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The Best Years of Our Lives
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The Best Years of Our Lives
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
William Wyler
Produced by
Samuel Goldwyn
Screenplay by
Robert E. Sherwood
Based on
Glory for Me
1945 novella
by MacKinlay Kantor
Starring
Myrna Loy
Fredric March
Dana Andrews
Teresa Wright
Virginia Mayo
Harold Russell
Music by
Hugo Friedhofer
Emil Newman
Cinematography
Gregg Toland
Edited by
Daniel Mandell
Production
company
Samuel Goldwyn Productions
Distributed by
RKO Radio Pictures
Release date
November 21, 1946 (1946-11-21) (United States)
Running time
172 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$2.1 million[1] or $3 million[2]
Box office
$23.7 million[3]
Standing, L-R: Fredric March, Myrna Loy, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright; seated at piano: Hoagy Carmichael
The Best Years of Our Lives (aka Glory for Me and Home Again) is a 1946 American drama film directed by William Wyler and starring Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, Teresa Wright, Virginia Mayo, and Harold Russell. The film is about three United States servicemen readjusting to civilian life after coming home from World War II. Samuel Goldwyn was inspired to produce a film about veterans after reading an August 7, 1944, article in Time about the difficulties experienced by men returning to civilian life. Goldwyn hired former war correspondent MacKinlay Kantor to write a screenplay. His work was first published as a novella, Glory for Me, which Kantor wrote in blank verse.[4][5][6][7] Robert E. Sherwood then adapted the novella as a screenplay.[7]
The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards in 1946, including Best Picture, Best Director (William Wyler), Best Actor (Fredric March), Best Supporting Actor (Harold Russell), Best Film Editing (Daniel Mandell), Best Adapted Screenplay (Robert E. Sherwood), and Best Original Score (Hugo Friedhofer).[8] In addition to its critical success, the film quickly became a great commercial success upon release. It became the highest-grossing film and most attended film in both the United States and UK since the release of Gone with the Wind, selling approximately 55 million tickets in the United States [9] which equaled a gross of $23,650,000.[10] It remains the sixth most-attended film of all time in the UK, with over 20 million tickets sold.[11] The film had one of the highest viewing figures of all time, with ticket sales exceeding $20.4 million.[12]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Popular response
4.3 Awards and honors
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Citations
5.3 Bibliography
6 External links
Plot[edit]
After World War II, Fred Derry (Dana Andrews), Homer Parrish (Harold Russell), and Al Stephenson (Fredric March) meet while flying home to Boone City (a fictional city patterned after Cincinnati, Ohio[6]). Fred was a decorated Army Air Forces captain and bombardier in Europe. Homer lost both hands from burns suffered when his aircraft carrier was sunk, and now uses mechanical hook prostheses. Al served as an infantry platoon sergeant in the Pacific. All three have trouble adjusting to civilian life.
Al has a comfortable home and a loving family: wife Milly (Myrna Loy), adult daughter Peggy (Teresa Wright, who was only thirteen years Loy's junior), and college freshman son Rob (Michael Hall, who is absent after the first one-third of the film). He returns to his old job as a bank loan officer. The bank president views his military experience as valuable in dealing with other returning servicemen. When Al approves a loan (without collateral) to a young Navy veteran, however, the president advises him against making a habit of it. Later, at a banquet held in his honor, a slightly inebriated Al expounds his belief that the bank (and America) must stand with the vets who risked everything to defend the country and give them every chance to rebuild their lives.
Before the war, Fred had been an unskilled drugstore soda jerk. He wants something better, but the tight postwar job market forces him to return to his old job. Fred had met Marie (Virginia Mayo) while in flight training and married her shortly afterward, before shipping out less than a month later. She became a nightclub waitress while Fred was overseas. Marie makes it clear she does not enjoy being married to a lowly soda jerk.
Homer was a football quarterback and became engaged to his next door neighbor, Wilma (Cathy O'Donnell), before joining the Navy. Both Homer and his parents now have trouble dealing with his disability. He does not want to burden Wilma with his handicap so he eventually pushes her away, although she still wants to marry him.
Peggy meets Fred while bringing her father home from a bar where the three men meet once again. They are attracted to each other. Peggy dislikes Marie, and informs her parents she intends to end Fred and Marie's marriage, but they tell her that their own marriage overcame similar problems. Concerned, Al demands that Fred stop seeing his daughter. Fred agrees, but the friendship between the two men is strained.
At the drugstore, an obnoxious customer, who claims that the war was fought against the wrong enemies, gets into a fight with Homer. Fred intervenes and knocks the man into a glass counter, costing him his job. Later, Fred encourages Homer to put his misgivings behind him and marry Wilma, offering to be his best man.
