text:
David Ramsey
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For other people named David Ramsey, see David Ramsey (disambiguation).
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David Ramsey
Ramsey at the 2016 Phoenix Comicon.
Born
(1971-11-17) November 17, 1971 (age 46)
Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1987–present
David Ramsey (born November 17, 1971) is an American actor, best known for his roles in the Showtime TV series Dexter as Anton Briggs, the film Mother and Child (2009) as Joseph, and the CW show Arrow as John Diggle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Ramsey was born in Detroit, Michigan. He graduated from Wayne State University. From 1997 to 1998, he starred in the UPN sitcom Good News, as pastor David Randolph. In 2000, he starred as Muhammad Ali in the Fox television movie Ali: An American Hero. That year, he appeared in Pay It Forward and started a recurring role in For Your Love. In 2001, he starred as Vince Lee in the South African comedy film "Mr Bones". He has also starred in recurring roles in All of Us, The West Wing, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Ghost Whisperer, Wildfire, and Hollywood Residential. From 2008 to 2009, he appeared in 17 episodes of Dexter as Anton Briggs, a pot-smoking confidential informant who has an affair with Debra Morgan in Season 3 and at the start of Season 4. In 2010, he appeared in an episode of Grey's Anatomy and in the short-lived NBC courtroom drama series Outlaw.[1] In 2012, he has been pulling double duty, appearing in the main cast of CW's superhero show Arrow, as John Diggle, a military veteran who is Oliver's partner, confidant, and bodyguard, while also starring in the TV series Blue Bloods as Mayor Carter Poole.
Ramsey is an accomplished martial artist, with a black belt in jeet kune do. He has also studied boxing and tae kwon do, and trained in kickboxing under Benny "Jet" Urquidez.[2]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987 Scared Stiff George Masterson
1996 The Nutty Professor Student
A Very Brady Sequel Brent, the Lifeguard
1997 Con Air Londell
1998 A Short Wait Between Trains Jenkins
1999 Three to Tango Bill
2000 Pay It Forward Sidney Parker
2001 Mr. Bones Vince Lee
2004 Hair Show Cliff
2005 Resurrection: The J.R. Richard Story J.R. Richard Produced by Benjamin O. Jimerson-Phillips[3][4]
Bathsheba King David
2006 "Hello Sister, Goodbye Life" Dennis
2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Wayne
2008 The Coverup Bill Daily
2009 The Rub Cam Stewart
Mother and Child Joseph
2014 Draft Day Thompson
2015 Accidental Love Rep. Bill Harshtone
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1995 Murder One Reporter #3 Episode: "Chapter Two"
1996 Deutschlandlied George Television miniseries
Space: Above and Beyond Supervisor Episode: "The Angriest Angel"
Her Costly Affair Shep Walker Television film
1997–98 Good News Pastor David Randolph Main role
1998 CHiPs '99 Officer Sergeant McFall Television film
Mama Flora's Family Booker Palmer (Adult) Television film
1999 Mutiny Vernon Nettles Television film
2000 Ali: An American Hero Muhammad Ali Television film
2000–01 For Your Love Brian 4 episodes
2001 Girlfriends Randall Episode: "Mom's the Word"
Thieves Agent Victor Episode: "The Long Con"
2002 For the People Episode: "To DNA or Not to DNA"
Romeo Fire Television film
The Guardian Debord's Lawyer Episode: "No Good Deed"
2002–03 One on One Jayden Episodes: "Everybody Loves Whom?", "It's a Miserable Life"
2003 The Flannerys Sam Gable Television film
Strong Medicine Jake Cortese Episode: "Breathing Lessons"
NCIS Special Agent Richard Owens Episode: "The Curse"
2004 Crossing Jordan Agent Scannell Episode: "Is That Plutonium in Your Pocket, or Are You Just Happy to See Me?"
CSI: Miami Officer Everhart Episode: "Wannabe"
Charmed Upper Level Demon Episode: "Witch Wars"
Second Time Around Travis Byrd Episode: "A Kiss Is Still a Kiss"
2005 Central Booking Troy Stonebreaker Television film
Huff Clay 3 episodes
All of Us Rusty Recurring role (6 episodes)
Jane Doe: The Wrong Face Mac Television film
2005–08 Ghost Whisperer Will 4 episodes
2006 Hello Sister, Goodbye Life Uncle Dennis Klein Television film
The West Wing Teddy - Santos's Turnout Briefer Episodes: "Welcome to Wherever You Are", "Election Day: Part 1"
Fatal Contact: Bird Flu in America Curtis Ansen Television film
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Gerald Crowley Episode: "Burn Out"
2007 Criminal Minds Wakeland Episode: "Fear and Loathing"
Journeyman Det. Wilson Hargreaves Episode: "The Legend of Dylan McCleen"
2008 Hollywood Residential Don Merritt Main role
Wildfire Dr. Noah Gleason Recurring role (8 episodes)
2008–09 Dexter Anton Briggs Recurring role (season 3-4)
