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List of presidents of the United States by age
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This is a list of presidents of the United States by age. The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration (first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms), upon leaving office, and at the time of death. Each president's lifespan (age at death) is measured in two ways, to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced. The first figure is the number of days between the president's date of birth and date of death, allowing for leap days; in parentheses, the same period is given in years and days, with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived, and the days being the number of days since the last birthday. Where the president is still living, their lifespan is calculated up to April 26, 2018. The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president, and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living.
Contents
[hide]
1 Age of U.S. presidents
1.1 Notes
2 Oldest living U.S. presidents
3 References
4 Sources
Age of U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States
Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve (mean age marked by red line, c. 55.5 years)
The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months. This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration. The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt, who became president at the age of 42 years, 322 days, following William McKinley's assassination; the oldest was Donald Trump, who was 70 years, 220 days old at his inauguration. The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy, at 43 years, 163 days of age on election day; the oldest was Ronald Reagan, who was 73 years, 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term.
Assassinated three years into his term, John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office (46 years, 177 days); the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt (50 years, 128 days). The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan (77 years, 349 days).
Born on May 29, 1917, John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors, the greatest number to date: Lyndon Johnson (8 years, 9 months, and 2 days); Ronald Reagan (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); Richard Nixon (4 years, 4 months, and 16 days); and Gerald Ford (3 years, 10 months, and 15 days).
Born on February 6, 1911, Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors, the greatest number to date: Richard Nixon (1 year, 11 months, and 7 days); Gerald Ford (2 years, 5 months, and 8 days); John F. Kennedy (6 years, 3 months, and 23 days); and Jimmy Carter (13 years, 7 months, and 25 days).
Three presidents—Donald Trump, George W. Bush, and Bill Clinton—were born in 1946 (all within the span of 9 weeks). This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born. Two presidents—James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding—were born on November 2 (70 years apart). This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents.[1]
The oldest living U.S. president is George H. W. Bush, born June 12, 1924 (age 93 years, 318 days). On November 25, 2017, he also became the longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford, who died at the age of 93 years, 165 days. The second oldest living president, Jimmy Carter, has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history, currently at 37 years, 96 days. He surpassed the previous record, held by Herbert Hoover (31 years, 230 days) on September 7, 2012. The youngest living president is Barack Obama, born August 4, 1961 (age 56 years, 265 days).
The shortest-lived president to have died by natural causes (thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield, who were both assassinated) was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days; only 103 days after leaving office.
Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s. They are (in order of birth):
John Adams
(1735–1826)
Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
George H. W. Bush
(born 1924)
Jimmy Carter
(born 1924)
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan
1 Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington 000000001732-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1732[a] 000000001789-04-30-0000Apr 30, 1789 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days 000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797 7004237520000000000♠65 years, 10 days 01,0151,015 days
(7003101500000000000♠2 years, 285 days) 000000001799-12-14-0000Dec 14, 1799 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days
(24,767 days)
2 Adams, John A.John Adams 000000001735-10-30-0000Oct 30, 1735[a] 000000001797-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1797 7004224060000000000♠61 years, 125 days 000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801 7004238660000000000♠65 years, 125 days 09,2539,253 days
(7003925300000000000♠25 years, 122 days) 000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days
(33,119 days)
3 Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson 000000001743-04-13-0000Apr 13, 1743[a] 000000001801-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1801 7004211440000000000♠57 years, 325 days 000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809 7004240660000000000♠65 years, 325 days 06,3316,331 days
(7003633100000000000♠17 years, 122 days) 000000001826-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1826 7004303970000000000♠83 years, 82 days
(30,397 days)
4 Madison, JamesJames Madison 000000001751-03-16-0000Mar 16, 1751[a] 000000001809-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1809 7004211720000000000♠57 years, 353 days 000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817 7004240940000000000♠65 years, 353 days 07,0567,056 days
(7003705600000000000♠19 years, 116 days) 000000001836-06-28-0000Jun 28, 1836 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days
(31,150 days)
5 Monroe, JamesJames Monroe 000000001758-04-28-0000Apr 28, 1758 000000001817-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1817 7004214940000000000♠58 years, 310 days 000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825 7004244160000000000♠66 years, 310 days 02,3132,313 days
