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70th Academy Awards
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70th Academy Awards
Official poster
Date
March 23, 1998
Site
Shrine Auditorium
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Hosted by
Billy Crystal
Produced by
Gil Cates
Directed by
Louis J. Horvitz
Highlights
Best Picture
Titanic
Most awards
Titanic (11)
Most nominations
Titanic (14)
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Duration
3 hours, 47 minutes[1]
Ratings
57.25 million
35.32% (Nielsen ratings)
← 69th
Academy Awards
71st →
The 70th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the show, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.[2][3] Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time.[4] He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990, and he had hosted the previous year's gala.[5] Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on February 28, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd.[6]
Titanic won a record-tying eleven awards including Best Director for James Cameron and Best Picture.[7][8] Other winners included As Good as It Gets, Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential with two awards, and The Full Monty, Geri's Game, Karakter, The Long Way Home, Visas and Virtue, Men in Black and A Story of Healing with one. The telecast garnered more than 57 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscars broadcast in history.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners and nominees
1.1 Awards
1.2 Academy Honorary Award
1.3 Multiple nominations and awards
2 Presenters and performers
2.1 Presenters
2.2 Performers
3 Ceremony information
3.1 Box office performance of nominees
3.2 Critical response
3.3 Ratings and reception
4 In Memoriam
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Winners and nominees[edit]
The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Geena Davis.[10] Titanic received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's All About Eve, and later 2016's La La Land, also achieved this distinction); Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential came in second with nine apiece.[11][12]
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards, Titanic tied with Ben-Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history.[13] It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965's The Sound of Music.[14] Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series;[15] Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.[16] Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.[17] Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.[18][19] At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar.[20]
Awards[edit]
James Cameron, Best Director and Best Film Editor co-winner
Jack Nicholson, Best Actor winner
Helen Hunt, Best Actress winner
Robin Williams, Best Supporting Actor winner
Kim Basinger, Best Supporting Actress winner
Matt Damon, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Ben Affleck, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Curtis Hanson, Best Adapted Screenplay co-winner
James Horner, Best Original Song co-winner
Jan Pinkava, Best Animated Short Film winner
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ( ).[21]
Best Picture
Titanic – James Cameron and Jon Landau, producers
As Good as It Gets – James L. Brooks, Bridgit Johnson and Kristi Zea, producers
The Full Monty – Uberto Pasolini, producer
Good Will Hunting – Lawrence Bender, producer
L.A. Confidential – Arnon Milchan, Curtis Hanson and Michael Nathanson, producers
Best Director
James Cameron – Titanic
Peter Cattaneo – The Full Monty
Gus Van Sant – Good Will Hunting
Curtis Hanson – L.A. Confidential
Atom Egoyan – The Sweet Hereafter
Best Actor
Jack Nicholson – As Good as It Gets as Melvin Udall
Matt Damon – Good Will Hunting as Will Hunting
Robert Duvall – The Apostle as Euliss "Sonny" Dewey, a.k.a. "The Apostle E.F."
