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Government of Florida
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Florida
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President: Joe Negron
President pro Tempore: Anitere Flores
Majority Leader: Wilton Simpson
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The government of Florida is established and operated according to the Constitution of Florida and is composed of three branches of government: the executive branch consisting of the Governor of Florida and the other elected and appointed constitutional officers; the legislative branch, the Florida Legislature, consisting of the Senate and House; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of Florida and lower courts. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, and ratification.
Contents
[hide]
1 Executive branch
1.1 Governor
1.2 Cabinet
1.3 Agencies and departments
2 Legislative branch
3 Judicial branch
4 Budget
4.1 State
5 Capital city
6 Local government
7 Current governor and cabinet
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Executive branch[edit]
The executive branch of the government of Florida consists of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Florida Cabinet (which includes the Attorney General, Commissioner of Agriculture and Chief Financial Officer), and several executive departments.[1] Each office term is limited for two four-year terms.[2]
Governor[edit]
Main article: Governor of Florida
The Governor of Florida is the chief executive of the government of Florida and the chief administrative officer of the state responsible for the planning and budgeting for the state, and serves as chair when the Governor and the Florida Cabinet sit as a decision-making body in various constitutional roles.[3] The Governor has the power to execute Florida's laws and to call out the state militia to preserve the public peace, being Commander-in-Chief of the state's military forces that are not in active service of the United States. At least once every legislative session, the Governor is required to deliver the "State of the State Address" to the Florida Legislature regarding the condition and operation of the state government and to suggest new legislation.
Cabinet[edit]
Main article: Florida Cabinet
The Turlington Building in Tallahassee, headquarters of the Department of Education
Florida is unique among U.S. states in having a strong cabinet-style government. Members of the Florida Cabinet are independently elected, and have equal footing with the Governor on issues under the Cabinet's jurisdiction. The Cabinet consists of the Attorney General, the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Chief Financial Officer. Along with the Governor, each member carries one vote in the decision making process. In the event of a tie, the side of the Governor is the prevailing side. Cabinet elections are held every four years, on even numbered years not divisible by four (such as 2010, 2014, etc.).
The Florida Attorney General is the state's chief legal officer. As defined in the Florida Constitution,[4] the Attorney General appoints a statewide prosecutor who may prosecute violations of criminal law occurring in or affecting two or more judicial circuits. The Attorney General is responsible for the Department of Legal Affairs.[5] The Attorney General is head of the Florida Department of Legal Affairs.[6][7]
The Florida Chief Financial Officer's duties include monitoring the states finances and fiscal well being, auditing and assuring that state programs are properly spending money and overseeing the proper management of the revenue and spending of the state.[8] The Chief Financial Officer is the head of the Florida Department of Financial Services (FDFS).[6]
The Florida Commissioner of Agriculture is the head of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS).
Agencies and departments[edit]
Main article: List of Florida state agencies
The purpose of agencies is to promulgate rules to implement legislation. In April 2014, there were 25,362 administrative rules, and eight agencies have over 1,000 rules each, of which the most heavily regulated agencies are the Department of Financial Services and Department of Health.[9] The Florida Administrative Register (FAR) is the daily publication containing proposed rules and notices of state agencies.[10] The regulations are codified in the Florida Administrative Code (FAC).[11] There are also numerous decisions, opinions and rulings of state agencies.[12]
The state had about 122,000 employees in 2010.[13][14]
Legislative branch[edit]
Main article: Florida Legislature
Chamber of the Florida Senate
The Florida Constitution mandates a bicameral state legislature, consisting of a Florida Senate of 40 members and a Florida House of Representatives of 120 members.[15] The two bodies meet in the Florida State Capitol. The Florida House of Representative members serve for two-year terms, while Florida Senate members serve staggered four-year terms, with 20 Senators up for election every two years.[16] Members of both houses are term limited to serve a maximum of eight years.[17] There are also state auditors led by the Florida Auditor General who is appointed by the Joint Legislative Auditing Committee,[18][19][20] the utility-regulating Florida Public Service Commission (FPSC),[21][6] and the Florida Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability (OPPAGA).[6]
