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All-time Olympic Games medal table
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The all-time medal table for all Olympic Games from 1896 to 2018, including Summer Olympic Games, Winter Olympic Games, and a combined total of both, is tabulated below. These Olympic medal counts do not include the 1906 Intercalated Games which are no longer recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as official Games. The IOC itself does not publish all-time tables, and publishes unofficial tables only per single Games. This table was thus compiled by adding up single entries from the IOC database.[1]
The results are attributed to the IOC country code as currently displayed by the IOC database. Usually, a single code corresponds to a single National Olympic Committee (NOC). When different codes are displayed for different years, medal counts are combined in the case of a simple change of IOC code (such as from HOL to NED for the Netherlands) or simple change of country name (such as from Ceylon to Sri Lanka). As the medals are attributed to each NOC, not all totals include medals won by athletes from that country for another NOC, such as before independence of that country (see individual footnotes for special cases such as combined teams). Names in italic are national entities that no longer exist. The totals of NOCs are not combined with those of their predecessors and successors.
World map showing nations that have won Summer Olympic medals.
World map showing nations that have won Winter Olympic medals.
Contents
1 NOCs with medals
2 NOCs without medals
3 Variations
3.1 Early Olympics
3.2 Germany
3.3 Russia and the Soviet Union
4 Notes
4.1 Obsolete nations notes
4.2 Name changes notes
4.3 Participation notes
4.4 Disputed participation notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
NOCs with medals[edit]
The table is pre-sorted by the name of each Olympic Committee, but can be displayed as sorted by any other column, such as the total number of gold medals or total number of overall medals. To sort by gold, silver, and then bronze, sort first by the bronze column, then the silver, and then the gold. The table does not include revoked medals (e.g. due to doping).
Medal totals in this table are current as of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, and all changes in medal standings due to doping cases up to and including 25 February 2018 are taken into account.
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total
Team (IOC code)
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Afghanistan (AFG) 14 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 2 2
Algeria (ALG) 13 5 4 8 17 3 0 0 0 0 16 5 4 8 17
Argentina (ARG) 24 21 25 28 74 19 0 0 0 0 43 21 25 28 74
Armenia (ARM) 6 2 6 6 14 7 0 0 0 0 13 2 6 6 14
Australasia (ANZ) [ANZ] 2 3 4 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 5 12
Australia (AUS) [AUS] [Z] 26 147 163 187 497 19 5 5 5 15 45 152 168 192 512
Austria (AUT) 27 18 33 36 87 23 64 81 87 232 50 82 114 123 319
Azerbaijan (AZE) 6 7 11 25 43 6 0 0 0 0 12 7 11 25 43
Bahamas (BAH) 16 6 2 6 14 0 0 0 0 0 16 6 2 6 14
Bahrain (BRN) 9 2 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 1 0 3
Barbados (BAR) [BAR] 12 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 1
Belarus (BLR) 6 12 27 39 78 7 8 5 5 18 13 20 32 44 96
Belgium (BEL) 26 40 53 55 148 21 1 2 3 6 47 41 55 58 154
Bermuda (BER) 18 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 1 1
Bohemia (BOH) [BOH] [Z] 3 0 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 4
Botswana (BOT) 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 1
Brazil (BRA) 22 30 36 62 128 8 0 0 0 0 30 30 36 62 128
British West Indies (BWI) [BWI] 1 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2
Bulgaria (BUL) [H] 20 51 87 80 218 20 1 2 3 6 40 52 89 83 224
Burundi (BDI) 6 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 1 0 2
Cameroon (CMR) 14 3 1 2 6 1 0 0 0 0 15 3 1 2 6
Canada (CAN) 26 64 102 136 302 23 73 64 62 199 49 137 166 198 501
Chile (CHI) [I] 23 2 7 4 13 17 0 0 0 0 40 2 7 4 13
China (CHN) [CHN] 10 224 167 155 546 11 13 28 21 62 21 237 195 176 608
Colombia (COL) 19 5 9 14 28 2 0 0 0 0 21 5 9 14 28
Costa Rica (CRC) 15 1 1 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 21 1 1 2 4
Ivory Coast (CIV) [CIV] 13 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 1 1 3
Croatia (CRO) 7 11 10 12 33 8 4 6 1 11 15 15 16 13 44
Cuba (CUB) [Z] 20 78 68 79 225 0 0 0 0 0 20 78 68 79 225
Cyprus (CYP) 10 0 1 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 21 0 1 0 1
Czech Republic (CZE) [CZE] 6 15 17 24 56 7 9 11 11 31 13 24 28 35 87
Czechoslovakia (TCH) [TCH] 16 49 49 45 143 16 2 8 15 25 32 51 57 60 168
Denmark (DEN) [Z] 27 45 74 75 194 14 0 1 0 1 41 45 75 75 195
Djibouti (DJI) [B] 8 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 1
Dominican Republic (DOM) 14 3 2 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 14 3 2 2 7
Ecuador (ECU) 14 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 15 1 1 0 2
Egypt (EGY) [EGY] [Z] 22 7 10 15 32 1 0 0 0 0 23 7 10 15 32
Eritrea (ERI) 5 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 1
Estonia (EST) 12 9 9 16 34 10 4 2 1 7 22 13 11 17 41
Ethiopia (ETH) 13 22 11 20 53 2 0 0 0 0 15 22 11 20 53
Fiji (FIJ) 14 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 17 1 0 0 1
Finland (FIN) 25 101 85 117 303 23 43 63 61 167 48 144 148 178 470
