text:
Bill of rights
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This article is about the concept. For the English law, see Bill of Rights 1689. For the United States constitutional amendments, see United States Bill of Rights.
"Charter of rights" redirects here. For the Canadian constitutional charter, see Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights.
Draft of the United States Bill of Rights, also from 1789
A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most important rights to the citizens of a country. The purpose is to protect those rights against infringement from public officials and private citizens.
Bills of rights may be entrenched or unentrenched. An entrenched bill of rights cannot be amended or repealed by a country's legislature through regular procedure, instead requiring a supermajority or referendum; often it is part of a country's constitution, and therefore subject to special procedures applicable to constitutional amendments. A bill of rights that is not entrenched is a normal statute law and as such can be modified or repealed by the legislature at will.
In practice, not every jurisdiction enforces the protection of the rights articulated in its bill of rights.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Exceptions in Western democracies
2 List of bills of rights
2.1 General
2.2 Specifically targeted documents
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
The history of legal charters asserting certain rights for particular groups goes back to the Middle Ages. An example is Magna Carta, an English legal charter agreed between the King and his barons in 1215.[1] In the early modern period, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.[2] English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishmen had historically enjoyed such rights. The Petition of Right 1628, the Declaration of Right, 1689 and the Bill of Rights 1689 established certain rights in statute.
In America, the English Bill of Rights was one of the influences on the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, which in turn influenced the United States Declaration of Independence later that year.[3]
Inspired by the Age of Enlightenment, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen asserted the universality of rights.[4] It was adopted in 1789 by France's National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution.
After the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, the United States Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791.[5][6][7]
The 20th century saw different groups draw on these earlier documents for influence when drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.[8]
Exceptions in Western democracies[edit]
The constitution of the United Kingdom remains uncodified,[1] however the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law.
Australia is the only common law country with neither a constitutional nor federal legislative bill of rights to protect its citizens, although there is ongoing debate in many of Australia's states.[9][10] In 1973, Federal Attorney-General Lionel Murphy introduced a human rights Bill into parliament, although it was never passed.[11] In 1984, Senator Stephen Bunce drafted a Bill of Rights, but it was never introduced into parliament, and in 1985, Senator Lionel Bowen introduced a bill of rights, which was passed by the House of Representatives, but failed to pass the Senate.[12] Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has argued against a bill of rights for Australia on the grounds it would transfer power from elected politicians (populist politics) to unelected (constitutional) judges and bureaucrats.[13][14] Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) are the only states and territories to have a human rights Act.[15][16] However, the principle of legality present in the Australian judicial system, seeks to ensure that legislation is interpreted so as not to interfere with basic human rights, unless legislation expressly intends to interfere.[17]
List of bills of rights[edit]
The Bill of Rights 1689 is an Act of the Parliament of England asserting certain rights
General[edit]
Magna Carta (1215; England) rights for barons
Great Charter of Ireland (1216; Ireland) rights for barons
Golden Bull of 1222 (1222; Hungary) rights for nobles
Statute of Kalisz (1264; Kingdom of Poland) Jewish residents' rights
Charter of Kortenberg (1312; Belgium) rights for all citizens "rich and poor"
Dušan's Code (1349; Serbia)
Twelve Articles (1525; Germany)
Pacta conventa (1573; Poland)
Henrician Articles (1573; Poland)
Petition of Right (1628; England)
Bill of Rights 1689 (England) and Claim of Right Act 1689 (Scotland) This applied to all British Colonies of the time, and was later entrenched in the laws of those colonies that became nations - for instance in Australia with the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 and reconfirmed by the Statute of Westminster 1931
Virginia Declaration of Rights (June 1776)
Preamble to the United States Declaration of Independence (July 1776)
Chapter 1 of the Pennsylvania Constitution (July 1776)[18]
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789; France)
Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution (completed in 1789, ratified in 1791)
