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Flood control
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For the protocol issue, see Flood control (communications).
A weir was built on the Humber River (Ontario) to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood.
Flood control methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters.[1] Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels.
Contents
[hide]
1 Causes of floods
1.1 Severe winds over water
1.2 Unusual high tides
2 Effects of floods
2.1 Benefits of flooding
3 Detection
4 Methods of controlling floods
4.1 Dams
4.2 Diversion canals
4.3 Floodplains and groundwater replenishment
4.4 River defences
4.5 Coastal defenses
4.6 Self-closing flood barrier
4.7 Temporary perimeter barriers
5 Hazard reduction
5.1 Strategic retreat
5.2 Resilience
6 Flood control by continent
6.1 Americas
6.2 Asia
6.3 Africa
6.4 Europe
7 Flood clean-up safety
8 Development of technology
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Notes
10.2 Further reading
11 External links
Causes of floods[edit]
Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall, [locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area], highly accelerated snowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis, or failure of dams, levees, retention ponds, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall.
Periodic floods occur on many rivers, forming a surrounding region known as the flood plain.
During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as surface runoff. Floods occur when ponds, lakes, riverbeds, soil, and vegetation cannot absorb all the water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within stream channels or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and man-made reservoirs. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff[1] and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow. River flooding is often caused by heavy rain, sometimes increased by melting snow. A flood that rises rapidly, with little or no warning, is called a flash flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area, or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.
Severe winds over water[edit]
Even when rainfall is relatively light, the shorelines of lakes and bays can be flooded by severe winds—such as during hurricanes—that blow water into the shore areas.
Unusual high tides[edit]
Coastal areas are sometimes flooded by unusually high tides, such as spring tides, especially when compounded by high winds and storm surges.
Effects of floods[edit]
Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere (such as further downstream or down a coast). The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands, such as interfering with farming. Structural damage can occur in bridge abutments, bank lines, sewer lines, and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and hydroelectric power are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year, with the worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars.
Benefits of flooding[edit]
There are many disruptive effects of flooding on human settlements and economic activities. However, flooding can bring benefits, such as making soil more fertile and providing nutrients in which it is deficient. Periodic flooding was essential to the well-being of ancient communities along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Ganges and the Yellow River, among others. The viability for hydrologically based renewable sources of energy is higher in flood-prone regions.
Detection[edit]
This is the method used for remote sensing the disasters. Detection of disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and explosions are quite complex in previous days and range of detection is inappropriate. But, it came to possibilities by using Multi temporal visualization of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. But to obtain the good SAR images perfect spatial registration and very precise calibration are necessary to specify changes that have occurred. Calibration of SAR is very complex and also a sensitive problem. Possibly errors may occur after calibration that involves data fusion and visualization process. Traditional image pre-processing cannot be used here due to the on-Gaussian of radar back scattering, but a processing method called "cross calibration/normalization" is used to solve this problem. The application generates a single disaster image called "fast-ready disaster map" from multitemporal SAR images. These maps are generated without user interaction and helps in providing immediate first aid to the people. This process also provides image enhancement and comparison between numerous images using data fusion and visualization process. This proposed processing includes filtering, histogram truncation and equalization steps. The process also helps in identifying the permanent waters and other classes by combined composition of pre-disaster and post-disaster images into a color image for better identity.[2]
Methods of controlling floods[edit]
Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times.[1] These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water, terracing hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater).[1] Other techniques include the construction of levees, lakes, dams, reservoirs,[1] retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding.
Dams[edit]
Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy/summer melt season to allow a certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill. The term dry dam refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage (e.g. Mount Morris Dam, Seven Oaks Dam).
Diversion canals[edit]
Main article: Flood control channel
Floods can be controlled by redirecting excess water to purpose-built canals or floodways, which in turn divert the water to temporary holding ponds or other bodies of water where there is a lower risk or impact to flooding. Examples of flood control channels include the Red River Floodway that protects the City of Winnipeg (Canada) and the Manggahan Floodway that protects the City of Manila (Philippines).
Floodplains and groundwater replenishment[edit]
Excess water can be used for groundwater replenishment by diversion onto land that can absorb the water. This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir. It is being used in California, where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops,[3] or in other places wilderness areas have been re-engineered to act as floodplains.[4]
River defences[edit]
In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees, bunds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks.
A weir, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create millponds, but on the Humber River in Toronto, a weir was built near Raymore Drive to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by Hurricane Hazel in October 1954.
Coastal defenses[edit]
Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defences, such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands.
Tide gates are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers, where an estuary begins or where tributary streams, or drainage ditches connect to sloughs. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate.[5]
Self-closing flood barrier[edit]
The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales or rapid melting snow.[citation needed] The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities, as well as industrial or other strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy. Barrier systems have already been built and installed in Belgium, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Thailand, United Kingdom, Vietnam, Australia, Russia and the United States. Millions of documents at the National Archives building in Washington DC are protected by two SCFBs.[citation needed]
Temporary perimeter barriers[edit]
When permanent defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags, hydrosacks, Floodstop flood barriers or portable inflatable tubes are used.
In 1988, a method of using water to control was discovered. This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube. When filled, this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth, with dry ground behind it. Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station during the 2011 Missouri River Flooding. Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood, stacking it, then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site, flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water. However, these are not fool proof. A 8 feet (2.4 m) high 2,000 feet (610 m) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a skid-steer loader and it collapsed flooding a portion of the facility.[6]
In 1999, A group of Norwegian Engineers founded and patented Aquafence. A transportable, removable, and reusable flood barrier which uses the water's weight against itself. In 2013, AquaFence was awarded the highest level USA ANSI Certification after more than one year of testing of the system by US ARMY Corps of Engineers as well as parts testing and production review by FM Global. Both commercial and municipal customers spanning across The United States of America, Europe and Asia. In the US alone, AquaFence removable flood panels are protecting more than $10 billion worth of real estate as well as cities and public utilities.[7][promotional language]
A similar technology is the Water-Gate Flood barrier, a rapid-response barrier which can be rolled out in a matter of minutes. It is unique in the way that it self deploys using the weight of water to hold it back. The product has been FM Approved following testing from the US Army. It is used in 30 countries around the world, and notably by the Environment Agency in the UK.
Hazard reduction[edit]
Strategic retreat[edit]
One way of reducing the damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood-prone areas, leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness. Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey (both before and after Hurricane Sandy), [8] Charlotte, North Carolina,[9] and Missouri.[10]
In the United States, FEMA produces flood insurance rate maps that identify areas of future risk, enabling local governments to apply zoning regulations to prevent or minimize property damage.
