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List of English words of Spanish origin
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It is a list of English language words whose origin can be traced to the Spanish language as "Spanish loan words". Words typical of "Mock Spanish" used in the United States are listed separately.
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
A[edit]
abaca
via Spanish abacá from Tagalog abaká
abalone
from Spanish abulón, from Ohlone aluan or Rumsen awlun.
adios
from Spanish 'adiós' meaning "goodbye" < latin ad deus "go with god"
adobe
From Egyptian via Arabic "Al-tub"
aficionado
from past participle of aficionar, to inspire affection, from afición affection, from Latin affection-, affectio, from afficere .
albatross
from alcatraz, see below.
Alcalde
from alcalde, magistrate.
Alcatraz
(meaning "gannet") from Arabic غطاس al-ġaţţās ("the diver")
alidade
via French, Spanish alidada and Medieval Latin alhidade from Arabic العهدة al-idada, "the revolving radius"
alligator
from el lagarto, "the lizard" < latín lacartus < lacertus.
alpaca
via Spanish, from Aymara allpaqa
aludel
from Old French alutel, via Spanish and Medieval Latin from Arabic الأثال al-ʾuṯāl, "the sublimation vessel"
amigo
from Spanish and/or Portuguese amigo, "friend"; from Latin amicus meaning "friend," derived from amare (to love).
amole
Mexican Spanish from Nahautl amolli meaning "soap root."[1]
amontillado
from the village of Montilla "little mount", Province of Córdoba, Spain
ancho
from Mexican Spanish (chile) ancho, "wide (chili)" < latin amplus
anchovy
from Spanish anchoa or more probably Portuguese anchova meaning "bluefish"; from Genoese or Corsican dialect; ultimately from Latin apua meaning "small fish" and Greek Αφυε aphye meaning "small fry" or from Basque anchuva meaning "dry"[2]
Angeleno
from American Spanish
Apache
from Mexican Spanish from Yavapai ´epache meaning "people" or from Zuni apachu" meaning "enemy"[3]
armada
"armed [fleet]" from the Spanish navy, La armada española
armadillo
from armadillo, "little armored one"
arroyo
from arroyo, "stream" < arrugium
avocado
alteration of Spanish aguacate, from Nahuatl ahuacatl.
ayahuasca
via Spanish from Quechua ayawaska meaning "soul vine."
B[edit]
banana
from Spanish or Portuguese banana, probably from a Wolof word,[4] or from Arabic بأننا “ba’ nana” fingers[5]
bandolier
from Spanish bandolero, meaning "band (for a weapon or other) that crosses from one shoulder to the opposite hip" and bandolero, loosely meaning "he who wears a bandolier"
barracuda
from barracuda May have come from barraco, meaning overlapping tooth
barranca
from Spanish barranca or barranco, ravine
barrio
from Spanish barrio, "neighborhood", from Arabic بري barri, wild
bastinado
from bastonada, from Spanish bastón, cane
bodega
from Spanish and/or Portuguese bodega, meaning cellar < latin-greek aphothekam.
bodegón
from bodegón
bolero
from Spanish bolero
bonanza
from bonanza meaning "prosperity" < latin bonantia < bonus "good".
bonito
from Spanish bonito, meaning "beautiful" < latin bonus "good".
breeze
from brisa "cold northeast wind" or from Frisian briesen - to blow (wind)[6]
bronco
from bronco meaning "coarse"
buckaroo
from vaquero meaning "cowboy", ultimately from Latin "vaccarium" "cowboy" (vacca "cow").
burrito
from burrito, a dish originally from Northern Mexico, literally "little donkey"
burro
from burro, "donkey" < latin burricus "small horse".
C[edit]
caballero
from Spanish caballero meaning "knight/gentleman", from caballo, "horse", Celtic caballos "horse".
cabana
from Spanish cabaña or Portuguese cabana < latin < capanna; both meaning "cabin"
cacique
from Spanish, from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa, both meaning a chief
cafeteria
from cafetería, "coffee store"
calaboose
from Vulgar Latin calafodium "to dig a protected place" and Louisiana French calabouse, from Spanish calabozo[7]
caldera (used in geology)
from Spanish caldera meaning "cauldron" from Latin caldaria, "cooking pot."
California
place name first seen in print in 1510 Spanish novel 'Las sergas de Esplandián' by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo
camarilla
from camarilla, "small room" diminutive of cámara "room" < latin camara.
camino
from camino a path or road, from Celtic cammanos "road".
cannibal
from Spanish caníbal, alteration of caríbal, from Caribe
canoe
from Spanish canoa, from Haitian canaoua
canyon
from cañón with same meaning. Derived from caño,"a pipe, tube, gorge, tube;" ultimately from Latin canna meaning "reed."[8]
carabao
from Spanish from Visayan language kalabaw, from Malay language kerabau.
caramba
from Spanish, meaning "heck"; expression of dread, displeasure, or disapproval, euphemism for carajo
carbonado
from carbonada, from carbón meaning "coal"
cargo
from the verb cargar meaning "to load"
Caribbean
from Spanish Caribe, from name of Carib Indians of the region.
cassava
from cazabe, from Taino caçábi
caudillo
from caudillo, from Latin capitellium "head" meaning "leader"
cedilla
from cedilla, archaic spelling zedilla (little z), "elsewhere"
chaparral
from Spanish, chaparro loosely meaning small evergreen oak, from Basque txapar, "small, short"
chaps
from Mexican Spanish chaparreras, leg protectors for riding through chaparral
chayote
from Spanish, literally: "squash", from Nahuatl chayotl meaning "spiny squash"
chicha
from Spanish chicha, from Kuna chichab, meaning "maize" or from Nahuatl chichiatl, "fermented water."
chicle
from chicle "gum", from Nahuatl tzictli "squishy stuff" or Mayan tsicte.[9]
chile
from Spanish chile, from Nahuatl chilli
chipotle
from Spanish, smoked jalapeño, from Nahuatl chilpoctli
chocolate
from Spanish chocolate, from Nahuatl xocolatl meaning "hot water" or from a combination of the Mayan word chocol meaning "hot" and the Nahuatl word atl meaning "water."
Choctaw
from the native name Chahta of unknown meaning but also said to come from Spanish chato (="flattened") because of the tribe's custom of flattening the heads of male infants.[10]
chorizo
from chorizo, "sausage"
churro
from churro, "fritter"
cienega or cienaga
from ciénaga, "swamp" < latin caenus "mud" and native suffix -aka, caénaka.
cigar
from Spanish cigarro meaning "fag (UK), stogie, stogy", from Mayan sicar or sic, "tobacco"
cigarette
from French cigarette "little weed", diminutive of French cigare "stogie", from Spanish cigarro meaning "fag (UK), stogie, stogy."
cilantro
from Spanish cilantro < latin coriandrum, "coriander"
coca
from Spanish, coca meaning "coke", from Quechua kuka
cockroach
from Spanish cucaracha
cocoa or cacao
from Spanish cacao, from Nahuatl cacáhuatl
cojones
from Spanish cojones < latin coleonis meaning "balls, testicles", to denote courage
Colorado
from Spanish colorado < latin coloratus, red or colored
comrade
from French camarade meaning "friend", from Spanish camarada < latin camara "room", "pal, mate"
condor
from Spanish, from Quechua kuntur
conquistador
from conquistador meaning "conqueror", from conquista < latin conquisita, "conquest"
coquina
from coquina, dim. form of "concha" meaning seashell; a sedimentary rock of NE Florida
cordillera
from cordillera, "range" < cordel "cord".
corral
from corral meaning "pen, yard" from Portuguese curral meaning "pen" of unknown; perhaps ultimately from Afrikaans kraal or from Vulgar Latin currale loosely meaning "enclosure for vehicles."[11]
corrida
a bullfight (literally: "raced")
coyote
from Spanish coyote, from Nahuatl coyotl
cowboy
from Spanish vaquero, an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback, from vaca, "cow", from Latin vacca
creole
from French créole, from Spanish criollo, from Portuguese crioulo, raised in the house
crimson
from Old Spanish cremesín, via Medieval Latin cremesinus from Arabic قيرميزل qirmizI, from Persian قرمز qermez kermes; ultimately from Sanskrit कृमिज krmi-ja meaning "worm-made."[12]
crusade
blend of Middle French croisade and Spanish cruzada; both ultimately from Latin crux, crucis "cross"
cuadrilla
from cuadrilla "group of people" diminutive of cuadro "square" < latin quadrus.
cumbia
from Spanish cumbia, a popular dance (for couples) originating in Colombia.
D[edit]
daiquiri
from Daiquiri, a port city in eastern Cuba
dengue
