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Sugarloaf Mountain
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This article is about the mountain in Rio de Janeiro. For other mountains with the same name, see Sugarloaf (mountain).
"Pão de Açúcar" redirects here. For the city, see Pão de Açúcar, Alagoas. For the retailer, see Grupo Pão de Açúcar.
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Sugarloaf Mountain
Highest point
Elevation
396 m (1,299 ft)
Coordinates
22°56′55″S 43°09′26″W / 22.94861°S 43.15722°W / -22.94861; -43.15722Coordinates: 22°56′55″S 43°09′26″W / 22.94861°S 43.15722°W / -22.94861; -43.15722
Geography
Sugarloaf Mountain
Location in Rio de Janeiro
Location
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Sugarloaf (background right) and Botafogo beach
Play media
Sugarloaf view from Botafogo beach
Sunrise in Rio de Janeiro with Sugarloaf Mountain, as seen from Tijuca Forest
Sugarloaf Mountain (Portuguese: Pão de Açúcar pronounced [ˈpɐ̃w̃ d͡ʒi aˈsukaʁ]) is a peak situated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, at the mouth of Guanabara Bay on a peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Rising 396 m (1,299 ft) above the harbor, its name is said to refer to its resemblance to the traditional shape of concentrated refined loaf sugar. It is known worldwide for its cableway and panoramic views of the city.
The mountain is one of several monolithic granite and quartz mountains that rise straight from the water's edge around Rio de Janeiro.
The mountain is protected by the Sugarloaf Mountain and Urca Hill Natural Monument, created in 2006. This became part of a World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2012.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the name
2 Cable car
2.1 Reaching the summit
2.2 Timeline
3 Rock climbing
4 Appearances in media
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
Origins of the name[edit]
The name "Sugarloaf" was coined in the 16th century by the Portuguese during the heyday of sugar cane trade in Brazil. According to historian Vieira Fazenda, blocks of sugar were placed in conical molds made of clay to be transported on ships. The shape given by these molds was similar to the peak, hence the name.
Cable car[edit]
A glass-walled cable car (bondinho or, more formally, teleférico), capable of holding 65 people, runs along a 1,400 m (4,600 ft) route between the peaks of Sugarloaf and Morro da Urca every 20 minutes. The original cable car line was built in 1912 and rebuilt around 1972–73 and in 2008. The cable car goes from a ground station, at the base of Morro da Babilônia, to Morro da Urca and thence to Sugarloaf's summit.
Reaching the summit[edit]
To reach the summit, passengers take two cable cars. The first ascends to the shorter Morro da Urca, 220 m (722 ft) high. The second car ascends to Pão de Açúcar.[2] The Swiss-made bubble-shaped cars offer passengers 360-degree views of the surrounding city. The ascent takes three minutes from start to finish.
Timeline[edit]
1907 – The Brazilian engineer Augusto Ferreira Ramos had the idea of linking the hills through a path in the air.
1910 – The same engineer founded the Society of Sugar Loaf and the same year the works were started. The project was commissioned in Germany and built by Brazilian workers. All parts were taken by climbing mountains or lift by steel cables.
1912 – Opening of the tram. First lift of Brazil. The first cable cars were made of coated wood and were used for 60 years.
1972 – The current model of cars was put into operation. This increased the carrying capacity by almost ten times.
2009 – Inauguration of the next generation of cable cars that had already been purchased and are on display at the base of Red beach.
Panoramic view of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói (right) from Sugarloaf
Rock climbing[edit]
Visitors can watch rock climbers on Sugarloaf and the other two mountains in the area, Morro da Babilônia and Morro da Urca. Together, they form one of the largest urban climbing areas in the world, with more than 270 routes, between 1 and 10 pitches long.
Appearances in media[edit]
Flying Down to Rio (1933) Starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The beachside Hotel Atlântico has views across the bay looking toward Sugarloaf Mountain.
Now, Voyager (1942) starring Bette Davis.
In the 1979 James Bond film, Moonraker, the villainous henchman Jaws (played by Richard Kiel) attempts to kill 007 (Roger Moore) and the agent's ally, Dr. Holly Goodhead (Lois Chiles), on a cable car. However, Bond and Goodhead escape and Jaws collides with the building at the bottom of the cable car route, demolishing the building, but escaping unscathed.
Herb Alpert recorded a song titled "Sugarloaf" for his 1982 album Fandango.
In The Simpsons episode "Blame It on Lisa", Homer's kidnappers meet with the rest of the family for the exchange between two cable cars.
In the Hey Arnold! episode "The Journal", Arnold's parents Miles and Stella are traveling on the cablecar up to the mountain's peak when one of the cables snaps. The couple works together to help save the lives of fellow tourists.
In Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, this mountain can be seen on the "Favela" map.
In the Nintendo Wii version of Need for Speed: Nitro, a drag race takes place near this mountain.
In the film Rio, the mountain can be seen several times throughout the film.
Mechanic: Resurrection (2016), starring Jason Statham. At the beginning of the film Arthur Bishop (Statham) is attacked at a restaurant on Morro da Urca and escapes on the roof of a cable car.
Gallery[edit]
View of Sugarloaf from the terrace of the Convento de Santo Antônio (Convent of St. Anthony), c. 1816. Painting by Nicolas-Antoine Taunay.
View of Sugarloaf from the Silvestre road, c. 1823. Painting by Charles Landseer.