The legislature's session is part-time, meeting for 60-day regular sessions annually. The regular session of the Florida Legislature commences on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March with the Governor's State of the State speech before a joint session and ends on the last Friday in April or the first Friday in May. The Florida Legislature often meets in special sessions, sometimes as many as a half dozen in a year, that are called for particular purposes, such as budget reduction or reforming property insurance. A special session may be called by the governor,[22] by joint proclamation of the Speaker of the House and Senate President or by three-fifths vote of the members of both houses.[23] Outside of these regular and special sessions, the members of both houses participate in county delegation meetings and interim committee meetings throughout the year, mostly from November to February in advance of the regular session.
Its session laws are compiled into the Laws of Florida,[24] and the Florida Statutes are the codified statutory laws of the state which have general applicability.[24]
Judicial branch[edit]
Main article: Judiciary of Florida
The Florida Supreme Court building in Tallahassee
The Florida State Courts System is the unified state court system. The Florida State Courts System consists of the:
Florida Supreme Court, the state supreme court;
five District Courts of Appeal, which are intermediate appellate courts; and
two forms of trial courts: 20 circuit courts and 67 county courts, one for each of Florida counties.
The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court of Florida and consists of seven judges: the Chief Justice and six justices. The Court is the final arbiter of Florida law, and its decisions are binding authority for all other state courts. The five Florida District Courts of Appeal are the intermediate appellate courts.
The 20 Florida circuit courts are trial courts of original jurisdiction for most controversies.[25] The circuit courts primarily handle civil cases where the amount in controversy is greater than $15,000, and felony criminal cases, as well as appeals from county courts. Circuit courts also have jurisdiction over domestic relations, juvenile dependency, juvenile delinquency, and probate matters. The 67 Florida county courts have original jurisdiction over misdemeanor criminal cases, including violations of county and municipal ordinances, and in civil cases whose value in controversy does not exceed $15,000.
Budget[edit]
Each civil entity has its own budget: state, county, and municipal.
State[edit]
In June 2015, the state's debt was $25.7 billion.[26]
Capital city[edit]
The commissioners charged by the government of the unified Florida to select a permanent capital selected Tallahassee, then between the two major cities of Florida, Pensacola and Saint Augustine, as the state capital, in 1823.[27] The White people expelled the Native Americans, who were opposed to leaving their land, before settling Tallahassee.[28] The commissioners were Dr. W.H. Simmons, from St. Augustine, and John Lee Williams, from Pensacola. Richard Keith Call and a founder of Jacksonville, John Bellamy, wanted the capital in what is now Lake County but their efforts failed.[27]
From the beginning of Tallahassee's history there were multiple attempts to move the state capital. A July 1957 Florida Historical Quarterly article stated that this was because of Tallahassee's distance from other settlements.[29]
As Florida's size and population grew and spread south, the center of the state's population and the geographic center of the state changed. Using data from the 2010 U.S. Census, according to the Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, the state's center of population was southern Polk County. The geographic center of the state is Brooksville. Because Tallahassee became increasingly far from many Floridians, there were additional proposals to move the capital to Orlando, a more centrally-located city, in the late 1960s.[30] The City of Orlando, in 1967, passed a referendum stating that it would accept becoming the capital.[29] These proposals stopped after the new Florida Capitol opened in Tallahassee in 1977. Politicians from North Florida had opposed the idea of moving the state capital. Adam C. Smith of the Tampa Bay Times argued in 2016 that Tallahassee is no longer an appropriate location for the capital, and he cited an American Economic Review article which stated that state capitals far from their populations are more prone to corruption than those that are not.[30]
Local government[edit]
Further information: Administrative divisions of Florida
See also: Government of Miami-Dade County, Government of Brevard County, and Government of Miami
A map of Florida showing county names and boundaries
There are four types of local governments in Florida: counties, municipalities, school districts, and special districts.[2]
Florida consists of 67 counties. Each county has officers considered "state" officers: these officials are elected locally, and their salaries and office expenses are also paid locally, but they cannot be removed from office or replaced locally, but only by the governor. The state officers subject to this requirement are the sheriff, state's attorney, public defender, tax collector, supervisor of elections, clerk of the circuit court (though styled as such, each circuit having multiple counties within its jurisdiction has a separate elected clerk within each county, and the office also handles official county records not pertaining to judicial matters), property appraiser, and judges.
There is one school district for each county; the Florida Constitution allows adjoining counties to merge their districts upon voter approval.[31] The superintendent is by default an elected official; however, the Florida Constitution allows county voters to make the position an appointed one.[32]
Municipalities in Florida may be called towns, cities, or villages, but there is no legal distinction between the different terms. Municipalities often have police departments, fire departments, and provide essential services such as water, waste collection, etc. In unincorporated areas of a county, the county itself can provide some of these services. Municipalities may also enter agreements with the county to have the county provide certain services. Each county has a sheriff who also tends to have concurrent jurisdiction with municipal police departments.[2]