Nominated: Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
2009 Castle Jim Wheeler Episode: "Fool Me Once..."
2010 Grey's Anatomy Jimmy Thompson Episode: "Sympathy for the Parents"
Outlaw Al Druzinsky Main role
2011–2017 Blue Bloods Mayor Carter Poole Recurring role
2012–present Arrow John Diggle/Spartan/Green Arrow Main role
2014–2016 The Flash John Diggle/Spartan 4 episodes
2016–2017 DC's Legends of Tomorrow 2 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NBC Unveils 2010-2011 Primetime Schedule Accented by Five New Comedies, Seven New Dramas, and New Alternative Program". The Futon Critic. May 16, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Male Celebs Who Practice Martial Arts", Jet, Sept. 24, 2001, at p. 40.
Jump up ^ "Greg Carter Resurrects a Baseball Hero". BLT News. 2013. p. 1. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Shooting Star". Houston Press. September 2, 2004. p. 1. Retrieved May 5, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Ramsey.
Official website
David Ramsey on IMDb
David Ramsey on Twitter
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 87242938
LCCN: nb99015916
ISNI: 0000 0000 6075 9749
BNF: cb14218827f (data)
This article about an American actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Constructor (object-oriented programming)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Programming language comparisons
General comparison
Assignment
Basic syntax
Basic instructions
Comments
Control flow
Foreach loops
While loops
For loops
Do-while
Exception handling
Enumerated types
Anonymous functions
Conditional expressions
Functional instructions
Arrays
Associative arrays
String operations
String functions
Higher-order functions
Type systems
List comprehension
Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented constructors
Operators
Evaluation strategy
List of "Hello World" programs
Languages with dependent types
Comparison of type systems
Comparison of individual languages[show]
ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60
ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages
Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages
Compatibility of C and C++
Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi
Comparison of Object Pascal and C
Comparison of Pascal and C
Comparison of Java and C++
Comparison of C# and Java
Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET
Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
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In class-based object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) is a special type of subroutine called to create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables.
A constructor resembles an instance method, but it differs from a method in that it has no explicit return type, it is not implicitly inherited and it usually has different rules for scope modifiers. Constructors often have the same name as the declaring class. They have the task of initializing the object's data members and of establishing the invariant of the class, failing if the invariant is invalid. A properly written constructor leaves the resulting object in a valid state. Immutable objects must be initialized in a constructor.
Most languages allow overloading the constructor in that there can be more than one constructor for a class, with differing parameters. Some languages take consideration of some special types of constructors. Constructors, which concretely use a single class to create objects and return a new instance of the class, are abstracted by factories, which also create objects but can do so in various ways, using multiple classes or different allocation schemes such as an object pool.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Defined constructors
1.2 Default constructors
1.3 Copy constructors
1.4 Conversion constructors
1.5 Move constructors
2 Syntax
3 Memory organization
4 Language details
4.1 Java
4.2 JavaScript
4.3 Visual Basic .NET
4.4 C#
4.4.1 C# static constructor
4.5 C++
4.6 F#
4.7 Eiffel
4.8 CFML
4.9 Object Pascal
4.10 Perl
4.11 Perl with Moose
4.12 PHP
4.13 Python
4.14 Ruby
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Types[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Defined constructors[edit]
Constructors that can take at least one argument are termed as parameterized constructors. For example:
class Example { int x, y; public: Example(); Example(int a, int b); // Parameterized constructor }; Example :: Example() { } Example :: Example(int a, int b) { x = a; y = b; }
When an object is declared in a parameterized constructor, the initial values have to be passed as arguments to the constructor function. The normal way of object declaration may not work. The constructors can be called explicitly or implicitly. The method of calling the constructor implicitly is also called the shorthand method.
    Example e = Example(0, 50); // Explicit call Example e(0, 50); // Implicit call
Default constructors[edit]
If the programmer does not supply a constructor for an instantiable class, most languages will provide a default constructor.
The behavior of the default constructor is language dependent. It may initialize data members to zero or other same values, or it may do nothing at all.
Some languages (Java, C#, VB .NET) will default construct arrays of class types to contain null references. Languages without null references may not allow default construction of arrays of non default constructible objects, or require explicit initialization at the time of the creation (C++):
#include <iostream> class student{ public: int a,b; student(a=0,b=0) //default constructor }; int main() { }
Copy constructors[edit]
See also: Copy constructor (C++)
Copy constructors define the actions performed by the compiler when copying class objects. A copy constructor has one formal parameter that is the type of the class (the parameter may be a reference to an object). It is used to create a copy of an existing object of the same class. Even though both classes are the same, it counts as a conversion constructor.
While copy constructors are usually abbreviated copy ctor or cctor, they have nothing to do with class constructors used in .NET using the same abbreviation.