France (FRA) [O] [P] [Z] 28 212 241 263 716 23 36 35 53 124 51 248 276 316 840
Gabon (GAB) 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 1
Georgia (GEO) 6 8 8 17 33 7 0 0 0 0 13 8 8 17 33
Germany (GER) [GER] [Z] 16 191 194 230 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 282 290 855
United Team of Germany (EUA) [EUA] 3 28 54 36 118 3 8 6 5 19 6 36 60 41 137
East Germany (GDR) [GDR] 5 153 129 127 409 6 39 36 35 110 11 192 165 162 519
West Germany (FRG) [FRG] 5 56 67 81 204 6 11 15 13 39 11 67 82 94 243
Ghana (GHA) [GHA] 14 0 1 3 4 2 0 0 0 0 16 0 1 3 4
Great Britain (GBR) [GBR] [Z] 28 263 295 291 849 23 11 4 16 31 51 274 299 307 880
Greece (GRE) [Z] 28 33 43 40 116 19 0 0 0 0 47 33 43 40 116
Grenada (GRN) 9 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 1 0 2
Guatemala (GUA) 14 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 0 1
Guyana (GUY) [GUY] 17 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 1 1
Haiti (HAI) [J] 15 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 1 2
Hong Kong (HKG) [HKG] 16 1 1 1 3 5 0 0 0 0 21 1 1 1 3
Hungary (HUN) 26 175 147 169 491 23 1 2 4 7 49 176 149 173 498
Iceland (ISL) 20 0 2 2 4 18 0 0 0 0 38 0 2 2 4
India (IND) [F] 24 9 7 12 28 10 0 0 0 0 34 9 7 12 28
Indonesia (INA) 15 7 13 12 32 0 0 0 0 0 15 7 13 12 32
Iran (IRI) [K] 16 19 22 28 69 11 0 0 0 0 27 19 22 28 69
Iraq (IRQ) 14 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 1 1
Ireland (IRL) 21 9 10 12 31 7 0 0 0 0 28 9 10 12 31
Israel (ISR) 16 1 1 7 9 7 0 0 0 0 23 1 1 7 9
Italy (ITA) [M] [S] 27 206 178 193 577 23 40 36 48 124 50 246 214 241 701
Jamaica (JAM) [JAM] 17 22 35 20 77 8 0 0 0 0 25 22 35 20 77
Japan (JPN) 22 142 135 162 439 21 14 22 22 58 43 156 157 184 497
Jordan (JOR) 10 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 1
Kazakhstan (KAZ) 6 15 20 27 62 7 1 3 4 8 13 16 23 31 70
Kenya (KEN) 14 31 38 33 102 4 0 0 0 0 18 31 38 33 102
Kosovo (KOS) 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1
North Korea (PRK) 10 16 16 22 54 9 0 1 1 2 19 16 17 23 56
South Korea (KOR) 17 90 87 90 267 18 31 25 14 70 35 121 112 104 337
Kuwait (KUW) 12 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 2
Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) 6 0 1 3 4 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 1 3 4
Latvia (LAT) 11 3 11 5 19 11 0 4 4 8 22 3 15 9 27
Lebanon (LIB) 17 0 2 2 4 17 0 0 0 0 34 0 2 2 4
Liechtenstein (LIE) 17 0 0 0 0 19 2 2 6 10 36 2 2 6 10
Lithuania (LTU) 9 6 7 12 25 9 0 0 0 0 18 6 7 12 25
Luxembourg (LUX) [O] 23 1 1 0 2 9 0 2 0 2 32 1 3 0 4
Macedonia (MKD) 6 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 1
Malaysia (MAS) [MAS] 13 0 7 4 11 1 0 0 0 0 14 0 7 4 11
Mauritius (MRI) 9 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 1
Mexico (MEX) 23 13 24 32 69 9 0 0 0 0 32 13 24 32 69
Moldova (MDA) 6 0 2 3 5 7 0 0 0 0 13 0 2 3 5
Mongolia (MGL) 13 2 10 14 26 14 0 0 0 0 27 2 10 14 26
Montenegro (MNE) 3 0 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 6 0 1 0 1
Morocco (MAR) 14 6 5 12 23 7 0 0 0 0 21 6 5 12 23
Mozambique (MOZ) 10 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 1 2
Namibia (NAM) 7 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 4 0 4
Netherlands (NED) [Z] 26 85 92 108 285 21 45 44 41 130 47 130 136 149 415
Netherlands Antilles (AHO) [AHO] [I] 13 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 15 0 1 0 1
New Zealand (NZL) [NZL] 23 46 27 44 117 16 0 1 2 3 39 46 28 46 120
Niger (NIG) 12 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 1 1 2
Nigeria (NGR) 16 3 10 12 25 1 0 0 0 0 17 3 10 12 25
Norway (NOR) [Q] 25 56 49 47 152 23 132 125 111 368 48 188 174 158 520
Pakistan (PAK) 17 3 3 4 10 3 0 0 0 0 20 3 3 4 10
Panama (PAN) 17 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 17 1 0 2 3
Paraguay (PAR) 12 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 13 0 1 0 1
Peru (PER) [L] 18 1 3 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 20 1 3 0 4
Philippines (PHI) 21 0 3 7 10 5 0 0 0 0 26 0 3 7 10
Poland (POL) 21 68 83 133 284 23 7 7 8 22 44 75 90 141 306
Portugal (POR) 24 4 8 12 24 8 0 0 0 0 32 4 8 12 24
Puerto Rico (PUR) 18 1 2 6 9 7 0 0 0 0 25 1 2 6 9
Qatar (QAT) 9 0 1 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 4 5
Romania (ROU) 21 89 95 122 306 21 0 0 1 1 42 89 95 123 307
Russia (RUS) [RUS] 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546
Russian Empire (RU1) [RU1] 3 1 4 3 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 4 3 8
Soviet Union (URS) [URS] 9 395 319 296 1,010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1,204
Unified Team (EUN) [EUN] 1 45 38 29 112 1 9 6 8 23 2 54 44 37 135
Saudi Arabia (KSA) 11 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 2 3
Samoa (SAM) 9 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 0 1
Senegal (SEN) 14 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 19 0 1 0 1
Serbia (SRB) [SRB] 4 3 6 6 15 3 0 0 0 0 7 3 6 6 15
Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) [SCG] 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2
Singapore (SIN) 16 1 2 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 17 1 2 2 5
Slovakia (SVK) [SVK] 6 9 12 7 28 7 3 4 1 8 13 12 16 8 36
Slovenia (SLO) 7 5 8 10 23 8 2 5 10 17 15 7 13 20 40
South Africa (RSA) 19 26 31 29 86 7 0 0 0 0 26 26 31 29 86
Spain (ESP) [Z] 23 45 64 41 150 20 1 0 3 4 43 46 64 44 154
Sri Lanka (SRI) [SRI] 17 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 2 0 2