Sugarloaf as seen from Glória neighborhood, c. 1846. Painting by Eduard Hildebrandt.
Sugarloaf in 1914
Higher aerial view, 1967
View of the Sugarloaf from Christ the Redeemer on Corcovado.
Cable cars from Sugarloaf Mountain.
View of Sugarloaf Mountain from seaward side; Christ the Redeemer as seen in the background.
View of Rio de Janeiro from the Sugarloaf.
Sugarloaf as seen from the Praia Vermelha (Red beach).
Botafogo Bay and Sugarloaf
Botafogo Bay and beach with Sugarloaf in the background
Aerial view
Sugarloaf with Downtown Rio in the foreground
View from the city of Niterói
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Monumento Natural dos Morros do Pão de Açúcar e da Urca (in Portuguese), SMAC: Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente, retrieved 2017-01-15
Jump up ^ Lonely Planet: Rio de Janeiro, page 76, Ricardo Gomes, John Maier Jr et al., 2006, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74059-910-1
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugarloaf Mountain.
Official website — (in Portuguese) (in English) (in Spanish)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugarloaf_Mountain&oldid=829667127"
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text:
Plus-minus sign
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see plus-minus (disambiguation).
±
The plus-minus sign (±) is a mathematical symbol with multiple meanings.
In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is the negation of the other.
In experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or error in a measurement, often the standard deviation or standard error.[1] The sign may also represent an inclusive range of values that a reading might have.
In engineering the sign indicates the tolerance, which is the range of values that are considered to be acceptable, safe, or which comply with some standard, or with a contract.[2]
In botany it is used in morphological descriptions to notate "more or less".
In chemistry the sign is used to indicate a racemic mixture.
In chess, the sign indicates a clear advantage for the white player; the complementary sign ∓ indicates the same advantage for the black player.[3]
The sign is normally pronounced "plus or minus".
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Usage
2.1 In mathematics
2.2 In statistics
2.3 In chess
3 Minus-plus sign
4 Encodings
4.1 Typing
5 Similar characters
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
A version of the sign, including also the French word ou ("or") was used in its mathematical meaning by Albert Girard in 1626, and the sign in its modern form was used as early as William Oughtred's Clavis Mathematicae (1631).[4]
Usage[edit]
In mathematics[edit]
In mathematical formulas, the ± symbol may be used to indicate a symbol that may be replaced by either the + or − symbols, allowing the formula to represent two values or two equations.
For example, given the equation x2 = 1, one may give the solution as x = ±1. This indicates that the equation has two solutions, each of which may be obtained by replacing this equation by one of the two equations x = +1 or x = −1. Only one of these two replaced equations is true for any valid solution. A common use of this notation is found in the quadratic formula
x = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a . {\displaystyle x={\frac {-b\pm {\sqrt {b^{2}-4ac}}}{2a}}.}
describing the two solutions to the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Similarly, the trigonometric identity
sin  ( A ± B ) = sin  ( A ) cos  ( B ) ± cos  ( A ) sin  ( B ) . {\displaystyle \sin(A\pm B)=\sin(A)\cos(B)\pm \cos(A)\sin(B).}
can be interpreted as a shorthand for two equations: one with "+" on both sides of the equation, and one with "−" on both sides. The two copies of the ± sign in this identity must both be replaced in the same way: it is not valid to replace one of them with "+" and the other of them with "−". In contrast to the quadratic formula example, both of the equations described by this identity are simultaneously valid.
A third related usage is found in this presentation of the formula for the Taylor series of the sine function:
sin  ( x ) = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! − x 7 7 ! + ⋯ ± 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! x 2 n + 1 + ⋯ . {\displaystyle \sin \left(x\right)=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots \pm {\frac {1}{(2n+1)!}}x^{2n+1}+\cdots .}
Here, the plus-or-minus sign indicates that the signs of the terms alternate, where (starting the count at 0) the terms with an even index n are added while those with an odd index are subtracted. A more rigorous presentation of the same formula would multiply each term by a factor of (−1)n, which gives +1 when n is even and −1 when n is odd.
In statistics[edit]
The use of ⟨±⟩ for an approximation is most commonly encountered in presenting the numerical value of a quantity together with its tolerance or its statistical margin of error.[1] For example, "7000570000000000000♠5.7±0.2" may be anywhere in the range from 5.5 to 5.9 inclusive. In scientific usage it sometimes refers to a probability of being within the stated interval, usually corresponding to either 1 or 2 standard deviations (a probability of 68.3% or 95.4% in a normal distribution).
A percentage may also be used to indicate the error margin. For example, 230 ± 10% V refers to a voltage within 10% of either side of 230 V (from 207 V to 253 V inclusive). Separate values for the upper and lower bounds may also be used. For example, to indicate that a value is most likely 5.7 but may be as high as 5.9 or as low as 5.6, one may write 7000570000000000000♠5.7+0.2
−0.1.
In chess[edit]
The symbols ± and ∓ are used in chess notation to denote an advantage for white and black respectively. However, the more common chess notation would be only + and –. [3] If a difference is made, the symbols + and − denote a larger advantage than ± and ∓.