Conversion constructors[edit]
Conversion constructors provide a means for a compiler to implicitly create an object belonging to one class based on an object of a different type. These constructors are usually invoked implicitly to convert arguments or operands to an appropriate type, but they may also be called explicitly.
Move constructors[edit]
In C++, move constructors take a value reference to an object of the class, and are used to implement ownership transfer of the parameter object's resources.
Syntax[edit]
Java, C++, C#, ActionScript, and PHP 4 have a naming convention in which constructors have the same name as the class with which they are associated.
In PHP 5, a recommended name for a constructor is __construct. For backwards compatibility, a method with the same name as the class will be called if __construct method can not be found. Since PHP 5.3.3, this works only for non-namespaced classes.[1]
In Perl, constructors are, by convention, named "new" and have to do a fair amount of object creation.
In Moose object system for Perl, constructors (named new) are automatically created and are extended by specifying a BUILD method.
In Visual Basic .NET, the constructor is called "New".
In Python, the constructor is split over two methods, "__new__" and "__init__". The __new__ method is responsible for allocating memory for the instance, and receives the class as an argument (conventionally called "cls"). The __init__ method (often called "the initialiser") is passed the newly created instance as an argument (conventionally called "self").[2]
Object Pascal constructors are signified by the keyword "constructor" and can have user-defined names (but are mostly called "Create").
In Objective-C, the constructor method is split across two methods, "alloc" and "init" with the alloc method setting aside (allocating) memory for an instance of the class, and the init method handling the bulk of initializing the instance. A call to the method "new" invokes both the alloc and the init methods, for the class instance.
Memory organization[edit]
In Java, C# and VB .NET the constructor creates objects in a special memory structure called heap for reference types. Value types (such as int, double etc.), are created in a sequential structure called stack. VB .NET and C# allow use of new to create objects of value types. However, in those languages even use of new for value types creates objects only on stack.
In C++, when constructor is invoked without new the objects are created on stack. When objects are created using new they are created on heap. They must be deleted implicitly by a destructor or explicitly by a call to operator delete.
Language details[edit]
It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Comparison of programming languages (OOP, constructors). (Discuss) (May 2016)
Java[edit]
In Java, constructors differ from other methods in that:
Constructors never have an explicit return type.
Constructors cannot be directly invoked (the keyword “new” invokes them).
Constructors cannot be synchronized, final, abstract, native, or static.
Java constructors perform the following tasks in the following order:
Call the default constructor of the superclass if no constructor is defined.
Initialize member variables to the specified values.
Executes the body of the constructor.
Java permit users to call one constructor in another constructor using this() keyword. But this() must be first statement. [3]
class Example { Example() //non-parameterized constructor { this(1); //calling of constructor System.out.println("0-arg-cons"); } Example(int a) //parameterized constructor { System.out.println("1-arg-cons"); } public static void main(String[] args) { Example e= new Example(); }
Java provides access to the superclass's constructor through the super keyword.
public class Example { // Definition of the constructor. public Example() { this(1); } // Overloading a constructor public Example(int input) { data = input; // This is an assignment } // Declaration of instance variable(s). private int data; }
// Code somewhere else // Instantiating an object with the above constructor Example e = new Example(42);
A constructor taking zero number of arguments is called a "no-arguments" or "no-arg" constructor.[4]
JavaScript[edit]
As of ES6, JavaScript has direct constructors like many other programming languages. They are written as such
class FooBar { constructor(baz) { this.baz = baz } }
This can be instantiated as such
const foo = new FooBar('7')
The equivalent of this before ES6, was creating a function that instantiates an object as such
var FooBar = function(baz) { this.baz = baz; }
This is instantiated the same way as above.
Visual Basic .NET[edit]
In Visual Basic .NET, constructors use a method declaration with the name "New".
Class Foobar Private strData As String ' Constructor Public Sub New(ByVal someParam As String) strData = someParam End Sub End Class
' code somewhere else ' instantiating an object with the above constructor Dim foo As New Foobar(".NET")
C#[edit]
Example C# constructor:
public class MyClass { private int a; private string b; // Constructor public MyClass() : this(42, "string") { } // Overloading a constructor public MyClass(int a, string b) { this.a = a; this.b = b; } }
// Code somewhere // Instantiating an object with the constructor above MyClass c = new MyClass(42, "string");
C# static constructor[edit]
In C#, a static constructor is a static data initializer. Static constructors are also called class constructors. Since the actual method generated has the name .cctor they are often also called "cctors".[5][6]
Static constructors allow complex static variable initialization.[7] Static constructors are called implicitly when the class is first accessed. Any call to a class (static or constructor call), triggers the static constructor execution. Static constructors are thread safe and implement a singleton pattern. When used in a generic programming class, static constructors are called at every new generic instantiation one per type. Static variables are instantiated as well.
public class MyClass { private static int _A; // Normal constructor static MyClass() { _A = 32; } // Standard default constructor public MyClass() { } }
// Code somewhere // Instantiating an object with the constructor above // right before the instantiation // The variable static constructor is executed and _A is 32 MyClass c = new MyClass();
C++[edit]
In C++, the name of the constructor is the name of the class. It returns nothing. It can have parameters like any member function. Constructor functions are usually declared in the public section, but can also be declared in the protected and private sections, if the user wants to restrict access to them.
