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Return of the Mack
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For the album, see Return of the Mack (album). Not to be confused with Return of the Mac.
"Return of the Mack"
Standard UK/European cover art
Single by Mark Morrison
from the album Return of the Mack
B-side
"Remix"
Released
18 March 1996 (1996-03-18)
Format
CD single
CD maxi
12" maxi
Recorded
1995
Genre
Hip hop soul
new jack swing
R&B
dance-pop
Length
4:34 (UK album version)
3:33 (UK radio edit)
7:20 (US album version)
Label
Atlantic, WEA
Songwriter(s)
Mark Morrison
Phil Chill
Chuckii Booker
Gerald Levert
C.J. Anthony
Adrian Belew
Chris Frantz
Steven Stanley
Tina Weymouth (uncredited)
Producer(s)
Mark Morrison
Phil Chill
Mark Morrison singles chronology
"Let's Get Down"
(1995) "Return of the Mack"
(1996) "Crazy (remix)"
(1996)
"Let's Get Down"
(1995) "Return of the Mack"
(1996) "Crazy (remix)"
(1996)
Alternate cover
American single cover
"Return of the Mack" is a song written and recorded by the German-born British R&B singer Mark Morrison. It was released in the United Kingdom in March 1996 and topped the UK Singles Chart a month later. It reached the #1 spot on the UK Singles Chart and #2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 in early-Summer 1997 for one week behind "MMMBop" by Hanson, and went Platinum.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Formats and track listings
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
3.3 Decade-end charts
3.4 Certifications
3.5 Chart successions
4 Release history
5 Legacy
6 Mann version
6.1 Music video
6.2 Critical reception
6.3 Track listing
6.4 Charts
6.5 Release history
7 Nevada version
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
7.4 Release history
8 Sampling
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
The song's beat is sampled from the song "Genius of Love" by American band Tom Tom Club. "Games" by Chuckii Booker was also sampled.
Formats and track listings[edit]
CD single – US
"Return of the Mack" (C&J X-Tended Street Mix/US Album Version) – 7:20
CD single – Europe
"Return of the Mack" (C&J Radio Edit) – 3:32
"Return of the Mack" (Joe T. Vannelli Light Radio Edit) – 3:57
"Return of the Mack" (C&J Street Mix/UK Album Version) – 4:34
"Return of the Mack" (Terence Dackombe Mind Tricks Mix) – 3:46
"Return of the Mack" (D-Influence Mix) – 4:29
"Return of the Mack" (Full Crew Mix) – 3:56
"Return of the Mack" (Sir Gant Mix) – 4:58
12" maxi – US
"Return of the Mack" (X-tended C&J Street Mix/US Album Version) – 7:20
"Return of the Mack" (Da Beatminerz Mix) – 4:39
"Return of the Mack" (Acappella Mix) – 2:56
"Trippin'" (C&J Street Mix) – 4:23
"Trippin'" (Salaam Remi Mix) – 4:23
"Return of the Mack" (Instrumental) – 5:53
12" maxi – Europe
"Return of the Mack" (C&J Street Mix/UK Album Version) – 4:34
"Return of the Mack" (D-Influence Mix) – 4:29
"Return of the Mack" (Joe T. Vannelli Light Mix) – 7:30
"Return of the Mack" (Joe T. Vannelli X-tended Corvette Mix) – 6:44
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1996–98)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[2] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[3] 7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[4] 12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[5] 7
Canada Dance (RPM)[6] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[7] 17
Denmark (Tracklisten)[8] 5
France (SNEP)[9] 12
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 5
Ireland (IRMA)[11] 2
Italy (FIMI)[12] 25
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[14] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 4
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[16] 5
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[17] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[18] 7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[19] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[20] 2
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs[20] 4
US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40[20] 1
US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream[20] 3
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[21] 8
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[22] 82
Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[23] 59
Dutch Top 40[24] 21
French Singles Chart[25] 36
New Zealand Singles Chart[26] 17
Swiss Singles Chart[27] 34
UK Singles Chart[28] 5
Chart (1997)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[29] 8
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (1990–1999)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[30] 100
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[31]
Platinum 70,000^
France (SNEP)[32]
Gold 250,000*
Germany (BVMI)[33]
Gold 250,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[34]
Platinum 0*
United Kingdom (BPI)[35]
Platinum 921,665[36]
United States (RIAA)[37]
Platinum 1,400,000[38]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"Firestarter" by The Prodigy UK Singles Chart number-one single
14 April 1996 – 21 April 1996 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Fastlove" by George Michael
Preceded by
"Wannabe" by Spice Girls Canadian RPM Dance chart number-one single
3 March 1997 – 24 March 1997 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Discothèque" by U2
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom 18 March 1996 (1996-03-18) Atlantic, WEA CD single
United States 16 February 1997 (1997-02-16)
Legacy[edit]
The song appears in the episode "Fantasy Island" of the HBO show Entourage.
The song appears on the episode "The Gang Group Dates" of the hit show It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia.
The song is referenced in UK grime artist Skepta's track, "That's Not Me" where he declares: "It's the Return of the Mack / I'm still alive just like 2Pac".
The song appears in the Season 5 episode of New Girl, "A Chill Day In."
The song is covered by both American rapper Mann, Swedish DJ Nevada, and Lady Bee.
