text:
Social programs in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Social programs in the United States are welfare subsidies designed to meet needs of the American population. Federal and state welfare programs include cash assistance, healthcare and medical provisions, food assistance, housing subsidies, energy and utilities subsidies, education and childcare assistance, and subsidies and assistance for other basic services. Private provisions from employers, either mandated by policy or voluntary, also provide similar social welfare benefits.
The programs vary in eligibility requirements and are provided by various organizations on a federal, state, local and private level. They help to provide food, shelter, education, healthcare and money to U.S. citizens through primary and secondary education, subsidies of college education, unemployment disability insurance, subsidies for eligible low-wage workers, subsidies for housing, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits, pensions for eligible persons and health insurance programs that cover public employees. The Social Security system is sometimes considered to be a social aid program and has some characteristics of such programs, but unlike these programs, social security was designed as a self-funded security blanket—so that as the payee pays in (during working years), they are pre-paying for the payments they'll receive back out of the system when they are no longer working. Medicare is another prominent program, among other healthcare provisions such as Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program.
Contents
[hide]
1 Congressional funding
2 History
2.1 Federal welfare programs
2.2 War on Poverty and Great Society programs (1960s)
2.3 Welfare reform (1990s)
2.4 Timeline
3 Types
3.1 Means-tested
3.2 Social Security
3.3 General welfare
3.4 Healthcare spending
3.5 Education spending
3.6 Food assistance
3.7 Public housing
4 Impact
5 Analysis
5.1 Household characteristics
5.2 Drug testing for applicants
5.3 Demographics of TANF recipients
5.4 Costs
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Congressional funding[edit]
Not including Social Security and Medicare, Congress allocated almost $717 billion in federal funds in 2010 plus $210 billion was allocated in state funds ($927 billion total) for means tested welfare programs in the United States, of which half was for medical care and roughly 40% for cash, food and housing assistance. Some of these programs include funding for public schools, job training, SSI benefits and medicaid.[1] As of 2011[update], the public social spending-to-GDP ratio in the United States was below the OECD average.[2] Roughly half of this welfare assistance, or $462 billion went to families with children, most of which are headed by single parents.[3]
Total Social Security and Medicare expenditures in 2013 were $1.3 trillion, 8.4% of the $16.3 trillion GNP (2013) and 37% of the total Federal expenditure budget of $3.684 trillion.[4][5]
In addition to government expenditures, private welfare spending, i.e. social insurance programs provided to workers by employers,[6] in the United States is estimated to be about 10% of the U.S. GDP or another $1.6 trillion, according to 2013 OECD estimates.[7] In 2001, Jacob Hacker estimated that public and private social welfare expenditures constituted 21% and 13-14% of the United States' GDP respectively. In these estimates of private social welfare expenditures, Hacker included mandatory private provisions (less than 1% of GDP), subsidized and/or regulated private provisions (9-10% of GDP), and purely private provisions (3-4% of GDP).[8]
History[edit]
Public Health nursing made available through child welfare services, 1935.
Federal welfare programs[edit]
Colonial legislatures and later State governments adopted legislation patterned after the English "poor" laws. Aid to veterans, often free grants of land, and pensions for widows and handicapped veterans, have been offered in all U.S. wars. Following World War I, provisions were made for a full-scale system of hospital and medical care benefits for veterans. By 1929, workers' compensation laws were in effect in all but four States. These state laws made industry and businesses responsible for the costs of compensating workers or their survivors when the worker was injured or killed in connection with his or her job. Retirement programs for mainly State and local government paid teachers, police officers, and fire fighters—date back to the 19th century. All these social programs were far from universal and varied considerably from one state to another.
Prior to the Great Depression the United States had social programs that mostly centered around individual efforts, family efforts, church charities, business workers compensation, life insurance and sick leave programs along with some state tax supported social programs. The misery and poverty of the great depression threatened to overwhelm all these programs. The severe Depression of the 1930s made Federal action almost a necessity, as neither the States and the local communities, businesses and industries, nor private charities had the financial resources to cope with the growing need among the American people. Beginning in 1932, the Federal Government first made loans, then grants, to States to pay for direct relief and work relief. After that, special Federal emergency relief like the Civilian Conservation Corps and other public works programs were started. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration proposed to Congress federal social relief programs and a federally sponsored retirement program. Congress followed by the passage of the 37 page Social Security Act, signed into law August 14, 1935 and "effective" by 1939—just as World War II began. This program was expanded several times over the years.
Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities, 1929–1937. They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending (in 1935 dollars, or $2.2 million in 2016 dollars) was associated with a reduction of one infant death, one suicide, and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease.[9][10]
War on Poverty and Great Society programs (1960s)[edit]
Further information: War on Poverty and Great Society
Virtually all food stamp costs are paid by the federal government.[11] In 2008, 28.7 percent of the households headed by single women were considered poor.[12]
Welfare reform (1990s)[edit]
Before the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, welfare assistance was "once considered an open-ended right," but welfare reform converted it "into a finite program built to provide short-term cash assistance and steer people quickly into jobs."[13] Prior to reform, states were given "limitless"[13] money by the federal government, increasing per family on welfare, under the 60-year-old Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program.[14] This gave states no incentive to direct welfare funds to the neediest recipients or to encourage individuals to go off welfare benefits (the state lost federal money when someone left the system).[15] Nationwide, one child in seven received AFDC funds,[14] which mostly went to single mothers.[11]