The constructor has two parts. First is the initializer list which follows the parameter list and before the method body. It starts with a colon and entries are comma-separated. The initializer list is not required, but offers the opportunity to provide values for data members and avoid separate assignment statements. The initializer list is required if you have const or reference type data members, or members that do not have parameterless constructor logic. Assignments occur according to the order in which data members are declared (even if the order in the initializer list is different).[8] The second part is the body, which is a normal method body enclosed in curly brackets.
C++ allows more than one constructor. The other constructors must have different parameters. Additionally constructors which contain parameters which are given default values, must adhere to the restriction that not all parameters are given a default value. This is a situation which only matters if there is a default constructor. The constructor of a base class (or base classes) can also be called by a derived class. Constructor functions are not inherited and their addresses cannot be referenced. When memory allocation is required, the new and delete operators are called implicitly.
A copy constructor has a parameter of the same type passed as const reference, for example Vector(const Vector& rhs). If it is not provided explicitly, the compiler uses the copy constructor for each member variable or simply copies values in case of primitive types. The default implementation is not efficient if the class has dynamically allocated members (or handles to other resources), because it can lead to double calls to delete (or double release of resources) upon destruction.
class Foobar { public: Foobar(double r = 1.0, double alpha = 0.0) // Constructor, parameters with default values. : x(r*cos(alpha)) // <- Initializer list { y = r*sin(alpha); // <- Normal assignment } private: double x; double y; };
Example invocations:
Foobar a, b(3), c(5, M_PI/4);
On returning objects from functions or passing objects by value, the objects copy constructor will be called implicitly, unless return value optimization applies.
C++ implicitly generates a default copy constructor which will call the copy constructors for all base classes and all member variables unless the programmer provides one, explicitly deletes the copy constructor (to prevent cloning) or one of the base classes or member variables copy constructor is deleted or not accessible (private). Most cases calling for a customized copy constructor (e.g. reference counting, deep copy of pointers) also require customizing the destructor and the copy assignment operator. This is commonly referred to as the Rule of three.
F#[edit]
In F#, a constructor can include any let or do statements defined in a class. let statements define private fields and do statements execute code. Additional constructors can be defined using the new keyword.
type MyClass(_a : int, _b : string) = class // Primary constructor let a = _a let b = _b do printfn "a = %i, b = %s" a b // Additional constructors new(_a : int) = MyClass(_a, "") then printfn "Integer parameter given" new(_b : string) = MyClass(0, _b) then printfn "String parameter given" new() = MyClass(0, "") then printfn "No parameter given" end
// Code somewhere // instantiating an object with the primary constructor let c1 = new MyClass(42, "string") // instantiating an object with additional constructors let c2 = new MyClass(42) let c3 = new MyClass("string") let c4 = MyClass() // "new" keyword is optional
Eiffel[edit]
In Eiffel, the routines which initialize new objects are called creation procedures. Creation procedures have the following traits:
Creation procedures have no explicit return type (by definition of procedure).[a]
Creation procedures are named.
Creation procedures are designated by name as creation procedures in the text of the class.
Creation procedures can be explicitly invoked to re-initialize existing objects.
Every effective (i.e., concrete or non-abstract) class must designate at least one creation procedure.
Creation procedures must leave the newly initialized object in a state that satisfies the class invariant.[b]
Although object creation involves some subtleties,[9] the creation of an attribute with a typical declaration x: T as expressed in a creation instruction create x.make consists of the following sequence of steps:
Create a new direct instance of type T.[c]
Execute the creation procedure make to the newly created instance.
Attach the newly initialized object to the entity x.
In the first snippet below, class POINT is defined. The procedure make is coded after the keyword feature.
The keyword create introduces a list of procedures which can be used to initialize instances. In this case the list includes default_create, a procedure with an empty implementation inherited from class ANY, and the make procedure coded within the class.
class POINT create default_create, make feature make (a_x_value: REAL; a_y_value: REAL) do x := a_x_value y := a_y_value end x: REAL -- X coordinate y: REAL -- Y coordinate ...
In the second snippet, a class which is a client to POINT has a declarations my_point_1 and my_point_2 of type POINT.
In procedural code, my_point_1 is created as the origin (0.0, 0.0). Because no creation procedure is specified, the procedure default_create inherited from class ANY is used. This line could have been coded create my_point_1.default_create . Only procedures named as creation procedures can be used in an instruction with the create keyword. Next is a creation instruction for my_point_2, providing initial values for the my_point_2's coordinates. The third instruction makes an ordinary instance call to the make procedure to reinitialize the instance attached to my_point_2 with different values.
    my_point_1: POINT my_point_2: POINT ... create my_point_1 create my_point_2.make (3.0, 4.0) my_point_2.make (5.0, 8.0) ...