(7003231300000000000♠6 years, 122 days) 000000001831-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1831 7004267290000000000♠73 years, 67 days
(26,729 days)
6 Adams, John Q. John Q. Adams 000000001767-07-11-0000Jul 11, 1767 000000001825-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1825 7004210550000000000♠57 years, 236 days 000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829 7004225160000000000♠61 years, 236 days 06,9306,930 days
(7003693000000000000♠18 years, 356 days) 000000001848-02-23-0000Feb 23, 1848 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days
(29,446 days)
7 Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson 000000001767-03-15-0000Mar 15, 1767 000000001829-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1829 7004226340000000000♠61 years, 354 days 000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837 7004255560000000000♠69 years, 354 days 03,0183,018 days
(7003301800000000000♠8 years, 96 days) 000000001845-06-08-0000Jun 8, 1845 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days
(28,574 days)
8 Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren 000000001782-12-05-0000Dec 5, 1782 000000001837-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1837 7004198120000000000♠54 years, 89 days 000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841 7004212730000000000♠58 years, 89 days 07,8127,812 days
(7003781200000000000♠21 years, 142 days) 000000001862-07-24-0000Jul 24, 1862 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days
(29,085 days)
9 Harrison, William H.William H. Harrison 000000001773-02-09-0000Feb 9, 1773 000000001841-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1841 7004248590000000000♠68 years, 23 days 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841[b] 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days 00,0000 days 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841 7004248900000000000♠68 years, 54 days
(24,890 days)
10 Tyler, JohnJohn Tyler 000000001790-03-29-0000Mar 29, 1790 000000001841-04-04-0000Apr 4, 1841 7004186330000000000♠51 years, 6 days 000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845 7004200630000000000♠54 years, 340 days 06,1646,164 days
(7003616400000000000♠16 years, 320 days) 000000001862-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1862 7004262270000000000♠71 years, 295 days
(26,227 days)
11 Polk, James K.James K. Polk 000000001795-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1795 000000001845-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1845 7004180190000000000♠49 years, 122 days 000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849 7004194800000000000♠53 years, 122 days 00,103103 days 000000001849-06-15-0000Jun 15, 1849 7004195830000000000♠53 years, 225 days
(19,583 days)
12 Taylor, ZacharyZachary Taylor 000000001784-11-24-0000Nov 24, 1784 000000001849-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1849 7004234750000000000♠64 years, 100 days 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850[b] 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days 00,0000 days 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850 7004239670000000000♠65 years, 227 days
(23,967 days)
13 Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore 000000001800-01-07-0000Jan 7, 1800 000000001850-07-09-0000Jul 9, 1850 7004184450000000000♠50 years, 183 days 000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853 7004194140000000000♠53 years, 56 days 07,6747,674 days
(7003767400000000000♠21 years, 4 days) 000000001874-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1874 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days
(27,088 days)
14 Pierce, FranklinFranklin Pierce 000000001804-11-23-0000Nov 23, 1804 000000001853-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1853 7004176330000000000♠48 years, 101 days 000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857 7004190940000000000♠52 years, 101 days 04,6014,601 days
(7003460100000000000♠12 years, 218 days) 000000001869-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1869 7004236950000000000♠64 years, 319 days
(23,695 days)
15 Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan 000000001791-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1791 000000001857-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1857 7004240560000000000♠65 years, 315 days 000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861 7004255170000000000♠69 years, 315 days 02,6462,646 days
(7003264600000000000♠7 years, 89 days) 000000001868-06-01-0000Jun 1, 1868 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days
(28,163 days)
16 Lincoln, AbrahamAbraham Lincoln 000000001809-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1809 000000001861-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1861 7004190130000000000♠52 years, 20 days 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865[b] 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days 00,0000 days 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865 7004205160000000000♠56 years, 62 days
(20,516 days)
17 Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson 000000001808-12-29-0000Dec 29, 1808 000000001865-04-15-0000Apr 15, 1865 7004205610000000000♠56 years, 107 days 000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869 7004219800000000000♠60 years, 65 days 02,3402,340 days
(7003234000000000000♠6 years, 149 days) 000000001875-07-31-0000Jul 31, 1875 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days
(24,320 days)
18 Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant 000000001822-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1822 000000001869-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1869 7004171130000000000♠46 years, 311 days 000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877 7004200350000000000♠54 years, 311 days 03,0633,063 days
(7003306300000000000♠8 years, 141 days) 000000001885-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1885 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days
(23,098 days)
19 Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001822-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1822 000000001877-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1877 7004198750000000000♠54 years, 151 days 000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881 7004213360000000000♠58 years, 151 days 04,3374,337 days
