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Designated Survivor (season 2)
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Designated Survivor (season 2)
Promotional poster
Starring
Kiefer Sutherland
Natascha McElhone
Paulo Costanzo
Adan Canto
Italia Ricci
LaMonica Garrett
Zoe McLellan
Ben Lawson
Kal Penn
Maggie Q
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
19
Release
Original network
ABC
Original release
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) – present
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of Designated Survivor episodes
The second season of the American political drama series Designated Survivor was ordered on May 11, 2017.[1] It premiered on September 27, 2017, and will consist of 22 episodes.[2] The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company, and is filmed in Toronto and Cambridge,[3] Ontario, Canada.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
One year into office, President Thomas Kirkman juggles searching for the mastermind behind the attack on the Capitol Building, dealing with the day-to-day situations that take place at home and abroad, and helping a nation rebuild.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Kiefer Sutherland as President Thomas "Tom" Kirkman[4]
Natascha McElhone as First Lady Alexandra "Alex" Kirkman[4]
Paulo Costanzo as White House Political Director Lyor Boone[4]
Adan Canto as National Security Advisor Aaron Shore[4]
Italia Ricci as White House Chief of Staff Emily Rhodes[4]
LaMonica Garrett as United States Secret Service Advance Team Leader, Mike Ritter[4]
Zoe McLellan as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes[4]
Ben Lawson as Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Special Agent, Damian Rennett[4]
Kal Penn as White House Press Secretary Seth Wright[4]
Maggie Q as Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Special Agent, Hannah Wells[4]
Recurring[edit]
Terry Serpico as Patrick Lloyd
Jake Epstein as Chuck Russink
Mckenna Grace as Penny Kirkman
Reed Diamond as FBI Director John Forstell
Geoff Pierson as Secretary of State Cornelius Moss
Mykelti Williamson as Vice Chairman Admiral Chernow
Kim Raver as Andrea Frost[5]
Nora Zehetner as Valeria Poriskova[6]
Guest[edit]
Bonnie Bedelia as Eva Booker
Breckin Meyer as Trey Kirkman[7]
Michael J. Fox as Ethan West[8]
Aunjanue Ellis as Mayor, later Vice President Ellenor Darby
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)
22
1 "One Year In" Chris Grismer Keith Eisner September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27) 5.50[9]
Kirkman struggles to prevent a possible international crisis when Ukrainian separatists hijack a Russian airplane with American citizens among the passengers; Wells works with MI6 agent Damian Rennett (Ben Lawson) to find the Capitol bombing's chief architect; Emily juggles hiring political consultant Lyor Boone (Paulo Costanzo) and determining where Seth's loyalties lie; the senior staff attempts to keep a visiting writer occupied before his audience with the President.
23
2 "Sting of the Tail" Frederick E. O. Toye Keith Eisner October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04) 4.80[10]
Kirkman works with Wells and Rennett when Patrick Lloyd (Terry Serpico) reemerges and threatens to unleash sarin gas on the D.C. metropolitan area if his demands are not met; Seth struggles to finish Kirkman's speech for the Correspondents' Dinner; the senior staff welcomes White House Counsel Kendra Daynes (Zoe McLellan) into the fold.
24
3 "Outbreak" Chris Grismer Ashley Gable October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11) 4.61[11]
Kirkman works with the Centers for Disease Control to contain a viral outbreak; Wells and Rennett dig deeper into Patrick Lloyd's motives; Kendra attempts to settle a debate about a Confederate statue; the senior staff prepares for the presentation of an Amazonian frog named after the President.
25
4 "Equilibrium" Joe Lazarov Paul Redford & Keith Eisner October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18) 4.34[12]
Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to resolve a border dispute between the United States and Mexico; Wells interrogates Alex about her mother's possible involvement in a decades-old crime; an investigator from the Office of Management and Budget tries to determine who is responsible for breaking a priceless vase.
26
5 "Suckers" Fred Gerber Bill Chais October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25) 3.94[13]
Kirkman and the senior staff work together to regain the public's trust after a private conversation is taken out of context on national television; Wells and Rennett reunite when a visiting British MP is gunned down; Alex becomes emotionally involved in the ongoing investigation against her mother.
27
6 "Two Ships" Leslie Libman Jessica Grasl November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01) 3.92[14]
Kirkman sets out to prevent a potential national security threat after a stranded U.S. Navy ship with a state-of-the-art surveillance system drifts into enemy waters; Wells and Rennett continue investigating Charlotte Thorne's death; Kendra tries to convince Alex's mother to make a difficult decision; Emily reunites with her absentee father.
28
7 "Family Ties" Milan Cheylov Pierluigi Cothran November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15) 4.05[15]
The First Family struggles to prevent a scandal when Leo is sued by a man protesting a Turkish activist; Alex finds herself caught in the middle of a murder investigation; Secretary Moss stonewalls Wells and Rennett as they investigate his relationship with Charlotte Thorne.
29
8 "Home" Ian Toynton Pat Cunnane November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29) 4.03[16]
Kirkman attempts to determine who he can trust as he embarks on a secret trip to Afghanistan and Seth makes a decision that could jeopardize both his political career and his future in the White House.