CFML[edit]
CFML uses a method named 'init' as a constructor method.
Cheese.cfc
component { // properties property name="cheeseName"; // constructor function Cheese init( required string cheeseName ) { variables.cheeseName = arguments.cheeseName; return this; } }
Create instance of a cheese.
myCheese = new Cheese( 'Cheddar' );
Since ColdFusion 10,[10] CFML has also supported specifying the name of the constructor method:
component initmethod="Cheese" { // properties property name="cheeseName"; // constructor function Cheese Cheese( required string cheeseName ) { variables.cheeseName = arguments.cheeseName; return this; } }
Object Pascal[edit]
In Object Pascal, the constructor is similar to a factory method. The only syntactic difference to regular methods is the keyword constructor in front of the name (instead of procedure or function). It can have any name, though the convention is to have Create as prefix, such as in CreateWithFormatting. Creating an instance of a class works like calling a static method of a class: TPerson.Create('Peter').
program OopProgram; type TPerson = class private FName: string; public property Name: string read FName; constructor Create(AName: string); end; constructor TPerson.Create(AName: string); begin FName := AName; end; var Person: TPerson; begin Person := TPerson.Create('Peter'); // allocates an instance of TPerson and then calls TPerson.Create with the parameter AName = 'Peter' end.
Perl[edit]
In Perl programming language version 5, by default, constructors are factory methods, that is, methods that create and return the object, concretely meaning create and return a blessed reference. A typical object is a reference to a hash, though rarely references to other types are used too. By convention the only constructor is named new, though it is allowed to name it otherwise, or to have multiple constructors. For example, a Person class may have a constructor named new as well as a constructor new_from_file which reads a file for Person attributes, and new_from_person which uses another Person object as a template.
package Person; # In Perl constructors are named 'new' by convention. sub new { # Class name is implicitly passed in as 0th argument. my $class = shift; # Default attribute values, if you have any. my %defaults = ( foo => "bar" ); # Initialize attributes as a combination of default values and arguments passed. my $self = { %defaults, @_ }; # Check for required arguments, class invariant, etc. if ( not defined $self->{first_name} ) { die "Mandatory attribute missing in Person->new(): first_name"; } if ( not defined $self->{last_name} ) { die "Mandatory attribute missing in Person->new(): last_name"; } if ( defined $self->{age} and $self->{age} < 18 ) { die "Invalid attribute value in Person->new(): age < 18"; } # Perl makes an object belong to a class by 'bless'. bless $self, $class; return $self; } 1;
Perl with Moose[edit]
With the Moose object system for Perl, most of this boilerplate can be left out, a default new is created, attributes can be specified, as well as whether they can be set, reset, or are required. In addition, any extra constructor functionality can be included in a BUILD method which the Moose generated constructor will call, after it has checked the arguments. A BUILDARGS method can be specified to handle constructor arguments not in hashref / key => value form.
package Person; # enable Moose-style object construction use Moose; # first name ( a string) can only be set at construction time ('ro') has first_name => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', required => 1); # last name ( a string) can only be set at construction time ('ro') has last_name => (is => 'ro', isa => 'Str', required => 1); # age (Integer) can be modified after construction ('rw'), and is not required # to be passed to be constructor. Also creates a 'has_age' method which returns # true if age has been set has age => (is => 'rw', isa => 'Int', predicate => 'has_age'); # Check custom requirements sub BUILD { my $self = shift; if ($self->has_age && $self->age < 18) { # no under 18s die "No under-18 Persons"; } } 1;
In both cases the Person class is instiated like this:
use Person; my $p = Person->new( first_name => 'Sam', last_name => 'Ashe', age => 42 );
PHP[edit]
In PHP version 5 and above, the constructor is a method named __construct() (notice that it's a double underscore), which the keyword new automatically calls after creating the object. It is usually used to automatically perform initializations such as property initializations. Constructors can also accept arguments, in which case, when the new statement is written, you also need to send the constructor arguments for the parameters.[1]
class Person { private $name; public function __construct($name) { $this->name = $name; } public function getName() { return $this->name; } }
Python[edit]
In Python, constructors are defined by one or both of __new__ and __init__ methods. A new instance is created by calling the class as if it were a function, which calls the __new__ and __init__ methods. If a constructor method is not defined in the class, the next one found in the class's Method Resolution Order will be called.[11]
In the typical case, only the __init__ method need be defined. (The most common exception is for immutable objects.)
