text:
ICD-10
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases.[1] Work on ICD-10 began in 1983 and was completed in 1992.[1]
The code set in the base classification allows for more than 14,400 different codes,[citation needed] and permits the tracking of many new diagnoses compared to ICD-9). Through the use of optional sub-classifications[2] the number of codes can be expanded to over 16,000.[citation needed] Some national editions expand the code set even further; ICD-10-CM, for example, has over 70,000 codes.[3]
The WHO provides detailed information about ICD online, and makes available a set of materials online, such as an ICD-10 online browser,[4] ICD-10 Training, ICD-10 online training,[5] ICD-10 online training support,[6] and study guide materials for download.
The International version of ICD is the base classification for the national modifications of ICD. The adapted versions may differ in a number of ways.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 National adoptions
2.1 Brazil
2.2 Canada
2.3 China
2.4 Czech Republic
2.5 France
2.6 Germany
2.7 Korea
2.8 Netherlands
2.9 Russia
2.10 South Africa
2.11 Sweden
2.12 Thailand
2.13 United Kingdom
2.14 United States
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List[edit]
The following is a list of ICD-10 codes.[7]
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision
Chapter
Blocks
Title
I A00–B99 Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II C00–D48 Neoplasms
III D50–D89 Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
IV E00–E90 Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases
V F00–F99 Mental and behavioural disorders
VI G00–G99 Diseases of the nervous system
VII H00–H59 Diseases of the eye and adnexa
VIII H60–H95 Diseases of the ear and mastoid process
IX I00–I99 Diseases of the circulatory system
X J00–J99 Diseases of the respiratory system
XI K00–K93 Diseases of the digestive system
XII L00–L99 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
XIII M00–M99 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
XIV N00–N99 Diseases of the genitourinary system
XV O00–O99 Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium
XVI P00–P96 Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
XVII Q00–Q99 Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities
XVIII R00–R99 Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified
XIX S00–T98 Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
XX V01–Y98 External causes of morbidity and mortality
XXI Z00–Z99 Factors influencing health status and contact with health services
XXII U00–U99 Codes for special purposes
National adoptions[edit]
Some 27[8][9] countries use ICD-10 for reimbursement and resource allocation in their health system. Some have made modifications to ICD to better accommodate this use of ICD-10. The article below makes reference to some of these modifications. The unchanged international version of ICD-10 is used in about 110 countries for performing cause of death reporting and statistics.
The national versions may differ from the base classification in the level of detail, incomplete adoption of a category,[10] or the addition of procedure codes. For example; the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) used in the US has some 93,000 codes,[11][not in citation given] compared to the ~16,000 within the international version.
Brazil[edit]
Brazil introduced ICD-10 in 1996.
Canada[edit]
Canada introduced ICD-10-CA in 2000.[12] Canada implemented ICD-10 in a staggered fashion across nine of the 10 provinces between the years of 2001 and 2004. As data was returned, comparison was undertaken of information classified by ICD-9 and ICD-10, beginning with volumes and length of stay within major diagnostic groups.
The large scale realignment of individual diagnostic and procedural codes demanded close analysis of the impacts to existing indicators of healthcare delivery. Using data reported in 2001 and 2002,the Canadian Institute for Health Information, an independent organization that works with the federal government, tabulated the input. Rigorous statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the comparability of ICD-9 codes to ICD-10 codes as they pertained to the Canadian version of diagnostic groups, Case Mix Groups (CMGs), which are used in the patient classification system to group together patients with similar characteristics.
China[edit]
China adopted ICD-10 in 2002.[13]
Czech Republic[edit]
The Czech Republic adopted ICD-10 in 1994, one year after official release from WHO.[14] The Czech Republic uses the international version without any local modifications. The Czech Republic adopted all updates to the international version (namely in 2004,2010,2011,2012).
France[edit]
France introduced a clinical addendum to ICD-10 in 2005.[citation needed] See also website of the ATIH.
Germany[edit]
Germany: ICD-10-GM (German Modification)[15]
Korea[edit]
A Korean modification has existed since 2008.[16]
Netherlands[edit]
The Dutch translation of ICD-10 is ICD10-nl, which was created by the WHO-FIC Network in 1994.[17] There is an online dictionary.[18]
Russia[edit]
The ministry of health of Russia ordered in 1997 to transfer all health organizations to ICD-10.[19]
South Africa[edit]
ICD-10 was implemented in July 2005 under the auspice of the National ICD-10 Implementation Task Team which is a joint task team between the National Department of Health and the Council for Medical Schemes.[20]
Sweden[edit]
The current Swedish translation of ICD-10 was created in 1997.[citation needed] A clinical modification has added more detail and omits codes of the international version in the context of clinical use of ICD:
The codes F64.1 (Dual-role transvestism), F64.2 (Gender identity disorder of childhood), F65.0 (Fetishism), F65.1 (Fetishistic transvestism), F65.5 (Sadomasochism), F65.6 (Multiple disorders of sexual preference) are not used in Sweden since 1 January 2009 according to a decision by the present Director General of The National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. The code O60.0 (Preterm labor without delivery) is not used in Sweden; instead, since 1 January 2009, the Swedish extension codes to O47 (False labor) are recommended for use.[citation needed]
Thailand[edit]
First published in 1998,[citation needed] the ICD-10-TM (Thai Modification) is a Thai language version of ICD-10. Maintenance and development of ICD-10-TM is the responsibility of the Thai Health Coding Center (THCC),[citation needed] a department of the Thai Ministry of Public Health.[citation needed] The current version of ICD-10-TM is based on the 2016 version of ICD-10.[citation needed] An unusual feature of the index of ICD-10-TM is that it is bilingual, containing both Thai and English trails.[21]
Along with Czechoslovakia and Denmark; Thailand was one of the first adopters of ICD-10 for coding purposes.[citation needed]
United Kingdom[edit]
ICD-10 was first mandated for use in the UK in 1995.[22] In 2010 the UK Government made a commitment to update the UK version of ICD-10 every three years.[23] On 1 April 2016, following a year's delay,[23] ICD-10 5th Edition[note 1] replaced the 4th Edition as the mandated diagnostic classification within the UK.[24]
United States[edit]
The US has used ICD-10-CM since October 1, 2015.[25] This national variant of ICD-10 was provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and the use of ICD-10-CM codes are now mandated for all inpatient medical reporting requirements. There are over 70,000 ICD-10-CM codes, which is up from around 14,000 ICD-9-CM codes.[25]
The use of ICD-10 for coding of death certificates and mortality data was mandated in the United States beginning in 1999.[26]
The deadline for the United States to begin using Clinical Modification ICD-10-CM for diagnosis coding and Procedure Coding System ICD-10-PCS for inpatient hospital procedure coding was set at October 1, 2015,[27][28] which is a year later than a previous 2014 deadline.[29] Before that 2014 deadline, the previous deadline has been a year before that on October 1, 2013.[30][31] All HIPAA "covered entities" must make the change; a pre-requisite to ICD-10-CM is the adoption of EDI Version 5010 by January 1, 2012.[32] Enforcement of 5010 transition by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), however, was postponed by CMS until March 31, 2012, with the federal agency citing numerous factors, including slow software upgrades.[33] The implementation of ICD-10-CM has been subject to previous delays. In January 2009, the date was pushed back by two years, to October 1, 2013, rather than an earlier proposal of October 1, 2011.[34]