Sudan (SUD) 12 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 1 0 1
Suriname (SUR) [E] 12 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 0 1 2
Sweden (SWE) [Z] 27 145 170 179 494 23 57 46 55 158 50 202 216 234 652
Switzerland (SUI) 28 50 75 67 192 23 55 46 52 153 51 105 121 119 345
Syria (SYR) 13 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 1 1 1 3
Chinese Taipei (TPE) [TPE] [TPE2] 14 5 7 12 24 12 0 0 0 0 26 5 7 12 24
Tajikistan (TJK) 6 1 1 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 10 1 1 2 4
Tanzania (TAN) [TAN] 13 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 2 0 2
Thailand (THA) 16 9 8 16 33 4 0 0 0 0 20 9 8 16 33
Togo (TOG) 10 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 1 1
Tonga (TGA) 9 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 0 1
Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) [TRI] 17 2 6 11 19 3 0 0 0 0 20 2 6 11 19
Tunisia (TUN) 14 4 2 7 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 4 2 7 13
Turkey (TUR) 22 39 24 28 91 17 0 0 0 0 39 39 24 28 91
Uganda (UGA) 15 2 3 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 15 2 3 2 7
Ukraine (UKR) 6 35 30 56 121 7 3 1 4 8 13 38 31 60 129
United Arab Emirates (UAE) 9 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 1 2
United States (USA) [P] [Q] [R] [Z] 27 1,022 795 705 2,522 23 105 110 90 305 50 1,127 905 795 2,827
Uruguay (URU) 21 2 2 6 10 1 0 0 0 0 22 2 2 6 10
Uzbekistan (UZB) 6 8 6 17 31 7 1 0 0 1 13 9 6 17 32
Venezuela (VEN) 18 2 3 10 15 4 0 0 0 0 22 2 3 10 15
Vietnam (VIE) 15 1 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 15 1 3 0 4
Virgin Islands (ISV) 12 0 1 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 19 0 1 0 1
Yugoslavia (YUG) [YUG] 18 28 31 31 90 16 0 3 1 4 34 28 34 32 94
Zambia (ZAM) [ZAM] 13 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 1 1 2
Zimbabwe (ZIM) [ZIM] 13 3 4 1 8 1 0 0 0 0 14 3 4 1 8
Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) [IOA] 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 2
Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) [IOP] 1 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 3
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 9 17 1 2 6 9 17
Mixed team (ZZX) [ZZX] 3 8 5 4 17 0 0 0 0 0 3 8 5 4 17
Totals
28
5,115
5,080
5,482
15,677
23
1,060
1,058
1,050
3,168
51
6,175
6,138
6,532
18,845
The sum total of gold, silver and bronze medals are not equal for the following reasons:
Some sports (such as boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) award or have previously awarded two bronze medals per competition.
Some tied performances have resulted in multiple medals of the same colour being awarded for an event. If this tie is for gold or silver, there will be a consequent absence of a silver or bronze medal for that event.
Not all medals which have been revoked have been re-awarded.
Some early events, such as cricket at the 1900 Summer Olympics had only two entrants.
Retroactively awarding gold, silver and bronze medals for the 1896 and 1900 games results in some anomalies, such as the 100 metre freestyle swimming event in 1896 where no surviving records distinguish the places of those who finished between 3rd and 10th position.
NOCs without medals[edit]
After the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, 71 of the current 206 National Olympic Committees have yet to win an Olympic medal. Seven historic National Olympic Committees and the Refugee Olympic Team are also included in this list.
Team (IOC code)
№ Summer
№ Winter
№ Games
Albania (ALB) 8 4 12
American Samoa (ASA) 8 1 9
Andorra (AND) 11 12 23
Angola (ANG) 9 0 9
Antigua and Barbuda (ANT) 10 0 10
Aruba (ARU) 8 0 8
Bangladesh (BAN) 9 0 9
Belize (BIZ) [BIZ] 12 0 12
Benin (BEN) [BEN] 11 0 11
Bhutan (BHU) 9 0 9
Bolivia (BOL) 14 6 20
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) 7 7 14
British Virgin Islands (IVB) 9 2 11
Brunei (BRU) [A] 5 0 5
Burkina Faso (BUR) [BUR] 9 0 9
Cambodia (CAM) 9 0 9
Cape Verde (CPV) 6 0 6
Cayman Islands (CAY) 10 2 12
Central African Republic (CAF) 10 0 10
Chad (CHA) 12 0 12
Comoros (COM) 6 0 6
Congo (CGO) 12 0 12
Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD) [COD] 10 0 10
Cook Islands (COK) 8 0 8
Dominica (DMA) 6 1 7
El Salvador (ESA) 11 0 11
Equatorial Guinea (GEQ) 9 0 9
The Gambia (GAM) 9 0 9
Guam (GUM) 8 1 9
Guinea (GUI) 11 0 11
Guinea-Bissau (GBS) 6 0 6
Honduras (HON) 11 1 12
Kiribati (KIR) 4 0 4
Korea (COR) 0 1 1
Laos (LAO) 9 0 9
Lesotho (LES) 11 0 11
Liberia (LBR) [C] 12 0 12
Libya (LBA) [D] 10 0 10
Madagascar (MAD) 12 2 14
Malawi (MAW) 10 0 10
Maldives (MDV) 8 0 8
Mali (MLI) 13 0 13
Malta (MLT) 16 2 18
Marshall Islands (MHL) 3 0 3
Mauritania (MTN) 9 0 9
Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) 5 0 5
Monaco (MON) [N] 20 10 30
Myanmar (MYA) [MYA] 17 0 17
Nauru (NRU) 6 0 6
Nepal (NEP) 13 4 17
Nicaragua (NCA) 12 0 12
Oman (OMA) 9 0 9
Palau (PLW) 5 0 5
Palestine (PLE) 6 0 6
Papua New Guinea (PNG) 10 0 10
Rwanda (RWA) 9 0 9
Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN) 6 0 6
Saint Lucia (LCA) 6 0 6
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (VIN) 8 0 8
San Marino (SMR) 14 10 24
São Tomé and Príncipe (STP) 6 0 6
Seychelles (SEY) 9 0 9
Sierra Leone (SLE) 11 0 11
Solomon Islands (SOL) 9 0 9
Somalia (SOM) 9 0 9
South Sudan (SSD) 1 0 1
Swaziland (SWZ) 10 1 11
East Timor (TLS) [I] 4 2 6
Turkmenistan (TKM) 6 0 6
Tuvalu (TUV) 3 0 3