One evening, Wilma visits Homer and tells him that her parents want her to leave Boone City for an extended period to try to forget him. Homer bluntly demonstrates to her how hard life with him would be. When Wilma is undaunted, Homer reconsiders.
On arriving home, Fred discovers his wife with another veteran (Steve Cochran). After complaining to Fred that she has "given up the best years of my life," Marie tells him that she is getting a divorce. Fred decides to leave town, and gives his father his medals and citations. His father is unable to persuade Fred to stay. After Fred leaves, his father reads the citation for his Distinguished Flying Cross as composed by General Doolittle. At the airport, Fred books space on the first outbound aircraft, without regard for the destination. While waiting, he wanders into a vast aircraft boneyard. Inside the nose of a B-17, he relives the intense memories of combat. The boss of a work crew rouses him from his flashback. When the man says the aluminum from the aircraft is being salvaged to build housing, Fred persuades the boss to hire him.
At the bride's home, people have gathered for the wedding of Homer and Wilma. Fred, now divorced, is Homer's best man. While the vows are exchanged Fred and Peggy glance across at one another. At the conclusion everyone gathers around the newlyweds. Still gazing over at Peggy, Fred walks across the room, takes her in his arms and kisses her. He asks if she understands how things will be for them, that it will be a hard struggle at first, and that it could take years before they can get a life established. All the while Peggy smiles fondly at Fred, and then kisses him again.
Cast[edit]
Myrna Loy as Milly Stephenson
Fredric March as Platoon Sergeant Al Stephenson
Dana Andrews as Captain Fred Derry
Teresa Wright as Peggy Stephenson
Virginia Mayo as Marie Derry
Cathy O'Donnell as Wilma Cameron
Hoagy Carmichael as Uncle Butch Engle
Harold Russell as Petty Officer 2nd Class Homer Parrish
Gladys George as Hortense Derry
Roman Bohnen as Pat Derry
Ray Collins as Mr. Milton
Minna Gombell as Mrs. Parrish
Walter Baldwin as Mr. Parrish
Steve Cochran as Cliff
Dorothy Adams as Mrs. Cameron
Don Beddoe as Mr. Cameron
Marlene Aames as Luella Parrish
Charles Halton as Prew
Ray Teal as Mr. Mollett
Howland Chamberlain as Thorpe
Dean White as Novak
Erskine Sanford as Bullard
Michael Hall as Rob Stephenson
Victor Cutler as Woody Merrill
Robert Karnes as Technical Sergeant
Casting brought together established stars as well as character actors and relative unknowns. Famed drummer Gene Krupa was seen in archival footage, while Tennessee Ernie Ford, later a famous television star, appeared as an uncredited "hillbilly singer" (in the first of his only three film appearances).[Note 1] Blake Edwards, later notable as a film producer and director, appeared fleetingly as an uncredited "Corporal". Actress Judy Wyler was cast in her first role in her father's production. Sean Penn's father, Leo, played the uncredited part of the soldier working as the scheduling clerk at the beginning of the film.
Production[edit]
Director Wyler had flown combat missions over Europe in filming Memphis Belle (1944) and worked hard to get accurate depictions of the combat veterans he had encountered. Wyler changed the original casting that had featured a veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder and sought out Harold Russell, a non-actor to take on the exacting role of Homer Parrish.[13]
For The Best Years of Our Lives, he asked the principal actors to purchase their own clothes, in order to connect with daily life and produce an authentic feeling. Other Wyler touches included constructing life-size sets, which went against the standard larger sets that were more suited to camera positions. The impact for the audience was immediate, as each scene played out in a realistic, natural way.[13]
The Best Years of Our Lives began filming on April 15, 1946 at a variety of locations, including the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Ontario International Airport, Ontario, California, Raleigh Studios, Hollywood, and the Samuel Goldwyn/Warner Hollywood Studios.[13] The Best Years of Our Lives is notable for cinematographer Gregg Toland's use of deep focus photography, in which objects both close to and distant from the camera are in sharp focus.[14] For the passage of Fred Derry's reliving a combat mission while sitting in the remains of a former bomber, Wyler used "zoom" effects to simulate Derry's subjective state.[15]
The "Jackson High" football stadium seen early in aerial footage of the bomber flying over the fictional Boone City, is Corcoran Stadium located at Xavier University in Cincinnati. A few seconds later Walnut Hills High School with its distinctive dome and football field can be seen along with the downtown Cincinnati skyline (Carew Tower and PNC Tower) in the background.[16]