The most recent pushback of the implementation date has inspired a mixed reaction from the healthcare community.[35] Even though the deadline for ICD-10 was pushed back repeatedly, CMS recommended that medical practices take several years to prepare for implementation of the new code set.[36] The basic structure of the ICD-10-CM code is the following: Characters 1–3 (the category of disease); 4 (etiology of disease); 5 (body part affected); 6 (severity of illness); and 7 (placeholder for extension of the code to increase specificity). Not only must new software be installed and tested, but medical practices must provide training for physicians, staff members, and administrators. They will also need to develop new practice policies and guidelines, and update paperwork and forms. For convenience, practices may also create "crosswalks" that will convert their most frequently used ICD-9-CM codes to the ICD-10-CM equivalents.[37]
Two of the most common reasons for pushback are 1) the long list of potentially relevant codes for a given condition (such as rheumatoid arthritis) which can be confusing and reduce efficiency and 2) the seemingly absurd conditions assigned codes (such as W55.22XA: Struck by cow, initial encounter and V91.07XA: Burn due to water-skis on fire, initial encounter).[38]
The US also has the ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS),[39] a coding system that contains 76,000 procedure codes that is not used by other countries.
See also[edit]
DSM-5
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The numbering system of editions only refers to those used in the UK; not those issued by WHO. For example, whilst the 5th edition is based on ICD-10 version:2016, the 4th edition was based on the version from 2010 (skipping the versions of ICD-10 from 2014 and 2015).
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "International Classification of Diseases (ICD)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Second Edition Volume 2 – World Health Organization, p15" (PDF). Who.int. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The switch from ICD-9 to ICD-10: When and why". icd.codes. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Version:2015". apps.who.int. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Training Tool". apps.who.int. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10-online-training". sites.google.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision". World Health Organization. 2010. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "3M Health Information Services: ICD-10 Overview" (PDF). Eastern Ohio Health Information Management Association. 2009. Retrieved Dec 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ France, Francis H. Roger (2001). Case Mix: Global Views, Local Actions : Evolution in Twenty Countries. Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN 1 58603 217 8.
Jump up ^ National Clinical Coding Standards ICD-10 5th Edition (2017). NHS Digital Clinical Classification Services. April 2017. p. 200. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "ICD – ICD-10-CM – International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ ""ICD10-CA"". Ciha.ca. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Deloitte Center for Health Solutions" (PDF). Deloitte.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Czech Translation of ICD 10" (PDF). Uzis.cz. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "DIMDI - ICD-10-GM". Dimdi.de. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Kim, Sukil (July 18, 2013). "Use of Classifications in Korea" (PDF). Retrieved Oct 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "WHO-Fic". Rivm.nl. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ http://class.who-fic.nl/browser.aspx?scheme=ICD10-nl.cla
Jump up ^ "Приказ Минздрава РФ от 27.05.97 № 170 (ред. от 12.01.98) "О переходе органов и учреждений здравоохранения Российской Федерации на Международную статистическую классификацию болезней и проблем, связанных со здоровьем X пересмотра"". zakonbase.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-02-11.
Jump up ^ Council for Medical Schemes (March 2009), South African ICD-10 Coding Standards (PDF), Republic of South Africa Department of Health, Version 3, retrieved 2016-01-24
Jump up ^ http://thcc.or.th/ebook1/2016/mobile/index.html#p=1
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Classification". Archived from the original on 29 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "SCCI0021: ICD-10 5th Edition: Change Paper" (PDF). Health & Social Care Information Centre. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Updates". Health and Social Care Information Centre. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is ICD | ICD.Codes". ICD.Codes. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "A guide to state implementation of icd-10 for mortality". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Jump up ^ "Senate Approves ICD-10 Delay, 'Doc Fix'". Healthdatamanagement.com. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "H.R. 4302 (Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014)". U.S. Senate. March 31, 2014
Jump up ^ "Administrative Simplification: Adoption of a Standard for a Unique Health Plan Identifier; Addition to the National Provider Identifier Requirements; and a Change to the Compliance Date for the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD–10–CM and ICD–10–PCS) Medical Data Code Sets". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services{{inconsistent citations}} . 77 FR 54664 of 5 September 2012. 77 FR 60629 of 4 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM)". National Center for Health Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). December 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Overview ICD-10". Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.
Jump up ^ "HIPAA History". hipaajournal.com.
Jump up ^ "Physicians Get Grace Period from CMS on HIPAA 5010 Enforcement". Physicians Practice. November 18, 2011
Jump up ^ "Feds Delay ICD-10 for Two Years". The Wall Street Journal. January 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ "ICD - ICD-10 - International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision". Cdc.gov. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ProviderResources". Cms.gov. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10 Overview". Cms.gov. 4 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICD-10: An Ode to Code - The Rheumatologist". The-rheumatologist.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ CMS Office of Public Affairs (August 15, 2008). "HHS Proposes Adoption of ICD-10 Code Sets and Updated Electronic Transaction Standards" (Press release). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
External links[edit]
Official website at World Health Organization (WHO)
ICD-10 online browser (WHO)
ICD-10 online training direct access (WHO)
ICD-10-CM (USA – modification) at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
[hide]
v
t
e
Medical classification
Topographical codes
Terminologia
TA
TH
TE
SNOMED T axis
MeSH A axis
Diagnostic codes
general:
ICD
11 (not yet released; in development)
10
9
ICPC-2
DRC
NANDA
Read codes
SNOMED D axis
specialized:
ICD-O
ICSD
ICHD
ILDS
DSM
IV
5
BPA
CCMD-3
Procedural codes
HCPCS (CPT, Level 2)
ICD
10 PCS
9-CM Volume 3
ICHI
NIC
SNOMED P axis
OPS-301
Read codes/OPCS-4
CCAM
LOINC
Pharmaceutical codes
ATC
NDC
SNOMED C axis
DIN
Outcomes codes
NOC
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICD-10&oldid=838063413"
Categories:
International Classification of Diseases
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
Articles needing additional references from April 2014
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from July 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Català
Dansk
Eesti
Español
Euskara
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
Basa Jawa
Latina
Македонски
मराठी
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
中文
24 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 April 2018, at 17:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: class href