(7003433700000000000♠11 years, 319 days) 000000001893-01-17-0000Jan 17, 1893 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days
(25,673 days)
20 Garfield, James A.James A. Garfield 000000001831-11-19-0000Nov 19, 1831 000000001881-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1881 7004180030000000000♠49 years, 105 days 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881[b] 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days 00,0000 days 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881 7004182020000000000♠49 years, 304 days
(18,202 days)
21 Arthur, Chester A.Chester A. Arthur 000000001829-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1829 000000001881-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1881 7004189770000000000♠51 years, 349 days 000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885 7004202390000000000♠55 years, 150 days 00,624624 days
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days) 000000001886-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1886 7004208630000000000♠57 years, 44 days
(20,863 days)
22 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837 000000001885-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1885 7004175180000000000♠47 years, 351 days 000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889 7004189790000000000♠51 years, 351 days 05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days) 000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)
23 Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison 000000001833-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1833 000000001889-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1889 7004202850000000000♠55 years, 196 days 000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893 7004217460000000000♠59 years, 196 days 02,9302,930 days
(7003293000000000000♠8 years, 9 days) 000000001901-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1901 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days
(24,676 days)
24 Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001837-03-18-0000Mar 18, 1837 000000001893-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1893 7004204400000000000♠55 years, 351 days 000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897 7004219010000000000♠59 years, 351 days 05,5905,590 days[c]
(15 years, 112 days) 000000001908-06-24-0000Jun 24, 1908 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days
(26,030 days)
25 McKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley 000000001843-01-29-0000Jan 29, 1843 000000001897-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1897 7004197580000000000♠54 years, 34 days 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901[b] 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days 00,0000 days 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901 7004214120000000000♠58 years, 228 days
(21,412 days)
26 Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt 000000001858-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1858 000000001901-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1901 7004156620000000000♠42 years, 322 days 000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 03,5953,595 days
(7003359500000000000♠9 years, 308 days) 000000001919-01-06-0000Jan 6, 1919 7004219850000000000♠60 years, 71 days
(21,985 days)
27 Taft, William H.William H. Taft 000000001857-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1857 000000001909-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1909 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days 000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 06,2136,213 days
(7003621300000000000♠17 years, 4 days) 000000001930-03-08-0000Mar 8, 1930 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days
(26,471 days)
28 Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson 000000001856-12-28-0000Dec 28, 1856 000000001913-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1913 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days 000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921 7004234410000000000♠64 years, 66 days 01,0661,066 days
(7003106600000000000♠2 years, 336 days) 000000001924-02-03-0000Feb 3, 1924 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days
(24,507 days)
29 Harding, Warren G.Warren G. Harding 000000001865-11-02-0000Nov 2, 1865 000000001921-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1921 7004202100000000000♠55 years, 122 days 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923[b] 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days 00,0000 days 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923 7004210910000000000♠57 years, 273 days
(21,091 days)
30 Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge 000000001872-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1872 000000001923-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1923 7004186550000000000♠51 years, 29 days 000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929 7004206960000000000♠56 years, 243 days 01,4031,403 days
(7003140300000000000♠3 years, 307 days) 000000001933-01-05-0000Jan 5, 1933 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days
(22,099 days)
31 Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover 000000001874-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1874 000000001929-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1929 7004199290000000000♠54 years, 206 days 000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933 7004213900000000000♠58 years, 206 days 11,55311,553 days
(7004115530000000000♠31 years, 230 days) 000000001964-10-20-0000Oct 20, 1964 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days
(32,943 days)
32 Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt 000000001882-01-30-0000Jan 30, 1882 000000001933-03-04-0000Mar 4, 1933 7004186600000000000♠51 years, 33 days 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945[b] 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days 00,0000 days 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945 7004230820000000000♠63 years, 72 days
(23,082 days)