Orlando City Hall
Both counties and cities may have a legislative branch (commissions or councils) and executive branch (mayor or manager) and local police, but violations are brought before a county court. Counties and municipalities are authorized to pass laws (ordinances), levy taxes, and provide public services within their jurisdictions. All areas of Florida are located within a county, but only some areas have been incorporated into municipalities. All municipalities are located within a county and the county jurisdiction overlays the municipal jurisdiction. Usually, if there is a conflict between a county ordinance and a municipal ordinance, the municipal ordinance has precedence within the municipality's borders; however, the overlaying county's ordinances have precedence if the overlaying county has been designated a charter county by the Florida Legislature.[2]
In some cases, the municipal and county governments have merged into a consolidated government. However, smaller municipal governments can be created inside of a consolidated municipality/county. In Jacksonville, the municipal government has taken over the responsibilities normally given to the county government, Duval County, and smaller municipalities exist within it.
Among special districts are "community development districts" which have virtually all the power of a city or county (except, notably, they do not have police power). Chapter 190 of the Florida Statutes governs these districts. Notable CDD's include the Reedy Creek Improvement District (the location of Walt Disney World) and substantially all of The Villages (the giant Central Florida retirement community).
Current governor and cabinet[edit]
Governor and Cabinet of Florida
Rick Scott (R)
Governor
Pam Bondi (R)
Attorney General
Jimmy Patronis (R)
Chief Financial Officer
Adam Putnam (R)
Agriculture Commissioner
See also[edit]
Florida portal
Elections in Florida
Politics of Florida
Political party strength in Florida
Law of Florida
Surface Water Improvement and Management Program
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Article IV, Section 6, Florida Constitution, limits the number of executive departments to no more than 25. The constitutional limitation specifically excludes departments authorized in the Constitution such as the Fish and Wildlife Conservation (Article IV, Section 9), the Department of Veterans Affairs (Article IV, Section 11), and the Department of Elderly Affairs (Article IV, Section 12). Further, the Legislature has housed totally independent agencies under other departments (such as the Agency for Workforce Innovation being housed under the Department of Management Services pursuant to section 20.50, Florida Statutes), which prevents the independent agencies from being counted toward the constitutional limit of 25 departments. See, e.g., Agency for Health Care Administration v. Associated Industries of Florida, 678 So.2d 1239 (Fla. 1996), where the Florida Supreme Court found that the Agency was created as an independent agency within the Department of Professional Regulation and that the Agency did not count toward the "25 department" limit.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dye, T.R., Jewett, A. & MacManus, S.A. (2007) Politics in Florida. Tallahassee: John Scott Dailey Florida Institute of Government.
Jump up ^ Article IV, Sections 1(a) and 4, Florida Constitution.
Jump up ^ Article IV, Section 4(b), Florida Constitution.
Jump up ^ MyFloridaLegal.com, accessed May 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "State of Florida Organizational Chart". Florida Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Office of the Attorney General (Department of Legal Affairs). Florida Office of Program Policy Analysis and Government Accountability.
Jump up ^ Article IV, Section 4(c), Florida Constitution.
Jump up ^ Dockery, Paula (April 4, 2014). "Regulatory reform easier said than done". Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 11A. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Florida Administrative Register - Florida Administrative Law - Guides @ UF at University of Florida". University of Florida Libraries. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Florida Administrative Code - Florida Administrative Law - Guides @ UF at University of Florida". University of Florida Libraries. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Agency Adjudication - Florida Administrative Law - Guides @ UF at University of Florida". University of Florida Libraries. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Cervenka, Susanne (24 October 2010). "Workers stockpile unused leave time". Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. pp. 1A.
Jump up ^ The Conference Report on Senate Bill 2800, the General Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2011-2012, authorizes 122,235.75 positions (before gubernatorial vetoes). That number includes 4,322.5 positions for judges, justices, and employees of the state court system (judicial branch). It does not include employees of the state university system, the legislative branch (except for 296 positions for the Public Service Commission) or employees of local governments -- counties, municipalities, school districts, Florida colleges, water management districts, etc.
Jump up ^ These are the maximum numbers allowed. Article III, Section 16(a), Florida Constitution, provides that the Senate shall be apportioned into not less than 3, nor more than 40 Senate districts, and the House shall be apportioned into not less than 80 nor more than 120 House districts.
Jump up ^ After dicennial apportionment of the Legislature, one-half of the Senators are elected to two-year terms to comply with Article III, Section 15(a), Florida Constitution, which requires staggered terms in the Senate (one-half of the Senators elected every 2 years).