Vanuatu (VAN) 8 0 8
Yemen (YEM) [YEM] 7 0 7
North Borneo (NBO) [NBO] 1 0 1
Malaya (MAL) [MAL] 2 0 2
Republic of China (ROC) [ROC] 3 0 3
Saar (SAA) [SAA] 1 0 1
North Yemen (YAR) [YAR] 2 0 2
South Yemen (YMD) [YMD] 1 0 1
Refugee Olympic Team (ROT) [ROT] 1 0 1
Variations[edit]
The sections above are based on information published by the International Olympic Committee. Various sources deal with some of the entries in the preceding sections differently.
Early Olympics[edit]
For the 1900 Summer Olympics several countries are credited with appearances that are not considered official by the IOC. Only one of these cases concerns a medal. A gold medal that is officially added to France's total is given to Luxembourg.[2]
Similar cases of disputed nationality affect the 1904 Summer Olympics. France is credited with a silver medal[3] and Norway with two gold medals.[4] In the table above these medals are listed under the United States. Furthermore, Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics, and would be listed as a historical NOC without medals.[5]
Other differences from the official table are based on disagreements about which events were Olympic. This affects several of the events in the 1900 and 1904 Olympics. In addition, some sources include the 1906 Intercalated Games when compiling their medal tables.[6]
Germany[edit]
Germany has competed under five different designations, including as two separate teams at several Games. Sources vary in how they present the medals won by these teams. The table below shows sourced combinations of these teams, when applied to the updated medal totals from the main table.
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total
Team (IOC code)
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Germany (GER)[7] 16 191 192 232 615 12 92 88 60 240 28 283 280 292 855
Germany (GER) (EUA)[8] 19 219 246 268 733 15 100 94 65 259 34 319 340 333 992
Germany (GER) (EUA) (FRG)[9] 24 275 313 349 937 21 111 109 78 298 45 386 422 427 1235
Germany (GER) (EUA) (FRG) (GDR)[10] 25[11] 428 442 476 1346 21 150 145 113 408 46[11] 578 587 589 1754
Russia and the Soviet Union[edit]
The Russian Federation and the Russian Empire are often combined outside of IOC sources. The Soviet Union is sometimes combined with the post-union team that competed in 1992. Few sources combine the Soviet Union and Russia as many republics which subsequently gained independence (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) contributed to the medal tally of the USSR.
Summer Games
Winter Games
Combined Total
Team (IOC code)
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
№
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 6 9 17 1 2 6 9 17
Russia (RUS)[12] 6 149 124 153 426 6 47 38 35 120 12 196 162 188 546
Russia (RUS) (RU1)[13] 9 150 128 156 434 6 47 38 35 120 15 197 166 191 554
Soviet Union (URS)[9] 9 395 319 296 1010 9 78 57 59 194 18 473 376 355 1204
Soviet Union (URS) (EUN)[10] 10 440 357 325 1122 10 87 63 67 217 20 527 420 392 1339
Russia (RUS) (RU1, OAR) Soviet Union (URS) (EUN)[14] 19 590 485 481 1556 17 136 107 111 354 36 726 592 592 1910
Notes[edit]
Obsolete nations notes[edit]
ANZ → AUS , NZL Australasia (ANZ) was a combined team of athletes from Australia (AUS) and New Zealand (NZL). They competed together during the 1908 and 1912 Games.
BOH → TCH → CZE , SVK Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia (TCH) after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (BOH) (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900, 1908, and 1912 Games. Czechoslovakia competed in 1920–1992, from 1994 represented by successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
BWI → BAR , JAM , TRI Athletes from Barbados (BAR), Jamaica (JAM), and Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games. The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.
SAA , EUA , GDR , FRG → GER Germany (GER) competed 1896–1952 and from 1992. Due to the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany (GER) and the Saar (SAA). The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany on 1 January 1957, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany. East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (EUA), representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) competed as two independent teams from the 1968 to the 1988 Games.
MAL , NBO → MAS Athletes from Malaya (MAL) and North Borneo (NBO) competed as independent teams at the 1956 Games and Malaya also competed at the 1960 Games, prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia (MAS) in 1963.
AHO The Netherlands Antilles (AHO), an autonomous country within the Netherlands (NED), competed 1952–2008. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 because of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
RU1 → URS → EUN → RUS Russian Empire (RU1) participated at the 1900, 1908 and 1912 Games prior to the World War I. Soviet Union (URS) competed from 1952 to 1988. Unified Team (EUN) is the generic name used for a combined team of six post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and a combined team of twelve post-Soviet republics that competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Russian Federation (RUS) and the other fourteen post-Soviet republics started competing independently since 1992 (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), 1994 or 1996.