Resilience[edit]
Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if a flood does happen, the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized. For example, homes can be put on stilts,[11] electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement, and subway entrances and tunnels can have built-in movable water barriers.[12] New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood reslience after Hurricane Sandy.[13]
Flood control by continent[edit]
Americas[edit]
An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The Red River flows northward from the United States, passing through the city of Winnipeg (where it meets the Assiniboine River) and into Lake Winnipeg. As is the case with all north-flowing rivers in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, snow melt in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw. This can lead to devastating flooding, as occurred in Winnipeg during the spring of 1950. To protect the city from future floods, the Manitoba government undertook the construction of a massive system of diversions, dikes, and flood ways (including the Red River Floodway and the Portage Diversion). The system kept Winnipeg safe during the 1997 flood which devastated many communities upriver from Winnipeg, including Grand Forks, North Dakota and Ste. Agathe, Manitoba.
In the United States, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the lead flood control agency.[14] After Hurricane Sandy, New York City's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the transit assets in Manhattan. In one case, the MTA's New York City Transit Authority (NYCT) sealed subway entrances in lower Manhattan using a deployable fabric cover system called Flex-Gate,[15] a system that protects the subway entrances against 14 feet (4.3 m) of water.[16] Extreme storm flood protection levels have been revised based on new Federal Emergency Management Agency guidelines for 100-year and 500-year design flood elevations.[17][18]
In the New Orleans Metropolitan Area, 35 percent of which sits below sea level, is protected by hundreds of miles of levees and flood gates. This system failed catastrophically, with numerous breaks, during Hurricane Katrina (2005) in the city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting in the inundation of approximately 50 percent of the metropolitan area, ranging from a few inches to twenty feet in coastal communities.
The Morganza Spillway provides a method of diverting water from the Mississippi River when a river flood threatens New Orleans, Baton Rouge and other major cities on the lower Mississippi. It is the largest of a system of spillways and floodways along the Mississippi. Completed in 1954, the spillway has been opened twice, in 1973 and in 2011.
In an act of successful flood prevention, the federal government offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several communities accepted and the government, in partnership with the state, bought 25,000 properties which they converted into wetlands. These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995, when the floods returned, the government did not have to expend resources in those areas.[19]
Asia[edit]
In India, Bangladesh and China, flood diversion areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies in order to protect cities.[20]
The consequences of deforestation and changing land use on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of discussion. In assessing the impacts of Himalayan deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands, it was found that forests would not have prevented or significantly reduced flooding in the case of an extreme weather event.[21] However, more general or overview studies agree on the negative impacts that deforestation has on flood safety - and the positive effects of wise land use and reforestation.[22][23]
Many have proposed that loss of vegetation (deforestation) will lead to an increased risk of flooding. With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods.[24]
Africa[edit]
In Egypt, both the Aswan Dam (1902) and the Aswan High Dam (1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the Nile River.
Europe[edit]
Flood blocking the road in Jerusalem
Following the misery and destruction caused by the 1910 Great Flood of Paris, the French government built a series of reservoirs called Les Grands Lacs de Seine (or Great Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the Seine during floods, especially the regular winter flooding.[25]
London is protected from flooding by a huge mechanical barrier across the River Thames, which is raised when the water level reaches a certain point (see: Thames Barrier).
Venice has a similar arrangement, although it is already unable to cope with very high tides. The defenses of both London and Venice will be rendered inadequate if sea levels continue to rise.
The largest and most elaborate flood defenses can be found in the Netherlands, where they are referred to as Delta Works with the Oosterschelde dam as its crowning achievement. These works were built in response to the North Sea flood of 1953, in the southwestern part of the Netherlands. The Dutch had already built one of the world's largest dams in the north of the country. The Afsluitdijk closing occurred in 1932.
The Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex was completed in 2008, in Russia, to protect Saint Petersburg from storm surges. It also has a main traffic function, as it completes a ring road around Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi) and stand 8 metres (26 ft) above water level.
Flood clean-up safety[edit]
Clean-up activities following floods often pose hazards to workers and volunteers involved in the effort. Potential dangers include electrical hazards, carbon monoxide exposure, musculoskeletal hazards, heat or cold stress, motor vehicle-related dangers, fire, drowning, and exposure to hazardous materials. Because flooded disaster sites are unstable, clean-up workers might encounter sharp jagged debris, biological hazards in the flood water, exposed electrical lines, blood or other body fluids, and animal and human remains. In planning for and reacting to flood disasters, managers provide workers with hard hats, goggles, heavy work gloves, life jackets, and watertight boots with steel toes and insoles.[26]
Development of technology[edit]
Europe is at the forefront of the flood control technology, with low-lying countries such as the Netherlands and Belgium developing techniques that can serve as examples to other countries facing similar problems.[27]
After Hurricane Katrina, the US state of Louisiana sent politicians to the Netherlands to take a tour of the complex and highly developed flood control system in place in the Netherlands.[28] With a BBC article quoting experts as saying 70 percent more people will live in delta cities by 2050, the number of people impacted by a rise in sea level will greatly increase.[29] The Netherlands has one of the best flood control systems in the world and new ways to deal with water are constantly being developed and tested, such as the underground storage of water, storing water in reservoirs in large parking garages or on playgrounds,[29][30] Rotterdam started a project to construct a floating housing development of 120 acres (0.49 km2) to deal with rising sea levels.[31] Several approaches, from high-tech sensors detecting imminent levee failure to movable semi-circular structures closing an entire river, are being developed or used around the world. Regular maintenance of hydraulic structures, however, is another crucial part of flood control.[32]
See also[edit]
Amphibious vehicle
Cold drop
Drowning
Flash flood
Flood barrier
Flood wall
Flood Control Act of 1934 (in the US)
Hydrological Ensemble Prediction Experiment
Hydrosacks
Lifesaving
Maeslantkering - Netherlands
MOSE project - Venice
Northern Stormwater Interceptor, Bristol (in the UK)
Thames Barrier - London
Tidal barrage
Weir
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Flood Control", MSN Encarta, 2008 (see below: Further reading).
Jump up ^ IJERT International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 3 Issue 4, April - 2014 http://www.aiming.in
Jump up ^ "As Rains Soak California, Farmers Test How To Store Water Underground".
Jump up ^ "Where Levees Fail In California, Nature Can Step In To Nurture Rivers".
Jump up ^ Guillermo R. Giannico; Jon A. Souder (2004). "The Effects of Tide Gates on Estuarine Habitats and Migratory Fish" (PDF). National Sea Grant College Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Product No. ORESU-G-04-002.
Jump up ^ Wald, Matthew L. (June 27, 2011). "Nebraska Nuclear Plant's Vital Equipment Remains Dry, Officials Say". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Enlarge player → New weapon in the fight against flood damage". Fox News. Jul 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "For Communities Plagued by Repeated Flooding, Property Acquisition May Be the Answer - FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov.