Jump up ^ The concept of "term limit" is commonly misunderstood in Florida. Article VI, Section 4(b), Florida Constitution, prohibits a person from appearing on the ballot for re-election if, by the end of the current term, the person will have served for eight consecutive years. The most obvious exception to the common understanding of "term limit" occurs immediately following dicennial apportionment. Twenty of the forty Senators are elected for initial terms of 2 years. They subsequently may be elected to two additional four-year terms, serving a total of ten years. At the time of the second reelection, a Senator will have served six years and is thus not precluded from serving by the eight-year limitation. Another exception that has been discussed but never tested is that a statewide elected official, after serving eight years, might run as a write-in candidate, thus not having his or her name appear on the ballot. See How to Defy Term Limits, Lakeland Ledger, August 9, 1999. [1]
Jump up ^ Sections 11.40, 11.45, and 11.51, Florida Statutes.
Jump up ^ Florida Auditor General, Ballotpedia
Jump up ^ Florida Auditor General
Jump up ^ Section 350.001, Florida Statutes.
Jump up ^ Article III, Section 3, Florida Constitution.
Jump up ^ Section 11.011, Florida Statutes, and Article III, Section 3(c)(2), Florida Constitution.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statutes & Constitution: Online Sunshine". Florida Legislature. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Fla. Stat. § 26.012(5) (2007)
Jump up ^ [2]
^ Jump up to: a b Powers, Ormund. "County Never Made It As Florida's Capital" (Archive). Orlando Sentinel. April 8, 1998. Retrieved on May 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clark, James C. "How Tallahassee Became The Capital Of Florida" (Archive). Orlando Sentinel. March 13, 1994. Retrieved on May 26, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrews, Mark. "Tallahassee Has Had Shaky Capital Tenure" (Archive). Orlando Sentinel. May 3, 1992. Retrieved on May 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Adam C. "Tallahassee no longer fits as Florida's capital" (Archive). Tampa Bay Times. Saturday August 9, 2014. Retrieved on May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Mode=Constitution&Submenu=3&Tab=statutes#A9 Florida Constitution, Article IX, Section 4
Jump up ^ http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?Mode=Constitution&Submenu=3&Tab=statutes#A9 Florida Constitution, Article IX, Section 5
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text:
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values
First edition
Author
Robert M. Pirsig
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Philosophical fiction, Autobiographical novel[1]
Published
1974 (William Morrow and Company)
Media type
Print (hardcover and paperback)
Pages
418 pp
ISBN
0-688-00230-7
OCLC
673595
Dewey Decimal
917.3/04/920924 B
LC Class
CT275.P648 A3 1974
Followed by
Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (ZAMM), by Robert M. Pirsig, is a book that was first published in 1974. It is a work of fictionalized autobiography, and is the first of Pirsig's texts in which he explores his Metaphysics of Quality.
The title is an apparent play on the title of the book Zen in the Art of Archery by Eugen Herrigel. In its introduction, Pirsig explains that, despite its title, "it should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice. It's not very factual on motorcycles, either."
Initially, the book sold at least 5 million copies worldwide.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Writing
3 Philosophical content
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Structure[edit]
According to Edward Abbey, the book is Pirsig's fictionalized autobiography[1] of a 17-day journey he made on a motorcycle from Minnesota to Northern California along with his son Chris. The story of this journey is recounted in a first-person narrative, although the author is not identified. Father and son are also accompanied, for the first nine days of the trip, by close friends John and Sylvia Sutherland, with whom they part ways in Montana. The trip is punctuated by numerous philosophical discussions, referred to as Chautauquas by the author, on topics including epistemology, ethical emotivism and the philosophy of science.
Many of these discussions are tied together by the story of the narrator's own past self, who is referred to in the third person as Phaedrus (after Plato's dialogue). Phaedrus, a teacher of creative and technical writing at a small college, became engrossed in the question of what defines good writing, and what in general defines good, or "Quality". His philosophical investigations eventually drove him insane, and he was subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, which permanently changed his personality.
Towards the end of the book, Phaedrus's personality begins to re-emerge and the narrator is reconciled with his past.
Writing[edit]
In a 1974 interview with National Public Radio, Pirsig stated that the book took him four years to write. During two of these years, Pirsig continued working at his job of writing computer manuals. This caused him to fall into an unorthodox schedule, waking up very early and writing Zen from 2 a.m. until 6 a.m., then eating and going to his day job. He would sleep during his lunch break and then go to bed around 6 in the evening. Pirsig joked that his co-workers noticed that he was "a lot less perky" than everyone else.[3]
Philosophical content[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Pirsig explores the meaning and concept of "quality"; a term he conceives as undefinable. Pirsig's thesis is that to truly experience quality one must both embrace and apply it as best fits the requirements of the situation. According to Pirsig, such an approach would avoid a great deal of frustration and dissatisfaction common to modern life.