30
9 "Three-Letter Day" Jeannot Szwarc Bill Chais & Ashley Arena December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06) 3.91[17]
Kirkman's senior staff personally respond to letters requesting that the White House respectively investigate a war hero's legacy, a death row inmate's pardon, and a bee colony's collapse; Wells and Rennett continue to search for evidence that could exonerate Alex; Chuck makes a shattering discovery.
31
10 "Line of Fire" Chris Grismer Keith Eisner December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13) 4.39[18]
Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to save a group of religious extremists who refuse to leave their cabin from a raging forest fire; Wells reels from a stunning betrayal; Alex's prepares to testify before Director Forstell; an unexpected accident promises to change everyone's lives forever.
32
11 "Grief" Timothy Busfield Keith Eisner February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28) 3.72[19]
Ten weeks after Alex's death, Kirkman has to resolve a diplomatic mission turned into a hostage crisis in Cuba, while still coming to terms with his loss and confronting the imprisoned driver who killed his wife. Director Timothy Busfield also appears as Kirkman's therapist. Meanwhile, the man that Hannah shot returns.
33
12 "The Final Frontier" Sharat Raju Jeff Melvoin March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07) 3.60[20]
Brought in for questioning, Damian claims to have key information that may help Kirkman save a space station crew from dehydration, including that both the U.S. and Russian space programs were cyberattacked. Meanwhile, the resolution compromises Kirkman's relationship with the former president, now secretary of state, while Kirkman tries to keep his children steady in the wake of Alex's death.
34
13 "Original Sin" Bosede Williams Ashley Gable March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14) 3.69[21]
The White House staff has its hands full with fallout from the video leak of Kirkman's contentious visit with Alex's killer, finding who was responsible for the leak, and a false perception of Kirkman as a tyrant because of it; and, with an unexpected sit-in from a visiting tribe of Native Americans whose lands were compromised by decades-old developments by Kirkman's former architectural firm---at a time Kirkman himself was unaware of the tribe or its heritage.
35
14 "In the Dark" Carol Banker Bill Chais March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21) 3.98[22]
A power blackout in Washington scrambles both the White House staff and Hannah into tracking the source of an apparent hack into the grid. Damian breaks his tracking device to kill a Russian before the Russian can kill Hannah. Kirkman and Washington, D.C.'s mayor Ellenor Darby tackle local unrest during the power failure, and their success after an early misunderstanding makes Kirkman's mind up about his choice for vice president. Kirkman's brother delivers an unexpected but welcome surprise involving a bond payment deadline extension to Japan.
36
15 "Summit" Chris Grismer Jessica Grasl March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28) 3.80[24]
With Ellenor confirmed as the new vice president, tensions including a nuclear missile test compel Kirkman to speed up a peace summit between East and West Hun Chiu[23] at Camp David, but incessant leaks threaten to torpedo the talks---especially when the son of East Hun Chiu's ruthless strongman defects to the U.S. While Seth and Emily concurrently continue re-assessing their relationship as both are compelled to sign White House disclosure documents covering it, Kirkman is quietly outraged when he discovers the source of the leaks.
37
16 "Fallout" Joe Lazarov Tom Garrigus April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04) 3.84[25]
Kirkman and the FBI scramble to find where a "dirty" nuclear waste bomb is planted in the United States and the person responsible for it. The bomb is found at a Metro Line train station but kills six FBI personnel including Director Forstell before they can clear the station. Evidence initially points to East Hun Chiu, but when it proves to be Kunami's doing Kirkman launches airstrikes at strategic targets in that country.
38
17 "Overkill" Jeff T. Thomas Jeff Melvoin & Tracey Rice April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11) 3.29[26]
Kirkman presses forward with more attacks on Kunami's military infrastructure to bring that country's strongman emir to heel in the wake of the dirty bombing, but while Kirkman wrestles with his conscience over the mini-war Hannah---on the ground in Kunami---discovers Kunami's ambassador has a side agenda dangerous to both the emir and the U.S.
39
18 "Kirkman Agonistes" Leslie Libman Pierluigi D. Cothran & Patrick Cunnane April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18) 3.51[27]
The private tape recordings of Kirkman's therapy sessions have been leaked to the press. The White House staff scrambles to expose the leaker. Vice President Darby convenes a secret Cabinet meeting to discuss whether to remove Kirkman under the 25th Amendment, and ruthless attorney Ethan West (Michael J. Fox) is brought in to investigate Kirkman's past. A weary president ponders briefly whether he really feels fit to remain in office. Seth dresses down the White House press corps by reminding them any man---never mind a president---would be traumatised by his wife's unexpected death.