In 1996, under the Bill Clinton administration, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, which gave more control of the welfare system to the states, with basic requirements the states need to meet with regards to welfare services. Still, most states offer basic assistance, such as health care, food assistance, child care assistance, unemployment, cash aid, and housing assistance. After reforms, which President Clinton said would "end welfare as we know it,"[11] amounts from the federal government were given out in a flat rate per state based on population.[15]
Each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of welfare. The new program is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF).[14] It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance.[11][14][16] The bill restricts welfare from most legal immigrants and increased financial assistance for child care.[16] The federal government also maintains a contingency $2 billion TANF fund (TANF CF) to assist states that may have rising unemployment.[14] The new TANF program expired on September 30, 2010, on schedule with states drawing down the entire original emergency fund of $5 billion and the contingency fund of $2 billion allocated by ARRA. Reauthorization of TANF was not accomplished in 2011, but TANF block grants were extended as part of the Claims Resolution Act of 2010 (see Temporary Aid for Needy Families for details).
President Bill Clinton signing welfare reform legislation.
Following these changes, millions of people left the welfare rolls (a 60% drop overall),[16] employment rose, and the child poverty rate was reduced.[11] A 2007 Congressional Budget Office study found that incomes in affected families rose by 35%.[16] The reforms were "widely applauded"[17] after "bitter protest."[11] The Times called the reform "one of the few undisputed triumphs of American government in the past 20 years."[18] However, more recent studies have found that the reforms increased deep poverty by 130-150%.[19][20]
Critics of the reforms sometimes point out that the massive decrease of people on the welfare rolls during the 1990s wasn't due to a rise in actual gainful employment in this population, but rather, was due almost exclusively to their offloading into workfare, giving them a different classification than classic welfare recipient. The late 1990s were also considered an unusually strong economic time, and critics voiced their concern about what would happen in an economic downturn.[11]
National Review editorialized that the Economic Stimulus Act of 2009 will reverse the welfare-to-work provisions that Bill Clinton signed in the 1990s, and will again base federal grants to states on the number of people signed up for welfare rather than at a flat rate.[15] One of the experts who worked on the 1996 bill said that the provisions would lead to the largest one-year increase in welfare spending in American history.[18] The House bill provides $4 billion to pay 80% of states' welfare caseloads.[14] Although each state received $16.5 billion annually from the federal government as welfare rolls dropped, they spent the rest of the block grant on other types of assistance rather than saving it for worse economic times.[13]
[hide]Spending on largest Welfare Programs
Federal Spending 2003-2013*[21]
Federal
Programs
Spending
2003*
Spending
2013*
Medicaid Grants to States
$201,389
$266,565
Food Stamps (SNAP)
61,717
82,603
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
40,027
55,123
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
38,315
50,544
Housing assistance
37,205
49,739
Child Nutrition Program (CHIP)
13,558
20,842
Support Payments to States, TANF
28,980
20,842
Feeding Programs (WIC & CSFP)
5,695
6,671
Low Income Home Energy Assistance
2,542
3,704
Notes:
* Spending in millions of dollars
Timeline[edit]
The following is a short timeline of welfare in the United States:[22]
1880s–1890s: Attempts were made to move poor people from work yards to poor houses if they were in search of relief funds.
1893–1894: Attempts were made at the first unemployment payments, but were unsuccessful due to the 1893–1894 recession.
1932: The Great Depression had gotten worse and the first attempts to fund relief failed. The "Emergency Relief Act", which gave local governments $300 million, was passed into law.
1933: In March 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushed Congress to establish the Civilian Conservation Corps.
1935: The Social Security Act was passed on June 17, 1935. The bill included direct relief (cash, food stamps, etc.) and changes for unemployment insurance.
1940: Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFDC) was established.
1964: Johnson's War on Poverty is underway, and the Economic Opportunity Act was passed. Commonly known as "the Great Society"
1996: Passed under Clinton, the "Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996" becomes law.
2013: Affordable Care Act goes into effect with large increases in Medicaid and subsidized medical insurance premiums go into effect.
Types[edit]
Means-tested[edit]
[hide]79 Means Tested Programs in U.S. (2011)[23]
Programs
Federal Spending*
State Spending*
Total Spending*
TOTAL cost in (billions) (2011) $717 $210 $927
Social Security OASDI (2013) $785
Medicare(2013) $574
TOTAL all programs (billions)
$2,286
CASH ASSISTANCE (millions)
SSI/Old Age Assistance 56,462.00 4,673.00 61,135.00
Earned Income Tax Credit (refundable portion) 55,652.00 55,652.00
Refundable Child Credit 22,691.00 22,691.00
Make Work Pay Tax Credit (Refundable Portion) 13,905.00 13,905.00
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF, old AFDC) 6,882.89 6,876.86 13,759.74
Foster Care Title IVE 4,456.00 3,921.28 8,377.28
Adoption Assistance Title IVE 2,362.00 1,316 3,678.00
General Assistance Cash 2,625.00 2,625.00
Refugee Assistance 167.86 167.86
General Assistance to Indians 115.00 115.00
Assets for Independence 24.00 24.00
CASH TOTAL
162,717.75 19,412.14 182,129.88
MEDICAL
Medicaid 274,964.00 157,600.00 432,564.00
SCHIP State Supplemental Health Insurance Program 8,629.00 3,796.76 12,425.76
Medical General Assistance 6,965.90 6,965.90
Consolidated Health Center/Community Health Centers 1,481.00 1,481.00
Maternal & Child Health 656.00 492.00 1,148.00
Medical Assistance to Refugees 167.86 167.86
Healthy Start 104.00 104.00
MEDICAL TOTAL
289,816.86 168,854.66 458,671.52
FOOD
Food Stamps, SNAP 77,637.00 6,987.33 84,624.33
School Lunch Program 10,321.00 10,321.00
WIC Women, Infant and Children Food Program 6,787.00 6,787.00
School Breakfast 3,076.00 3,076.00
Child Care Food Program 2,732.00 2,732.00
Nutrition Program for the Elderly, Nutrition Service Incentives 820.00 139.40 959.40
Summer Program 376.00 376.00
Commodity Supplemental Food Program 196.00 196.00
TEFAP Temporary Emergency Food Program 247.00 247.00
Needy Families 60.00 60.00
Farmers' Market Nutrition Program 23.00 23.00