from Spanish dengue meaning "fever", from Swahili dinga, "seizure"
derecho
from Spanish derecho meaning "straight" < latin directum, a widespread and long-lived convection-induced straight-line windstorm
descamisado
from Spanish descamisado, "without a shirt" < camisa "shirt" < celtic kamisia.
desperado
from Spanish desesperado, desperate
doubloon
from Spanish doblón : meaning "two-sided" for two-headed coin ("doble" is double in Spanish < latin duplex).
E[edit]
El Dorado
from El Dorado, literally, "the golden one"
El Niño
from El Niño de la Navidad, literally, "the Christmas child" due to the warming of Pacific waters seemed to warm around Christmas
embarcadero
from embarcadero a boat dock, from barca "rowboat".
embargo
from Spanish embargar, to "seize" or "impound" < latin imbarricare.
escabeche
from escabeche, "pickle" < Arabic assukkabáǧ.
escopeteros
from Spanish escopetero, "musketeer", from escopeta "shotgun" < italian schioppetto.
F[edit]
Federales
from Federales, "federal police"
fiesta
from the Spanish fiesta meaning "party" < latin festa
Flamenco
"Spanish genre of music and dance typical of the gypsies". From dutch flaming "from Flanders" (in the past it was believed that the gypsies were of German origin)
Florida
from La Florida, the flowery or plant-filled place or pascua florida, "flowery Easter."
flotilla
diminutive of flota, "fleet"
G[edit]
galleon
from Spanish "galeón" (a large sailing ship having three or more masts, from the 15th to 18th century)
gaucho
from Mapuche "Argentine cowboy"
guacamole
via American Spanish from Nahuatl ahuaca-molli ("avocado sauce")[13]
guerrilla
from Spanish "small war" from guerra "war" < Gothic werra "war" (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡeˈriʎa])
H[edit]
habanero
from the Spanish for the name of the Cuban city of La Habana, which is known as Havana in English. Although it is not the place of origin, it was frequently traded there.
hacienda
from Old Spanish facienda, "estate"
hackamore
from Spanish jaquima, "halter."
hola
Spanish greeting, equivalent to "hello"
Hispano
From Spanish hispanic. Also came from Latin Hispania, the whole Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) called by Romans.
hombre
from Spanish hombre, "man" < medieval homre < latin hominis
hoosegow
from Spanish juzgado, courthouse, from juzgar < latin iudicare "to judge"
hurricane
from Spanish huracán, from Taino hurákan; akin to Arawak kulakani, thunder
I[edit]
Inca
via Spanish inca, from Quechua Inka, literally: "lord, king."[14]
incommunicado
from incomunicado, without communication (in the mountains, in the jail,...), "in solitary confinement."
iguana
from Spanish iguana from Arawak iwana.
J[edit]
jade
from Spanish piedra de ijada, "stone of flank."
jalapeño
from Spanish, a type of spicy chilli named after Jalapa de Enríquez, a town in Mexico, and the capital of the state of Veracruz
jerky
via Spanish charqui, from Quechua ch'arki, "dried flesh"
junta
from Spanish junta literally "joint"; a board of joint administration; sometimes used to refer to military officers command in a coup d'état. As an adjective, it means "together".
K[edit]
key
from Spanish cayo, from Taino cayo (this is English 'key'/'cay'/'quay' as in an island, reef or a linked series of them, not the 'key' with which one locks/unlocks doors)
L[edit]
La Niña
"The little girl", complementary weather pattern to (q.v.) El Niño
lariat
from la reata, meaning "the strap, rein, or rope" from reatar ("to tie again") from atar "to tie (up);" from Latin aparte, "to join."[15]
lasso
via American English from Spanish lazo meaning "tie;" ultimately from Latin laqueum, "noose, snare."[16]
Latino
English short for the Spanish word latinoamericano, formed by latino "related to the Latin empire an language" and americano "from The Americas"
llama
via Spanish llama, from Quechua llama
Llanos, Los
from Spanish llano "plain" < latin planus; vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela.
loco
from loco, "mad" or "crazy"
Lolita
from the diminutive for Lola, short for Dolores
M[edit]
macho
from macho "male, brave" < latin masculus, the property of being overtly masculine.
majordomo
via Spanish mayordomo or Italian maggiordomo (both meaning "butler") from Latin maior domus meaning "mayor of the place."
mano
from mano, "hand". Stone handtool
manzanilla
from Spanish manzanilla, a natural tea for some superficial pains. The word is diminutive of manzana "apple"
marijuana
This term is not really a Spanish term. It was used to qualify cannabis by the U.S. government to give a Mexican origin of its use and provenance. It was used as propaganda against the consumption of cannabis in the middle of the twentieth century.
maroon
from the Spanish cimarrón, which was derived from an Arawakan root
matador
from matador meaning "killer" from matar ("to kill") probably from Arabic مات mata meaning "he died", also possibly cognate with Persian مردن mordan, "to die" as well as English "murder." Another theory is that the word "matador" is derived from a combination of the Vulgar Latin mattāre, from Late Latin mactare (to slaughter, kill) and the Latin -tor (which is cognate with Greek τορ -tōr and Sanskrit तर -tar-.)[17]
merengue
a type of music and dance originating in the Dominican Republic
mesa
from mesa, table < latin mensa. The corresponding Spanish word to a flat top mountain is meseta
mescal
from Spanish mezcal, from Nahuatl mexcalli
mesquite
from Mexican Spanish mezquite, from Nahuatl mizquitl
mestizo
from mestizo "racially mixed" < latin mixticius "mixed", in Spanish, refers to a person of mixed European and Native American descent.
mojito
dim. formed from "mojado" (wet or dripping) probably referring to the mint leaves in the well known Cuban drink
mole
from Spanish, from Nahuatl molle or molli ("sauce")
Montana
from montaña, a mountain
mosquito
from mosquito, literally "little fly" < mosca "fly" < latin musca.
mulatto
from Spanish or Portuguese mulato meaning "octoroon, sambo" from mulo "mule" > "hybrid". in Spanish, refers to a person of mixed European-African descent.
mustang
from mustango, mestengo, mestencoor mesteño, "without known master or owner" (archaic)
mustee
from mestizo, "racially mixed."
N[edit]
nacho
from Nacho, a nickname for the given name Ignacio, inventor of the snack
nada
from "nada" meaning " nothing."[18]
Negro
from Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian negro, "black", from Latin nigrum (nom. niger) and Greek νέγρος négros, both meaning "black.".[19] In Spanish it is not derogatory. In plural, is Negros.
Nevada
from Nevada literally "snowy"
nostromo
from nuestro amo, "our master".
O[edit]
olé
an interjection, an expression of approval or triumph, similar to the Italian bravo (capable), by spectators of bull fights or football (soccer) matches
oregano
from orégano, "marjoram"
P[edit]
pachuco
from pachuco, "fancy-dresser."
paella
from Spanish paella, from Valencian paella "pan" and the dish name. Originated in Latin patella, also meaning "pan."
palmetto
from palmito, "palm heart, little palm", diminutive form of the word for palm.
pampa
via Spanish, from Quechua pampa, plain
papaya
from papaya, akin to Arawak papáia
páramo
from Spanish páramo (moorland)
patio
from patio, inner courtyard, "an open paved area adjacent to a home"
peccadillo
from pecadillo, "small sin"
peccary
from Spanish pecarí, from Carib pakira or paquira.[20]
peon
from Spanish peón ("laborer")
peyote
from Spanish, from Nahuatl peyotl ("caterpillar")
Philippines
via Spanish Filipinas from Latin Philippinae, "islands of king Philip II of Spain"; ultimately from Greek Φιλιππίναι Philippinai from the Greek phrase Φίλος ίππος Νησιά Fílos Íppos Ni̱sí, "Islands of the Horse Friend."
piccadill
from picadillo, "hash"
pimento or pimiento
from pimiento, "pepper."
piña colada
from Spanish piña (pineapple), and colada, which means strained, from the Spanish verb colar ("to strain")
piñata
from piñata ("jug, pot") from Latin pinea, "pine cone."[21]
piñon or pinyon
from piñón, "pine"
pinta
from pinta, "he/she/it paints"; also archaic Spanish for pintada, "painted"
Pinto
from pintar, "to paint"; a white horse with a coat "painted" in large patterns of any other color.
Piragua
from Carib language
pisco
from pisco, "turkey"
placer mining