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: small

tag: tbody

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: ICD-10 Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

value: ICD-10 Chapter III: Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism

value: ICD-10 Chapter IV: Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

value: ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental and behavioural disorders

value: ICD-10 Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system

value: ICD-10 Chapter VII: Diseases of the eye, adnexa

value: ICD-10 Chapter VIII: Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

value: ICD-10 Chapter IX: Diseases of the circulatory system

value: ICD-10 Chapter X: Diseases of the respiratory system

value: ICD-10 Chapter XI: Diseases of the digestive system

value: ICD-10 Chapter XII: Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

value: ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

value: ICD-10 Chapter XIV: Diseases of the genitourinary system

value: ICD-10 Chapter XV: Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

value: ICD-10 Chapter XVI: Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period

value: ICD-10 Chapter XVII: Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

value: ICD-10 Chapter XVIII: Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings

value: ICD-10 Chapter XIX: Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

value: ICD-10 Chapter XX: External causes of morbidity and mortality

value: ICD-10 Chapter XXI: Factors influencing health status and contact with health services

value: ICD-10 Chapter XXII: Codes for special purposes

value: The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2017)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)

value: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

value:
/wiki/Electronic_Data_Interchange
mw-redirect
Electronic Data Interchange

value: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value:
nofollow
external text
http://www.rivm.nl/who-fic/ICD.htm

value:
nofollow
external text
http://zakonbase.ru/content/part/416784

value:
nofollow
https://icd.codes/articles/what-is-icd/
external text

value:
/wiki/U.S._Senate
mw-redirect
U.S. Senate

value: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

value:
nofollow
http://www.cms.gov/ICD10/
external text

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm

value: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value: Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology

value: International Classification of Primary Care

value: fr:Dictionnaire des résultats de consultation

value: International Classification of Diseases for Oncology

value: International Classification of Sleep Disorders

value: International Classification of Headache Disorders

value: The International League of Dermatological Societies

value: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

value: British Pediatric Association Classification of Diseases

value: Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders

value: Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System

value: International Classification of Health Interventions

value: Classification Commune des Actes Médicaux

value: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value: Category:International Classification of Diseases

value: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

value: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018

value: Category:All articles with failed verification

value: Category:Articles with failed verification from July 2017

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/ICD-10
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=ICD-10&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

value: المراجعة العاشرة للتصنيف الدولي للأمراض – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

value:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKB_10
MKB 10 – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-10
CIM-10 – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHK-10
RHK-10 – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE-10
CIE-10 – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNS-10
GNS-10 – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE-10
CIE-10 – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

value:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

value: आईसीडी-१० – Hindi

value:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKB-10
MKB-10 – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIM-10
CIM-10 – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

value:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

value: आयसीडी-१० – Marathi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

value:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: Międzynarodowa Klasyfikacja Chorób ICD-10 – Polish

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE-10
CIE-10 – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

value:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKB-10
MKB-10 – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKB-10
MKB-10 – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

value:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

value: அனைத்துலக நோய்கள் வகைப்பாடு - 10 – Tamil

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

value:
https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Telugu
te
te
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Thai
th
th
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

value:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

value:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10
ICD-10 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-ICD-10 rootpage-ICD-10 skin-vector action-view