Special Milk Program 13.00 13.00
FOOD TOTAL
102,288.00 7,126.73 109,414.73
HOUSING
Section 8 Housing (HUD) 28,435.00 28,435.00
Public Housing (HUD) 8,973.00 8,973.00
Low Income Housing Tax Credit for Developers 6,150.00 6,150.00
Home Investment Partnership Program (HUD) 2,853.00 2,853.00
Homeless Assistance Grants (HUD) 2,280.00 2,280.00
State Housing Expenditures (from SWE) 2,085.00 2,085.00
Rural Housing Insurance Fund (Agriculture) 1,689.00 1,689.00
Rural Housing Service (Agriculture) 1,085.00 1,085.00
Housing for the Elderly (HUD) 934.00 934.00
Native American Housing Block Grants (HUD) 854.00 854.00
Other Assisted Housing Programs (HUD) 496.00 496.00
Housing for Persons with Disabilities (HUD) 309.00 309.00
HOUSING TOTAL
54,058.00 2,085.00 56,143.00
ENERGY AND UTILITIES
LIHEAP Low Income Home Energy Assistance 4,419.00 4,419.00
Universal Service Fund Subsidized Low Income Phone Service 1,750.00 1,750.00
Weatherization 234.00 234.00
ENERGY AND UTILITIES TOTAL
PM 6,403.00 6,403.00
EDUCATION
Pell Grants 41,458.00 41,458.00
Title One Grants to Local Education Authorities 14,472.00 14,472.00
21st Century Learning Centers 1,157.00 1,157.00
Special Programs for Disadvantaged (TRIO) 883.00 883.00
Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants 740.00 740.00
Adult Basic Education Grants 607.00 607.00
Migrant Education 444.00 444.00
Gear-Up 303.00 303.00
LEAP
Formerly State Student Incentive Grant Program (SSIG) 1.00 1.00
Education for Homeless Children and Youth 65.00 65.00
Even Start 4.00 4.00
Aid for Graduate and Professional Study for Disadvantaged and Minorities 41.00 41.00
EDUCATION TOTAL
60,175.00 60,175.00
TRAINING
TANF Work Activities and Training 2,504.90 831.93 3,336.83
Job Corps 1,659.00 1,659.00
WIA Youth Opportunity Grants
Formerly Summer Youth Employment 946.00 946.00
Senior Community Service Employment 705.00 77.55 782.55
WIA Adult Employment and Training
Formerly JTPA IIA Training for Disadvantaged Adults & Youth 766.00 766.00
Food Stamp Employment and Training Program 393.00 166.00 559.00
Foster Grandparents 104.00 10.40 114.40
YouthBuild 110.00 110.00
Migrant Training 85.00 85.00
Native American Training 52.00 52.00
TRAINING TOTAL
7,324.90 1,085.88 8,410.78
SERVICES
TANF Block Grant Services 5,385.12 4,838.13 10,223.25
Title XX Social Services Block Grant 1,787.00 1,787.00
Community Service Block Grant 678.00 678.00
Social Services for Refugees Asylees and Humanitarian Cases 417.28 417.28
Safe and Stable Families 553.00 553.00
Title III Aging Americans Act 369.00 369.00
Legal Services Block Grant 406.00 406.00
Family Planning 298.00 298.00
Emergency Food and Shelter Program 48.00 48.00
Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood Grants 50.00 150.00
Independent Living (Chafee Foster Care Independence Program) 140.00 28.00 168.00
Independent Living Training Vouchers 45.00 45.00
Maternal, Infants and Children Home Visitation 36.00 36.00
SERVICES TOTAL
10,411.40 4,866.13 15,277.53
CHILD CARE AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Headstart 7,559.0 1,889.75 9,448.75
Childcare and Child Development Block Grant 2,984 2,176.00 5,160.00
Childcare Entitlement to the States 3,100.00 3,100.00
TANF Block Grant Child Care 2,318.56 2,643.78 4,962.35
CHILD CARE & CHILD DEVELOPMENT TOTAL
15,961.56 6,709.53 22,671.10
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Development Block Grant and Related Development Funds 7,445.00 7,445.00
Economic Development Administration (Dept. of Commerce) 423.00 423.00
Appalachian Regional Development 68.00 68.00
Empowerment Zones, Enterprise Communities Renewal 1.00 1.00
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT TOTAL
7,937.00 7,937.00
TOTAL in millions (2011)
$717,093.48 $210,140.07 $927,233.55
Social Security OASDI (2013) $785,700
Medicare (2013) $574,200
TOTAL in millions
$2,287,133
* Spending in millions of dollars
2.3 Trillion Dollar Total of Social Security, Medicare and Means Tested Welfare is low since latest 2013 means tested data not available but 2013, the "real" TOTAL will be higher.
Social Security[edit]
Main article: Social Security (United States)
The Social Security program mainly refers to the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, and possibly the unemployment insurance program. Retirement Insurance Benefits (RIB), also known as Old-age Insurance Benefits, are a form of social insurance payments made by the U.S. Social Security Administration paid based upon the attainment old age (62 or older).
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI) is a federal insurance program that provides income supplements to people who are restricted in their ability to be employed because of a notable disability.
Unemployment insurance, also known as unemployment compensation, provides for money, from the United States and the state collected from employers, to workers who have become unemployed through no fault of their own. The unemployment benefits are run by each state with different state defined criteria for duration, percent of income paid, etc.. Nearly all require the recipient to document their search for employment to continue receiving benefits. Extensions of time for receiving benefits are sometimes offered for extensive work unemployment. These extra benefits are usually in the form of loans from the federal government that have to be repaid by each state.
General welfare[edit]
Main articles: Supplemental Security Income and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program provides stipends to low-income people who are either aged (65 or older), blind, or disabled.
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) provides cash assistance to indigent American families with dependent children.
Healthcare spending[edit]
Main articles: Health care in the United States, Medicare (United States), and Medicaid
Health care in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities. Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by the private sector. Health insurance in the United States is now primarily provided by the government in the public sector, with 60–65% of healthcare provision and spending coming from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, the Children's Health Insurance Program, and the Veterans Health Administration. Having some form of comprehensive health insurance is statutorily compulsory for most people lawfully residing within the US.[24]
Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over; to those who are under 65 and are permanently physically disabled or who have a congenital physical disability; or to those who meet other special criteria like the End Stage Renal Disease Program (ESRD). Medicare in the United States somewhat resembles a single-payer health care system but is not.[why?] Before Medicare, only 51% of people aged 65 and older had health care coverage, and nearly 30% lived below the federal poverty level.