After the war, the combat aircraft featured in the film were being destroyed and disassembled for reuse as scrap material. The scene of Derry's walking among aircraft ruins was filmed at the Ontario Army Air Field in Ontario, California. The former training facility had been converted into a scrap yard, housing nearly 2,000 former combat aircraft in various states of disassembly and reclamation.[13]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Upon its release, The Best Years of Our Lives received extremely positive reviews from critics. Shortly after its premiere at the Astor Theater, New York, Bosley Crowther, film critic for The New York Times, hailed the film as a masterpiece. He wrote,
It is seldom that there comes a motion picture which can be wholly and enthusiastically endorsed not only as superlative entertainment but as food for quiet and humanizing thought... In working out their solutions Mr. Sherwood and Mr. Wyler have achieved some of the most beautiful and inspiring demonstrations of human fortitude that we have had in films." He also said the ensemble casting gave the "'best' performance in this best film this year from Hollywood."[17]
Several decades later, film critic David Thomson offered tempered praise: "I would concede that Best Years is decent and humane... acutely observed, despite being so meticulous a package. It would have taken uncommon genius and daring at that time to sneak a view of an untidy or unresolved America past Goldwyn or the public."[18]
The Best Years of Our Lives has a 98% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 37 reviews.[19] Chicago Sun Times film critic Roger Ebert put the film on his "Great Movies" list in 2007, calling it "...modern, lean, and honest."[20]
Popular response[edit]
The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success, earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run.[21][22] When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history.
Among films released before 1950, only Gone With the Wind, The Bells of St. Mary's, The Big Parade and four Disney titles have done more total business, in part due to later re-releases. (Reliable box office figures for certain early films such as Birth of a Nation and Charlie Chaplin's comedies are unavailable.)[23]
However, because of the distribution arrangement RKO had with Goldwyn, RKO recorded a loss of $660,000 on the film.[24]
Awards and honors[edit]
1947 Academy Awards
The Best Years of Our Lives received nine Academy Awards. Fredric March won his second Best Actor award (also having won in 1932 for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde).
Despite his Oscar-nominated performance, Harold Russell was not a professional actor. As the Academy Board of Governors considered him a long shot to win, they gave him an honorary award "for bringing hope and courage to his fellow veterans through his appearance." When Russell in fact won Best Supporting Actor, there was an enthusiastic response. He is the only actor to have received two Academy Awards for the same performance. He later sold his Best Supporting Actor award at auction for $60,500, to pay his wife's medical bills.[25]
Award
Result
Winner
Best Motion Picture Won Samuel Goldwyn Productions (Samuel Goldwyn, Producer)
Best Director Won William Wyler
Best Actor Won Fredric March
Best Writing (Screenplay) Won Robert E. Sherwood
Best Supporting Actor Won Harold Russell
Best Film Editing Won Daniel Mandell
Best Music (Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture) Won Hugo Friedhofer
Best Sound Recording Nominated Gordon E. Sawyer
Winner was John P. Livadary – The Jolson Story
Honorary Award Won To Harold Russell
Memorial Award Won Samuel Goldwyn
Some posters say the film won nine Academy Awards due to the honorary award won by Harold Russell, and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award won by Samuel Goldwyn, in addition to its seven awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor, Best Editing, and Best Music Score.
1947 Golden Globe Awards
Won: Best Dramatic Motion Picture
Won: Special Award for Best Non-Professional Acting – Harold Russell
1947 Brussels World Film Festival
Won: Best Actress Of The Year – Myrna Loy
1948 BAFTA Awards
Won: BAFTA Award for Best Film from any Source
Other wins
National Board of Review: NBR Award Best Director, William Wyler; 1946.
New York Film Critics Circle Awards: NYFCC Award Best Director, William Wyler; Best Film; 1946.
Bodil Awards: Bodil; Best American Film, William Wyler; 1948.
Cinema Writers Circle Awards, Spain: CEC Award; Best Foreign Film, USA; 1948.
In 1989, the National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the United States Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
American Film Institute included the film as #37 in its 1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies, as #11 in its 2006 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers, and as #37 in its 2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ At the time the film was shot, Ford was unknown as a singer. He worked in San Bernardino as a radio announcer-disc jockey.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Thomson 1993, pp 490–491.
Jump up ^ vhttps://archive.org/stream/variety165-1947-01#page/n85/mode/1up
Jump up ^ " 'Best Years of Our Lives' (1946)." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: February 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Kantor, MacKinlay (1945). Glory for Me. Coward-McCann. OCLC 773996.