>>> class ExampleClass(object): ... def __new__(cls, value): ... print("Creating new instance...") ... # Call the superclass constructor to create the instance. ... instance = super(ExampleClass, cls).__new__(cls) ... return instance ... def __init__(self, value): ... print("Initialising instance...") ... self.payload = value >>> exampleInstance = ExampleClass(42) Creating new instance... Initialising instance... >>> print(exampleInstance.payload) 42
Classes normally act as factories for new instances of themselves, that is, a class is a callable object (like a function), with the call being the constructor, and calling the class returns an instance of that class. However the __new__ method is permitted to return something other than an instance of the class for specialised purposes. In that case, the __init__ is not invoked.[12]
Ruby[edit]
In Ruby, constructors are created by defining a method called initialize. This method is executed to initialize each new instance.
irb(main):001:0> class ExampleClass irb(main):002:1> def initialize irb(main):003:2> puts "Hello there" irb(main):004:2> end irb(main):005:1> end => nil irb(main):006:0> ExampleClass.new Hello there => #<ExampleClass:0x007fb3f4299118>
See also[edit]
Allocation site
Creational pattern
Destructor
Global constructor in C++, and its C counterpart, ((constructor)) function attribute
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Eiffel routines are either procedures or functions. Procedures never have a return type. Functions always have a return type.
Jump up ^ Because the inherited class invariant must be satisfied, there is no mandatory call to the parents' constructors.
Jump up ^ The Eiffel standard requires fields to be initialized on first access, so it is not necessary to perform default field initialization during object creation.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Constructors and Destructors, from PHP online documentation
Jump up ^ Data model, from Python online documentation
Jump up ^ Details on Constructor in java
Jump up ^ "Providing Constructors for Your Classes". Oracle Corporation. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Fabulous Adventures in Coding". Eric Lippert. 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ Expert .NET 2.0 IL Assembler. APress. 2006-01-01. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
Jump up ^ Static Constructor in C# on MSDN
Jump up ^ https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1242830/constructor-initialization-list-evaluation-order Constructor
Jump up ^ Eiffel ISO/ECMA specification document
Jump up ^ CFComponent
Jump up ^ Data model
Jump up ^ Data model
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Row, Row, Row Your Boat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
Sheet music
Nursery rhyme
Published
1852
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children's song. It can also be an "action" nursery rhyme, whose singers sit opposite one another and "row" forwards and backwards with joined hands. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236.
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961). Crosby also used the song as part of a round with his family during his concert at the London Palladium in 1976. The performance was captured on the album Bing Crosby Live at the London Palladium.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Origins
3 Additional or alternative verses
4 Notes and references
Lyrics[edit]
The most common modern version is often sung as a round for four voice parts ( play (help·info)). A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows:
Soprano
Contralto
Tenor
Bass
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream. Row, row, row your boat,
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily, Gently down the stream.
Life is but a dream. Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Life is but a dream.
The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four-part harmony.
Origins[edit]
It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter.[1]
Additional or alternative verses[edit]
People often add additional verses, a form of children's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or (especially in the case of more irreverent versions) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original. In Bean, where Rowan Atkinson (Mr.Bean) and Peter MacNicol (David Langley) also used this parody singing in the film. [2] Versions include:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
If you see a crocodile,
Don't forget to scream.
And:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
Throw your teacher overboard
And listen to her scream.[3]
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Studwell, S. M. (1997). The Americana Song Reader. New York: Haworth Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-7890-0150-0.
Jump up ^ Johnson, B. & Cloonan, M. (2009). Dark Side of the Tune: Popular Music and Violence. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 98. ISBN 1-4094-0049-2.
Jump up ^ Lightfoot, C. (1997). The Culture of Adolescent Risk-Taking Culture and Human Development. New York: Guilford Press. p. 78. ISBN 1-57230-232-1.
[hide]
v
t
e
Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Aiken Drum"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo-Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row,_Row,_Row_Your_Boat&oldid=823144118"
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Victory garden
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For other uses, see Victory garden (disambiguation).
American WWII-era poster promoting victory gardens
Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit, and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Germany during World War I and World War II. George Washington Carver wrote an agricultural tract and promoted the idea of what he called a "Victory Garden". They were used along with Rationing Stamps and Cards to reduce pressure on the public food supply. Besides indirectly aiding the war effort, these gardens were also considered a civil "morale booster" in that gardeners could feel empowered by their contribution of labor and rewarded by the produce grown. This made victory gardens a part of daily life on the home front.
Two American war gardeners in 1918
Contents
[hide]
1 World War I
1.1 Canada
1.2 United States
2 World War II
2.1 Australia
2.2 Britain
2.3 United States
3 Postwar
4 Films
5 Television
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
World War I[edit]
Canada[edit]
Victory Gardens became popular in Canada in 1917. Under the Ministry of Agriculture's campaign, "A Vegetable Garden for Every Home", residents of cities, towns and villages utilized backyard spaces to plant vegetables for personal use and war effort. In the city of Toronto, ladies organizations brought expert gardeners into the schools to get school children and their families interested in gardening. In addition to gardening, home owners were encouraged to keep hens in their yards for the purpose of collecting eggs. The result was large production of potatoes, beets, cabbage and other useful vegetables.[1]
United States[edit]
WWI-era U.S. victory poster.