A clip of the song appears in the third episode of Master of None, where Dev is dancing with Rachel during an after party.[39][40][41]
In May 2017, David Miami created a music video for international fast-food chain Burger King's food product Mac n' Cheetos featuring The Burger King and Chester Cheetah dancing to a version of "Return of the Mack" called "Return of the Mac n' Cheetos".[42]
Mann version[edit]
"The Mack"
Single by Mann featuring Iyaz and Snoop Dogg
from the album Mann's World
Released
23 May 2011 (UK)
5 July 2011 (US)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2011
Genre
G-Funk
Length
3:35
Label
The Island Def Jam Music Group
Songwriter(s)
Mark Morrison
Phil Chill
Chuckii Booker
Gerald Levert
C.J. Anthony
Adrian Belew
Chris Frantz
Steven Stanley
Tina Weymouth (uncredited)
Producer(s)
J.R. Rotem
Mann singles chronology
"Buzzin'"
(2010) "The Mack"
(2011) "Music Sounds Better with U"
(2011)
"Buzzin'"
(2010) "The Mack"
(2011) "Music Sounds Better with U"
(2011)
Snoop Dogg singles chronology
"If I Was You (OMG)"
(2011) If I Was You (OMG)2011 "The Mack"
(2011) The Mack2011 "Young, Wild & Free"
(2011)
Iyaz singles chronology
"Break My Bank"
(2010) Break My Bank2010 "The Mack"
(2011) The Mack2011 "Pretty Girls"
(2011) Pretty Girls2011
Young, Wild & Free2011
American hip-hop/rap artist Mann released a cover version of the song, featuring vocals from Snoop Dogg and Iyaz. His version is simply titled "The Mack". The single was released in the United Kingdom on 23 May 2011 as a digital download. The Music Video premiered on Mann's YouTube Channel on 28 June. It was released in the United States on 5 July 2011.
Music video[edit]
A music video to accompany the release of "The Mack" was first released onto YouTube on June 23, 2011 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-five seconds. It features Mann, Iyaz and Snoop Dogg, at a pool party that starts off in the day into the night and they are surrounded by women. Mark is also shown entering London Heathrow airport and then driving a car.[43]
Critical reception[edit]
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating, "I'm tryin' to bag a chick from a centerfold and I'm tryin' burn bread like it's gonna be toast," the pint-sized rapper curiously explains between an instantly recognisable chorus that samples Mark Morrison's '96 classic 'Return Of The Mack' – the robotic tones courtesy of Iyaz. "Mann, he was buzzed, and he's on my level, Snoop fo shizzles as he continues to heap praise on the rising star. With such an endorsement, that ever-tricky second single shouldn't be an issue for long", rewarding it three of five stars.[44]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Mack" (feat. Snoop Dogg & Iyaz) 3:35
Charts[edit]
Charts (2011)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[45] 68
Australian Urban (ARIA) 20
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[46] 25
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[47] 38
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[48] 36
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[49] 10
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[50] 28
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United Kingdom
23 May 2011 Digital download The Island Def Jam Music Group
Nevada version[edit]
"The Mack"
Single by Nevada featuring Mark Morrison and Fetty Wap
Released
23 September 2016
Format
Digital download
Genre
Tropical house[51]
Length
2:47
Label
Straightforward
Nourishing
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
William Maxwell
Mark Morrison
Pyramids in Paris
Jonathan White
Producer(s)
Nevada
Mark Morrison singles chronology
"My Life 2.0"
(2016) My Life 2.02016 "The Mack"
(2016) The Mack2016
Fetty Wap singles chronology
"Different Now"
(2016) Different Now2016 "The Mack"
(2016) The Mack2016 "With You"
(2017) With You2017
String Module Error: Match not found2016
Stockholm-based DJ Nevada released a cover version of the song titled "The Mack", twenty years after the release of the original version.[52] Nevada's cover features the vocal collaboration of Mark Morrison and American rapper Fetty Wap.[53] The song was written by Morrison, William Maxwell, Pyramids in Paris, and Jonathan White.[54] It was released to digital download through Straightforward Music, Nourishing Music, and Capitol Records on 23 September 2016.[55] This song has since received commercial successful by peaking inside top 20 in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, while received chart appearance in many other countries.
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2016–17)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[56]
9
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[57]
38
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[58]
5
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[59]
22
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[60]
79
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[61]
30
Germany (Official German Charts)[62]
33
Hungary (Single Top 40)[63]
28
Ireland (IRMA)[64]
14
Italy (FIMI)[65]
53
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[66]
46
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[67]
7
Portugal (AFP)[68]
50
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[69]
15
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[70]
45
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[71]
83
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[72]
66
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[73]
14
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[74]
4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2016)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[75]
97
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[76]
2× Platinum 140,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[77]
Gold 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[78]
Silver 200,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
Worldwide
23 September 2016 Digital download
Straightforward
Nourishing
Capitol
[79]
Italy
28 October 2016 Contemporary hit radio Universal [80]
Sampling[edit]
In 2012 "Return of the Mack" was sampled again in a song by Trae Tha Truth called "I'm On" which samples the opening vocals from "Return of the Mack" and features MDMA, Lupe Fiasco, Big Boi, Wale & Wiz Khalifa. And in June 2012, he made a remix called "I'm On 2.0".
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Worldwide releases for digital single of "The Mack":
For Brazil: "The Mack (feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap) – Single by Nevada on Apple Music". iTunes Store (BR) (in Portuguese). Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
For Japan: "The Mack (feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap) – Single by Nevada on Apple Music". iTunes Store (JP) (in Japanese). Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
For New Zealand: "The Mack (feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap) – Single by Nevada on Apple Music". iTunes Store (NZ). Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
For the UK: "The Mack (feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap) – Single by Nevada on Apple Music". iTunes Store (UK). Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
For the US: "The Mack (feat. Mark Morrison & Fetty Wap) – Single by Nevada on Apple Music". iTunes Store (US). Apple Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "NEVADA "The Mack" (Radio Date: 28/10/2016)". radiodate.it. Radio Airplay S.R.L. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Christopher G. Feldman, The Billboard Book of Number 2 Singles, ISBN 978-0-8230-7695-6.
