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My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film)
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My Little Pony: The Movie
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jayson Thiessen
Produced by
Brian Goldner
Stephen Davis
Marcia Gwendolyn Jones
Haven Alexander
Screenplay by
Meghan McCarthy
Rita Hsiao
Michael Vogel[1]
Story by
Meghan McCarthy
Joe Ballarini[1]
Based on
My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic
by Lauren Faust
Starring
Uzo Aduba
Ashleigh Ball
Emily Blunt
Kristin Chenoweth
Taye Diggs
Andrea Libman
Michael Peña
Zoe Saldana
Liev Schreiber
Sia
Tabitha St. Germain
Tara Strong
Cathy Weseluck
Music by
Daniel Ingram
Cinematography
Anthony Di Ninno
Edited by
Braden Oberson
Production
company
Allspark Pictures
DHX Media
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Release date
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24) (New York City)
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) (United States and Canada)
Running time
99 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Canada
Language
English
Box office
$52.3 million[2]
My Little Pony: The Movie is a 2017 animated musical fantasy film based on the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, which was developed as part of the 2010 re-launch of the My Little Pony franchise by Hasbro.[3] The film was directed by Jayson Thiessen and based on a story and screenplay co-written by Meghan McCarthy, both Friendship Is Magic veterans.[4] In addition to the series' regular voice cast of Tara Strong, Ashleigh Ball, Andrea Libman, Tabitha St. Germain and Cathy Weseluck, the film also features the voices of Emily Blunt, Kristin Chenoweth, Liev Schreiber, Michael Peña, Sia, Taye Diggs, Uzo Aduba and Zoe Saldana as new characters.
The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media,[5][6] using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony.[7] It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017,[8] and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate.[9] The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Animation
3.4 Music
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The ponies of Equestria prepare for their first Friendship Festival, which is overseen by Princess Twilight Sparkle in Canterlot. The festivities are interrupted by an invasion of monstrous storm creatures commanded by the broken-horned unicorn Tempest Shadow, who uses magical obsidian orbs to petrify Twilight's fellow princesses; Princess Celestia unsuccessfully urges Princess Luna to seek help south of Equestria, uttering "the queen of the hippo" before being interrupted. Twilight flees the city alongside her five pony friends – Pinkie Pie, Rainbow Dash, Rarity, Applejack, and Fluttershy – and her assistant dragon, Spike. Tempest is contacted by her superior, the Storm King, who reminds her to gather all of Equestria's princesses in order to activate his mystical staff with their magic, promising to repair her horn in exchange.
Twilight's group travel to the desert city of Klugetown in search of the aforementioned "hippos". Feline con artist Capper falsely offers to escort the group, secretly intending to sell them to settle a debt to a local criminal. However, he develops a genuine friendship with them after Rarity generously mends his coat. Twilight discovers an atlas that reveals the "hippos" to be hippogriffs, exposing Capper's treachery before Tempest arrives in pursuit of Twilight. After the group evade Tempest aboard a delivery airship, Tempest brings Capper to guide her to them, but he deliberately misdirects her to atone for deceiving the group.
The airship's birdlike crew reluctantly allow the group passage during a lunch break, revealing themselves to be former pirates that have been forced into the Storm King's service. Rainbow Dash persuades the pirates to defy orders and take her group to the hippogriffs' kingdom on Mount Aris. In celebration, she performs a Sonic Rainboom that inadvertently gives their location away to Tempest, forcing the group to escape in a makeshift hot air balloon before Tempest destroys the ship with the pirates and Capper on board.
The group reach Mount Aris to find it seemingly deserted. They explore the ruins and become trapped in an underwater cavern, where they are saved from drowning by the seapony Princess Skystar and led to her undersea home of Seaquestria. Skystar identifies her kind as the hippogriffs, transformed by a magic pearl used by her mother, Queen Novo, to hide from the Storm King; Novo demonstrates by turning the ponies into seaponies and Spike into a pufferfish. When Novo denies them the pearl to use against the Storm King, Twilight desperately attempts to steal it while letting her oblivious friends befriend the seaponies as a distraction. Pinkie Pie nearly changes Novo's mind until Twilight is caught, prompting the outraged queen to banish the entire group to the surface.
