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So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 2)
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So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)
Season 2
Broadcast from
May 25, 2006 – 16 August 2006
Judges
Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, Mia Michaels, Shane Sparks, Dan Karaty, Brian Friedman
Host(s)
Cat Deeley
Broadcaster
FOX
Finals venue
CBS Studio Center
Website
www.fox.com/dance/
Winner
Benji Schwimmer
Origin
Newport Beach, California
Genre(s)
West Coast Swing
Runner-up
Travis Wall
Chronology
◀
2006
▶
The second season of So You Think You Can Dance premiered on May 25, 2006, with new host Cat Deeley.
On August 16, Benji Schwimmer was announced as the winner of season 2 and received the grand prize of $100,000, a new hybrid SUV, and a one-year contract with Celine Dion's Las Vegas show, A New Day.... Schwimmer almost did not make the show's top 20 — he was officially first runner-up dancer in case any of the male dancers ran into unforeseen difficulties prior to the start of filming. As it happened, for the second year in a row, Hokuto Konishi was unable to get his visa cleared to work in the U.S. in time for the first taping, and he was cut. Schwimmer took his spot in the Top 20 and fared well from the start, garnering consistent praise from the judges and votes from viewers. Schwimmer and fellow grand finalist Donyelle Jones, who were paired as a couple from the first performance episode, became the first contestants in the show's run to never face elimination from being in the bottom six or bottom 4 dancers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Auditions
1.1 Vegas week
1.2 Top 20 Finalists
1.2.1 Male Contestants
1.2.2 Female Contestants
2 Finals
2.1 Elimination chart
2.2 Performance nights
2.2.1 Week 1 (14 June 2006)
2.2.2 Week 2 (21 June 2006)
2.2.3 Week 3 (28 June 2006)
2.2.4 Week 4 (5 July 2006)
2.2.5 Week 5 (12 July 2006)
2.2.6 Week 6 (19 July 2006)
2.2.7 Week 7 (26 July 2006)
2.2.8 Week 8 (2 August 2006)
2.2.9 Week 9 (9 August 2006)
2.3 Results shows
2.3.1 Week 1 (June 15, 2006)
2.3.2 Week 2 (June 22, 2006)
2.3.3 Week 3 (June 29, 2006)
2.3.4 Week 4 (July 6, 2006)
2.3.5 Week 5 (July 13, 2006)
2.3.6 Week 6 (July 20, 2006)
2.3.7 Week 7 (July 27, 2006)
2.3.8 Week 8 (August 3, 2006)
2.3.9 Week 10 (Finale) (August 16, 2006)
3 Live tour
4 Awards
4.1 2007 Emmy Awards
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Auditions[edit]
Auditions were held in New York City; Los Angeles; Chicago; and Charleston, South Carolina.
Vegas week[edit]
One hundred and sixteen dancers were invited for a week of training to the Aladdin hotel (now Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino) in Las Vegas, Nevada. This training included hip-hop choreography taught by Shane Sparks, samba choreography taught by Mary Murphy with assistance from season 1 contestant Artem Chigvinsev, a contemporary routine taught by Mia Michaels, and training from Brian Friedman, who described his choreography as a fusion of jazz and hip-hop.[1] The original group of dancers was eventually whittled down to 41, from which the judges chose their top 20.
Dancer(s)
Thing/style
Music
Choreographer(s)
All Hip-hop "Run It!"—Chris Brown" Shane Sparks
All Samba "Magalenha"—Sérgio Mendes Mary Murphy with Artem Chigvinsev
All Contemporary N/A Mia Michaels
All Jazz-fusion "So Sexy"—Shanice Brian Friedman
All (individual) Solo Individual songs chosen by contestant The dancer
Top 20 Finalists[edit]
Male Contestants[edit]
Finalist
Age
Home Town
Dance Style
Elimination date
Placement
Benji Schwimmer 22 San Diego, California Swing August 16, 2006 Winner
Travis Wall 18 Quantico, Virginia Contemporary August 16, 2006 Runner Up
Ivan Koumaev 18 Seattle, Washington (originally from Russia) Hip Hop August 3, 2006 Top 6
Ryan Rankine 20 Brooklyn, New York Ballet July 27, 2006 Top 8
Dmitry Chaplin 23 Rostov-on-Don, Russia Latin Ballroom July 20, 2006 Top 10
Musa Cooper 28 Camden, New Jersey Hip Hop July 13, 2006 Top 12
Jaymz Tuaileva 20 Orem, Utah Jazz July 6, 2006 Top 14
Ben Susak 19 Phoenix, Arizona Contemporary June 29, 2006 Top 16
Jason Williams 20 Wilmington, North Carolina Hip Hop June 22, 2006 Top 18
Stanislav Savich 22 Brooklyn, New York Ballroom June 15, 2006 Top 20
Female Contestants[edit]
Finalist
Age
Home Town
Dance Style
Elimination date
Placement
Donyelle Jones 26 Los Angeles, California Hip Hop/Jazz August 16, 2006 3rd Place
Heidi Groskreutz 24 Newport Beach, California Latin/Swing August 16, 2006 4th Place
Natalie Fotopoulos 22 Tampa, Florida Jazz August 3, 2006 Top 6
Allison Holker 18 Orem, Utah Contemporary July 27, 2006 Top 8
Martha Nichols 19 Brooklyn, New York Contemporary July 20, 2006 Top 10
Ashlee Nino 21 Fort Worth, Texas Hip Hop July 13, 2006 Top 12
Jessica Fernandez 19 Miami, Florida Ballet July 6, 2006 Top 14
Aleksandra Wojda 23 Pretoria, South Africa Contemporary June 29, 2006 Top 16
Joy Spears 19 Killen, Alabama Contemporary June 22, 2006 Top 18
Erin Ellis 19 Nashville, Tennessee Jazz June 15, 2006 Top 20
Finals[edit]
Elimination chart[edit]
The song played after each female elimination was "Suddenly I See" by KT Tunstall, whilst that played after each male elimination was "It's the End of the Road" by Matt Goss.