Declaration of the Rights of the People (1811; Venezuela)
Article I of the Constitution of Connecticut (1818)
Constitution of Greece (1822; Epidaurus)
Hatt-ı Hümayun (1856; Ottoman Empire)
Article I of the Constitution of Texas (1875)
Basic rights and liberties in Finland (1919)[citation needed]
Articles 13-28 of the Constitution of Italy (1947)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948, United Nations)
Fundamental rights and duties of citizens in People's Republic of China (1949)
European Convention on Human Rights (1950)
Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens (1950)
Implied Bill of Rights (a theory in Canadian constitutional law)
Canadian Bill of Rights (1960)
International Bill of Human Rights (1976)
Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (1976)
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
Article III of the Constitution of the Philippines (1987)
Article 5 of the Constitution of Brazil (1988)
New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990)
Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic (1991)
Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance (1991)
Chapter 2 of the Constitution of South Africa (entitled "Bill of Rights") (1996)
Human Rights Act 1998 (United Kingdom)
Human Rights Act 2004 (Australian Capital Territory)
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2005)
Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities (2006; Australian state of Victoria)
Chapter Four of the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013)
Specifically targeted documents[edit]
Consumer Bill of Rights
Homeless Bill of Rights
Taxpayer Bill of Rights
Academic Bill of Rights,
Veterans' Bill of Rights
G.I. Bill of Rights, better known as the G.I. Bill
Homosexual Bill of Rights, drafted by North American Conference of Homophile Organizations
Library Bill of Rights, published by the American Library Association
Environmental Bill of Rights or Agenda 21
Gamer's Bill of Rights, for video gamers
Creator's Bill of Rights, comic writers and artists
Donor's Bill of Rights, for philanthropic donors
Law Enforcement Officers' Bill of Rights
California Voter Bill of Rights, adaptation of the Voting Rights Act
Islamic Bill of Rights for Women in the Mosque
New Jersey Anti-Bullying Bill of Rights Act
Credit Cardholders' Bill of Rights, contained within the Credit CARD Act of 2009
Passengers' Bill of Rights
Clone Bill of Rights, promoted by Randy Wicker's Clone Rights United Front for human cloning
See also[edit]
Proposed British Bill of Rights
Inalienable rights
International human rights instruments
Natural rights
Rule of law
Second Bill of Rights
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Rau, Zbigniew; Żurawski vel Grajewski, Przemysław; Tracz-Tryniecki, Marek, eds. (2016). Magna Carta: A Central European Perspective of Our Common Heritage of Freedom. Rutledge. p. xvi. ISBN 1317278593. Britain in its history proposed many pioneering documents - not only Magna Carta, 1215 but those such as the Provisions of Oxford 1258, the Petition of Right 1628, the Bill of Rights 1689, and the Claim of Right 1689
Jump up ^ "From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The British Library. Retrieved 2017-10-16 ; "Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century". The Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf. pp. 126–28. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Jump up ^ Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271040130.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Bernard (1992). The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780945612285.
Jump up ^ Conley, Patrick T.; States, U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original (1992). The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–15. ISBN 9780945612292.
Jump up ^ Montoya, Maria; Belmonte, Laura A.; Guarneri, Carl J.; Hackel, Steven; Hartigan-O'Connor, Ellen (2016). Global Americans: A History of the United States. Cengage Learning. p. 116. ISBN 9780618833108.
Jump up ^ Hugh Starkey, Professor of Citizenship and Human Rights Education at UCL Institute of Education, London. "Magna Carta and Human rights legislation". British Library. Retrieved 22 November 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Deb (21 September 2010). "Does Australia need a bill of rights?". The Age. Melbourne.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-10-26.
Jump up ^ "Howard opposes Bill of Rights". PerthNow. The Sunday Times. 2009-08-27. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ Howard, John (2009-08-27). "2009 Menzies Lecture by John Howard (full text)". The Australian. News Limited. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
Jump up ^ Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2008 (Vic).
Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).
Jump up ^ Potter v Minahan [1908] HCA 63, (1908) 7 CLR 277, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania - 1776". Duquesne University. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
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Flag of Vietnam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vietnam
Name
Cờ đỏ sao vàng ("Red flag with a gold star")
Use
Civil and state flag
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
September 5, 1945
Design
A large yellow star centered on a red field.