Abandoned by her friends over her actions, Twilight is abducted by Tempest and brought before the Storm King in Canterlot to have her magic absorbed; Tempest gains Twilight's sympathy after divulging how her own friends shunned her for her dangerously unstable magic after she lost her horn in a monster attack as a filly. Meanwhile, after Spike alerts Twilight's friends to her capture, Capper, the pirates, and the hippogriff Skystar return to help them infiltrate Canterlot and mount a rescue. The Storm King retaliates by conjuring a tornado in the city with his newly empowered staff, betraying Tempest as well. Twilight saves Tempest from the tornado and reconciles with her friends, successfully working together with them to take the staff and disperse the storm. The Storm King hurls an obsidian orb at the group to reclaim the staff, but Tempest jumps in his way, petrifying them both. The Storm King's body falls and shatters, while the group use the staff's magic to revive Tempest, who opts to return the stolen magic to restore the princesses and the damaged city instead of her horn.
The Friendship Festival resumes, and the ponies celebrate with all of the allies Twilight's group have made on their adventure. Tempest is convinced by Twilight to join them by producing a fireworks display with her magic, happily accepting the group's friendship.
Cast[edit]
See also: List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic characters
Tara Strong as Twilight Sparkle, a highly magical and intelligent alicorn who is Equestria's Princess of Friendship, responsible for spreading friendship and harmony across the kingdom. She is also the leader of the "Mane 6" ponies. Rebecca Shoichet performs Twilight Sparkle's singing voice.
Ashleigh Ball as Rainbow Dash and Applejack, two of the "Mane 6"; Rainbow Dash is a loyal pegasus with an adventurous spirit, and Applejack is an honest apple farmer pony.
Andrea Libman as Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy, two of the "Mane 6"; Pinkie Pie is a party-obsessed pony filled with joy and laughter, and Fluttershy is a kind yet timid pegasus who cares for animals. Shannon Chan-Kent performs Pinkie Pie's singing voice.
Tabitha St. Germain as Rarity, a generous fashion designer unicorn and one of the "Mane 6". Kazumi Evans performs Rarity's singing voice.
Cathy Weseluck as Spike, a baby dragon who is Twilight Sparkle's faithful assistant.
Emily Blunt as Tempest Shadow, an embittered unicorn once known as Fizzlepop Berrytwist who serves as the Storm King's second-in-command in order to repair her broken horn.[10][11] On the development of the character, screenwriter Meghan McCarthy said, "We just arrived at this idea of a character who had come from Equestria, and had not had the positive experience that Twilight [Sparkle] and her friends had. It felt like a good counterpart to our heroes was to have a villain who didn't just not get friendship, but had a reason that she didn't understand it." McCarthy also called Blunt's performance "a big influence" on how the character was animated in the film.[12]
Michael Peña as Grubber, a wisecracking hedgehog creature and Tempest Shadow's cohort.[13] McCarthy said that Grubber "needed to be goofy" to counterpoint the "very straight-laced, hardcore" Tempest. Peña ad-libbed much of the character's dialogue, with McCarthy saying, "You get Michael Peña in a recording booth, and you just are like, 'Please just go and say funny things.' He will be there for hours, just giving you all kinds of really great material that was not something that we had originally scripted!"[12]
Liev Schreiber as the Storm King, the despotic, satyr-like leader of the storm creatures who conquers lands in search of powerful magic to control the weather.[14] On his acceptance of the role, Schreiber said that he wanted something child-friendly for his kids to watch, noting his repertoire of violent, adult-oriented films.[15] Comparing his character to Basil Rathbone, Schreiber said the Storm King "is prone to temper tantrums, and he's a little crazy. He has a wide range of behaviors."[1] He considers the character to be "one of the more intense roles [he's] played".[16]
Taye Diggs as Capper, a humanoid alley cat who is a cunning yet good-hearted con artist.[17] Diggs, who was excited to appear in an animated film, says, "I'm very movement-oriented, so just looking at the way Capper is positioned, the expressions on his face, all enhances my performance. It's really cool."[1]
Zoe Saldana as Captain Celaeno, a humanoid parrot and jaded pirate captain who is relegated to the Storm King's delivery service.[18] Saldana says Celaeno "cares for her crew", adding, "She's a responsible, thoughtful, and empathetic leader. That's a terrific, very poignant message to give to children about leadership – that it's okay for you to want to be a leader as long as you know that the responsibilities that come along with it."[1]