Legend
Female Male Bottom 3 couples Bottom 4 contestants
Week:
6/15
6/22
6/29
7/6
7/13
7/20
7/27
8/3
8/17
Contestant
Result
Benji Schwimmer Winner
Travis Wall Btm 3 Btm 4 Runner-Up
Donyelle Jones 3rd Place
Heidi Groskreutz Btm 3 Btm 3 4th Place
Ivan Koumaev Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim
Natalie Fotopoulos Btm 3 Btm 4 Btm 4
Ryan Rankine Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 4 Elim
Allison Holker Btm 3 Btm 3
Dmitry Chaplin Btm 3 Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim
Martha Nichols Btm 3
Musa Cooper Elim
Ashlee Nino Btm 3
Jaymz Tuaileva Btm 3 Btm 3 Elim
Jessica Fernandez Btm 3 Btm 3
Ben Susak Elim
Aleksandra Wodja Btm 3
Jason Williams Elim
Joy Spears
Stanislav Savich Elim
Erin Ellis
Performance nights[edit]
Week 1 (14 June 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Hip-Hop "2 Much Booty (In Da Pants)"—Soundmaster T Shane Sparks Safe
Ivan Koumaev
Allison Holker Salsa "El Temblor"—La Palabra Alex Da Silva Bottom 3
Jason Williams
Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary "Unwritten"—Natasha Bedingfield Tyce Diorio Safe
Jaymz Tuaileva
Jessica Fernandez 70s Disco "Disco Inferno"—The Trammps Doriana Sanchez Bottom 3
Stanislav Savich
Erin Ellis Paso Doble "Malaquena"—Manhattan Pops Orchestra Ron Montez Both eliminated
Dmitry Chaplin
Joy Spears Hip-Hop "Hit the Floor"—Twista (ft. Pitbull) Shane Sparks Safe
Ryan Rankine
Heidi Groskreutz Viennese Waltz "Caribbean Blue"—Enya Ron Montez Safe
Ben Susak
Ashlee Nino 80s Disco "Flashdance... What a Feeling"—Irene Cara Doriana Sanchez Safe
Travis Wall
Martha Nichols Broadway "Steam Heat"—The Pointer Sisters Tyce Diorio Safe
Musa Cooper
Natalie Fotopoulos Mambo "Nina"—Joe Cuba Sextet Alex Da Silva Safe
Week 2 (21 June 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Shane Sparks and Mia Michaels
Guest dancer(s): SickStep Crew (now Quest Crew): "Canned Heat"—Jamiroquai (Breakdance)
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Travis Wall
Martha Nichols Krump "Clap Back"—Ja Rule Lil' C Safe
Jaymz Tuaileva
Jessica Fernandez Foxtrot "Why Don't You Do Right?"—Sinéad O'Connor Mary Murphy Safe
Ivan Koumaev
Allison Holker Hip-Hop "Touch It"—Busta Rhymes Olisa Thompson
Cicely Bradley Safe
Dmitry Chaplin
Joy Spears Samba "Mas Que Nada"—Sérgio Mendes feat. The Black Eyed Peas Mark Weiss Joy Spears eliminated
Musa Cooper
Natalie Fotopoulos Contemporary "Closer"—Goapele Tovaris Wilson Safe
Ryan Rankine
Heidi Groskreutz Pop "Walk Away"—Kelly Clarkson Tovaris Wilson Bottom 3
Ben Susak
Ashlee Nino American Jive "Great Balls of Fire"—Jerry Lee Lewis Mary Murphy Safe
Jason Williams
Aleksandra Wojda Hip-Hop "Wrath of Kane"—Big Daddy Kane Olisa Thompson
Cicely Bradley Jason Williams eliminated
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Cha-cha "Cuchi-Cuchi"—Los Amigos Invisibles Mark Weiss Safe
Week 3 (28 June 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, Olisa Thompson and Cicely Bradley
Guest dancer(s): Hop, Swing and a Jump: "Traffic Jam"—Bill Elliott (Lindy Hop)
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Ben Susak
Ashlee Nino Hip-Hop "Caught Up"—Usher Todd Sams Ben Susak eliminated
Ryan Rankine
Heidi Groskreutz Cuban Rumba "Rumba del Solar"—Angelo Rodriguez Alex Da Silva Safe
Dmitry Chaplin
Aleksandra Wojda Waltz "If I Were a Painting"—Kenny Rogers Heather Smith Aleksandra Wojda eliminated
Ivan Koumaev
Allison Holker Argentine Tango "Libertango"—bond Alex Da Silva Safe
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Pop-Jazz "Put the Needle on It"—Dannii Minogue Brian Friedman Safe
Musa Cooper
Natalie Fotopoulos Quickstep "Zoot Suit Riot"—Cherry Poppin' Daddies Heather Smith Safe
Jaymz Tuaileva
Jessica Fernandez Contemporary "Let Go"—Frou Frou Brian Friedman Bottom 3
Travis Wall
Martha Nichols Hip-Hop "Just Fine"—Chris Brown Todd Sams Safe
Week 4 (5 July 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty
Guest dancer(s): Lil' C and the Neph Squad: "Spaz Meter"—The J-Squad (Krump)
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Ryan Rankine
Heidi Groskreutz Hip-Hop "Give It All You Got"—Afro-Rican Shane Sparks Bottom 3
Travis Wall
Martha Nichols Salsa "Tanga"—Machito and His Afro-Cubans Ron Montez Safe
Dmitry Chaplin
Ashlee Nino Contemporary "Dance, Dance"—Fall Out Boy Brian Friedman Safe
Musa Cooper
Natalie Fotopoulos Disco "Hot Stuff"—Donna Summer Doriana Sanchez Safe
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Viennese Waltz "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?"—Bryan Adams Toni Redpath
Michael Mead Safe
Ivan Koumaev
Allison Holker West Coast Swing "Don't Happen No More"—Pat Benatar Ron Montez Bottom 3
Jaymz Tuaileva
Jessica Fernandez Hip-Hop "I Can Make You Dance"—Zapp Shane Sparks Both eliminated
Week 5 (12 July 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Brian Friedman
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Musa Cooper
Natalie Fotopoulos Hip-Hop "Promiscuous"—Nelly Furtado (ft. Timbaland) Dan Karaty Musa Cooper eliminated
Ryan Rankine
Heidi Groskreutz Cha-cha "Sex Bomb"—Tom Jones Jean-Marc Généreux Safe
Ivan Koumaev
Allison Holker Contemporary "Why"—Annie Lennox Tyce Diorio Safe
Dmitry Chaplin
Ashlee Nino Pop "Let Me"—Rihanna Dan Karaty Ashlee Nino eliminated
Travis Wall
Martha Nichols Foxtrot "Witchcraft"—Steve Tyrell Jean-Marc Généreux Bottom 3
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Broadway "You Can't Stop The Beat" from Hairspray Tyce Diorio Safe
Week 6 (19 July 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Olisa Thompson, Cicely Bradley and Jean-Marc Généreux
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Ivan Koumaev
Martha Nichols Hip-Hop "Me & U"—Cassie Shane Sparks Martha Nichols eliminated
Smooth Waltz "Sandy's Song"—Dolly Parton Toni Redpath
Michael Mead
Travis Wall
Heidi Groskreutz Paso Doble "The Plaza of Execution" from The Mask of Zorro Mary Murphy Safe