SRB , YUG → IOP , SCG Serbia (SRB, 1912, 2006-current) first participated at the Olympic Games in 1912. Yugoslavia (YUG, 1920-1992 Winter) competed as Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) in five Games (1920–1936) before the Second World War. They later competed as Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the Games (1948–1992 Winter). This ended with the Breakup of Yugoslavia. Some ex-Yugoslavian nations (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina) have competed as independent teams since 1992. Individual athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Summer Games because of sanctions placed by the United Nations. Athletes representing Macedonia likewise competed as independent olympic participants because their NOC had not yet been formed. Since 1996 Macedonia has competed as independent team. The combined team Serbia and Montenegro (SCG, 2004-2006) consisted of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. They competed as Yugoslavia from (YUG, 1996–2002) and then changed to State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2004–2006). After 96 years Serbia returned to the Olympics as an independent team at the 2008 Games. Montenegro first participated as an independent team in 2008.
YAR , YMD → YEM Prior to Yemeni unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984 and 1988, and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) at the 1988 Games. After forming united republic Yemen (YEM) has participated since 1992.
ROC → CHN , TPE The Republic of China was designated as China at the 1932, 1936, and 1948 Games and was representing all of China (including Taiwan). After the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China (CHN) and Chinese Taipei (TPE) have participated as separate teams.
ZZX Special code used by the IOC to refer to medals won by athletes of multiple nations competing together, which was common in early Games (1896–1904). These medals are not included in the respective totals for each nation represented by individual mixed team athletes.
IOA Special code used by the IOC for athletes whose NOC is not recognized by IOC. At the 2000 Summer Olympics four athletes from East Timor competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA). At the 2012 Summer Olympics three athletes from former Netherlands Antilles and one athlete from South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA). At the 2016 Summer Olympics nine athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA). Kuwait Olympic Committee had been suspended by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the second time in five years due to governmental interference.
Name changes notes[edit]
BIZ Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras (HBR) in 1968 and 1972.
BEN Benin was known as Dahomey (DAH) in 1972.
BUR Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta (VOL) in 1972.
TPE2 After the Chinese Civil War, Chinese Taipei (TPE) participated using the name of the Republic of China at the 1956, 1960, 1972 and 1976 (winter) Games and using Taiwan designation at the 1964 and 1968 Games. In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to the NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China (CHN) that led to the start of its participation in the Olympic Games. The name Chinese Taipei was first used in 1984. Participation of the Republic of China, representing all of China (including Taiwan), in 1932, 1936 and 1948 Games are not counted in Taiwan's total participation count.
COD The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire (ZAI) between 1984 and 1996.
CIV Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964 and 1988.
EGY Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic (UAR) between 1960 and 1968.
GBR Includes medals won by athletes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1896–1920) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1924–present), both of which used the name "Great Britain" and the country code GBR.
GHA Prior to Ghana's independence in 1957, Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games.
GUY Prior to Guyana's independence in 1966, British Guiana participated from 1948 to 1964.
HKG Totals of Hong Kong (HKG) includes all medals won by athletes representing the Hong Kong National Olympic Committee, designated as "Hong Kong" from 1952–1996 and "Hong Kong, China" since 2000.
MYA Myanmar was known as Burma (BIR) between 1948 and 1988.
SAM Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984 and 1996.
SRI Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon (CEY) between 1948 and 1972.
TAN Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964, the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games.
ZAM Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games, but had participated as Northern Rhodesia (NRH) during those Games.
ZIM Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia (RHO) in 1928, 1960, and 1964 Games.
Participation notes[edit]
A Brunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes. This participation is not counted in Brunei's participation total.
B Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony, but neither athlete competed, so this participation is not counted in Djibouti's participation total.
C Liberia's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the Opening Ceremony and took part in the boycott. This participation is not counted in Liberia's participation total.
D Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games, but then withdrew from competition. This participation is not counted in Libya's participation total.
E Suriname at the 1960 Games took part in the Opening Ceremony, but its lone athlete withdrew from Games due to a scheduling error. Participation of Suriname at the 1960 Games not recognized by IOC, so this participation is not counted in Suriname's participation total.
F India's athletes originally competed at the 2014 Games as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic Flag during the opening ceremony due to the Indian Olympic Association's suspension. On February 11, 2014, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.
Ia Ib Does not include the participation of Timor-Leste's and Netherlands Antilles's athletes as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Za Zb Zc Zd Ze Zf Zg Zh Zi Zj Zk Zl Zm Does not include medals won as part of mixed teams with athletes from other nations (1896–1904).
Disputed participation notes[edit]
H The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that Charles Champaud, a Swiss gymnastics teacher living in Sofia, competed for the nation in 1896. Bulgarian participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC.
I The Chilean Olympic Committee claims that Luis Subercaseaux Errázuriz, a Chilean diplomat and athlete, competed for the nation in 1896. Chilean participation at the 1896 Games is recognized by the IOC.
J Some sources consider Léon Thiércelin, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Haitian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Haiti. Participation of Haiti at the 1900 Games not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Haiti's participation total.
K Some sources consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran. Participation of Iran at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Iran's participation total.
L Some sources consider Carlos de Candamo, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Peruvian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Peru. Participation of Peru at the 1900 Games is not recognized by the IOC, so this participation is not counted in Peru's participation total.
M Enrico Brusoni's gold medal in the Cycling Men's Points Race at the 1900 Summer Olympics[15] is recognized by the Italian National Olympic Committee, but this race is not recognized by the IOC as a 1900 Summer Olympics event.[16]
N Monaco earned a bronze in the art competitions at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[17] However, medals in art competitions are no longer recognized by the IOC.[18]
Oa Ob Michel Théato, a French athlete who won the gold medal in marathon at the 1900 Games, was born in Luxembourg.[2] The IOC does not recognize Luxembourg participation at the 1900 Games and attributes his medal to France.
The nationalities of many medalists at the 1904 Olympics are disputed as many competitors were recent immigrants to the United States who had not yet been granted US citizenship.