External links[edit]
Official YouTube music video
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Official YouTube video of Mann version of song
[show]
v
t
e
Mark Morrison
Studio albums
Return of the Mack (1996)
Innocent Man (2006)
EPs
Only God Can Judge Me (1997)
I Am What I Am (2014)
Singles
"Return of the Mack"
"Horny"
Related articles
Discography
[show]
v
t
e
Mann
Studio albums
Mann's World
Singles
"Buzzin' (Remix)"
"The Mack"
Featured singles
"Music Sounds Better with U"
"Dance With You"
Promotional singles
"Ghetto Girl"
"Text"
Related articles
Beluga Heights Records
Island Def Jam
J. R. Rotem
[show]
v
t
e
Snoop Dogg songs
Discography
Awards and nominations
Tha Dogg Pound singles discography
213 singles discography
Tha Eastsidaz singles discography
7 Days of Funk singles discography
Doggystyle
"Gin and Juice"
"Lodi Dodi"
"Murder Was the Case"
"What's My Name?"
"Doggy Dogg World"
Tha Doggfather
"Doggfather"
"Vapors"
"Snoop's Upside Ya Head"
Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told
"Woof"
"Still a G Thang"
No Limit Top Dogg
"Snoopafella"
"G Bedtime Stories"
"Down for My N's"
"Bitch Please"
"Just Dippin'"
Tha Last Meal
"Hennesey n Buddah"
"Snoop Dogg (What's My Name Pt. 2)"
"Wrong Idea"
"Lay Low"
"Loosen' Control"
Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss
"From tha Chuuuch to da Palace"
"Beautiful"
"Paper'd Up"
"Pimp Slapp'd"
"Mission Cleopatra"
R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece
"Drop It Like It's Hot"
"Ups & Downs"
"Let's Get Blown"
"Signs"
"Girl Like U"
Tha Blue Carpet Treatment
"Vato"
"That's That"
"Candy (Drippin' Like Water)"
"Boss' Life"
"I Wanna Fuck You"
"Imagine"
Ego Trippin'
"Neva Have 2 Worry"
"Sexual Eruption"
"Life of da Party"
"My Medicine"
"Those Gurlz"
Malice n Wonderland
"I Wanna Rock"
"Gangsta Luv"
More Malice: Deluxe Album & Movie
"I Wanna Rock (G-Mix)"
"That Tree"
Doggumentary
"Platinum"
"Boom"
"Wet"
Mac & Devin Go to High School
"Smokin' On"
"Young, Wild & Free"
Reincarnated
"Rebel Way"
"Here Comes the King"
"Lighters Up"
"No Guns Allowed"
"Smoke the Weed"
"The Good Good"
"Torn Apart"
"Ashtrays and Heartbreaks"
"La La La"
7 Days of Funk
"Hit Da Pavement"
"Faden Away"
Bush
"California Roll"
"Awake"
"So Many Pros"
"Peaches N Cream"
Coolaid
"Point Seen Money Gone"
"Kush Ups"
Neva Left
"Lavender (Nightfall Remix)"
"Vapors (DJ Battlecat Remix)"
As featured artist
"Deep Cover"
"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang"
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Cultural identity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cultural identity can be expressed through certain styles of clothing or other aesthetic markers
Cultural identity is the identity or feeling of belonging to a group. It is part of a person's self-conception and self-perception and is related to nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, generation, locality or any kind of social group that has its own distinct culture. In this way, cultural identity is both characteristic of the individual but also of the culturally identical group of members sharing the same cultural identity.[1]
Cultural Identity helps us understand the relationships around us to determine who we are as individuals in our community. Our cultural identity is also shaped by the people within our culture and our surroundings to better understand our world. We create a mold of our cultural identity through the ideas of our parents by adopting a majority of their beliefs at a young age, but as we grow older the different people we come in contact with from different cultures (where it be religious, nationality, class, gender, ethnicity etc.) help us to shape our cultural identity mold as we adopt different attitudes and priorities to relate,identify with, or out right reject them.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Cultural arena
3 Language
4 Education
5 Immigrant Identity Development
6 School transitions
7 The role of the internet
8 See also
9 Sources
10 Footnotes
11 References
12 Further reading
Description[edit]
Child with flag
Various modern cultural studies and social theories have investigated cultural identity. In recent decades, a new form of identification has emerged which breaks down the understanding of the individual as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers may be the result of various conditions including: location, gender, race, history, nationality, language, sexuality, religious beliefs, ethnicity, aesthetics, and even food.[2] As one author writes, recognizing both coherence and fragmentation:
“ categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and positive.[3] ”
The divisions between cultures can be very fine in some parts of the world, especially in rapidly changing cities where the population is ethnically diverse and social unity is based primarily on locational contiguity.