Jump up ^ Easton, Carol (2014). "The Best Years". The Search for Sam Goldwyn. Carl Rollyson (contributor). Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-62674-132-4. Andrews looked at the onionskin pages and asked, 'Mac, why did you write this in blank verse?' 'Dana', said Kantor with a wry smile, 'I can't afford to write in blank verse, because nobody buys anything written in blank verse. But when Sam asked me to write this story, he didn't tell me not to write it in blank verse!'
^ Jump up to: a b Orriss 1984, p. 119.
^ Jump up to: a b Levy, Emanuel (April 4, 2015). "Oscar History: Best Picture–Best Years of Our Lives (1946)" (review). Emanuel Levy: Cinema 24/7. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
Jump up ^ "The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners." oscars.org. Retrieved: November 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Domestic Total: Estimated tickets: 'The Best Years of Our Lives'." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Box office: 'The Best Years of Our Lives'." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "BFI'S Ultimate Film Chart." BFi.org.uk. Retrieved: July 27, 2010. Archived March 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 films." Channel 4. Retrieved: October 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Orriss 1984, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Kehr, Dave. "'The Best Years of Our Lives'." The Chicago Reader. Retrieved: April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Orriss 1984, pp. 121–122.
Jump up ^ "Trivia: 'The Best Years of Our Lives'." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: February 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Crowther, Bosley. The Best Years of our Lives. The New York Times, November 22, 1946. Retrieved: April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Thomson, 2002, p. 949. 4th Edition; the first edition was published in 1975. See Thomson, David (1975). A Biographical Dictionary of the Cinema. London: Secker & Warburg. OCLC 1959828.
Jump up ^ " 'The Best Years of Our Lives'." Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved: July 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)." Chicago Sun Times, December 29, 2007. Retrieved: November 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "All Time Domestic Champs". Variety, January 6, 1960, p. 34.
Jump up ^ "Top Grossers of 1947", Variety, 7 January 1948 p 63
Jump up ^ "All-time Films (adjusted)." Box Office Mojo. Retrieved: September 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Jewell, Slow Fade to Black: The Decline of RKO Radio Pictures, Uni of California, 2016
Jump up ^ Bergan, Ronald. "Obituary: Harold Russell; Brave actor whose artificial hands helped him win two Oscars." The Guardian, February 6, 2002. Retrieved: June 12, 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
Dolan, Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. ISBN 0-86124-229-7.
Flood, Richard. "Reel crank – critic Manny Farber." Artforum, Volume 37, Issue 1, September 1998. ISSN 0004-3532.
Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies", in The Making of the Great Aviation Films. General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
Kinn, Gail and Jim Piazza. The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2008. ISBN 978-1-57912-772-5.
Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorn, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. ISBN 0-9613088-0-X; OCLC 11709474
Thomson, David. Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. London: Abacus, 1993. ISBN 978-0-2339-8791-0.
Thomson, David. "Wyler, William". The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. 4th Edition. London: Little, Brown, 2002. ISBN 0-316-85905-2.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Best Years of Our Lives
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Best Years of Our Lives.
The Best Years of Our Lives on IMDb
The Best Years of Our Lives at the TCM Movie Database
The Best Years of Our Lives at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Best Years of Our Lives at AllMovie
The Best Years of Our Lives at Rotten Tomatoes
The Best Years of Our Lives detailed synopsis/analysis at Film Site by Tim Dirks
The Best Years of Our Lives film article at Reel Classics. Includes MP3s
The Best years of Our Lives Film in Focus Series
The Best Years of Our Lives at the Golden Years web site
Streaming audio
The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Guild Theater: November 24, 1947
The Best Years of Our Lives on Screen Directors Playhouse: April 17, 1949
[show]
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e
Films directed by William Wyler
Films
Straight Shootin' (1927)
Anybody Here Seen Kelly? (1928)
The Shakedown (1929)
Hell's Heroes (1930)
The Storm (1930)
A House Divided (1931)
Tom Brown of Culver (1932)
Her First Mate (1933)
Counsellor at Law (1933)
Glamour (1934)
The Good Fairy (1935)
The Gay Deception (1935)
These Three (1936)
Dodsworth (1936)
Come and Get It (1936)
Dead End (1937)
Jezebel (1938)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
The Westerner (1940)
The Letter (1940)
The Little Foxes (1941)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Memphis Belle: A Story of a Flying Fortress (1944)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Thunderbolt (1947)
The Heiress (1949)
Detective Story (1951)
Carrie (1952)
Roman Holiday (1953)
The Desperate Hours (1955)
Friendly Persuasion (1956)
The Big Country (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Children's Hour (1961)
The Collector (1965)
How to Steal a Million (1966)
Funny Girl (1968)
The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970)
Related
Five Came Back (2017 documentary)
[show]
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The films of Samuel Goldwyn
1920s
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Potash and Perlmutter (1923)
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Tonight or Never (1931)
The Greeks Had a Word for Them (1932)
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We Live Again (1934)
Nana (1934)
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Strike Me Pink (1936)