Jump up ^ "Flooding". City of Charlotte Government.
Jump up ^ "Missouri Buyout Program - FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov.
Jump up ^ "Federal Insurance & Mitigation Administration - FEMA.gov". www.fema.gov.
Jump up ^ "To Flood-Proof Subways, N.Y. Looks At Everything From Plugs To Sheets".
Jump up ^ "Sustainable Communities - Climate Resiience". www1.nyc.gov.
Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC."Civil Works." Accessed 2014-01-24.
Jump up ^ Schlossberg, Tatiana (October 29, 2015). "New York Today: In Hurricane Sandy's Wake". New York Today. New York Times. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Anti-flood system rolled out in a lower Manhattan subway". Reuters. November 19, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Flood Maps". Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "How to Read a Flood Map". Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ripley, Amanda (2006-08-28). "Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Wildfires, Earthquakes... Why We Don't Prepare." Time.
Jump up ^ "China blows up seventh dike to divert flooding." China Daily. 2003-07-07.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Lawrence S (1987). "What Are the Impacts of Himalayan Deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands and Delta? Assumptions and Facts". Mountain Research and Development. Bern: International Mountain Society. 7 (3): 256–263. doi:10.2307/3673202. JSTOR 3673202.
Jump up ^ Semi, Naginder S (1989). "The Hydrology of Disastrous floods in Asia: An Overview" (PDF). Hydrology and Water Resources Department. London: James & James Science Publishers. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world". Global Change Biology. 13 (11): 2379–2395. Bibcode:2007GCBio..13.2379B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing. Also a flood has recently hit Pakistan which is said to be more devastating than the Tsunami of 2005". Global Change Biology. 13 (11): 2379–2395. Bibcode:2007GCBio..13.2379B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x.
Jump up ^ See Jeffrey H. Jackson, Paris Under Water: How the City of Light Survived the Great Flood of 1910 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).
Jump up ^ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, DC (2013). "Storm/Flood and Hurricane/Typhoon Response." Emergency Response Resources.
Jump up ^ Woodard, Colin (2001-09-04). "Netherlands Battens Its Ramparts Against Warming Climate." Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (5 June 2009). "US urged to abandon ageing flood defences in favour of Dutch system". The Guardian. London.
^ Jump up to: a b "In pictures: Rotterdam strengthens sea defences". BBC News. 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ http://water.dhv.com/EN/Water_management/Documents/2008%20Leaflet%20Innovative%20water%20storage%20techniques.pdf
Jump up ^ Palca, Joe (2008-01-28). "Dutch Architects Plan for a Floating Future." National Public Radio, Washington, DC.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (6 September 2005). "In Europe, High-Tech Flood Control, With Nature's Help". The New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
"Flood Control". MSN Encarta. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flood control.
Integrated Flood Management - Associated Programme on Flood Management, Geneva
Flood articles - BBC News
Flood defence works in Wiltshire - BBC
Flood defence works in Carlisle - BBC
Flood management and restoration of habitats - BBC
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1999 Seattle WTO protests
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1999 Seattle WTO protests
Part of the Anti-globalization movement
A law enforcement agent sprays pepper spray at the crowd
Date
November 30, 1999 – December 1, 1999
Location
Seattle, Washington, United States
Resulted in
Resignation of Seattle police chief Norm Stamper;
Increased exposure of WTO in US media; 157 individuals of the Independent Media Center
Parties to the civil conflict
Anti-globalization movement
Direct Action Network
NGOs
Labor unions
Student and religious groups
King County Sheriff's Office
Seattle Police Department
Washington State Patrol
81st Brigade, Washington Army National Guard
Number
~40,000
Unknown
1999 Seattle WTO protests, sometimes referred to as the Battle of Seattle or the Battle in Seattle,[1] were a series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, when members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) convened at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle, Washington on November 30, 1999. The Conference was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations.
The negotiations were quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests outside the hotels and the Washington State Convention and Trade Center. The protests were nicknamed "N30", akin to J18 and similar mobilizations. The large scale of the demonstrations, estimated at no less than 40,000 protesters, dwarfed any previous demonstration in the United States against a world meeting of any of the organizations generally associated with economic globalization (such as the WTO, the International Monetary Fund, or the World Bank).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Organizations and planning
1.1 Corporations targeted
1.2 Lead-up months
2 "N30"
2.1 December 1
3 Media response
4 Aftermath
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
7.1 Archives
8 External links
Organizations and planning[edit]
Planning for the actions began months in advance and included local, national, and international organizations. Among the most notable participants were national and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Global Exchange[3] (especially those concerned with labor issues, the environment, and consumer protection), labor unions (including the AFL-CIO), student groups, religion-based groups (Jubilee 2000), and anarchists (some of whom formed a Black bloc).[4]
The coalition was loose, with some opponent groups focused on opposition to WTO policies (especially those related to free trade), with others motivated by prolabor, anticapitalist, or environmental agendas. Many of the NGOs represented at the protests came with credentials to participate in the official meetings, while also planning various educational and press events. The AFL-CIO, with cooperation from its member unions, organized a large permitted rally and march from Seattle Center to downtown.
The "turtles": protestors in sea turtle costumes
However, others were more interested in taking direct action, including both civil disobedience and acts of vandalism and property destruction to disrupt the meeting. Several groups were loosely organized together under the Direct Action Network (DAN), with a plan to disrupt the meetings by blocking streets and intersections downtown to prevent delegates from reaching the convention center, where the meeting was to be held. The black bloc was not affiliated with DAN, but was responding to the original call for autonomous resistance actions on November 30 issued by People's Global Action.[5]
Of the different coalitions that aligned in protest were the "teamsters and turtles" - a blue-green alliance consisting of the teamsters (trade unions) and environmentalists.[6][7][8]
Corporations targeted[edit]
Certain activists, including locals and an additional group of anarchists from Eugene, Oregon[9] (where they had gathered that summer for a music festival),[10] advocated more confrontational tactics, and conducted vandalism of corporate properties in downtown Seattle. In a subsequent communique, they listed the particular corporations targeted, which they considered to have committed corporate crime.