Contemporary "Calling You"—Celine Dion Mia Michaels
Ryan Rankine
Allison Holker Contemporary "Ethna"—Klement Bonelli Mia Michaels Ryan Rankine in bottom 4
Broadway "Bye Bye Blackbird"—Liza Minnelli Tyce Diorio
Dmitry Chaplin
Donyelle Jones Lindy Hop "Sing, Sing, Sing"-Benny Goodman Nick Williams
Kristen Sorci Dmitry Chaplin eliminated
Samba "Hey Mama"—The Black Eyed Peas Mary Murphy (Artem Chigvinsev assisting)
Benji Schwimmer
Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz "Wonderful"—India.Arie Tyce Diorio Natalie Fotopoulos in bottom 4
Hip-Hop "She's Freaky"—Pitbull Shane Sparks
Solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Donyelle Jones Hip-Hop "Git It"—Bun B feat. Ying Yang Twins Safe
Dmitry Chaplin Samba "Pump It"—Black Eyed Peas Eliminated
Martha Nichols Jazz "What You Waiting For?"—Gwen Stefani Eliminated
Ivan Koumaev Hip-Hop "This Luv"—Donell Jones Safe
Heidi Groskreutz Samba "Dum Diddly"—Black Eyed Peas Safe
Travis Wall Contemporary "Belief"—Gavin DeGraw Safe
Natalie Fotopoulos Contemporary "Lamentation"—Leah Andreone Bottom 4
Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing "Land of a Thousand Dances"—Wilson Pickett Safe
Allison Holker Contemporary "We Belong"—Pat Benatar Safe
Ryan Rankine Jazz "Canned Heat"—Jamiroquai Bottom 4
Week 7 (26 July 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Dan Karaty
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Donyelle Jones
Travis Wall Hip-Hop "London Bridge"—Fergie Shane Sparks Travis Wall in bottom 4
Quickstep "Dancin' Fool"—Barry Manilow Glenn Weiss
Allison Holker
Ivan Koumaev Argentine Tango "La Cumparsita"—Orquestra Escuela de Tango Alex Da Silva Allison Holker eliminated
Hip-Hop "Sexy Love"—Ne-Yo Shane Sparks
Natalie Fotopoulos
Ryan Rankine Disco "Turn the Beat Around"—Vicki Sue Robinson Doriana Sanchez Natalie Fotopoulos in bottom 4
Ryan Rankine eliminated
Contemporary "I Will Get There"—Boys II Men Tyce Diorio
Benji Schwimmer
Heidi Groskreutz Broadway "Fake Your Way to the Top" from Dreamgirls Tyce Diorio Safe
Mambo "Black Mambo"—Angel and the Mambokats Alex Da Silva
Week 8 (2 August 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Mia Michaels
Couple dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Result(s)
Ivan Koumaev
Natalie Fotopoulos Jive "Route 66"—John Mayer Ron Montez Both eliminated
Contemporary "Everytime We Touch (Yanou's Candlelight Mix)"—Cascada Tyce Diorio
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Broadway "Le Jazz Hot"—Julie Andrews Tyce Diorio Safe
Hip-Hop "Hotline"—Ciara Shane Sparks
Travis Wall
Heidi Groskreutz Smooth Waltz "Flying"—Cait Agus Sean Ron Montez Safe
Afro-Pop "W'Happy Mama"—Zap Mama Wade Robson
Solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Travis Wall Contemporary "You and Me"—Lifehouse Safe
Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz "Ooh La La"—Goldfrapp Eliminated
Ivan Koumaev Hip-Hop "It Was All In Your Mind"—Wade Robson Eliminated
Heidi Groskreutz Cha-cha "I Like It"—The Blackout Allstars Safe
Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing "Reet Petite"—Jackie Wilson Safe
Donyelle Jones Broadway "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" from Dreamgirls Safe
Week 9 (9 August 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy and Brian Friedman
Group dance: Top 4: "SexyBack"—Justin Timberlake (Pop-Jazz; Choreographer: Wade Robson)
Duo dances:
Couple
Style
Music
Choreographer(s)
Travis Wall
Heidi Groskreutz Disco "Shake Your Groove Thing"—Peaches & Herb Doriana Sanchez
Benji Schwimmer
Donyelle Jones Viennese Waltz "I'll Be"—Edwin McCain Jean-Marc Généreux
Travis Wall
Benji Schwimmer Hip-Hop "Gyrate"—Da Muzicianz feat. Mr. Collipark Shane Sparks
Donyelle Jones
Heidi Groskreutz Broadway "Big Spender" from Sweet Charity Tyce Diorio
Lauren Gottlieb assisting
Donyelle Jones
Travis Wall Contemporary "Georgia on My Mind"—Ray Charles Mia Michaels
Benji Schwimmer
Heidi Groskreutz Salsa "La Comay"—Sonora Carruseles Alex Da Silva
Solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Heidi Groskreutz Cha-cha "Rie y Llora"—Celia Cruz
Donyelle Jones Contemporary "Human"—Dionne Farris
Travis Wall Contemporary "Konstantine"—Something Corporate
Benji Schwimmer West Coast Swing "The House Is Rockin'"—The Brian Setzer Orchestra
Results shows[edit]
Week 1 (June 15, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 20: "Technologic"—Daft Punk (Pop-Jazz; Choreographer: Brian Friedman)
Musical guest: "Promiscuous"—Nelly Furtado feat. Timbaland
Guest dancer(s): Nick Lazzarini: "Pardon Me"—Incubus (Contemporary)
Bottom 3 couples' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Erin Ellis Contemporary "Gotta Get Thru This"—Daniel Bedingfield Eliminated
Stanislav Savich Cha-cha "Shing A-Tin Tin"—Tito Puente Eliminated
Allison Holker Contemporary "Wild Horses"—Natasha Bedingfield Safe
Ivan Koumaev Hip-Hop "Ready"—Black Rob Safe
Jessica Fernandez Ballet "Dancing"—Elisa Safe
Jaymz Tuaileva Jazz "All That I've Got"—The Used Safe
Eliminated:
Erin Ellis
Stanislav Savich
New partners:
None
Week 2 (June 22, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 18: "Get Up Offa That Thing"—James Brown (Funk; Choreographer: Dan Karaty)
Musical guest: "SOS"—Rihanna
Bottom 3 couples' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Joy Spears Contemporary "Look At Me"—Keri Noble Eliminated
Dmitry Chaplin Paso Doble "Plaza of Execution"—James Horner Safe
Heidi Groskreutz Cha-cha "I Like It (Radio Mix)"—Tito Nieves Safe
Ryan Rankine Contemporary "Ain't No Way"—Chris Brown Safe
Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary "Breathe Me"—Sia Safe
Jason Williams Hip-Hop "So Sexy"—Shanice Eliminated
Eliminated:
Joy Spears
Jason Williams
New partners:
Dmitry Chaplin and Aleksandra Wojda
Week 3 (June 29, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 16: "Poison"—Bell Biv DeVoe (Hip-Hop; Choreographer: Shane Sparks)
