emerging in The Bronx and Harlem, the lifestyle of hip hop culture has today spread around the world. One of the places hip hop spread to was the Dominican Republic. The four historic elements of hip hop are: MCing (rapping), DJing, urban inspired art/tagging (graffiti), and b-boying (or breakdancing). The most known extended elements are beatboxing, hip hop fashion, and hip hop slang. All these elements have been carried on into the Dominican Republic since the mid 80s by young immigrants who returned to their mother land, usually from Puerto Rico, New York, Boston and Florida. Dominican hip hop started to gain national popularity in the years 2006 and 2007.[citation needed]
Reggaeton[edit]
Main articles: Reggaeton and Dembow
Reggaeton came to the Dominican Republic from Puerto Rico in the 90's. Dominican reggaeton is called by its original name dem-bow. Dominican dem-bow uses old reggae and reggaeton beats from mainly Jamaica, Panama, and Puerto Rico. The dem-bow is utiliz making the dem-dow rhythm faster and louder. Artists playing reggaeton include Don Miguelo, Engel Garcia, La Fabrica, , Juancho, Chimbala, El ALfa, and Reychesta of Tres Coronas, El Lapiz, Mozart La Para.[citation needed]
Art music[edit]
Jazz[edit]
The most renowned exponent is Michel Camilo.
Classical music[edit]
Conservatorio Nacional de Música is the academy of music of the Dominican Republic. It was founded by José de Jesús Ravelo (Don Chuchú), one of the main Dominican composers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kanellos, Nicolás (1993). Handbook of Hispanic Culture-Literature. Houston, Texas: Arte Publico Press. p. 305. ISBN 9781611921632.
Bibliography[edit]
Larrazábal Blanco, Carlos. 1967. "Los negros y la esclavitud en Santo Domingo". Santo Domingo: Postigo. Colección "Pensamiento Dominicano," No. 35.
Davis, Martha Ellen. "Afro-Dominican Religious Brotherhoods: Structure, Ritual, and Music." 1976. Ph.D. dissertation in anthropology, University of Illinois
Díaz Díaz, Edgardo. 2008. “Danza antillana, conjuntos militares, nacionalismo musical e identidad dominicana: retomando los pasos perdidos del merengue.” Latin American Music Review 29(2): 229–259.
Manuel, Peter, Kenneth M. Bilby, and Michael D. Largey. Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.
Harvey, Sean and Sue Steward. "Merengue Attacks". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific, pp 414–420. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-0
External links[edit]
Dominican Republic portal
Latin music portal
www.iasorecords.com - Dominican Music, articles, music & video clips - bachata, merengue, Afro-Dominican, and more.
www.BachataRadio.com - Bachata, Merengue y mas! Musica en Demanda y en Vivo, Listen to the Music of the Dominican Republic.
All about Merengue Típico / Perico Ripiao
Popular Afro-Dominican Group in the United States
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Basic structure doctrine
Fundamental rights
Human rights
———————
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
Uniform civil code
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Indian Penal Code
Law enforcement
Government of India[show]
President (Head of state)
Vice president
———————
Executive:
Prime minister (Head of government)
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet secretary
Secretaries: (Defence • Finance • Foreign • Home)
Civil services
All India Services (IAS • IFS/IFoS • IPS)
———————
Legislature:
Parliament
Rajya Sabha (Chairman)
Lok Sabha (Speaker)
Judiciary:
Supreme court (Chief justice)
High courts (Chief justices)
District courts
Elections[show]
Election commission:
Chief Election Commissioner (Election commissioners)
Recent general elections: 2009
2014
2019
Recent state elections: 2017
2018
2019
———————
Political parties
National parties
State parties
National coalitions:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
Federalism[show]
Administrative divisions
———————
State governments
Governor
Chief minister
Chief secretary (Principal secretaries)
Field-level officers
Divisional commissioners
District magistrates
Sub-divisional magistrates
Legislatures:
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad
———————
Local governments: Rural bodies:
District councils
Block panchayats
Gram Panchayats
Urban bodies:
Municipal corporations
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Atlas
v
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e
The governors and lieutenant-governors/administrators of the states and union territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Governors exist in the states while lieutenant-governors exist in union territories and in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the chief ministers of the states and their councils of ministers.
In India, a lieutenant governor is in charge of a union territory. However, the rank is present only in the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Delhi and Puducherry (the other territories have an administrator appointed, who is an IAS officer or retired judges of courts ). However, the governor of Punjab acts as the administrator of Chandigarh. Although lieutenant-governors do not hold the same rank as a governor of a state in the list of precedence.