As a "historical reservoir," culture is an important factor in shaping identity.[4] Since one of the main characteristics of a culture is its "historical reservoir," many if not all groups entertain revisions, either consciously or unconsciously, in their historical record in order to either bolster the strength of their cultural identity or to forge one which gives them precedent for actual reform or change.[5] Some critics of cultural identity argue that the preservation of cultural identity, being based upon difference, is a divisive force in society, and that cosmopolitanism gives individuals a greater sense of shared citizenship.[6] When considering practical association in international society, states may share an inherent part of their 'make up' that gives common ground and an alternative means of identifying with each other.[7] Nations provide the framework for culture identities called external cultural reality, which influences the unique internal cultural realities of the individuals within the nation.[8]
Also of interest is the interplay between cultural identity and new media.[9]
Rather than necessarily representing an individual's interaction within a certain group, cultural identity may be defined by the social network of people imitating and following the social norms as presented by the media. Accordingly, instead of learning behaviour and knowledge from cultural/religious groups, individuals may be learning these social norms from the media to build on their cultural identity.[10]
A range of cultural complexities structure the way individuals operate with the cultural realities in their lives. Nation is a large factor of the cultural complexity, as it constructs the foundation for individual's identity but it may contrast with ones cultural reality. Cultural identities are influenced by several different factors such as ones religion, ancestry, skin colour, language, class, education, profession, skill, family and political attitudes. These factors contribute to the development of one's identity.[11]
Previous studies on cultural identities and diaspora communities affirm that individuals can fluctuate from one identity to another, or that new forms of collective consciousness permit migrants to develop new cultural strategies and integration practices. Others suggest that identity is continuously negotiable through social interaction, and that there are no limits to negotiability as a result of the fluidity of culture. However, as claimed by Simone Marino (2018) in a research on Italian-Australians in Adelaide, South Australia, the level of negotiation and integration can be fairly variable, subjective and involve different aspects of human behaviour. [12] According to Marino (2018), individuals in ethno minority groups can appear to have an elevate level of integration into the public sphere of the host society, whereas their private life might reveal different results. Furthermore, it is important to consider that cultural transformations as processes are not necessarily homogenous and continuous, rather they may be characterized by discontinuities, resistances and shifts Marino (2018). [13]
Cultural arena[edit]
It is also noted that an individual's "cultural arena", or place where one lives, impacts the culture that that person chooses to abide by. The surroundings, the environment, the people in these places play a factor in how one feels about the culture they wish to adopt. Many immigrants find the need to change their culture in order to fit into the culture of most citizens in the country. This can conflict with an immigrant's current belief in their culture and might pose a problem, as the immigrant feels compelled to choose between the two presenting cultures.
Some might be able to adjust to the various cultures in the world by committing to two or more cultures. It is not required to stick to one culture. Many people socialize and interact with people in one culture in addition to another group of people in another culture. Thus cultural identity is able to take many forms and can change depending on the cultural area. This plasticity is what allows people to feel like part of society wherever they go.[14]
Language[edit]
Language develops from the wants of the people who tend to disperse themselves in a common given location over a particular period of time. This tends to allow people to share a way of life that generally links individuals in a certain culture that is identified by the people of that group. The affluence of communication that comes along with sharing a language promotes connections and roots to ancestors and cultural histories.[citation needed] Language can function as a fluid and ever changing identifier, and can be developed in response or rebellion of another cultural code, such as creole languages in the US [15].
Language also includes the way people speak with peers, family members, authority figures, and strangers.
Language learning process can also be affected by cultural identity via the understanding of specific words, and the preference for specific words when learning and using a second language.[16]
Since many aspects of a person's cultural identity can be changed, such as citizenship or influence from outside cultures can change cultural traditions, language is a main component of cultural identity.
Education[edit]
Kevin McDonough pointed out, in his article, several factors concerning support or rejection of the government for different cultural identity education systems.[17] Other authors have also shown concern for the state support regarding equity for children, school transitions and multicultural education. During March 1998, the two authors, Linda D. Labbo and Sherry L. Field collected several useful books and resources to promote multicultural education in South Africa.[18]
Immigrant Identity Development[edit]
Identity development among immigrant groups has been studied across a multi-dimensional view of acculturation. Dina Birman and Edison Trickett (2001) conducted a qualitative study through informal interviews with first-generation Soviet Jewish Refugee adolescents looking at the process of acculturation through three different dimensions: language competence, behavioral acculturation, and cultural identity. The results indicated that, “…acculturation appears to occur in a linear pattern over time for most dimensions of acculturation, with acculturation to the American culture increasing and acculturation to the Russian culture decreasing. However, Russian language competence for the parents did not diminish with length of residence in the country” (Birman & Trickett, 2001).
In a similar study, Phinney, Horencyzk, Liebkind, and Vedder (2001) focused on a model, which concentrates on the interaction between immigrant characteristics and the responses of the majority society in order to understand the psychological effects of immigration. The researchers concluded that most studies find that being bicultural, having a combination of having a strong ethnic and national identity, yields the best adaptation in the new country of residence. An article by LaFromboise, L. K. Colemna, and Gerton, reviews the literature on the impact of being bicultural. It is shown that it is possible to have the ability to obtain competence within two cultures without losing one’s sense of identity or having to identity with one culture over the other. (LaFromboise Et Al. 1993) The importance of ethnic and national identity in the educational adaptation of immigrants indicates that a bicultural orientation is advantageous for school performance (Portes & Rumbaut, 1990). Educators can assume their positions of power in beneficially impactful ways for immigrant students, by providing them with access to their native cultural support groups, classes, after–school activities, and clubs in order to help them feel more connected to both native and national cultures. It is clear that the new country of residence can impact immigrants’ identity development across multiple dimensions. Biculturalism can allow for a healthy adaptation to life and school.