text:
Extraction of petroleum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pumpjack on an oil well in Texas
The extraction of petroleum is the process by which usable petroleum is drawn out from beneath the earth's surface location
Contents
[hide]
1 Locating the oil field
2 Drilling
3 Oil extraction and recovery
3.1 Primary recovery
3.2 Secondary recovery
3.3 Enhanced recovery
4 Recovery rates and factors
5 Estimated ultimate recovery
6 See also
7 References
Locating the oil field[edit]
Geologists and geophysicists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response, which provides information about the geological structures underground. However, "passive" methods that extract information from naturally occurring seismic waves are also used.[1]
Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into an underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the "mudlogger") will note its presence.
Historically in the United States, in some oil fields the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in parts of Alaska. Often many wells (called multilateral wells) are drilled into the same reservoir, to an economically viable extraction rate. Some wells (secondary wells) may pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure and economically extraction rate.
Drilling[edit]
Main article: Oil well
The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore. Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil to pass into the bore. Finally a collection of valves called a "Christmas Tree" is fitted to the top; the valves regulate pressures and control flow.
Oil extraction and recovery[edit]
Primary recovery[edit]
During the primary recovery stage (also called the 'Kareem Stage'), reservoir drive comes from a number of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the natural gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of gas initially dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where the wells are located. Recovery factor during the primary recovery stage is typically 5-15%.[2]
While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force the oil to the surface, all that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface; these are known as artificial lifting mechanisms.
Secondary recovery[edit]
Over the lifetime of a well, the pressure falls. At some point there is insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. After natural reservoir drive diminishes, secondary recovery methods are applied. These rely on supplying external energy to the reservoir by injecting fluids to increase reservoir pressure, hence increasing or replacing the natural reservoir drive with an artificial drive. Secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which injects air, carbon dioxide or some other gas into the bottom of an active well, reducing the overall density of fluid in the wellbore. The typical recovery factor from water-flood operations is about 30%, depending on the properties of the oil and the characteristics of the reservoir rock. On average, the recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery operations is between 35 and 45%.[2]
Enhanced recovery[edit]
Steam is injected into many oil fields where the oil is thicker and heavier than normal crude oil
Enhanced, or Tertiary oil recovery methods, increase the mobility of the oil in order to increase extraction.
Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil, reducing its viscosity and making it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and it is often done with a cogeneration plant. This type of cogeneration plant uses a gas turbine to generate electricity, and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to increase oil extraction in the San Joaquin Valley, which yields a very heavy oil, yet accounts for ten percent of the United States' oil extraction.[citation needed] Fire flooding (In-situ burning) is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil.
Occasionally, surfactants (detergents) are injected to alter the surface tension between the water and the oil in the reservoir, mobilizing oil which would otherwise remain in the reservoir as residual oil.[3]
Another method to reduce viscosity is carbon dioxide flooding.
Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered.[2] In some California heavy oil fields, steam injection has doubled or even tripled the oil reserves and ultimate oil recovery.[4] For example, see Midway-Sunset Oil Field, California's largest oilfield.
Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery is not enough to continue adequate extraction, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. This depends on the cost of the extraction method and the current price of crude oil. When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back into use, and when they are low, extraction is curtailed.
The use of microbial treatments is another tertiary recovery method. Special blends of the microbes are used to treat and break down the hydrocarbon chain in oil, making the oil easy to recover. It is also more economical versus other conventional methods. In some states such as Texas, there are tax incentives for using these microbes in what is called a secondary tertiary recovery. Very few companies supply these,[quantify] however, companies like Bio Tech, Inc. have proven very successful in waterfloods across Texas.[citation needed]
Recovery rates and factors[edit]
The amount of oil that is recoverable is determined by a number of factors, including the permeability of the rock, the strength of natural drives (the gas present, pressure from adjacent water or gravity), porosity of the reservoir rock, i.e the rock storage capacity, and the viscosity of the oil. When the reservoir rocks are "tight", as in shale, oil generally cannot flow through, but when they are permeable, as in sandstone, oil flows freely.
Estimated ultimate recovery[edit]
Although recovery of a well cannot be known with certainty until the well ceases production, petroleum engineers often determine an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) based on decline rate projections years into the future. Various models, mathematical techniques, and approximations are used.
Shale gas EUR is difficult to predict, and it is possible to choose recovery methods that tend to underestimate decline of the well beyond that which is reasonable.
See also[edit]
Drilling rig
Drilling fluid
Mud logger
Roughneck
Directional drilling
Oil platform
Driller (oil)
Deep well drilling
Block (extraction of petroleum)
Blowout (well drilling)
Hydraulic fracturing
List of countries by oil production
Peak Oil
List of natural gas and oil production accidents in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A technology web site of a passive - seismic based company
^ Jump up to: a b c E. Tzimas, (2005). "Enhanced Oil Recovery using Carbon Dioxide in the European Energy System" (PDF). European Commission Joint Research Center. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
Jump up ^ "New Billions In Oil" Popular Mechanics, March 1933 -- ie article on invention of water injection and detergents for oil recovery
Jump up ^ Growth History of Oil Reserves in Major California Oil Fields During the Twentieth Century, USGS Bulletin 2172-H, 2005
[show]
v
t
e
Petroleum industry
Petroleum
Primary energy
Benchmarks
Argus Sour
Bonny Light
Brent
Dubai
Indian Basket
Indonesian
Isthmus-34 Light
Japan Cocktail
OPEC Reference Basket
Tapis
Urals
West Texas Intermediate
Western Canadian Select
Data
Natural gas
Consumption
Production
Reserves
Imports
Exports
Price
Petroleum
Consumption
Production
Reserves
Imports
Exports
Price (of gasoline and diesel)
Exploration
Core sampling
Geophysics
Integrated asset modelling
Petroleum engineering
Reservoir simulation
Seismic to simulation
Petroleum geology
Petrophysics
Reflection seismology (Seismic inversion)
Seismic source
Drilling
Blowout
Completion (Squeeze job)
Differential sticking
Directional drilling (Geosteering)
Drilling engineering
Drilling fluid (invasion)
Drill stem test
Lost circulation
Measurement
Tracers
Underbalanced drilling
Well logging
Production
Petroleum fiscal regime
Concessions
Production sharing agreements
Artificial lift
Pumpjack
Submersible pump (ESP)
Gas lift
Downstream
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
Steam injection
Gas reinjection
Midstream
Petroleum product
Pipeline transport
Refining
Upstream
Water injection
Well intervention
XT
History
1967 Oil Embargo
1973 oil crisis
1979 energy crisis
1980s oil glut
1990 oil price shock
2000s energy crisis
2010s oil glut
Founders
History of the petroleum industry
Nationalization
OPEC
GECF
Seven Sisters
Standard Oil
Oil market timelines
Provinces
and fields
List of natural gas fields
List of oil fields
East Midlands Oil Province
East Texas
Gulf of Mexico
Niger Delta
North Sea
Permian Basin
Persian Gulf
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
Russia
Venezuela
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Other topics
Acronyms
Oil shale gas
Peak oil
mitigation
timing
People
Petrocurrency
Petrodollar recycling
Shale band
Shale gas
Swing producer
Unconventional oil
heavy crude
oil sands
oil shale
[show]
Companies and organisations
Major petroleum
companies
Supermajors
BP
Chevron
Eni
ExxonMobil
Royal Dutch Shell
Total
National oil
companies
ADNOC (UAE)
CNOOC (China)
CNPC (China)
Ecopetrol (Colombia)
Gazprom (Russia)
Iraq National Oil Company
Indian Oil Corporation
KazMunayGas (Kazakhstan)
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Lotos (Poland)
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
NIOC (Iran)
NISOC (Iran)
OGDCL (Pakistan)
ONGC (India)
PDVSA (Venezuela)
PKN Orlen (Poland)
Pemex (Mexico)
Pertamina (Indonesia)
PetroBangla (Bangladesh)
Petrobras (Brazil)
PetroChina
Petronas (Malaysia)
Petrovietnam
PTT (Thailand)
Qatar Petroleum
Rosneft (Russia)
Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)
Sinopec (China)
SOCAR (Azerbaijan)
Sonangol (Angola)
Sonatrach (Algeria)
Statoil (Norway)
TPAO (Turkey)
YPF (Argentina)
Energy trading
Glencore
Gunvor
Mercuria
Naftiran Intertrade
Trafigura
Vitol
Other
Anadarko
Apache
BG Group
Cenovus Energy
Compañía Española de Petróleos
ConocoPhillips
Devon
Galp Energia
Hess
Husky Energy
Imperial Oil
JXTG Holdings
Lukoil
Marathon Oil
Occidental
OMV
Port Harcourt Refining Company
Reliance Industries
Repsol
Suncor Energy
Surgutneftegas
TNK-BP
Tullow Oil
Tüpraş
Major services
companies
Amec Foster Wheeler
Baker Hughes
Cameron
CGG
CH2M Hill
Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
China Oilfield Services
Enbridge
Ensco
GE Oil & Gas
Halliburton
Nabors Industries
Naftiran Intertrade
National Oilwell Varco
Petrofac
Saipem
Schlumberger
Snam
Subsea 7
TransCanada
Transocean
Weatherford
Wood Group
Other
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
International Energy Agency
International Petroleum Exchange
OPEC
Society of Petroleum Engineers
World Petroleum Council
Category
Commons
Authority control
GND: 4139144-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extraction_of_petroleum&oldid=836504555"
Categories:
Petroleum production
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Italiano
Nederlands
Português
Русский
Suomi
Українська
Tiếng Việt
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 April 2018, at 05:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