Beloved Enemy (1936)
Woman Chases Man (1937)
Stella Dallas (1937)
Dead End (1937)
The Hurricane (1937)
The Adventures of Marco Polo (1938)
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The Goldwyn Follies (1938)
They Shall Have Music (1939)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
The Real Glory (1939)
1940s
The Westerner (1940)
The Little Foxes (1941)
Ball of Fire (1941)
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They Got Me Covered (1943)
The North Star (1943)
Up in Arms (1944)
The Princess and the Pirate (1944)
Wonder Man (1945)
The Kid From Brooklyn (1946)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
The Bishop's Wife (1947)
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (1947)
A Song Is Born (1948)
Enchantment (1948)
Roseanna McCoy (1949)
My Foolish Heart (1949)
1950s
Our Very Own (1950)
Edge of Doom (1950)
I Want You (1951)
Hans Christian Andersen (1952)
Guys and Dolls (1955)
Porgy and Bess (1959)
[show]
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1927/28–1950
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All Quiet on the Western Front (1929/30)
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Gone with the Wind (1939)
Rebecca (1940)
How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Mrs. Miniver (1942)
Casablanca (1943)
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The Lost Weekend (1945)
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Patton (1970)
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The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Birdman or: (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014)
Spotlight (2015)
Moonlight (2016)
[show]
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BAFTA Award for Best Film
Best Film
from Any Source
1947–1967
The Best Years of Our Lives (1947)
Hamlet (1948)
Bicycle Thieves (1949)
All About Eve (1950)
La Ronde (1951)
The Sound Barrier (1952)
Forbidden Games (1953)
The Wages of Fear (1954)
Richard III (1955)
Gervaise (1956)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Room at the Top (1958)
Ben-Hur (1959)
The Apartment (1960)
Ballad of a Soldier (1961)
The Hustler (1961)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
Tom Jones (1963)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
My Fair Lady (1965)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)
A Man for All Seasons (1967)
Best Film
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The Graduate (1968)
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Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1970)
Sunday Bloody Sunday (1971)
Cabaret (1972)
Day for Night (1973)
Lacombe, Lucien (1974)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1975)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1976)
Annie Hall (1977)
Julia (1978)
Manhattan (1979)
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Gandhi (1982)
Educating Rita (1983)
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A Room with a View (1986)
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Dead Poets Society (1989)
Goodfellas (1990)
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Shakespeare in Love (1998)
American Beauty (1999)
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The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
The Pianist (2002)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
The Aviator (2004)
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The Queen (2006)
Atonement (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
The Hurt Locker (2009)
The King's Speech (2010)
The Artist (2011)
Argo (2012)
12 Years a Slave (2013)
Boyhood (2014)
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La La Land (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 316751789
GND: 7843149-9
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Best_Years_of_Our_Lives&oldid=820717892"
Categories:
1946 films
English-language films
American films
1940s drama films
1940s war films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
American war films
American aviation films
Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners
Best Film BAFTA Award winners
Best Picture Academy Award winners
Films about amputees
Films based on American novels
Films based on military novels
Films directed by William Wyler
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Alternator
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Early 20th-century alternator made by Ganz Works in 1909 in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of the biggest hydroelectric station of the Russian Empire (photograph by Prokudin-Gorsky, 1911)[1]
An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current.[2] For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature.[3] Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Large 50 or 60 Hz three phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Principle of operation
3 Synchronous speeds
4 Classifications
4.1 By excitation
4.1.1 Direct connected DC generator
4.1.2 Transformation and rectification
4.1.3 Brushless alternators
4.2 By number of phases
4.3 By rotating part
5 Specific applications
5.1 Electric generators
5.2 Automotive alternators
5.3 Diesel electric locomotive alternators
5.4 Marine alternators
5.5 Radio alternators
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
In what is considered the first industrial use of alternating current in 1891, workmen pose with a Westinghouse alternator at the Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant. This machine was used as a generator producing 3000 volt, 133 hertz, single-phase AC, and an identical machine 3 miles away was used as an AC motor.[5][6][7]
Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. Rotating generators naturally produced alternating current but, since there was little use for it, it was normally converted into direct current via the addition of a commutator in the generator.[8] The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii. Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was heteropolar – each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions.[9] Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz.