from placer, "sand bank"
platinum
from platina, "little silver" (now platino)
playa
from playa, "beach" < latin plagea
plaza
from plaza, "public square, spot or place" < latin platea.
politico
from Spanish or Italian político meaning "politician, political agent;"[22] ultimately from Latin politicus meaning "of citizens or the state, civil, civic," from Greek πολιτικός (Ancient Greek: πολῑτικός) politikos, "of citizens or the state," from πολίτης (plural: πολίτες) polites (citizen) from πόλις polis, "city."[23]
poncho
from poncho, from Araucanian pontho meaning "woolen fabric."[24]
potato
from Peninsular Spanish patata, itself from batata, "sweet potato", from Taino and papa, "potato" from Quechua
potrero
from potrero, archaic term for "tongue of land"
pronto
from Spanish "soon, prompt"
pronunciamento
from pronunciamiento proclamation, "military coup d'état", usually establishing a military dictatorship (often a junta)
puma
from Spanish "cougar, panther", from Quechua
pueblo
via Castilian pueblo from Latin populus ("people").
Q[edit]
quadroon
from cuarterón, "fourth"
quesadilla
from quesadilla meaning a traditional Mexican dish made with tortillas and cheese, diminutive of queso, cheese.
quetzal
from Spanish, from Nahuatl "quetzalli": a group of colourful birds of the trogon family found in tropical regions of the Americas. It also may refer to Guatemalan quetzal, the currency of Guatemala.
quinoa
via Spanish quinua, from Quechua kinwa
quinceañera
from Spanish quince años, literally: "fifteen years"; a girl's fifteenth birthday celebration similar to a "sweet sixteen"; with special rituals in South America.
Quixotism/Quixotic
from fictional character Don Quixote as in "tilting at windmills"
quirt
from Spanish cuarta literally: "quarter"; a short horseman's whip, from "one fourth" (of a vara)
R[edit]
ranch
from rancho, a very small rural community, smaller than a town; also a very humble dwelling in South American Spanish.
reconquista
from reconquista, "reconquest"
remuda
from Mexican Spanish remudar, to exchange (horses)
renegade
from renegado, "turncoat, heretic, disowned"
rhumba
from rumba
rincon
from rincón, "meadow"
robalo
from Spanish róbalo meaning "bass, sea wolf," a tropical marine game and fish food
roble[disambiguation needed]
from Spanish roble, "oak tree" < latin roboris.
rodeo
from rodeo and verb rodear (to go around)
rumba
from rumba
S[edit]
saguaro
from saguaro, from Piman
salsa
from salsa, "sauce"
sapodilla
from zapotillo
sarabande
from French sarabande in turn from Spanish zarabanda
savanna
from sabana, "veld", from Taino zabana
savvy
from Spanish or Portuguese sabe, "knows"; sabio, "wise, learned" < latin sapidus "with sapience".
shack
perhaps from Mexican Spanish jacal meaning "hut", from Nahuatl xacalli
sherry
from Old Spanish Xerés [ʃeˈɾes], modern Spanish Jerez [xeˈɾeθ].
sierra
from sierra, a mountain range
Sierra Nevada
from sierra, a mountain range
siesta
from siesta, "nap", from Latin Sexta [hora] "sixth hour"
silo
from silo
sombrero
from sombrero (literally, shade maker), "hat"
stampede
from estampida
stevedore
from estibador (literally, one who stuffs), "ship loader"
stockade
from a French derivation of the Spanish estocada, "stab"
suave
meaning "charming, confident, and elegant" < latin suavis "sweet".
T[edit]
taco
from taco, "plug"[25]
tamale
from Spanish tamales, pl. of tamal, from Nahuatl tamalli meaning dumpling made from corn flour
tango
from Spanish tango.
tapioca
from tapioca, "cassava"
ten-gallon hat
from Spanish tan galán meaning "so gallant (looking)"; alternate theory is the gallon of Texas English here is a misunderstanding of galón meaning braid
temblor
Spanish for trembling, or earthquake; from temblar, to shake, from Vulgar Latin *tremulāre, from Latin tremulus
tequila
from tequila, from the town Tequila, where the beverage originated
telenovela, or telenovella
from telenovela, "soap opera"
tilde
from tilde
tobacco
from Spanish (Nahuatl influenced) tabaco, "snuff"
tomatillo
from Spanish tomatillo, "small tomato" (see Physalis philadelphica)
tomato
from Spanish tomate, from Nahuatl xitomatl
torero
from toro, "bull"
tornado
from Spanish tronada, "thunderstorm", influenced by tornar, "to turn"
tortilla
from tortilla, literally "small cake". In Mexico is a type of thin flatbread made of finely ground wheat flour. Now is called "omelet" in Spain
tostada (toast) and tostada (tortilla)
from tostada, "toasted"
tuna
from Spanish atún, from Arabic تون tun, from Latin thunnus, from Greek θύννος, thynnos (=tuna fish)
turista
from turista, "tourist"
V[edit]
vamoose
from vamos, meaning "let's go"
vanilla
from Spanish vainilla, diminutive of Latin vaina, from vagina meaning "pod"[26]
vaquero
from the Spanish word vaquero
vertigo
from the Spanish word vértigo
vicugna
via Spanish, from Quechua wik'uña
vigilante
from Spanish vigilante, meaning "watchman." < latin vigiliā "sleepless night, vigil".
W[edit]
wop
from Italian guappone, from Spanish guapo, "handsome" or "attractive".
Y[edit]
yerba buena
from Spanish yerbabuena meaning "good herb" < latin erbam bonam
Yuca-Taino
Z[edit]
Zorro
from Spanish zorro, a fox, originally "smart" (of Basque origin)
See also[edit]
Language portal
Linguistics portal
List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin
List of U.S. place names of Spanish origin
List of English–Spanish interlingual homographs
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "amole". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "anchovy". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Apache". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "banana". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Dan Keppel, Banana, Hudson Street Press, 2008; p. 44.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "breeze". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "calaboose". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "canyon". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "chicle", Mexicolore
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Choctaw". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "corral". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "crimson". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "guacamole". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Inca". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "lariat". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "lasso". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "matador", dictionary.com
Jump up ^ "nada", dictionary.com
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "Negro". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "peccary". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "pinata". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "politico". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "politic". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "poncho". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "taco", Wordreference.com translation
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "vanilla". Online Etymology Dictionary.
External links[edit]
For a list of words relating to with Spanish language origins, see the Spanish derivations category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Montague, Artur, El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista. AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
Evolution and influence of the Spanish language in US English
Online Etymology Dictionary
List of English words of Spanish origin
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_words_of_Spanish_origin&oldid=811587771"
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List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents
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Asam Sahitya Sabha (Assamese: অসম সাহিত্য সভা), Ôxôm Xahityô Xôbha or "Assam Literary Society") was founded in 1917 in Assam, India to promote the culture of Assam and Assamese literature.
Except regular biennially seasons in 2000 and 2002 special session was held at Jorhat and Kalgachia.[1]
President, Time & Place[edit]
Sl. No. Year Name[2] Venue
1 1917 Padmanath Gohain Baruah Sibsagar
2 1918 Chandradhar Barua Goalpara
3 1919 Kaliram Medhi Barpeta
4 1920 Hemchandra Goswami Tezpur