Peter Fonda – Ulee's Gold as Ulysses "Ulee" Jackson
Dustin Hoffman – Wag the Dog as Stanley Motss
Best Actress
Helen Hunt – As Good as It Gets as Carol Connelly
Helena Bonham Carter – The Wings of the Dove as Kate Croy
Julie Christie – Afterglow as Phyllis Mann
Judi Dench – Mrs Brown as Queen Victoria
Kate Winslet – Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater
Best Supporting Actor
Robin Williams – Good Will Hunting as Dr. Sean Maguire
Robert Forster – Jackie Brown as Max Cherry
Anthony Hopkins – Amistad as John Quincy Adams
Greg Kinnear – As Good as It Gets as Simon Bishop
Burt Reynolds – Boogie Nights as Jack Horner
Best Supporting Actress
Kim Basinger – L.A. Confidential as Lynn Bracken
Joan Cusack – In & Out as Emily Montgomery
Minnie Driver – Good Will Hunting as Skylar
Julianne Moore – Boogie Nights as Amber Waves/Maggie
Gloria Stuart – Titanic as Rose Dawson Calvert
Best Original Screenplay/Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Good Will Hunting – Matt Damon and Ben Affleck
As Good as It Gets – Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks
Boogie Nights – Paul Thomas Anderson
Deconstructing Harry – Woody Allen
The Full Monty – Simon Beaufoy
Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published
L.A. Confidential – Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson from the novel by James Ellroy
Donnie Brasco – Paul Attanasio based on the book Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia by Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley
The Sweet Hereafter – Atom Egoyan adapted from the novel by Russell Banks
Wag the Dog – David Mamet and Hilary Henkin from the novel American Hero by Larry Beinhart
The Wings of the Dove – Hossein Amini adapted from the novel by Henry James
Best Foreign Language Film
Karakter (Netherlands) in Dutch – Mike van Diem
Beyond Silence (Germany) in German – Caroline Link
Four Days in September (Brazil) in Portuguese – Bruno Barreto
Secrets of the Heart (Spain) in Spanish – Montxo Armendáriz
The Thief (Russia) in Russian – Pavel Chukhray
Best Documentary Feature
The Long Way Home – Rabbi Marvin Hier and Richard Trank
4 Little Girls – Spike Lee and Sam Pollard
Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life – Michael Paxton
Colors Straight Up – Michèle Ohayon and Julia Schachter
Waco: The Rules of Engagement – Dan Gifford and William Gazecki
Best Documentary Short Subject
A Story of Healing – Donna Dewey and Carol Pasternak
Alaska: Spirit of the Wild – George Casey and Paul Novros
Amazon – Kieth Merrill and Jonathan Stern
Family Video Diaries: Daughter of the Bride – Terri Randall
Still Kicking: The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies – Mel Damski and Andrea Blaugrund
Best Live Action Short Film
Visas and Virtue – Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue
Dance Lexie Dance – Tim Loane
It's Good to Talk – Roger Goldby and Barney Reisz.
Sweethearts? – Birger Larsen and Thomas Lydholm
Wolfgang – Anders Thomas Jensen and Kim Magnusson
Best Animated Short Film
Geri's Game – Jan Pinkava
Famous Fred – Joanna Quinn
The Old Lady and the Pigeons – Sylvain Chomet
Redux Riding Hood – Steve Moore and Dan O'Shannon
Rusalka – Alexander Petrov
Best Original Dramatic Score
Titanic – James Horner
Amistad – John Williams
Good Will Hunting – Danny Elfman
Kundun – Philip Glass
L.A. Confidential – Jerry Goldsmith
Best Original Musical or Comedy Score
The Full Monty – Anne Dudley
Anastasia – Music by Stephen Flaherty; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens; Orchestral score by David Newman
As Good as It Gets – Hans Zimmer
Men in Black – Danny Elfman
My Best Friend's Wedding – James Newton Howard
Best Original Song
"My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic – Music by James Horner; Lyrics by Will Jennings
"Go the Distance" from Hercules – Music by Alan Menken; Lyrics by David Zippel
"Journey to the Past" from Anastasia – Music by Stephen Flaherty; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens
"How Do I Live" from Con Air – Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren
"Miss Misery" from Good Will Hunting – Music and Lyrics by Elliott Smith
Best Sound
Titanic – Gary Rydstrom, Tom Johnson, Gary Summers and Mark Ulano
Air Force One – Paul Massey, Rick Kline, Doug Hemphill and Keith A. Wester
Con Air – Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Art Rochester
Contact – Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan
L.A. Confidential – Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Kirk Francis
Best Sound Effects Editing
Titanic – Tom Bellfort and Christopher Boyes
Face/Off – Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg
The Fifth Element – Mark Mangini
Best Art Direction
Titanic – Art Direction: Peter Lamont; Set Decoration: Michael D. Ford
Gattaca – Art Direction: Jan Roelfs; Set Decoration: Nancy Nye
Kundun – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Francesca Lo Schiavo
L.A. Confidential – Art Direction: Jeannine Oppewall; Set Decoration: Jay Hart
Men in Black – Art Direction: Bo Welch; Set Decoration: Cheryl Carasik
Best Makeup
Men in Black – Rick Baker and David LeRoy Anderson
Mrs Brown – Lisa Westcott, Veronica Brebner and Beverley Binda
Titanic – Tina Earnshaw, Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson
Best Costume Design
Titanic – Deborah Lynn Scott
Amistad – Ruth E. Carter
Kundun – Dante Ferretti
