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Electromagnetic spectrum
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Class
Freq-
uency
Wave-
length
Energy
Ionizing
radiation γ Gamma rays 300 EHz 1 pm 1.24 MeV
30 EHz 10 pm 124 keV
HX Hard X-rays
3 EHz 100 pm 12.4 keV
SX Soft X-rays
300 PHz 1 nm 1.24 keV
30 PHz 10 nm 124 eV
EUV Extreme
ultraviolet
3 PHz 100 nm 12.4 eV
NUV Near
ultraviolet
Visible 300 THz 1 μm 1.24 eV
NIR Near infrared
30 THz 10 μm 124 meV
MIR Mid infrared
3 THz 100 μm 12.4 meV
FIR Far infrared
300 GHz 1 mm 1.24 meV
Micro-
waves
and
radio
waves EHF Extremely high
frequency
30 GHz 1 cm 124 μeV
SHF Super high
frequency
3 GHz 1 dm 12.4 μeV
UHF Ultra high
frequency
300 MHz 1 m 1.24 μeV
VHF Very high
frequency
30 MHz 10 m 124 neV
HF High
frequency
3 MHz 100 m 12.4 neV
MF Medium
frequency
300 kHz 1 km 1.24 neV
LF Low
frequency
30 kHz 10 km 124 peV
VLF Very low
frequency
3 kHz 100 km 12.4 peV
ULF Ultra low frequency
300 Hz 1 Mm 1.24 peV
SLF Super low
frequency
30 Hz 10 Mm 124 feV
ELF Extremely low
frequency
3 Hz 100 Mm 12.4 feV
Sources: File:Light spectrum.svg [1][2][3]
Legend[1][2][3]
γ = Gamma rays MIR = Mid infrared HF = High freq.
HX = Hard X-rays FIR = Far infrared MF = Medium freq.
SX = Soft X-rays Radio waves LF = Low freq.
EUV = Extreme ultraviolet EHF = Extremely high freq. VLF = Very low freq.
NUV = Near ultraviolet SHF = Super high freq. VF/ULF = Voice freq.
Visible light UHF = Ultra high freq. SLF = Super low freq.
NIR = Near Infrared VHF = Very high freq. ELF = Extremely low freq.
Freq = Frequency
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 1025 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus. This frequency range is divided into separate bands, and the electromagnetic waves within each frequency band are called by different names; beginning at the low frequency (long wavelength) end of the spectrum these are: radio waves, microwaves, terahertz waves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays at the high-frequency (short wavelength) end. The electromagnetic waves in each of these bands have different characteristics, such as how they are produced, how they interact with matter, and their practical applications. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.[4] Gamma rays, X-rays, and high ultraviolet are classified as ionizing radiation as their photons have enough energy to ionize atoms, causing chemical reactions. Exposure to these rays can be a health hazard, causing radiation sickness, DNA damage and cancer. Radiation of visible light wavelengths and lower are called nonionizing radiation as they cannot cause these effects.
In most of the frequency bands above, a technique called spectroscopy can be used to physically separate waves of different frequencies, producing a spectrum showing the constituent frequencies. Spectroscopy is used to study the interactions of electromagnetic waves with matter.[5] Other technological uses are described under electromagnetic radiation.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery
2 Range of the spectrum
3 Rationale for spectrum regional names
4 Types of radiation
4.1 Boundaries
4.2 Regions of the spectrum
4.3 Radio frequency
4.4 Microwaves
4.5 Terahertz radiation
4.6 Infrared radiation
4.7 Visible radiation (light)
4.8 Ultraviolet radiation
4.9 X-rays
4.10 Gamma rays
5 See also
6 Notes and references
7 External links
History of electromagnetic spectrum discovery
See also: History of electromagnetism, History of radio, History of electrical engineering, and History of optics
For most of history, visible light was the only known part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ancient Greeks recognized that light traveled in straight lines and studied some of its properties, including reflection and refraction. The study of light continued, and during the 16th and 17th centuries conflicting theories regarded light as either a wave or a particle.[6]
The first discovery of electromagnetic radiation other than visible light came in 1800, when William Herschel discovered infrared radiation.[7] He was studying the temperature of different colors by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond red. He theorized that this temperature change was due to "calorific rays" that were a type of light ray that could not be seen.
The next year, Johann Ritter, working at the other end of the spectrum, noticed what he called "chemical rays" (invisible light rays that induced certain chemical reactions). These behaved similarly to visible violet light rays, but were beyond them in the spectrum.[8] They were later renamed ultraviolet radiation.
Electromagnetic radiation was first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see Faraday effect). During the 1860s James Maxwell developed four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field. Two of these equations predicted the possibility and behavior of waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886 the physicist Heinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what are now called radio waves. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree resin. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of microwaves. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the wireless telegraph and the radio.
In 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an evacuated tube subjected to a high voltage. He called these radiations x-rays and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for them in the field of medicine.
The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of gamma rays. In 1900 Paul Villard was studying the radioactive emissions of radium when he identified a new type of radiation that he first thought consisted of particles similar to known alpha and beta particles, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914, Ernest Rutherford (who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta particles) and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies.
Range of the spectrum
Electromagnetic waves are typically described by any of the following three physical properties: the frequency f, wavelength λ, or photon energy E. Frequencies observed in astronomy range from 7023239999999999999♠2.4×1023 Hz (1 GeV gamma rays) down to the local plasma frequency of the ionized interstellar medium (~1 kHz). Wavelength is inversely proportional to the wave frequency,[5] so gamma rays have very short wavelengths that are fractions of the size of atoms, whereas wavelengths on the opposite end of the spectrum can be as long as the universe. Photon energy is directly proportional to the wave frequency, so gamma ray photons have the highest energy (around a billion electron volts), while radio wave photons have very low energy (around a femtoelectronvolt). These relations are illustrated by the following equations:
f = c λ , or f = E h , or E = h c λ , {\displaystyle f={\frac {c}{\lambda }},\quad {\text{or}}\quad f={\frac {E}{h}},\quad {\text{or}}\quad E={\frac {hc}{\lambda }},}
where:
c = 7008299792458000000♠299792458 m/s is the speed of light in a vacuum
h = 6966662606895999999♠6.62606896(33)×10−34 J·s = 6985413566733000000♠4.13566733(10)×10−15 eV·s is Planck's constant.[9]
Whenever electromagnetic waves exist in a medium with matter, their wavelength is decreased. Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, no matter what medium they are traveling through, are usually quoted in terms of the vacuum wavelength, although this is not always explicitly stated.