5 1923 Amrit Bhushan Dev Adhikari Jorhat
6 1924 Kanaklal Barua Dibrugarh
7 1924 Lakshminath Bezbaroa Guwahati
8 1925 Rajanikanta Bordoloi Nagaon
9 1926 Benudhar Rajkhowa Dhuburi
10 1927 Tarunram Phukan Goalpara
11 1929 Kamalakanta Bhattacharya Jorhat
12 1930 Mofizuddin Ahmed Hazarika Golaghat
13 1931 Nagendra Narayan Choudhury Sibsagar
14 1933 Jnanadabhiram Barua North Lakhimpur
15 1934 Ananda Chandra Agarwala Mangaldoi
16 1936 Raghunath Choudhari Tezpur
17 1937 Krishna Kanta Handique Guwahati
18 1940 Moidul Islam Bora Jorhat
19 1944 Nilmani Phukan Sibsagar
20 1947 Nilmani Phukan Dibrugarh
21 1950 Ambikagiri Raichoudhury Margherita
22 1953 Surya Kumar Bhuyan Shillong
23 1955 Nalini Bala Devi Jorhat
24 1955 Jatindra Nath Duwora Guwahati
25 1956 Benudhar Sarma Dhuburi
26 1958 Padmadhar Chaliha Tinisukia
27 1959 Atul Chandra Hazarika Nagaon
28 1960 Trailokya Nath Goswami Palashbari
29 1961 Trailokya Nath Goswami Goalpara
30 1963 Ratnakanta Borkakati Nazira
31 1964 Mitradev Mahanta Digboi
32 1965 Dimbeswar Neog Nalbari
33 1966 Binanda Chandra Barua North Lakhimpur
34 1967 Nakul Chandra Bhuyan Dibrugarh
35 1968 Jnanath Bora Tezpur
36 1969 Ananda Chandra Barua Barpeta
37 1970 Upendra Chandra Lekharu Dhing
38 1971 Tirtha Nath Sarma Makum
39 1972 Hem Barua Dhuburi
40 1973 Giridhar Sarma Rangia
41 1974 Maheshwar Neog Mangaldoi
42 1975 Satyendranath Sarma Titabor
43 1976 Jagheshwar Sarma Tihu
44 1977 Syed Abdul Malik Abhayapuri
45 1978 Prasannalal Choudhury Golaghat
46 1979 Atul Chandra Barua Sualkuchi
47 1980 Jatindra Nath Goswami Roha
48 1981 Sitanath Brahmachoudhury Tinisukia
49 1982 Sitanath Brahmachoudhury Diphu
50 1983 Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Bongaigaon
51 1985 Jogesh Das Bihpuria
52 1986 Biren Borkotoki Kampur
53 1987 Mahendra Bora Pathsala
54 1988 Kirthi Nath Hazarika Hailakandi
55 1989 Mahim Bora Doomdooma
56 1990 Nabakanta Barua Biswanath Chariali
57 1991 Nirmal Prabha Bordoloi Dudhnoi
58 1992 Lakshyadhar Choudhury Goreshwar
59 1993 Bhupen Hazarika Sibsagar
60 1994 Lila Gogoi Morigaon
61 1995 Hitesh Deka Sarthebari
62 1996 Lakshmi Nandan Bora Bokakhat
63 1997 Nagen Saikia Bilasipara
64 1998 Nagen Saikia Howraghat
65 1999 Chandra Prasad Saikia Hajo
66 2000 Chandra Prasad Saikia Jorhat
67 2001 Homen Borgohain Dibrugarh
68 2002 Homen Borgohain Kalgachia
69 2003 Birendra Nath Datta North Lakhimpur
70 2004 Birendra Nath Datta Hojai
71 2005 Kanak Sen Deka Sipajhar
72 2006 Kanak Sen Deka Belsar
73 2007 Kanak Sen Deka Chapar
74 2009 Rongbong Terang Dhemaji
75 2010 Rongbong Terang Dergaon
76 2013 Imran Shah Barpeta Road
77 2014 Imran Shah Guwahati
78 2015 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor
78 2016 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor
79 2017 Dhrubajyoti Bora Kaliabor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Axom Xahitya Xabha (The Literary Society of Assam) | Assam Portal". Assam.org. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
Jump up ^ "List of Asam Sahitya Sabha presidents". Retrieved December 7, 2012.
External links[edit]
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Maya peoples
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Maya
Young Mayan women in traditional dress, Antigua, Sacatepéquez Department, Guatemala
The Maya area within Mesoamerica
Total population
c. 7 million (2000)
Pre-Columbian: 5-10 million[1][2][3]
Regions with significant populations
Parts of modern-day countries of Guatemala, Mexico, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador
Languages
Mayan languages, Spanish, Kriol and English
Religion
Christianity and Maya religion
The Maya people are a group of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. They inhabit southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. The overarching term "Maya" is a collective designation to include the peoples of the region that share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups that each have their own particular traditions, cultures, and historical identity.
The pre-Columbian Maya population was approximately eight million.[citation needed] There were an estimated seven million Maya living in this area at the start of the 21st century.[1][2] Guatemala, southern Mexico and the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, El Salvador, and western Honduras have managed to maintain numerous remnants of their ancient cultural heritage. Some are quite integrated into the majority hispanicized Mestizo cultures of the nations in which they reside, while others continue a more traditional, culturally distinct life, often speaking one of the Mayan languages as a primary language.
The largest populations of contemporary Maya inhabit Guatemala, Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador, as well as large segments of population within the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Yucatec Maya
2 Chiapas
3 Belize
4 Tabasco
5 Guatemala
5.1 Genocide in Guatemala
5.2 Maya heritage
6 Maya cultural heritage tourism
7 Notable Maya people
8 Quotes
9 Film and television
10 See also
11 References
12 Bibliography
13 Further reading
14 External links
Yucatec Maya[edit]
Map of Maya linguistic distribution
Maya civilization
People
Society
Languages
Writing
Religion
Mythology
Sacrifice
Cities
Architecture
Astronomy
Calendar
Stelae
Art
Textiles
Trade
Music
Dance
Medicine
Cuisine
Warfare
History
Preclassic Maya
Classic Maya collapse
Spanish conquest of the Maya
Yucatán
Chiapas
Guatemala
Petén
v
t
e
One of the largest groups of modern Maya can be found in Mexico's Yucatán State and the neighboring states of Campeche, Quintana Roo and in Belize. These peoples commonly identify themselves simply as "Maya" with no further ethnic subdivision (unlike in the Highlands of Western Guatemala). They speak the language which anthropologists term "Yucatec Maya", but is identified by speakers and Yucatecos simply as "Maya". Among Maya speakers, Spanish is commonly spoken as a second or first language.
There is a significant amount of confusion as to the correct terminology to use—Maya or Mayan—and the meaning of these words with reference to contemporary or pre-Columbian peoples, to Maya peoples in different parts of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and to languages or peoples.
oxlahun ahau u katunil u 13 he›cob cah mayapan: maya uinic u kabaob: uaxac ahau paxci u cabobi: ca uecchahi ti peten tulacal: uac katuni paxciob ca haui u maya-bulub ahau u kaba u katunil hauci u maya kabaob maya uinicob: christiano u kabaob
"Ahau was the katun when they founded the cah of Mayapan; they were [thus] called Maya men. In 8 Ahau their lands were destroyed and they were scattered through out the peninsula. Six katun after they were destroyed they ceased to be called Maya; 11 Ahau was
the name of the katun when the Maya men ceased to be called Maya [and] were called Christians."
“
”
Chilam Balam Chumayel[4]
Linguists refer to the Maya language as Yucatec or Yucatec Maya to distinguish it from other Mayan languages. This norm has often been misinterpreted to mean that the people are also called Yucatec Maya; that term refers only to the language, and the correct name for the people is simply Maya (not Mayans). Maya is one language in the Mayan language family. Thus, to refer to Maya as Mayans would be similar to referring to Spanish people as Romantics because they speak a language belonging to the Romance language family.[5] Confusion of the term Maya/Mayan as an ethnic label occurs because Maya women who use traditional dress identify by the ethnic term mestiza and not Maya.[6]
Persons use a strategy of ethnic identification that Juan Castillo Cocom refers to as "ethnoexodus"—meaning that ethnic self-identification as Maya is quite variable, situational, and articulated not to processes of producing group identity, but of escaping from discriminatory processes of sociocultural marginalization.[7][8]