33 Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman 000000001884-05-08-0000May 8, 1884 000000001945-04-12-0000Apr 12, 1945 7004222530000000000♠60 years, 339 days 000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953 7004250930000000000♠68 years, 257 days 07,2807,280 days
(7003728000000000000♠19 years, 341 days) 000000001972-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1972 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days
(32,373 days)
34 Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower 000000001890-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1890 000000001953-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1953 7004227430000000000♠62 years, 98 days 000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961 7004256650000000000♠70 years, 98 days 02,9892,989 days
(7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days) 000000001969-03-28-0000Mar 28, 1969 7004286540000000000♠78 years, 165 days
(28,654 days)
35 Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy 000000001917-05-29-0000May 29, 1917 000000001961-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1961 7004159420000000000♠43 years, 236 days 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963[b] 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days 00,0000 days 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963 7004169780000000000♠46 years, 177 days
(16,978 days)
36 Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001908-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1908 000000001963-11-22-0000Nov 22, 1963 7004201750000000000♠55 years, 87 days 000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969 7004220610000000000♠60 years, 146 days 01,4631,463 days
(7003146300000000000♠4 years, 2 days) 000000001973-01-22-0000Jan 22, 1973 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days
(23,524 days)
37 Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon 000000001913-01-09-0000Jan 9, 1913 000000001969-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1969 7004204650000000000♠56 years, 11 days 000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974[d] 7004224920000000000♠61 years, 212 days 07,1967,196 days
(7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days) 000000001994-04-22-0000Apr 22, 1994 7004296880000000000♠81 years, 103 days
(29,688 days)
38 Ford, GeraldGerald Ford 000000001913-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1913 000000001974-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1974 7004223060000000000♠61 years, 26 days 000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977 7004232010000000000♠63 years, 190 days 10,93210,932 days
(7004109320000000000♠29 years, 340 days) 000000002006-12-26-0000Dec 26, 2006 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days
(34,133 days)
39 Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter 000000001924-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1924 000000001977-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1977 7004191040000000000♠52 years, 111 days 000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981 7004205650000000000♠56 years, 111 days 13,61013,610 days[e]
(7004136100000000000♠37 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004341750000000000♠93 years, 207 days
(34,175 days)
40 Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan 000000001911-02-06-0000Feb 6, 1911 000000001981-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1981 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days 000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989 7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days 05,6155,615 days
(7003561500000000000♠15 years, 137 days) 000000002004-06-05-0000Jun 5, 2004 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days
(34,088 days)
41 Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush 000000001924-06-12-0000Jun 12, 1924 000000001989-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1989 7004235980000000000♠64 years, 222 days 000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993 7004250590000000000♠68 years, 222 days 09,2279,227 days[e]
(7003922700000000000♠25 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004342860000000000♠93 years, 318 days
(34,286 days)
42 Clinton, BillBill Clinton 000000001946-08-19-0000Aug 19, 1946 000000001993-01-20-0000Jan 20, 1993 7004169560000000000♠46 years, 154 days 000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001 7004198780000000000♠54 years, 154 days 06,3056,305 days[e]
(7003630500000000000♠17 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004261830000000000♠71 years, 250 days
(26,183 days)
43 Bush, George W.George W. Bush 000000001946-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1946 000000002001-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2001 7004199220000000000♠54 years, 198 days 000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009 7004228440000000000♠62 years, 198 days 03,3833,383 days[e]
(7003338300000000000♠9 years, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004262270000000000♠71 years, 294 days
(26,227 days)
44 Obama, BarackBarack Obama 000000001961-08-04-0000Aug 4, 1961 000000002009-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2009 7004173360000000000♠47 years, 169 days 000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 169 days 00,134461461 days[e]
(7002461000000000000♠1 year, 96 days) 2018-04-26 7004207190000000000♠56 years, 265 days
(20,719 days)
45 Trump, DonaldDonald Trump 000000001946-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1946 000000002017-01-20-0000Jan 20, 2017 7004257880000000000♠70 years, 220 days 2018-04-26 7004288540000000000♠78 years, 364 days 24,952 2018-04-26 7004262490000000000♠71 years, 316 days
(26,249 days)
#
President
Birth date
Presidency
start date
Age at
start date
Presidency
end date
Age at
end date
Post-presidency
timespan
Death date
Lifespan
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Birthdate as changed to New Style.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office.
^ Jump up to: a b Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms (1889–1893), and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term (1897) until his death (1908).
Jump up ^ Resigned from office.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e As of April 26, 2018.