In the book, the Narrator describes the "Romantic" approach to life of his friend, John Sutherland, who chooses not to learn how to maintain his expensive new motorcycle. John simply hopes for the best with his bike, and when problems do occur he often becomes frustrated and is forced to rely on professional mechanics to repair it. In contrast, the "classical" Narrator has an older motorcycle which he is usually able to diagnose and repair himself through the use of rational problem solving skills.
In an example of the classical approach, Pirsig explains to the reader that one must pay continual attention: when the Narrator and his friends came into Miles City, Montana[4] he notices that the "engine idle is loping a little," a possible indication that the fuel/air mixture is too rich. The next day he is thinking of this as he is going through his ritual to adjust the valves on his cycle's engine. During the adjustment, he notes that both spark plugs are black, confirming a rich mixture. He recognizes that the higher elevation is causing the engine to run rich. The narrator rectifies this by installing new jets with the valves adjusted, and the engine runs well again.
With this, the book details two types of personalities: those who are interested mostly in gestalts (romantic viewpoints, such as Zen, focused on being "In the moment", and not on rational analysis), and those who seek to know the details, understand the inner workings, and master the mechanics (classic viewpoints with application of rational analysis, vis-a-vis motorcycle maintenance) and so on.
The Sutherlands represent an exclusively romantic attitude toward the world. The Narrator initially appears to prefer the classic approach. It later becomes apparent that he understands both viewpoints and is aiming for the middle ground. He understands that technology, and the "dehumanized world" it carries with it, appears ugly and repulsive to a romantic person. He knows that such persons are determined to shoehorn all of life's experience into the romantic view. Pirsig is capable of seeing the beauty of technology and feels good about mechanical work, where the goal is "to achieve an inner peace of mind". The book demonstrates that motorcycle maintenance may be dull and tedious drudgery or an enjoyable and pleasurable pastime; it all depends on attitude.
Ancient Greek philosophy in Athens, romantically depicted by Raphael
Pirsig examines the modern pursuit of "Pure Truths", claiming it derives from the work of early Greek philosophers who were establishing the concept of truth in opposition to the force of "The Good". He argues that although rational thought may find a truth (or The Truth) it may never be fully and universally applicable to each and every individual's experience. Therefore, what is needed is an approach to viewing life that is more varied and inclusive and has a wider range of application. He makes a case that originally the Greeks did not distinguish between "Quality" and "Truth" – they were one and the same, arete – and that the divorce was, in fact, artificial (though needed at the time) and is now a source of much frustration and unhappiness in the world, particularly overall dissatisfaction with modern life.
Pirsig aims towards a perception of the world that embraces both sides, the rational and the romantic. This means encompassing "irrational" sources of wisdom and understanding as well as science, reason and technology. In particular, this must include bursts of creativity and intuition that seemingly come from nowhere and are not (in his view) rationally explicable. Pirsig seeks to demonstrate that rationality and Zen-like "being in the moment" can harmoniously coexist. He suggests such a combination of rationality and romanticism can potentially bring a higher quality of life.
It has been noted that Pirsig’s Romantic/Classical dichotomy resembles Nietzsche’s Dionysian/Apollonian dichotomy as described in The Birth of Tragedy. For example, in his book The Person of the Therapist, Edward Smith writes, “In his popular novel, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert Pirsig (1974) also addressed the Apollonian and Dionysian worldviews, naming them respectively classical understanding and romantic understanding.”[5]
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Emotional intelligence
Gestalt psychology
Gumption trap
Ideasthesia
Lila: An Inquiry into Morals
Index of philosophical literature
Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality
Quality (philosophy)
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
^ Jump up to: a b Abbey, Edward (March 30, 1975). "Novelistic autobiography, autobiographical novel? No matter". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Reuters (25 April 2017). "Robert Pirsig, Author Of 'Zen And The Art Of Motorcycle Maintenance,' Dead At 88" – via Huff Post.
Jump up ^ 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Author' Robert Pirsig at NPR online audio archive
Jump up ^ Part II, Ch. 8, pages 80,81 in the paperback edition for which the image is shown,
Jump up ^ Smith, Edward W.L. The Person of the Therapist , McFarland & Company Inc, 2003: p.97.
External links[edit]
robertpirsig.org, A website containing a number of papers concerned with the Metaphysics of Quality.
Pictures taken by Pirsig from the trip made famous in his book
Audio: 1974 NPR Interview with Pirsig
Audio: 1992 NPR Interview with Pirsig
Guardian interview from 2006 Short version and Long version.
Reviews:Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance from Goodreads.
Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance data visualization and learning guide from LitCharts.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance&oldid=811686785"
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value: Zen und die Kunst ein Motorrad zu warten – German