40
19 "Capacity" David Warry-Smith Keith Eisner April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25) 3.36[28]
41
20 "Bad Reception"[29] Chris Grismer Tom Garrigus & Jessica Grasl May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02) TBD
42
21 "Target"[30] TBA TBA May 9, 2018 (2018-05-09) TBD
43
22 "Run"[30] TBA TBA May 16, 2018 (2018-05-16) TBD
Production[edit]
Designated Survivor was renewed for a second season on May 11, 2017. Former The Good Wife executive producer Keith Eisner will take over as showrunner for the second season.[31] Eisner will be the fourth showrunner for the show, replacing Jeff Melvoin, who was hired as showrunner in December 2016, taking over for Jon Harmon Feldman.[32] The show's original showrunner Amy B. Harris stepped down due to creative differences after the series' official pickup in February 2016.[33]
On June 22, 2017, cast member Virginia Madsen announced that she would not be returning for the second season as Kimble Hookstraten as she commented "I guess they had other stories to tell. It's a big show so I wish them well."[34] After the first season finale, Sutherland announced that the show would add three new characters for the second season. Two of the character descriptions was "a “fiery” female White House Counsel and a “ruggedly handsome” MI6 operative who crosses paths with Hannah."[35] TVLine announced on June 29, 2017, that Paulo Costanzo had been cast as a series regular role as Lyor Boone, the new White House Political Director.[36] Deadline reported on July 17, 2017, that Ben Lawson had been cast as the series regular character Damian Rennett, an MI6 operative.[37] In the same month, it was announced that Zoe McLellan was cast in a series regular role as attorney and White House counsel, Kendra Daynes.[38] In November 2017, Kim Raver was cast in the recurring role of engineer and space entrepreneur, Andrea Frost.[39] In January 2018, Michael J. Fox was cast in the recurring role of Washington attorney and special prosecutor, Ethan West.[40] In March 2018, Nora Zehetner was cast in the recurring role of Russian cultural attaché, Valeria Poriskova.[41]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "One Year In" September 27, 2017 1.1/4 5.50[9] 1.4 5.84 2.5 11.34[42]
2 "Sting of the Tail" October 4, 2017 0.9/4 4.80[10] 1.2 5.20 2.1 10.00[43]
3 "Outbreak" October 11, 2017 0.9/4 4.61[11] 1.1 5.07 2.0 9.68[44]
4 "Equilibrium" October 18, 2017 0.8/3 4.34[12] 1.1 5.00 1.9 9.34[45]
5 "Suckers" October 25, 2017 0.7/3 3.94[13] 1.0 4.60 1.7 8.54[46]
6 "Two Ships" November 1, 2017 0.7/3 3.92[14] 0.9 4.31 1.6 8.23[47]
7 "Family Ties" November 15, 2017 0.8/3 4.05[15] 0.9 4.47 1.7 8.52[48]
8 "Home" November 29, 2017 0.7/3 4.03[16] 1.0 4.83 1.7 8.86[49]
9 "Three-Letter Day" December 6, 2017 0.7/3 3.87[17] 0.9 4.60 1.6 8.47[50]
10 "Line of Fire" December 13, 2017 0.8/3 4.38[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A
11 "Grief" February 28, 2018 0.6/2 3.72[19] 1.0 4.71 1.6 8.43[51]
12 "The Final Frontier" March 7, 2018 0.6/2 3.60[20] 0.9 4.41 1.5 8.02[52]
13 "Original Sin" March 14, 2018 0.7/3 3.69[21] 0.8 4.20 1.5 7.89[53]
14 "In the Dark" March 21, 2018 0.7/3 3.98[22] 0.8 4.10 1.5 8.08[54]
15 "Summit" March 28, 2018 0.7/3 3.80[24] 0.7 3.99 1.4 7.79[55]
16 "Fallout" April 4, 2018 0.6/3 3.84[25] 0.8 3.88 1.4 7.72[56]
17 "Overkill" April 11, 2018 0.6/3 3.29[26] 0.7 4.11 1.3 7.39[57]
18 "Kirkman Agoni" April 18, 2018 0.6/3 3.51[27] N/A N/A N/A N/A
19 "Capacity" April 25, 2018 0.5/2 3.36[28] N/A N/A N/A N/A
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael; Ausiello, Michael (May 12, 2017). "Designated Survivor Renewed at ABC". Archived from the original on May 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 24, 2017). "ABC Fall Premiere Dates: XL Grey's Return, Scandal's Swan Song and More". TVLine. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Designated Survivor films season finale scene in Cambridge". Kitchener. 2018-03-17. Retrieved 2018-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "(#201) "One Year In"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael. "Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion: Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc". TVline. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise. "'Designated Survivor': Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 20, 2017). "'Designated Survivor': Breckin Meyer Set To Recur In Season 2". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (January 10, 2018). "Michael J. Fox Joining 'Designated Survivor' For Arc". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (September 28, 2017). "'Survivor' premiere adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 5, 2017). "'SEAL Team,' 'Law & Order: SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". Retrieved October 5, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 12, 2017). "'Empire,' 'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs,' 'Blacklist' adjust up, 'Dynasty' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 19, 2017). "'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs,' 'SEAL Team' adjust up, 'Criminal Minds' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (October 26, 2017). "'The Blacklist' and 'Designated Survivor' adjust down, final World Series numbers: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "World Series ends big, 'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs,' 'Blacklist,' 'Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (November 16, 2017). "'The Goldbergs' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 1, 2017). "'Empire' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 7, 2017). "'Survivor,' 'SVU' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (December 14, 2017). "'Survivor' and 'Speechless' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 1, 2018). "'Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 8, 2018). "'The Goldbergs' and 'Riverdale' adjust up, 'Chicago PD' and 'Life Sentence' down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'Survivor,' 'The Goldbergs' and 'Modern Family' adjust up, 'Speechless' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Designated Survivor S2 E15 Summit". abc.go.com. Event occurs at 1:27.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'SEAL Team' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 5, 2018). "'Empire,' 'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs' adjust up, 'Designated Survivor' & 'Life Sentence' down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 12, 2018). "'Empire,' 'Survivor,' 'Goldbergs' adjust up, CW adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Empire' and 'The Voice' adjust up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'Empire' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(#220) "Bad Reception"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shows A-Z - designated survivor on abc". The Futon Critic. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 2, 2017). "'Designated Survivor': Keith Eisner Set As Showrunner, Pending Season 2 Renewal". Deadline. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Licoln, Ross (December 4, 2016). "'Designated Survivor' Taps New Showrunner As Jon Harmon Feldman Exits". Deadline. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (May 6, 2016). "Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama 'Designated Survivor' Gets Formal Series Pickup, First Trailer; Eyes Jon Feldman As Showrunner". Deadline.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (June 22, 2017). "'Designated Survivor': Virginia Madsen Will Not Return for Season 2". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (June 8, 2017). "Matt's Inside Line: Scoop on Five-0, Killjoys, Arrow, Designated Survivor, Zoo, Stranger Things, Riverdale and More". TVLine. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 29, 2017). "Designated Survivor Enlists Royal Pains' Paulo Costanzo as New Regular". TVLine. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 17, 2017). "'Designated Survivor': Ben Lawson Cast As Series Regular In Season 2". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (July 18, 2017). "'Designated Survivor': Zoe McLellan Joins Season 2 Of ABC's Kiefer Sutherland Drama". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (November 9, 2017). "Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion: Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc". TVline. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (January 10, 2018). "Michael J. Fox Joining 'Designated Survivor' For Arc". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 19, 2018). "'Designated Survivor': Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series". Deadline. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 13, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 'The Good Doctor' score big in premiere week broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). "'The Orville,' 'Once Upon a Time,' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). "'The Good Doctor' is the most-watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2017). "'Chicago PD,' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2017). "'Grey's Anatomy' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 17, 2017). "'This Is Us' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 5, 2017). "'Jane the Virgin,' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2017). "CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 21, 2017). "'Agents of SHIELD' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 15, 2018). "'Agents of SHIELD,' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 22, 2018). "'This Is Us' leads the week 24 broadcast Live +7 ratings – by quite a bit". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 29, 2018). "'This Is Us' goes out on top: Week 25 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 6, 2018). "'The Good Doctor' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 11, 2018). "'Roseanne' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 19, 2018). "'Will & Grace' finale, 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2018). "'New Girl' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_Survivor_(season_2)&oldid=838458585"
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European Court of Auditors
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Court of Auditors
Official emblem
Institutional overview
Formed
1977
Jurisdiction
European Union
Headquarters
Luxembourg, Luxembourg
49°37′22″N 6°8′49″E / 49.62278°N 6.14694°E / 49.62278; 6.14694
Institutional executive
Klaus-Heiner Lehne
Website
eca.europa.eu
The Court of Auditors (European Court of Auditors, ECA) (French: Cour des comptes européenne) is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU). It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions
3 Organisation
3.1 President
3.2 Secretary-general
3.2.1 List of Secretaries-General of the European Court of Auditors
4 Criticism
4.1 Declaration of Assurance
4.2 Size
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Council of Europe
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Europe
Executive[show]
Secretary General
Thorbjørn Jagland
Committee of Ministers
President: Anders Samuelsen
Legislature[show]
Parliamentary Assembly
President: Stella Kyriakides
European Congress
President: Jean-Claude Frécon
Judiciary[show]
European Court of Human Rights
President: Guido Raimondi
Commissioner for Human Rights
Nils Muižnieks
European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
European Commission against Racism and Intolerance
Law[show]
Convention on Human Rights
Convention on Cybercrime
Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism
Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings
Oviedo Convention
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Istanbul convention
Members[show]
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
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Germany
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Macedonia1
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Main article: History of the European Union
The Court of Auditors was created by the 1975 Budgetary Treaty and was formally established on 18 October 1977, holding its first session a week later. At that time the Court was not a formal institution; it was an external body designed to audit the finances of the European Communities. It replaced two separate audit bodies, one which dealt with the finances of the European Economic Community and Euratom, and one which dealt with the European Coal and Steel Community.[1]
The Court did not have a defined legal status until the Treaty of Maastricht when it was made the fifth institution, the first new institution since the founding of the Community. By becoming an institution it gained some new powers, such as the ability to bring actions before the European Court of Justice (ECJ). At first its audit power related only to the European Community pillar of the European Union (EU), but under the Treaty of Amsterdam it gained the full power to audit the finances of the whole of the EU.[1]
Functions[edit]