The Yucatán's indigenous population was first exposed to Europeans after a party of Spanish shipwreck survivors came ashore in 1511. One of the sailors, Gonzalo Guerrero, is reported to have taken up with a local woman and started a family; he became a counselor among a local polity near present-day Chetumal. Later Spanish expeditions to the region were led by Córdoba in 1517, Grijalva in 1518, and Cortés in 1519. From 1528 to 1540, several attempts by Francisco Montejo to conquer the Yucatán failed. His son, Francisco de Montejo the Younger, fared almost as badly when he first took over: while desperately holding out at Chichen Itza, he lost 150 men in a single day.[9] European diseases, massive recruitment of native warriors from Campeche and Champoton, and internal hatred between the Xiu Maya and the lords of Cocom eventually turned the tide for Montejo the Younger. Chichen Itza was conquered by 1570.[9] In 1542, the western Yucatán Peninsula also surrendered to him.
Chichen Itza's El Castillo
Historically, the population in the eastern half of the peninsula was less affected by and less integrated with Hispanic culture than the western half. In the 21st century in the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexican states of Campeche, Yucatán and Quintana Roo), between 750,000 and 1,200,000 people speak Mayan. However, three times more than that are of Maya origins, hold ancient Maya surnames, and do not speak Mayan languages as their first language.
Matthew Restall, in his book The Maya Conquistador,[10] mentions a series of letters sent to the King of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries. The noble Maya families at that time signed documents to the Spanish Royal Family; surnames mentioned in those letters are Pech, Camal, Xiu, Ucan, Canul, Cocom, and Tun, among others.
A large 19th-century revolt by the native Maya people of Yucatán (Mexico), known as the Caste War of Yucatán, was one of the most successful modern Native American revolts.[11] For a period the Maya state of Chan Santa Cruz was recognized as an independent nation by the British Empire, particularly in terms of trading with British Honduras.
Dr. Francisco Luna Kan is a Maya having the very common surname "Kan"
Francisco Luna-Kan was elected governor of the state of Yucatán from 1976 to 1982. Luna-Kan was born in Mérida, Yucatán, and he was a Doctor of medicine, then a Professor of Medicine before his political offices. He was first appointed as overseer of the state's rural medical system. He was the first Governor of the modern Yucatán Peninsula to be of full Maya ancestry. In the early 21st century, dozens of politicians, including Deputies, Majors and Senators, are of full or mixed Maya heritage from the Yucatán Peninsula.
Maya family from Yucatán
According to the National Institute of Geography and Informatics (Mexico's INEGI), in Yucatán State there were 1.2 million Mayan speakers in 2009, representing 59.5% of the inhabitants.[12] Due to this, the cultural section of the government of Yucatán began on-line classes for grammar and proper pronunciation of Maya.[13]
Maya people from Yucatán Peninsula living in the United States of America have been organizing Maya language lessons and Maya cooking classes since 2003 in California and other states: clubs of Yucatec Maya[14] are registered in Dallas and Irving, Texas; Salt Lake City in Utah; Las Vegas, Nevada; and California, with groups in San Francisco, San Rafael, Chino, Pasadena, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, Inglewood, Los Angeles, Thousand Oaks, Oxnard, San Fernando Valley and Whittier.[14]
Chiapas[edit]
Maya populations in Chiapas. The area officially assigned to the Lacandon Community is the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, which partly overlaps with the Tzeltal, Tojolabal and Ch'ol areas
Chiapas was for many years one of the regions of Mexico that was least touched by the reforms of the Mexican Revolution. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation, launched a rebellion against the Mexican state, Chiapas in January 1994, declared itself to be an indigenous movement and drew its strongest and earliest support from Chiapan Maya. Today its number of supporters is relevant. (see also the EZLN and the Chiapas conflict)
Maya groups in Chiapas include the Tzotzil and Tzeltal, in the highlands of the state, the Tojolabalis concentrated in the lowlands around Las Margaritas, and the Ch'ol in the jungle. (see map)
The most traditional of Maya groups are the Lacandon, a small population avoiding contact with outsiders until the late 20th century by living in small groups in the Lacandon Jungle. These Lacandon Maya came from the Campeche/Petén area (north-east of Chiapas) and moved into the Lacandon rain-forest at the end of the 18th century.
In the course of the 20th century, and increasingly in the 1950s and 1960s, other people (mainly the Maya and subsistence peasants from the highlands), also entered into the Lacandon region; initially encouraged by the government. This immigration led to land-related conflicts and an increasing pressure on the rainforest. To halt the migration, the government decided in 1971 to declare a large part of the forest (614,000 hectares, or 6140 km2) a protected area: the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve. They appointed only one small population group (the 66 Lacandon families) as tenants (thus creating the Lacandon Community), thereby displacing 2000 Tzeltal and Ch'ol families from 26 communities, and leaving non-Lacandon communities dependent on the government for granting their rights to land. In the decades that followed the government carried out numerous programs to keep the problems in the region under control, using land distribution as a political tool; as a way of ensuring loyalty from different campesino groups. This strategy of divide and rule led to great disaffection and tensions among population groups in the region.
(see also the Chiapas conflict and the Lacandon Jungle).
Belize[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2012)
The Maya population in Belize is concentrated in the Corozal, Cayo, Toledo and Orange Walk districts, but they are scattered throughout the country. The Maya are thought to have been in Belize and the Yucatán region since the second millennium BC. Much of Belize's original Maya population died as a result of new infectious diseases and conflicts between tribes and with Europeans. They are divided into the Yucatec, Kekchi, and Mopan. These three Maya groups now inhabit the country.
The Yucatec Maya (many of whom came from Yucatán, Mexico to escape the Caste War of the 1840s) there have been evidence of several Yucatec Maya groups living by the Yalbac area of Belize and in the Orange Walk district near the present day Lamanai at the time the British reach. The Mopan (indigenous to Belize but were forced out by the British; they returned from Guatemala to evade slavery in the 19th century), and Kek'Chi (also fled from slavery in Guatemala in the 19th century). The later groups are chiefly found in the Toledo District.[15]
Tabasco[edit]
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The Mexican state of Tabasco is home to the Chontal Maya.
Guatemala[edit]
Ixil women in Nebaj, Guatemala.
In Guatemala, indigenous people of Maya descent comprise around 40% of the population.[16] The largest and most traditional Maya populations are in the western highlands in the departments of Baja Verapaz, Quiché, Totonicapán, Huehuetenango, Quetzaltenango, and San Marcos; their inhabitants are mostly Maya.[17]
The Maya people of the Guatemala highlands include the Achi, Akatek, Chuj, Ixil, Jakaltek, Kaqchikel, K'iche', Mam, Poqomam, Poqomchi', Q'anjob'al, Q'eqchi', Tz'utujil and Uspantek.
The Q'eqchi' live in lowland areas of Alta Vera Paz, Peten, and Western Belize. Over the course of the succeeding centuries a series of land displacements, re-settlements, persecutions and migrations resulted in a wider dispersal of Q'eqchi' communities, into other regions of Guatemala (Izabal, Petén, El Quiché). They are the 2nd largest ethnic Maya group in Guatemala (after the K'iche') and one of the largest and most widespread throughout Central America.
In Guatemala, the Spanish colonial pattern of keeping the native population legally separate and subservient continued well into the 20th century.[citation needed] This resulted in many traditional customs being retained, as the only other option than traditional Maya life open to most Maya was entering the Hispanic culture at the very bottom rung. Because of this many Guatemalan Maya, especially women, continue to wear traditional clothing, that varies according to their specific local identity.