Kristin Chenoweth as Princess Skystar, an excitable seapony and magically transformed hippogriff princess.[19][20] Chenoweth said of her character, "Let's just say she's been locked up for a while and is longing for friends." She joked that she dabbled in method acting for the role, making sure her hair was "on point for every recording session".[21]
Uzo Aduba as Queen Novo, the benevolent ruler of the hippogriffs-turned-seaponies, and Princess Skystar's mother.[22] The character is described by Chenoweth as "loving but also a little too strict and stern".[1] Detailing her role, Aduba says, "She [wants] to protect her group to the best of her ability, and [wants] to create a life of peace and stability. She doesn't take any nonsense, and will do everything in her power to protect her family."[1]
Sia as Songbird Serenade, a pegasus and famous pop star in Equestria.[23] The character's design is modeled after Sia's likeness.[24]
Nicole Oliver, St. Germain, and Britt McKillip reprise their respective roles from Friendship Is Magic as alicorns Princess Celestia, Princess Luna, and Princess Cadance. St. Germain also voices Granny Smith, Applejack's grandmother, and Muffins, a cross-eyed pegasus alternatively known as "Derpy" in the series. Michelle Creber and Peter New voice Apple Bloom and Big McIntosh, Applejack's younger sister and older brother, respectively. Michael Dobson voices Bulk Biceps, a muscular pegasus. Samuel Vincent voices Party Favor, a balloonist unicorn.
Adam Bengis voices Code Red, one of the Canterlot ponies. Brian Dobson voices Verko, a mole-rat crime boss in Klugetown. Max Martini, Mark Oliver, and Nicole Oliver respectively perform as three of Captain Celaeno's parrot-like crew: Boyle, first mate Mullet, and Lix Spittle. Michael Dobson, Andrew McNee, Tegan Moss, Sabrina Pitre, Rhona Rees, and Vincent all feature as assorted citizens of Canterlot. Richard Ian Cox, Michael Dobson, McNee, New, and Nicole Oliver also perform as denizens of Klugetown. Additional voices are provided by Alistair Abell, Caitlyn Bairstow, Julia Benson, Christine Chatelain, Brian Dobson, Paul Dobson, Rondel Reynoldson, Jason Simpson, Sarah Troyer, and Siobhan Williams.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
At San Diego Comic-Con International in 2012, Friendship Is Magic head writer Meghan McCarthy commented on the possibility of a feature film based on the series, saying that it was not in her control whether or not the film would be made.[25] The film was announced on October 20, 2014, with Joe Ballarini attached as screenwriter and McCarthy as co-executive producer.[5] Hasbro Studios president Stephan Davis said of the film that "I think it gives us an opportunity to tell a bigger story, that maybe we [can't] tell on television" and that "[it's] also an opportunity to broaden the franchise".[26] The film is one of the first being produced through Hasbro Studios' self-financing film label Allspark Pictures, which also produced the live-action adaptation of Jem and the Holograms.[5] During PonyCon AU on February 22, 2015, McCarthy said that the movie would be unrelated to the Equestria Girls spin-off franchise, and that the crew was "going all out on it, to make sure it doesn't just feel like an extended episode".[27]
Series director Jayson Thiessen and McCarthy were both confirmed as the film's director and screenwriter, respectively;[28] Michael Vogel was also signed on as co-executive producer alongside McCarthy, with Hasbro executives Brian Goldner and Stephen Davis as producers.[28] Rita Hsiao and Vogel were later announced as co-writers alongside McCarthy.[4][29]
On April 30, 2016, concept artwork and other information was officially revealed at PonyRadioCon in Moscow; the panel included additional plot details such as the main characters' transformation into "sea ponies" for a portion of the film.[30]
While Hasbro has not released any production costs to date, Cartoon Brew's Amid Amidi estimated that the film had a budget between $5 to $8 million, based on budgets for films with similar styles as well as accounting for the work being done primarily in-house at Hasbro to reduce costs.[31]
Casting[edit]
The initial Lionsgate announcement listed the principal voice cast of Friendship Is Magic – Tara Strong, Ashleigh Ball, Andrea Libman, Tabitha St. Germain, and Cathy Weseluck – reprising their roles alongside actress Kristin Chenoweth as a new character.[32] On February 12, 2016, it was announced that Emily Blunt joined the voice cast.[33] By April 27, 2016, actors Michael Peña and Uzo Aduba were in negotiations to join the cast.[34] On May 16, Liev Schreiber and Taye Diggs were confirmed additions to the cast.[4] On June 20, Ashleigh Ball stated through Twitter that she had begun recording for the film's songs.[35] At San Diego Comic-Con in July 2016, singer Sia was announced to be portraying a new "pop star pony" character called Songbird Serenade.[23] On January 11, 2017, it was reported by Variety that Zoe Saldana had joined the cast.[36] Friendship Is Magic voice actress Nicole Oliver confirmed via Twitter on January 23 that she would also be a part of the film's cast,[37] reprising her role as Princess Celestia.[38]