Generally, electromagnetic radiation is classified by wavelength into radio wave, microwave, terahertz (or sub-millimeter) radiation, infrared, the visible region that is perceived as light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The behavior of EM radiation depends on its wavelength. When EM radiation interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behavior also depends on the amount of energy per quantum (photon) it carries.
Spectroscopy can detect a much wider region of the EM spectrum than the visible range of 400 nm to 700 nm. A common laboratory spectroscope can detect wavelengths from 2 nm to 2500 nm.[citation needed] Detailed information about the physical properties of objects, gases, or even stars can be obtained from this type of device. Spectroscopes are widely used in astrophysics. For example, many hydrogen atoms emit a radio wave photon that has a wavelength of 21.12 cm. Also, frequencies of 30 Hz and below can be produced by and are important in the study of certain stellar nebulae[10] and frequencies as high as 7027290000000000000♠2.9×1027 Hz have been detected from astrophysical sources.[11]
Rationale for spectrum regional names
Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter in different ways across the spectrum. These types of interaction are so different that historically different names have been applied to different parts of the spectrum, as though these were different types of radiation. Thus, although these "different kinds" of electromagnetic radiation form a quantitatively continuous spectrum of frequencies and wavelengths, the spectrum remains divided for practical reasons related to these qualitative interaction differences.
Electromagnetic radiation interaction with matter
Region of the spectrum
Main interactions with matter
Radio Collective oscillation of charge carriers in bulk material (plasma oscillation). An example would be the oscillatory travels of the electrons in an antenna.
Microwave through far infrared Plasma oscillation, molecular rotation
Near infrared Molecular vibration, plasma oscillation (in metals only)
Visible Molecular electron excitation (including pigment molecules found in the human retina), plasma oscillations (in metals only)
Ultraviolet Excitation of molecular and atomic valence electrons, including ejection of the electrons (photoelectric effect)
X-rays Excitation and ejection of core atomic electrons, Compton scattering (for low atomic numbers)
Gamma rays Energetic ejection of core electrons in heavy elements, Compton scattering (for all atomic numbers), excitation of atomic nuclei, including dissociation of nuclei
High-energy gamma rays Creation of particle-antiparticle pairs. At very high energies a single photon can create a shower of high-energy particles and antiparticles upon interaction with matter.
Types of radiation
The electromagnetic spectrum
A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths
Boundaries
A discussion of the regions (or bands or types) of the electromagnetic spectrum is given below. Note that there are no precisely defined boundaries between the bands of the electromagnetic spectrum; rather they fade into each other like the bands in a rainbow (which is the sub-spectrum of visible light). Radiation of each frequency and wavelength (or in each band) has a mix of properties of the two regions of the spectrum that bound it. For example, red light resembles infrared radiation in that it can excite and add energy to some chemical bonds and indeed must do so to power the chemical mechanisms responsible for photosynthesis and the working of the visual system.
Regions of the spectrum
The types of electromagnetic radiation are broadly classified into the following classes:[5]
Gamma radiation
X-ray radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
Visible radiation
Infrared radiation
Terahertz radiation
Microwave radiation
Radio waves
This classification goes in the increasing order of wavelength, which is characteristic of the type of radiation.[5] While, in general, the classification scheme is accurate, in reality there is often some overlap between neighboring types of electromagnetic energy. For example, SLF radio waves at 60 Hz may be received and studied by astronomers, or may be ducted along wires as electric power, although the latter is, in the strict sense, not electromagnetic radiation at all (see near and far field).
The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays is partly based on sources: the photons generated from nuclear decay or other nuclear and subnuclear/particle process, are always termed gamma rays, whereas X-rays are generated by electronic transitions involving highly energetic inner atomic electrons.[12][13][14] In general, nuclear transitions are much more energetic than electronic transitions, so gamma-rays are more energetic than X-rays, but exceptions exist. By analogy to electronic transitions, muonic atom transitions are also said to produce X-rays, even though their energy may exceed 6 megaelectronvolts (0.96 pJ),[15] whereas there are many (77 known to be less than 10 keV (1.6 fJ)) low-energy nuclear transitions (e.g., the 7.6 eV (1.22 aJ) nuclear transition of thorium-229), and, despite being one million-fold less energetic than some muonic X-rays, the emitted photons are still called gamma rays due to their nuclear origin.[16]
The convention that EM radiation that is known to come from the nucleus, is always called "gamma ray" radiation is the only convention that is universally respected, however. Many astronomical gamma ray sources (such as gamma ray bursts) are known to be too energetic (in both intensity and wavelength) to be of nuclear origin. Quite often, in high energy physics and in medical radiotherapy, very high energy EMR (in the >10 MeV region)—which is of higher energy than any nuclear gamma ray—is not called X-ray or gamma-ray, but instead by the generic term of "high energy photons."
The region of the spectrum where a particular observed electromagnetic radiation falls, is reference frame-dependent (due to the Doppler shift for light), so EM radiation that one observer would say is in one region of the spectrum could appear to an observer moving at a substantial fraction of the speed of light with respect to the first to be in another part of the spectrum. For example, consider the cosmic microwave background. It was produced, when matter and radiation decoupled, by the de-excitation of hydrogen atoms to the ground state. These photons were from Lyman series transitions, putting them in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Now this radiation has undergone enough cosmological red shift to put it into the microwave region of the spectrum for observers moving slowly (compared to the speed of light) with respect to the cosmos.
Radio frequency
Main articles: Radio frequency, Radio spectrum, and Radio waves
Radio waves are emitted and received by antennas, which consist of conductors such as metal rod resonators. In artificial generation of radio waves, an electronic device called a transmitter generates an AC electric current which is applied to an antenna. The oscillating electrons in the antenna generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that radiate away from the antenna as radio waves. In reception of radio waves, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of a radio wave couple to the electrons in an antenna, pushing them back and forth, creating oscillating currents which are applied to a radio receiver. Earth's atmosphere is mainly transparent to radio waves, except for layers of charged particles in the ionosphere which can reflect certain frequencies.