value: Zen y el arte del mantenimiento de la motocicleta – Spanish

value: ذن و فن نگهداشت موتورسیکلت – Persian

value: Traité du zen et de l'entretien des motocyclettes – French

value: Lo Zen e l'arte della manutenzione della motocicletta – Italian

value: זן ואמנות אחזקת האופנוע – Hebrew

value: Zen en de Kunst van het Motoronderhoud – Dutch

value: Zen i sztuka oporządzania motocykla – Polish

value: Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values – Portuguese

value: Дзен и искусство ухода за мотоциклом – Russian

value: Zen ja moottoripyörän kunnossapito – Finnish

value: Zen och konsten att sköta en motorcykel – Swedish

value: Zen ve Motosiklet Bakım Sanatı – Turkish

value: 禅与摩托车维修艺术 – Chinese

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance rootpage-Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance skin-vector action-view


text:
Jah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"JAH" redirects here. For other uses, see JAH (disambiguation).
Jah or Yah (Hebrew: יהּ Yah) is a short form of Yahweh (in consonantal spelling YHWH Hebrew: יהוה, called the Tetragrammaton), the proper name of God in the Hebrew Bible.[1] This short form of the name occurs 50 times in the text of the Hebrew Bible, of which 24 form part of the phrase "Hallelujah".
In an English-language context, the name Jah is now most commonly associated with the Rastafari. It is otherwise mostly limited to the phrase Hallelujah and theophoric names such as Elijah. In the King James Version (1611) there is only a single instance of JAH (capitalised), in Psalm 68:4. An American Translation (1939) follows KJV in using Yah in this verse. The conventional English pronunciation of Jah is /ˈdʒɑː/, even though the letter J here transliterates the palatal approximant (Hebrew י Yodh). The spelling Yah is designed to make the pronunciation /ˈjɑː/ explicit in an English-language context (see also romanization of Hebrew).
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew names of God: Yahweh and Yahu
2 Rastafari usage
3 In the Old Testament
4 In the New Testament
5 Jewish and Christian Bibles
5.1 In music
6 See also
7 References
Hebrew names of God: Yahweh and Yahu[edit]
Main article: Yahweh
Yahweh is a name of God in the Hebrew language. Yahu is a well-attested short form of the full or extended name Yahweh. The short form is preserved primarily in theophoric names such as Elijah ("my god is Jah"), Malchijah ("my king is Jah"), and (Adonijah) "my lord is Jah", etc. as well as in the phrase Hallelujah. The name "Joel" is derived from combining the word Jah with the word El.
Rastafari usage[edit]
Rastafari
Main doctrines
Jah
Ital
Zion
Cannabis use
Central figures
Haile Selassie I
Jesus
Menen Asfaw
Marcus Garvey
Key scriptures
Bible
Kebra Nagast
My Life and Ethiopia's Progress
The Promise Key
Holy Piby
Royal Parchment Scroll
of Black Supremacy
Branches
Mansions
in the U.S.
Bobo Ashanti
Nyabinghi
Twelve Tribes of Israel
Festivals
Shashamane
Grounation Day
Reasoning
Notable individuals
Leonard Howell
Joseph Hibbert
Archibald Dunkley
Mortimer Planno
Vernon Carrington
Charles Edwards
Bob Marley
Peter Tosh
See also
Vocabulary
Persecution
Dreadlocks
Reggae
Roots reggae
Lion of Judah
Ethiopian Christianity
Chalice
Index of Rastafari articles
v
t
e
Rastafari use the terms "Jah" or sometimes "Jah Jah" as a term for the Lord God of Israel and/or Haile Selassie, who some Rastafarians regard as the incarnation of The God of the Old Testament or as the reincarnation of Jesus Christ who is also known by the title Janhoy.[2]
In the Old Testament[edit]
Occurs 50 times:[3] 43 times in the Psalms, one in Exodus 15:2; 17:16; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4, and twice in Isaiah 38:11.
In the New Testament[edit]