The late 1870s saw the introduction of first large scale electrical systems with central generation stations to power Arc lamps, used to light whole streets, factory yards, or the interior of large warehouses. Some, such as Yablochkov arc lamps introduced in 1878, ran better on alternating current, and the development of these early AC generating systems was accompanied by the first use of the word "alternator".[10][8] Supplying the proper amount of voltage from generating stations in these early systems was left up to the engineer's skill in "riding the load".[11] In 1883 the Ganz Works invented the constant voltage generator[12] that could produce a stated output voltage, regardless of the value of the actual load.[13] The introduction of transformers in the mid-1880s led to the widespread use of alternating current and the use of alternators needed to produce it.[14] After 1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases.[15] Later alternators were designed for various alternating current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.[16] Specialized radio frequency alternators like the Alexanderson alternator were developed as longwave radio transmitters around World War 1 and used in a few high power wireless telegraphy stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced them.
Principle of operation[edit]
Diagram of a simple alternator with a rotating magnetic core (rotor) and stationary wire (stator) also showing the current induced in the stator by the rotating magnetic field of the rotor.
A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field develops an electromotive force (EMF) in it (Faraday's Law). This emf reverses its polarity when it moves under magnetic poles of opposite polarity. Typically, a rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF (electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Since the currents in the stator windings vary in step with the position of the rotor, an alternator is a synchronous generator.[3]
The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, or by a field coil electromagnet. Automotive alternators use a rotor winding which allows control of the alternator's generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, due to the cost of the magnet material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are usually larger than those used in automotive applications.
An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep output voltage constant. If the output voltage from the stationary armature coils drops due to an increase in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils through the voltage regulator (VR). This increases the magnetic field around the field coils which induces a greater voltage in the armature coils. Thus, the output voltage is brought back up to its original value.
Alternators used in central power stations also control the field current to regulate reactive power and to help stabilize the power system against the effects of momentary faults. Often there are three sets of stator windings, physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces a three phase current, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.
Synchronous speeds[edit]
One cycle of alternating current is produced each time a pair of field poles passes over a point on the stationary winding. The relation between speed and frequency is N = 120 f / P {\displaystyle N=120f/P} , where f {\displaystyle f} is the frequency in Hz (cycles per second). P {\displaystyle P} is the number of poles (2,4,6...) and N {\displaystyle N} is the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). Very old descriptions of alternating current systems sometimes give the frequency in terms of alternations per minute, counting each half-cycle as one alternation; so 12,000 alternations per minute corresponds to 100 Hz.
The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed corresponding to a particular frequency is called the synchronous speed for that frequency. This table[17] gives some examples:
Poles
RPM for 50 Hz
RPM for 60 Hz
RPM for 400 Hz
2 3,000 3,600 24,000
4 1,500 1,800 12,000
6 1,000 1,200 8,000
8 750 900 6,000
10 600 720 4,800
12 500 600 4,000
14 428.6 514.3 3,429
16 375 450 3,000
18 333.3 400 2,667
20 300 360 2,400
40 150 180 1,200
Classifications[edit]
Alternators may be classified by method of excitation, number of phases,the type of rotation,and their application.[18]
By excitation[edit]
There are two main ways to produce the magnetic field used in the alternators, by using permanent magnets which create their own persistent magnetic field or by using field coils. The alternators that use permanent magnets are specifically called magnetos. In other alternators, wound field coils form an electromagnet to produce the rotating magnetic field.
A device that uses permanent magnets to produce alternating current is called a permanent magnet alternator (PMA). A permanent magnet generator (PMG) may produce either alternating current, or direct current if it has a commutator.
Direct connected DC generator[edit]
This method of excitation consists of a smaller direct-current (DC) generator fixed on the same shaft with the alternator. The DC generator generates a small amount of electricity just enough to excite the field coils of the connected alternator to generate electricity. A variation of this system is a type of alternator which uses direct current from the battery for excitation, after which the alternator is self-excited.[18]
Transformation and rectification[edit]
This method depends on residual magnetism retained in the iron core to generate weak magnetic field which would allow weak voltage to be generated. The voltage is used to excite the field coils for the alternator to generate stronger voltage as part of its build up process. After the initial AC voltage buildup, the field is supplied with rectified voltage from the alternator.[18]
Brushless alternators[edit]
A brushless alternator is composed of two alternators built end-to-end on one shaft. Smaller brushless alternators may look like one unit but the two parts are readily identifiable on the large versions. The larger of the two sections is the main alternator and the smaller one is the exciter. The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power coils). The main alternator uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature. A bridge rectifier, called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted on the rotor. Neither brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces the number of wearing parts. The main alternator has a rotating field as described above and a stationary armature (power generation windings).
Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils varies the 3-phase output from the exciter. This output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly, mounted on the rotor, and the resultant DC supplies the rotating field of the main alternator and hence alternator output. The result of all this is that a small DC exciter current indirectly controls the output of the main alternator.
Early Honda four-cylinder motorcycles (CB750F, CB350F, CB500F, CB550F) used a brushless Hitachi 200W alternator. This had a fixed "rotor" winding on the outer cover; the outer end of the iron core was a disc that closed the outer rotor pole. The rotor comprised two intermeshed six- pole "claws" welded to and spaced apart by a non-magnetic ring. It bolted directly to the end of the five-bearing crank by the hub of one pole. The other pole had an open end to receive the stator winding. The outer cover also mounted the three-phase stator windings. The magnetic circuit had two auxiliary air gaps between the rotor and its stationary core. The regulator was a conventional automotive type with vibrating points. As it had no slip rings, it was very compact and rugged, but due to the auxiliary air gaps, it had poor efficiency.
By number of phases[edit]
Main articles: Single-phase generator and Polyphase coil
Another way to classify alternators is by the number of phases of their output voltage. The output can be single phase, or polyphase. Three-phase alternators are the most common, but polyphase alternators can be two phase, six phase, or more.[18]
By rotating part[edit]
The revolving part of alternators can be the armature or the magnetic field. The revolving armature type has the armature wound on the rotor, where the winding moves through a stationary magnetic field. The revolving armature type is not often used.[18] The revolving field type has magnetic field on the rotor to rotate through a stationary armature winding. The advantage is that then the rotor circuit carries much less power than the armature circuit, making the slip ring connections smaller and less costly; only two contacts are needed for the direct-current rotor, whereas often a rotor winding has three phases and multiple sections which would each require a slip ring connection. The stationary armature can be wound for any convenient medium voltage level, up to tens of thousands of volts; manufacture of slip ring connections for more than a few thousand volts is costly and inconvenient.
Specific applications[edit]
Electric generators[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Electric generator.
Most power generation stations use synchronous machines as their generators. Connection of these generators to the utility grid requires synchronization conditions to be met.[19]
Automotive alternators[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Alternator (automotive).
Alternator mounted on an automobile engine with a serpentine belt pulley (belt not present.)
Alternators are used in modern automobiles to charge the battery and to power the electrical system when its engine is running.
Until the 1960s, automobiles used DC dynamo generators with commutators. With the availability of affordable silicon diode rectifiers, alternators were used instead.
Diesel electric locomotive alternators[edit]
In later diesel electric locomotives and diesel electric multiple units, the prime mover turns an alternator which provides electricity for the traction motors (AC or DC).
The traction alternator usually incorporates integral silicon diode rectifiers to provide the traction motors with up to 1200 volts DC (DC traction, which is used directly) or the common inverter bus (AC traction, which is first inverted from dc to three-phase ac).
The first diesel electric locomotives, and many of those still in service, use DC generators as, before silicon power electronics, it was easier to control the speed of DC traction motors. Most of these had two generators: one to generate the excitation current for a larger main generator.
Optionally, the generator also supplies head end power (HEP) or power for electric train heating. The HEP option requires a constant engine speed, typically 900 RPM for a 480 V 60 Hz HEP application, even when the locomotive is not moving.
Marine alternators[edit]
Marine alternators used in yachts are similar to automotive alternators, with appropriate adaptations to the salt-water environment. Marine alternators are designed to be explosion proof so that brush sparking will not ignite explosive gas mixtures in an engine room environment. They may be 12 or 24 volt depending on the type of system installed. Larger marine diesels may have two or more alternators to cope with the heavy electrical demand of a modern yacht. On single alternator circuits, the power may be split between the engine starting battery and the domestic or house battery (or batteries) by use of a split-charge diode (battery isolator) or a voltage-sensitive relay.
Radio alternators[edit]
High frequency alternators of the variable-reluctance type were applied commercially to radio transmission in the low-frequency radio bands. These were used for transmission of Morse code and, experimentally, for transmission of voice and music. In the Alexanderson alternator, both the field winding and armature winding are stationary, and current is induced in the armature by virtue of the changing magnetic reluctance of the rotor (which has no windings or current carrying parts). Such machines were made to produce radio frequency current for radio transmissions, although the efficiency was low.