Radio waves are extremely widely used to transmit information across distances in radio communication systems such as radio broadcasting, television, two way radios, mobile phones, communication satellites, and wireless networking. In a radio communication system, a radio frequency current is modulated with an information-bearing signal in a transmitter by varying either the amplitude, frequency or phase, and applied to an antenna. The radio waves carry the information across space to a receiver, where they are received by an antenna and the information extracted by demodulation in the receiver. Radio waves are also used for navigation in systems like Global Positioning System (GPS) and navigational beacons, and locating distant objects in radiolocation and radar. They are also used for remote control, and for industrial heating.
The use of the radio spectrum is strictly regulated by governments, coordinated by a body called the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) which allocates frequencies to different users for different uses.
Microwaves
Main article: Microwaves
Plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
Microwaves are radio waves of short wavelength, from about 10 centimeters to one millimeter, in the SHF and EHF frequency bands. Microwave energy is produced with klystron and magnetron tubes, and with solid state devices such as Gunn and IMPATT diodes. Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas, they are also absorbed by polar molecules, coupling to vibrational and rotational modes, resulting in bulk heating. Unlike higher frequency waves such as infrared and light which are absorbed mainly at surfaces, microwaves can penetrate into materials and deposit their energy below the surface. This effect is used to heat food in microwave ovens, and for industrial heating and medical diathermy. Microwaves are the main wavelengths used in radar, and are used for satellite communication, and wireless networking technologies such as Wifi, although this is at intensity levels unable to cause thermal heating. The copper cables (transmission lines) which are used to carry lower frequency radio waves to antennas have excessive power losses at microwave frequencies, and metal pipes called waveguides are used to carry them. Although at the low end of the band the atmosphere is mainly transparent, at the upper end of the band absorption of microwaves by atmospheric gasses limits practical propagation distances to a few kilometers.
Terahertz radiation
Main article: Terahertz radiation
Terahertz radiation is a region of the spectrum between far infrared and microwaves. Until recently, the range was rarely studied and few sources existed for microwave energy at the high end of the band (sub-millimeter waves or so-called terahertz waves), but applications such as imaging and communications are now appearing. Scientists are also looking to apply terahertz technology in the armed forces, where high-frequency waves might be directed at enemy troops to incapacitate their electronic equipment.[17] Terahertz radiation is strongly absorbed by atmospheric gases, making this frequency range useless for long distance communication.
Infrared radiation
Main article: Infrared radiation
The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz to 400 THz (1 mm - 750 nm). It can be divided into three parts:[5]
Far-infrared, from 300 GHz to 30 THz (1 mm – 10 μm). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves or terahertz waves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in Earth's atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere in effect opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges ("windows") within the opaque range that allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 μm up to a few mm is often referred to as "sub-millimeter" in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 μm.
Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10–2.5 μm). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range, and human skin at normal body temperature radiates strongly at the lower end of this region. This radiation is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region, since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound.
Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500–750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light. The highest frequences in this region can be detected directly by some types of photographic film, and by many types of solid state image sensors for infrared photography and videography.
Visible radiation (light)
Main article: Visible spectrum
Above infrared in frequency comes visible light. The Sun emits its peak power in the visible region, although integrating the entire emission power spectrum through all wavelengths shows that the Sun emits slightly more infrared than visible light.[18] By definition, visible light is the part of the EM spectrum the human eye is the most sensitive to. Visible light (and near-infrared light) is typically absorbed and emitted by electrons in molecules and atoms that move from one energy level to another. This action allows the chemical mechanisms that underlie human vision and plant photosynthesis. The light that excites the human visual system is a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. A rainbow shows the optical (visible) part of the electromagnetic spectrum; infrared (if it could be seen) would be located just beyond the red side of the rainbow with ultraviolet appearing just beyond the violet end.
Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 nm and 760 nm (400–790 terahertz) is detected by the human eye and perceived as visible light. Other wavelengths, especially near infrared (longer than 760 nm) and ultraviolet (shorter than 380 nm) are also sometimes referred to as light, especially when the visibility to humans is not relevant. White light is a combination of lights of different wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Passing white light through a prism splits it up into the several colors of light observed in the visible spectrum between 400 nm and 780 nm.
If radiation having a frequency in the visible region of the EM spectrum reflects off an object, say, a bowl of fruit, and then strikes the eyes, this results in visual perception of the scene. The brain's visual system processes the multitude of reflected frequencies into different shades and hues, and through this insufficiently-understood psychophysical phenomenon, most people perceive a bowl of fruit.
At most wavelengths, however, the information carried by electromagnetic radiation is not directly detected by human senses. Natural sources produce EM radiation across the spectrum, and technology can also manipulate a broad range of wavelengths. Optical fiber transmits light that, although not necessarily in the visible part of the spectrum (it is usually infrared), can carry information. The modulation is similar to that used with radio waves.
Ultraviolet radiation
Main article: Ultraviolet
The amount of penetration of UV relative to altitude in Earth's ozone
Next in frequency comes ultraviolet (UV). The wavelength of UV rays is shorter than the violet end of the visible spectrum but longer than the X-ray.
UV is the longest wavelength radiation whose photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms, separating electrons from them, and thus causing chemical reactions. Short wavelength UV and the shorter wavelength radiation above it (X-rays and gamma rays) are called ionizing radiation, and exposure to them can damage living tissue, making them a health hazard. UV can also cause many substances to glow with visible light; this is called fluorescence.
At the middle range of UV, UV rays cannot ionize but can break chemical bonds, making molecules unusually reactive. Sunburn, for example, is caused by the disruptive effects of middle range UV radiation on skin cells, which is the main cause of skin cancer. UV rays in the middle range can irreparably damage the complex DNA molecules in the cells producing thymine dimers making it a very potent mutagen.
The Sun emits significant UV radiation (about 10% of its total power), including extremely short wavelength UV that could potentially destroy most life on land (ocean water would provide some protection for life there). However, most of the Sun's damaging UV wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere before they reach the surface. The higher energy (shortest wavelength) ranges of UV (called "vacuum UV") are absorbed by nitrogen and, at longer wavelengths, by simple diatomic oxygen in the air. Most of the UV in the mid-range of energy is blocked by the ozone layer, which absorbs strongly in the important 200–315 nm range, the lower energy part of which is too long for ordinary dioxygen in air to absorb. This leaves less than 3% of sunlight at sea level in UV, with all of this remainder at the lower energies. The remainder is UV-A, along with some UV-B. The very lowest energy range of UV between 315 nm and visible light (called UV-A) is not blocked well by the atmosphere, but does not cause sunburn and does less biological damage. However, it is not harmless and does create oxygen radicals, mutations and skin damage. See ultraviolet for more information.