Despite its name, the Court has no judicial functions. It is rather a professional external investigatory audit agency.[2] The primary role of the court is to externally check if the budget of the European Union has been implemented correctly, in that EU funds have been spent legally and with sound management. In doing so, the court checks the paperwork of all persons handling any income or expenditure of the Union and carries out spot checks. The court is bound to report any problems in the Court's reports for the attention of other states and institutions, these reports include its general annual report as well as specific and special reports on certain bodies and issues.[3][4] The Court's decision is the basis for the European Commission decisions; for example, when the Court found problems in the management of EU funds in the regions of England, the Commission suspended funds to those regions and prepared to fine those who did not come back up to acceptable standards.[5]
In this role, the Court has to remain independent yet remain in touch with the other institutions; for example, a key role is the presentation of the Court's annual report to the European Parliament. It is based on this report that the Parliament makes its decision on whether or not to sign off the European Commission's handling of the budget for that year.[3] The Parliament notably refused to do this in 1984 and 1999, the latter case forced the resignation of the Santer Commission.[6] The Court, if satisfied, also sends assurances to the Council and Parliament that the taxpayers' money is being properly used,[3] and the Court must be consulted before the adoption of any legislation with financial implications, but its opinion is never binding.[7]
Organisation[edit]
The ECA's premises in Luxembourg
The Court is composed of one member from each EU state, each of whom is—after a hearing in the Budgetary Control Committee and a non-binding majority-vote in the committee as well as in the plenary of the European Parliament—appointed unanimously by the Council of the European Union for a renewable term of six years.[3] They are not all replaced every six years, however, as their terms do not coincide (four of the original members began with reduced terms of four years for this reason). Members are chosen from people who have served in national audit bodies, who are qualified for the office and whose independence is beyond doubt. While serving in the Court, members cannot engage in any other professional activities.[8] As the body is independent, its members are free to decide their own organisation and rules of procedure, although these must be ratified by the Council of the European Union.[9] Since the Treaty of Nice, the Court can set up "chambers" (with only a few Members each) to adopt certain types of reports or opinions.[10]
The Court is supported by a staff of approximately 800 auditors, translators and administrators recruited as part of the European Civil Service. Auditors are divided into auditor groups which inspect and prepare draft reports for the Court to take decisions upon. Inspections take place not only of EU institutions but of any state which receives EU funds, given that 90% of income and expenditure is managed by national authorities rather than the EU. Upon finding a fault, the Court—possessing no legal powers of its own—informs the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF), which is the EU's anti-fraud agency.[3] The Court is also assisted by the Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors, elected by the Court, who—along with general management and assistance to the President—draws up draft minutes and keeps archives of decisions, as well as ensuring the publication of reports in the Official Journal of the European Union.[11]
President[edit]
The members then elect one of their number as the President of the Court for a renewable three-year term. The election takes place by a secret ballot of those members who applied for the presidency. The duties of the President (which may be delegated) are to convene and chair the meetings of the Court, ensuring that decisions are implemented and the departments (and other activities) are soundly managed. The president also represents the court and appoints a representative for it in contentious proceedings.[11]
The current President is Klaus-Heiner Lehne, elected on 13 September 2016. He succeeded Vítor Manuel da Silva Caldeira (of Portugal), elected in 2007.[3] Previous presidents have been Sir Norman Price (1977, United Kingdom), Michael Murphy (1977, Ireland), Pierre Lelong (1981, France), Marcel Mart (1984, Luxembourg), Aldo Angioi (1990, Italy), André Middelhoek (1992, Netherlands), Bernhard Friedmann (1996, Germany), Jan O. Karlsson (1999, Sweden), Juan Manuel Fabra Vallés † (2002, Spain) and Hubert Weber (2006, Austria).[12]
Secretary-general[edit]
The Secretary-General is the European Court of Auditors most senior member of staff. Appointed for a renewable term of 6 years, he is responsible for the management of the Court's staff and for the administration of the Court. In addition, the Secretary-General is responsible for the budget, translation, training and information technology.
List of Secretaries-General of the European Court of Auditors[edit]
Patrick Everard - 16.10.1989 to 9.2.1994
Edouard Ruppert - 25.2.1994 to 30.6.2001
Michel Hervé - 1.7.2001 to 31.10.2008 - France
John Speed (ad interim) - 9.10.2008 to 15.3.2009 - UK
Eduardo Ruiz Garcia - 16.3.2009 to present; nominated until 15.3.2015 - Spain
Criticism[edit]
Declaration of Assurance[edit]
Since 1994 the Court has been required to provide a "Declaration of Assurance", essentially a certificate that an entire annual budget can be accounted for. This has proved to be a problem, as even relatively minor omissions require the Court to refuse a declaration of assurance for the entire budget, even if almost all of the budget is considered reliable.[citation needed]
This has led to media reports of the EU accounts being "riddled with fraud", where issues are based on errors in paperwork even though the underlying spending was legal.[citation needed] The auditing system itself has drawn criticism from this perception. The Commission in particular has stated that the bar is too high, and that only 0.09% of the budget is subject to fraud.[13] The Commission has elsewhere stated that it is important to distinguish between fraud and other irregularities.[14] The controversial dismissal in 2003 of Marta Andreasen for her criticism of procedures in 2002 has, for some, called into doubt the integrity of the institutions.