tag: div

attr: id class

value: mw-page-base noprint

key: html

type: local

value: mw-head-base noprint

tag: a

attr: id class lang

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

tag: img

attr: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attr: href class

attr: href class title

attr: href title

attr: class style

tag: b

tag: p

attr: role tabindex class

value: button 0 togglelink

tag: span

value: Edit section: Oil extraction and recovery

value:
/wiki/Nodding_donkey
mw-redirect
Nodding donkey

value:
/wiki/Electrical_submersible_pump
mw-redirect
Electrical submersible pump

value:
/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere
mw-redirect
Earth's atmosphere

value:
/wiki/Tertiary_oil_recovery
mw-redirect
Tertiary oil recovery

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)

value:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

value: This term requires quantification. (March 2017)

value: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

value: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

value: Edit section: Recovery rates and factors

value: Edit section: Estimated ultimate recovery

value:
/wiki/Deep_well_drilling
mw-redirect
Deep well drilling

value:
/wiki/Block_(extraction_of_petroleum)
mw-redirect
Block (extraction of petroleum)

value:
nofollow
http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2172-h/
external text

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: List of countries by natural gas consumption

value: List of countries by natural gas production

value: List of countries by natural gas proven reserves

value: List of countries by natural gas imports

value: List of countries by natural gas exports

value: List of countries by proven oil reserves

value:
/wiki/Seismic_to_simulation
mw-redirect
Seismic to simulation

value: Category:History of the petroleum industry

value: Category:Founders of the petroleum industry

value: List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production

value: Category:People in the petroleum industry

value: List of oil exploration and production companies

value:
/wiki/Energy_trading
mw-redirect
Energy trading

value: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

attr: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4139144-5

value: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

value: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

value: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: استخراج النفط – Arabic

value: Нафтаздабыча – Belarusian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

value: استخراج نفت – Persian

value: Նավթահանույթ – Armenian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

value: पेट्रोलियम निष्कर्षण – Hindi

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: Нефтедобыча – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

value: Нафтовидобування – Ukrainian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Extraction_of_petroleum rootpage-Extraction_of_petroleum skin-vector action-view