Musical guest: "Single"—Natasha Bedingfield
Bottom 3 couples' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Ashlee Nino Popping "She's a Bad Mama Jama"—Carl Carlton Safe
Ben Susak Contemporary "Everything"—Lifehouse Eliminated
Jessica Fernandez Jazz "Fever"—Michael Bublé Safe
Jaymz Tuaileva Jazz "Only One"—Yellowcard Safe
Aleksandra Wojda Contemporary "Insensible"—Mandalay Eliminated
Dmitry Chaplin Samba "Malagehna"—Sérgio Mendes Safe
Eliminated:
Aleksandra Wojda
Ben Susak
New partners:
Dmitry Chaplin and Ashlee Nino
Week 4 (July 6, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 14: "Footloose" from Footloose (Jive; Choreographer: Mary Murphy)
Musical guest: "Sexy Love"—Ne-Yo
Bottom 3 couples' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Jessica Fernandez Jazz "Body Language"—Queen Eliminated
Jaymz Tuaileva Paso Doble "The Plaza of Execution"—James Horner Eliminated
Heidi Groskreutz Jive "Proud Mary"—Ike and Tina Turner Safe
Ryan Rankine Contemporary "Love"—Musiq Soulchild Safe
Allison Holker Contemporary "Bitter"—Me'shell Ndegeocello Safe
Ivan Koumaev Lyrical Hip-Hop "Let Me Love You"—Mario Safe
Eliminated:
Jessica Fernandez
Jaymz Tuaileva
New partners:
None
Week 5 (July 13, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 12: "Born to be Alive"—Patrick Hernandez (Hustle; Choreographer: Doriana Sanchez)
Musical guest: "Buttons"—The Pussycat Dolls
Bottom 3 couples' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Ashlee Nino Popping "We Don't Play"—Lil Rob Eliminated
Dmitry Chaplin Jive "Jailhouse Rock"—Elvis Presley Safe
Martha Nichols Contemporary "Still"—Jodie Manross Safe
Travis Wall Contemporary "The Blower's Daughter"—Damien Rice Safe
Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz "Some Girls"—Rachel Stevens Safe
Musa Cooper Breakdance "Disco Inferno"—The Trammps Eliminated
Eliminated:
Ashlee Nino
Musa Cooper
New Partners:
None : now that it was down to the top 10, partners were randomly picked and viewers got to vote on individual dancers.
Top 10 dancers from So You Think You Can Dance performing a zombie dance to Róisín Murphy's "Ramalama (Bang Bang)" in Buffalo, New York
Week 6 (July 20, 2006)[edit]
Note: This week, the dancers performed the same solo twice
Group dance: Top 10: "Ramalama (Bang Bang)"—Róisín Murphy (Pop-Jazz; Choreographer: Wade Robson)
Musical guest: "Gimme That"—Chris Brown
Bottom 4 dancers:
Dmitry Chaplin
Natalie Fotopoulos
Martha Nichols
Ryan Rankine
Eliminated:
Martha Nichols
Dmitry Chaplin
Week 7 (July 27, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: Top 8: "Cell Block Tango" from Chicago (musical) (Broadway; Choreographer: Tyce Diorio)
Musical guest: A medley of "Touch It", "I Love My Chick", and "In the Ghetto"—Busta Rhymes
Bottom 4 dancers' solos:
Dancer
Style
Music
Result
Natalie Fotopoulos Jazz "Veins"—Charlotte Martin Safe
Ryan Rankine Contemporary "Just Fine"—Chris Brown Eliminated
Allison Holker Jazz "Feeling Good"—Michael Bublé Eliminated
Travis Wall Contemporary "Gotta Get Thru This (Acoustic)"—Daniel Bedingfield Safe
Eliminated:
Allison Holker
Ryan Rankine
Week 8 (August 3, 2006)[edit]
Group dance: "Hide and Seek"—Imogen Heap (Contemporary; Choreographer: Mia Michaels)
Musical Guest: "Entourage"—Omarion
Solos:
Natalie Fotopoulos: "I Would Die for You"—Jann Arden
Heidi Groskreutz: "Hey Mama"—The Black Eyed Peas
Donyelle Jones: "Buttons"—The Pussycat Dolls
Travis Wall: "Flying Without Wings (A Capella version)"—Westlife
Ivan Koumaev: "I Question Mark"—Wade Robson
Benji Schwimmer: "Brown Derby Jump"—Cherry Poppin' Daddies
Eliminated:
Natalie Fotopoulos
Ivan Koumaev
Week 10 (Finale) (August 16, 2006)[edit]
Judges: Nigel Lythgoe, Mary Murphy, Brian Friedman, Shane Sparks, Mia Michaels, Dan Karaty
Musical guests:
"Get Up"—Ciara
"London Bridge"—Fergie
Special guest: Celine Dion, who appeared via videotape to congratulate the winner
Group dances:
Top 20
"When You Gonna Give It Up To Me"—Sean Paul (ft. Keyshia Cole) (Choreographer: Shane Sparks)
"Ramalama (Bang Bang)"—Róisín Murphy (Choreographer: Wade Robson)
Top 10
"Cell Block Tango" from Chicago (Choreographer: Tyce Diorio)
Dancers' choice: (each of the final four chose to reprise their favorite routine)
Benji Schwimmer: Mambo with Heidi Groskreutz ("Black Mambo"—Angel and the Mambokats)
Heidi Groskreutz: Contemporary with Travis Wall ("Calling You"—Celine Dion)
Donyelle Jones: Broadway with Benji Schwimmer ("You Can't Stop the Beat" from Hairspray)
Travis Wall: Paso doble with Heidi Groskreutz ("The Plaza of Execution" from The Mask of Zorro)
Judges' choice: (four of the judges picked their favorite routine)
Mary Murphy: Samba with Dmitry Chaplin and Natalie Fotopoulos ("Magalenha"—Sérgio Mendes)
Mia Michaels: Contemporary with Allison Holker and Ivan Koumaev ("Why"—Annie Lennox)
Brian Friedman: Broadway with Travis Wall and Martha Nichols ("Steam Heat"—The Pointer Sisters)
Dan Karaty: Hip-hop with Travis Wall and Benji Schwimmer ("Gyrate"—Da Muzicianz (ft. Mr. Collipark))
Solos:
Heidi Groskreutz: "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"—Joan Jett
Donyelle Jones: "I'm Free"—Amber
Benji Schwimmer: "Never Knew"—The Rocket Summer
Travis Wall: "Wonderful"—Annie Lennox
Elimination order:
Heidi Groskreutz
Donyelle Jones
Runner-Up:
Travis Wall
Winner:
Benji Schwimmer
Live tour[edit]
In 2006[clarification needed], the top 10 contestants went on a performance tour (which is the first sytycd tour). Tickets went on sale August 12
Awards[edit]
2007 Emmy Awards[edit]
Result
Category
Recipient(s)/
Choreographer(s)
Performers
Music
Won† Outstanding Choreography Wade Robson Top 10 finalists "Ramalama (Bang Bang)"—Róisín Murphy
Won† Outstanding Choreography Mia Michaels Travis Wall
Heidi Groskreutz "Calling You"—Celine Dion
† Wade Robson and Mia Michaels were joint-winners along with Rob Marshall and John Deluca from Tony Bennett: An American Classic.