Lead-up months[edit]
On July 12, the Financial Times reported that the latest United Nations Human Development report advocated "principles of performance for multinationals on labour standards, fair trade and environmental protection ... needed to counter the negative effects of globalisation on the poorest nations". The report itself argued, "An essential aspect of global governance is responsibility to people—to equity, to justice, to enlarging the choices of all".[11]
On July 16, Helene Cooper of the Wall Street Journal warned of an impending "massive mobilization against globalization" being planned for the end-of-year Seattle WTO conference.[12] Next day, the London Independent newspaper savaged the WTO and appeared to side with the organizers of the rapidly developing storm of protest:
The way it has used [its] powers is leading to a growing suspicion that its initials should really stand for World Take Over. In a series of rulings it has struck down measures to help the world's poor, protect the environment, and safeguard health in the interests of private—usually American—companies. "The WTO seems to be on a crusade to increase private profit at the expense of all other considerations, including the well-being and quality of life of the mass of the world's people," says Ronnie Hall, trade campaigner at Friends of the Earth International. "It seems to have a relentless drive to extend its power."[13]
On November 16, two weeks before the conference, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13141—Environmental Review of Trade Agreements,[14] which committed the United States to a policy of "assessment and consideration of the environmental impacts of trade agreements" and stated, "Trade agreements should contribute to the broader goal of sustainable development."
Activists staged a spoof of Seattle's daily paper, the Post-Intelligencer, on Wednesday November 24, inserting thousands of hoax editions of a four-page front-page wrap-around into piles of newspapers awaiting distribution to hundreds of street boxes and retail outlets. The spoof front-page stories were "Boeing to move overseas" (to Indonesia) and "Clinton pledges help for poorest nations".[15] The byline on the Boeing story attributed it to Joe Hill (a union organizer who had been executed by firing squad in Utah in 1915). On the same day, the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development reported:
"...developing countries have remained steadfast in their demand that developed countries honour Uruguay Round commitments before moving forward full force with new trade negotiations. Specifically, developing countries are concerned over developed countries’ compliance with agreements on market access for textiles, their use of antidumping measures against developing countries’ exports, and over-implementation of the WTO Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)".[16]
This ominously foreshadowed the impending conflict of the North-South divide which was to result in the collapse of the forthcoming WTO talks.
Previous mass protests against APEC summits in Vancouver, Canada and Manila, the Philippines also provided information about globalization policies, free trade and the situation in developing countries that likely encouraged further protests to confront international economic forums. In 1997, the APEC Canada meeting was held at the University of British Columbia (UBC) campus on November 24 and 25 in Vancouver. Protesters on the campus and in downtown Vancouver were treated with some repressive measures by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police while they were experiencing splits among themselves on questions of tactics and the limits of civil disobedience. That mass response of a few thousand included leaders of protests previously held in Manila where APEC had held a summit in 1996, when 10's of thousands of labor, peasant and social justice groups had marched to oppose free trade. UBC may have welcomed the filming of "Battle in Seattle" on its grounds in the light of this past. (Submitted by a witness who participated in the Vancouver anti-APEC actions and the Seattle anti-WTO actions, and referred to Wikipedia's pages on "APEC Canada 1997" and "APEC Philippines 1996".)
"N30"[edit]
Seattle police on Union Street, during the protests
On the morning of Tuesday November 30, 1999, the DAN's plan was put into effect. Several hundred activists arrived in the deserted streets near the convention center and began to take control of key intersections. Over the next few hours, a number of marchers began to converge on the area from different directions. These included a student march from the north, a march of citizens of the developing world who marched in from the south and, beginning around 09:00, militant anarchists (in a formation known as a black bloc) marching down Pike Street from 6th Avenue, blockading the streets with newspaper boxes and smashing windows.[17] Some demonstrators held rallies, others held teach-ins and at least one group staged an early-morning street party. Meanwhile, a number of protesters still controlled the intersections using lockdown formations.
The control of the intersections, plus the sheer numbers of protesters in the area, prevented delegates from getting from their hotels to the convention center. It also had the effect of cutting the police forces in two: the police who had formed a cordon around the convention center were cut off from the rest of the city. The police outside of the area eventually tried to break through the protesters' lines in the south.
That morning, the King County Sheriff's Office and Seattle Police Department fired pepper spray, tear gas canisters, and stun grenades[18] at protesters at several intersections in an attempt to reopen the blocked streets and allow as many WTO delegates as possible through the blockade.[19] At 6th Avenue and Union Street, the crowd threw objects back at the police.[20]
By late morning, the black bloc had swelled to 200 people and smashed dozens of shops and police cars. This seems to have set off a chain reaction of sorts, with previously nonviolent protesters throwing bottles at police and joining in the vandalism shortly before noon.[17] Some protesters tried to physically obstruct the activities of the black bloc, however, Seattle police (led by Chief Norm Stamper) did not react immediately. Protest organizers convinced Seattle police during the protest-permit process, that peaceful organizers would quell these kinds of activities.
The police were eventually overwhelmed by the mass of protesters downtown, including many who had chained themselves together and were blocking intersections. Meanwhile, the late-morning labor-organized rally and march drew tens of thousands; though the intended march route had them turning back before they reached the convention center, some ignored the marshals and joined what had become a chaotic scene downtown.
National Guardsmen marching to their next assignment
At noon, the opening ceremony at the convention center was officially cancelled.[17] It took police much of the afternoon and evening to clear the streets. Seattle mayor Paul Schell declared a state of emergency, imposed a curfew, and a 50-block "no-protest zone".