Animation[edit]
Michel Gagné joined the film as an effects animator on April 2, 2016, taking an eight-month hiatus from Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse made by Sony Pictures Animation.[39][40][41][42][specify] In early October 2016, Gagné reported that Nik Gipe was hired onto the film's staff as his assistant. He also mentioned that the film was being animated using Toon Boom Harmony instead of the usual animation software Adobe Flash that is used in the television series.[7] According to art director Rebecca Dart, they wanted to keep to the look and feel of the television show, and the use of Toon Boom Harmony enabled them to add "simple yet impactful changes" to the designs for the big screen, such as depth and shadows for their eyes and ears, and the impression of heart-shaped indentations on the bottom of their hooves.[43] The production of the film ended by July 29, 2017.[44]
The production crew used simple 3D modeling in Autodesk Maya as to determine camera locations, lens, and angles, rough lighting, character and prop placement, and which way the characters would be looking and expressing. The pre-visualization crew were able to use the 3D backdrops that became more detailed throughout the film's development to integrate the simple 3D character models, and then were able to test the Toon Boom animations on top of these scenes using the placement established by Maya, helping to speed up the production.[45]
Music[edit]
Main articles: List of songs in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic § My Little Pony: The Movie (2017), and My Little Pony: The Movie (soundtrack)
The film's official soundtrack was released on September 22, 2017 by RCA Records.[46]
The film's songs and score were composed by Friendship Is Magic songwriter Daniel Ingram, who first announced at GalaCon 2015 that he would be collaborating with a live studio orchestra for the film.[47] On his songwriting for the film, Ingram said, "I had to challenge myself to push beyond what had been done in the TV show; to write bigger, more epic."[48] It was stated through the PonyRadioCon panel that the film would have a total of eight original songs.[30] At Hasbro's Toy Fair investor presentation on February 17, 2017, it was announced that there would be seven songs.[49] Around 5,800 pages of sheet music were created for all orchestral parts of the score.[50] Recording for the score began on June 5, 2017, and finished on June 11.[51][52]
Sia contributed an original song to the film,[53] "Rainbow", which was released as a single on September 15, 2017.[54] A music video for the song later released by Entertainment Weekly on September 19. The video was directed by Daniel Askill and features a dance performance by Maddie Ziegler, a previous collaborator with Sia, intercut to scenes from the film.[55] Danish band Lukas Graham also contributed an original song for the film titled "Off to See the World",[56] which was used in the film's first trailer. Other artists included in the album are DNCE and CL.[57][58]
Release[edit]
On August 7, 2015, Lionsgate announced that they would distribute and market the film worldwide except in China.[32][28] The film was showcased at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 10 along with eight other Lionsgate features to help sell the film to international distributors.[59]
My Little Pony: The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3, 2017,[60] but it was subsequently moved up to October 6, 2017.[9] Theatrically, the film was accompanied by a 5-minute animated short from Hasbro Studios' web series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures.[61] A private premiere screening was held at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 theater in New York City on September 24, 2017, twelve days prior to the nationwide release date.[8]
Marketing[edit]
Main article: My Little Pony (2010 toyline)
Numerous toys based on characters, sets, and props from the film were made by Hasbro, and a vast majority of the products was released on August 1, 2017.[62] The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film, including T-shirts and graphics.[30] On July 27, 2016, the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film.[63] Hasbro's toyline for the film was shown and promoted at Toy Fair 2017 and various other toy conventions.[64][65][66]