Minus-plus sign[edit]
The minus-plus sign (∓) is generally used in conjunction with the "±" sign, in such expressions as "x ± y ∓ z", which can be interpreted as meaning "x + y − z" and/or "x − y + z", but not "x + y + z" or "x − y − z". The upper "−" in "∓" is considered to be associated to the "+" of "±" (and similarly for the two lower symbols) even though there is no visual indication of the dependency. (However, the "±" sign is generally preferred over the "∓" sign, so if they both appear in an equation it is safe to assume that they are linked. On the other hand, if there are two instances of the "±" sign in an expression, it is impossible to tell from notation alone whether the intended interpretation is as two or four distinct expressions.) The original expression can be rewritten as "x ± (y − z)" to avoid confusion, but cases such as the trigonometric identity
cos  ( A ± B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) ∓ sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle \cos(A\pm B)=\cos(A)\cos(B)\mp \sin(A)\sin(B)}
are most neatly written using the "∓" sign. The trigonometric equation above thus represents the two equations:
cos  ( A + B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) − sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) cos  ( A − B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) + sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos(A+B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\\\cos(A-B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)\end{aligned}}}
but not
cos  ( A + B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) + sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) cos  ( A − B ) = cos  ( A ) cos  ( B ) − sin  ( A ) sin  ( B ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos(A+B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)+\sin(A)\sin(B)\\\cos(A-B)&=\cos(A)\cos(B)-\sin(A)\sin(B)\end{aligned}}}
because the signs are exclusively alternating.
Another example is
x 3 ± 1 = ( x ± 1 ) ( x 2 ∓ x + 1 ) {\displaystyle x^{3}\pm 1=(x\pm 1)\left(x^{2}\mp x+1\right)}
which represents two equations.
Encodings[edit]
In Unicode: U+00B1 ± PLUS-MINUS SIGN (HTML ± · ±)
In ISO 8859-1, -7, -8, -9, -13, -15, and -16, the plus-minus symbol is given by the code 0xB1hex Since the first 256 code points of Unicode are identical to the contents of ISO-8859-1 this symbol is also at Unicode code point U+00B1.
The symbol also has a HTML entity representation of ±.
The rarer minus-plus sign (∓) is not generally found in legacy encodings and does not have a named HTML entity but is available in Unicode with codepoint U+2213 and so can be used in HTML using ∓ or ∓.
In TeX 'plus-or-minus' and 'minus-or-plus' symbols are denoted \pm and \mp, respectively.
These characters may also be produced as an underlined or overlined + symbol ( + or + ), but beware of the formatting being stripped at a later date, changing the meaning.
Typing[edit]
On Windows systems, it may be entered by means of Alt codes, by holding the ALT key while typing the numbers 0177 or 241 on the numeric keypad.
On Unix-like systems, it can be entered by typing the sequence compose + -.
On Macintosh systems, it may be entered by pressing option shift = (on the non-numeric keypad).
Similar characters[edit]
The plus-minus sign resembles the Chinese characters 士 and 土, whereas the minus-plus sign resembles 干.
See also[edit]
Plus and minus signs
Table of mathematical symbols
≈ (approximately equal to)
Engineering tolerance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, George W. (1982), "Standard Deviation, Standard Error: Which 'Standard' Should We Use?", American Journal of Diseases of Children, 136 (10): 937–941, doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970460067015 .
Jump up ^ Engineering tolerance
^ Jump up to: a b Eade, James (2005), Chess For Dummies (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 272, ISBN 9780471774334 .
Jump up ^ Cajori, Florian (1928), A History of Mathematical Notations, Volumes 1-2, Dover, p. 245, ISBN 9780486677668 .
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text:
Bill of Rights 1689
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Bill of Rights[nb 1]
Parliament of England
Long title
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown.
Citation
1 William & Mary Sess 2 c 2
Dates
Royal assent
16 December 1689
Commencement
1689
Status: Amended
Revised text of statute as amended
The Bill of Rights
Created
1689
Location
Parliamentary Archives
Author(s)
Parliament of England
Purpose
Assert the rights of Parliament and the individual, and ensure a Protestant political supremacy
The Bill of Rights, also known as the English Bill of Rights, is an Act of the Parliament of England that deals with constitutional matters and sets out certain basic civil rights. It received the Royal Assent on 16 December 1689 and is a restatement in statutory form of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William III and Mary II in February 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. The Bill of Rights lays down limits on the powers of the monarch and sets out the rights of Parliament, including the requirement for regular parliaments, free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament. It sets out certain rights of individuals including the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment and reestablished Protestants to have arms for their defence within the rule of law. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights described and condemned several misdeeds of James II of England.[1]
These ideas reflected those of the political thinker John Locke and they quickly became popular in England.[2] It also sets out—or, in the view of its drafters, restates—certain constitutional requirements of the Crown to seek the consent of the people, as represented in Parliament.[3]
In the United Kingdom, the Bill of Rights is further accompanied by Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, the Habeas Corpus Act 1679 and the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 as some of the basic documents of the uncodified British constitution. A separate but similar document, the Claim of Right Act 1689, applies in Scotland. The Bill of Rights 1689 was one of the inspirations for the United States Bill of Rights.