Medicaid is a health program for certain people and families with low incomes and resources. It is a means-tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments, and is managed by the states.[25] People served by Medicaid are U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents, including low-income adults, their children, and people with certain disabilities. Medicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and health-related services for people with limited income in the United States.
The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a program administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children.[26] The program was designed to cover uninsured children in families with incomes that are modest but too high to qualify for Medicaid.
The Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant (or ADMS Block Grant) is a federal assistance block grant given by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
The Trump administration has decided to cut $9 million in Affordable Care Act subsidies by 2018.[27] This action was taken by use of executive order 13813, on October 12, 2017.[28] The initial goal had been for Republicans in Congress to use their majority to "repeal and replace" the Affordable Care Act, but they proved unable to do so[29]; therefore, the Trump administration itself took measures to weaken the program.[30] The healthcare changes are expected to be noticeable by the year 2019.[31]
Education spending[edit]
Main article: Education in the United States
University of California, Berkeley is one of the oldest public universities in the U.S.
Per capita spending on tertiary education is among the highest in the world[citation needed]. Public education is managed by individual states, municipalities and regional school districts. As in all developed countries, primary and secondary education is free, universal and mandatory. Parents do have the option of home-schooling their children, though some states, such as California (until a 2008 legal ruling overturned this requirement[32]), require parents to obtain teaching credentials before doing so. Experimental programs give lower-income parents the option of using government issued vouchers to send their kids to private rather than public schools in some states/regions.
As of 2007, more than 80% of all primary and secondary students were enrolled in public schools, including 75% of those from households with incomes in the top 5%. Public schools commonly offer after-school programs and the government subsidizes private after school programs, such as the Boys & Girls Club. While pre-school education is subsidized as well, through programs such as Head Start, many Americans still find themselves unable to take advantage of them. Some education critics have therefore proposed creating a comprehensive transfer system to make pre-school education universal, pointing out that the financial returns alone would compensate for the cost.
Tertiary education is not free, but is subsidized by individual states and the federal government. Some of the costs at public institutions is carried by the state.
The government also provides grants, scholarships and subsidized loans to most students. Those who do not qualify for any type of aid, can obtain a government guaranteed loan and tuition can often be deducted from the federal income tax. Despite subsidized attendance cost at public institutions and tax deductions, however, tuition costs have risen at three times the rate of median household income since 1982.[33] In fear that many future Americans might be excluded from tertiary education, progressive Democrats have proposed increasing financial aid and subsidizing an increased share of attendance costs. Some Democratic politicians and political groups have also proposed to make public tertiary education free of charge, i.e. subsidizing 100% of attendance cost.[citation needed]
Food assistance[edit]
Main articles: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children
In the U.S., financial assistance for food purchasing for low- and no-income people is provided through the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Stamp Program.[34] This federal aid program is administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but benefits are distributed by the individual U.S. states. It is historically and commonly known as the Food Stamp Program, though all legal references to "stamp" and "coupon" have been replaced by "EBT" and "card," referring to the refillable, plastic Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards that replaced the paper "food stamp" coupons. To be eligible for SNAP benefits, the recipients must have incomes below 130 percent of the poverty line, and also own few assets.[35] Since the economic downturn began in 2008, the use of food stamps has increased.[35]
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is a child nutrition program for healthcare and nutrition of low-income pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and infants and children under the age of five. The eligibility requirement is a family income below 185% of the U.S. Poverty Income Guidelines, but if a person participates in other benefit programs, or has family members who participate in SNAP, Medicaid, or Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, they automatically meet the eligibility requirements.
The Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) is a type of United States federal assistance provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to states in order to provide a daily subsidized food service for an estimated 3.2 million children and 112,000 elderly or mentally or physically impaired adults[36] in non-residential, day-care settings.[37]
Public housing[edit]
Main articles: Public housing in the United States and Section 8 (housing)
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 created Section 8 housing, the payment of rent assistance to private landlords on behalf of low-income households.
Impact[edit]
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
[hide]Average Incomes and Taxes
CBO Study 2009*[38]
Households
by Income
Market
Income1
Federal
Transfers 2
Income +
Transfers
Avg Federal
Tax rate %3
Federal
Taxes $4
% Federal
Taxes Pd. 5
#W6
% Net
Income7
0-20%
7,600
22,900
30,500
1.0
200
0.3
0.42
6.2
21-40%
30,100
14,800
45,000
6.8
2,900
3.8
0.90
11.1
41-60%
54,200
10,400
64,600
11.1
7,200
9.4
1.29
15.8
61-80%
86,400
7,100
93,500
15.1
14,100
18.3
1.70
21.6
80-100%
218,800
6,000
224,800
23.2
51,900
67.9
1.97
47.2
Source: Congressional Budget Office Study[38]
1. Market Income = All wages, tips, incomes etc. as listed on Income tax form
2. Federal Transfers = all EITC, CTC, medicaid, food stamps (SNAP), Social Security, SSI etc. received
3. Average tax rate includes all Social Security, Medicare, income, business income, excise, etc. taxes.
4. Net Federal taxes paid in dollars
5. Percent of all federal taxes paid
6. #W = Average number of workers per household in this quintile
7. % Net Income = percentage of all national income each quintile receives after taxes and transfers.