December 1[edit]
Overnight, the Governor Gary Locke called in two battalions of National Guardsmen, other law enforcement agencies sent support, and before daylight on Wednesday, troops and officers lined the perimeter of the no-protest zone. Police surrounded and arrested several groups of would-be protesters (and more than one bystander). Beginning at 21:00, a major clash took place on Broadway in the vicinity of Denny Way, involving rocks, bottles, and police concussion grenades. It did not involve a black bloc, but appears to have included local residents, although it is known that many local residents were treated as protesters, even being teargassed, despite having no part in the protests. Police called in from other cities mistook the typically crowded streets of Capitol Hill as groups of protesters.[21][22] More than 500 people were jailed on Wednesday. Throughout the day, police used tear gas to disperse crowds downtown, although a permitted demonstration organized by the Steelworkers Union was held along the waterfront.[23]
Media response[edit]
The New York Times printed an erroneous article that stated that protesters at the 1999 WTO convention in Seattle threw Molotov cocktails at police.[24] Two days later, The New York Times printed a correction saying that the protest was mostly peaceful and no protesters were accused of throwing objects at delegates or the police, but the original error persisted in later accounts in the mainstream media.[25]
The Seattle City Council also dispelled these rumors with its own investigation findings:
"The level of panic among police is evident from radio communication and from their inflated crowd estimates, which exceed the numbers shown on news videotapes. ARC investigators found the rumors of "Molotov cocktails" and sale of flammables from a supermarket had no basis in fact. But, rumors were important in contributing to the police sense of being besieged and in considerable danger."[26]
An article in the magazine The Nation disputed that Molotov cocktails have ever been thrown at an antiglobalization protest within the US.[27] Video shot by anarchists at Seattle does show some protesters throwing debris at police.[28][29]
Though media coverage of the Battle in Seattle condemned the violence of many protesters, the nature of this violence has justified its use to some people. Specifically, the violence employed was symbolic violence: that is, “acts directed toward property, not people.”[30] Though many still denounced the violent tactics used by protesters of the 1999 WTO meeting in Seattle, this violence clearly resulted in increased media coverage of the event. The WTO meeting had an increase in evening news airtime from 10 minutes and 40 seconds on the first day of the meeting to 17 minutes on the first day of violence.[30] In addition, WTO coverage was the lead or second story on CNN, ABC, CBS, and NBC after violence was reported.[31] Two days after the start of violence, the meeting remained the top story on three of the four networks.[30] Though these numbers alone are telling, the media coverage of subsequent demonstrations that did not include violence by protesters shows even more the effect of violence on coverage. For example, the World Bank/International Monetary Fund (WB/IMF) meetings in the spring showed a “coverage pattern that was almost the reverse of that in Seattle” and that “suggests the crucial role of violence in garnering time on the public screen."[30] In an even more striking example of the effects of violence on media coverage, the 2001 WTO meeting in Doha, Qatar, included no reports of violence.[30] As a result, “there was absolutely no TV evening news coverage by the four major networks."[30]
This coverage did not center exclusively on the violence. Instead, details of the protesters’ message and antiglobalization campaign were included along with the discussions of symbolic violence taking place.[30] DeLuca believes the violence served as a dense surface that opened viewers’ and readers’ minds to a whole new way of thinking about globalization and corporations’ operations.[30] That is, not only was this violence contained within the familiar setting of television, and not only did it meet the criteria of being dramatic and emotional enough to warrant air time, but it also shattered preconceived notions of globalization and the practices of corporations that drive so much of America's economy.[30]
Aftermath[edit]
To many in North American anarchist and radical circles, the Seattle WTO riots, protests, and demonstrations were viewed as a success.[32] Prior to the "Battle of Seattle", almost no mention was made of "antiglobalization" in the US media, while the protests were seen as having forced the media to report on 'why' anybody would oppose the WTO.[33]
Similar tactics on the part of both protesters and police were repeated at subsequent meetings of the WTO, IMF/World Bank, Free Trade Area of the Americas, and other international organizations, as well as the Democratic and Republican National Conventions in the US.[citation needed]
Previous mass demonstrations had taken place in Australia in December 1997, in which newly formed grass-roots organizations blockaded Melbourne, Perth, Sydney, and Darwin city centers.[34] The Seattle protests were by far the largest actions to have taken place in the United States.[citation needed]
Controversy over the city's response to the protests resulted in the resignation of the police chief of Seattle, Norm Stamper,[35] and arguably played a role in Schell's loss to Greg Nickels in the 2001 mayoral primary election.[36][37] The massive size of the protest added $3 million to the city's estimated meeting budget of $6 million, partly due to city cleanup and police overtime bills. In addition, the damage to commercial businesses from vandalism and lost sales has been estimated at $20 million.[38]
On January 16, 2004, the city of Seattle settled with 157 individuals arrested outside of the no-protest zone during the WTO events, agreeing to pay them a total of $250,000.[39] On January 30, 2007, a federal jury found that the city had violated protesters' Fourth Amendment constitutional rights by arresting them without probable cause or evidence.[40][41]
See also[edit]
1988 IMF/World Bank protests, anti-globalization precursor protest a decade earlier in West Berlin
30 Frames a Second: The WTO in Seattle 2000, a documentary shot during the protests.
Indymedia, the worldwide network of Independent Media Centers that began with the Seattle IMC during the protests.
1998 defeat of the OECD's MAI by protest action
Electrohippies
Banner drop
Battle in Seattle, a dramatic film loosely based on the protests
Breaking the Spell a documentary shot during the protests.
Soft Power
La Vía Campesina
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "WTO riots in Seattle: 15 years ago". November 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Seattle Police Department: The Seattle Police Department After Action Report: World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference Seattle, Washington November 29 – December 3, 1999. p. 41.
"Police estimated the size of this march [the labor march] in excess of 40,000."
Jump up ^ Bogardus, Keven (September 22, 2004). Venezuela Head Polishes Image With Oil Dollars: President Hugo Chavez takes his case to America's streets. Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Anarchism: Two Kinds, Wendy McElroy. About market, violence, and anarchist reject to WTO.
Jump up ^ "People's Global Action "November 30th, 1999-A Global Day of Action, Resistance, and Carnival Against the Capitalist System"". www.nadir.org.
Jump up ^ Berg, John C. 2003, Teamsters and turtles?: U.S. progressive political movements in the 21st century, Rowman & Littlefield
Jump up ^ http://fsrn.org/audio/web-special-teamsters-and-turtles/5828
Jump up ^ "FindArticles.com - CBSi". findarticles.com.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Margot (July 23, 2001). "In Oregon, Anarchists Act Locally". TIME. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Bill (July 1, 2007). "Local unrest followed cycle of social movements". The Register-Guard. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Globalization with a Human Face UNHDR, 1999
Jump up ^ "Globalization Foes Plan to Protest WTO's Seattle Round Trade Talks". Globalexchange.org. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ THE HIDDEN TENTACLES OF THE WORLD'S MOST SECRET BODY Sunday Independent, 17 July 1999
Jump up ^ "Presidential Executive Order 13141". Presidency.ucsb.edu. November 16, 1999. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Parvaz D P-I executives not amused by protesters' parody Seattle Post-Intelligencer, November 25, 1999
Jump up ^ No New Issues Without Redress Of Uruguay Round ImbalancesICTSD Bridges Weekly Seattle 99, Vol 3 No 46, November 24, 1999
^ Jump up to: a b c "Day 2: November 30, 1999". depts.washington.edu.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Paul (December 2, 1999). "Eyewitness: The Battle of Seattle". BBC News. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seattle Police Department, After-Action Report, pp. 39–40
Draft King Country Sheriff's Office Final Report, II.H.2.
WTO Accountability Review Committee, Combined Timeline of Events During the WTO Ministerial, 1999, Tuesday, Nov. 30: 9:09 am & 10 am.
A recording of the Seattle Police Department radio channel command-5 is also available, but has a gap from 0836 to 0840.
Highleyman, Liz, Scenes from the Battle of Seattle.
St. Clair, Jeffrey, Seattle Diary.
Gillham, Patrick F., and Marx, Gary T., Complexity and Irony in Policing: The World Trade Organization in Seattle.
de Armond, Paul, Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and Tactics, pp. 216–217.