School transitions[edit]
How great is "Achievement Loss Associated with the Transition to Middle School and High School"? John W. Alspaugh's research is in the September/October 1998 Journal of Educational Research (vol. 92, no. 1), 2026. Comparing three groups of 16 school districts, the loss was greater where the transition was from sixth grade than from a K-8 system. It was also greater when students from multiple elementary schools merged into a single middle school. Students from both K-8 and middle schools lost achievement in transition to high school, though this was greater for middle school students, and high school dropout rates were higher for districts with grades 6-8 middle schools than for those with K-8 elementary schools.[19]
The Jean S. Phinney Three-Stage Model of Ethnic Identity Development is a widely accepted view of the formation of cultural identity. In this model cultural Identity is often developed through a three-stage process: unexamined cultural identity, cultural identity search, and cultural identity achievement.
Unexamined cultural identity: "a stage where one's cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues." This for example is the stage one is in throughout their childhood when one doesn't distinguish between cultural characteristics of their household and others. Usually a person in this stage accepts the ideas they find on culture from their parents, the media, community, and others.
An example of thought in this stage: "I don't have a culture I'm just an American." "My parents tell me about where they lived, but what do I care? I've never lived there."
Cultural identity search: "is the process of exploration and questioning about one's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture." During this stage a person will begin to question why they hold their beliefs and compare it to the beliefs of other cultures. For some this stage may arise from a turning point in their life or from a growing awareness of other cultures. This stage is characterized by growing awareness in social and political forums and a desire to learn more about culture. This can be expressed by asking family members questions about heritage, visiting museums, reading of relevant cultural sources, enrolling in school courses, or attendance at cultural events. This stage might have an emotional component as well.
An example of thought in this stage: "I want to know what we do and how our culture is different from others." "There are a lot of non-Japanese people around me, and it gets pretty confusing to try and decide who I am."
Cultural identity achievement: "is characterized by a clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity." In this stage people often allow the acceptance of their cultural identity play a role in their future choices such as how to raise children, how to deal with stereotypes and any discrimination, and approach negative perceptions. This usually leads to an increase in self-confidence and positive psychological adjustment
The role of the internet[edit]
There is a set of phenomena that occur in conjunction between virtual culture – understood as the modes and norms of behaviour associated with the internet and the online world – and youth culture. While we can speak of a duality between the virtual (online) and real sphere (face-to-face relations), for youth, this frontier is implicit and permeable. On occasions – to the annoyance of parents and teachers – these spheres are even superposed, meaning that young people may be in the real world without ceasing to be connected.[20]
In the present techno-cultural context, the relationship between the real world and the virtual world cannot be understood as a link between two independent and separate worlds, possibly coinciding at a point, but as a Moebius strip where there exists no inside and outside and where it is impossible to identify limits between both. For new generations, to an ever-greater extent, digital life merges with their home life as yet another element of nature. In this naturalizing of digital life, the learning processes from that environment are frequently mentioned not just since they are explicitly asked but because the subject of the internet comes up spontaneously among those polled. The ideas of active learning, of googling 'when you don’t know', of recourse to tutorials for 'learning' a programme or a game, or the expression 'I learnt English better and in a more entertaining way by playing' are examples often cited as to why the internet is the place most frequented by the young people polled.[21][20]
The internet is becoming an extension of the expressive dimension of the youth condition. There, youth talk about their lives and concerns, design the content that they make available to others and assess others reactions to it in the form of optimized and electronically mediated social approval. Many of today's youth go through processes of affirmation procedures and is often the case for how youth today grow dependency for peer approval. When connected, youth speak of their daily routines and lives. With each post, image or video they upload, they have the possibility of asking themselves who they are and to try out profiles differing from those they assume in the ‘real’ world. The connections they feel in more recent times have become much less interactive through personal means compared to past generations. The influx of new technology and access has created new fields of research on effects on teens and young adults. They thus negotiate their identity and create senses of belonging, putting the acceptance and censure of others to the test, an essential mark of the process of identity construction.[20]
Youth ask themselves about what they think of themselves, how they see themselves personally and, especially, how others see them. On the basis of these questions, youth make decisions which, through a long process of trial and error, shape their identity. This experimentation is also a form through which they can think about their insertion, membership and sociability in the ‘real’ world.[22][20]
From other perspectives, the question arises on what impact the internet has had on youth through accessing this sort of ‘identity laboratory’ and what role it plays in the shaping of youth identity.[23][24] On the one hand, the internet enables young people to explore and perform various roles and personifications while on the other, the virtual forums – some of them highly attractive, vivid and absorbing (e.g. video games or virtual games of personification) – could present a risk to the construction of a stable and viable personal identity.[25][20]
See also[edit]
Collective identity
Conflict theories
Cultural diversity
Diaspora politics
Globalization
Intercultural competence
Multiculturalism
Nationalism
Need for affiliation
Pan-nationalism
Pluralism
Progressive politics
Self-concept
Self-determination
Self-discovery
Social identity
Social identity theory
Transculturation
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 License statement: Youth and changing realities: rethinking secondary education in Latin America, 44-45, López, Néstor; Opertti, Renato; Vargas Tamez, Carlos, UNESCO. UNESCO. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Moha Ennaji, Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco, Springer Science & Business Media, 2005, pp.19-23
Jump up ^ Manufacturing Taste: TheWalrus.ca
Jump up ^ James, Paul (2015). "Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity". Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies. 17 (2): 174–195. doi:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332.
Jump up ^ Pratt, Nicola (2005). "Identity, Culture and Democratization: The Case of Egypt". New Political Science. 27 (1): 69–86. doi:10.1080/07393140500030832.