According to the Congressional Budget Office, social programs significantly raise the standard of living for low-income Americans, particularly the elderly. The poorest 20% of American households earn a before-tax average of only $7,600, less than half of the federal poverty line. Social programs increase such households' before-tax income to $30,500. Social Security and Medicare are responsible for two thirds of that increase.[38]
Political scientist Benjamin Radcliff has argued that more generous social programs produce a higher quality of life for all citizens, rich and poor alike, as such programs not only improve life for those directly receiving benefits (or living in fear of someday needing them, from the prospect of unemployment or illness) but also reduce the social pathologies (such as crime and anomie) that are the result of poverty and insecurity. By creating a society with less poverty and less insecurity, he argues, we move closer to creating a nation of shared prosperity that works to the advantage of all. Thus, his research suggests, life satisfaction (or "happiness") is strongly related to the generosity of the social safety net (what economists often call decommodification), whether looking across the industrial democracies or across the American states.[39]
Cato Institute says: The current welfare system provides such a high level of benefits that it acts as a disincentive for work.[40]
Analysis[edit]
Household characteristics[edit]
[hide]Characteristics of Households by Quintile 2010[41]
Household Income
Bracket
0-20%
21-40%
41-60%
61-80%
81-100%
Earners Per Household
0.42
0.90
1.29
1.70
1.97
Marital Status
Married couples (%)
17.0
35.9
48.8
64.3
78.4
Single Parents or Single (%)
83.0
64.1
51.2
35.7
21.6
Ages of Householders
Under 35
23.3
24
24.5
21.8
14.6
36–64 years
43.6
46.6
55.4
64.3
74.7
65 years +
33.1
29.4
20.1
13.9
10.7
Work Status householders (%)
Worked Full Time (%)
17.4
44.7
61.1
71.5
77.2
Worked Part Time (%)
14.3
13.3
11.1
9.8
9.5
Did Not Work (%)
68.2
42.1
27.8
17.7
13.3
Education of Householders (%)
Less than High School
26.7
16.6
8.8
5.4
2.2
High School or some College
61.2
65.4
62.9
58.5
37.6
Bachelor's degree or Higher
12.1
18.0
28.3
36.1
60.3
Source: U.S. Census Bureau[unreliable source?]
Social programs have been implemented to promote a variety of societal goals, including alleviating the effects of poverty on those earning or receiving low income or encountering serious medical problems, and ensuring retired people have a basic standard of living.
Unlike in Europe, Christian democratic and social democratic theories have not played a major role in shaping welfare policy in the United States.[42] Entitlement programs in the U.S. were virtually non-existent until the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression. Between 1932 and 1981, modern American liberalism dominated U.S. economic policy and the entitlements grew along with American middle class wealth.[43]
Eligibility for welfare benefits depends on a variety of factors, including gross and net income, family size, pregnancy, homelessness, unemployment, and serious medical conditions like blindness, kidney failure or AIDS.
Drug testing for applicants[edit]
Main article: Drug testing welfare recipients
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The United States adopted the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act in 1996, which gave individual states the authority to drug test welfare recipients. Drug testing in order for potential recipients to receive welfare has become an increasingly controversial topic. Richard Hudson, a Republican from North Carolina claims he pushes for drug screening as a matter of "moral obligation" and that testing should be enforced as a way for the United States government to discourage drug usage.[44] Others claim that ordering the needy to drug test "stereotypes, stigmatizes, and criminalizes" them without need.[45] States that currently require drug tests to be performed in order to receive public assistance include Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Utah.[46]
Demographics of TANF recipients[edit]
Further information: Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
A chart showing the overall decline of average monthly TANF (formerly AFDC) benefits per recipient 1962–2006 (in 2006 dollars).[47]
Some have argued that welfare has come to be associated with poverty. Political scientist Martin Gilens argues that blacks have overwhelmingly dominated images of poverty over the last few decades and states that "white Americans with the most exaggerated misunderstandings of the racial composition of the poor are the most likely to oppose welfare".[48][49] This perception possibly perpetuates negative racial stereotypes and could increase Americans' opposition and racialization of welfare policies.[48]
In FY 2010, African-American families comprised 31.9% of TANF families, white families comprised 31.8%, and 30.0% were Hispanic.[50] Since the implementation of TANF, the percentage of Hispanic families has increased, while the percentages of white and black families have decreased. In FY 1997, African-American families represented 37.3% of TANF recipient families, white families 34.5%, and Hispanic families 22.5%.[51] The population as a whole is composed of 63.7% whites, 16.3% Hispanic, 12.5% African-American, 4.8% Asian and 2.9% other races.[52] TANF programs at a cost of about $20.0 billion (2013) have decreased in use as Earned Income Tax Credits, Medicaid grants, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), child nutrition programs, Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), housing assistance, Feeding Programs (WIC & CSFP), along with about 70 more programs, have increased to over $700 billion more in 2013.[53]
Costs[edit]
The Great Recession made a large impact on welfare spending. In a 2011 article, Forbes reported, "The best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is $717 billion, up a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. Counting state spending of about $210 billion, total welfare spending for 2010 reached over $920 billion, up nearly one-fourth since 2008 (24.3%)"—and increasing fast.[54] The previous decade had seen a 60% decrease in the number of people receiving welfare benefits,[16] beginning with the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, but spending did not decrease proportionally during that time period. Combined annual federal and state spending is the equivalent of over $21,000 for every person living below poverty level in America.[55]
See also[edit]
Administration of federal assistance in the United States
Wealth inequality in the United States
Welfare
Welfare economics
Welfare in California
Welfare in Puerto Rico
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Means tested programs [1] accessed 19 Nov 2013
Jump up ^ Social spending after the crisis. OECD. (Social spending in a historical perspective, Pg. 5). Retrieved: 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Dawn (January 9, 2014), Welfare for Single Mothers, Single Mother Guide