Jump up ^ Oldham, Kit; Wilma, David (October 20, 2009). "Essay 2142". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alex Tizon, "Monday, Nov. 29 - Saturday, Dec. 4: WTO Week" Seattle Times, December 5, 1999;
Jump up ^ "Day 3: December 1, 1999". depts.washington.edu.
Jump up ^ "WTO Meeting and Protests in Seattle (1999) -- Part 2 - HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org.
Jump up ^ Christian, Nichole M. (June 4, 2000). "Police Brace For Protests In Windsor And Detroit". New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Origins of the Molotov Myth". De-Fact-o.com. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Seattle City Council findings" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2009.
Jump up ^ The Myth of Protest Violence, David Graeber. The Nation.
Jump up ^ Breaking the Spell (film, 1999)
Jump up ^ CBS 60 Minutes report on Seattle WTO protests
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i DeLuca, K., & Peeples, J. (2002). From public sphere to public screen: democracy, activism, and the “violence” of Seattle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19 (2), 125-151.
Jump up ^ (DeLuca & Peeples, 2002).
Jump up ^ Seattle WTO Shutdown ’99 to Occupy: Organizing to Win 12 Years Later, DAVID SOLNIT, The Indypendant, Jul 26 – September 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Owens, Lynn, and Palmer, L. Kendall: Making the News: Anarchist Counter Public Relations on the World Wide Web, p. 9.
They state that "[t]he protests in Seattle brought attention not only to the WTO and its policies, but also to the widespread organized opposition to those policies."
Jump up ^ Seattle Explosion: 2 Years Too Late, Rhoderick Gates, Our Time, November 31, 1999.
Jump up ^ Kimberly A.C. Wilson, Embattled police chief resigns, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, December 7, 1999. Accessed online May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Dan Savage, Paul is Dead: Norm's Resignation Ain't Gonna Save Schell's Butt, The Stranger, issue of December 9–15, 1999. Accessed online May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Rick Anderson, Whatever Happened to 'Hippie Bitch' Forman?, Seattle Weekly, November 24, 2004. Accessed online May 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ WTO protests hit Seattle in the pocketbook, CBC News, January 6, 2000
Jump up ^ City to pay protesters $250,000 to settle WTO suit Seattle Times, January 17, 2004
Jump up ^ "MyWay". apnews.myway.com.
Jump up ^ Colin McDonald (January 30, 2007). "Jury says Seattle violated WTO protesters' rights". Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
Further reading[edit]
The Black Bloc Papers: An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988–2005, by Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen, Breaking Glass Press, Shawnee Mission, KS, 2010. ISBN 0-9791671-0-8
Seattle Times index of stories and dates
International newsgroup: StopWTORound 1999 archive with detailed coverage of events before and after Seattle
Mai-not Discussion: Extensive contemporary documentation and comment
Christopher DeLaurenti N30: Live at the WTO Protest, November 30, 1999 and N30: Who Guards the Guardians Audio pieces made from live field recordings at the scene and police scanner recordings captured at N30.
Parrish, Geov. "Beyond Gandhi". Seattle Weekly. November 24, 1999.
Gates, Rhoderick. "Seattle Explosion: 2 Years Too Late". Our Time, November 31, 1999.
Movie This Is What Democracy Looks Like.
George, Susan Fixing or nixing the WTO Le Monde diplomatique, January 2000.
Monbiot, George Still bent on world conquest, Guardian, London, December 16, 1999
Highleyman, Liz (1999). "Scenes from the Battle of Seattle". Black Rose Web Pages. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
The Battle In Seattle: The Story Behind and Beyond the WTO Demonstrations, by Janet Thomas, Fulcrum Publishing, 2000 (book).
Solnit, David; Rebecca Solnit (2008). The Battle of the Story of the Battle of Seattle. Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 1-904859-63-1. OCLC 182529206.
The Battle of Seattle : "Globalize This!" – on the Internet Globalize This! : The Battle Against the World Trade Organization and Corporate Rule, edited by Kevin Danaher & Roger Burbach (Monroe, Maine, Common Courage Press, 2000, 218 pages)
Parrish, Geov (October 9, 2006). "The New Anarchists". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
De Armond, Paul (2001). "Netwar in the Emerald City: WTO Protest Strategy and Tactics". Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy.
Goodman, Amy; Gonzalez, Juan. "The Battle of Seattle 10 Years Later: Organizers Reflect on 1999 Shutdown of WTO Talks and the Birth of a Movement". Democracy Now!. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Archives[edit]
The World Trade Organization 1999 Seattle Ministerial Conference Protest collection, 1993-2011. 45.63 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Also see digital collections.
Jonathan Rosenblum Papers. 1993-2006. 1 cubic foot (1 box). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains records from Rosenblum's involvement with labor's preparation for the WTO protests along with records on major events that occurred in Seattle during and after the protests.
George Starkovick Papers. 1942-2000. 3 boxes.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Protests against the 1999 World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference.
University of Washington WTO History Project, interviews and documentation of the protest
Raw video footage of the protests, organized by day and street intersection
Storming Seattle by Paul De Armond, an account of the protest in multiple parts
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Nest learning thermostat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nest Learning Thermostat
The nest thermostat's front screen
Developer
Nest Labs
Type
Smart thermostat
The nest learning thermostat is a smart thermostat developed by Nest Labs and designed by Tony Fadell, Ben Filson, and Fred Bould.[1] The device is an electronic, programmable, and self-learning Wi-Fi-enabled thermostat that optimizes heating and cooling of homes and businesses to conserve energy.[2] It is based on a machine learning algorithm: for the first weeks users have to regulate the thermostat in order to provide the reference data set. Nest can then learn people's schedule, at which temperature they are used to and when.[3] Using built-in sensors and phones' locations it can shift into energy saving mode when it realizes nobody is at home.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Specifications
1.1 SKUs / Model numbers
1.2 Hardware
1.3 Software
1.4 Weave
1.5 Availability
2 References
Specifications[edit]
Device
Photo
Version
Released
Wi-Fi
802.15.4
24 V
120–
240 V
Multiple
Zones
1 – 2
Stage
Cooling
1 – 3
Stage
Heating
Forced
Air
Radiant
Heat
Pump
Oil
Gas
Electric
Hybrid
Systems
Humidistat
1.10 Q4
2011 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Single
Stage
Only 1–2
stage
only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
1.12 Q1
2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Single
Stage
Only 1–2
stage
only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
2.6 Q3
2012 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2.8 Q3
2013 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
5.4 Q4
2015 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both All Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
E Q3
2017 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Both 1–2
stage
only Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Note Gen E can support two-stage cooling OR two-stage heating OR heatpump due to a shared multi-use terminal.