Pa Pb Sources are inconsistent regarding Albert Corey's participation in 1904. Although the Games report refers to Corey as a "Frenchman wearing the colors of the Chicago Athletic Association", the IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to the United States instead of France, and in contradiction, the medal in the four mile team race (that was won by a team of three Americans and Corey) to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations instead of just the United States.
Qa Qb The International Olympic Committee considers Norwegian-American wrestlers Charles Ericksen and Bernhoff Hansen to have competed for the United States; each won a gold medal. In 2012, Norwegian historians however found documentation showing that Ericksen did not receive American citizenship until March 22, 1905, and that Hansen, who was registered as an "alien" as late as 1925, probably never received American citizenship. The historians have therefore petitioned to have the athletes registered as Norwegians.[19][20] In May 2013 it was reported that the Norwegian Olympic Committee had filed a formal application for changing the nationality of the wrestlers in IOC's medal database.[21]
R Bob Fowler, an American marathon runner who competed at the 1904 Games, was a native Newfoundlander, Newfoundland is occasionally listed as a separate country at the 1904 Olympics, and would be listed as an historical NOC without medals.[5] Participation of Newfoundland at the 1904 Games is not recognized by the IOC.
S In 2009, historians from the International Society of Olympic Historians discovered that cyclist Frank Bizzoni formerly thought to be an American athlete was still an Italian citizen when he competed in 1904 being granted US citizenship in 1917.[22][23]
See also[edit]
All-time Paralympic Games medal table
All-time Youth Olympic Games medal table
Olympic medal table
List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games
List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
List of multiple Olympic medalists
List of multiple Olympic medalists at a single Games
List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
References[edit]
^ "Olympic Games - Sochi 2014 | Winter Summer Past and Future Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ a b "Luxembourg at the 1900 Paris Summer Games". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "France at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "Norway at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Games". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ a b "Bob Fowler". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "What Events are Olympic?". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "Germany". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "Germany". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ a b "All Time Summer Olympics Medal Tally". Olympics Universe. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ a b "Timeline: Olympic Powers". BBC. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ a b Counting one more Summer Olympic Games where East Germany in 1980 and West Germany in 1984 competed.
^ "Russian Federation". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "Russia". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ Alexander Picolin jr. "Statistics (choose Ewige Tabellen)". Olympiastatistik.de. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
^ "Cycling at the 1900 Paris Summer Games: Men's Points Race". Sports Reference. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
^ "Italy - Olympic Summer Games". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
^ "Monaco at the 1924 Summer Olympics". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
^ "When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian". Smithsonian Magazine. 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
^ "Her er beviset som endrer norsk idrettshistorie". NRK. August 14, 2012.
^ "USA-guld 1904 var Norges". Svenska Dagbladet. August 14, 2012.
^ "Norges OL-historie skrives på nytt". Nettavisen. May 3, 2013.
^ Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement – Italy. books.google.com. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
^ "Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results". Sports Reference. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
External links[edit]
All-time medal counts are compiled by various sources, often adding up related results for Russia, Germany, Serbia, Czech Republic etc.
OlympiaStatistik.de (2006)
NBC
Historical Medals – vancouver2010.com at the Wayback Machine (archived March 13, 2010)
Historical Medals - london2012.com (Summer Games, not corrected for disqualifications after 13 August 2012)
All-time Olympic Medals - series of interactive maps
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text:
Things That Make You Go Hmmm...
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..."
Single by C+C Music Factory
from the album Gonna Make You Sweat
Released
June 23, 1991
Format
7"
12"
CD single
Recorded
1990
Length
5:23
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Robert Clivillés
Freedom Williams
Producer(s)
Robert Clivillés
David Cole
C+C Music Factory singles chronology
"Here We Go (Let's Rock & Roll)"
(1991) "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..."
(1991) "Just a Touch of Love"
(1991)
"Here We Go (Let's Rock & Roll)"
(1991) "Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..."
(1991) "Just a Touch of Love"
(1991)
Music video
"Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." on YouTube
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." is a song by American dance group C+C Music Factory. It was released in June 1991 as the third single from the album Gonna Make You Sweat. The single features Freedom Williams and he is also seen in the song's music video. The song inspired a running gag on The Arsenio Hall Show, where Arsenio, while allegedly on a long drive, pondered certain thoughts and referred to them as "things that make you go hmmm...."
The C+C song was a success in the US, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 31 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart. It also reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. The song contains samples from the songs "I'm Shook" by James Brown, "My Thang" by James Brown, and "Apache" by the Incredible Bongo Band.[1] The song was certified gold by the RIAA on August 13, 1991 for sales of over 500,000 copies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Music video
3 In popular culture
4 Charts and certifications
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications
5 References
Critical reception[edit]
Music & Media wrote about the song: "The secret behind the success of these dance/pop providers is the good hook in their songs. This time it's the saxophone part, which is repeated after each line."[2]
The Gavin Report wrote: "Writers/producers Cole and Clivilles have successfully crossbred a unique brand of Rap and melody that's taken them on back-to-back trips into the Top Ten. This third entry maintains their infectious rhythm, strengthened by a title that will keep audiences hummmmin'."[3]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Marcus Nispel and the style of the video was a major trendsetter in the early 1990s. It featured silhouetted animation of dancers jumping and dancing in front of a white background, with a stage visible, but also in silhouette. The story of the song was also interpreted with black and gold cut-out animation that was a departure from the in-vogue 3D CGI animation of the time; however, these 2-D cut-outs ended up being even more progressive.
In popular culture[edit]
In American advertising, Coca-Cola was one of the first to advertise special promotions featuring the group in a special, brief cut of their music video. A version of the song was also used in a series of ads for McDonald's.
The ABC television network was one of the earliest media outlets to jump on the C+C bandwagon, advertising their spring 1992 prime-time programming under the takeoff banner, "Shows that make you go...", using a custom version of the song and running ads with a woman posing in front of a white background. Then, for their 1992-93 network campaign, ABC brought out many of their stars to do a complete take-off of the song and video for the It Must Be ABC banner.