text:
Meninges
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Meninx" redirects here. For the Tunisian island formerly known as "Meninx", see Djerba.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Meninges
The meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
Details
Artery
middle meningeal artery, meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery, accessory meningeal artery, branch of anterior ethmoidal artery, meningeal branches of vertebral artery
Nerve
middle meningeal nerve, nervus spinosus
Identifiers
Latin
Meninges
MeSH
A08.186.566
Dorlands
/Elsevier
12523818
TA
A14.1.01.001
FMA
231572
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The meninges (/məˈnɪndʒiːz/,[1][2] singular: meninx (/ˈmiːnɪŋks/ or /ˈmɛnɪŋks/[3]), from Ancient Greek: μῆνιγξ, translit. mēninx, lit. 'membrane',[4] adjectival: meningeal /məˈnɪndʒəl/) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. The primary function of the meninges is to protect the central nervous system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Dura mater
1.2 Arachnoid mater
1.3 Pia mater
1.4 Leptomeninges
1.5 Spaces
2 Clinical significance
3 Other animals
4 Additional images
5 References
Structure[edit]
Dura mater[edit]
Main article: Dura mater
The dura mater (Latin: tough mother) (also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx) is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the calvaria (skullcap), and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain. It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.
The dura has four areas of infolding:
Falx cerebri, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the cerebral hemispheres. Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance.
Tentorium cerebelli, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum. The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance.
Falx cerebelli, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the cerebellar hemispheres.
Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica.
Arachnoid mater[edit]
Main article: Arachnoid mater
The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid.
The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac. In particular, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion (arachnoid barrier cell layer) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura.
The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer.
Pia mater[edit]
Main article: Pia mater
The pia mater (Latin: tender mother[5]) is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's contours (the gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries nourish the brain.
Leptomeninges[edit]
The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges,[6] literally "thin meninges" (Greek: λεπτός leptos - thin). Acute meningococcal meningitis can lead to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain.[7] Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob-web like strands, it is structurally continuous with the pia, hence the name pia-arachnoid or leptomeninges. They are responsible for the production of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) a major cerebrospinal fluid protein . [8][9]
Spaces[edit]
Main article: Subarachnoid space
The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the bone (vertebrae) by a space called the epidural space, which contain fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space between them is the subdural space. There is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans.
Clinical significance[edit]
There are three types of hemorrhage involving the meninges:[10]
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma.[11]
A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater. The small veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn, usually during an accident, and blood leaks into this area.
An epidural hematoma may arise after an accident or spontaneously.
Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include meningitis (usually from fungal, bacterial, or viral infection) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges, or from meningeal carcinomatoses (tumors) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges.
Other animals[edit]
In fish, there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx. In other vertebrates – amphibians, reptiles and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx. In the early 1900s, Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man. Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.
Mammals (as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater.[12]
Additional images[edit]
Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull
Diagrammatic section of scalp.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989.
Jump up ^ Entry "meninges" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ Entry "meninx" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2012-07-28.
Jump up ^ μῆνιγξ. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ Entry "pia mater" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved 2015-11-27.
Jump up ^ "leptomeninges - definition of leptomeninges in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Vinay (2015). Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Mechanisms of Disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 1273. In acute meningitis, an exudate is evident within the leptomeninges over the surface of the brain (Fig. 28-21).
Jump up ^ Yamashima, Tetsumori; Sakuda, Kazushige; Tohma, Yasuo; Yamashita, Junkoh; Oda, Hiroshi; Irikura, Daisuke; Eguchi, Naomi; Beuckmann, Carsten T.; Kanaoka, Yoshihide; Urade, Yoshihiro; Hayaishi, Osamu (1 April 1997). "Prostaglandin D Synthase (β-Trace) in Human Arachnoid and Meningioma Cells: Roles as a Cell Marker or in Cerebrospinal Fluid Absorption, Tumorigenesis, and Calcification Process". Journal of Neuroscience. pp. 2376–2382. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ attribution, no. "Prostaglandin D2 synthase". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain Injuries" (PDF). Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ (2007). "Subarachnoid haemorrhage". Lancet. 369 (9558): 306–18. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60153-6. PMID 17258671.
Jump up ^ Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Funuction, Evolution. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Publishers. p. 539. ISBN 0-697-21991-7.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meninges.
[show]
v
t
e
Nervous system
Central nervous system
Meninges
Spinal cord
Brain
Rhombencephalon
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Retina
Optic nerve
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
Motor nerve
Cranial nerve
Spinal nerve
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
[show]
v
t
e
Meninges of the brain and spinal cord
Layers
Dura mater
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae
Trigeminal cave
Arachnoid mater
Arachnoid granulation
Arachnoid trabeculae
Subarachnoid cisterns:
Cisterna magna
Pontine cistern
Interpeduncular cistern
Chiasmatic
Of lateral cerebral fossa
Of great cerebral vein
Of lamina terminalis
Pia mater
Denticulate ligaments
Tela choroidea
Choroid plexus
Perivascular space
Combined
Filum terminale
Leptomeninges
Spaces
Epidural space
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Cerebrospinal fluid
[show]
v
t
e
The spinal cord
General features
Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina
Meninges
Grey matter
Posterior grey column
Marginal nucleus
Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
Nucleus proprius
Spinal lamina V
Spinal lamina VI
Lateral grey column
Intermediolateral nucleus
Posterior thoracic nucleus
Anterior grey column
Interneuron
Alpha motor neuron
Onuf's nucleus
Gamma motor neuron
Other
Rexed laminae
Central gelatinous substance
Gray commissure
Central canal
Terminal ventricle
White matter
Sensory
Posterior
Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway:
Gracile
Cuneate
Lateral:
Spinocerebellar
dorsal
ventral
Spinothalamic
lateral
anterior
Posterolateral
Spinotectal
Spinoreticular tract
Spino-olivary tract
Motor
Lateral
Corticospinal
Lateral
Extrapyramidal
Rubrospinal
Olivospinal
Raphespinal
Anterior
Corticospinal
Anterior
Extrapyramidal
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Both
Anterior white commissure
External features
Ventral
Anterior median fissure
Anterolateral sulcus
Dorsal
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meninges&oldid=804731340"
Categories:
Back anatomy
Human head and neck
Meninges
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
Articles needing additional references from June 2014
All articles needing additional references
Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage
Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing Greek-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
অসমীয়া
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latina
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Simple English
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 October 2017, at 20:08.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attr: role class

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attr: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

tag: td

value: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

tag: i

value: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

value: Meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery

value:
/wiki/Nervus_spinosus
mw-redirect
Nervus spinosus

value:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek language

value:
/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek
mw-redirect
Romanization of Ancient Greek

value:
grc-Latn
Ancient Greek transliteration
grc-Latn

value:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

value:
/wiki/Human_skull
mw-redirect
Human skull

value:
/wiki/Tentorium_cerebelli
mw-redirect
Tentorium cerebelli

value:
/wiki/Arachnoid_(brain)
mw-redirect
Arachnoid (brain)

value:
/wiki/Meningococcal_meningitis
mw-redirect
Meningococcal meningitis

value:
/wiki/Subpial_space
mw-redirect
Subpial space

value:
nofollow
http://www.merriam-webster.com/
external text

value:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

value:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17258671

value: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

value:
/wiki/Cranial_nerve
mw-redirect
Cranial nerve

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
/wiki/Spinal_lamina_V
mw-redirect
Spinal lamina V

value:
/wiki/Spinal_lamina_VI
mw-redirect
Spinal lamina VI

value: Central gelatinous substance of spinal cord

value:
/wiki/Terminal_ventricle
mw-redirect
Terminal ventricle

value: Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

value:
/wiki/Spinotectal_tract
mw-redirect
Spinotectal tract

value: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

value: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2014

value: Category:All articles needing additional references

value: Category:Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage

value: Category:Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter

value: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

value: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Meninges
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value:
/w/index.php?title=Meninges&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

value: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

value:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

value: سحايا – Arabic

value: মস্তিষ্ক আৱৰণী – Assamese

value:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninge
Meninge – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnhaut
Hirnhaut – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajukelme
Ajukelme – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

value: Μήνιγγες – Greek

value:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges
Meninges – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninge
Meninge – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

value: شامگان – Persian

value:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninxe
Meninxe – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningo
Meningo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges
Meninges – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningi
Meningi – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