It is frequently claimed that annual accounts have not been certified by the external auditor since 1994. In its annual report on the implementation of the 2009 EU Budget, the Court of Auditors found that the two biggest areas of the EU budget, agriculture and regional spending, have not been signed off on and remain "materially affected by error".[15]
Terry Wynn, an MEP who served on the Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control and reached the position of chairman, has also backed these calls, stating that it is impossible for the Commission to achieve these standards. In a report entitled EU Budget – Public Perception & Fact – how much does it cost, where does the money go and why is it criticised so much?, Wynn cites consensus that practice in the EU differs from that in the USA. In the USA, the focus is on the financial information, not on the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions, 'So, other than in Europe, the political reaction in the US to the failure to obtain a clean audit opinion is only "a big yawn"'.[16]
By comparison, the Comptroller and Auditor General for the United Kingdom stated that there were 500 separate accounts for the UK, and "in the last year, I qualified 13 of the 500. If I had to operate the EU system, then, because I qualify 13 accounts, I might have to qualify the whole British central government expenditure". Despite the problems, the Barroso Commission stated that it aimed to bring the budget within the Court's limits by the end of its mandate in 2009.[13]
The ECA made clear in its year report for 2010 that "Responsibility for the legality and regularity of spending on Cohesion Policies starts in the Member States, but the Commission bears the ultimate responsibility for the correct implementation of the budget". In previous reports, the ECA has noted that "Regardless of the method of implementation applied, the Commission bears the ultimate responsibility for the legality and regularity of the transactions underlying the accounts of the European Communities (Article 274 of the Treaty)".[15]
Size[edit]
The size of the court has also come under criticism. Owing to the one-member-per-state system, its members grew from nine to twenty-seven as of 2007. Attempting to get consensus in the body has thus become more difficult; this led to the number of its special reports per year shrinking from fifteen to six between 2003 and 2005, despite its staff growing by 200 over the same period. Some proposals have been for its size to be reduced to five members or just one, possibly with an advisory board with members from each member state. However, neither the European Constitution nor the Treaty of Lisbon proposed any changes to its composition, despite calls by former court members and MEPs to embrace change.[2][17]
See also[edit]
National Audit Office (United Kingdom)
Cour des Comptes (France)
Federal Court of Auditors of Germany
Chamber of Accounts (Greece)
Swedish National Audit Office
Government Accountability Office (US)
Australian National Audit Office
National Audit Office (China)
Bundesrechnungshof
Supreme Chamber of Control of the Republic of Poland
Netherlands Court of Audit
Court of Audit of Belgium
Rigsrevisionen
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bösch, Herbert (18 October 2007). "Speech by Herbert Bösch, Chairman of the European Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 17 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Institutions of the EU: The European Court of Auditors". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Power of audit of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "EU may force region to repay cash". BBC News. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Budgetary control: 1996 discharge raises issue of confidence in the Commission". Europa (web portal). 1999. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Consultative powers of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Composition of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Organisation and operation of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Glossary: The European Court of Auditors". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 15 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Organisation of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Presidents of the European Court of Auditors". CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Mulvey, Stephen (24 October 2006). "Why the EU's audit is bad news". BBC News. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Protection of the European Union's financial interests – Fight against fraud – Annual Report 2009 (vid. p. 5)" (PDF). Europa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 July 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "OpenEurope". OpenEurope. Retrieved 14 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "EU Budget – Public Perception & Fact (vid. II.1.2; Conclusion)". Terry Wynn. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Karlsson, Jan; Tobisson, Lars. "'Much talk, little action' at European Court of Auditors". European Voice. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
External links[edit]
Official website
Archives of the European Court of Auditors at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
European Court of Auditors page on CVCE.eu
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Indirect rule
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A 20th century Yoruba (Nigerian) depiction of a British District Officer on tour of indirect rulers.