Several books and comics related to the film have been announced: My Little Pony: Annual 2018, which contains "exclusive content from the My Little Pony movie" was released on August 10, 2017;[67] and a "prequel" story released on August 1.[68] On January 23, 2017, Hachette Book Group listed five different books for the film, all released on August 29, 2017.[69][70][71][72][73] Books based on the film have been showcased at BookCon 2017 on June 4, with guest appearances by Andrea Libman and Ashleigh Ball.[74] IDW Publishing released a four-issue comic book miniseries titled My Little Pony: The Movie Prequel, with the first issue released on June 28, 2017.[75] Viz Media released an art book for the film on August 29, 2017.[76] A comic adaptation based on the film by IDW was released on September 27, 2017.[77]
A teaser trailer for the film was released online on April 6, 2017,[78] and in theaters alongside Smurfs: The Lost Village the following day. The first full trailer debuted online on June 28, 2017,[79] and was released with Despicable Me 3 two days later.[80] Another trailer was released by USA Today online on September 12, 2017.[81] The same day, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with two of the movie's characters, Pinkie Pie (voiced by Andrea Libman) and Twilight Sparkle (voiced by Tara Strong).[82] Another trailer was played during the season 12 finale of America's Got Talent on September 20, 2017.[83] On September 27, 2017, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with art director Rebecca Dart, who drew a custom artwork of Rainbow Dash (voiced by Ashleigh Ball).[84]
Discovery Family – a joint venture between Discovery Communications and Hasbro – aired a The Making of My Little Pony: The Movie special on September 30.[85] It was watched by 18,000 viewers.[86]
Home media[edit]
My Little Pony: The Movie was released on December 19, 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9, 2018 for DVD, Blu-ray, and On Demand.[87] Its special features includes a deleted scene, a music video for the song "I'm the Friend You Need", three featurettes starring the Mane Six, an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short, and the Hanazuki: Full of Treasures short bundled with the film's theatrical release.[88]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
My Little Pony: The Movie has grossed $21.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $30.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $52.3 million.[2]
In the United States and Canada, the film was expected to gross between $10 million and $17 million from 2,528 theaters in its opening weekend.[89][90] It made $3 million on its first day, including $290,000 from Thursday night previews.[91] It ended up opening to $8.9 million finishing 4th at the box office behind Blade Runner 2049, The Mountain Between Us and It.[92] Amid Amidi of Cartoon Brew stated that, despite the opening being considered a disappointment, any reasonable return from the film would be seen as a positive by Hasbro because it is tied to the toy line.[31] The film dropped 54% in its second weekend, making $4.1 million and falling to 9th.[93]
Its biggest markets outside North America are the UK with $4.7 million, Russia with $2.3 million, and Germany with $2.3 million.[94]
Critical response[edit]
The film received mixed reviews from critics. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 48% based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Charming and sweet, My Little Pony: The Movie will please its dedicated fanbase, even if it's unlikely to encourage non-devotees to gallop along for the ride."[95] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[96] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[91]
Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Truthfully, this film feels like four episodes of a cartoon strung together, and there are times, especially during some of the latter musical numbers, where it truly drags." She also remarked on the film's animation, saying that it "embraces the flat, colorful, Saturday-morning cartoon look and feel".[97] Christy Lenore of RogerEbert.com gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4, criticizing the narrative as being "all over the place" and having "a multitude of underdeveloped, crammed-in characters", while commending the film for retaining the Friendship Is Magic television series cast and staff.[98] Josh Terry of Deseret News criticized the film, saying that parents should "put their money into some new My Little Pony toys" rather than go see the movie.[99]
Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the film a "C" grade, favoring the improved animation over that of the television series, but adding that "you have to wonder to what use it's being put".[100] Elizabeth Weitzman of TheWrap wrote positively of the film, saying, "Like its television predecessor, is all dressed up in bubbles and cupcakes and rainbows. But it's so jam-packed with rousing girl power, it passes the Bechdel Test with (literally) flying colors."[101] Amy Nicholson of Variety called the film "at once clichéd and exceptional", praising its female characters and calling the story "emotionally wise".[102]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Flying Car Fizzles: Why 'Blade Runner 2049' Is Hitting Turbulence With $32M+ Opening". Deadline.com. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Ihnat, Gwen (October 5, 2017). "My Little Pony's big movie release needs more sparkle". The A.V. Club. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Nicholson, Amy (October 5, 2017). "Film Review: 'My Little Pony: The Movie'". Variety. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