The governors and lieutenant-governors are appointed by the President for a term of five years.
Contents
[hide]
1 Selection process
1.1 Qualifications
2 Powers and functions
2.1 Executive powers
2.2 Legislative powers
2.3 Financial powers
2.4 Discretionary powers
3 Contingency situation
4 Emoluments
5 Removal
6 Legal immunity
7 Analysis of role in Government
8 See also
9 References
Selection process[edit]
Qualifications[edit]
Article 157 and Article 158 of the Constitution of India specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor. They are as follows:
A governor must:
be a citizen of India.
be at least 35 years of age.
not be a member of the either house of the parliament or house of the state legislature.
not hold any other office of profit.
Powers and functions[edit]
The primary function of the governor is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law as incorporated in his/her oath of office under Article 159 of the Indian constitution in the administration of the State affairs. All his/her actions, recommendations and supervisory powers (Article 167c, Article 200, Article 213, Article 355, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of a State shall be used to implement the provisions of the Constitution. In this respect, the governor has many different types of powers:
Executive powers related to administration, appointments and removals,
Legislative powers related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad,
Discretionary powers to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor
Executive powers[edit]
The Constitution vests in the governor all the executive powers of the state government. The governor appoints the chief minister, who enjoys the support of the majority in the Legislative Assembly. The governor also appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers and distributes portfolios to them on the advice of the chief minister.
The Council of Ministers remain in power during the 'pleasure' of the governor, but in the real sense it means the pleasure of the Legislative Assembly. As long as the majority in the Vidhan Sabha supports the government, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed.
The governor appoints the chief minister of a state. He or she also appoints the Advocate General and the chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission. Apart from this, State Election Commissioner are also appointed by the Governor (though removed by the President).The president consults the governor in the appointment of judges of the High Courts and the governor appoints the judges of the District Courts. All administrations are carried on his or her name, he or she also has the power to appoint staff for his tenure in class one and class four as per constitution of India.
The Governor of the state by virtue of his office is also the Chancellor of most of the Universities in the State[1]. The dignity and impartiality of the office of the Chancellor puts the Governor in a unique position with regard to protecting the autonomy of the Universities and saving them from undue political interference. The Governor as Chancellor of University also acts as President of the Senate. He has power to direct inspection of every component of the Universities and affiliated colleges, required due action on the result of inquiry. The Chancellor appoints search committee for appointments of Vice Chancellor. He accords consent of warrant of degrees and withdraw degree or distinctions both at the recommendations of the Senate. He approves or disapproves statutes passed by the Senate and appoints teachers of the University based on recommendation of the respective committees.
Legislative powers[edit]
The governor summons the sessions of both houses of the state legislature and prorogues them. The governor can even dissolve the Vidhan Sabha. These powers are formal and the governor while using these powers must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.
The governor inaugurates (to dedicate) the state legislature by addressing it after the assembly elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year. The governor's address on these occasions generally outlines new policies of the state government. A bill that the state legislature has passed, can become a law only after the governor gives assent. The governor can return a bill to the state legislature, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration. However, if the state legislature sends it back to the governor for the second time, the governor must assent to it. The governor has the power to reserve certain bills for the president.
When the state legislature is not in session and the governor considers it necessary to have a law, then the governor can promulgate ordinances. These ordinances are submitted to the state legislature at its next session. They remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the state legislature is reconvened unless approved by it earlier. [1]
Governor is empowered under Article 192 to disqualify a member of a House of the State legislature when the election commission recommends that the legislator is no longer complying with provisions of Article 191.
Per Articles 165 and 177, Governor can ask the Advocate General to attend the proceedings of both houses of the state legislature and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.
Financial powers[edit]
He causes to be laid before the State Legislature the annual financial statement which is the State Budget. Further no demand for grant shall be made except on his recommendation. He can also make advances out of the Contingency Fund of the State to meet any unforeseen expenditure. Moreover, he constitutes the State Finance Commission.
Discretionary powers[edit]
The governor can use these powers:
When no party gets a clear majority, the governor can use his discretion in the selection of chief ministerial candidate to prove the majority as soon as possible.
He submits reports on his own to the president or on the direction of the president regarding the affairs of the state.
He can withhold his assent to a bill and send it to the president for his approval.