Oscar and Lucinda – Janet Patterson
The Wings of the Dove – Sandy Powell
Best Cinematography
Titanic – Russell Carpenter
Amistad – Janusz Kamiński
Kundun – Roger Deakins
L.A. Confidential – Dante Spinotti
The Wings of the Dove – Eduardo Serra
Best Film Editing
Titanic – Conrad Buff, James Cameron and Richard A. Harris
Air Force One – Richard Francis-Bruce
As Good as It Gets – Richard Marks
Good Will Hunting – Pietro Scalia
L.A. Confidential – Peter Honess
Best Visual Effects
Titanic – Robert Legato, Mark A. Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher and Michael Kanfer
The Lost World: Jurassic Park – Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri
Starship Troopers – Phil Tippett, Scott E. Anderson, Alec Gillis and John Richardson
Academy Honorary Award[edit]
Stanley Donen[22]
Multiple nominations and awards[edit]
The following 16 films received multiple nominations:
Nominations
Film
14 Titanic
9 Good Will Hunting
L.A. Confidential
7 As Good as It Gets
4 Amistad
The Full Monty
Kundun
The Wings of the Dove
3 Boogie Nights
Men in Black
2 Air Force One
Anastasia
Con Air
Mrs Brown
The Sweet Hereafter
Wag the Dog
The following four films received multiple awards:
Awards
Film
11 Titanic
2 As Good as It Gets
Good Will Hunting
L.A. Confidential
Presenters and performers[edit]
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[23][24]
Presenters[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Rose, NormanNorman Rose Announcer for the 70th annual Academy Awards
Rehme, RobertRobert Rehme (AMPAS President) Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Gooding, Jr., CubaCuba Gooding, Jr. Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Shue, ElisabethElisabeth Shue Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman Presenter of the 70 years of Best Picture winners montage
Campbell, NeveNeve Campbell Presenter of the performances of Best Song nominees "Journey to the Past" and "Go the Distance"
Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger Presenter of the film Titanic on the Best Picture segment
Sorvino, MiraMira Sorvino Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Diaz, CameronCameron Diaz Presenter of the award for Best Sound
Myers, MikeMike Myers Presenter of the award for Sound Effects Editing
Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver Presenter of the film As Good as It Gets on the Best Picture segment
Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Wray, FayFay Wray Introducer of presenters Ben Affleck and Matt Damon
Affleck, BenBen Affleck and
Matt Damon Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film
Rush, GeoffreyGeoffrey Rush Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Banderas, AntonioAntonio Banderas Presenter of the award for Best Original Dramatic Score
Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez Introducer of the special dance number to the tune of the nominees for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and presenter of the award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score
Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore Presenter of the award for Best Makeup
Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin Presenter of the film L.A. Confidential on the Best Picture segment
Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Judd, AshleyAshley Judd Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Scorsese, MartinMartin Scorsese Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Stanley Donen
Dillon, MattMatt Dillon Presenter of the film Good Will Hunting on the Best Picture segment
Madonna Madonna Introducer of the performances of Best Song nominees "How Do I Live", "Miss Misery" and "My Heart Will Go On" and presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Hounsou, DjimonDjimon Hounsou Presenter of the Best Documentary Short
De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro Presenter of the Best Documentary Feature
Goldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Ryan, MegMeg Ryan Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction
Williams, RobinRobin Williams Presenter of the 70 Years of Oscars montage
McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Stone, SharonSharon Stone Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon and
Walter Matthau Presenters of the awards for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published and Best Original Screenplay/Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen
Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon Presenter of the Oscar Family Album segment
Davis, GeenaGeena Davis Presenter of the film The Full Monty on the Best Picture segment
Beatty, WarrenWarren Beatty Presenter of the award for Best Director
Connery, SeanSean Connery Presenter of the award for Best Picture
Performers[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Performed
Jerry Goldsmith Composer "Fanfare for Oscar"
Bill Conti Musical Arranger Orchestral
Billy Crystal Host Opening number:
Titanic (to the tune of "The Ballad of Gilligan's Isle" from Gilligan's Island),
As Good As It Gets (to the tune of "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" from Shall We Dance),
Good Will Hunting (to the tune of "Night and Day" from The Gay Divorcee),
L.A. Confidential (to the tune of "Fascinating Rhythm" by George Gershwin) and
The Full Monty (to the tune "Hello, Dolly!" from Hello, Dolly!)[25]