Along with the Act of Settlement 1701, the Bill of Rights is still in effect in all Commonwealth realms. Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Glorious Revolution
1.2 Declaration of Right
2 Provisions of the Act
3 Date and title
4 Augmentation and effect
5 Legal status
5.1 United Kingdom
5.2 Australia
5.3 Canada
5.4 New Zealand
5.5 Republic of Ireland
6 Modern recognition
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Background[edit]
During the 17th century, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta.[4] The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament,[5][6] during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647.[7] Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653-59) and the English Restoration (1660) restored more autocratic rule although Parliament passed the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679, which strengthened the convention that forbade detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence.
Glorious Revolution[edit]
Main article: Glorious Revolution
Objecting to the policies of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland), a group of English Parliamentarians invited the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) to overthrow the King. William's successful invasion with a Dutch fleet and army led to James fleeing to France. In December 1688, William took over the provisional government by appointment of the peers of the realm, as was the legal right of the latter in circumstances when the King was incapacitated, and summoned an assembly of certain members of parliament. This assembly called for an English Convention Parliament to be elected, which convened on 22 January 1689.[8][9]
Declaration of Right[edit]
Main article: Declaration of Right, 1689
An 18th-century engraving, based on a drawing by Samuel Wale, of the Bill of Rights being presented to William III and Mary II
The proposal to draw up a statement of rights and liberties and James's violation of them was first made on 29 January 1689 in the House of Commons, with members arguing that the House "cannot answer it to the nation or Prince of Orange till we declare what are the rights invaded" and that William "cannot take it ill if we make conditions to secure ourselves for the future" in order to "do justice to those who sent us hither". On 2 February a committee specially convened reported to the Commons 23 Heads of Grievances, which the Commons approved and added some of their own. However, on 4 February the Commons decided to instruct the committee to differentiate between "such of the general heads, as are introductory of new laws, from those that are declaratory of ancient rights". On 7 February the Commons approved this revised Declaration of Right, and on 8 February instructed the committee to put into a single text the Declaration (with the heads which were "introductory of new laws" removed), the resolution of 28 January and the Lords' proposal for a revised oath of allegiance. It passed the Commons without division.[10]
On 13 February the clerk of the House of Lords read the Declaration of Right, and the Marquess of Halifax, in the name of all the estates of the realm, asked William and Mary to accept the throne. William replied for his wife and himself: "We thankfully accept what you have offered us". They then went in procession to the great gate at Whitehall. The Garter King at Arms proclaimed them King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, whereupon they adjourned to the Chapel Royal, with the Bishop of London preaching the sermon.[11] They were crowned on 11 April, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. The Coronation Oath Act 1688 had provided a new coronation oath, whereby the monarchs were to "solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same". They were also to maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed faith established by law.[12] This replaced an oath which had deferred more to the monarch. The previous oath required the monarch to rule based on "the laws and customs... granted by the Kings of England".[13]
Provisions of the Act[edit]
The Declaration of Right was enacted in an Act of Parliament, the Bill of Rights 1689, which received the Royal Assent in December 1689.[14] The Act asserted "certain ancient rights and liberties" by declaring that:[15]
the pretended power of suspending the laws and dispensing with[nb 2] laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
the commission for ecclesiastical causes is illegal;
levying taxes without grant of Parliament is illegal;
it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;
keeping a standing army in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;[nb 3]
Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;
election of members of Parliament ought to be free;
the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;
excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;
jurors in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;
promises of fines and forfeitures before conviction are illegal and void;
for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.
The Act declared James' flight from England following the Glorious Revolution to be an abdication of the throne. It listed twelve of James's policies by which James designed to "endeavour to subvert and extirpate the protestant religion, and the laws and liberties of this kingdom".[16] These were:[17]
by assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;
by prosecuting the Seven Bishops; by establishing of the court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes;
by levying taxes for the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative as if the same was granted by Parliament;
by raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament;
by causing Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;
by violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
by prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;
by employing unqualified persons on juries in trials, and jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
by imposing excessive bail on persons committed in criminal cases against the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
by imposing excessive fines and illegal and cruel punishments;
by making several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;
all which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm.
In a prelude to the Act of Settlement to come twelve years later, the Bill of Rights barred Roman Catholics from the throne of England as "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince"; thus William III and Mary II were named as the successors of James II and that the throne would pass from them first to Mary's heirs, then to her sister, Princess Anne of Denmark and her heirs (and, thereafter, to any heirs of William by a later marriage).
Date and title[edit]
The Bill of Rights is commonly dated in legal contexts to 1688. This convention arises from the legal fiction (prior to the passage of the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793) that an Act of Parliament came into force on the first day of the session in which it was passed. The Bill was therefore deemed to be effective from 13 February 1689 (New Style), or, under the Old Style calendar in use at the time, 13 February 1688. Under the Short Titles Act 1896, the Bill was given the official short title of "The Bill of Rights", without a calendar year suffix.[18]
Augmentation and effect[edit]
See also: Glorious Revolution § Legacy
The Bill of Rights was later supplemented by the Act of Settlement 1701 (which was agreed to by the Parliament of Scotland as part of the Treaty of Union). The Act of Settlement altered the line of succession to the throne laid out in the Bill of Rights.[19] However, both the Bill of Rights and the Claim of Right contributed a great deal to the establishment of the concept of parliamentary sovereignty and the curtailment of the powers of the monarch.[20][21][22] Leading, ultimately, to the establishment of constitutional monarchy,[23] while also (along with the penal laws) settling the political and religious turmoil that had convulsed Scotland, England and Ireland in the 17th century.