My Little Pony: The Movie on IMDb
My Little Pony: The Movie at Rotten Tomatoes
My Little Pony: The Movie at Box Office Mojo
My Little Pony: The Movie at AllMovie
My Little Pony: The Movie at Metacritic
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Spanish colonization of the Americas
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Main article: Spanish Empire
Flag of Spanish conquistadors with crown of Castile on a red flag, used by Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro and others
The overseas expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated under the royal authority and first accomplished by the Spanish conquistadores. The Americas were incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil and Canada, and the crown created civil and religious structures to administer the region. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions.
Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America (including present day Mexico, Florida and the Southwestern and Pacific Coastal regions of the United States). It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty.
Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when silver and gold from American mines increasingly financed a long series of European and North African wars. Spanish wars of conquest included laying waste much of the Netherlands and a disastrous attempt to invade England.
In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the emancipation of most Spanish colonies in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were finally given up in 1898, following the Spanish–American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended the Spanish rule in the Americas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conquests
1.1 West Indies
1.2 Mexico
1.3 Peru
1.4 Río de la Plata and Paraguay
1.5 New Granada
2 Governance
2.1 Dominions
2.1.1 North America, Central America
2.1.2 South America
3 19th century
3.1 Demographic impact
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
6.1 Historiography
7 External links
Conquests[edit]
Iberian territory of Crown of Castile. .
Overseas north territory of Crown of Castile (New Spain and Philippines)
Overseas south territory of Crown of Castile (Perú, New Granada and Río de la Plata)
The Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created a single Spanish monarchy. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms. The Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus for a voyage to reach India by sailing West. The funding came from the queen of Castile, so the profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy.[1]
West Indies[edit]
Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus the governorship of the new territories, and financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys. He founded La Navidad on the island later named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic), in what is the present-day Haiti on his first voyage. After its destruction by the indigenous Taino people, the town of Isabella was begun in 1493, on his second voyage. In 1496 his brother, Bartholomew, founded Santo Domingo. By 1500, despite a high death rate, there were between 300 and 1000 Spanish settled in the area. The local Taíno people continued to resist, refusing to plant crops and abandoning their Spanish-occupied villages. The first mainland explorations were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[2] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernández de Serpa's foundation in 1569. The Spanish founded San Sebastian de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa María la Antigua del Darién.[3]
Mexico[edit]
Main article: Spanish conquest of Mexico
Further information: Spanish conquest of Yucatán and Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Spanish Conquest of Mexico, meeting of Cortés and Moctezuma II
Map depicting Cortes' invasion route
The Spanish conquest of Mexico is generally understood to be the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–21) which was the base for later conquests of other regions. Later conquests were protracted campaigns with less spectacular results than the conquest of the Aztecs. The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations.[4][5][6] But not until the Spanish conquest of Peru was the conquest of the Aztecs matched in scope by the victory over the Inca empire in 1532.