Jump up ^ Shindler, Michael (2014). "A Discussion On The Purpose of Cultural Identity". The Apollonian Revolt. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
Jump up ^ The Limits of Nationalism by Chaim Gans. ISBN 978-0-521-00467-1 ISBN 0521004675
Jump up ^ C Brown (2001) Understanding International Relations. Hampshire, Palgrave
Jump up ^ Terrence N TiceTHE EDUCATION DIGEST, V. 64 (9), 05/1999, p. 43
Jump up ^ Singh, C. L. (2010). "New media and cultural identity". China Media Research. 6 (1): 86.
Jump up ^ "Media and cultural identity - Mora - International Journal of Human Sciences". insanbilimleri.com.
Jump up ^ Holliday, Adrian (May 2010). "Complexity in cultural identity". Language and Intercultural Communication. 10 (2): 177. doi:10.1080/14708470903267384-2196217058202341170.pdf (inactive 2017-11-15).
Jump up ^ Marino, Simone (2018). Ethnic identity and race: the “double absence” and its legacy across generations among Australians of Southern Italian origin. Operationalizing institutional positionality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1-19.
Jump up ^ Marino, Simone (2018). Ethnic identity and race: the “double absence” and its legacy across generations among Australians of Southern Italian origin. Operationalizing institutional positionality. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1-19.
Jump up ^ Holliday, A (2010). "Complexity in cultural identity". Language and Intercultural Communication. 10 (2): 165–177. doi:10.1080/14708470903267384.
Jump up ^ Hall, Stuart; Ghazoul, Ferial (2012-01-01). "Cultural identity and diaspora". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (32).
Jump up ^ Chang, Bok-Myung (2010). "Cultural Identity in Korean English". Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics. 14 (1): 131–145.
Jump up ^ McDonough, Kevin (1998). "Can the Liberal State Support Cultural Identity Schools?". American Journal of Education. 106 (4): 463–499. doi:10.1086/444195.
Jump up ^ Tice, Terrence N. "Cultural Identity", The Education Digest, May 1999
Jump up ^ Terrence N, Tice (1999). Cultural Identity. Prakken Publications, Inc. pp. 43–44.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e López, Néstor; Opertti, Renato; Vargas Tamez, Carlos (2017). Youth and changing realities: Rethinking secondary education in Latin America (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-92-31 00204-5.
Jump up ^ SITEAL, IIPE-UNESCO y OEI (2014). Políticas TIC en los Sistemas Educativos de América Latina. Informe sobre tendencias sociales y educativas en América Latina. Buenos Aires, IIEP-UNESCO Regional Office in Buenos Aires.
Jump up ^ Morduchowicz, R.; Marcon, A.; Sylvestre, A.; Ballestrini, F. (2010). Los adolescentes y las redes sociales.
Jump up ^ Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet. New York, Simon & Schuster.
Jump up ^ Wallace, P. (1999). The psychology of the Internet. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Zegers, B.; Larraín, M.E. (2011). "El impacto de la Internet en la definición de la identidad juvenil: una revisión". Psykhe. 11 (1).
References[edit]
Gad Barzilai, Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities University of Michigan Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-472-03079-8
Tan, S.-h. (2005). Challenging citizenship: group membership and cultural identity in a global age. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-4367-0
Bunschoten, R., Binet, H., & Hoshino, T. (2001). Urban flotsam: stirring the city : Chora. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. ISBN 90-6450-387-7
Mandelbaum, M. (2000). The new European diasporas: national minorities and conflict in Eastern Europe. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press
Houtman, G. (1999). Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. (library.cornell.edu). ISBN 4-87297-748-3
Sagasti, F. R., & Alcalde, G. (1999). Development cooperation in a fractured global order: an arduous transition. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. ISBN 0-88936-889-9
Crahan, M. E., & Vourvoulias-Bush, A. (1997). The city and the world: New York's global future. New York: Council on Foreign relations. ISBN 0-87609-208-3
Hall, S., & Du Gay, P. (1996). Questions of cultural identity. London: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-7883-9
Cable, V. (1994). The world's new fissures: identities in crisis. London: Demos. ISBN 1-898309-35-3
Berkson, I. B. (1920).Theories of Americanization a critical study, with special reference to the Jewish group. New York City: Teachers College, Columbia University.
Mora, Necha. (2008). [1]
Further reading[edit]
Library resources about
Cultural identity
Resources in your library
Anderson, Benedict (1983). Imagined Communities. London: Verso.
Balibar, Renée & Laporte, Dominique (1974). Le français national: Politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution. Paris: Hachette.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1980). "L'identité et la représentation". Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales. 35: 63–70. doi:10.3406/arss.1980.2100.
(full-text IDENTITIES: how Governed, Who Pays?)
de Certeau, Michel; Julia, Dominique; & Revel, Jacques (1975). Une politique de la langue: La Révolution française et les patois. Paris: Gallimard.
Evangelista, M. (2003). "Culture, Identity, and Conflict: The Influence of Gender," in Conflict and Reconstruction in Multiethnic Societies, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press [2]
Fishman, Joshua A. (1973). Language and Nationalism: Two Integrative Essays. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.* Güney, Ü. (2010). "We see our people suffering: the war, the mass media and the reproduction of Muslim identity among youth". Media, War & Conflict. 3 (2): 1–14. doi:10.1177/1750635210360081.
Gellner, Ernest (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gordon, David C. (1978). The French Language and National Identity (1930–1975). The Hague: Mouton.
James, Paul (2015). "Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity". Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies. 17 (2): 174–195. doi:10.1080/1369801x.2014.993332.