At Revelation 19:1-6, Jah—a contraction of the name Yahweh—is embedded in the phrase "hallelujah" (Tiberian halləlûyāh), a Hebrew expression that literally means "Praise Jah".[4] The short form "IA" (Yah or Jah (יה)) in the word hallelouia (Ἁλληλουιά) is transcribed by the Greek "Ia", as "Ehyeh" is represented by "Aia".[5]
Jewish and Christian Bibles[edit]
In the King James Version of the Christian Bible as well as other Bible versions such as The English Revised Version of 1885, The Modern Reader's Bible (1914), The Complete Bible, An American Translation (1939) and The Geneva Bible (1560), the Hebrew יהּ[1] is transliterated as "JAH" (capitalised) in only one instance: "Sing unto God, sing praises to his name: extol him that rideth upon the heavens by his name JAH, and rejoice before him". (Psalm 68:4) An American Translation renders the Hebrew word as "Yah" in this verse. In the 1885 Revised Version and its annotated study edition, The Modern Reader's Bible which uses the Revised Version as its base text also transliterates "JAH" in Psalms 89:8 which reads,"O LORD God of hosts, who is a mighty one, like unto thee, O JAH? and thy faithfulness is round about thee".
With the rise of the Reformation, reconstructions of the Tetragrammaton became popular. The Tyndale Bible was the first English translation to use the anglicized reconstruction. The modern letter "J" settled on its current English pronunciation only around 500 years ago; in Ancient Hebrew, the first consonant of the Tetragrammaton always represents a "Y" sound.
Rotherham's Emphasised Bible includes 49 uses of Jah. In the Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition Bible, the Jerusalem Bible, and the New Jerusalem Bible (prior to 1998) the name "YHWH" and its abbreviated form "Yah" is found. The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, used primarily by Jehovah's Witnesses, employs "Jah" in the Hebrew Scriptures, and translates Hallelujah as "Praise Jah" in the Greek Scriptures. The Divine Name King James Bible employs "JAH" in 50 instances within the Old Testament according to the Divine Name Concordance of the Divine Name King James Bible, Second Edition.
The Spanish language Reina Valera Bible employs "JAH" in 21 instances within the Old Testament according to the Nueva Concordancia Strong Exhaustiva. The Darby Bible, Young's Literal Translation, The Jubilee Bible 2000, Lexham English Bible, The Complete Jewish Bible, Names of God Bible, The Recovery Version, Green's Literal Translation, the New Jewish Publication Society or NJPS Tanakh and World English Bible includes "Jah" (Yah in the Lexham English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible, the NJPS Tanakh and the World English Bible) numerous times within the Old Testament (as well as in the New Testament or New Covenant as is the case in Christian and Messianic Jewish Bibles) as "Hallelujah!" or "Alleluia!" (Praise Jah or Yah in either instance) which is also employed throughout the Old Testament of these Bible versions.
"Hallelujah!" or "Alleluia!" is also used in other Bible versions such as the Divine Name King James Bible, American Standard Version, the Recovery Version, The Tree of Life Version, Amplified Bible, God's Word Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, International Standard Version, The Message, New American Bible Revised Edition, The Jerusalem Bible, The New Jerusalem Bible, NJPS Tanakh, The first JPS translation, The Living Bible, The Bible in Living English, Young's Literal Translation, King James Version, The Spanish language Reina Valera and even in Bible versions that otherwise do not generally use the Divine Name such as the New King James Version, English Standard Version, J.B. Phillips New Testament, New International Version, Douay-Rheims Version, God's Word Translation, Revised Standard Version, New Revised Standard Version, The Jubilee Bible 2000, New American Standard Bible, New Century Version, New International Reader's Version and several other versions, translations and/or editions in English and other languages varying from once to numerous times depending on the Bible version especially and most notably in Revelation Chapter 19 in Christian and Messianic Jewish Bibles.