The southeastern region of Guatemala (bordering with Honduras) includes groups such as the Ch'orti'. The northern lowland Petén region includes the Itza, whose language is near extinction but whose agro-forestry practices, including use of dietary and medicinal plants may still tell us much about pre-colonial management of the Maya lowlands.[18]
Genocide in Guatemala[edit]
Main article: Guatemalan genocide
During the 1980s the indigenous Maya community made up about two-thirds of Guatemala’s 10 million people.[19] During his presidency (1982–1983), Efraín Ríos Montt instituted a campaign of state terror intended to destroy the Mayas in the name of countering “communist subversion” and ridding the country of its indigenous culture.[citation needed]
In some areas, government forces killed about 40% of the total population; the campaign destroyed at least 440 Mayan villages. The army attacked inhabitants, and burned down their homes and fields.[20]
The 36 year long Guatemalan Civil War left more than 200,000 people dead and at least 100,000 women raped; most of the victims were Maya.[21]
On January 26, 2012 former president Ríos Montt was formally indicted in Guatemala and appeared in court for genocide and crimes against humanity[citation needed] for which he was then sentenced to a sentence of 80 years in prison on May 10, 2013[22]. This ruling was overturned by the constitutional court on May 20, 2013 over alleged irregularities in the handling of the case[23][24]. The ex-president appeared in court again on January 5, 2015 amongst protest form his lawyers regarding his health conditions[25] and on August 25, 2015 it was deliberated that a re-trial of the 2013 proceedings could find Ríos Montt guilty or not, but that the sentence would be suspended[26][27].
Maya heritage[edit]
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Guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of Santa Catarina Palopó on Lake Atitlán
The Maya people are known for their brightly colored, yarn-based, textiles that are woven into capes, shirts, blouses, huipiles and dresses. Each village has its own distinctive pattern, making it possible to distinguish a person's home town. Women's clothing consists of a shirt and a long skirt.
The Maya religion is Roman Catholicism combined with the indigenous Maya religion to form the unique syncretic religion which prevailed throughout the country and still does in the rural regions prior to 2010s of "orthodoxing" the western rural areas by Christian Orthodox missionaries. Beginning from negligible roots prior to 1960s, however, Protestant Pentecostalism has grown to become the predominant religion of Guatemala City and other urban centers, later to 2010s that almost of all Maya of several rural areas of West Guatemala, living rural areas were mostly mass converted from Catholicism or possibly Maya religion due of various reasons to either Eastern or Oriental Orthodoxy by late Fr. Andres Giron and some other Orthodox missionaries, and also smaller to mid-sized towns also slowly converted as well since 2013.[28] The unique religion is reflected in the local saint, Maximón, who is associated with the subterranean force of masculine fertility and prostitution. Always depicted in black, he wears a black hat and sits on a chair, often with a cigar placed in his mouth and a gun in his hand, with offerings of tobacco, alcohol, and Coca-Cola at his feet. The locals know him as San Simon of Guatemala.
Maximón, a Maya deity
The Popol Vuh is the most significant work of Guatemalan literature in the K'iche' language, and one of the most important of Pre-Columbian American literature. It is a compendium of Maya stories and legends, aimed to preserve Maya traditions. The first known version of this text dates from the 16th century and is written in Quiché transcribed in Latin characters. It was translated into Spanish by the Dominican priest Francisco Ximénez in the beginning of the 18th century. Due to its combination of historical, mythical, and religious elements, it has been called the Maya Bible. It is a vital document for understanding the culture of Pre-Columbian America. The Rabinal Achí is a dramatic work consisting of dance and text that is preserved as it was originally represented. It is thought to date from the 15th century and narrates the mythical and dynastic origins of the Toj K'iche' rulers of Rabinal, and their relationships with neighboring K'iche' of Q'umarkaj.[29] The Rabinal Achí is performed during the Rabinal festival of January 25, the day of Saint Paul. It was declared a masterpiece of oral tradition of humanity by UNESCO in 2005. The 16th century saw the first native-born Guatemalan writers that wrote in Spanish.
Maya cultural heritage tourism[edit]
Play media
A boy playing Maya trumpet opposite of Palacio Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
There is an undeniable symbiotic relationship between cultural heritage, tourism, and a national identity. In the case of the Maya, the many national identities have been constructed because of the growing demands placed on them by cultural tourism. By focusing on lifeways through costumes, rituals, diet, handicrafts, language, housing, or other features, the identity of the economy shifts from the sale of labor to that of the sale of culture.[30]
Global tourism is now considered one of the largest scale movement of goods, services, and people in history and a significant catalyst for economic development and sociopolitical change.[31] Estimated that between 35 and 40 percent of tourism today is represented by cultural tourism or heritage tourism, this alternative to mass tourism offers opportunities for place-based engagement that frames context for interaction by the lived space and everyday life of other peoples, as well as sites and objects of global historical significance.[32] In this production of tourism the use of historic symbols, signs, and topics form a new side that characterizes a nation and can play an active role in nation building.[33]
With this type of tourism, people argue that ethno-commerce may open unprecedented opportunities for creating value of various kinds. Tourists travel with cultural expectations, which has created a touristic experience sometimes faced with the need to invent traditions of artificial and contrived attractions, often developed at the expense of local tradition and meanings.[34]
An example of this can be seen in “Mayanizing Tourism on Roatan Island, Honduras: Archaeological Perspectives on Heritage, Development, and Indignity.” Alejandro j. Figueroa et al., combine archaeological data and ethnographic insights to explore a highly contested tourism economy in their discussion of how places on Roatan Island, Honduras, have become increasingly “Mayanized” over the past decade. As tour operators and developers continue to invent an idealized Maya past for the island, non-Maya archaeological remains and cultural patrimony are constantly being threatened and destroyed. While heritage tourism provides economic opportunities for some, it can devalue contributions made by less familiar groups.[35]
Notable Maya people[edit]
See also: Category:Maya people
Ah Ahaual, a 7th-century captive of noble lineage recorded in pre-Columbian Maya inscriptions
Hunac Ceel (fl. c. 1300), Maya general and founder of the Cocom dynasty at Chichen Itzá
Apoxpalon (fl. 1525), Maya merchant and regional ruler of Itzamkanac
Tecun Uman (died c. 1524), legendary K'iche' Mayan leader who refused to give way to the conquistadors in Guatemala and was slain by Pedro de Alvarado
Napuc Chi or Ah Kin Chi (died c. 1541), general-in-chief of the army and king of Tutul-Xiu, i. e. Maní
Gaspar Antonio Chi (c. 1531–1610), Maya noble from Maní, son of Napuc Chi
Jacinto Canek (c. 1731–1761), Maya revolutionary
Crescencio Poot (1820–1885), general in the Caste War of Yucatán
Felipe Carrillo Puerto (1874–1924), Mexican journalist and politician, governor of the Mexican state of Yucatán (1922–1924)