During an emergency rule per Article 353, governor can override the advice of the council of ministers if specifically permitted by the president only.
Contingency situation[edit]
The governor has no role or powers in a contingency situation such as president's rule unless specifically permitted by the president under articles 160, 356 and 357. The Governor is not permitted to take any decision on his own without state cabinet advise when an elected government is in charge under the provisions of Part VI of the constitution. Governor's rule is applicable only to Jammu and Kashmir state. It is often used synonymous with president's rule in other states.
Emoluments[edit]
Governor's pay
Date established
Salary (per month)
1 February 2018 ₹350,000 (US$5,400)
Source:[2]
Various emoluments, allowances and privileges available to a governor are determined by the Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act, 1982.[2]
In addition to the monthly salary, the governor is entitled to rent free official residence, free household facilities and conveyance. The governor and his family are provided with free medical attendance, accommodation and treatment for life.[2]
Removal[edit]
The term of governor's office is normally 5 years but it can be terminated earlier by:
Dismissal by the president (usually on the advice of the prime minister of the country) at whose pleasure the governor holds office.[3] Dismissal of Governors without valid reason is not permitted.[4] However, it is the duty of the President to dismiss a Governor whose acts are upheld by courts as unconstitutional and malafide[5]
Resignation by the governor[3]
There is no provision for impeachment, as it happens for the president.
Legal immunity[edit]
Under Article 361 of the constitution, governor can not be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds though the unconstitutional decisions taken by the governor would be declared invalid by the courts. The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the union government for the governor's role. As clarified by the Supreme Court in the case 'Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs. Union of India & ANR 24 January 2006', though governor can not be prosecuted and imprisoned during his tenure, he can be prosecuted after he/she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during his term of governorship as declared earlier by the courts.[6] No governor has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his decisions as unconstitutional by the courts till now. No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former governors to punish them for their unconstitutional acts though many decisions taken during the term of governorship had been declared by Supreme Court as unconstitutional, mala fide, void, ultra vires, etc.[7]
Analysis of role in Government[edit]
While the President of India is "elected", the governor is "selected" by the incumbent central government.[8] That is why there have been many instances when governors appointed by a previous government are removed by an incoming government. The reasons are more political. The supreme court has ruled that governors should be given security of term but this is generally not adhered to.[8]
Political observers have described governorship as "plush old age homes" wherein the governor does not stay impartial and act against popular state leaders. In 1984, Congressman Ram Lal dismissed the N. T. Rama Rao government and allowed Nadendla Bhaskar Rao as chief minister of Andhra Pradesh for 31 days.[9]
In January 2014, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) approached the Union Law Ministry under the UPA Government to record statements of West Bengal Governor M. K. Narayanan and Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo.[10] Their statements were considered vital as Narayanan was National Security Adviser and Wanchoo was Chief of Special Protection Group (SPG) at the time of signing of contract with AgustaWestland. Their views were also considered before Indian Government signed the contract with Agusta Westland. However, Union Law ministry stonewalled CBI probe by rejecting CBI's request to examine them claiming they had 'immunity'.[11] UPA was defeated in the 2014 general election and with the incoming NDA Government's permission, West Bengal Governor M. K. Narayanan became the first ever Governor to be questioned by police in a criminal case. The CBI questioned M. K. Narayanan as a "witness" in ₹ 3600-crore 2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal. The CBI said Goa Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo would be questioned in the same case.[12][13]
Arunachal Pradesh governor who is also appointed by the ruling party at the centre, has been sacked by the president after the Supreme Court has quashed his unconstitutional acts.[14] it is a good event in Indian polity by giving a strong message to the state governors that they should not come under the influence of the ruling party at the centre to commit unconstitutional acts.
Lt Governor of Delhi, Najeeb Jung resigned taking moral responsibility for his unconstitutional role when Supreme Court observed that the elected local government is not an unconstitutional institution without any powers.[15]
See also[edit]
List of Governors of Indian states
Federalism in India
Administrators in British India
Rajpramukh
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.rajbhavan.gujarat.gov.in/honorable-governors/role-of-governor.aspx
^ Jump up to: a b c "Union Budget 2018-19" (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Article 156, The Constitution Of India". Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The dismissal of Governors". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Origin and Scope of Doctrine of Pleasure in India". Retrieved 7 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Act, 1971" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Changing UPA's governors: Why Tharoor is only half-right". Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why the post of governors should be abolished". Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "CBI seeks Home, Law ministries' advice to examine B V Wanchoo, M K Narayanan".