In March 1917, Charles Lathrop Pack organized the US National War Garden Commission and launched the war garden campaign. Food production had fallen dramatically during World War I, especially in Europe, where agricultural labor had been recruited into military service and remaining farms devastated by the conflict. Pack and others conceived the idea that the supply of food could be greatly increased without the use of land and manpower already engaged in agriculture, and without the significant use of transportation facilities needed for the war effort. The campaign promoted the cultivation of available private and public lands, resulting in over five million gardens in the USA[2] and foodstuff production exceeding $1.2 billion by the end of the war.[3]
President Woodrow Wilson said that "Food will win the war." To support the home garden effort, a United States School Garden Army was launched through the Bureau of Education, and funded by the War Department at Wilson's direction.[4]
World War II[edit]
See also: Food waste in the United Kingdom § History
The British "Dig on for Victory" poster by Peter Fraser
A victory garden in a bomb crater in London during WWII.
Australia[edit]
Australia launched a Dig for Victory campaign in 1942 as rationing and a shortage of agricultural workers began to affect food supplies. The situation began to ease in 1943; however, home gardens continued throughout the war.[5]
Britain[edit]
In Britain, "digging for victory" used much land such as waste ground, railway edges, ornamental gardens and lawns, while sports fields and golf courses were requisitioned for farming or vegetable growing. Sometimes a sports field was left as it was but used for sheep-grazing instead of being mown (for example see Lawrence Sheriff School § Effects of the Second World War). By 1943, the number of allotments had roughly doubled to 1,400,000, including rural, urban and suburban plots.[6] C. H. Middleton's radio programme In Your Garden reached millions of listeners keen for advice on growing potatoes, leeks and the like, and helped ensure a communal sense of contributing to the war effort (as well as a practical response to food rationing).[7] County Herb Committees were established to collect medicinal herbs when German blockades created shortages, for instance in Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove) which was used to regulate heartbeat. Victory gardens were planted in backyards and on apartment-building rooftops, with the occasional vacant lot "commandeered for the war effort!" and put to use as a cornfield or a squash patch. During World War II, sections of lawn were publicly plowed for plots in Hyde Park, London to promote the movement, while allotments growing onions in the shadow of the Albert Memorial also pointed to everybody, high and low, chipping in to the national struggle.[8]
United States[edit]
Amid regular rationing of food in Britain, the United States Department of Agriculture encouraged the planting of victory gardens during the course of World War II. Around one third of the vegetables produced by the United States came from victory gardens.[9] It was emphasized to American home front urbanites and suburbanites that the produce from their gardens would help to lower the price of vegetables needed by the US War Department to feed the troops, thus saving money that could be spent elsewhere on the military: "Our food is fighting," one US poster read.[10] By May 1943, there were 18 million victory gardens in the United States - 12 million in cities and 6 million on farms.[11]
Although at first the Department of Agriculture objected to Eleanor Roosevelt's institution of a victory garden on the White House grounds, fearing that such a movement would hurt the food industry, basic information about gardening appeared in public services booklets distributed by the Department of Agriculture, as well as by agribusiness corporations such as International Harvester and Beech-Nut. Fruit and vegetables harvested in these home and community plots was estimated to be 9,000,000–10,000,000 short tons (8,200,000–9,100,000 t) in 1944, an amount equal to all commercial production of fresh vegetables.[12][13][14]
In New York City, the lawns around vacant "Riverside" were devoted to victory gardens, as were portions of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The slogan "grow your own, can your own", was a slogan that started at the time of the war and referred to families growing and canning their own food in victory gardens.[15]
“ A Victory Garden is like a share in an airplane factory. It helps win the War and it pays dividends too. ”
— Claude Wickard, U.S. Secretary of Agriculture
Postwar[edit]
In 1946, with the war over, many British residents did not plant victory gardens, in expectation of greater availability of food. However, shortages remained in the United Kingdom, and rationing remained in place for at least some food items until 1954.
Land at the centre of the Sutton Garden Suburb in Sutton, London was first put to use as a victory garden during World War II; before then it had been used as a recreation ground with tennis courts. The land continued to be used as allotments by local residents for more than 50 years until they were evicted by the then landowner in 1997. The land has since fallen into disuse.[16]
The Fenway Victory Gardens in the Back Bay Fens of Boston, Massachusetts and the Dowling Community Garden in Minneapolis, Minnesota remain active as the last surviving public examples from World War II. Most plots in the Fenway Victory Gardens now feature flowers instead of vegetables while the Dowling Community Garden retains its focus on vegetables.[17]
Since the turn of the 21st century, interest in victory gardens has grown. A campaign promoting such gardens has sprung up in the form of new victory gardens in public spaces, victory garden websites and blogs, as well as petitions to renew a national campaign for the victory garden and to encourage the re-establishment of a victory garden on the White House lawn. In March 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama planted an 1,100-square-foot (100 m2) "Kitchen Garden" on the White House lawn, the first since Eleanor Roosevelt's, to raise awareness about healthy food.[18]
Films[edit]
Several countries produced numerous information films about growing victory gardens.