Andrés Curruchich (1891–1969), Guatemalan painter of the Kaqchikel people
Carlos Mérida (1891–1985), Spanish-K'iche' artist from Guatemala
Francisco Luna Kan (born 1925), Mexican politician, governor of Yucatán (1976–1982)
Armando Manzanero Canché (born 1935), Mexican musician, singer, and composer
Luis Rolando Ixquiac Xicara (born 1947), indigenous artist born in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Marcial Mes (c. 1949–2014), Belizean politician
Humberto Ak'ab'al (born 1952), K'iche' poet from Guatemala
Rosalina Tuyuc (born 1956), Guatemalan human rights activist
Rigoberta Menchú (born 1959), K'iche' political activist from Guatemala
Comandanta Ramona (1959–2006), ‘officer’ of the autonomist Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Juan Jose Pacho (born 1963), Mexican former baseball player and manager
Aníbal López (1964–2014), Guatemalan artist
Jesús Tecú Osorio (born 1971), Guatemalan social activist
Hilario Chi Canul (born 1981), Mexican linguist
Sara Curruchich (born 1993), Guatemalan singer, composer, and activist from the town of San Juan Comalapa
Quotes[edit]
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"We are not myths of the past, ruins in the jungle or zoos. We are people and we want to be respected, not to be victims of intolerance and racism." – Rigoberta Menchú, 1992.[36]
Film and television[edit]
The Forgotten District, a documentary on Maya ecotourism in southern Belize, Central America
Mayan Renaissance starring Rigoberta Menchú (2012)
See also[edit]
Musica people
Acala Ch'ol
Chinamita
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Kejache
Lakandon Ch'ol
List of Mayan languages
Manche Ch'ol
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Indigenous Peoples of the World: The Maya. Intercontinentalcry.org. Retrieved on 2014-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Nations, James D. (1 January 2010). The Maya Tropical Forest: People, Parks, and Ancient Cities. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-77877-1.
Jump up ^ "The pre Columbian Civilisations of Central America - The Mesoamericans - Causes and Consequences of the Medieval Warm Period". sites.google.com.
Jump up ^ Restall 2004, p. 67.
Jump up ^ OSEA, Open School of Ethnography and Anthropology. "Maya or Mayans? On Correct Use of Terms". Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Castaneda, Quetzil (2004). "We Are Not Indigenous" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Anthropology. 9 (1): 36–63. Retrieved 2 May 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Ethnoexodus: Maya Topographic Ruptures. I09.cgpublisher.com (2009-06-05). Retrieved on 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Castillo Cocom, Juan A. (2007). "Maya Scenarios" (PDF). Kroeber Papers. 96: 13–35.
^ Jump up to: a b Clendinnen, Inga (1989) Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. p. 34. ISBN 0-521-37981-4
Jump up ^ Restall, Matthew (1998). Maya Conquistador. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon. pp. xvi, 254.
Jump up ^ Reed, Nelson (2002) The Caste War of Yucatán: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-4001-1
Jump up ^ El Universal, el periódico de México líder en noticias y clasificados[permanent dead link]. El-universal.com.mx. Retrieved on 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Noticias Indemaya. Indemaya.gob.mx. Retrieved on 2014-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Bienvenidos / Welcome. Yucatecos.org. Retrieved on 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Belize Mission Collection".
Jump up ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). archive.org. 13 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Republica de Guatemala. inforpressca.com
Jump up ^ Atran, Scott; Lois, Ximena; Ucan Ek', Edilberto (2004) Plants of the Peten Itza Maya, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 38
Jump up ^ Summerfield, Derek (1997). "The Mayas of Guatemala: surviving terror". The Lancet. 349 (9045): 130. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63260-6.
Jump up ^ Brinton Lykes, M. (1994-02-01). "Terror, silencing and children: International, multidisciplinary collaboration with Guatemalan Maya communities". Social Science & Medicine. 38 (4): 543–552. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90250-X.
Jump up ^ Brett, R.L. (2016). "The Origins and Dynamics of Genocide:Political Violence in Guatemala".
Jump up ^ "Guatemala's Rios Montt found guilty of genocide". BBC News. 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Guatemala's top court annuls Rios Montt genocide conviction". archive.is. 2013-06-16. Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Agencies (2013-05-20). "Ríos Montt genocide case collapses". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Former Guatemala dictator faces genocide retrial". Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Press, Associated (2015-08-25). "Guatemala court: former dictator can be tried for genocide – but not sentenced". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ Malkin, Elisabeth (2015-08-25). "Genocide Retrial Is Set for Guatemalan Former Dictator". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Jump up ^ "News". Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11.
Jump up ^ Akkeren 1999, pp. 281, 288.
Jump up ^ Comaroff, John L.; Jean Comaroff (2010). "Ethnicity, Inc". Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jump up ^ Stronza, Amanda (2001). "Anthropology of Tourism: Forging New Ground for Ecotourism and Other Alternatives". Annual Review of Anthropology. 30 (30): 261–83. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.261.
Jump up ^ Lefebvre, Henri (1974). The Production of Space. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jump up ^ Soper, Anne K.; Charles E. Greer; Daniel C. Knudsen (2008). "Mauritian Landscapes of Culture, Identity, and Tourism". Landscape, Tourism, and Meaning: 51–64.
Jump up ^ Smith, Laurajane (2007). Cultural Heritage: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. p. 104.
Jump up ^ Lyon, Sarah; E. Christian Wells (2012). "Ethnographies of Global Tourism: Cultural Heritage, Economic Encounters, and the Redefinition of Impact".
Jump up ^ Quote taken from an interview with her by a representative of a Central American human rights organization (Riis-Hansen 1992). Menchú gave this interview shortly before she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
Bibliography[edit]
Akkeren, Ruud van (July 1999). "Sacrifice at the Maize Tree: Rab'inal Achi in its historical and symbolic context". Ancient Mesoamerica. New York: Cambridge University Press. 10 (2): 281–295. doi:10.1017/s0956536199102104. ISSN 0956-5361. OCLC 364022517. (subscription required)
Chiappari, Christopher L. (2002). "Toward a Maya Theology of Liberation: The Reformulation of a "Traditional" Religion in the Global Context". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 41 (1): 47–67. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00099.
Grube, Nikolai (2006). "Maya Today – From Indios Deprived of Rights to the Maya Movement". In Nikolai Grube (Ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant Eds.). Cologne: Könemann Press. pp. 417–425. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Mooney, James, Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Maya Indians". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Restall, Matthew (1997). The Maya World. Yucatecan Culture and Society, 1550–1850. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3658-9.
Riis-Hansen, Anders (1992). "Interview with Rigoberta Menchu Tum". Commission for the Defense of Human Rights in Central America (CODEHUCA). Retrieved 2006-07-03.
Warren, Kay B. (1998). Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05882-5.
Further reading[edit]
Voss, Alexander (2006). "Astronomy and Mathematics". In Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 130–143. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmography". In Nikolai Grube (ed.). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (Assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 280–293. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
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Yucatán (state)