Jump up ^ "VVIP chopper deal: CBI seeks President's permission to question Narayanan, Wanchoo". The Times Of India.
Jump up ^ "Chopper Scam: CBI Questions WB Guv M.K. Narayanan". Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "VVIP chopper deal: Governors can be questioned while in office, says Attorney General". Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arunachal Pradesh Governor Jyoti Prasad Rajkhowa Sacked". Retrieved 12 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Najeeb Jung operated as an assassin of democracy". Retrieved 28 December 2016.
[show]
v
t
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Lists of governors, lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories (and current incumbents)
Andaman and Nicobar
Devendra Kumar Joshi
Andhra Pradesh
E. S. L. Narasimhan
Arunachal Pradesh
B. D. Mishra
Assam
Jagdish Mukhi
Bihar
Satya Pal Malik
Chandigarh
V. P. Singh Badnore
Chhattisgarh
Balram Das Tandon
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Praful Khoda Patel
Daman and Diu
Praful Khoda Patel
Delhi
Anil Baijal
Goa
Mridula Sinha
Gujarat
Om Prakash Kohli
Haryana
Kaptan Singh Solanki
Himachal Pradesh
Acharya Dev Vrat
Jammu and Kashmir
Narinder Nath Vohra
Jharkhand
Draupadi Murmu
Karnataka
Vajubhai Vala
Kerala
P. Sathasivam
Lakshadweep
Farooq Khan
Madhya Pradesh
Anandiben Patel
Maharashtra
C. Vidyasagar Rao
Manipur
Najma Heptulla
Meghalaya
Ganga Prasad
Mizoram
Nirbhay Sharma
Nagaland
Padmanabha Acharya
Odisha
Satya Pal Malik
Puducherry
Kiran Bedi
Punjab
V. P. Singh Badnore
Rajasthan
Kalyan Singh
Sikkim
Shriniwas Patil
Tamil Nadu
Banwarilal Purohit
Telangana
E. S. L. Narasimhan
Tripura
Tathagata Roy
Uttar Pradesh
Ram Naik
Uttarakhand
Krishan Kant Paul
West Bengal
Keshari Nath Tripathi
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Pokémon: The First Movie
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Pokémon: The First Movie
Japanese film poster
Japanese
劇場版ポケットモンスター ミュウツーの逆襲
Hepburn
Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā: Myūtsū no Gyakushū
Literally
Pocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back
Directed by
Kunihiko Yuyama
Produced by
Choji Yoshikawa
Tomoyuki Igarashi
Takemoto Mori
Written by
Takeshi Shudo
Starring
Rica Matsumoto
Ikue Ōtani
Mayumi Iizuka
Yūji Ueda
Satomi Kōrogi
Megumi Hayashibara
Shin-ichiro Miki
Inuko Inuyama
Masachika Ichimura
Kōichi Yamadera
Narrated by
Unshō Ishizuka
Music by
Shinji Miyazaki
Cinematography
Hisao Shirai
Edited by
Toshio Henmi
Yutaka Itō
Production
company
OLM
Nintendo
Distributed by
Toho
Release date
July 18, 1998 (1998-07-18) (Japan)
Running time
75 minutes
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Budget
¥3 billion
(US $30 million)
Box office
$163.6 million[1]
Pokémon: The First Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back, commonly referred to as Pokémon: The First Movie, originally released as Pocket Monsters the Movie: Mewtwo Strikes Back (劇場版ポケットモンスター ミュウツーの逆襲, Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā: Myūtsū no Gyakushū), is a 1998 Japanese anime film[2] directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, the chief director of the Pokémon television series. It is the first theatrical release in the Pokémon franchise.
It was first released in Japan on July 18, 1998. On July 8, 1999, a Complete Version (完全版 kanzenban) of the film was aired in Japanese television. In addition to an added prologue, the updated version included new animation and CGI graphics.[3] The English-language adaptation, produced by Nintendo and 4Kids Entertainment and licensed by Warner Bros., was released in North America on November 10, 1999.
The film primarily consists of three segments: Pikachu's Vacation, a 21-minute feature focusing on the series mascot Pikachu; Origin of Mewtwo, the 10-minute prologue added to the Complete Version of the film; and Mewtwo Strikes Back, the main 75-minute film feature. Overseas, the prologue can only be seen as a bonus short in DVD versions of Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns.