SKUs / Model numbers[edit]
See also: Stock keeping unit
T100577 is 1st Generation, released only in the US
T200377 is 2nd Generation, UK release
T200477 is 2nd Generation, Canada release
T200577 is 2nd Generation, US release
T200677 is 2nd Generation, France, Netherlands, and Belgium release
T3007ES is 3rd Generation, US release[6][7]
T3010FD is 3rd Generation, France release[8]
T3010GB is 3rd Generation, UK release[9][10]
T3016US is 3rd Generation - black ring, US release[11]
T3017US is 3rd Generation - white ring, US release
T3021US is 3rd Generation - copper ring, US release
T4000ES is Thermostat E, US release[12][13]
T200477 and T200577 are technically the same[14]
T200377 and T200677 are technically the same, except for the power plug used for the USB charger[15]
Hardware[edit]
The Nest Thermostat's front screen
Generation
Release Date
1st October 25, 2011
2nd October 2, 2012
3rd September 1, 2015
E August 31, 2017
Nest Learning Thermostat showing weather's impact on energy usage
Nest is compatible with most standard HVAC systems that use central heating and cooling and uses industry standard connections to facilitate the control of these appliances.[16]
Nest consists of two primary pieces of hardware. The display contains the main printed circuit board (PCB) and rotating ring, and the base (pictured) houses the connection terminals, bubble level, and holes for wall anchors. Neither can function independently; if separated, the display becomes inactive until reconnected to the base.[17]
A special version of Nest is available in Europe, which is capable of controlling 120–240 V heating systems. The Nest is paired with a "Heat Link" device, which contains the circuitry required for controlling the mains-voltage heating system.[18]
Software[edit]
The Nest Thermostat is built around an operating system that allows interaction with the thermostat via spinning and clicking of its control wheel, which brings up option menus for switching from heating to cooling, access to device settings, energy history, and scheduling. Users can control Nest without a touch screen or other input device[19] . As the thermostat is connected to the Internet, the company can push updates to fix bugs, improve performance and add additional features. For updates to occur automatically, the thermostat must be connected to Wi‑Fi and the battery must have at least a 3.7 V charge to give enough power to complete the download and installation of the update.[20]
The Nest Thermostat has had a number of software updates.[21] A recent security update enables two factor authentication.[22]
Many have commented on the company's "Nest Community" regarding the lack of prominent display of the current temperature.[20]
The operating system itself is based on Linux 2.6.37 and many other free software components.[23] To comply with the terms of the GPLv3 license under which some components are available, Nest Labs also provides a special firmware image which will unlock the system so that it will accept unsigned firmware images. While the thermostat software by Nest Labs itself remains proprietary, a third party has reimplemented the basic logic in an open source replacement called FreeAbode.
Weave[edit]
Nest devices interconnect with each other using a protocol called Weave, which is based on IEEE 802.15.4 and Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n.[24]
Availability[edit]
Nest is available for sale in the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Spain.[25] It is, however, compatible with many heating and cooling automation systems in other countries.[26] Nest Labs have surveyed existing users known to be outside the areas where it is officially available. Use of the thermostat outside the United States and Canada is complicated by the software setting time and other functions based on the ZIP code. For international users this means they must either disable Wi‑Fi to set the time correctly or use the nearest U.S. zipcode which may result in erratic behavior as the thermostat makes faulty assumptions about inactivity corresponding with either sleep or the home's occupants being away.[27]
In 2013 a man-in-the-middle hack potentially allowed worldwide users to set up their timezone and local weather.[28]
In an effort to increase the number of homes using their learning thermostats, Nest began to partner with energy companies. In February 2014, Direct Energy and Nest laboratories launched their Comfort and Control plan. The plan allowed Canadian customers in Alberta to receive a learning thermostat when they signed up for a five-year electricity contract.[29] In April 2014, Nest announced a partnership with the United Kingdom energy supplier nPower. The partnership offers customers a cut on the Nest installation price and locked energy prices for 5 years, when customers receive both gas and electricity from nPower and paying with direct debit.[30] In June 2014, Direct Energy and Nest Laboratories expanded the package to Direct Energy's United States market.[31]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yarrow, Jay. "Meet The Unknown Genius Who Helped Design The $3.2 Billion Nest Thermostat And Smoke Detector". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Pogue, David (November 30, 2011). "A Thermostat That's Clever, Not Clunky". New York Times. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Commons, Marcela Gara / Resource Media via Creative. "In Illinois, smart thermostats seen as key energy management tool". Midwest Energy News. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Nest Learning Thermostat". Nest. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
Jump up ^ "What is Nest?". CNET. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
Jump up ^ "3rd Generation Nest Learning Thermostat Introduces High-Resolution Screen, Slimmer Profile". nest.com. September 1, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat, 3rd Generation". amazon.com. September 1, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat Troisième Génération". amazon.fr. November 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ "3rd Generation Nest Learning Thermostat Now Available in Europe". nest.com. November 17, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat, 3rd Generation". amazon.co.uk. November 17, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ https://nest.com/blog/2016/09/08/saving-energy-never-goes-out-of-style/
Jump up ^ "Nest Expands Thermostat Line to Bring Energy Savings to More Homes with Nest Thermostat E". nest.com. August 30, 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Nest Thermostat E". amazon.com. September 1, 2017. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "T200477 (Canadian) vs T200577 (US)?". community.nest.com. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
Jump up ^ "T200377 vs T200677?". community.nest.com. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
Jump up ^ "Power Specifications for the Nest Learning Thermostat". Support.nest.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
Jump up ^ "The Nest Learning Thermostat will not turn on after installation". Support.nest.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat and Heat Link on UK Website". store.nest.com. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
Jump up ^ "Nest 2nd vs 3rd Generation". Leads Rating. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "How do I update the software on my Nest Learning Thermostat?". Support.nest.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat software update history". Support.nest.com. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ King, Rachel. "Nest Is Turning Up the Security on Its Thermostats". Fortune. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
Jump up ^ "Nest Learning Thermostat open source compliance". Nest.com. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ How does Nest Protect connect wirelessly? November 4, 2014. Retrieved June 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Nest Thermostat, Nest Protect and Nest Cam support".
Jump up ^ "What's new in the Nest Thermostat's 4.0 software update?". Nest.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Nest's smart Thermostat is now available to buy in the UK, priced from £179". thenextweb.com. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Nest thermostat in Europe Hacks". Motote.blogspot.com.es. Retrieved 2013-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Direct Energy to offer Nest thermostats to new Ohio customers". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Nest smart thermostat comes to nPower, cools your energy bill". cnet.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Nest Partners With Direct Energy to Offer Smart Home Utility Service Package". mashable.com. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nest_learning_thermostat&oldid=818966232"
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Reflected appraisal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Reflected appraisal is a term used in psychology to describe a person's perception of how others see and evaluate him or her. The reflected appraisal process concludes that people come to think of themselves in the way they believe others think of them (Mead, 1934; Cooley, 1902; Sullivan, 1947). This process has been deemed important to the development of a person's self-esteem, especially because it includes interaction with people outside oneself,[1] and is considered one of the main influences on the development of self-concept.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Extent of impact
3 Relationships
3.1 Families
3.2 Married couples
4 Scripts
5 Self-fulfilling prophecies
6 References
History[edit]
Harry Stack Sullivan first coined the term reflected appraisal in 1953 when he published The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, though Charles H. Cooley was the first to describe the process of reflected appraisal when he discussed his concept of the looking-glass self (1902). Although some of our self-views are gained by direct experience with our environment, most of what we know about ourselves is derived from others.