The song was heard in the short-lived US TV show Surviving Jack in episode six, "She Drives Me Crazy", as well as in the British television series Brainiac: Science Abuse.
The British girl group Stooshe covered the song and released it in 2013 as a B-side to their single "Black Heart", under the title "Things That Make You Go Mmm". The single reached number three in the UK and number four in Scotland.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[4] 6
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[5] 14
Canada Dance (RPM)[6] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[7] 10
Germany (Media Control Charts)[8] 27
Ireland (IRMA)[9] 9
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[10] 19
New Zealand (RIANZ)[4] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[4] 14
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[4] 15
United Kingdom (The Official Charts Company)[11] 4
US Billboard Hot 100 4
US Billboard Hot R&B Singles 31
US Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1991)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12] 12
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 51
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
United States[14] Gold 1991 500,000
Preceded by
"Such a Good Feeling" by Brothers in Rhythm Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number-one single
August 31, 1991 – September 7, 1991 Succeeded by
"The Whistle Song" by Frankie Knuckles
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.whosampled.com/artist/C+C%20Music%20Factory/
Jump up ^ "New Releases: Singles" (PDF). Music & Media (July 27, 1991, page 11). Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sholin, Dave (July 5, 1991). "Gavin Picks > Singles" (PDF). Gavin Report. No. 1863. p. 52. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Things That Make You Go Hmmm...", in various singles charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada".
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada".
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
Jump up ^ German Singles Chart Charts-surfer.de (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1991" (pdf) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com (Retrieved April 10, 2008)
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1991". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1991". Retrieved September 15, 2009.
Jump up ^ US certifications riaa.com (Retrieved August 5, 2008)
[hide]
v
t
e
C+C Music Factory
Robert Clivillés
David Cole
Vocalists
Freedom Williams
Martha Wash
Zelma Davis
Deborah Cooper
Trilogy
Paul Pesco
Q-Unique
Albums
Gonna Make You Sweat
Anything Goes!
C+C Music Factory
Singles
"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)"
"Here We Go (Let's Rock & Roll)"
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..."
"Keep It Comin' (Dance Till You Can't Dance No More)"
Associated acts
2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman, and a Dominican
The 28th Street Crew
The S.O.U.L. S.Y.S.T.E.M.
MVP
Related articles
Clivillés and Cole
"Rock This Party (Everybody Dance Now)"
Power Factory Featuring C+C Music Factory
Make My Video
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Things_That_Make_You_Go_Hmmm...&oldid=836891047"
Categories:
1991 singles
C+C Music Factory songs
Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles
Number-one dance singles in Canada
Songs written by Robert Clivillés
Song recordings produced by Robert Clivillés
Music videos directed by Marcus Nispel
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text:
London Bridge Is Falling Down
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"London Bridge Is Falling Down"
Illustration from Walter Crane's A Baby's Bouquet (c. 1877). Play (help·info)
Nursery rhyme
Published
c. 1744
Songwriter(s)
Unknown
"London Bridge Is Falling Down" (also known as "My Fair Lady" or "London Bridge") is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game, which is found in different versions all over the world. It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts, realistic or fanciful, to repair it. It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages, but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century. The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular, particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century.
The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages, but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502. Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the "fair lady" of the refrain. The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Melody
3 The game
4 Origins
5 Meaning
5.1 Viking attack theory
5.2 Child sacrifice theory
5.3 Age and damage theory
5.4 "Fair lady" identity
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
Lyrics[edit]
London Bridge Is Falling Down
Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down
Problems playing this file? See media help.
London Bridge (1616) by Claes Van Visscher
A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710.
New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century.
The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
The modern concrete London Bridge.
There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme. The most frequently used first verse is:
London Bridge is falling down,
Falling down, falling down.
London Bridge is falling down,
My fair lady.[1]
In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is:
London Bridge is broken down,
Broken down, broken down.
London Bridge is broken down,
My fair lady.[2]
The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic,[3] (each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables, with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable), which is common in nursery rhymes.[4] In its most common form it relies on a double repetition, rather than a rhyming scheme, which is a frequently employed device in children's rhymes and stories.[5] The Roud Folk Song Index, which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number, classifies the song as 502.[6]
Melody[edit]
The melody now most associated with the rhyme.
A melody is recorded for "London Bridge" in an edition of John Playford's The Dancing Master published in 1718, but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given. An issue of Blackwood's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of "Nancy Dawson", now better known as "Nuts in May" and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson's Chronicles of London Bridge (1827).[2]
Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold's Juvenile Amusements in 1797. E. F. Rimbault's Nursery Rhymes (1836) has the same first line, but then a different tune.[1] The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A. H. Rosewig's Illustrated National Songs and Games.[7]
The game[edit]
Girls playing "London Bridge" in 1898.
The rhyme is often used in a children's singing game, which exists in a wide variety of forms, with additional verses. Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme "Oranges and Lemons". The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file. The "arch" is then lowered at the song's end to "catch" a player. In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war.[2] In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance, but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe.[1]
Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain. This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called "Hark the Robbers",[8] or "Watch and Chain". This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of "London Bridge" or the remnant of a distinct game. In one version the first two verses have the lyrics:
Who has stole my watch and chain,
Watch and chain, watch and chain;
Who has stole my watch and chain,
My fair lady?
Off to prison you must go,
You must go, you must go;
Off to prison you must go,
My fair lady.[1]
This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures
Origins[edit]
Detail from Philippe Pigouchet's Heures a lusaige de Paris (1497), showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century.
The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding, which contains Henry Carey's satire "Namby Pamby" (1725), one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme.