Although Pokémon was extremely popular when the film was released, the English-language version received negative reviews from film critics. Despite the reviews, it was a box office success worldwide, topping the box office charts in its opening weekend, and eventually grossing US$163.6 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
1.1 Pikachu's Vacation
1.2 Origin of Mewtwo
1.3 Mewtwo Strikes Back
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Marketing campaign
5 Release
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Box office
5.3 Home media
6 Soundtrack
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Pikachu's Vacation[edit]
The Pokémon of Ash Ketchum, Misty, and Brock are sent to spend a day at a theme park built for Pokémon. Pikachu, Togepi, Bulbasaur, and Squirtle cross paths with a group of bullies consisting of a Raichu, Cubone, Marill, and a Snubbull. The two groups compete against each other in sports, but it leads to Ash’s Charizard getting its head stuck in a pipe. Pikachu, his friends, and the bullies work together and successfully free Charizard and rebuild the park, spending the rest of the day playing before parting ways when their trainers return.
Origin of Mewtwo[edit]
Scientist Dr. Fuji is hired by Giovanni, leader of Team Rocket, to utilize his expertise in cloning in order to create a living weapon based on an eyelash from legendary Pokémon Mew. Fuji is revealed to be allying with Giovanni as a means to fund his side project: the resurrection of his deceased daughter Amber. In a laboratory, the weapon eventually gains sentience and is named Mewtwo. Mewtwo befriends the salvaged consciousness of Amber, named Ambertwo, as well as the clones of other Pokemon in the laboratory. However, Mewtwo is left deeply traumatized after Ambertwo and the rest of the clones decompose and die. In order to stabilize him, Fuji tranquilizes Mewtwo, causing him to forget the time he spent with his friends.
Mewtwo Strikes Back[edit]
After Mewtwo fully matures and awakens from a long slumber in a laboratory on New Island, he learns of his origin as Mew's clone from Dr. Fuji. Infuriated that Fuji and his colleagues see him as nothing more than an experiment, he unleashes his psychic powers and destroys the laboratory. Giovanni, witnessing the carnage afar, approaches and convinces Mewtwo to work with him to hone his powers. However, after Mewtwo learns of his purpose to be a weapon for Giovanni's benefit, he escapes back to New Island where he plots revenge against humanity.
After Mewtwo rebuilds the laboratory and establishes base there, he invites several trainers with hologram messages to battle the world's greatest Pokémon trainer at New Island. Ash, Misty, and Brock receive a message and accept the invitation, but when they arrive at the port city, Old Shore Wharf, Mewtwo creates a storm, causing the boats on the wharf to be closed off for safety. As a result, Ash's group are picked up by Team Rocket disguised as Vikings on a boat. After the storm sinks their vessel in the middle of the ocean, and Ash and his friends use their Pokémon instead to reach New Island.
Escorted into the island's palace by the woman who appeared on the hologram, Ash and the other trainers who were able to reach the island encounter Mewtwo. The woman is revealed to be a brainwashed Nurse Joy after she is released from Mewtwo's mind control. After describing his plot to use the storm to wipe out humanity and Pokémon loyal to humans, Mewtwo challenges the trainers using cloned Pokémon coincidentally modeled after the deceased friends from his childhood. Meanwhile, Team Rocket also reach New Island and explore its inner sanctum with a Mew innocuously following them. After Mewtwo's clones effortlessly defeat the challengers' Pokémon, he confiscates them and expands his clone army. Ash chases after his captured Pikachu down the cloning lab, where Team Rocket's Meowth is also cloned. Ash destroys the cloning machine, frees the captured Pokémon, and leads them to confront Mewtwo and his clones. Mew then reveals itself and Mewtwo challenges it in order to prove his superiority.
All of the Pokémon originals battle their clones save for a defiant Pikachu and Meowth, who makes peace with his own clone after realizing the senselessness of their fighting. Horrified at the pain and anguish felt on both sides of the battle, Ash puts himself in between a psychic blast caused by Mewtwo and Mew's fighting, leading to Ash to become petrified. Pikachu tries to revive Ash with his thunderbolt but it fails. However, the tears of the Pokémon, as per a legend mentioned earlier in the movie, are able to heal and revive Ash. Moved by Ash's sacrifice, Mewtwo realizes that he should not have to be judged by his origins but rather his choices in life. Departing with Mew and the clones, Mewtwo erases everyone's memories of the event.