Michael Bolton Performer "Go the Distance" from Hercules
Aaliyah Performer "Journey to the Past" from Anastasia
Trisha Yearwood Performer "How Do I Live" from Con Air
Elliott Smith Performer "Miss Misery" from Good Will Hunting
Celine Dion Performer "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic
Ceremony information[edit]
Billy Crystal hosted the 70th Academy Awards.
In December 1997, the Academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producer Gil Cates to oversee the 1998 ceremony.[26] “Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,” said AMPAS president Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. “His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.”[26] A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, "Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him."[27] In an article published in USA Today he initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after the previous year's ceremony that he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the Academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.[28] His sixth stint would make him second only to Bob Hope in number of ceremonies hosted.[29]
To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.[30] Each former winner was acknowledged by announcer Norman Rose with the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the 50th ceremony held in 1978.[31]
Several others participated in the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical director for the telecast.[32] Dancer Daniel Ezralow choreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.[33] Bart the Bear made a surprise appearance during the presentation of the Best Sound Effects Editing award with Mike Myers.[34]
Box office performance of nominees[edit]
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.[35] Titanic was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.[35] The film was followed by As Good as It Gets ($92.6 million), Good Will Hunting ($68.9 million), L.A. Confidential ($39.7 million), and finally The Full Monty ($38.7 million).[35]
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. Only Titanic (1st), As Good as It Gets (16th), Good Will Hunting (20th), and In & Out (24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.[36] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Men in Black (2nd), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (3rd), Air Force One (5th), My Best Friends Wedding (7th), Face/Off (9th), Con Air (12th), Contact (13th), Hercules (14th), The Fifth Element (25th), Anastasia (30th), and Starship Troopers (34th).[36]
Critical response[edit]
The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times lauded Crystal's performance writing that he "would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes."[37] San Francisco Chronicle columnist John Carman raved,"It was the best Oscar show in two decades." He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, "But last night, Crystal was back in razor form."[38] The Seattle Times television editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that "he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment." In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, "Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory."[39]
Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond of Variety complained that the ceremony proved to be a "Yawner of an Oscarcast." He added that Crystal's "off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself."[40] Boston Globe television critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast."[41] Film critic Carrie Rickey from The Philadelphia Inquirer lamented that the inevitable Titanic sweep "sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights."[42]
Ratings and reception[edit]
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[43] An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[44] The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.[45] In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.[45] It was, and remains to date, the highest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974.[46]
In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 50th Primetime Emmys.[47] Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari).[48][49]
In Memoriam[edit]
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actress Whoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of "Appassionata" from The Passage composed by Michael J. Lewis.[50]
Lloyd Bridges
Richard Jaeckel
Saul Chaplin
Stanley Cortez
William Hickey
Paul Jarrico
Dorothy Kingsley
Sydney Guilaroff
William H. Reynolds
Billie Dove
Jacques Cousteau
Stubby Kaye
Red Skelton
Dawn Steel
Toshiro Mifune
Brian Keith
Chris Farley
Leo Jaffe
Samuel Fuller
Burgess Meredith
J. T. Walsh
Robert Mitchum
James Stewart
See also[edit]
Academy Award portal
Film portal
Los Angeles portal
4th Screen Actors Guild Awards
18th Golden Raspberry Awards
40th Grammy Awards
50th Primetime Emmy Awards
51st British Academy Film Awards
52nd Tony Awards
55th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 70th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
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Bibliography[edit]
Bona, Damien (2002), Inside Oscar 2, New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-44970-3
Osborne, Robert (2008). 80 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7892-0992-6.