Designed by
Nguyễn Hữu Tiến (or Lê Quang Sô)
Variant flag of Vietnam
Name
Flag of the People's Army of Vietnam
Use
War flag
Proportion
2:3
Design
A yellow star centered on a red field, and yellow words "Quyết thắng" (determined to win) in the upper left.
Designed by
Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam
Variant flag of Vietnam
Name
Ensign of the Vietnam People's Navy
Use
Naval ensign
Proportion
2:3
Adopted
January 15, 2014
Design
A white flag with an emblem of the Vietnam People's Navy in its upper canton with a blue strip below.
Designed by
Design is a variant of the flag of Vietnam
The flag of Vietnam, or "red flag with a gold star" (cờ đỏ sao vàng), was designed in 1940 and used during an uprising against French rule in southern Vietnam that year[verification needed]. Red symbolizes the goals of social revolution behind the Vietnamese, national uprising. The star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society—intellectuals, farmers, workers, businesspeople and military personnel.[1]
The flag was used by the Viet Minh, a communist-led organization created in 1941 to oppose Japanese occupation. At the end of World War II, Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed Vietnam independent and signed a decree on September 5, 1945 adopting the flag as the flag of the North Vietnam.[2] The DRV became the government of North Vietnam in 1954 following the Geneva Accords. The flag was modified on November 30, 1955 to make the edges of the star sharper.[3] Until the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, South Vietnam used a yellow flag with three red stripes. The red flag of North Vietnam was later adopted as the flag of the unified Vietnam in 1976.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design and history
2 Historical flags
3 Banning of the flag
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Design and history[edit]
According to the 1992 constitution: "The National Flag of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is rectangular in shape, its width is equal to two thirds of its length, in the middle of fresh red background is a bright five-pointed golden star".[5]
The flag first appeared in the southern uprising (Nam Kỳ Khởi nghĩa) of November 23, 1940, against French rule in southern Vietnam.[6] A series of articles by Sơn Tùng on the origin of the flag were published in the state media in 1981.[7] Sơn Tùng stated that the flag was designed by Nguyễn Hữu Tiến, a leader of the uprising who was arrested by the French in advance of the failed uprising and executed August 28, 1941.[6] Tiến, who was born in the northern village of Lũng Xuyên, was unknown to the Vietnamese public before Tùng's research was published. According to a poem Tiến wrote, the red background represents blood while the yellow foreground represents "the color of our race’s skin", the five points of the star represent intellectuals, peasants, workers, traders and soldiers. Tiến's poem reads in part:
Design proportions of the flag.
... All those of red blood and yellow skin
Together we fight under the nation’s sacred flag
The flag is soaked with our crimson blood, shed for the nation
The yellow star is the colour of our race’s skin
Stand up, quickly! The nation’s soul is calling for us
Intellectuals, peasants, workers, traders and armymen
United as a five-pointed yellow star...[6]
In April 2001, Vietnam's Ministry of Culture reported that there was no documentation to support the claim that Tiến designed the flag. In 2005, Lê Minh Đức, an official of Tiền Giang province, suggested that the flag was designed by another cadre, Lê Quang Sô, a native of Mỹ Tho Province in the Mekong delta. Đức's theory is based on statements by Sô's son as well as Sô's 1968 memoir. According to Đức, yellow was chosen to represent Vietnam while the red background was inspired by the flag of the Communist Party and represents revolution. Sô experimented with stars in various positions and sizes before choosing a large star in the center for aesthetic reasons. In April 1940, the flag was approved by Phan Văn Khỏe, the Communist party chief of Mỹ Tho. It was subsequently approved by the national party in July.[1] As of 2006, the state media has not commented on Đức's version of events.[8]