Ash, Misty, and Brock find themselves back in Old Shore Wharf unsure how they got there. The storm outside clears up, Ash spotting Mew flying through the clouds and tells his friends of how he saw another legendary Pokémon the day he left Pallet Town. Meanwhile, Team Rocket find themselves stranded on New Island but enjoy their time there.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of characters in the Pokémon anime series
Character name
Japanese voice actor
English voice actor
Ash Ketchum (Satoshi) Rica Matsumoto Veronica Taylor
Pikachu Ikue Ōtani
Misty (Kasumi) Mayumi Iizuka Rachael Lillis
Brock (Takeshi) Yūji Ueda Eric Stuart
Narrator Unshō Ishizuka Ken Gates
Togepi Satomi Kōrogi
Jessie (Musashi) Megumi Hayashibara Rachael Lillis
James (Kojirō) Shin-ichiro Miki Eric Stuart
Meowth (Nyarth) Inuko Inuyama Maddie Blaustein
Bulbasaur (Fushigidane) Megumi Hayashibara Tara Jayne
Charizard (Lizardon) Shin-ichiro Miki
Squirtle (Zenigame) Rikako Aikawa Eric Stuart
Fergus (Umio) Wataru Takagi Jimmy Zoppi
Corey (Sorao) Tōru Furuya Ed Paul
Neesha (Sweet) Aiko Satō Lisa Ortiz
Miranda (Voyager) Sachiko Kobayashi Kayzie Rogers
Pirate Trainer Raymond Johnson Maddie Blaustein
Mewtwo Masachika Ichimura
Fujiko Takimoto (young; radio drama)
Showtaro Morikubo (young; anime) Philip Bartlett
Mew Kōichi Yamadera
Giovanni (Sakaki) Hirotaka Suzuoki Ed Paul
Officer Jenny (Junsar) Chinami Nishimura Lee Quick
Nurse Joy (Joi) Ayako Shiraishi Megan Hollingshead
Dr. Fuji Yōsuke Akimoto Philip Bartlett
Ambertwo (Aitwo) Kyōko Hikami Kerry Williams
Characters that appear only in the radio drama
Character name
Japanese voice actor
Doctor Fuji's wife Shinobu Adachi
Scientists Katsuyuki Konishi
Chiyako Shibahara
Investigators Shinpachi Tsuji
Tomohisa Asō
Researchers Hidenari Ugaki
Takuma Suzuki
Akio Suyama
Madame Boss Hiromi Tsuru
Miyamoto Yumi Tōma
Production[edit]
Kunihiko Yuyama directed the original Japanese version of the film, while Choji Yoshikawa and Takeshi Shudo served as producer and script writer respectively. Shudo explained in his blog that Mewtwo being torn over his life purpose reflects the film's theme of existentialism. In the Japanese script, for instance, the moment Mewtwo realizes he has a right to be in the world just as much as any other living creature represents the central message of accepting one's existence.[4][5] According to Shudo, certain episodes in the anime were intended to tie-in with the movie prior to its release in Japan and provide background behind the events in the film. However, the controversy surrounding the Dennō Senshi Porygon episode delayed the tie-in episodes, causing Shudo to expand the beginning of the movie and, thus, the length of the film.[6]
Norman J. Grossfeld, former president of 4Kids Productions, served as the film's producer for the English-language North American version. Grossfeld, Michael Haigney, and John Touhey wrote the English adaptation, and Haigney served as the English version's voice director.[7] The English script was heavily edited from the original Japanese one; along with various content edits, Mewtwo was portrayed more maliciously because Grossfeld felt American audiences needed to see a "clearly evil" villain rather than a morally ambiguous one. As such, the existentialist themes seen in the Japanese version were significantly toned-down.[8]
The English version editors translated various Japanese texts, including those on signs and on buildings, into English. The Shogakukan Production Co. also altered various background from the original version of the film in order to enhance its presentation overseas.[9] In the English dub, three Pokémon are referred to by the wrong name. Pidgeot was called Pidgeotto, Scyther was called Alakazam, and Sandslash was called Sandshrew. 4Kids said that they decided to leave the Alakazam and Sandshrew errors when they noticed it as something for the children watching to notice and because they felt it was plausible in context that Team Rocket could make a mistake.[10]
Grossfeld also had new music re-recorded for the film's release, citing that it "would better reflect what American kids would respond to". John Loeffler of Rave Music produced the English-language music and composed the film score with Ralph Schuckett. Loeffler also collaborated with John Lissauer and Manny Corallo to produce the English-language "Pikachu's Vacation" score. Grossfeld also revealed that the English version of the film "combines the visual sense of the best Japanese animation with the musical sensibility of Western pop culture".[9][11][12]
Marketing campaign[edit]
Toshihiro Ono, author of Pokémon: The Electric Tale of Pikachu, created a manga version of the film. Asked by editors to draw Mewtwo's birth, he received the source material to base the manga off of in April 1998 and finished the manga in May. In July of that year, a five episode radio drama titled The Birth of Mewtwo was broadcast over the five Sundays leading up to the premiere of the movie in Japan. Written by Takeshi Shudo, the drama delves into Mewtwo’s origin prior to the start of the film. It also explores the leadership of Team Rocket under Madame Boss, Giovanni's mother, and the last known whereabouts of Miyamoto (ミヤモト), Jesse's mother. Due to its mature themes, it was never dubbed in English.[4][13] The drama eventually served the basis for the Origin of Mewtwo prologue that would appear in the Complete Version of the film.[3] Since the drama was conceived a few months after the manga, the events depicted in the drama do not match up with the events portrayed in the manga. Ono has even stated that "there's not much connection between the manga and the movie".[14]