The Bill of Rights (1689) reinforced the Petition of Right (1628) and the Habaes Corpus Act (1679) by codifying certain rights and liberties. The rights expressed in these Acts became associated with the idea of the rights of Englishmen,[24] and described as Fundamental Laws of England. The Bill of Rights directly influenced the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights,[nb 4] which in turn influenced the Declaration of Independence.[25]
Although not a comprehensive statement of civil and political liberties, the Bill of Rights stands as one of the landmark documents in the development of civil liberties in the United Kingdom and a model for later, more general, statements of rights;[13] these include the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.[26][27] For example, as with the Bill of Rights 1689, the US Constitution prohibits excessive bail and "cruel and unusual punishment". Similarly, "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" is banned under Article 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Legal status[edit]
The Bill of Rights remains in statute and continues to be cited in legal proceedings in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, particularly Article 9 on parliamentary freedom of speech.[28][29] Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending the Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement 1701 came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 which changed the laws of succession to the British throne.[nb 5]
Part of the Bill of Rights remains in statute in the Republic of Ireland.
United Kingdom[edit]
The Bill of Rights applies in England and Wales; it was enacted in the Kingdom of England which at the time included Wales. Scotland has its own legislation, the Claim of Right Act 1689, passed before the Act of Union between England and Scotland. There are doubts as to whether, or to what extent, the Bill of Rights applies in Northern Ireland.[28][nb 6]
On 21 July 1995 a libel case brought by Neil Hamilton (then a member of parliament) against The Guardian was stopped after Justice May ruled that the Bill of Rights' prohibition on the courts' ability to question parliamentary proceedings would prevent The Guardian from obtaining a fair hearing. Section 13 of the Defamation Act 1996, was subsequently enacted to permit MPs to waive their parliamentary privilege and thus cite their own speeches if relevant to litigation.[32]
Following the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum in 2016, the Bill of Rights was quoted in a court ruling on a legal challenge seeking a judicial declaration that triggering EU exit must first be authorised by an act of Parliament.[33][34]
Australia[edit]
The ninth article, regarding parliamentary freedom of speech, is actively used in Australia.[28]
Canada[edit]
The article on parliamentary freedom of speech is in active use in Canada.[28]
New Zealand[edit]
The Bill of Rights was invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v Muldoon and Others,[35] which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor-General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act, 1974, without new legislation. Muldoon felt that the dissolution would be immediate and he would later introduce a bill in parliament to retroactively make the abolition legal. This claim was challenged in court and the Chief Justice declared that Muldoon's actions were illegal as they had violated Article 1 of the Bill of Rights, which provides "that the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority ... is illegal."[36]
Republic of Ireland[edit]
The Act was retained in the Republic of Ireland although sections were repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 2007 section 2(2)(a),[37] and Part 2 of Schedule 1.[38] Section 2(3) of that Act repealed:
all of the Preamble down to "Upon which Letters Elections having been accordingly made"
the seventh paragraph "Subjects’ Arms. That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law."
all words from "And they doe Claime Demand and Insist" down to, but not including, section 2, bars Roman Catholics from Crown or Government, succession et cetera.
Modern recognition[edit]
Two special designs of commemorative two pound coins were issued in the United Kingdom in 1989 to celebrate the tercentenary of the Glorious Revolution. One referred to the Bill of Rights and the other to the Claim of Right. Both depict the Royal Cypher of William and Mary and the mace of the House of Commons, one also shows a representation of the St Edward's Crown and the other the Crown of Scotland.[39]
In May 2011, the Bill of Rights was inscribed in UNESCO's UK Memory of the World Register.[26][40]
As part of the Parliament in the Making programme, the Bill of Rights was on display at the Houses of Parliament in February 2015.[41]
See also[edit]
Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689
English Civil War
Financial Revolution
History of liberalism
Toleration Act 1689
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Act is cited as "The Bill of Rights" in the United Kingdom, as authorised by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Act 1896. Owing to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the Interpretation Act 1978. In the Republic of Ireland, it is cited as "The Bill of Rights 1688", as authorised by section 1 of, and the First Schedule to, the Short Titles Act 1896 (as amended by section 5(a) of the Statute Law Revision Act 2007). The short title of this Act was previously "The Bill of Rights".
Jump up ^ i.e. ignoring
Jump up ^ Arguably, this right is subject to continuing derogation in modern times; see, for example, Armed Forces Act and discussion of the same in Military Covenant.
Jump up ^ Section Seven of the Virginia Declaration of Rights reads,
That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.
which strongly echoes the first two "ancient rights and liberties" asserted in the Bill of Rights 1689:
That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal;
And the Virginia Declaration's Section Nine,
That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
is borrowed word for word from the Bill of Rights 1689.
Jump up ^ In Quebec the validity of the Canadian parliament's legislation is under judicial review. Blanchfield, Mike (22 July 2013). "Quebec government to mount legal challenge to new royal succession law". National Post [1]
Jump up ^ The United Kingdom consists of four countries and three distinct legal systems: England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[30][31] These jurisdictions have particular legal considerations of their own, arising from differences in English law, Scots law and Northern Ireland law.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Britain's unwritten constitution". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015. The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown.... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.
Jump up ^ Schwoerer 1990, pp. 531–548.
Jump up ^ Maurice Adams; Anne Meuwese; Ernst Hirsch Ballin (2017). Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism. Cambridge UP. p. 97.