In music[edit]
Jah is referenced in many reggae songs. The popularity of this music form associated with the Rastafari has spread the name "Jah" (derived from the KJV Psalms 68:4) beyond the West Indies.
For example, it is referenced in Bob Marley's "Is this Love", in the line: We'll share the same room, for Jah provide the bread. It appears in the title of Third World's hit song "Try Jah Love." The Mighty Diamonds song "Pass the Koutchie" has the following lyric: Cause the spirit of Jah, you know he leads you on. Similarly, Mystic Roots "Pass The Marijuana" contains the words Pass the marijuana, give Jah thanks and praise today. Also Stevie Wonder's ode to Marley, "Master Blaster (Jammin')", contains the following verse lyric: We've agreed to get together, joined as children in Jah. P.O.D.'s Song "Strength Of My Life" contains the words If Jah is for me, tell me whom I gon' fear? (no I won't fear), and Jah of Jacob, deserving of my love. Also, Jah is referenced many times in Damian Marley's song Road to Zion and in the songs of Costa Rican singer Noah, such as "If you don't believe in Jah, we can not be together." Additionally, Jah has been linked to acid-reggae music. For example, the name can be heard in Thievery Corporation's song "The Outernationalist." Hardcore Punk/Reggae band Bad Brains' first album contains the songs "Jah Calling" and "I Luv I Jah." The use of Jah in music is also evident in the reggae band Soldiers of Jah Army, also known as SOJA. Jah also appears in The Lonely Island's Ras Trent as well as being the subject of "Mount Zion" by the MC Young Zeus. Jah also appears in Massive Attack's song "A Prayer for England": Jah forgive us for forgetting, Oh Jah help us to be forgiving. Jah is also mentioned in the lyrics in "Prayer in C." Also of note is the 1991 release by American ska-punk band Sublime, titled "Jah Won't Pay the Bills."
"Jah" sometimes appears in other Christian music genres as well. P.O.D. recorded the song "Without Jah, Nothing," and the first line of Camper Van Beethoven's song "Take the Skinheads Bowling" is Every day, I get up and pray to Jah. Major Lazer released a song in 2012 called "Jah No Partial."
See also[edit]
Iah
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Abbreviated Tetragrammaton in the Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Chanting Down Babylon: The Rastafari Reader - Page 333, Nathaniel Samuel Murrell, William David Spencer, Adrian Anthony McFarlane - 1998
Jump up ^ G. Lisowsky, Konkordanz zum hebräischen Alten Testament, Stuttgart 1958, p. 1612. Basic information about the form Jāh, see L. Koehler, W. Baumgartner, J.J. Stamm, Wielki słownik hebrajsko-polski i aramejsko-polski Starego Testamentu (Great Dictionary of the Hebrew-Aramaic-Polish and Polish Old Testament), Warszawa 2008, vol 1, p. 327, code No. 3514.
Jump up ^ Gerard Gertoux. The Use of the Name (YHWH) by Early Christians (PDF). International Meeting Society of Biblical Literature.
Jump up ^ Crawford Howell Toy, Ludwig Blau (1906). Tetragrammaton. Jewish Enciclopedia.
[hide]
v
t
e
Names of God
In Christianity • In Hinduism • In Islam • In Judaism • In Zoroastrianism • In Chinese language
Adonai
Ahura Mazda
Allah
Brahman
Cao Đài
El
Elohim
Elyon
El Shaddai
God
Great Spirit
Haneullim
Hu
Hyang
I Am that I Am
Ik Onkar
Ishvara
Jah
Khuda
The Lord
Ngai
Olodumare
The One
Parvardigar
Shangdi
Svayam Bhagavan
Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto
Tianzhu
Waheguru
YHWH
Jehovah
Yahweh
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jah&oldid=818102413"
Categories:
Deities in the Hebrew Bible
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