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire was led by Hernán Cortés. The victory over the Aztecs was relatively quick, from 1519 to 1521, and aided by his Tlaxcala and other allies from indigenous city-states or altepetl. These polities allied against the Aztec empire, to which they paid tribute following conquest or threat of conquest, leaving the city-states' political hierarchy and social structure in place.
The Spanish conquest of Yucatán was a much longer campaign, from 1551 to 1697, against the Maya peoples in the Yucatán Peninsula of present-day Mexico and northern Central America. Hernán Cortés' landing ashore at present day Veracruz and founding the Spanish city there on April 22, 1519 marked the beginning of 300 years of Spanish hegemony over the region. The assertion of royal control over the Kingdom of New Spain and the initial Spanish conquerors took over a decade, with importance of the region meriting the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Established by Charles V in 1535, the first viceroy was Don Antonio de Mendoza.
Spain colonized and exerted control of Alta California through the Spanish missions in California until the Mexican secularization act of 1833.
Peru[edit]
Main article: Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Vasco Núñez de Balboa claiming possession of the South Sea (Pacific Ocean)
Map depicting the route of Pizarro from Panama to Cuzco
In 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca a group of Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro and their indigenous Andean Indian auxiliaries native allies ambushed and captured the Emperor Atahualpa of the Inca Empire. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In the following years Spain extended its rule over the Empire of the Inca civilization.
The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Cañaris. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.
Río de la Plata and Paraguay[edit]
European explorers arrived in Río de la Plata in 1516. Their first Spanish settlement in this zone was the Fort of Sancti Spiritu established in 1527 next to the Paraná River. Buenos Aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536 and in 1537 Asunción was established in the area that is now Paraguay. Buenos Aires suffered attacks by the indigenous peoples that forced the settlers away, and in 1541 the site was abandoned. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires." The city came to be the head of the Governorate of the Río de la Plata and in 1776 elevated to be the capital of the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
New Granada[edit]
Main article: Spanish conquest of the Muisca
See also: Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernán second in command.[7] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogotá, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia.[8]
Governance[edit]
Main articles: Spanish Empire, Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, and Intendant § The Spanish Monarchy
Argentine Cabildo council
Spain's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 (capital, Mexico City), and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 (capital, Lima). In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 (capital, Bogotá), and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 (capital, Buenos Aires) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru. The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires.
The system of crown rule evolved from the era of the Catholic Monarchs, which established the Council of the Indies, to the establishment of viceroyalties in Mexico and Peru following their conquests in the Hapsburg era, and then into an Intendant system in the eighteenth century as part of the Bourbon Reforms. The reform was aimed at increasing crown control over its colonies, raising more revenue, and promoting greater efficiency.
Dominions[edit]
Juan Ponce de León (Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain) led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named.
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Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821)
Las Californias
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Nuevo Santander
Nueva Vizcaya
Santa Fe de Nuevo México
Nueva Extremadura
Nueva Galicia
Captaincy General of Guatemala
Captaincy General of the Philippines (administered by New Spain from 1565 to 1821, then after Mexican independence transferred to and directly administered by Madrid until 1898)
Captaincy General of Cuba (until 1898) – Included in this captaincy general until 1819 was Florida.
Captaincy General of Puerto Rico (until 1898)
Santo Domingo (last Spanish rule 1861–1865)
South America[edit]
Viceroyalty of Perú (1542–1824)
Captaincy General of Chile (1541–1818)
Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819)
Captaincy General of Venezuela
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1814)
19th century[edit]
Main article: Spanish American wars of independence
Spanish colonialization in the Americas.
During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country.
In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The first two were in present-day Bolivia at Sucre (May 25), and La Paz (July 16); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (August 10). In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. The Plan of Iguala was part of the peace treaty to establish a constitutional foundation for an independent Mexico.
These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. All of the colonies, except Cuba and Puerto Rico, attained independence by the 1820s. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas.
In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the Spanish–American War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory.