Jump up ^ "From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th century". The British Library. Retrieved 2017-10-16 ; "Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th Century". The Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ "Origins and growth of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Putney debates". The British Library. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Anon. 2010, pp. 2–4.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Horwitz 1977, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Carpenter 1956, pp. 145–46.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, pp. 37–39.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Convention and Bill of Rights". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Thatcher 1907, pp. 10.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, pp. 28–29.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, p. 26.
Jump up ^ Williams 1960, p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Rights [1688]". legislation.gov.uk. note X1. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Act of Settlement". UK Parliament. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Bill of Rights". British Library. Retrieved 27 November 2015. This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself.
Jump up ^ "Rise of Parliament". The National Archives. Retrieved 22 August 2010. Although the Bill of Rights attacked the abuse of prerogative power rather than prerogative power itself, it had the virtue of enshrining in statute what many regarded as ancient rights and liberties. However, some historians maintain that a more profound change in the relationship between sovereign and Parliament emerged as a result of the financial settlement that Parliament negotiated with William and Mary.
Jump up ^ "Constitutionalism: America & Beyond". Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014. The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Jump up ^ Walker 2009, p. 2: "thereby establishing a constitutional monarchy".
Jump up ^ Billias 2011, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Maier 1997, pp. 126–28.
^ Jump up to: a b "2011 UK Memory of the World Register". United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011. All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.
Jump up ^ "Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary". History.com. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lock 1989, pp. 540–561.
Jump up ^ Toporoski, Richard (Summer 1996). "Monarchy Canada: The Invisible Crown". Archived from the original on 17 June 1997.
Jump up ^ "A Guide to the UK Legal System". Hauser Global Law School Program, New York University School of Law. November 2005. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Legal System of the United Kingdom". The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Alexander Horne; Oonagh Gay (21 May 2014). "Ending the Hamilton Affair?". UK Constitutional Law Association Blog. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Miller & Anor, R (On the Application Of) v The Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin) (03 November 2016)". England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions. 3 November 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2016. This subordination of the Crown (i.e. the executive government) to law is the foundation of the rule of law in the United Kingdom. It has its roots well before the war between the Crown and Parliament in the seventeenth century but was decisively confirmed in the settlement arrived at with the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and has been recognised ever since,
Sir Edward Coke reports the considered view of himself and the senior judges of the time in The Case of Proclamations (1610) 12 Co. Rep. 74, that:
"the King by his proclamation or other ways cannot change any part of the common law, or statute law, or the customs of the realm"
and that:
"the King hath no prerogative, but that which the law of the land allows him."
The position was confirmed in the first two parts of section 1 of the Bill of Rights 1688:
"Suspending power - That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regall authority without consent of Parlyament is illegall.
Late dispensing power - That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regall authoritie as it hath beene assumed and exercised of late is illegall."
Jump up ^ "Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered". BBC. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Constitutional Setting". States Services Commission, New Zealand. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making". New Zealand Law Society. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010.
Jump up ^ "Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Section 2". Irish Statute Book.
Jump up ^ "Statute Law Revision Act 2007 Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book.
Jump up ^ "Two Pound Coin". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Life, death and everything in between". UK Parliament. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Anon. (2010). "The Glorious Revolution". Factsheet General Series. G4. House of Commons Information Office.
Billias, George Athan (2011). American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776-1989 : a global perspective. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814725177.
Blick, Andrew (2015). "Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change". History and Policy.
Carpenter, Edward (1956). The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London. London: Longmans, Green and Co. OCLC 1919768.
Horwitz, Henry (1977). Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0661-6.
Lock, Geoffrey (1989). "The 1689 Bill of Rights". Political Studies. 37 (4): 540–561. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x.
Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-45492-6.
Schwoerer, Lois G. (1990). "Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution". Journal of the History of Ideas. University of Pennsylvania Press. 51 (4). JSTOR 2709645.
Thatcher, Oliver Joseph (ed.) (1907). The library of original sources. University Research Extension. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Walker, Aileen; Gay, Oonagh; Maer, Lucinda (2009). "Bill of Rights 1689". House of Commons Library.
Williams, E. N. (1960). The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815. Cambridge University Press. OCLC 1146699.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Bill of Rights 1689
Wikimedia Commons has media related to English Bill of Rights of 1689.
Text of the Bill of Rights Yale Law School Law Library
Text of the Bill of Rights 1689 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk
The Parliamentary Archives holds the original document
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Battlestar Galactica (season 1)
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This article is about the 2004–2005 Battlestar Galactica season. For the 1978–1979 season, see list of Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series) and Galactica 1980 episodes.