value: קרומי המוח – Hebrew

value: Ми қабығы – Kazakh

value:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninges
Meninges – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

value: Мозочници – Macedonian

value:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninge
Meninge – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

value:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meninge
Meninge – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

value: پەردەکانی مێشک – Central Kurdish

value: Мождане опне – Serbian

value: เยื่อหุ้มสมอง – Thai

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Meninges rootpage-Meninges skin-vector action-view


text:
Proton pump
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about biochemical proton pumps. For generators of proton beams, see synchrotron and cyclotron.
A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane. Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction:
H+
[on one side of a biological membrane] + energy ⇌ H+
[on the other side of the membrane]
Mechanisms are based on energy-induced conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle.
During evolution, proton pumps have arisen independently on multiple occasions. Thus, not only throughout nature but also within single cells, different proton pumps that are evolutionarily unrelated can be found. Proton pumps are divided into different major classes of pumps that utilize different sources of energy, have different polypeptide compositions and evolutionary origins.
Contents
[hide]
1 Function
2 Diversity
3 Electron transport driven proton pumps
3.1 Electron Transport Complex I
3.2 Electron Transport Complex III
3.3 The cytochrome b6f complex
3.4 Electron Transport Complex IV
4 ATP driven proton pumps
4.1 P-type proton ATPase
4.2 V-type proton ATPase
4.3 F-type proton ATPase
5 Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps
6 Light driven proton pumps
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Function[edit]
It should be observed that transport of the positively charged proton typically is electrogenic, i.e. it generates an electrical field across the membrane also called the membrane potential. Proton transport becomes electrogenic if not neutralized electrically by transport of either a corresponding negative charge in the same direction or a corresponding positive charge in the opposite direction. An example of a proton pump that is not electrogenic, is the proton/potassium pump of the gastric mucosa which catalyzes a balanced exchange of protons and potassium ions.
The combined transmembrane gradient of protons and charges created by proton pumps is called an electrochemical gradient. An electrochemical gradient represents a store of energy (potential energy) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake and action potential formation.
In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space.[1] It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. The difference in pH and electric charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for the cell.[2] The process could also be seen as analogous to cycling uphill or charging a battery for later use, as it produces potential energy. The proton pump does not create energy, but forms a gradient that stores energy for later use.[3]
Diversity[edit]
The energy required for the proton pumping reaction may come from light (light energy; bacteriorhodopsins), electron transfer (electrical energy; electron transport complexes I, III and IV) or energy-rich metabolites (chemical energy) such as pyrophosphate (PPi; proton-pumping pyrophosphatase) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP; proton ATPases).
Electron transport driven proton pumps[edit]
Electron Transport Complex I[edit]
Main article: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)
Complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) (also referred to as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or, especially in the context of the human protein, NADH dehydrogenase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. It belongs to the H+ or Na+-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH) Family (TC# 3.D.1), a member of the Na+ transporting Mrp superfamily. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and, in eukaryotes, it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.
Electron Transport Complex III[edit]
Main article: Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase
Complex III ((EC 1.10.2.2)) (also referred to as cytochrome bc1 or the coenzyme Q : cytochrome c – oxidoreductase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the nuclear genomes (all other subunits). Complex III is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of all aerobic eukaryotes and the inner membranes of most eubacteria. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.
The cytochrome b6f complex[edit]
Main article: Cytochrome b6f complex
The cytochrome b6f complex (EC 1.10.99.1) (also called plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) is an enzyme related to Complex III but found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae. This proton pump is driven by electron transport and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin. The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by Complex III (cytochrome bc1) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of chloroplasts then uses to synthesize ATP.
Electron Transport Complex IV[edit]
Main article: Cytochrome c oxidase
Complex IV (EC 1.9.3.1) (also referred to as cytochrome c oxidase), is a proton pump driven by electron transport. This enzyme is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP.
ATP driven proton pumps[edit]
Main article: Proton ATPase
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) driven proton pumps (also referred to as proton ATPases or H+
-ATPases) are proton pumps driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Three classes of proton ATPases are found in nature. In a single cell (for example those of fungi and plants), representatives from all three groups of proton ATPases may be present.
P-type proton ATPase[edit]
Main article: Plasma membrane H+-ATPase
The plasma membrane H+
-ATPase is a single subunit P-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists and many prokaryotes.
The plasma membrane H+
-ATPase creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists, and many prokaryotes. Here, proton gradients are used to drive secondary transport processes. As such, it is essential for the uptake of most metabolites, and also for responses to the environment (e.g., movement of leaves in plants).
Humans (and probably other mammals) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H+/K+ ATPase that also belongs to the P-type ATPase family. This enzyme functions as the proton pump of the stomach, primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents (see gastric acid).
V-type proton ATPase[edit]
Main article: V-ATPase
The V-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the V-type. It is found in various different membranes where it serves to acidify intracellular organelles or the cell exterior.
F-type proton ATPase[edit]
Main article: F-ATPase
The F-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the F-type (also referred to as ATP synthase or FOF1 ATPase). It is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane where is functions as a proton transport-driven ATP synthase.
In mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power this translocation of protons. For example, the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing equivalents provided by reduced cytochrome c. ATP itself powers this transport in the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes.
The FoF1 ATP synthase of mitochondria, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. Protons translocate across the inner mitochondrial membrane via proton wire. This series of conformational changes, channeled through the a and b subunits of the FO particle, drives a series of conformational changes in the stalk connecting the FO to the F1 subunit. This process effectively couples the translocation of protons to the mechanical motion between the Loose, Tight, and Open states of F1 necessary to phosphorylate ADP.
In bacteria and ATP-producing organelles other than mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power the translocation of protons.
CF1 ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human FOF1 ATP synthase in plants.
Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps[edit]
Main article: Proton pumping pyrophosphatase
Proton pumping pyrophosphatase (also referred to as HH+
-PPase or vacuolar-type inorganic pyrophosphatases (V-PPase; V is for vacuolar)) is a proton pump driven by the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). In plants, HH+
-PPase is localized to the vacuolar membrane (the tonoplast). This membrane of plants contains two different proton pumps for acidifying the interior of the vacuole, the V-PPase and the V-ATPase.
Light driven proton pumps[edit]
Main article: Bacteriorhodopsin
Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump and is used by Archaea, most notably in Halobacteria. Light is absorbed by a retinal pigment covalently linked to the protein, that result in a conformational change of the molecule that is transmitted to the pump protein associated with proton pumping.
See also[edit]
Active transport
Chemiosmosis
Cytochrome
Protonophore
Proton-pump inhibitor
Uncoupling protein
2,4-Dinitrophenol
V-ATPase
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yoshikawa, Shinya; Shimada, Atsuhiro; Shinzawa-Itoh, Kyoko (2015). "Chapter 4, Section 4 Proton Pump Mechanism". In Peter M.H. Kroneck and Martha E. Sosa Torres. Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 15. Springer. pp. 108–111. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_4.
Jump up ^ Campbell, N.A., 2008. Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants. 8th ed., Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Jump up ^ Nature, Structural biology: Piston drives a proton pump. by Tomoko Ohnishi, 26 May 2010
External links[edit]
Proton pump animation
Proton Pumps at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[show]
v
t
e
Membrane transport protein: ion pumps, ATPases / ATP synthase (TC 3A2-3A3)
F-, V-, and A-type ATPase (3.A.2)
H+ (F-type)
H+ transporting, mitochondrial: ATP5A1
ATP5B
ATP5C1
ATP5C2
ATP5D
ATP5E
ATP5F1
ATP5G1
ATP5G2
ATP5G3
ATP5H
ATP5I
ATP5J
ATP5J2
ATP5L
ATP5L2
ATP5O
ATP5S
H+ (V-type)
H+ transporting, lysosomal: ATP6AP1
ATP6AP2
ATP6V1A
ATP6V1B1
ATP6V1B2
ATP6V1C1
ATP6V1C2
ATP6V1D
ATP6V1E1
ATP6V1E2
ATP6V1F
ATP6V1G1
ATP6V1G2
ATP6V1G3
ATP6V1H
ATP6V0A1
ATP6V0A2
ATP6V0A4
ATP6V0B
ATP6V0C
ATP6V0D1
ATP6V0D2
ATP6V0E
ATP6V0E1
TCIRG1
A-ATPase
found in Archea
P-type ATPase (3.A.3)
3.A.3.1.1: Na+/K+ transporting: ATP1A1
ATP1A2
ATP1A3
ATP1A4
ATP1B1
ATP1B2
ATP1B3
ATP1B4
ATP1G1
3.A.3.1.2: H+/K+
H+/K+ exchanging: ATP4A
ATP4B
3.A.3.1.4: H+/K+ transporting, nongastric: ATP12A
3.A.3.2: Ca2+ (SERCA, PMCA, SPCA) / Ca2+ transporting: ATP2A1
ATP2A2
ATP2A3
ATP2B1
ATP2B2
ATP2B3
ATP2B4
ATP2C1
3.A.3.5: Cu2+ transporting: ATP7A
ATP7B
3.A.3.8.8: flippase: ATP8A2
Other/ungrouped:
Na+/K+ – H+
Mg2+ transporting: ATP3
Class I, type 8: ATP8A1
ATP8B1
ATP8B2
ATP8B3
ATP8B4
Class II, type 9: ATP9A
ATP9B
Class V, type 10: ATP10A
ATP10B
ATP10D
Class VI, type 11: ATP11A
ATP11B
ATP11C
type 13: ATP13A1
ATP13A2
ATP13A3
ATP13A4
ATP13A5
see also ATPase disorders
[show]
v
t
e
Ion pump: proton pumps: Oxidoreduction-driven transporters (TC 3D)
ETC
ETC Complex I
ETC Complex III
ETC Complex IV
Other
Cytochrome b6f complex
Inorganic pyrophosphatase
V-ATPase
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton_pump&oldid=834143205"
Categories:
Transport proteins
Proton
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
6 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 04:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