Pond, Steve (2005), The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-21193-3
Symons, Mitchell (2004), That Book ...of Perfectly Useless Information, New York, United States: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-06-073254-7
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Five-spice powder
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This article is about Chinese five-spice mixture. For Bengali five-spice mixture, see Panch phoron.
Five-spice powder
Chinese
五香粉
Literal meaning
"five-spice powder"
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
wǔ xiāng fěn
IPA
[ù ɕjáŋ fə̀n]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
ńgh hēung fán
Jyutping
ng5 hoeng1 fan2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
ngó͘-hiong-hún
Five-spice powder
Five-spice powder is a spice mixture of five or more spices used primarily in Chinese cuisine but also used in other Asian[1] and Arabic cookery.
Five-spice powder is used for cocktails as well.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recipe
2 Use
3 See also
4 References
Recipe[edit]
While there are many variants, a common mix is:[2]
Star anise (bajiao 八角)
Cloves (dingxiang 丁香)
Chinese cinnamon (rougui 肉桂)
Sichuan pepper (huajiao 花椒)
Fennel seeds (xiao huixiang 小茴香)
Other recipes may contain anise seed, ginger root, nutmeg, turmeric, Amomum villosum pods (砂仁), Amomum cardamomum pods (白豆蔻), licorice, Mandarin orange peel or galangal. In Southern China, Cinnamomum loureiroi and Mandarin orange peel are commonly used as substitutes for Cinnamomum cassia and cloves respectively, producing a slightly different flavour profile for southern five-spice powders.
Use[edit]
Five spice may be used with fatty meats such as pork, duck or goose. It is used as a spice rub for chicken, duck, pork and seafood, in red cooking recipes, or added to the breading for fried foods.[2] Five spice is used in recipes for Cantonese roasted duck, as well as beef stew. It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken. The five-spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia.
Although this mixture is used in restaurant cooking, few Chinese households use it in day-to-day cooking. In Hawaii, some restaurants place a shaker of the spice on each patron's table. A seasoned salt can be easily made by dry-roasting common salt with five-spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed.
See also[edit]
Food portal
China portal
List of culinary herbs and spices
Ngo gai
Ngo hiang
Panch phoron
References[edit]
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on
Five Spice Powder
Jump up ^ "High Five: Chinese Five Spice Powder". Foodreference.com. 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Chinese Five Spice at The Epicentre
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Birth certificate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mary Elizabeth Winblad (1895-1987) birth certificate
A birth certificate is a vital record that documents the birth of a child. The term "birth certificate" can refer to either the original document certifying the circumstances of the birth or to a certified copy of or representation of the ensuing registration of that birth. Depending on the jurisdiction, a record of birth might or might not contain verification of the event by such as a midwife or doctor.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and contemporary times
2 Australia
3 Canada
3.1 Types of certified copies issued
4 China
5 England and Wales
5.1 Pre-1837 birth and baptism records
5.2 Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales
6 India
7 Russia
7.1 Filling
7.2 The procedure for obtaining
8 United States
8.1 Types of certified copies issued
8.1.1 Acceptance of short forms
8.1.2 Other forms
8.1.3 Birth certificates in cases of adoptions
9 See also
10 References
History and contemporary times[edit]
A Soviet birth certificate from 1972.