The flag was displayed at a conference on May 19, 1941, at which the Viet Minh was founded.[9] The Viet Minh proclaimed it a "national flag" on August 17, 1945, at a meeting held in the village of Tân Trào in the North.[10] When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II, the Viet Minh entered Hanoi and proclaimed the "Democratic Republic of Vietnam" on September 2. On September 5, DRV President Ho Chi Minh signed a decree adopting the Vietminh flag.[2] French troops returned in October and restored colonial rule in the South. The National Assembly voted unanimously to adopt the flag on March 2, 1946.[11] Following the Geneva Accord between Viet Minh and France in 1954, the DRV became the government of North Vietnam. On November 30, 1955, the flag's design was modified slightly to make the star smaller and its edges straighter.[3] This followed a similar modification of the flag of the Soviet Union. The flag was adopted in the South after the end of the Vietnam war, and North and South were unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam on July 2, 1976.[4]
Scheme
Red
Yellow
Pantone 1788[citation needed] Yellow 116[citation needed]
CMYK 0.88.88.11[citation needed] 0.0.100.0[citation needed]
RGB (226,28,28)[citation needed] (255,255,0)[citation needed]
Hex triplet #E21C1C[citation needed] #FFFF00[citation needed]
NCS S 1085 Y80R[citation needed] S 0570 G70Y[citation needed]
Historical flags[edit]
Traditional images show the Trung sisters wearing yellow turbans during their revolt against China in AD 40.[12] These were unwrapped and waved to signal the beginning of a fight.[13] A yellow banner with a red circle in the center was adopted as a standard by Emperor Gia Long (r. 1802–1820).[14] The flag of South Vietnam was originally designed by Emperor Thành Thái in 1890,[15] and was revived by Lê Văn Đệ and re-adopted by Emperor Bảo Đại in 1948.[16] The three stripes represented the Quẻ Càn, or Qian trigram, one of eight trigrams used in the I-Ching, a Taoist scripture.[13][17] Quẻ Càn is the divination sign for heaven.[13] Later, the stripes were reinterpreted to represent the northern, central and southern regions of Vietnam.[18] The French, who gradually gained control of Vietnam in the late 19th century, flew the national flag of France. As the colony of Cochinchina (1864–1945), the South was under exclusive French authority. In contrast, North and Central Vietnam were protectorates with parallel systems of Vietnamese and French administration. Several flags were flown in these regions: the French flag, the Vietnamese imperial flag, and a "protectorate flag."[19] From 1920 to 1945, the Vietnamese imperial flag had a yellow background with a single, broad red stripe.[19]
Japan occupied Vietnam in 1941-1945. In March 1945, the Japanese deposed the French colonial authorities and proclaimed an Empire of Vietnam with Bảo Đại as emperor. The Quẻ Ly Flag, also a red trigram on a yellow background, was adopted in June. Among other things, Quẻ Ly symbolizes the direction south. Bảo Đại abdicated in August when Japan surrendered. The French returned in October 1945, but were challenged by the Vietminh, especially in the North. The French proclaimed Cochinchina a republic in June 1946. This puppet state adopted a Quẻ Càn flag with blue stripes on a yellow background.[19]
In May 1948, the name of the Cochinchina government was changed to "Provisional Central Government of Vietnam" in preparation for a merger with the North outlined in the Hạ Long Bay agreements between France and Bảo Đại. Artist Lê Văn Đệ (1906–1966) met Bảo Đại in Hong Kong in 1948 and proposed that the Quẻ Càn flag of Emperor Thành Thái be restored. On June 2, 1948, Chief of State Nguyễn Văn Xuân, signed an ordinance to adopt this flag: "The national emblem is a flag of yellow background, the height of which is equal to two-thirds of its width. In the middle of the flag and along its entire width, there are three horizontal red bands. Each band has a height equal to one-fifteenth of the width. These three red bands are separated from one another by a space of the band's height."[13] This flag was used in the South until 1975. It continues to be used by many Vietnamese expatriates as the "Heritage and Freedom Flag", but is de facto banned in Vietnam.