Oldest living U.S. presidents[edit]
See also: Living Presidents of the United States
Of the 44 persons who have served as president, 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time. Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any, from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later. Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest, from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later.
On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death, but by the inauguration of a president who was older. Theodore Roosevelt (born 1858) lost this distinction when William Taft (born 1857) was inaugurated, then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson (born 1856) was inaugurated. More recently, Richard Nixon (born 1913) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan (born 1911) was inaugurated. Furthermore, although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president (at age 49) and a former president (at age 50), he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term. Consequently, Taft was the oldest living president twice: first during his presidency (having succeeded the younger Roosevelt), and a second time after Wilson (his successor as president but an older man) died. Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction, at the age of 90.
On seven occasions, the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office. In the cases of John Adams, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon, this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison, the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor (John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively). By contrast, the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford, who had been retired for 7003999800000000000♠27 years, 137 days.
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington 000000001789-04-30-0000April 30, 1789 – December 14, 1799 7004208870000000000♠57 years, 67 days 7004247670000000000♠67 years, 295 days 7003388000000000000♠10 years, 228 days
Adams, JohnJohn Adams 000000001799-12-14-0000December 14, 1799 – July 4, 1826 7004234210000000000♠64 years, 45 days 7004331190000000000♠90 years, 247 days 7003969800000000000♠26 years, 202 days
Madison, JamesJames Madison 000000001826-07-04-0000July 4, 1826 – June 28, 1836 7004275030000000000♠75 years, 110 days 7004311500000000000♠85 years, 104 days 7003364700000000000♠9 years, 360 days
Jackson, AndrewAndrew Jackson 000000001836-06-28-0000June 28, 1836 – June 8, 1845 7004253070000000000♠69 years, 105 days 7004285740000000000♠78 years, 85 days 7003326700000000000♠8 years, 345 days
Adams, John QuincyJohn Quincy Adams 000000001845-06-08-0000June 8, 1845 – February 23, 1848 7004284560000000000♠77 years, 332 days 7004294460000000000♠80 years, 227 days 7002990000000000000♠2 years, 260 days
Van Buren, MartinMartin Van Buren 000000001848-02-23-0000February 23, 1848 – July 24, 1862 7004238200000000000♠65 years, 80 days 7004290850000000000♠79 years, 231 days 7003526500000000000♠14 years, 151 days
Buchanan, JamesJames Buchanan 000000001862-07-24-0000July 24, 1862 – June 1, 1868 7004260240000000000♠71 years, 92 days 7004281630000000000♠77 years, 39 days 7003213900000000000♠5 years, 313 days
Fillmore, MillardMillard Fillmore 000000001868-06-01-0000June 1, 1868 – March 8, 1874 7004249820000000000♠68 years, 146 days 7004270880000000000♠74 years, 60 days 7003210600000000000♠5 years, 280 days
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson 000000001874-03-08-0000March 8, 1874 – July 31, 1875 7004238100000000000♠65 years, 69 days 7004243200000000000♠66 years, 214 days 7002510000000000000♠1 year, 145 days
Grant, Ulysses S.Ulysses S. Grant 000000001875-07-31-0000July 31, 1875 – July 23, 1885 7004194530000000000♠53 years, 95 days 7004230980000000000♠63 years, 87 days 7003364500000000000♠9 years, 357 days
Hayes, Rutherford B.Rutherford B. Hayes 000000001885-07-23-0000July 23, 1885 – January 17, 1893 7004229380000000000♠62 years, 292 days 7004256730000000000♠70 years, 105 days 7003273500000000000♠7 years, 178 days
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison 000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893 – March 13, 1901 7004217000000000000♠59 years, 150 days 7004246760000000000♠67 years, 205 days 7003297600000000000♠8 years, 55 days
Cleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland 000000001901-03-13-0000March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908 7004233700000000000♠63 years, 360 days 7004260300000000000♠71 years, 98 days 7003266000000000000♠7 years, 103 days
Roosevelt, TheodoreTheodore Roosevelt 000000001908-06-24-0000June 24, 1908 – March 4, 1909 7004181370000000000♠49 years, 241 days 7004183900000000000♠50 years, 128 days 7002253000000000000♠253 days
Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft 000000001909-03-04-0000March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 7004187970000000000♠51 years, 170 days 7004202580000000000♠55 years, 170 days 7003146100000000000♠4 years, 0 days
Wilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson 000000001913-03-04-0000March 4, 1913 – February 3, 1924 7004205190000000000♠56 years, 66 days 7004245070000000000♠67 years, 37 days 7003398800000000000♠10 years, 336 days
Taft, William HowardWilliam Howard Taft 000000001924-02-03-0000February 3, 1924 – March 8, 1930 7004242460000000000♠66 years, 141 days 7004264710000000000♠72 years, 174 days 7003222500000000000♠6 years, 33 days