The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century.[1] The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853.[2] The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902.[3]
Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parents of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency.
The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency. That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports. The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government.
The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality..." (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations..." (CRC Article 8).[4]
...it's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges, and the obligations, of citizenship.
—  Archbishop Desmond Tutu, February 2005[5]
Despite 191 countries ratifying the Convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered. By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate. About 29% of countries don't have available or sufficient data to assess global progress towards the SDG goal of universal coverage. [6] However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered.[7] The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 per cent). This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations. Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights.[8]
Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from under-age military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office.[9]
There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered. In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result. In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven. In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18.[15]
Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 11-12 million people around the world. Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and youth. Though born and raised in their parents’ country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence.[16]
Australia[edit]
Specimen birth certificate issued by the Australian Capital Territory
States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar.[17]
Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorised health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry. Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parents. Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours.[18] Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost. The person named or a parent can apply for a certificate at any time.[19] Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies.
The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife. This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare.[20]
The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parents and occupation, older siblings, addresses, date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and or embossed. Most states allow for still births to be issued a birth certificate. Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks).[21] Depending on the state, amendments are allowed to correct the certificate, add parents, recognising same sex relationships,[22] changing the sex of the holder is also permitted in some states.[23]
The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognised identity document generally in the highest category.[24] The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship. Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available, however are not generally acceptable for identification purposes.[25]
Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service[26] and can be used to validate identity digitally, e.g. online.
[show]
v
t
e
Australian Identity Documents
Federal Government
Passport
Citizenship certificate
Certificate of Identity
Document of Identity
Convention Travel Document
Medicare card
State and Territory Governments
Birth certificate
AusPost Keypass ID
Seniors card
Photo card
Drivers licence
Marriage certificate
Change of name certificate
International
Passport
Indigenous (not recognized)
Aboriginal passport
Non physical/digital
Digital identity in Australia
Tax File Number
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces or territories.[27]
Agencies or various ministers are in charge of issuing birth certificates:[28]
Alberta - Department of Vital Statistics (Service Alberta)
British Columbia - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Health)
Manitoba - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Healthy Living, Seniors and Consumer Affairs/Consumer and Corporate Affairs)
New Brunswick - Vital Statistics (Service New Brunswick)
Newfoundland and Labrador - Vital Statistics Government Services (Service NL)
Northwest Territories - Vital Statistics (Department of Health and Social Services - Health Services Administration Division)
Nova Scotia - Registrar General Division of Vital Statistics (Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations)
Nunavut - Registrar General of Vital Statistics (Nunavut Health and Social Services)
Ontario - Office of Registrar General-Service Ontario (Ministry of Government Services)
Prince Edward Island - Vital Statistics (Health and Social Services)
Quebec - Director of Civil State (Minister of Justice)
Saskatchewan - Vital Statistics-Information Service Corporation (Department of Health)
Yukon - Vital Statistics (Ministry of Health and Social Services - Health Services)
Types of certified copies issued[edit]
There are three types of birth certificates issued:
Copy of an act - Contains all information available on the birth of a person.
Long form - legal size or two page form with details of the person, their parents', place of birth, certification by the parents, signature and stamp of the issuing agency or department. Recent forms are in English and French.