Battlestar Galactica (season 1)
Season One DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
Sci-Fi Channel
Sky1
Original release
October 18, 2004 (2004-10-18) – January 24, 2005 (2005-01-24) (Sky1)
Season chronology
← Previous
Miniseries
Next →
Season 2
List of Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes
The first season of the reimagined science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica, commissioned by the Sci-Fi Channel in February 2004, began airing eight months later in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It premiered on Sci-Fi in the United States with a two-hour debut on January 14, 2005. The first episode of the series received a Hugo Award and the season's 13 episodes were recognized with a Peabody Award "for pushing the limits of science fiction and making it accessible to all."[1]
The first season is a follow-up to the miniseries that first aired in December 2003.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Episodes
3 Production
4 Awards
5 Home video releases
6 References
7 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Edward James Olmos as William Adama
Mary McDonnell as Laura Roslin
Katee Sackhoff as Kara "Starbuck" Thrace
Jamie Bamber as Lee "Apollo" Adama
James Callis as Gaius Baltar
Tricia Helfer as Number Six
Grace Park as Sharon "Boomer" Valerii (Number Eight)
Michael Hogan as Saul Tigh
Aaron Douglas as Galen Tyrol
Tahmoh Penikett as Karl "Helo" Agathon
Kandyse McClure as Anastasia Dualla
Paul Campbell as Billy Keikeya
Alessandro Juliani as Felix Gaeta
Samuel Witwer as Alex "Crashdown" Quartararo
Recurring cast[edit]
Nicki Clyne as Cally Henderson
Donnelly Rhodes as Sherman Cottle
Callum Keith Rennie as Leoben Conoy
Matthew Bennett as Aaron Doral
Richard Hatch as Tom Zarek
Kate Vernon as Ellen Tigh
Lorena Gale as Elosha
Leah Cairns as Margaret "Racetrack" Edmondson
Bodie Olmos as Brendan "Hot Dog" Costanza
Luciana Carro as Louanne "Kat" Katraine
Alonso Oyarzun as Socinus
Jennifer Halley as Diana "Hardball" Seelix
Jill Teed as Sergeant Hadrian, Master-at-Arms
Episodes[edit]
In the following list, "Survivor count" refers to the number of surviving Colonial citizens and military, provided at some point during the episode.[2] The air dates are the UK Sky1 airings, and not the Sci-Fi Channel airings.
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Survivor count
1
1 "33" Michael Rymer Ronald D. Moore October 18, 2004 (2004-10-18) 49,998
Following the exodus of humans from the Colonies, the fleet is attacked by the Cylons every 33 minutes as the survivors cope with their losses, compounded by their lack of sleep.
2
2 "Water" Marita Grabiak Ronald D. Moore October 25, 2004 (2004-10-25) 47,973
An explosion onboard Galactica forces an emergency search for water.
3
3 "Bastille Day" Allan Kroeker Toni Graphia November 1, 2004 (2004-11-01) 47,958
As water riots break out in the fleet, Apollo tries to convince prisoners aboard the Astral Queen to help with collecting the water; however, the appearance of a famous terrorist complicates his plans.
4
4 "Act of Contrition" Rod Hardy Bradley Thompson & David Weddle November 8, 2004 (2004-11-08) 47,958
An accident on the hangar deck forces Starbuck to begin training new pilots, bringing back old memories of her training of Zak Adama.
5
5 "You Can't Go Home Again" Sergio Mimica-Gezzan Carla Robinson November 15, 2004 (2004-11-15) 47,945
As Starbuck attempts to escape the barren moon she has been stranded on, Adama and Apollo risk everything to find her, putting them at odds with Tigh and Roslin.
6
6 "Litmus" Rod Hardy Jeff Vlaming November 22, 2004 (2004-11-22) 47,945
A Cylon suicide bomber prompts Adama to form an independent tribunal to investigate the Cylon threat in the fleet.
7
7 "Six Degrees of Separation" Robert Young Michael Angeli November 29, 2004 (2004-11-29) 47,942
Baltar comes under investigation when Number Six appears in real life, accusing Baltar of helping the Cylons achieve the genocide of humanity and destruction of the Colonies.
8
8 "Flesh and Bone" Brad Turner Toni Graphia December 6, 2004 (2004-12-06) 47,938
Starbuck interrogates a captured Cylon as Roslin begins to have strange visions of the same Cylon.
9
9 "Tigh Me Up, Tigh Me Down" Edward James Olmos Jeff Vlaming December 13, 2004 (2004-12-13) 47,905
As Roslin investigates the possibility of Adama being a Cylon, Tigh receives a visitor from the past.
10
10 "The Hand of God" Jeff Woolnough Bradley Thompson & David Weddle January 3, 2005 (2005-01-03) 47,905
With the fleet running desperately low on fuel, the crew of the Galactica begin to plan an ambitious operation to capture a heavily guarded Cylon-controlled tylium asteroid.
11
11 "Colonial Day" Jonas Pate Carla Robinson January 10, 2005 (2005-01-10) 47,898
To celebrate the anniversary of the Articles of Colonization, Roslin reconstitutes the Quorum of Twelve; however, the election of Tom Zarek to the Quorum creates a political crisis for Roslin.
12
12 "Kobol's Last Gleaming (Part 1)" Michael Rymer Story by : David Eick
Teleplay by : Ronald D. Moore January 17, 2005 (2005-01-17) 47,897
The discovery of the lost birthplace of humanity causes a split between Roslin and Adama.
13
13 "Kobol's Last Gleaming (Part 2)" Michael Rymer Story by : David Eick
Teleplay by : Ronald D. Moore January 24, 2005 (2005-01-24) 47,887
The political crisis between Roslin and Adama forces Apollo to make a difficult decision, as Starbuck returns to Caprica on a mission for Roslin.
Production[edit]
Battlestar Galactica's first season of thirteen one-hour episodes was ordered by the Sci-Fi Channel on February 10, 2004, with production taking place in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[3] Produced in 2004 by David Eick and Ronald D. Moore, and starring the original cast from the 2003 miniseries, it began airing in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 18, 2004. The series proved successful, attracting favorable comments from reviewers, and generating considerable anticipation in the U.S.