X-rays
Main article: X-rays
After UV come X-rays, which, like the upper ranges of UV are also ionizing. However, due to their higher energies, X-rays can also interact with matter by means of the Compton effect. Hard X-rays have shorter wavelengths than soft X-rays and as they can pass through many substances with little absorption, they can be used to 'see through' objects with 'thicknesses' less than that equivalent to a few meters of water. One notable use is diagnostic X-ray imaging in medicine (a process known as radiography). X-rays are useful as probes in high-energy physics. In astronomy, the accretion disks around neutron stars and black holes emit X-rays, enabling studies of these phenomena. X-rays are also emitted by the coronas of stars and are strongly emitted by some types of nebulae. However, X-ray telescopes must be placed outside the Earth's atmosphere to see astronomical X-rays, since the great depth of the atmosphere of Earth is opaque to X-rays (with areal density of 1000 grams per cm2), equivalent to 10 meters thickness of water.[19] This is an amount sufficient to block almost all astronomical X-rays (and also astronomical gamma rays—see below).
Gamma rays
Main article: Gamma rays
After hard X-rays come gamma rays, which were discovered by Paul Ulrich Villard in 1900. These are the most energetic photons, having no defined lower limit to their wavelength. In astronomy they are valuable for studying high-energy objects or regions, however as with X-rays this can only be done with telescopes outside the Earth's atmosphere. Gamma rays are used experimentally by physicists for their penetrating ability and are produced by a number of radioisotopes. They are used for irradiation of foods and seeds for sterilization, and in medicine they are occasionally used in radiation cancer therapy.[20] More commonly, gamma rays are used for diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine, an example being PET scans. The wavelength of gamma rays can be measured with high accuracy through the effects of Compton scattering.
See also
Electromagnetism portal
Electronics portal
Telecommunication portal
Bandplan
Cosmic ray
Digital dividend after digital television transition
Electroencephalography
Infrared window
Ionizing radiation
List of international common standards
Optical window
Ozone layer
Radiant energy
Radiation
Radio window
Spectroscopy
V band
W band
Notes and references
^ Jump up to: a b What is Light? Archived December 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. – UC Davis lecture slides
^ Jump up to: a b Elert, Glenn. "The Electromagnetic Spectrum, The Physics Hypertextbook". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Definition of frequency bands on". Vlf.it. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ Bakshi, U. A.; Godse, A. P. (2009). Basic Electronics Engineering. Technical Publications. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-81-8431-580-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Mehta, Akul. "Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Spectroscopy". Pharmaxchange.info. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
Jump up ^ Haitel, Gary (2014-05-15). Origins and Grand Finale: How the Bible and Science relate to the Origin of Everything, Abuses of Political Authority, and End Times Predictions. iUniverse. ISBN 9781491732571.
Jump up ^ "Herschel Discovers Infrared Light". Cool Cosmos Classroom activities. Archived from the original on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 4 March 2013. He directed sunlight through a glass prism to create a spectrum […] and then measured the temperature of each colour. […] He found that the temperatures of the colors increased from the violet to the red part of the spectrum. […] Herschel decided to measure the temperature just beyond the red of the spectrum in a region where no sunlight was visible. To his surprise, he found that this region had the highest temperature of all.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Michael W. "Johann Wilhelm Ritter (1776–1810)". The Florida State University. Retrieved 5 March 2013. Ritter […] hypothesized that there must also be invisible radiation beyond the violet end of the spectrum and commenced experiments to confirm his speculation. He began working with silver chloride, a substance decomposed by light, measuring the speed at which different colors of light broke it down. […] Ritter […] demonstrated that the fastest rate of decomposition occurred with radiation that could not be seen, but that existed in a region beyond the violet. Ritter initially referred to the new type of radiation as chemical rays, but the title of ultraviolet radiation eventually became the preferred term.
Jump up ^ Mohr, Peter J.; Taylor, Barry N.; Newell, David B. (2008). "CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2006". Reviews of Modern Physics. 80 (2): 633–730. arXiv:0801.0028  . Bibcode:2008RvMP...80..633M. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633. Direct link to value.
Jump up ^ Condon, J. J.; Ransom, S. M. "Essential Radio Astronomy: Pulsar Properties". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
Jump up ^ Abdo, A. A.; Allen, B.; Berley, D.; Blaufuss, E.; Casanova, S.; Chen, C.; Coyne, D. G.; Delay, R. S.; Dingus, B. L.; Ellsworth, R. W.; Fleysher, L.; Fleysher, R.; Gebauer, I.; Gonzalez, M. M.; Goodman, J. A.; Hays, E.; Hoffman, C. M.; Kolterman, B. E.; Kelley, L. A.; Lansdell, C. P.; Linnemann, J. T.; McEnery, J. E.; Mincer, A. I.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Nemethy, P.; Noyes, D.; Ryan, J. M.; Samuelson, F. W.; Saz Parkinson, P. M.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 658: L33. arXiv:astro-ph/0611691  . Bibcode:2007ApJ...658L..33A. doi:10.1086/513696.
Jump up ^ Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1. USA: Addison-Wesley. pp. 2–5. ISBN 0-201-02116-1.
Jump up ^ L'Annunziata, Michael; Baradei, Mohammad (2003). Handbook of Radioactivity Analysis. Academic Press. p. 58. ISBN 0-12-436603-1.
Jump up ^ Grupen, Claus; Cowan, G.; Eidelman, S. D.; Stroh, T. (2005). Astroparticle Physics. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 3-540-25312-2.
Jump up ^ Corrections to muonic X-rays and a possible proton halo slac-pub-0335 (1967)
Jump up ^ "Gamma-Rays". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Advanced weapon systems using lethal Short-pulse terahertz radiation from high-intensity-laser-produced plasmas". India Daily. March 6, 2005. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
Jump up ^ "Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5". Retrieved 2009-11-12.
Jump up ^ Koontz, Steve (26 June 2012) Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose. NASA/MIT Workshop. See pages I-7 (atmosphere) and I-23 (for water).
Jump up ^ Uses of Electromagnetic Waves | gcse-revision, physics, waves, uses-electromagnetic-waves | Revision World
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electromagnetic spectrum.