Short form or card - provides name, birth date, place of birth, date of registration, date of issue, registration number, certificate number, and signature of registrar general
[show]
v
t
e
Canadian Identity Documents
Federal Government
Passport
Citizenship certificate
Social Insurance Card
Permanent resident Card
Certificate of Indian Status
Refugee travel document
Canadian Certificate of Identity
Firearms Possession and Acquisition Licence
Old Age Security Identification Card
Seafarer’s Identity Document
Parolee Identification Card
Armed Forces Identification Card
Provincial and Territorial
Birth certificate
Driver's licence
Health card
Provincial Photo ID Card
Provincial Liquor Card
International
Nexus Card
British emergency passport
International Driving Permit
China[edit]
The People’s Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on January 1, 1996. Birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition, which was adopted since January 1, 2014.[29] Still, China, the world’s most populous country, is among those with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration. [30]
England and Wales[edit]
Specimen England and Wales Long Birth Certificate
In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register.[31]
Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837.[32] Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth.[33]
When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took place and is retained permanently in the local register office. A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO).[34]
Pre-1837 birth and baptism records[edit]
Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records. Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form.
Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales[edit]
There are two types of birth certificates:
A full certificate, titled 'CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details.[35] Information includes; name, sex, date and place of birth of the child, father's name, place of birth and occupation, mother's name, place of birth, maiden name and occupation. Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mothers maiden name, before 1969 do not show the details of the parents' place of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation.[36]
The short certificate, titled 'CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH', shows the child’s full name, sex, date and place of birth. It does not give any particulars of the parents; therefore it is not proof of parentage. A short birth certificate is issued, free of charge, at the time of registration.[35]
Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided. Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted.[37]
The original registrations are required by law[38] to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee. They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars. If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued.[39]
India[edit]
Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India.[40]
For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate, such as Matriculation certificates.[41] Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport.[42]
By law since 1969, Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act.[43] Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned. Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality.
In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home. After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority. Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans. Overseas births can also be registered.[43]
Some municipalities, such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed, and verified online.[44]
Russia[edit]
A Russian birth certificate issued on April 2011
Earlier testimony was a small book format-bound, now it's just a page format B5, provided with watermarks. The certificate has a series and number.
Blank insert is made in Russian. In the case of being issued in one of the country's republics, its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model, approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Filling[edit]
A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment (typewriters, computers). When filling in the form is carried handwritten way, all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black. If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black. The quality of paste, ink, dye, used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period. When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches, blots and erasures, cuts.
Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate (e.g., the consulate). Signature of the registrar should have a transcript (initials and surname) and sealed with the official seal.
Currently, information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request. By default, this column is empty
When making a citizenship, a special insert is issued to the birth certificate. In testimony Stamp.
February 6, 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled, on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child's citizenship. This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents.
Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary.
The procedure for obtaining[edit]
The birth certificate of the child's parents can get (not deprived of parental rights), itself a child of full age, guardian or caregiver. Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar, ZAGS (Russian: ЗАГС).
With the loss of the certificate, a new document is issued by the registry office (ZAGS) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application.
United States[edit]
See also: United States nationality law, Citizenship in the United States, and Birthright citizenship in the United States
In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories[45] and former territories.[46] Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport.[47][48] However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory.[49]
The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics. In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.[50]
The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births. However, states are free to create their own forms.[51] As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states. These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request.[1]
In 2017, the state of Illinois began an effort to digitize birth certificates using blockchain technology.[52]
Types of certified copies issued[edit]
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates. The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000.[53]
Acceptance of short forms[edit]
In the case of applying for a U.S. passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:
A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1 year of your birth. Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes.
Beginning April 1, 2011, all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant's parent(s).[54]
The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California. There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico,[55][56] and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant. The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001.[57]
Other forms[edit]
Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn. However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications. Many Americans believe[citation needed] the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates, when in reality they hold little legal value.[58]
Birth certificates in cases of adoptions[edit]
In the United States, when an adoption is finalized, the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents, and replacing the birth parents' names with the adoptive parents. In those cases, adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request. Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized. Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates, while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Birth registration in Ancient Rome
Birth registration campaign in Liberia
Closed adoption
Death certificate
Identity card
Marriage license
Passport
Vital record
References[edit]
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