In 1979, Shrauger and Shoeneman found that rather than our self-concepts resembling the way others actually see us, our self-concepts are filtered through our perceptions and resemble how we think others see us.[3] Felson (1993) explained that individuals are not very accurate in judging what others think of them. Among the causes of the discrepancy is the apprehension of others about revealing their views. At best, they may reveal primarily favorable views rather than both favorable and unfavorable views. Consistent with other research (DePaulo, Kenny, Hoover, Webb & Oliver, 1987, Keny & Albright, 1987), Felson found that individuals have a better idea of how groups see them than of how specific individuals see them. Presumably, individuals learn the group standards and then apply those standards. In turn, when group members judge individuals, they use the same standards that individuals originally applied to themselves. Thus we find a correspondence in self-appraisals and other’s appraisals of the self.[4]
Extent of impact[edit]
The extent to which reflected appraisals affect the person being appraised depends upon characteristics of the appraiser and his or her appraisal.[5] Greater impact on the development of a person’s self-concept is said to occur when: (1) the appraiser is perceived as a highly credible source (2) the appraiser takes a very personal interest in the person being appraised (3) the appraisal is very discrepant with the person’s self-concept at the moment (4) the number of confirmations of a given appraisal is high (5) the appraisals coming from a variety of sources are consistent and (6) appraisals are supportive of the person’s own beliefs about himself or herself.[6]
Relationships[edit]
Several studies have been conducted on the way reflected appraisal affects various relationships in a person's life. The idea that a person's self-concept is related to what that person perceives as another's opinion usually holds more weight with significant others. Appraisals from significant others such as parents, close friends, trusted colleagues, and other people the individual strongly admires, influences self-concept development[7] and often has more influence than a stranger on a child's developing self-esteem.[8] Study of this topic has led to the realization that people sometimes tend to anticipate what will happen in the future based on a previous perception.[9]
Families[edit]
Reflected appraisals are present among family members. All family members have opinions about one another and are typically less reticent to express them to each other than is the case outside of family relations. Siblings, especially, may be only too eager to give critical feedback regarding each other's behavior, appearance, social skills, and intelligence. Not all of these appraisals, of course, are equally significant for one's self-esteem. Both what is being appraised (with regard to its importance for one's self-concept) and who does the appraising, are important qualifiers. For children, on most things, the reflected appraisals of their parents may matter much more than those of their siblings.[10]
Reflected appraisal has been the main process examined in studies of self-esteem within families.[11] The bulk of this research has focused on the effects of parental behavior on children's self-esteem. In general, these studies find that parental support and encouragement, responsiveness, and use of inductive control are related positively to children's self-esteem (Gecas and Seff 1990). Most of these parental variables could be considered indicators of positive reflected appraisals of the child. They are also the parental behaviors found to be associated with the development of other positive socialization outcomes in children and adolescents (such as moral development, pro-social behavior, and academic achievement). [12]
Married couples[edit]
In the investigation of the reflected appraisal process with newly married couples, social status derived from one’s position in the social structure also influences the appraisal process.[13] The spouse with the higher status (education, occupation, and income) in the marriage is more likely to not only influence their partner’s self-views, but also their partner’s views of them (Cast, Stets, & Burke, 1999). Spouses with a lower status in the marriage have less influence on the self-view of their higher status counterparts or on how their higher-status counterparts view them.
Scripts[edit]
Through reflected appraisals, we are also given lines to speak in everyday situations (Murial & Joneward, 1971, pp. 68–100) that are sometimes so specific that some people refer to them as scripts.[14] Through these scripts, we are given our lines, our gestures, and our characterizations. The scripts tell us how to act in future scenarios, and what is expected of us. Others tell us what they expect from us, how we should look, how we should behave, and how we should say our lines.[15]
Self-fulfilling prophecies[edit]
The messages we receive about ourselves during the process of reflected appraisal can become self-fulfilling prophecies.[16] The Pygmalion effect, Rosenthal effect, and observer-expectancy effect show that biased expectancies could affect reality and create self-fulfilling prophecies through reflected appraisal. If you were given positive reflected appraisals when you were young, you probably have a good self-concept; if the appraisals were largely negative, your self-concept may suffer.[17]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hindman, Kaci. "What Is Reflected Appraisal?". wisegeek.com. Conjecture Corporation.
Jump up ^ Cherry, Kendra. "What Is the Reflected Appraisal Process?". psychology.about.com.
Jump up ^ Leary, Mark R.; Tangney, June Price (July 13, 2005). Handbook of Self and Identity (PDF) (1 ed.). The Guilford Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1593852371.
Jump up ^ Leary, Mark R.; Tangney, June Price (July 13, 2005). Handbook of Self and Identity (PDF) (1 ed.). The Guilford Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1593852371.
Jump up ^ Rao, Sree. "How the Self concept Develops". citeman.com.
Jump up ^ Rao, Sree. "How the Self concept Develops". citeman.com.
Jump up ^ Rao, Sree. "How the Self concept Develops". citeman.com.
Jump up ^ Hindman, Kaci. "What Is Reflected Appraisal?". wisegeek.com. Conjecture Corporation.
Jump up ^ Hindman, Kaci. "What Is Reflected Appraisal?". wisegeek.com. Conjecture Corporation.
Jump up ^ "Self-Esteem". encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ "Self-Esteem". encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ "Self-Esteem". encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ Leary, Mark R.; Tangney, June Price (July 13, 2005). Handbook of Self and Identity (PDF) (1 ed.). The Guilford Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1593852371.
Jump up ^ Hybels, Saundra; Weaver II, Richard L. (2004). Communicating Effectively (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0072563974.
Jump up ^ Hybels, Saundra; Weaver II, Richard L. (2004). Communicating Effectively (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0072563974.
Jump up ^ Hybels, Saundra; Weaver II, Richard L. (2004). Communicating Effectively (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0072563974.
Jump up ^ Hybels, Saundra; Weaver II, Richard L. (2004). Communicating Effectively (7 ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0072563974.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflected_appraisal&oldid=808501298"
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