UnwantedEmissions.com (U.S. radio spectrum allocations resource)
Australian Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Chart (from Australian Communications and Media Authority)
Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (from Industry Canada)
U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart — Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
Flash EM Spectrum Presentation / Tool – Very complete and customizable.
How to render the color spectrum / Code – Only approximately right.
Poster "Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum" (992 kB)
Electromagnetic Spectrum presentation
Electromagnetic Spectrum Strategy: A Call to Action U.S. Department of Defense
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List of American Idol alumni album sales in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career. It only lists main albums released in the alumni's post-Idol career. American Idol compilations, individual artist's pre-Idol recordings, EPs, and compilation albums are not listed here, however, the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases. For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist, please see their individual discography pages (linked here in the total number in parentheses). Sales figure listed are for U.S. only.
Contents
[hide]
1 Artists with RIAA certified albums
2 Artists without RIAA certified albums
3 References
4 External links
Artists with RIAA certified albums[edit]
This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. (Gold, Platinum, and/or Multi-platinum). Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first. The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here.
Contestant
Total sales
First album
Second album
Third album
Fourth album
Fifth album
Sixth album
Seventh album
Eighth album
1. Carrie Underwood
(season 4, winner)
16,389,000[1] Some Hearts
(November 15, 2005)
Arista Nashville
7,450,000[2]
8x Platinum[3]
Peak: #2 Carnival Ride
(October 23, 2007)
Arista Nashville
3,400,000[4]
4x Platinum[5]
Peak: #1 Play On
(November 3, 2009)
Arista Nashville
2,300,000[4]
3x Platinum[6]
Peak: #1 Blown Away
(May 1, 2012)
Arista Nashville
1,794,800[7]
2x Platinum[8]
Peak: #1 Storyteller
(October 23, 2015)
Arista Nashville
752,100[9]
Platinum[10]
Peak: #2
2. Kelly Clarkson
(season 1, winner)
14,150,000 Thankful
(April 15, 2003)
RCA
2,800,000[1]
2x Platinum[11]
Peak: #1 Breakaway
(November 30, 2004)
RCA
6,355,000[1]
6x Platinum[12]
Peak: #3 My December
(June 26, 2007)
RCA
858,000[1]
Platinum[13]
Peak: #2 All I Ever Wanted
(March 10, 2009)
RCA
1,004,000[1]
N/A
Peak: #1 Stronger
(October 24, 2011)
RCA
1,129,000[1]
Platinum[14]
Peak: #2 Wrapped in Red
(October 29, 2013)
RCA
942,000[1]
Platinum[15]
Peak: #3 Piece by Piece
(March 3, 2015)
RCA
284,000[1]
Gold
Peak: #1 Meaning of Life
(October 27, 2017)
Atlantic[16]
3. Chris Daughtry
(as Daughtry)
(season 5, 4th place)
7,352,000[17] Daughtry
(November 21, 2006)
RCA
5,040,000[2]
4x Platinum[18]
Peak: #1 Leave This Town
(July 14, 2009)
RCA
1,357,000[19]
Platinum[18]
Peak: #1 Break the Spell
(November 21, 2011)
RCA
513,000[20]
Gold[21]
Peak: #8 Baptized
(November 19, 2013)
RCA
270,000[22]
N/A
Peak: #6 TBD
(2017)
RCA
4. Clay Aiken
(season 2, runner-up)
5,069,000[17] Measure of a Man
(October 14, 2003)
RCA
2,786,000[23]
2x Platinum[24]
Peak: #1 Merry Christmas with Love
(November 16, 2004)
RCA
1,416,000[25]
Platinum[24]
Peak: #4 A Thousand Different Ways
(September 19, 2006)
RCA
531,000[26]
Gold[24]
Peak: #2 On My Way Here
(May 6, 2008)
RCA
165,000[26]
N/A
Peak: #4 Tried and True / Steadfast
(June 1, 2010) / (March 26, 2012)
Decca / Universal
80,000 note 1[27]
N/A
Peak: #9 / #120
5. Fantasia Barrino
(season 3, winner)
3,332,000[17] Free Yourself
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
1,839,000[23]
Platinum[28]
Peak: #8 Fantasia
(December 12, 2006)
J Records
530,000[29]
Gold[28]
Peak: #19 Back to Me
(August 24, 2010)
J Records
490,000[30]
N/A
Peak: #2 Side Effects of You
(April 23, 2013)
RCA
300,000[31]
Peak: #2 The Definition Of...