In the United States, the first trailer was released in August 1999 and was shown before The Iron Giant and Mystery Men. The second trailer was released in the fall of 1999 and was attached to The Bachelor. In addition, select theaters gave away exclusive Pokémon trading cards, to capitalize on the success of the trading card game. The cards featured likenesses of Electabuzz, Pikachu, Mewtwo, and Dragonite, and were dispensed in random order for each week it was in that particular theater. The subsequent releases of Pokémon: The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3: The Movie featured a similar marketing campaign. For the 2000 home video release of The First Movie, a limited edition Mewtwo card (different from that used for the theatrical release) was packaged with the video.
Release[edit]
The Japanese version of the film was first released by Toho on July 18, 1998. That following year, the English-dub of film was produced by 4Kids Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. under the Kids' WB banner in the United States on November 10, 1999. The film was theatrically re-released exclusively at Cinemark Theatres in the United States on October 29 and November 1, 2016. The re-release included the Pikachu's Vacation short film from the original release and was intended to commemorate Pokémon's 20th anniversary.[15][16][17] For TV syndication, the movie was digitally remastered for high definition and aired in TV Tokyo, as well as in other stations, beginning May 3, 2013.[18][19] The remastered version also aired in Cartoon Network in the United States on January 4, 2014.[20]
Critical response[edit]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film's English adaptation a 14% approval rating based on 79 reviews, with the consensus being: "Audiences other than children will find very little to entertain them".[21] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 based on 25 reviews, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".[22]
Anime News Network review called the main feature "contradictory", stating that "the anti-violent message that is pretty much crammed down our throats works directly against the entire point of the franchise" and criticized Pikachu's Summer Vacation for being "incoherent, pointless and fluffy".[23] Patrick Butters, of The Washington Times, accused Pokémon: The First Movie of taking ideas from other films such as Star Wars and being "just another cog in the mighty Nintendo machine".[24] Michael Wood, of England's Coventry Evening Telegraph said that Pikachu's Summer Vacation "can only be described as a mind-numbingly tedious piece, with no discernible storyline and lots of trippy images and silly voices". Wood did note that the main feature had a "mildly intriguing premise", but said that the rest of the film "was like a martial arts movie without the thrills".[25]
Reviews of the Japanese version have generally been more positive, and the film has been called a masterpiece by reviewers due to its emotional impact and exploration of ethical topics such as cloning and genetic modification. However, the philosophical themes were criticized being difficult to pick up on due to their complex presentation, especially for a film aimed at children.[26][27][28]
Box office[edit]
In the U.S. box office, Pokémon: The First Movie was an instant commercial success, debuting at number one and earning $10.1 million on its Wednesday opening day. During its first weekend, it grossed $31 million and went on to generate a total of $50.8 million since its Wednesday launch in 3,043 theaters, averaging to about $10,199 per venue over the three-day span. It also held the record for being the animated feature with the highest opening weekend in November, which would be broken two weeks later by Toy Story 2. Despite a 59.72% drop in its second weekend to $12.5 million, the film made $67.4 million within 12 days. It closed on February 27, 2000, earning $85.7 million in North America, and $77.9 million in other territories. Worldwide, the film made $163.6 million, making it the highest-grossing anime film in the United States and the fourth highest-grossing animated film based on a television show worldwide.[29] It was also the highest-grossing film based on a video game at the time, until 2001's Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.[30] Commercially, Takeshi Shudo states the film fared better overall in the U.S. than it did in its home country.[4]
Home media[edit]
The film was included in the Blu-ray compilation titled Pikachu Movie Premium 1998-2010 in Japan on November 28, 2012.[citation needed]