Robyns, Clem (1995). "Defending the national identity". In Andreas Poltermann (Ed.), Literaturkanon, Medienereignis, Kultureller Text. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag ISBN 3-503-03727-6.
Robyns, Clem (1994). "Translation and discursive identity". Poetics Today. 15 (3): 405–428. doi:10.2307/1773316.
Shindler, Michel (2014). "A Discussion On The Purpose of Cultural Identity". The Apollonian Revolt. Archived from the original on 2015-04-19. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
Sparrow, Lise M. (2014). Beyond multicultural man: Complexities of identity. In Molefi Kete Asante, Yoshitaka Miike, & Jing Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader (2nd ed., pp. 393–414). New York, NY: Routledge.
Stewart, Edward C., & Bennet, Milton J. (1991). American cultural patterns: A cross-cultural perspective (Rev. ed.). Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Woolf, Stuart. "Europe and the Nation-State". EUI Working Papers in History 91/11. Florence: European University Institute.
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Jack Box
The "CEO" of Jack in the Box, Jack Box
First appearance
1994
Created by
Richard Sittig
Portrayed by
Dean Baker (1994–1999)
Bob Thompson (1999–2004)
John Glenn (2004–2014)
David Tompkins (2014–)
Peter Sittig (puppet)
Voiced by
Richard Sittig (1994-2015)
David Tompkins (2015–) (English) (English)
Horacio Mancilla (Spanish)
Information
Aliases
Jack, Jack I. Box
Family
Jim Box (cousin) Joey (cousin) Joey Jr. (nephew)
Spouse(s)
Cricket Box (wife)
Children
Jack, Jr. (son) Jane (daughter) Jake (son)
Jack Box (full name Jack I. Box; or simply known as Jack) is the mascot of American restaurant chain Jack in the Box. In the advertisements, he is the founder, CEO, and ad spokesman for the chain. According to the company's web site, he has the appearance of a typical male, with the exception of his huge spherical white head, blue dot eyes, conical black pointed nose, and a curvilinear red smile. He is most of the time seen wearing his yellow clown cap, and a business suit driving a red Viper convertible.
The company has used the Jack Box mascot in its advertising since 1994 and has won a number of advertising awards for the long campaign.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Company biography
3 Other facts and family members
4 2009 bus accident and recovery advertising campaign
5 In media
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Prior to 1980, the chain used a huge clown head as its symbol, which sat atop the remote activated talking drive-thru menus (in the 1960s and early '70s the rotating clown head was also at the top of the large signs at each location). In 1980, the chain decided to establish a more "mature" image by introducing a wider variety of menu items and, most notably, discontinuing the use of Jack. A series of television commercials announced "We're blowing up clowns!" and showed the dramatic explosion of the notorious clown heads. Throughout the late 1980s to the 1990s, Jack in the Box tried to position itself as a premium fast food alternative, with varying results.
In 1993, a major food contamination crisis was linked to Jack in the Box restaurants and by 1994, a series of lawsuits and negative publicity took their tolls and pushed their corporate parent, Foodmaker Inc. to the verge of bankruptcy. In the short term, they decided to promote their initiatives on food safety and then approved a new guerilla advertising campaign created by Richard (Dick) Sittig, then working at the TBWA\Chiat\Day ad agency in Santa Monica, California. The concept brought back the original company mascot, Jack, but now in the form of a savvy, no-nonsense businessman who happened to have an enormous round clown head.[1]
A series of new commercials featured a new, more-serious Jack with a smaller head and wearing a business suit (according to him, "thanks to the miracle of plastic surgery"). In the very first of these new commercials, he blew up the board of directors as retribution for his supposed destruction in 1980 (using the 7-note musical signature in its previous campaign as a tribute). Their intent was to prove to a wary public that the company was no longer the same restaurant chain plagued by the food safety scandal, and because the commercials had a definite humorous element to them that undermined the alleged "retribution" that Jack was supposedly demonstrating in these commercials and overall, the public responded positively.
Car antenna ornaments shaped like Jack's head have been a mainstay of the restaurant chain's promotion for several years.[2]
Dick Sittig was the voice of Jack until 2015. He left TBWA/Chiat/Day in 1997, taking the ad campaign with him to his own agency in Santa Monica, first called "Kowloon Wholesale Seafood Co." and later as Secret Weapon Marketing.[3][4][5] Jack in the Box ended its relationship with Sittig and Secret Weapon in 2015.[6]
Company biography[edit]
The company's "bio" of him claims the following facts:
According to his California driver's license, Jack I. Box is 6'-8" tall and weighs 195 pounds. It also shows his birthday to be May 16.
Jack was born on a cattle ranch in Colorado. He later moved to Southern California, where he met his blonde wife, Cricket, played by model Laura Dunn (1996-2010) and Gillian Vigman (2010 - present). They now have a young son named Jack Jr. (who, like all males in the Box family tree, also has an oversized bald head). However, in May 2010, Jack appeared in a new commercial with a woman that did not resemble Cricket, who appeared with him in a commercial in 1997. The pair took in a movie where Jack complained and cried about the price of popcorn in relation to his low-priced menu. Jack revealed to his son that he really met Cricket at a concert at the Oracle Arena in Oakland, CA where Jack's heavy metal band Hot Mess was the opening act.
Jack is an alumnus of Ball State University, a reference to his ball-shaped head.
Jack, fluent in English, Spanish and Chinese, has starred in more than 300 television and radio commercials, including more than 100 Spanish-language ads. Jack's linguistic talents also include Mandarin, which he spoke in the 1999 television ad "Titans."
Jack ran for president in 1996 and beat out Bill Clinton, Bob Dole and Dogbert in a national independent Virtual Vote poll; no recounts were required.