(July 28, 2016)
RCA
32,000[32]
Peak: #6
6. Ruben Studdard
(season 2, winner)
2,644,000[17] Soulful
(December 9, 2003)
J Records
1,792,000[23]
Platinum[33]
Peak: #1 I Need an Angel
(November 23, 2004)
J Records
483,000[34]
Gold[33]
Peak: #20 The Return
(October 17, 2006)
J Records
238,000[34]
N/A
Peak: #8 Love Is
(May 19, 2009)
Hickory Records
50,000[35]
N/A
Peak: #36 Letters from Birmingham
(March 13, 2012)
Shanachie
17,000[36]
N/A
Peak: #150 Unconditional Love
(February 4, 2014)
The Verve Music Group
6,000[37]
N/A
Peak: #46
7. Scotty McCreery
(season 10, winner)
2,165,000[17] Clear as Day
(October 4, 2011)
Mercury Nashville
1,166,000[38]
Platinum[39]
Peak: #1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery
(October 16, 2012)
Mercury Nashville
382,000[40]
Gold[41]
Peak: #4 See You Tonight
(October 15, 2013)
Mercury Nashville
269,900[42]
N/A
Peak: #6
8. Kellie Pickler
(season 5, 6th place)
1,557,000[17] Small Town Girl
(October 31, 2006)
BNA
900,000[43]
Gold[44]
Peak: #9 Kellie Pickler
(September 30, 2008)
BNA
470,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #9 100 Proof
(January 24, 2012)
BNA
90,000[43]
N/A
Peak: #7 The Woman I Am
November 11, 2013
Black River Entertainment
47,000[45]
N/A
Peak: #19
9. David Cook
(season 7, winner)
1,510,000[4] David Cook
(November 18, 2008)
RCA
1,380,000[19]
Platinum[46]
Peak: #3 This Loud Morning
(June 28, 2011)
RCA
133,000[47]
N/A
Peak: #7 Digital Vein
(September 18, 2015)
InGrooves Music
11,000[48]
N/A
Peak: #35
10. Phillip Phillips
(season 11, winner)
1,490,000[17] The World from the Side of the Moon
(November 19, 2012)
Interscope
1,033,000[49]
Platinum[50]
Peak: #4 Behind the Light
(May 19, 2014)
Interscope
123,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #7
11. Jennifer Hudson
(season 3, 7th place)
1,446,000[52] Jennifer Hudson
(September 30, 2008)
Arista
839,000[53]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2 I Remember Me
(March 22, 2011)
Arista
459,000[55]
Gold[54]
Peak: #2 JHUD
(September 23, 2014)
RCA
61,000[51]
N/A
Peak: #10
12. Jordin Sparks
(season 6, winner)
1,313,000[56] Jordin Sparks
(November 20, 2007)
Jive
1,056,000[19]
Platinum[57]
Peak: #10 Battlefield
(July 21, 2009)
Jive
190,000[58]
N/A
Peak: #7 Right Here, Right Now
(August 21, 2015)
Louder Than Life
N/A
Peak: #161
13. Adam Lambert
(season 8, runner-up)
1,291,000[59] For Your Entertainment
(November 23, 2009)
RCA
863,000[60]
Gold[61]
Peak: #3 Trespassing
(May 15, 2012)
RCA
197,000[62]
N/A
Peak: #1 The Original High
(June 16, 2015)
Warner Bros Records
52,000[63]
N/A
Peak: #3
14. David Archuleta
(season 7, runner-up)
1,156,000[52]
David Archuleta
(November 11, 2008)
Jive
765,000[64]
Gold[65]
Peak: #2 Christmas from the Heart
(October 13, 2009)
Jive
246,000[66]
N/A
Peak: #30 The Other Side of Down
(October 5, 2010)
Jive
67,000[64]
N/A
Peak: #13 Begin.
(August 7, 2012)
Highway Records
14,000[67]
N/A
Peak: #28 No Matter How Far
(2013)
E1 Music
5,000[68]
N/A
Peak: #110
15. Josh Gracin
(season 2, 4th place)
804,000[56] Josh Gracin
(June 15, 2004)
Lyric Street
703,000[69]
Gold[70]
Peak: #11 We Weren't Crazy
(April 1, 2008)
Lyric Street
86,000[71]
N/A
Peak: #33 Redemption
(November 8, 2011)
Average Joe's
4,000[72]
N/A
Peak: N/A
16. Taylor Hicks
(season 5, winner)
768,000[52] Taylor Hicks
(December 12, 2006)
Arista
705,000[53]
Platinum[73]
Peak: #2 The Distance
(March 10, 2009)
Modern Whomp
52,000[69]
N/A
Peak: #58
17. Bo Bice
(season 4, runner-up)
757,000[52] The Real Thing
(December 13, 2005)
RCA
673,000[53]
Gold[74]
Peak: #4 See the Light
(October 23, 2007)
StratArt
62,000[75]
N/A
Peak: #150 3
(May 18, 2010)
Saguaro Road
11,000[76]
N/A
Peak: #154
18. Elliott Yamin
(season 5, 3rd place)
696,000[56] Elliott Yamin
(March 20, 2007)
Hickory Records
RED Distribution
527,000[77]
Gold[78]
Peak: #3 Sounds of the Season
(October 14, 2007)
Hickory Records
81,000[79]
N/A
Peak: #32 My Kind of Holiday
(October 7, 2008)
TRP Records,
Fontana Distribution
27,000[80]
N/A
Peak: #162 Fight For Love
(May 5, 2009)
Hickory Records
49,000[77]
N/A
Peak: #26 Let's Get to What's Real
(March 27, 2012)
E1/Purpose Music Group
2,000[81]
N/A
Peak: N/A
^Note 1 Aiken's album, Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name, Steadfast, concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012
Artists without RIAA certified albums[edit]
The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion, although the degree of success varies considerably. This list only includes contestants who have numbers available, and again does not include EPs, American Idol compilations, or pre-Idol recordings, numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases:
Rank
Former Contestant
Total Sales
Albums
19. Mandisa
(season 5, 9th place)
928,000[82]
True Beauty (2007) #43 — 226,000[83]
It's Christmas (2008) #85 — 64,000[84]
Freedom (2009) #83 — 152,000[85]
What If We Were Real (2011) #66 — 270,000[86]
Overcomer (2013) #29 - 140,000[87]
20. Katharine McPhee
(season 5, runner-up)
475,000[52]
Katharine McPhee (2007) #2 — 381,000[26]
Unbroken (2010) #27 — 45,000[26]
Christmas Is the Time…To Say I Love You (2010) did not chart — 23,000[26]
Hysteria (2015) did not chart
21. Lauren Alaina
(season 10, runner-up)
454,000[52]
Wildflower (2011) #5 — 303,000[88]
Road Less Traveled (2016) #31 — 29,100[89]
22. Bucky Covington
(season 5, 8th place)
did not chart 436,000
Bucky Covington (2007) #4 — 433,000[56]
Good Guys (2012) #178 — 3,000[90]
23. Blake Lewis
(season 6, runner-up)
413,000[56]
A.D.D. (Audio Day Dream) (2007) #10 — 350,000[91]
Heartbreak on Vinyl (2009) #135 — 10,000[92]
Portrait of a Chameleon (2013) did not chart — 2,000[93]
24. Kris Allen
(season 8, winner)
401,600
Kris Allen (2009) #11 — 346,000[94]
Thank You Camellia (2012) #26 — 35,000[95]
Horizons (2014) #80 — 4,000[96]
Letting You In (2016)
25. William Hung
(Season 3, Auditioner)
242,000
Inspiration (2004) #34 — 200,000[97]
Hung for the Holidays (2004) did not chart — 35,000[98]
Miracle: Happy Summer from William Hung (2005) did not chart — 7,000[98]
26. Kimberley Locke
(season 2, 3rd place)
241,000[56]
One Love (2004) #16 — 212,000[99]
Based on a True Story (2007) #160 — 22,000[100]
Christmas (2008) did not chart — 3,000[75]
27. Crystal Bowersox
(season 9, runner-up)
230,000[56]
Farmer's Daughter (2010) #28 — 205,000 [101]