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Francisco Epigmenio Luna Kan

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Yucatec Maya

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Lacandon Community

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Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve

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Tzeltal people

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Tojolabal people

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Ch'ol people

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Indigenous people of the Americas

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Tzotzil people

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Lacandon people

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Q'eqchi' people

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Chontal Maya people

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Baja Verapaz

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Akatek people

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Q'anjob'al people

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Roman Catholicism

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Eastern Orthodoxy

value: Edit section: Maya cultural heritage tourism

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Chichen Itzá

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Juan Jose Pacho

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Kay B. Warren

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Tun (Maya calendar)

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Akna (Maya mythology)

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Nahua peoples

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Mixtec people

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Otomi people

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Totonac people

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Mazatec people

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Chinantec people

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Purépecha people

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Mixe people

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Tlapanec people

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Tarahumara people

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Zoque people

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Popoluca people

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Chatino people

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Amuzgo people

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Huichol people

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Tepehuán people

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Trique people

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Yaqui people

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Cuicatec people

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Huave people

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Tepehua people

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Chichimeca Jonaz people

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Guarijio people

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Tacuate people

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Mexicanero people

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Ocuiltec people

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Pima Bajo people

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Motozintleco people

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Paipai people

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Tohono O'odham people

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Cocopah people

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Kumeyaay people

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Cochimí people

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Kiliwa people

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Awakatek people

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Opata people

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Mestizos in Guatemala

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Garifuna people

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Mexicans in Guatemala

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Salvadorans in Guatemala

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Cultural sphere

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Mayya – Azerbaijani
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Mayaed – Breton
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Maia – Catalan
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Maya – Welsh
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Maya – Lower Sorbian
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Maiad – Estonian
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Mayas – French
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Maya's – Western Frisian
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Majar – Icelandic
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Suku Maya – Javanese
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Wamaya – Swahili
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Mayae – Latin
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Maya's – Dutch
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Majowie – Polish
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Maya – Quechua
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Mayovia – Slovak
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Maje – Silesian
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Mayalar – Turkish
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Maya – Zazaki
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