During Super Bowl XXXV, Jack in the Box debuted a television commercial in which Jack announced his purchase of a professional American football team, the Carnivores. His team played against teams such as the Tofu Eaters and the Vegans.
Other facts and family members[edit]
In late 2009, the company began to run a commercial in which Jack visited his cousin Jim, who was serving time in prison. Jim has a large white head that resembles a Ping-Pong ball squashed from both sides, with wispy gray hair and beard, along with a surly voice and facial expression. He does not wear a clown cap.
In 2010, a commercial aired where Jack visits his mother Patty, a blond-haired human, talking about her clipping coupons; at the end of the ad, Jack's father (who has a normal body, and a white head which resembles an egg, with wispy grey hair on his temples) comes in, saying "It's been more than 4 hours, call the doctor (implying his father suffers from erectile dysfunction)." Jack then says he has to leave.
In late 2012, a commercial introduced Jack's cousin Joey and his son Joey Jr., who live in Philadelphia. Both have large egg-shaped white heads, a slight upward curve to their noses, and brown hair in a mullet. Joey's wife has a normal head.
Near the end of both 2013 and 2014, a series of commercials for the "Jack's Munchie Meal" combo featured a small puppet version of Jack interacting with a human late at night. Both spoke and acted as if they were under the influence of drugs.
Jack's smile can change to reflect his mood (puzzlement, fear, etc.). During one commercial, in which he was playing Texas hold 'em against several celebrities, he made his eyes and mouth disappear completely. The announcer remarked, "Now that's a world-class poker face."
2009 bus accident and recovery advertising campaign[edit]
On February 1, 2009, a new ad campaign began with a Super Bowl ad that showed Jack being struck by a bus outside his corporate office. Along with his second in command, Phil, he was walking down the street, stating that he wants the public to know about the fact that the public can order anything on his menu, anytime. He states "For instance, breakfast all day, or maybe a burg-." At that moment, a bus is seen to strike Jack head on, as onlookers cringe and his hat knocked off. The ad ends with Jack lying on the ground badly injured while the paramedics are being summoned. Viewers were then directed to visit the website hangintherejack.com to check on his condition.[7]
The next ad showed Jack being checked into the hospital and being operated on as his heart stopped, as Doctor Robert Conely was talking about the a "midnight breakfast at Jack's" with Nurse O'Brien. It is also revealed that his head did not fit into the CAT scan machine and that the doctors were using unprofessional equipment (Doctor Conely states at the end of the ad to give him a hot glue gun and a bonesaw).
The third ad showed Jack in a coma, and Phil volunteering to take his place at the company's head, despite Jack not being dead (he felt that he was close enough to death that he should prepare to step up, and Dr. Conely even states that he might not live). All the while, another assistant, Barbara, is more positive about the situation, stating that Jack will recover.
The fourth ad showed Phil announcing, after snapping his fingers, that he was going to take over Jack In the Box. Jack, regaining awareness of his surrounding (albeit only listening and blurred vision), thinks to himself that Phil using most of his ideas is a good thing. However, Phil states that he intends to change the company name, to "Phil in the Box", going as far to hold up the future company logo. At that moment, Jack woke up and began throttling Phil, stating that he will not let the name change occur, and stating that he has work to do, all the while demanding his pants. The words "Jack's Back" appear on the screen.
Shortly after the announcement, the company got rid of the old Jack In the Box logo, and introduced a newer, more modern logo, along with a redesigned website. The overall campaign was noted for its unusually extensive (for the time) use of social media to gain viewer impressions at a lower cost than traditional media.[8][9]
In media[edit]
The Pilot Episode of American Dad! shows Stan Smith falsely blaming a student body candidate at his son's school for having a sexual relationship with Jack. When his son, Steve states that he thought that Jack was in the basement of the Smith house, it cuts to houseguest Roger Smith finding Jack in the basement, tied up and stripped down to presumably nothing.
The April 24, 2009 edition of the Adam Carolla [10] Podcast featured Sittig, in character as Jack, involving a humorous discussion on other restaurant mascots (Ronald McDonald, The Burger King), the fast food business and general listener Q&A. In the podcast, Jack insinuates that The Burger King is bisexual, citing his attire (tights, felt shoes and a cape). Carolla jumps in with a tale of the King buying a drink for a male friend of his in Canada, though this claim cannot be verified.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Jack in the Box, Inc.", The Encyclopedia of Major Marketing Campaigns, (Gale Group, 2006), ISBN 978-0787673567, vol. 2, pp. 811ff – via HighBeam Research (subscription required).
Jump up ^ Brandon A. Miller, Catherine Newton, "Antenna balls are on the rebound", Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, July 27, 2001 – via HighBeam Research (subscription required).
Jump up ^ Randi Schmelzer, "Dick Sittig On The Spot", Adweek, January 10, 2005.
Jump up ^ Alana Semuels, "This advertising shop knows Jack", Los Angeles Times, February 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Gregory Solman, "Dick Sittig, in Situ", Adweek, September 1, 2008.
Jump up ^ Oster, Erik. "Jack in the Box Splits with Secret Weapon After 20 Years". Adweek. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
Jump up ^ HangInThereJack website Archived 2009-02-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dan Neil, "Jack in the Box feeds the social media beast", Los Angeles Times, March 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Tim Nudd, "Jack in the Box mascot lives, still a big tool", Adweek, March 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ 4/24/2009 Adam Carolla Podcast (explicit)
External links[edit]
Official website
Official corporate website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Box&oldid=832561053"
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