All That For This (2013) #71 — 8,000[68]
28. Danny Gokey
(season 8, 3rd place)
204,000
My Best Days (2010) #4 — 204,000[102]
Hope in Front of Me (2014) #40
29. James Durbin
(season 10, 4th place)
192,000
Memories of a Beautiful Disaster (2011) #36 — 121,000[103]
Celebrate (2014) #83
30. Lee DeWyze
(season 9, winner)
178,000
Live It Up (2010) #19 — 153,000[104]
Frames (2013) #116 — 3,000[105]
Oil & Water (2016)
31. Diana DeGarmo
(Season 3, Runner-Up)
168,000[106]
Blue Skies (2004) #52
32. Justin Guarini
(season 1, runner-up)
146,000
Justin Guarini (2003) #20 — 146,000[53]
Stranger Things Have Happened (2005) did not chart
33. Haley Reinhart
(season 10, 3rd place) 143,500
Listen Up! (2012) #17 —77,000[107]
Better (2016) did not chart — 7,500[108]
34. Colton Dixon
(season 11, 7th place)
128,000
A Messenger (2013) #15 — 100,000[109]
Anchor (2014) #23 — 28,000[47]
The Calm Before the Storm (2015) did not chart
35. Tamyra Gray
(season 1, 4th place)
123,000[99]
The Dreamer (2004) #23
36. Jason Castro
(Season 7, 4th Place)
105,000
Jason Castro (2010) #18 — 54,000[110]
Who I Am (2010) #198 — 18,000[111]
Only a Mountain (2013) did not chart — 20,000[112]
37. Allison Iraheta
(Season 8, 4th Place)
103,000[113]
Just Like You (2009) #35
38. Melinda Doolittle
(season 6, 3rd place)
091,000[114]
Coming Back to You (2009) #58
39. Casey James
(season 9, 3rd place)
077,000[38]
Casey James (2012) #23
40. Chris Sligh
(season 6, 10th place)
064,000
Running Back to You (2008) #190 — 54,000[115]
The Anatomy of Broken (2010) did not chart — 10,000[116]
41. LaToya London
(Season 3, 4th Place)
058,000[99]
Love & Life (2005) #82
42. Phil Stacey
(season 6, 6th place)
058,000
Phil Stacey (2008) #43 — 40,000 [80]
Into the Light (2009) did not chart — 18,000[76]
43. Mario Vazquez
(season 4, Top 12)
056,000[117]
Mario Vazquez (2006) #80
44. George Huff
(season 3, 5th place)
52,000
Miracles (2005) did not chart — 29,000 [99]
George Huff (2009) did not chart — 4,000 [114]
45. Brooke White
(season 7, 5th place)
048,000[118]
High Hopes & Heartbreak (2009) #50 — 29,000[114]
Gemini (2011) did not chart — 2,000[119]
46. Carly Smithson
(as a part of We Are the Fallen)
(Season 7, 6th Place)
041,000[120]
Tear the World Down (2010) #33
47. Jessica Sanchez
(Season 11, Runnerup)
38,000
Me, You & the Music (2013) #26 — 17,000[109]
48. Kristy Lee Cook
(season 7, 7th place)
032,000[121]
Why Wait (2008) #49
49. Candice Glover
(Season 12, Winner)
027,000[122]
Music Speaks (2014) #14
50. Casey Abrams
(season 10, 6th place)
27,000[123]
Casey Abrams (2012) #101
51. Constantine Maroulis
(season 4, 6th place)
25,000[124]
Constantine (2007) #75
52. Caleb Johnson
(season 13, winner)
024,000[125]
Testify (2014) #24
53. Paris Bennett
(season 5, 5th place)
22,300
Princess P (2007) #133 — 22,000 [126]
A Royal Christmas (2008) did not chart — 300 [75]
54. R. J. Helton
(season 1, 5th place)
022,000[99]
Real Life (2004) did not chart
55. John Stevens
(Season 3, 6th Place)
021,000[99]
Red (2005) did not chart
56. Michael Johns
(season 7, 8th place)
020,000[114]
Hold Back My Heart (2009) #97
57. Jasmine Trias
(season 3, 3rd place)
014,000[99]
Jasmine Trias (2005) did not chart
58. Ace Young
(season 5, 7th place)
010,000[75]
Ace Young (2008) #160
59. LaKisha Jones
(season 6, 4th place)
007,000[114]
So Glad I'm Me (2009) did not chart
60. Nick Fradiani
(season 14, winner) 005,000[127]
Hurricane (2016) #121
61. Danny Noriega
(season 7, semi) 005,000[128]
Till Death Do Us Party (2014) #59
62. Jim Verraros
(season 1, 9th place) 004,300[99]
Rollercoaster (2005) did not chart
Do Not Disturb (2011) did not chart
63. Carmen Rasmusen
(season 2, 6th place)
003,100[99]
Nothin' Like the Summer (2007) did not chart
64. Kimberly Caldwell
(season 2, 7th place)
003,000[85]
Without Regret (2011) did not chart
65. Ayla Brown
(season 5, Top 16)
003,000[129]
Forward (2006) did not chart
66. Corey Clark
(season 2, 9th place)
002,600[99]
Corey Clark (2005) did not chart
67. Tim Halperin
(Season 10, Semifinal)
002,000[130]
Rise and Fall (2011) did not chart
68. Jon Peter Lewis
(Season 3, 8th Place)
001,600
Stories from Hollywood (2006) did not chart — 1,100[99]
Break the Silence (2008) did not chart — 500[131]
69. Michael Sarver
(season 8, 10th place)
001,000[132]
Michael Sarver (2010) did not chart
70. Josiah Leming
(season 7, Hollywood round)
001,000[76]
Come On Kid (2010) did not chart
71. Kree Harrison
(season 12, 2nd place)
000900[133]
This Old Thing (2016) did not chart
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Trust, Gary (September 10, 2017). "Ask Billboard: Kelly Clarkson's Career Sales & 'Wild Thoughts' About Rihanna". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adele's '25' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carrie Underwood – Some Hearts". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b c Trust, Gary (October 11, 2015). "Ask Billboard: Chart Beat's 'Piano Man' Returns!". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carrie Underwood – Carnival Ride". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carrie Underwood – Play On". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (April 18, 2017). "Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart: April 18, 2017". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carrie Underwood – Blown Away". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (April 24, 2016). "Top 10 Country Albums Chart: April 24, 2016". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Carrie Underwood – Storyteller". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Kelly Clarkson – Thankful". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Kelly Clarkson – Breakaway". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Kelly Clarkson – My December". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Kelly Clarkson – Stronger". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Kelly Clarkson – Wrapped in Red". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Moniuszko, Sara M. "Kelly Clarkson blows up a house with her voice in 'Love So Soft' music video". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b RIAA Search - Daughtry
^ Jump up to: a b c Masley, Ed (Jan 17, 2013). "Hotlist: Best-selling ‘American Idol’ albums".