It began airing in North America three months later, on January 14, 2005 in the United States, and January 15 in Canada. The first episode aired in the U.S. became one of the highest-rated programs ever on Sci-Fi, with 3.1 million viewers.[4] The series' first season became the network's highest-rated original series to date.[5]
Battlestar Galactica's first episode was later made available for viewing in its entirety, and without charge from the Sci-Fi website.[6] Moore also sought to address the "Internet Generation" by posting podcast commentaries on individual episodes on the official Sci-Fi website.[6]
Awards[edit]
Wins
2005 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form ("33")
2005 Peabody Award[1]
2005 Spacey Award for Favorite Limited TV Series
In its statement accompanying the announcement of the show's Peabody Award, the Peabody Board noted "Battlestar Galactica is not just another apocalyptic vision of the future but an intense drama that poses provocative questions regarding religion, politics, sex and what it truly means to be 'human'.... Writers Ronald D. Moore, Toni Graphia, David Weddle, Bradley Thompson, Carla Robinson, Jeff Vlaming, Michael Angeli, and David Eick take full advantage to give us plotlines that are deeply personal and relatable, while never compromising their affinity and passion for science fiction".[1]
Nominations
2005 Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series ("33", "The Hand of God")
2005 Saturn Awards for Best Television Release on DVD (Season 1)
2004 Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in a Live Act on Broadcast Program ("33")
Home video releases[edit]
The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on September 20, 2005,[7] in region 2 on March 28, 2005[8] and in region 4 on August 15, 2006.[9] It was also released in region 1 in HD DVD on December 4, 2007[10] and on Blu-ray Disc on January 5, 2010.[11]
The sets include all 13 episodes of the first season and the miniseries. Special features include commentary on the miniseries and "33" by executive producers Ronald D. Moore, David Eick and director Michael Rymer. Moore and Eick provide commentaries for "Bastille Day", "Act of Contrition" and "You Can't Go Home Again". Beginning with episode 9, Moore began recording podcast commentaries for the episodes on the official Battlestar Galactica website; Moore provides commentaries for "Tigh Me Up, Tigh Me Down", "The Hand of God", "Colonial Day", "Kobol's Last Gleaming (Part 1)" and "Kobol's Last Gleaming (Part 2)". Behind-the-scenes featurettes include a collection of individual featurettes—"From Miniseries to Series", "Change is Good, Now They're Babes", "The Cylon Centurion", "Future/Past Technology", "The Doctor is out (of his mind)", "Production", "Visual Effects" and "Epilogue". Also included is a featurette titled "Battlestar Galactica: The Series Lowdown", deleted scenes for various episodes, and a montage of sketches and art for the series.[12]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Battlestar Galactica (Sci Fi)". Peabody Awards. Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication. 2005. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Survivor Count". Battlestar Wiki. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "'Galactica' a Go: Sci Fi Orders 13 Episodes". The Futon Critic. February 10, 2004. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Viewers Embrace Sci Fi's 'Galactica'" (Press release). Sci Fi Channel. January 19, 2005. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica' Ends Its First Season at #1" (Press release). Sci Fi Channel. April 5, 2005. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sci Fi Offers Exclusive 'Podcast'" (Press release). Sci Fi Channel. March 9, 2005. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica - Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica: Season 1". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica (2004) - Season 1". EzyDVD. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Battlestar Galactica - Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (October 6, 2009). "Battlestar Galactica - Separate Blu-ray Disc Release for Season 1 Announced by Universal". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lacey, Gord (September 18, 2005). "Battlestar Galactica - Season 1 Review". TVShowsOnDVD. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Battlestar Galactica episodes on IMDb
List of Battlestar Galactica season 1 episodes at TV.com
[show]
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[show]
v
t
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Battlestar Galactica episodes
Season 1
"33"
"Water"
"Bastille Day"
"Act of Contrition"
"You Can't Go Home Again"
"Litmus"
"Six Degrees of Separation"
"Flesh and Bone"
"Tigh Me Up, Tigh Me Down"
"The Hand of God"
"Colonial Day"
"Kobol's Last Gleaming"
Season 2
"Scattered"
"Valley of Darkness"
"Fragged"
"Resistance"
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"Home"
"Final Cut"
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"Pegasus"
"Resurrection Ship"
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"Downloaded"
"Lay Down Your Burdens"
Season 3
"Occupation"
"Precipice"
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"Torn"
"A Measure of Salvation"
"Hero"
"Unfinished Business"
"The Passage"
"The Eye of Jupiter"
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"Taking a Break from All Your Worries"
"The Woman King"
"A Day in the Life"
"Dirty Hands"
"Maelstrom"
"The Son Also Rises"
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Season 4
Razor
"He That Believeth in Me"
"Six of One"
"The Ties That Bind"
"Escape Velocity"
"The Road Less Traveled"
"Faith"
"Guess What's Coming to Dinner?"
"Sine Qua Non"
"The Hub"
"Revelations"
"Sometimes a Great Notion"
"A Disquiet Follows My Soul"
"The Oath"
"Blood on the Scales"
"No Exit"
"Deadlock"
"Someone to Watch Over Me"
"Islanded in a Stream of Stars"
"Daybreak"
Other
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The Resistance
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