Jump up ^ 2013 Status Of The Social Security And Medicare Programs [2] accessed 16 Oct 2013
Jump up ^ White house Historical tables. Table 1 [3] accessed 16 Oct 2013
Jump up ^ Hacker, Jacob S. (2002-09-09). The Divided Welfare State: The Battle Over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780521013284.
Jump up ^ OECD database on social expenditures [4] accessed 9 Dec 2013
Jump up ^ Hacker, Jacob S. (2002-09-09). The Divided Welfare State: The Battle Over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521013284.
Jump up ^ Robert Whaples and Randall E. Parker, eds. (2013). Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History. Routledge. p. 8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Fishback, Price V.; Haines, Michael R.; Kantor, Shawn (2007). "Births, deaths, and New Deal relief during the Great Depression". Review of Economics and Statistics. 89 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1162/rest.89.1.1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Deparle, Jason (2009-02-02). "Welfare Aid Isn't Growing as Economy Drops Off". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Poverty Facts - Poverty Solutions at The University of Michigan". www.npc.umich.edu. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Welfare Rolls See First Climb in Years". The Washington Post. 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Stimulus Bill Abolishes Welfare Reform and Adds New Welfare Spending". Heritage Foundation. 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ending Welfare Reform as We Knew It". The National Review. 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2009-02-12. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goodman, Peter S. (2008-04-11). "From Welfare Shift in '96, a Reminder for Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
Jump up ^ "Change for the Worse". New York Post. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-02-12. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b AllenMills, Tony (2009-02-15). "Obama warned over 'welfare spendathon'". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
Jump up ^ http://npc.umich.edu/publications/u/2013-06-npc-working-paper.pdf
Jump up ^ "Sanders: Welfare reform more than doubled 'extreme poverty'". politifact.com. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Spending on largest Welfare Programs in U.S. [5] accessed 19 Nov 2013
Jump up ^ "Welfare Reform History Timeline – 1900s to current United States." SearchBeat. Web. 12 Oct. 2009. <http://society.searchbeat.com/welfare9.htm>.
Jump up ^ Means Tested Programs in U.S. [6] accessed 19 Nov 2013
Jump up ^ "Individual Mandate Penalty You Pay If You Don't Have Health Insurance Coverage". HealthCare.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Medicaid General Information from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (CMS) website
Jump up ^ Sultz, H., & Young, K. Health Care USA Understanding its Organization and Delivery pg. 257
Jump up ^ Pear, Robert; Haberman, Maggie; Abelson, Reed (12 October 2017). "Trump to Scrap Critical Health Care Subsidies, Hitting Obamacare Again". Retrieved 28 March 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ List of executive actions by Donald Trump#cite note-215 https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/10/12/presidential-executive-order-promoting-healthcare-choice-and-competition
Jump up ^ Everett, Burgess (1 February 2018). "Republicans Give Up on Obamacare Repeal". POLITICO. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald J. Trump on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Pear, Robert; Haberman, Maggie; Abelson, Reed (12 October 2017). "Trump to Scrap Critical Health Care Subsidies, Hitting Obamacare Again". Retrieved 28 March 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ Jonathan L. v. Superior Court, 165 Cal.App.4th 1074 (Cal.App. 2 Dist. 2008). Text of opinion
Jump up ^ Lewin, Tamar. "NYT on increase in tuition". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Nutrition Assistance Program Home Page", U.S. Department of Agriculture (official website), March 3, 2011 (last revised). Accessed March 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Erik Eckholm (March 31, 2008). "Food stamp use in U.S. at record pace as jobs vanish". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Why CACFP Is Important, Child and Adult Care Food Program Homepage, Food and Nutrition Service, US Department of Agriculture
Jump up ^ Child and Adult Care Food Program (CFDA 10.558);OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement Archived 2009-06-21 at the Wayback Machine.; Part 4: Agency Program Requirements: Department of Housing and Urban Development, pg. 4-10.558-1
^ Jump up to: a b c Average Incomes and Taxes 2009 [7] accessed 19 Nov 2013
Jump up ^ Radcliff, Benjamin (2013) The Political Economy of Human Happiness (New York: Cambridge University Press). See also this collection of full-text peer reviewed scholarly articles on this subject by Radcliff and colleagues (from "Social Forces," "The Journal of Politics," and "Perspectives on Politics," among others) [8]
Jump up ^ Tanner, Michael D.; 19, Charles Hughes August; 2013 (19 August 2013). "The Work versus Welfare Trade-Off: 2013". Cato Institute. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Characteristics if Households by Quintile 2010 [9] accessed 19 Nov 2013
Jump up ^ Esping-Andersen, G. (1991). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Jump up ^ G. William Domhoff. "Who Rules America: Wealth, Income, and Power". Sociology.ucsc.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-14.
Jump up ^ Delaney, Arthur. "Food Stamp Cuts Might Come With Drug Testing". Huffington Post. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Goetzl, Celia. "Government Mandated Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients: Special Need or Unconstitutional Condition?". Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Robin. "Drug Testing of Public Assistance Recipients". OLR Research Report. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ 2008 Indicators of Welfare Dependence Figure TANF 2.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilens, Martin (1996). "Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media." Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 4, pp. 515–541.
Jump up ^ Gilens, Martin (1996). "Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media." Public Opinion Quarterly 60, no. 4, p. 516
Jump up ^ "Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients – Fiscal Year 2010". United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Jump up ^ "Demographic And Financial Characteristics Of Families Receiving Assistance". United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Jump up ^ Demographics of U.S. population Table 1 [10] accessed 26 Dec 2013
Jump up ^ 79 Means tested welfare programs in the United States [11] accessed 26 Dec 2013
Jump up ^ Ferrara, Peter (2011-04-22). "America's Ever Expanding Welfare Empire". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