Jump up ^ Norman Byrd (November 22, 2013). "Daughtry fans get 'Baptized' just before the holidays". AXS.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Daughtry – Break the Spell". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Upcoming Releases". Hits Daily Double. HITS Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Grein, Paul (2013-03-27). "Chart Watch Extra: Phillips Takes Idol Title". Chart Watch. Yahoo. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c RIAA Search - Clay Aiken
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12-29-2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Idol Chatter 01-19-2011 01-12-2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01-19-2011
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2012-01-25). "Kelly Clarkson's 'Stronger' hits the half-million mark". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013-02-01 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges
Jump up ^ [1]
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^ Jump up to: a b RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard
^ Jump up to: a b Ruben Studdard Reconnects With 'Love Is'
Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More
Jump up ^ "‘American Idol’ Finalists: From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks, Where Are They Now?". The Daily Beast. 2012-05-21. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez (February 13, 2014). "Toni Braxton & Babyface’s Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b Mansfield, Brian (2013-04-21). "'Idol' sales: Scotty's new single, more". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Scotty McCreery – Clear as Day". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (December 18, 2013). "Country Album Chart News: The Week of December 18, 2013: Garth Brooks, Duck Dynasty, Cassadee Pope, Parmalee, & Scotty McCreery". Roughstock. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Scotty McCreery – Christmas with Scotty McCreery". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (April 15, 2015). "Country Album Chart Report For April 15, 2015". Roughstock. Sales figure given here
^ Jump up to: a b c Wade Jessen (November 21, 2013). "Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart". Billboard.
Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler
Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke (January 23, 2014). "Country Album Chart News: The Week of January 22, 2013: Jennifer Nettles, Jon Pardi, Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook
^ Jump up to: a b "Upcoming Releases". Hits Daily Double. HITS Digital Ventures. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/blujaylao/status/652834894867881984
Jump up ^ Grein, Paul (2013-11-27). "Chart Watch: Eminem Returns to #1, Gaga Sinks to #8". Yahoo Music. Retrieved November 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – Phillip Phillips – The World from the Side of the Moon". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bill Keveney (January 14, 2014). "TV singing shows fail to create stars". USA Today.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Washington Post 05-23-2011
^ Jump up to: a b RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson
Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner (September 21, 2014). "Jennifer Hudson is happy to be 'this real girl'". USA TODAY.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "American Idol's All Time Top 24 (2012)". Billboard.com. February 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ RIAA Search — Jordin Sparks
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Jump up ^ "Best Selling American Idols". Arizona Central. July 29, 2012.
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Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert
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Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta
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^ Jump up to: a b Mansfield, Brian (2013-04-03). "Colton Dixon's sales soar after 'Idol' performance". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Idol Chatter 12-08-2010
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Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2011-11-30). "Daughtry's 129,000 sales 'Spell' a top-ten debut". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
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Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice
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^ Jump up to: a b c Idol Chatter 09-22-2010
^ Jump up to: a b Idol Chatter 03-04-2010
Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1-16-2008
^ Jump up to: a b Idol Chatter 03-12-2009
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2012-04-18). "James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after 'Idol' appearance". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved April 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "MANDISA’S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE". Star Radio. January 29, 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b Chatter 04-27-2011"
Jump up ^ "Mandisa: Overcomer". Capitol Music.
Jump up ^ Timothy Yap (July 28, 2014). "Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with "Get Up: The Remixes"". Hallels.
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Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (August 7, 2017). "Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: August 7, 2017". Roughstock.
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Jump up ^ "'American Idol's' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic, Lands Microsoft Campaign". Billboard. February 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The best-selling Idol albums from 2009". Idol Chatter. 2010-01-15.
Jump up ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records, Teases New Tune". Reality Rocks. Feb 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin (2012-09-19). "'American Idol' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gary Trust (2013-01-16). "'Ask Billboard: KRIS ALLEN SALES)". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield (August 22, 2014). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'Idol' Hits New Low". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (June 20, 2013). "Will 'The Voice' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood?Chart". EW.com. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Grossman, Samantha (January 19, 2012). "American Idol's William Hung: Where Is He Now?". TIME Magazine. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Barnes, Ken (2008-01-10). "The Ultimate SoundScan Sales/Download Checklist". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7-30-2008
Jump up ^ American Idol: With Scotty McCreery's Successful Debut, Did Universal Learn From Sony's Mistakes?
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03-16-2011
Jump up ^ David Peisner (2014-01-26). "Wind-up In Turnaround" (PDF). Billboard. American Idol. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz (August 12, 2013). "Lee DeWyze's 'Frames': Exclusive Album Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
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Jump up ^ "ole Label Services Soars with Anthem". ole Majorly Indie. 2016-05-20.
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Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11-09-2010
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Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2013-04-24). "'Idol' performance boosts Fantasia sales". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Idol Chatter 01-15-2010
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10-14-2009
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02-23-2011
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Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads, too
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2011-08-31). "Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN: First Episode Of 'Interrogation Video Blog' - Sep. 7, 2010
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01-07-2009
Jump up ^ Andy Graham. "SoundScanner: Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts". VH1.
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (2013-03-27). "'Idol' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5-21-2008
Jump up ^ Max Willens (May 7, 2016). "'These Were The Biggest Flops ‘American Idol’ Has Ever Produced". International Business Times.
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6-11-2008 archived post
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield (August 18, 2016). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'American Idol' Reaches New Low for Winner's Debut Albumd". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield (June 12, 2014). "Adore Delano Sets 'Drag Race' Record". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6-25-2008
Jump up ^ Mansfield, Brian (October 5, 2011). "The Billboard 200: Where are the Idols?". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Ken (2008-08-27). "Steady week for Idols on album chart". Idol Chatter. USA Today. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08-04-2010
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (July 21, 2016). "Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: July 21, 2016". Roughstock.
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