See also[edit]
List of So You Think You Can Dance finalists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Recap, Season 2, Show 205". Fox.com. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
External links[edit]
Season 2 show synopses at tvgasm.com
Fox.com bios and video clips
So You Think You Can Dance on IMDb
So You Think You Can Dance at TV.com
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So You Think You Can Dance (United States)
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Benji Schwimmer
Sabra Johnson
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Code talker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 18 October 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
"Codetalkers" redirects here. For the band, see The Codetalkers.
For the Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain character, see list of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker.
Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions
Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime. The term is now usually associated with the United States soldiers during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages. In particular, there were approximately 400–500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages. Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages. Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II.
The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. Code talking, however, was pioneered by Cherokee and Choctaw Indians during World War I.
Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II, including Lakota,[1] Meskwaki, and Comanche soldiers. Soldiers of Basque ancestry were also used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating.
Contents
[hide]
1 Assiniboine code talkers
2 Basque code talkers
3 Cherokee code talkers
4 Choctaw code talkers
5 Comanche code talkers
6 Hopi Code Talkers
7 Meskwaki code talkers
8 Navajo code talkers
9 Nubian code talkers
10 Seminole code talkers
11 Welsh code talkers
12 Wenzhou code talkers
13 Cryptographic properties
14 Post-war recognition
15 Gallery
16 See also
17 Notes
18 References
19 External links
Assiniboine code talkers[edit]
Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II, utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications.[2] The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr., who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician.[2]
Basque code talkers[edit]
In November 1952, Euzko Deya magazine [3] reported that in May 1942, upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes.[4][5] [6] His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region. There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima, led by Pedro Arrupe. In China and the Philippines, there was a colony of Basque jai alai players, and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia. The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia.
According to Euzko Deya, on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque-coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz, warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands. They also translated the start date, August 7, for the attack on Guadalcanal. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers.
In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study [7] refuting Euzko Deya's article.[8] According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives. They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames, none of them in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists.
Cherokee code talkers[edit]
The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme. According to the Division Signal Officer, this took place in September 1918. Their unit was under British command at the time.[9]
Choctaw code talkers[edit]
Main article: Choctaw code talkers
During World War I, company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language. He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion.[10] Eventually, fourteen Choctaw men in the Army's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code. They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, during the final large German push of the war. Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service, the tide of the battle had turned. In less than 72 hours, the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack.[10] These soldiers are now known as the Choctaw code talkers.
Comanche code talkers[edit]
Comanche code-talkers of the 4th Signal Company (U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft. Gordon)
Hugh F. Foster Jr.'s Comanche codebook
Adolf Hitler knew about the successful use of code talkers during World War I. He sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II.[11] It proved too difficult for them to learn the many languages and dialects that existed. Because of Nazi German anthropologists' efforts to learn the languages, the U.S. Army did not implement a large-scale code talker program in the European Theater of the war. Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy, and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division during additional European operations.[12] Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language. Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo, the Comanche code word for tank was "turtle", bomber was "pregnant airplane", machine gun was "sewing machine" and Adolf Hitler was referred to as "crazy white man".[13] Two Comanche code-talkers were assigned to each regiment, the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters. Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6, 1944, the Comanche began transmitting messages. Some were wounded but none killed.[13]
In 1989, the French government awarded the Comanche code-talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit. On November 30, 1999, the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award.[13][14]
Hopi Code Talkers[edit]
Hopi men served as Code Talkers in World War II.[citation needed]
Meskwaki code talkers[edit]
Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa. 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941.[15]
Navajo code talkers[edit]
Alphabets (English)
Code Language (English)
Code Language (Navajo)
Modern spelling
A Ant Wol-la-chee Wóláchííʼ
B Bear Shush Shash
C Cat Moasi Mósí
D Deer Be Bįįh
E Elk Dzeh Dzeeh
F Fox Ma-e Mąʼii
G Goat Klizzie Tłʼízí
H Horse Lin Łį́į́ʼ
I Ice Tkin Tin
J Jackass Tkele-cho-gi Téliichoʼí
K Kid Klizzie-yazzi Tłʼízí yázhí
L Lamb Dibeh-yazzi Dibé yázhí
M Mouse Na-as-tso-si Naʼastsʼǫǫsí
N Nut Nesh-chee Neeshchʼííʼ
O Owl Ne-ash-jah Néʼéshjaaʼ
P Pig Bi-sodih Bisóodi
Q Quiver Ca-yeilth kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh
R Rabbit Gah Gah
S Sheep Dibeh Dibé
T Turkey Than-zie Tązhii
U Ute No-da-ih Nóódaʼí
V Victor a-keh-di-glini Akʼehdidlíní
W Weasel Gloe-ih Dlǫ́ʼii
X Cross Al-an-as-dzoh Ałnáʼázdzoh
Y Yucca Tsah-as-zih Tsáʼásziʼ
Z Zinc Besh-do-gliz Béésh dootłʼizh
Philip Johnston, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles,[16] proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo. He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently.