See also[edit]
Bottle dynamo
Dynamo
Electric generator
Engine-generator
Folsom Powerhouse State Historic Park
Hub dynamo
Induction generator, using regular induction (asynchronous) motor
Jedlik's dynamo
Linear alternator
Magneto
Polyphase coil
Revolving armature alternator
Single-phase generator
Flux switching alternator
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Abraham Ganz at the Hindukush". Poemas del río Wang. Studiolum.
Jump up ^ Aylmer-Small, Sidney (1908). "Lesson 28: Alternators". Electrical railroading; or, Electricity as applied to railroad transportation. Chicago: Frederick J. Drake & Co. pp. 456–463.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon R. Selmon, Magnetoelectric Devices, John Wiley and Sons, 1966 no ISBN pp. 391-393
Jump up ^ "List of Plug/Sockets and Voltage of Different Countries". World Standards. World Standards.
Jump up ^ D. M. Mattox, The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology, page 39
Jump up ^ CHARLES C. BRITTON, An Early Electric Power Facility in Colorado, Colorado Magazine v49n3 Summer 1972, page 185
Jump up ^ "Milestones:Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant, 1891". IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Cooper, The Truth about Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, Quarto Publishing Group USA – 2015, page 93
Jump up ^ Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes, Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, And The Race To Electrify The World, Random House – 2004, page 47
Jump up ^ Donald Scott McPartland, Almost Edison: How William Sawyer and Others Lost the Race to Electrification, ProQuest – 2006, page 135
Jump up ^ American Society for Engineering Education (1995). Proceedings, Part 2. p. 1848.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Libbey (1991). A Handbook of Circuit Math for Technical Engineers. CRC Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780849374005.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Sylvanus P. "Milestones:Alternating Current Electrification, 1886". IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. pp. 17
Jump up ^ Thompson, Sylvanus P., Dynamo-Electric Machinery. pp. 16
Jump up ^ The Electrical Year Book 1937, published by Emmott & Co. Ltd., Manchester, England, page 72
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook—General (FAA-H-8083-30) (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. pp. 10_160—10_161. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Soft synchronization of dispersed generators to micro grids for smart grid applications
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alternators.
White, Thomas H.,"Alternator-Transmitter Development (1891–1920)". EarlyRadioHistory.us.
Alternators at Integrated Publishing (TPub.com)
Wooden Low-RPM Alternator, ForceField, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Understanding 3 phase alternators at WindStuffNow
Alternator, Arc and Spark. The first Wireless Transmitters (G0UTY homepage)
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Taxpayer Identification Number
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about identification numbers used in the US tax system. For taxpayer identification numbers used in other countries, see National identification number.
A Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) is an identifying number used for tax purposes in the United States. It is also known as a Tax Identification Number or Federal Taxpayer Identification Number. A TIN may be assigned by the Social Security Administration or by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Section 6109(a) of the Internal Revenue Code provides (in part) that "When required by regulations prescribed by the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate] [ . . . ] Any person required under the authority of this title [i.e., under the Internal Revenue Code] to make a return, statement, or other document shall include in such return, statement or other document such identifying number as may be prescribed for securing proper identification of such person."[1]
Internal Revenue Code section 6109(d) provides: “The social security account number issued to an individual for purposes of section 205(c)(2)(A) of the Social Security Act [codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c)(2)(A)] shall, except as shall otherwise be specified under regulations of the Secretary [of the Treasury or his delegate], be used as the identifying number for such individual for purposes of this title [the Internal Revenue Code, title 26 of the United States Code].”[2]
A TIN may be:
a Social Security number (SSN)
an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN)
an Employer Identification Number (EIN), also known as a FEIN (Federal Employer Identification Number)
an Adoption Taxpayer Identification Number, used as a temporary number for a child for whom the adopting parents cannot obtain an SSN[3]
a Preparer Tax Identification Number, used by paid preparers of U.S. tax returns[4]
SSNs are used by individuals who have (or had) the right to work in the United States.
ITINs are used by aliens who may or may not have the right to work in the US, such as aliens on temporary visas and non-resident aliens with US income. Often people need the identification number because they have been advised by a bank that no account will be opened without a number, even if the account is being opened by a non-profit organization.
EINs are used by employers, sole proprietors, corporations, LLCs, partnerships, non-profit associations, trusts, estates of decedents, government agencies, certain individuals, and other business entities.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See subsection (a), paragraph (1) of 26 U.S.C. § 6109.
Jump up ^ See subsection (d) of 26 U.S.C. § 6109.
Jump up ^ IRS website: Adoption Taxpayer Identification Number
Jump up ^ IRS website: PTIN Requirements for Tax Return Preparers
External links[edit]
IRS: Taxpayer Identification Numbers (TIN)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxpayer_Identification_Number&oldid=799076509"
Categories:
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