value: mw-page-base noprint

value: mw-head-base noprint

value: firstHeading firstHeading en

value: siteSub noprint

value: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value:
/wiki/Proton_beam
mw-redirect
Proton beam

value:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

tag: sup

tag: br

tag: sub

tag: dd

tag: dl

value:
/wiki/Protein_conformation
mw-redirect
Protein conformation

value:
/wiki/Cell_respiration
mw-redirect
Cell respiration

value:
/wiki/NADH_dehydrogenase_(ubiquinone)
mw-redirect
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone)

value: Edit section: Electron transport driven proton pumps

value: Edit section: Electron Transport Complex III

value: Edit section: The cytochrome b6f complex

value: Edit section: Electron Transport Complex IV

value:
/wiki/Electrochemical_gradients
mw-redirect
Electrochemical gradients

value:
/wiki/Plasma_membrane
mw-redirect
Plasma membrane

value:
/wiki/Secondary_active_transport
mw-redirect
Secondary active transport

value:
/wiki/Electron_transfer_chain
mw-redirect
Electron transfer chain

value:
/wiki/Transmembrane_ATPase
mw-redirect
Transmembrane ATPase

value: Edit section: Pyrophosphate driven proton pumps

value: Proton pumping pyrophosphatase (page does not exist)

value:
nofollow
external text
https://www.nature.com/articles/465428a

value:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

value: Template talk:ATPase (page does not exist)

value:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite

value:
/wiki/Mg%2B%2B_transporting
mw-redirect
Mg++ transporting

value:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background-color: AntiqueWhite

value: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

value:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

value: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

value: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

value: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

value: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

value:
/wiki/Proton_pump
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

value: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

value: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

value:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

value: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

value: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

value:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

value:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

value:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

value: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

value: Find background information on current events

value:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

value: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

value: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

value: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

value: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

value: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

value: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

value:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

value: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

value: Permanent link to this revision of the page

value: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

value: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

value: مضخة بروتون – Arabic

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

value: پروتون پمپ – Persian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

value: プロトンポンプ – Japanese

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

value: Протонный насос – Russian

value:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

value: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

value: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

value: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

value:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

value: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Proton_pump rootpage-Proton_pump skin-vector action-view