Banning of the flag[edit]
In January 2017, San Jose, which has the largest population of Vietnamese people in the United States, banned the Vietnamese flag from being displayed on city flagpoles. This was inspired by a 2016 policy adopted by Westminster, California forbidding the display of the flag on city property.[20][21] Nearby Milpitas also banned the flag from municipal display on September 5, 2017.[22]
See also[edit]
List of flags of Vietnam
Flag of North Vietnam
Flag of South Vietnam
List of flags of the Republic of Vietnam Military Forces
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b " "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 7, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013. "
^ Jump up to: a b Decree number 5 of September 05, 1945 Archived April 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., 'Archive of Vietnamese legal documents.
^ Jump up to: a b Resolution number 249/SL of November 30, 1955, Archive of Vietnamese legal documents.
^ Jump up to: a b "Resolution of July 07, 1976", Archive of Vietnamese legal documents.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Article 141.
^ Jump up to: a b c "VN Embassy : Flag Designer Urban Myths Squelched", Embassy of the Socialist Republic in Vietnam in the United States of America.
Jump up ^ Sơn Tùng's writing was published in installments in the newspaper Sài Gòn Giải Phóng and later as a book entitled Nguyễn Hữu Tiến (1981).
Jump up ^ "Tác giả quốc kỳ: vẫn là dấu chấm hỏi", Tuổi Trẻ, November 23, 2006
Jump up ^ Ho Chi Minh, Foreign Languages Pub. House, 1988, p. 76. "on May 19, 1941 Viet Minh Front officially made its appearance, and holding high the gold star red flag."
Jump up ^ Cima, Ronald J., ed. (1990). "The General Uprising and Independence". Vietnam : A Country Study. Dept. of the Army. ISBN 978-0160181436. The following day, the Congress, at a ceremony in front of the village dinh, officially adopted the national red flag with a gold star, and Ho read an appeal to the Vietnamese people to rise in revolution.
Jump up ^ Phút Tán Nguyẽn, A Modern History of Viet-nam (1802-1954), 1964. p. 502. "The Assembly then adopted national Anthem and national flag, approved a new Cabinet and a Committee in charge of the drafting of the Vietnamese Constitution."
Jump up ^ Van Tan, "The Insurrection of the Two Trung Sisters"
^ Jump up to: a b c d Khải Chính Phạm Kim Thư, "The National Flag of Free Vietnam Archived February 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine."
Jump up ^ Nguyễn Đình Sài, "Quốc Kỳ Việt Nam: Nguồn Gốc và Lẽ Chính Thống", Vietnam Reform Party. A translation is given here.
Jump up ^ Dang, Thanh Thuy Vo (2008). Anticommunism as cultural praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. San Diego, California. Retrieved March 28, 2011. The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam, connecting the geographically separated 'yellow-skinned' Vietnamese by the same red blood. The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam's Emperor Thành Thái (1890) of the Nguyễn dynasty.
Jump up ^ Chế độ Cộng sản Việt Nam (June 4, 2013). "Tìm lại những lá cờ hoàng gia xưa ở Việt Nam". Kỷ vật lịch sử. Cuộc vận động Sưu tầm và Tuyên truyền Kỷ vật lịch sử Công an Nhân dân. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Compare to (South Korean Flag).
Jump up ^ Dang, Thanh Thuy Vo (2008). Anticommunism as cultural praxis: South Vietnam, War, and Refugee Memories in the Vietnamese American Community. San Diego, California. Retrieved March 28, 2011. The three stripes represent the three distinct regions of Vietnam, connecting the geographically separated 'yellow-skinned' Vietnamese by the same red blood. The yellow flag originated during the rule of Vietnam's Emperor Thành Thái (1890) of the Nguyễn dynasty.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vietnam, World Statesman.
Jump up ^ "California City Bans Display of Vietnam National Flag on City Poles". NBC News. January 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "San Jose council unanimously approves banning communist Vietnamese flag". The Mercury News. January 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Milpitas council bans city's display of Socialist Republic of Vietnam flag". The Mercury News. September 22, 2017.
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