Coolidge, CalvinCalvin Coolidge 000000001930-03-08-0000March 8, 1930 – January 5, 1933 7004210650000000000♠57 years, 247 days 7004220990000000000♠60 years, 185 days 7003103400000000000♠2 years, 303 days
Hoover, HerbertHerbert Hoover 000000001933-01-05-0000January 5, 1933 – October 20, 1964 7004213320000000000♠58 years, 148 days 7004329430000000000♠90 years, 71 days 7004116110000000000♠31 years, 289 days
Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman 000000001964-10-20-0000October 20, 1964 – December 26, 1972 7004293840000000000♠80 years, 165 days 7004323730000000000♠88 years, 232 days 7003298900000000000♠8 years, 67 days
Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson 000000001972-12-26-0000December 26, 1972 – January 22, 1973 7004234970000000000♠64 years, 121 days 7004235240000000000♠64 years, 148 days 7001270000000000000♠27 days
Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon 000000001973-01-22-0000January 22, 1973 – January 20, 1981 7004219280000000000♠60 years, 13 days 7004248480000000000♠68 years, 11 days 7003292000000000000♠7 years, 364 days
Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan 000000001981-01-20-0000January 20, 1981 – June 5, 2004 7004255510000000000♠69 years, 349 days 7004340880000000000♠93 years, 120 days 7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
Ford, GeraldGerald Ford 000000002004-06-05-0000June 5, 2004 – December 26, 2006 7004331990000000000♠90 years, 327 days 7004341330000000000♠93 years, 165 days 7002934000000000000♠2 years, 204 days
Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush 000000002006-12-26-0000December 26, 2006 – present 7004301470000000000♠82 years, 197 days Current 7003413900000000000♠11 years, 121 days
President
Dates
Age at
start date
Age at
end date
Length
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Two former presidents share November 2 birthday". Indianapolis, Indiana: WTHR. November 2, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2018.
Sources[edit]
Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey, "The Presidents of the United States". The White House.
Robert S. Summers, "POTUS: Presidents of the United States". Internet Public Library.
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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the monument in the United States. For similar monuments, see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
North side view
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. Having no officially designated name, it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States of America. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tomb of 1921
2 Tomb of 1931
3 The Unknown of World War I
4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea
5 The Unknown of Vietnam
5.1 Identification of the Unknown
5.2 Redesignation of the crypt
6 Tomb guards
6.1 Weapons
6.2 Walking the mat
6.3 Changing of the Guard
6.4 Dedication
7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Tomb of 1921[edit]
Tomb as of November 11, 1922. The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location.
On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]
Tomb of 1931[edit]
Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]
Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.
On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.
Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]
The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.
The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]
North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent (in 1931) "a world of memories" but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France: Ardennes, Belleau Wood, Château-Thierry, Meusse-Argonne, Oisiu-Eiseu, and Somme. Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries.
East panel that faces Washington, DC, are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and "American Manhood" – but later "Valor" instead of "American Manhood"
Western panel is inscribed with (centered on the panel):
HERE RESTS IN
HONORED GLORY
AN AMERICAN
SOLDIER
KNOWN BUT TO GOD
Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons
Cap 12'-5.4" 6'-6.7" 1'-3.3" 100.69 8.56
Die 12'-3.0" (14'-0")* 6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")* 5'-2.1" (6"-0")* 385.43 (621.6)* 32.76 (52.84)*
Base 13'-10.0" 7'-11.9" 1'-11.1" 198.64 16.88
Sub-Base 14'-10.4" 9'-0.2" 1'-10.9" 255.81 21.74
The Unknown of World War I[edit]
The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard, 1921 (colorized)
On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]
The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]
The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]
The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra
On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]
Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]
Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]
Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]
The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]
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The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.
The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.
Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.
The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects.
The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28, 1984.
Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.