Jump up ^ Tanner, Michael (20 October 2014). "The War on Poverty: Are We Winning Yet?" (PDF). Cato Institute Policy Analysis. Number 761: 3. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
Further reading[edit]
MaCurdy, Thomas; Jones, Jeffrey M. (2008). "Welfare". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Alison Siskin, Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Assistance: Policy Overview, Congressional Research Service, 12 December 2016
[show]
v
t
e
Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States
Transfer payments
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Social security
Supplemental Security Income
Social Security Disability Insurance
Unemployment insurance
Public housing
Section 8 (housing)
Office of Public and Indian Housing
Food
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
WIC
Child and Adult Care Food Program
Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico
School meal programs in the United States
School Breakfast Program
Farmers' Market Nutrition Program
Summer Food Service Program
Special Milk Program
Nutrition Assistance Grants
Reduced-price meal
Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations
Education
Head Start Program
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant
Grants & subsidies
Community Development Block Grant
Child care and development block grant
HOME Investment Partnerships Program
Housing trust fund
Mutual self-help housing
NeighborWorks America
Urban Partnership Bank
HOPE VI
Government National Mortgage Association
FHA insured loan
HUD Neighborhood Networks
Renewal community
Empowerment zone
Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers
Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program
Lifeline
State & territory
California
New York
Puerto Rico
[show]
v
t
e
United States articles
History
By event
Timeline of U.S. history
Pre-Columbian era
Colonial era
Thirteen Colonies
military history
Continental Congress
American Revolution
War
American frontier
Confederation Period
Drafting and ratification of Constitution
Federalist Era
War of 1812
Territorial acquisitions
Territorial evolution
Mexican–American War
Civil War
Reconstruction Era
Indian Wars
Gilded Age
Progressive Era
African-American civil rights movement 1865–1896 / 1896–1954 / 1954–1968
Spanish–American War
Imperialism
World War I
Roaring Twenties
Great Depression
World War II
home front
Nazism in the United States
American Century
Cold War
Korean War
Space Race
Feminist Movement
Vietnam War
Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Recent events (2008–present)
By topic
Outline of U.S. history
Demographic
Discoveries
Economic
debt ceiling
Inventions
before 1890
1890–1945
1946–91
after 1991
Military
Postal
Technological and industrial
Geography
Territory
counties
federal district
federal enclaves
Indian reservations
insular zones
minor outlying islands
populated places
states
Earthquakes
Extreme points
Islands
Mountains
peaks
ranges
Appalachian
Rocky
National Park Service
National Parks
Regions
East Coast
West Coast
Great Plains
Gulf
Mid-Atlantic
Midwestern
New England
Pacific
Central
Eastern
Northern
Northeastern
Northwestern
Southern
Southeastern
Southwestern
Western
Rivers
Colorado
Columbia
Mississippi
Missouri
Ohio
Rio Grande
Yukon
Time
Water supply and sanitation
Politics
Federal
Executive
Cabinet
Civil service
Executive departments
Executive Office
Independent agencies
Law enforcement
President of the United States
Public policy
Legislative
House of Representatives
current members
Speaker
Senate
current members
President pro tempore
Vice President
Judicial
Courts of appeals
District courts
Supreme Court
Law
Bill of Rights
civil liberties
Code of Federal Regulations
Constitution
federalism
preemption
separation of powers
Federal Reporter
United States Code
United States Reports
Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
Defense Intelligence Agency
Federal Bureau of Investigation
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Reconnaissance Office
National Security Agency
Office of the Director of National Intelligence
Uniformed
Armed Forces
Army
Marine Corps
Navy
Air Force
Coast Guard
National Guard
NOAA Corps
Public Health Service Corps
51st state
political status of Puerto Rico
District of Columbia statehood movement
Elections
Electoral College
Foreign relations
Foreign policy
Hawaiian sovereignty movement
Ideologies
anti-Americanism
exceptionalism
nationalism
Local government
Parties
Democratic
Republican
Third parties
Red states and blue states
Purple America
Scandals
State government
governor
state legislature
state court
Uncle Sam
Economy
By sector
Agriculture
Banking
Communications
Energy
Insurance
Manufacturing
Mining
Tourism
Trade
Transportation
Companies
by state
Currency
Exports
Federal budget
Federal Reserve System
Financial position
Labor unions
Public debt
Social welfare programs
Taxation
Unemployment
Wall Street
Society
Culture
Americana
Architecture
Cinema
Cuisine
Dance
Demography
Education
Family structure
Fashion
Flag
Folklore
Languages
American English
Indigenous languages
ASL
Black American Sign Language
HSL
Plains Sign Talk
Arabic
Chinese
French
German
Italian
Russian
Spanish
Literature
Media
Journalism
Internet
Newspapers
Radio
Television
Music
Names
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Religion
Sexuality
Sports
Theater
Visual art
Social class
Affluence
American Dream
Educational attainment
Homelessness
Home-ownership
Household income
Income inequality
Middle class
Personal income
Poverty
Professional and working class conflict
Standard of living
Wealth
Issues
Ages of consent
Capital punishment
Crime
incarceration
Criticism of government
Discrimination
affirmative action
antisemitism
intersex rights
islamophobia
LGBT rights
racism
same-sex marriage
Drug policy
Energy policy
Environmental movement
Gun politics
Health care
abortion
health insurance
hunger
obesity
smoking
Human rights
Immigration
illegal
International rankings
National security
Mass surveillance
Terrorism
Separation of church and state
Outline
Index
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Welfare in North America
Sovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies and
other territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_programs_in_the_United_States&oldid=836243964"
Categories:
Welfare in the United States
Economy of the United States
Federal assistance in the United States
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2016
Articles with dead external links from August 2010
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages using web citations with no URL
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009
NPOV disputes from May 2017
All NPOV disputes
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015
Articles needing additional references from July 2014
All articles needing additional references
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
فارسی
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 15:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: Secondary education in the United States