Demographic impact[edit]
It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to Latin America in the period between 1492 and 1824, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.[9]
In Hispaniola, the indigenous Taíno pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. Although population estimates vary, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas, the "Defender of the Indians" estimated there were 6 million (6,000,000) Taíno and Arawak in the Caribbean at the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492.[citation needed]
The population of the Native Amerindian population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1–2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century.[citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline.
Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (1896–1974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. According to Cook, the indigenous Californian population at first contact, in 1769, was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (1821–1910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (1846–1910).[10][11][12]
See also[edit]
New Spain portal
Colombia portal
Argentina portal
Ecuador portal
Venezuela portal
Atlantic World
Historiography of Colonial Spanish America
Black Legend
Habsburg Spain
Inter caetera
List of largest empires
New Spain
Old Spanish Trail (trade route)
Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Smallpox Epidemics in the New World
Spanish conquest of Chiapas
Spanish conquest of El Salvador
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Spanish conquest of Honduras
Spanish conquest of Petén
Spanish conquest of the Maya
Timeline of imperialism#Colonization of North America
Valladolid debate
Viceroyalty of Peru
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ida Altman, S.L. Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico, Pearson, 2003 pp. 35–36.
Jump up ^ [1] Sucre State Government: Cumaná in History (Spanish)
Jump up ^ Tibesar, A.S. (1957). "The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Espanañola, 1505–1559". The Americas. 13 (4): 377–389. doi:10.2307/979442. JSTOR 979442.
Jump up ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatan. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution.
Jump up ^ Ida Altman, The War for Mexico's West. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2010.
Jump up ^ Philip W. Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: North America's Last Frontier War. Tempe: Center for Latin America Studies, Arizona State University 1975. First published by University of California Press 1952.
Jump up ^ Clements Markham, The Conquest of New Granada (1912) online
Jump up ^ Avellaneda Navas, José Ignacio. The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995) ISBN 978-0-8263-1612-7
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=lvvynCzrJOwC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=emigraci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+a+las+indias+cifras&source=bl&ots=WIWVcSlOdq&sig=4XmK7Gkv36L6qQ4jItqp7a553dI&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwinzqqfsrLPAhWKAsAKHXbSBf0Q6AEINzAE#v=onepage&q=emigraci%C3%B3n%20espa%C3%B1ola%20a%20las%20indias%20cifras&f=false
Jump up ^ Baumhoff, Martin A. 1963. Ecological Determinants of Aboriginal California Populations. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 49:155–236.
Jump up ^ Powers, Stephen. 1875. "California Indian Characteristics". Overland Monthly 14:297–309. on-line
Jump up ^ Cook's judgement on the effects of U.S rule upon the native Californians is harsh: "The first (factor) was the food supply... The second factor was disease. ...A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident."Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970. University of California Press, Berkeley|p. 200
Bibliography[edit]
Brading, D. A., The First America: the Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Clark, Larry R. Spanish Attempts to Colonize Southeast North America: 1513–1587 (McFarland & Company, 2010) ISBN 978-0-7864-5909-4
Elliott, J. H. Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007)
Hanke, Lewis. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1965).
Haring, Clarence H. The Spanish Empire in America (London: Oxford University Press, 1947)
Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (HarperCollins, 2004)
Merriman, Roger Bigelow. The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 Vol. London: Macmillan, 1918) online free
Portuondo, María M. Secret Science: Spanish Cosmography and the New World (Chicago: Chicago UP, 2009).
Restall, Matthew and Felipe Fernández-Armesto. The Conquistadors: A Very Short Introduction (2012) excerpt and text search
Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan (2005)
Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America (Yale University Press, 1992)
Historiography[edit]
Alejandro Cañeque. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America" History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280–291, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12043
Weber, David J. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect." Journal of the Southwest (1987): 331–363. See John Francis Bannon
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
Spain in America (Edward Gaylord Bourne, 1904) 'Spain in America'
The Spanish Borderlands (Herbert E. Bolton, 1921) 'The Spanish Borderlands'
Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history
The short film Spanish Empire in the New World (1992) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
“The Political Force of Images,” Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820.
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Slavery in the Americas

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value: الاستعمار الإسباني للأمريكتين – Arabic

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