Indirect rule is a system of government used by the British and French to control parts of their colonial empires, particularly in Africa and Asia, through pre-existing local power structures. These dependencies were often called "protectorates" or "trucial states". By this system, the day-to-day government and administration of areas both small and large was left in the hands of traditional rulers, who gained prestige and the stability and protection afforded by the Pax Britannica, at the cost of losing control of their external affairs, and often of taxation, communications, and other matters, usually with a small number of European "advisors" effectively overseeing the government of large numbers of people spread over extensive areas.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 British Empire
1.1 In Africa
1.2 In India
2 Practical implementation of indirect rule
3 Interpretations
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources and references
6.1 Period writings
British Empire[edit]
1895 cartoon of Frederick Lugard, considered the pioneer of indirect rule in colonial Africa
Some British colonies were ruled directly by the Colonial Office in London, while others were ruled indirectly through local rulers who are supervised behind the scenes by British advisors. In 1890 Zanzibar became a protectorate (not a colony) of Britain. Prime minister Salisbury explained his position:
The condition of a protected dependency is more acceptable to the half civilized races, and more suitable for them than direct dominion. It is cheaper, simpler, less wounding to their self-esteem, gives them more career as public officials, and spares of unnecessary contact with white men.[2]
The Princely States of India were ruled indirectly.[3] So too was much of the West African holdings.[4]
In Africa[edit]
The ideological underpinnings, as well as the practical application, of indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria is usually traced to the work of Frederick Lugard, the High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1899 to 1906. In the lands of the Sokoto Caliphate, conquered by the British Empire at the turn of the century, Lugard instituted a system whereby external, military, and tax control was operated by the British, while most every other aspect of life was left to local pre-British aristocracies who may have sided with the British during or after their conquest. The theory behind this solution to a very practical problem of domination by a tiny group of foreigners of huge populations is laid out in Lugard's influential work, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa.
In India[edit]
The largest application of Indirect rule was in British Asia, in hundreds of pre-colonial states, first seen at work under the East India Company's system of subsidiary alliances in the Indian subcontinent. The areas thus brought into the British sphere of influence became known as the Indian Princely States. Subsequently, the same principle was applied in strategic regions on the sea routes to India, especially in the Persian Gulf protected states.
In the British colonies, the laws were typically made by a British Governor and legislative council, but in the protectorates and princely states local rulers retained their traditional administrative authority and ability to legislate, subject to British control of certain areas. Indirect rule was particularly effective in enabling the British to exploit natural resources and raw materials of vast subordinate nations. The establishment of naval and military bases in strategic points around the globe maintained the necessary power to underpin such control.
Practical implementation of indirect rule[edit]
Indirect rule was cheaper and easier for the European powers, and in particular it required fewer administrators, but it did have a number of problems. In many cases, European authorities empowered local traditional leaders, as in the case of the monarchy of Uganda, but if no suitable leader could be found (in the traditional Western sense of the term), the Europeans would simply choose local rulers to suit them.[5] This was the case in Kenya and Southern Nigeria, and the new leaders, often called "warrant chiefs", were not always supported by the local population. The European ruling classes also often chose local leaders with similar traits to their own, despite these traits not being suited to native leadership. Many were conservative elders, and thus indirect rule fostered a conservative outlook among the indigenous population and marginalised the young intelligentsia. Written laws, which replaced oral laws, were less flexible to the changing social nature, old customs of retribution and justice were removed or banned, and the removal of more violent punishments in some areas led to an increase in crime.[citation needed] Furthermore, leaders empowered by the governments of European powers were often not familiar with their new tasks, such as recruitment and tax.[6]
Interpretations[edit]
From the early 20th century, French and British writers helped establish a dichotomy between British Indirect rule, exemplified by the Indian princely states and by Lord Lugard's writings on the administration of northern Nigeria, and French colonial direct rule. As with British theorists, French colonial officials like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette[7] wrote and argued throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was centralized, uniform, and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity.[8][9][10] French rule, sometimes labeled Jacobin, was said in these writings to be based on the twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole, with the French colonial ideology of Assimilation. Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship was based on universal values that came from the French Revolution. Mirroring French domestic citizenship law, French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French (the "Évolués") to become equal French citizens.[11][12][13][14][15] In French West Africa, only parts of the Senegalese "Four Communes" ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated African elite.[16][17] This was contrasted with British Indirect Rule, which never foresaw subject Protectorates becoming legally assimilated into "the home nations".
While making more subtle distinctions, this model of direct versus indirect rule was dominant in academia from the 1930s[18] until the 1970s.[19][20][21]
Academics since the 1970s have problematised the Direct versus Indirect Rule dichotomy,[22] arguing the systems were in practice intermingled in both British and French colonial governance, and that the perception of indirect rule was sometimes promoted to justify quite direct rule structures.[23][24]
Mahmood Mamdani and other academics[25][26] have discussed extensively how both Direct and Indirect rule were attempts to implement identical goals of foreign rule, but how the "Indirect" strategy helped to create ethnic and racial cleavages within ruled societies which persist in hostile communal relations and dysfunctional strategies of government.[27][28] Mamdani himself famously described indirect rule as "decentralised despotism".[29]
Some political scientists have even expanded the debate on how direct versus indirect rule experiences continue to effect contemporary governance into how governments which have never experienced colonialism rule.[30]
See also[edit]
British Empire portal
Politics portal
Bussa revolt - a 1915 uprising against indirect rule in Northern Nigeria
Direct colonial rule
Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The American Historical Association. "ENGLAND'S INDIRECT RULE IN ITS AFRICAN COLONIES" in THROUGH THE LENS OF HISTORY: BIAFRA, NIGERIA, THE WEST AND THE WORLD. AHA teaching guide, historians.org, n.d. Accessed 2012-09-20 http://www.historians.org/tl/lessonplans/nc/trask/indirect.htm
Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts, Salisbury: Victorian Titan (1999) p 529
Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer, "Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences." The Review of Economics and Statistics (2010) 92#4 pp: 693-713 online.