value: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

value: /wiki/Pensions mw-redirect Pensions

value: State Children's Health Insurance Program

value: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

value: Edit section: War on Poverty and Great Society programs (1960s)

value:
/wiki/Welfare_Reform_Act_of_1996
mw-redirect
Welfare Reform Act of 1996

value:
/wiki/Clinton_administration
mw-redirect
Clinton administration

value:
/wiki/Temporary_Aid_for_Needy_Families
mw-redirect
Temporary Aid for Needy Families

value:
/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2009
mw-redirect
Economic Stimulus Act of 2009

attr: class align cellpadding cellspacing style id

value:
/wiki/Poor_houses
mw-redirect
Poor houses

value:
/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson
mw-redirect
Lyndon Johnson

value:
/wiki/Economic_Opportunity_Act
mw-redirect
Economic Opportunity Act

value:
/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act
mw-redirect
Affordable Care Act

value:
/wiki/Earned_Income_Tax_Credit
mw-redirect
Earned Income Tax Credit

value:
/wiki/Income_supplement
mw-redirect
Income supplement

value:
/wiki/United_States_government
mw-redirect
United States government

value:
/wiki/Single-payer_health_care
mw-redirect
Single-payer health care

value:
/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Citizenship in the United States

value: United States Department of Health and Human Services

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value:
/wiki/Head_Start_program
mw-redirect
Head Start program

value:
/wiki/Median_household_income
mw-redirect
Median household income

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)

value:
/wiki/Electronic_Benefit_Transfer
mw-redirect
Electronic Benefit Transfer

value:
/wiki/Federal_poverty_level
mw-redirect
Federal poverty level

value:
/wiki/Federal_assistance
mw-redirect
Federal assistance

value: Housing and Community Development Act of 1974

value: Talk:Social programs in the United States

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV

value:
/wiki/Poverty_line
mw-redirect
Poverty line

value: The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. 2 documents cited for chart: U.S. Census Bureau and the one at the top. The first doesn't contain many of the statistics cited (like earners per household) and the U.S Census Bureau is credible, but no particular US Census Bureau document is cited to verify statistics (December 2015)

value:
/wiki/Christian_democratic
mw-redirect
Christian democratic

value:
/wiki/Social_democratic
mw-redirect
Social democratic

value:
/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt
mw-redirect
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

value: Edit section: Drug testing for applicants

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act

value:
/wiki/Richard_Hudson_(U.S._politician)
mw-redirect
Richard Hudson (U.S. politician)

value: Edit section: Demographics of TANF recipients

value:
/wiki/Racial_stereotype
mw-redirect
Racial stereotype

value:
/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites
mw-redirect
Non-Hispanic Whites

value:
/wiki/Heritage_Foundation
mw-redirect
Heritage Foundation

value:
nofollow
http://www.ssa.gov/oact/trsum/
external autonumber

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

value:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1162%2Frest.89.1.1

value:
nofollow
http://www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/
external text

value:
nofollow
http://www.cms.hhs.gov/MedicaidGenInfo/
external text

value: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

value: List of executive actions by Donald Trump

value:
nofollow
http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
external text

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics
mw-redirect
Concise Encyclopedia of Economics

value:
/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty
mw-redirect
Library of Economics and Liberty

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267

value: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

value: Template:Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States

value: Template talk:Contemporary social welfare programs in the United States (page does not exist)

value: School meal programs in the United States

value: Farmers' Market Nutrition Program / Senior Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

value: Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

value:
/wiki/Head_Start_Program
mw-redirect
Head Start Program

value: Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant

value: Government National Mortgage Association

value: Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

value: Territorial evolution of the United States

value:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

value: African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)

value: African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)

value: History of the United States (1865–1918)

value: Military history of the United States during World War II

value: United States home front during World War II

value: History of the United States (1991–2008)

value: History of the United States (2008–present)

value: Demographic history of the United States

value: Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)

value: Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)

value: Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)

value: Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)

value: Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

value: Technological and industrial history of the United States

value: Lists of populated places in the United States

value: List of earthquakes in the United States

value: List of extreme points of the United States

value: List of mountain peaks of the United States

value: List of areas in the United States National Park System

value:
/wiki/Pacific_States
mw-redirect
Pacific States

value: Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States

value: United States federal executive departments

value: Executive Office of the President of the United States

value: Independent agencies of the United States government

value: Federal law enforcement in the United States

value: Current members of the United States House of Representatives

value: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

value: Current members of the United States Senate

value: President pro tempore of the United States Senate

value: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

value: United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

value: Political ideologies in the United States

value: List of federal political scandals in the United States

value: List of companies of the United States by state

value: Chinese language and varieties in the United States

value: Educational attainment in the United States

value: Professional and working class conflict in the United States

value: Criticism of the United States government

value: Federal drug policy of the United States

value: Environmental movement in the United States

value: Illegal immigration to the United States

value: International rankings of the United States

value: Separation of church and state in the United States

value:
/wiki/Book:United_States
mw-redirect
Book:United States

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

value: Welfare in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the Bahamas (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Barbados (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Welfare_in_Canada
mw-redirect
Welfare in Canada

value: Welfare in Costa Rica (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Dominica (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in El Salvador (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Grenada (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Guatemala (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Honduras (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Jamaica (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Welfare_in_Mexico
mw-redirect
Welfare in Mexico

value:
/wiki/Welfare_in_Nicaragua
mw-redirect
Welfare in Nicaragua

value: Welfare in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)

value:
/wiki/Welfare_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Welfare in the United States

value: Welfare in Anguilla (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Bermuda (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Bonaire (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Curaçao (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Greenland (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Martinique (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Montserrat (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)

value: Welfare in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)

value: Category:Federal assistance in the United States

value: Category:All articles with dead external links

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2016

value: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2010

value: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

value: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011

value: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

value: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009

value: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

value: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2015

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value: Sozialversicherung (Vereinigte Staaten) – German

value: برنامه‌های اجتماعی در ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Social_programs_in_the_United_States rootpage-Social_programs_in_the_United_States skin-vector action-view