Viz Media has announced that a limited edition Blu-ray Steelbook containing the first three Pokémon films will be released on February 9, 2016, along with single releases on DVD (These are: Pokémon: The First Movie, Pokémon: The Movie 2000 and Pokémon 3: The Movie). In accommodation with the 20th anniversary of the Pokémon franchise, a digitally remastered version of the film was released on iTunes, Amazon and Google Play on February 27, 2016.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Pokémon: The First Movie (soundtrack)
Pokémon: The First Movie Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture is the soundtrack to the first Pokémon film in the United States, It was released on November 10, 1999, on Compact Disc and Compact Cassette. "Don't Say You Love Me" by M2M was released as a single from the album.[31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pokemon: The First Movie". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Helen (2008). 500 essential Anime Movies. Collins Design. ISBN 978-0-06-147450-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mewtwo Strikes Back: The Kanzenban". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Takeshi Shudo. "WEB Animation Magazine: 第183回　『ミュウツーの逆襲』疲れました。" (in Japanese). STYLE CO,.LTD. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ YouChew. "Why 'Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back' Is Much Better Than We Thought". Retrieved September 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Takeshi Shudo. "WEB Animation Magazine: 第167回　ポケモン事件前までの『ミュウツーの逆襲』" (in Japanese). STYLE CO,.LTD. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Making of Pokémon". Pokémon: The First Movie official website. Warner Bros. 1999. Archived from the original on October 4, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke University Press. p. 39. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6.
^ Jump up to: a b "About the Phenomenon". Pokémon: The First Movie official website. Warner Bros. 1999. Archived from the original on October 4, 2010. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Pokémon: The First Movie DVD Audio Commentary
Jump up ^ "Pokemon Live-Action Movie a Go at Legendary". Variety. July 20, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Will the Return of Pokémania Bring Us a Pokémon Movie?". Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE BIRTH OF MEWTWO CD DRAMA". Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Animerica Interview Toshihiro Ono."". Archived from the original on May 10, 2000. Retrieved 2009-08-05. VIZ Media. May 10, 2000. Retrieved on May 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Pokemon: The First Movie Coming Back to Theaters for Two Days". Comicbook.com. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch Pokémon: The First Movie On The Big Screen!". pokemon.com. October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Watch Pokémon: The First Movie On The Big Screen!". pokemon.com. October 17, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon Film "Mewtwo Strikes Back" to Get Complete HD Remastering!". otakumode.com. May 10, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "劇場版ポケモン「ミュウツーの逆襲」完全版がHDリマスターに　5月3日テレビ東京他で初放送". animeanime.jp. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back Special Event!". Retrieved October 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon the First Movie - Mewtwo vs. Mew (1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon: The First Movie - Mewtwo Strikes Back! reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon: The First Movie DVD -Review-". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ Butters, Patrick. "Lame Script, Wooden Characters Make Pokémon a Joke, Man; The Washington Times. November 10, 1999. pg 5.
Jump up ^ Michael Wood, "Cinema: Okay Pokey; Go2," Coventry Evening Telegraph (England) April 14, 2000.
Jump up ^ "「劇場版ポケットモンスター ミュウツーの逆襲」のレビュー感想/評価". anikore.jp. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "劇場版　ポケットモンスター　ミュウツーの逆襲". Eiga. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "劇場版ポケットモンスター／ミュウツーの逆襲". Yahoo Japan: Movies. Yahoo Japan. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon: The First Movie (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Video Game Adaptation Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo". Box Office Mojo - Video Game Adaptation. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Arnesen, Jon (February 5, 2000). "M2M make their name via Atlantic". Music & Media. 17 (6): 3.
External links[edit]
Pokémon portal
Film portal
Pokémon: The First Movie on IMDb
Pokémon: The First Movie at AllMovie
Pokémon: The First Movie at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Pokémon: The First Movie at Rotten Tomatoes
Pokémon: The First Movie at Box Office Mojo
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokémon:_The_First_Movie&oldid=819010009"
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This page was last edited on 6 January 2018, at 21:59.
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value: Покемон: Първият филм – Bulgarian

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value: Pokémon de film: Mewtwo tegen Mew – Dutch

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