Because Navajo has a complex grammar, it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na-Dene family to provide meaningful information. It was still an unwritten language, and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II, fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language.[17]
Page one of Navajo recommendation letter, 1942
Page two of Navajo recommendation letter, 1942
Code Talkers Monument Ocala, Florida Memorial Park
Early in 1942, Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and his staff. Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode, transmit, and decode a three-line English message in 20 seconds, versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time. The idea was accepted, with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California.[18]
The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed-upon English words to represent letters. The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines. As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words—while in combat—would be too time-consuming, some terms, concepts, tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo (for example, the word for "shark" being used to refer to a destroyer, or "silver oak leaf" to the rank of lieutenant colonel).[19] Several of these coinages, such as gofasters referring to running shoes or ink sticks for pens, entered Marine Corps vocabulary. They are commonly used today to refer to the appropriate objects.[20]
A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates. The text was for classroom purposes only, and was never to be taken into the field. The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training. Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers' messages meant; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual, unrelated nouns and verbs.
The Navajo code talkers were commended for their skill, speed, and accuracy demonstrated throughout the war. At the Battle of Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."[18]
As the war progressed, additional code words were added on and incorporated program-wide. In other instances, informal short-cut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation. To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater, representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code, incorporate new terms into the system, and update their codebooks. These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting. For example, the Navajo word for buzzard, jeeshóóʼ, was used for bomber, while the code word used for submarine, béésh łóóʼ, meant iron fish in Navajo.[21] The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code, Chester Nez, died on June 4, 2014.[22]
The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after, until it was ended early in the Vietnam War. The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered.[19]
Nubian code talkers[edit]
In the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, Egypt employed Nubian-speaking Nubian people as codetalkers.[23][24][25][26][27]
Seminole code talkers[edit]
The last surviving Seminole code talker, Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96.[28][29] Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war.[29] His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20, 2013.[28][29][30]
Welsh code talkers[edit]
A system employing Welsh was used by British forces, but not to any great extent during World War II. Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages.[31]
Wenzhou code talkers[edit]
China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]
Cryptographic properties[edit]
Navajo code talkers, Saipan, June 1944
Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages. Additionally, a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life, thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages.
Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language. Virtually no books in Navajo had been published. Outside of the language, the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards. It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively. The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March. Kieyoomia, a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army, but not a code talker, was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war. However, since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training, the messages made no sense to him. When he reported that he could not understand the messages, his captors tortured him.[41] The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code.
Post-war recognition[edit]
The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968.[42] In 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who also named August 14, 1982 as "Navajo Code Talkers Day".[43][44]
On December 21, 2000 the U.S. Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed, Public Law 106-554, 114 Statute 2763, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original twenty-nine World War II Navajo code talkers, and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker (approximately 300). In July 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers (the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. Gold medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers.[45][46]
On September 17, 2007, 18 Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service.[47]
On November 15, 2008, The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-420), was signed into law by President George W. Bush, which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII (with the exception of the already-awarded Navajo) with a Congressional Gold Medal, designed as distinct for each tribe, with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next-of-kin.[48] As of 2013, 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. One surviving code talker was present, Edmond Harjo.[49]
Gallery[edit]
Code talkers on Bougainville, 1943
Code talkers at work, Australia, July 1943
Code talker on Tarawa, November 1943
Code talker Leslie Hemstreet, Okinawa, 1945
See also[edit]
United States Marine Corps portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers.
Battle Cry
Never So Few
Windtalkers
Chester Nez
Native Americans and World War II
Choctaw code talkers of World War I
Code-talker paradox
Navajo I
Navajo language
Navajo Nation
Navajo people
Southern Athabaskan languages
United States Army Indian Scouts
Security through obscurity
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86", Rapid City Journal (Rapid City, SD), 18 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, David (2016-03-29). "Decorated war hero, code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal, Ramón de Arrieta, Euzko Deya. La Voz de los Vascos en México 149 (November 1952), page 22, México D.F.
Jump up ^ "Egon arretaz egunari", Xabier G. Argüello, El País, August 1, 2004.
Jump up ^ La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones, Juan Hernani, El Diario Vasco, December 26, 1952, it quotes Revista general de marina. Bibliographic reference in Euskomedia.org. Based on Criptografía, Revista General de Marina, 143 (November 1952), pages 551–552. Ministerio de Marina, Madrid
Jump up ^ Mikel Rodríguez. "Gaiak - Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial". euskonews.com.
Jump up ^ Pedro J. Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla (2017). "El enigma del mito y la historia: Basque Code Talkers en la Segunda Guerra Mundial'". Saibigain.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Jesús J. Hernández, 25 June 2017, El Correo.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer, 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive, September 29 – October 8, 1997. U.S. Army, 1932.
^ Jump up to: a b "Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II". Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ NSA Code Talker Exhibit
Jump up ^ "The Comanche Code Talkers". Retrieved February 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matthew J. Seelinger, Army History Research: 124th Signal Battalion Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Last Meskwaki code talker remembers". USA Today. July 4, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Holm, Tom (2007). Code Talkers and Warriors. Chelsea House Pub. ISBN 0791093409. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Vogel, Clayton; Johnston, Philip. "Letter to Commandant, USMC". Demonstration in California, 1942. Northern Arizona University, Cline Library. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet". Naval Historical Center. 1992-09-17. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, Margalit (June 5, 2014). "Chester Nez, 93, Dies; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War". New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, George D. (2011). Profiles in Hue. Xlibris Corporation. p. 175. ISBN 9781456851200.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (July 24, 2011). "Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85; Navajo code talker during World War II". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kolb, Joseph (2014-06-04). "Last of Navajo 'code talkers' dies in New Mexico". reuters.com. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long-Marginalized Nubians". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Remembering Nubia: the Land of Gold - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ El Nuba (2014-04-02). "El Nuba | Cairo West Magazine". Cairowestmag.com. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Peaceful Societies". Peaceful Societies. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Code Talkers: Native American Languages in the Military". Alpha Omega Translations. 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Attocknie, Dana (2014-04-07). "Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on, loved ones pay respects, honor hero". Native American Times. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96". Tulsa World. 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Dick (2013-11-21). "Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Heath, Tony (1996-08-26). "Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue". The Independent. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Nanlai Cao (4 November 2010). Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou. Stanford University Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-8047-7360-7.
Jump up ^ David Aikman (27 March 2012). Jesus in Beijing: How Christianity Is Transforming China And Changing the Global Balance of Power. Regnery Publishing, Incorporated, An Eagle Publishing Company. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-59698-652-7.