Similar rhymes can be found across Europe, pre-dating the records in England. These include "Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger Brück" from Germany, "pont chus" from sixteenth-century France; and "Le porte", from fourteenth-century Italy. It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England.[2]
One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres, printed in 1657, but probably written about 1636,[9] in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had "danced the building of London-Bridge" at the Whitsun Ales in her youth, although no words or actions are mentioned.[1] Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby (1725), as:
Namby Pamby is no Clown,
London Bridge is broken down:
Now he courts the gay Ladee
Dancing o'er The Lady-Lee.[1]
The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman's Magazine in 1823, which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II (r. 1660–85) and had the lyrics:
London Bridge is broken down,
Dance over the Lady Lea;
London Bridge is broken down,
With a gay lady (la-dee).
The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes, Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, printed by John Newbery in London (c. 1744), beginning with the following text:
The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book (c. 1744).
James Ritson, whose Gammer Gurton's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme (Engraving by James Sayers, published in 1803).
London Bridge
Is Broken down,
Dance over my Lady Lee.
London Bridge
Is Broken down
With a gay Lady.[2]
A version from James Ritson's Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784) is similar but replaces the last verse with:
Build it up with stone so strong,
Dance o'er my Lady lee,
Huzza! 'twill last for ages long,
With a gay lady.[2]
Meaning[edit]
Cnut the Great's men on the London bridge, under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children's book published in 1894.
The meaning of the rhyme is not certain. It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames, but a number of alternative theories have been put forward.
Viking attack theory[edit]
One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 (or 1009).[10] The nineteenth-century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla, published by Samuel Laing in 1844, included a verse by Óttarr svarti, that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme:
London Bridge is broken down. —
Gold is won, and bright renown.
Shields resounding,
War-horns sounding,
Hild is shouting in the din!
Arrows singing,
Mail-coats ringing —
Odin makes our Olaf win!
However, modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation, and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme.[11] Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place. However, the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area, leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate.[12][13] While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme, this would make King Olaf's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge "falling down."
Child sacrifice theory[edit]
Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter. The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left.
The theory that the song refers to the burying, perhaps alive, of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme (later Lady Gomme) in The Traditional Games of England, Scotland and Ireland (1894–1898) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie.[11] This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice, who will then watch over the bridge. However, there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge.[11]
Age and damage theory[edit]
Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London. It was damaged in a major fire in 1633, but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames. With its 19 narrow arches, it impeded river traffic and flow. Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span. Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763, but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs. In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction. New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972. It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.[14]
"Fair lady" identity[edit]
The seal of Matilda of Scotland, one of the candidates for the "fair lady" of the refrain.
Several attempts have been made to identify the 'fair lady', 'lady gay', or lady 'lee/lea' of the rhyme. They include:
Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080–1118) Henry I's consort, who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London-Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford.[11]
Eleanor of Provence (c. 1223–91), consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281.[11]
A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building.[2]
The River Lea, which is a tributary of the Thames.[2]
Legacy[edit]
Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English-speaking world.[1] It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture.
It was used by T. S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land (1922).[15]
The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe's 1956 musical My Fair Lady.[16]
The musical unicorn-in-glass-dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme "London Bridge is falling down" [17]. (So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme.)
The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants.[18][19]
In 1982 was sampled as "Halloween Montage" by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat. Tommy Lee Wallace, for the Film Halloween III: Season of the Witch, who was used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial.[20]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun, a similar Korean nursery rhyme.
References[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
London Bridge Is Falling Down
Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g I. Opie and P. Opie, The Singing Game (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), ISBN 0192840193, pp. 61–72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), ISBN 0198600887, pp. 270–6.
Jump up ^ A. L. Lazarus, A. MacLeish, and H. W. Smith, Modern English: a Glossary of Literature and Language (London: Grosset & Dunlap, 1971), ISBN 0448021315, p. 194
Jump up ^ L. Turco, The Book of Forms: a Handbook of Poetics (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 3rd edn., 2000), ISBN 1-58465-022-2, pp. 28–30.
Jump up ^ R. B. Browne, Objects of Special Devotion: Fetishism in Popular Culture (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1982), ISBN 087972191X, p. 274.
Jump up ^ Searchable database, English Folk Song and Dance Society, retrieved 12 July 2012.
Jump up ^ J. J. Fuld, The Book of World-famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk (London: Courier Dover, 2000), ISBN 0486414752, p. 337.
Jump up ^ S. Roud, The Lore of the Playground: One Hundred Years of Children's Games, Rhymes & Traditions (New York City, NY: Random House, 2010), ISBN 1905211511, pp. 270–1.
Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt, A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays (London: Ayer Publishing, 1966), ISBN 0833716298, p. 131.
Jump up ^ M. Gibson, The Vikings (London: Wayland, 1972), ISBN 0-85340-164-0, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e J. Clark, 'London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme', London Archaeologist, 9 (2002), pp. 338–40; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource
Jump up ^ J. R. Hagland and B. Watson, 'Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge', London Archaeologist, 12 (2005), pp. 328–33.
Jump up ^ E. Monsen 'Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings', Dover Publications, Inc[1] (ISBN 978-0-486-26366-3)
Jump up ^ D. J. Brown, Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature (St. Paul, MN: MBI, 2001), ISBN 0760312346, pp. 52–55.
Jump up ^ C. Raine, T.S. Eliot (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), ISBN 0195309936, p. 87.
Jump up ^ W. E. Studwell, The National and Religious Song Reader: Patriotic, Traditional, and Sacred Songs from Around the World (London: Routledge, 1996), ISBN 0789000997, p. 63.
Jump up ^ ""Not Economically Viable"". YouTube. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
Jump up ^ G. Robson, No One Likes Us, We Don't Care: The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom (Berg, 2000), ISBN 1859733727, p. 65.
Jump up ^ D. Russell, Looking North: Northern England And The National Imagination (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), ISBN 0719051789, p. 276.
Jump up ^ The repeated notes of London Bridge is Falling Down (where the Silver Shamrock song comes from) add to a already disturbing scene.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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