Canada
World War II
He Plants for Victory (1943)
United Kingdom
World War I
Grow Vegetables For War Effort
War Garden Parade
World War II
Dig For Victory! (1940, 1941, 1942)
Children's Allotment Gardens (1942)
Compost Heaps for Feeding (1942)
Digging For Victory (1943)
Winter Greens (1943)
Blitz on Bugs (1944)
Dig for Victory - Proceed According To Plan (1944)
United States
World War II
Victory Gardens (1941, 1942, 1943)
Barney Bear's Victory Garden (1942)
As Ye Sow (1945)
Television[edit]
Historical documentary and reality television series such as The 1940s House, Wartime Farm and the second season of Coal House place modern families in a recreated wartime settings, including digging victory gardens.
The WGBH public-television series The Victory Garden took the familiar expression to promote composting and intensive cropping for homeowners who wanted to raise some vegetables (and some flowers).
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Victory gardens.
Australian Women's Land Army
Community garden
Home front during World War II
List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom
Rationing in the United Kingdom
United States home front during World War II
Women's Land Army
Woman's Land Army of America
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hopkins, John Castell (1919). The Province of Ontario in the War: A Record of Government and People. Toronto: Warwick Brothers and Rutter. pp. 60–61.
Jump up ^ Pack, Charles Lathrop. War Gardens Victorious (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1919) p. 15.
Jump up ^ Eyle, Alexandra. Charles Lathrop Pack: Timberman, Forest Conservationist, and Pioneer in Forest Education (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994) p. 142.
Jump up ^ Hayden-Smith, Rose: Sowing the Seeds of Victory (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2014).
Jump up ^ "Victory gardens, Second World War". Australian War Memorial.
Jump up ^ D. Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London 2016) p.246
Jump up ^ A. Harris, Romantic Moderns (London 2010) p. 240-1
Jump up ^ A. Harris, Romantic Moderns (London 2010) p. 241
Jump up ^ Kallen, Stuart A. (2000). The War at Home. San Diego: Lucent Books. ISBN 1-56006-531-1.
Jump up ^ "Where our men are fighting, our food is fighting". Loc.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Jump up ^ "18,000,000 Gardens for Victory". Popular Mechanics. May 1943. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Victory Gardens during World War II". livinghistoryfarm.org.
Jump up ^ http://www.victorygardenfoundation.org/VGhistory/Facts%20about%201945%20VGs.pdf[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/hist/bhnhe_1944_misc_pub_550.pdf
Jump up ^ "World war II: Civic responsibility" (PDF). Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Sutton Garden Suburb Conservation Area Character Appraisal Archived 2016-10-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Dowling Community Garden History".
Jump up ^ Burrows, Marian (March 19, 2009). "Obamas to Plant Vegetable Garden at White House". New York Times.
Further reading[edit]
Hayden-Smith, Rose (2014). Sowing the Seeds of Victory: American Gardening Programs of World War I. McFarland Books. ISBN 978-0-7864-7020-4.
Hayden-Smith, Rose (2005). "Soldiers of the Soil: The Work of the United States School Garden Army in World War 1". University of California 4-H Youth Development Center. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
Kuhn, Clifford M., "‘It Was a Long Way from Perfect, but It Was Working’: The Canning and Home Production Initiatives in Green County, Georgia, 1940–1942," Agricultural History (2012) 86#1 pp 68–90.
Madsen, Joseph. "Fighting the War Through Gardening: Ballard High School's WWII Victory Garden" (PDF).
C. H. Middleton, Digging for Victory ([1942] London 2008)
Pack, Charles Lathrop (1919). The War Garden Victorious. J.P. Lippincott Co. OCLC 425762.
Smith, Daniel (2011). The Spade as Mighty as the Sword: The Story of World War Two's Dig for Victory Campaign. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-84513-617-8.
External links[edit]
Recipe for Victory: Food and Cooking in Wartime
PBS: The Victory Garden
A Visual History of Victory Gardens curated by Michigan State University
Victory Gardens Handbook of the Victory Garden Committee War Services, Pennsylvania State Council of Defense (April 1944)
Victory Garden complete film at archive.org
History of Urban Gardening in the United States
GARDENS FOR VICTORY reference pubbed Mar. 1942, intro/first chapter
Victory Garden Initiative - a grassroots organization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin promoting revival of the victory garden movement as a means to address food system and environmental issues.
Oldest Remaining Victory Gardens in Boston
1943 propaganda film He Plants for Victory (National Film Board of Canada)
1941 propaganda film Victory Gardens (United States Department of Agriculture)
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