Jump up ^ Zhang Zhixiong (23 June 2015). Chinese Education in Singapore: An untold story of conflict and change. Zhixiong Zhang. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-981-09-3952-6.
Jump up ^ Steger, Isabella (May 21, 2014). "Do You Dare Try the Devil-Language? China’s 10 Hardest Dialects". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Ching, Frank (2 August 2010). "The winning ways of minority languages". South China Morning Post.
Jump up ^ "美剧称温州方言为"恶魔之语" FBI都甘拜下风". 人民网. 2015-08-17.
Jump up ^ "美剧中惊现"恶魔之语"温州话，这是咋回事？". 澎湃新闻. 2015-08-18.
Jump up ^ "美剧《盲点》称温州话为"恶魔之语" 温州话到底多难懂？". 观察者网. 2015-08-16.
Jump up ^ "中国十大最难懂方言 温州话居首". Douban.com. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "The People's Paths home page: How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows". Yvwiiusdinvnohii.net. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Fonseca, Felicia (February 11, 2008). "Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "National Navaho Code Talkers Day". Lapahie.com. 1982-08-14. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years". CNN. 2001-07-27. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
Jump up ^ "P.L. 106-554, see 114 STAT. 2763A–311" (PDF). gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
Jump up ^ Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers. Retrieved on May 2, 2008.
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References[edit]
Bibliography
Aaseng, Nathan. Navajo Code Talkers: America’s Secret Weapon in World War II. New York: Walker & Company, 1992. ISBN 0802776272 OCLC 672012184
Durrett, Deanne. Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers. Library of American Indian History, Facts on File, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0816036039 OCLC 38067688
McClain, Salley. Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers. Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1887896325 OCLC 48584920
Meadows, William C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. ISBN 0292798504 OCLC 55896749
Stanley, Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer, 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive, September 29 – October 12, 1918. U.S. Army, 1932.
Gawne, Jonathan. Spearheading D-Day. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 1999. ISBN 2908182793 OCLC 45700217
Holm, Tom. Code Talkers and Warriors- Native Americans and World War II. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9340-9
David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, 1967. ISBN 0-684-83130-9
Simon Singh, The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, 2000. ISBN 978-0-385-49532-5
Web
National Museum of the American Indian- Codetalkers
Listen online – The Story of The Code Talkers – The American Storyteller Radio Journal
Samuel Tom Holiday – 4th Marine Division – 25th Regiment – H & S Company
Origins of the Navajo Code Talkers
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers: World War II fact Sheet
Northern Arizona University Special Collections, regarding Navajo Codetalkers
Teaching with Documents: Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians. U.S. National Archives.
"Semper Fidelis, Code Talkers," U.S National Archives. Prologue Magazine: Winter 2001, Vol. 33, No. 4
Smithsonian Institution: American Indian Codetalkers
Native Americans in the U.S. Army Portal at the United States Army Center of Military History
American Indian Code Talker Medals Become Law
U.S. Sen. Bingaman: Navajo code talkers page
The Navajo Code Talkers: Code Talkers (Part of the Story)
How Effective Was Navajo Code? "One Former Captive Knows" Captured Navajo
Hopi Code Talker
Code Talkers Exhibit, Burger King, Kayenta, Navajo Nation
Windtalker
Navajo Code Talkers Association
Code Talkers roll of honour and images
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers.
‹ The template below (Library resources box) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Library resources about
Code talker
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Resources in other libraries
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Code Talkers
Official website of the Navajo Code talkers
Denise Winterman (19 May 2014). "World War One: The original code talkers". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
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Combat medic
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Medical team at work during the Battle of Normandy.
Norwegian medics during an exercise
Swedish Army medic in Afghanistan, 2006
IDF field doctors training in Israel
Combat medics or field medics (or medics) are military personnel who have been trained to at least an EMT-B level (16-week course in the U.S. Army),[1] and are responsible for providing first aid and frontline trauma care on the battlefield. They are also responsible for providing continuing medical care in the absence of a readily available physician, including care for disease and battle injuries. Combat medics are normally co-located with the combat troops they serve in order to easily move with the troops and monitor ongoing health.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geneva convention protection
2 History
3 Red Cross, Red Crescent, and MDA
4 Modern day
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
Geneva convention protection[edit]
In 1864, sixteen European states adopted the first-ever Geneva Convention to save lives and alleviate the suffering of wounded and sick persons in the battlefield. As well as to protect trained medical personnel as non-combatants, in the act of rendering aid.
Chapter IV, Article 25 of the Geneva Convention states that: "Members of the armed forces specially trained for employment, should the need arise, as hospital orderlies, nurses or auxiliary stretcher-bearers, in the search for or the collection, transport or treatment of the wounded and sick shall likewise be respected and protected if they are carrying out these duties at the time when they come into contact with the enemy or fall into his hands." Article 29 reads: "Members of the personnel designated in Article 25 who have fallen into the hands of the enemy, shall be prisoners of war, but shall be employed on their medical duties insofar as the need arises."
According to the Geneva Convention, knowingly firing at a medic wearing clear insignia is a war crime.[2]
In modern times, most combat medics carry a personal weapon, to be used to protect themselves and the wounded or sick in their care.[3] When and if they use their arms offensively, they then sacrifice their protection under the Geneva Conventions.[4]
History[edit]
Surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey directed the Grande Armée of Napoleon to develop mobile field hospitals, or "ambulances volantes" (flying ambulances), in addition to a corps of trained and equipped soldiers (infirmiers tenues de service) to aid those on the battlefield. Before Larrey's initiative in the 1790s, wounded soldiers were either left amid the fighting until the combat ended or their comrades would carry them to the rear line.
It was during the American Civil War that Surgeon (Major) Jonathan Letterman, Medical Director of the Army of the Potomac, realized a need for an integrated medical treatment and evacuation system. He saw the need to equip this system with its own dedicated vehicles, organizations, facilities, and personnel. The Letterman plan was first implemented in September 1862 at the Battle of Antietam, Maryland.
The United States Army’s need for medical and scientific specialty officers to support combat operations resulted in the creation of two temporary components: the U.S. Army Ambulance Service, established on June 23, 1917 and the Sanitary Corps, established on June 30, 1917. Officers of the Sanitary Corps served in medical logistics, hospital administration, patient administration, resource management, x-ray, laboratory engineering, physical reconstruction, gas defense, and venereal disease control. They were dedicated members of the medical team that enabled American generals to concentrate on enemy threats rather than epidemic threats. On August 4, 1947, Congress created the Navy Medical Service Corps.[5]
In the United States, a report entitled "Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society (1966)", was published by National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. Better known as "The White Paper" to emergency providers, it revealed that soldiers who were seriously wounded on the battlefields of Vietnam had a better survival rate than those individuals who were seriously injured in motor vehicle accidents on California freeways. Early research attributed these differences in outcome to a number of factors, including comprehensive trauma care, rapid transport to designated trauma facilities, and a new type of medical corpsman, one who was trained to perform certain critical advanced medical procedures such as fluid replacement and airway management, which allowed the victim to survive the journey to definitive care.