President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.
Identification of the Unknown[edit]
In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]
Redesignation of the crypt[edit]
The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.
Tomb guards[edit]
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge
The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]
The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."
The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.
Weapons[edit]
Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]
Walking the mat[edit]
There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.
After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.
Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.
Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.
The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.
On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.
Changing of the Guard[edit]
Changing of the Guard, 2005.
While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]
The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.
Dedication[edit]
A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]
Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]
A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]
The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.
Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]
The crack can be seen underneath the words "An American" and above the word "Soldier."
Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]
In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]
The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]
Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]
The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]
The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]
On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.
October 21, 2011: Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb.
In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.
In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]
See also[edit]
Civil War Unknowns Monument
Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – for a list of similar memorials in other countries
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
World War I memorials
Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The Unknown Warrior – London, UK
The Unknown Soldier – Paris, France
Military rites
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich (1914 Syracuse graduate) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb, including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb. http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus, but it is not: in a sarcophagus, the remains are placed in a hollowed-out portion of the stone; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb.
Jump up ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different (by 5.9%) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty. Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table. Per cubic foot, the marble weighs 170 pounds.
Jump up ^ The identification took place after Blassie's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing. His remains (6 partial bones) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time. CNN.com "Home at last for a fallen hero". June 11, 1998. Also see: U.S. National Library of Medicine – Visible Proofs, "Michael Blassie unknown no more", May 23, 2006
Jump up ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military. The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard (past or present) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns. "Army Regulation 600-8-22 – "Military Awards" (11 December 2006); para. 8-40f" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arlington National Cemetery: The Tomb of the Unknowns". Arlingtoncemetery.mil. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (archived from the original on October 22, 2006).
Jump up ^ World War I Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery website.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Quartermaster Review September – October 1963". United States Army. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Configuration of 1921 Tomb". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Unknown Soldier of World War I". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969. United States Army. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the Tomb". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marble, Colorado: City of Stone"; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers; Golden Bell Press; Denver, Colorado; 6th printing February 1996
^ Jump up to: a b "The Vermont Marble Museum". Vermont Marble Company. April 1931. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dedication photo". Syracuse University Archives. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Digital Scan of the Tomb, 2004". Direct Dimensions Inc, Owing Mills, Maryland. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Victoria Cross". The British Army 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital (volunteers) website. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929-1926". Boy Scouts of America National Council. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 79–429; Pub.L. 84–975
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Quartermaster Review (January–February 1964)". United States Army. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert M. Poole (2009). On hallowed ground: the story of Arlington National Cemetery. Walker & Company. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0-8027-1548-6.
Jump up ^ Memorial day tribute: holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson, Citizen Airman. June 2003.
Jump up ^ McVeigh, Alex (February 11, 2009). "First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest". The Official Home Page Of The United States Army.
Jump up ^ "Who Are The Tomb Guards". tombguard.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Changing of the Guard". Arlington, Virginia: Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Visiting Arlington National Cemetery". Retrieved September 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Still Vigilant at the Tomb of the Unknowns Despite Irene - ABC News
Jump up ^ PHOTO: Despite Sandy, Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier : The Two-Way : NPR
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091014110013/http://www.tombguard.org/Nov01_Jan02.pdf
Jump up ^ The Sentinel, "Post and Orders Remain as Directed" (PDF). August 2002 – September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project (draft)" (PDF). June 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Take Action for Historic Preservation". Nationaltrust.org. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, ABC News May 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ John Paul Woodley, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works); William F. Tuerk, Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs (2008). "Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia". Congressional Record. Retrieved February 25, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate". September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ruane, Michael E., "Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls", Washington Post, January 30, 2008, p. A03.
Jump up ^ Nancy Lofholm, Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits, Denver Post, August 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ McMichael, William (June 26, 2009). "Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired, not replaced". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b video by Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District
Jump up ^ Davenport, Christian, "Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed", Washington Post, June 9, 2011, p. B1.
Jump up ^ Army Corps of Engineers photos and text
Further reading[edit]
The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER I, The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23 October–11 November 1921 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknowns.
Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website
Arlington Cemetery official site
Arlington Historical Society
Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website
Snopes's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns
Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns, by Dover Lodge #489
video of a changing of the guard
The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown (1985) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Historic film footage of November 11, 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921
The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&oldid=835797676"
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