Red Cross, Red Crescent, and MDA[edit]
A U.S. Army combat medic (center-left, viewers right) in Afghanistan. Note that the only distinguishing feature is the medical pack on his back.
The International Committee of the Red Cross, a private humanitarian institution based in Switzerland, provided the first official symbol for medical personnel. The first Geneva convention, originally called for "Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field," officially adopted the red cross on a field of white as the identifying emblem. This symbol was meant to signify to enemy combatants that the medic qualifies as a non-combatant, at least while providing medical care.[6] Islamic countries use a Red Crescent instead. During the 1876–1878 war between Russia and Turkey, the Ottoman Empire declared that it would use a red crescent instead of a red cross as its emblem, although it agreed to respect the red cross used by the other side. Although these symbols were officially sponsored by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Magen David Adom ("MDA"), Israel's emergency relief service, used the Magen David (a red star of David on a white background). Israeli medics still wear the Magen David. To enable MDA to become a fully recognized and participating member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Protocol III was adopted. It is an amendment to the Geneva Conventions relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem and authorizes the use of a new emblem, known as the third protocol emblem or the Red Crystal. For indicative use on foreign territory, any national society can incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal. Under Protocol III, the MDA will continue to employ the red Magen David for domestic use, and will employ the red crystal on international relief missions.
Modern day[edit]
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman providing treatment to a wounded Iraqi soldier, 2003.
Medical personnel from most western nations carry weapons for protection of themselves and their patients but remain designated non combatants, wearing the red cross, crescent or crystal.[7]
A U.S. Special Forces medic in Afghanistan.
Traditionally, most United States medical personnel also wore a distinguishing red cross, to denote their protection as non-combatants under the Geneva Convention. This practice continued into World War II. However, the enemies faced by professional armies in more recent conflicts are often insurgents who either do not recognize the Geneva Convention, or do not care, and readily engage all personnel, irrespective of non-combatant status. As their non combatant status is not respected, many US medics no longer wear non combatant markings. This can enable medics to be used as medically trained soldiers, fighting aggressively rather than just in self-defence.[8] Combat Medics in the United States Army and United States Navy Hospital Corpsmen are virtually indistinguishable from regular combat troops, except for the extra medical equipment they carry.
In the U.S. Navy, enlisted medical personnel are known as Corpsmen, not medics. The colloquial form of address for a Hospital Corpsman is "Doc." In the U.S. Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect. The U.S. Navy deploys FMF Hospital Corpsman attached to U.S. Marine Corps units as part of the Fleet Marine Force. Since the U.S. Marine Corps is part of the Department of the Navy, it relies on Navy Corpsmen and other Naval medical personnel for medical care.
USAF medics have frequently served attached to U.S. Army units in recent conflicts. Though all combat medical personnel are universally referred to as "medic", within different branches of the U.S. military, the skill level, quality of training and scope of work performed by medics varies from branch to branch. The U.S. Army commonly addresses Line Medics as "Doc" provided that they have earned the title, as it is not easily earned.[citation needed]
As a result of the 2005 BRAC, the U.S. Department of Defense has moved most medical training for all branches of the armed forces to Fort Sam Houston of Joint Base San Antonio.[9] A new Medical Education and Training Campus was constructed and the Air Force's 937th Training Group and Naval Hospital Corps School were relocated to Fort Sam Houston, joining the Army's existing Army Medical Department Center & School.[10] Although each service has some training particular to its branch, the bulk of the course material and instruction is shared between medical personnel of the different services.
See also[edit]
68W – Healthcare Specialist (Combat Medic, U.S. Army)
Ambulance – Military use
Battlefield medicine
Brain Trauma Foundation
Combat Medical Technician – British Army Equivalent
Combat support hospital
Flight medic
Medical assistant
Medical evacuation
Military medicine
Polytrauma
Royal Army Medical Corps
Stretcher bearer
United States Air Force Pararescue
United States Navy Hospital Corpsman (U.S. Navy and Marine Corps)
United States Navy Amphibious Reconnaissance Corpsman (U.S. Navy)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Academy of Health Sciences Course Catalog 2011 (Course #300-68W10)". U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School, Fort Sam Houston, TX. 2011. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
Jump up ^ "International Humanitarian Law - First 1949 Geneva Convention". Icrc.org. 1949-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ "International Humanitarian Law - First 1949 Geneva Convention". Icrc.org. 1949-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ "International Humanitarian Law - First 1949 Geneva Convention". Icrc.org. 1949-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ http://home.att.net/~steinert/#Brief%20History%20of%20the%20Medical%20Corps Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "International Humanitarian Law - First 1949 Geneva Convention". Icrc.org. 1949-08-12. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
Jump up ^ https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cha_chapter7_rule25_sectionb
Jump up ^ Middleton, Thomas A. (2010). "Saber's Edge: A Combat Medic in Ramadi, Iraq", p. 7. UPNE.
Jump up ^ Steve Elliott. "All military medical training roads now start at METC". Aetc.af.mil. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "BRAC 2005 recommendations expand Fort Sam Houston to become DoD's premier medical training base and the home of Army installation management, and management of family support activities and community program" (PDF). aetc.af.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Cowdrey, Albert E. United States Army in the Korean War: The Medics War (1987), full-scale scholarly official history; online free, covers 1950-53
References[edit]
STP 8-91W15-SM-TG SOLDIER'S MANUAL AND TRAINER'S GUIDE, MOS 91W, HEALTH CARE SPECIALIST, SKILL LEVELS 1/2/3/4/5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Combat medics.
Official U.S. Army Home of the 68W - Health Care Specialist
Corpsman.com – a website run by Docs for Docs of all US military services
90th Infantry Division / 315th Medical Battalion webpage (90th Infantry Division Preservation Group website) – has links to other pages showing equipment of US, German and Japanese medics
WW2 US Medical Research Centre - provides vast amounts of data relating to WW2 US Army Medics
National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians
NHTSA Emergency Medical Services official website (U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
The short film Big Picture: Blood and Bullets is available for free download at the Internet Archive
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Emergency medical services
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Certified first responder (CFR)
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