Jump up ^ Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo, The Warrant Chiefs: indirect rule in southeastern Nigeria, 1891-1929 (London: Longman, 1972)
Jump up ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm, Terence O. Ranger, 'The Invention of Tradition' (1983)
Jump up ^ Collins and Burns, pp. 297-308
Jump up ^ Robert Louis Delavignette. Freedom and Authority in French West Africa. originally published as Les vrais chefs de l'empire: 1939. Oxford University: 1946.
Jump up ^ Georges Hardy, Histoire sociale de la colonisation française. (Paris, 1953)
Jump up ^ Raymond F. Betts, Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914 (New York, 1961)
Jump up ^ Martin D. Lewis, “One Hundred Million Frenchmen: The Assimilationist Theory in French Colonial Policy,” Comparative Studies in Society and History IV (January 1962), 129-153.
Jump up ^ Erik Bleich, 'The legacies of history? Colonization and immigrant integration in Britain and France. Theory and Society, Volume 34, Number 2, April 2005.
Jump up ^ Michael Crowder' in Senegal: A Study in French Assimilation Policy (London: Oxford University Press, 1962)
Jump up ^ Mamadou Diouf, 'The French Colonial Policy of Assimilation and the Civility of the Originaires of the Four Communes (Senegal): A Nineteenth Century Globalization Project' in Development and Change, Volume 29, Number 4, October 1998, pp. 671–696(26)
Jump up ^ M. M. Knight, 'French Colonial Policy—the Decline of "Association"' in The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Jun., 1933), pp. 208–224
Jump up ^ Michael Lambert, 'From Citizenship to Negritude: Making a difference in elite ideologies of colonized Francophone West Africa' in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, No. 2. (Apr., 1993), pp. 239–262
Jump up ^ G. Wesley Johnson, Jr., The Emergence of Black Politics in Senegal: The Struggle for Power in the Four Communes, 1900–1920 (1972)
Jump up ^ James F. Searing, 'Senegal: Colonial Period: Four Communes: Dakar, Saint-Louis, Gorée, and Rufisque', in Kevin Shillington (editor), Encyclopedia of African History (New York, 2005): 3 Volumes, 3, 1334–35
Jump up ^ Ralph J. Bunche, 'French and British Imperialism in West Africa' in The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jan., 1936), pp. 31–46
Jump up ^ Michael Crowder, 'Indirect Rule: French and British Style' in Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 197–205
Jump up ^ Alec G. Hargreaves, ed. Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2005; ISBN 9780739108215)
Jump up ^ Ann Laura Stoler (1989), 'Rethinking Colonial Categories: European Communities and the Boundaries of Rule' in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31, pp 134-161 doi:10.1017/S0010417500015693
Jump up ^ Jonathan Derrick, 'The 'Native Clerk' in Colonial West Africa' in African Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 326. (Jan., 1983), pp. 61–74.
Jump up ^ Emily Lynn Osborn (2003). ‘CIRCLE OF IRON’: AFRICAN COLONIAL EMPLOYEES AND THE INTERPRETATION OF COLONIAL RULE IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA. The Journal of African History, 44, pp 29-50 doi:10.1017/S0021853702008307
Jump up ^ Anthony I. Nwabughuogu. The Role of Propaganda in the Development of Indirect Rule in Nigeria, 1890-1929. The International Journal of African Historical Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (1981), pp. 65-92
Jump up ^ Paul Rich. The Origins of Apartheid Ideology: The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration, c.1902-1932. African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 315. (Apr., 1980), pp. 171–194.
Jump up ^ Lakshmi Iyer (2010). Direct versus Indirect Colonial Rule in India: Long-Term Consequences. The Review of Economics and Statistics. November 2010, Vol. 92, No. 4, Pages 693-713
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani. Indirect Rule, Civil Society, and Ethnicity: The African Dilemma. Social Justice Vol. 23, No. 1/2 (63-64), The World Today (Spring-Summer 1996), pp. 145-150
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani. Historicizing power and responses to power: indirect rule and its reform. Social Research Vol. 66, No. 3, PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY (FALL 1999), pp. 859-886
Jump up ^ Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (1996), p. 37.
Jump up ^ John Gerring, Daniel Ziblatt, Johan Van Gorp and Julián Arévalo (2011). An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule. World Politics, 63, pp 377-433 doi:10.1017/S0043887111000104
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sources and references[edit]
Michael Crowder. Indirect Rule: French and British Style. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 34, No. 3. (Jul., 1964), pp. 197–205.
Paul Rich . The Origins of Apartheid Ideology: The Case of Ernest Stubbs and Transvaal Native Administration, c.1902-1932. African Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 315. (Apr., 1980), pp. 171–194.
Omipidan Teslim
Indirect Rule in Nigeria OldNaija
H. F. Morris . A History of the Adoption of Codes of Criminal Law and Procedure in British Colonial Africa, 1876-1935. Journal of African Law, Vol. 18, No. 1, Criminal Law and Criminology. (Spring, 1974), pp. 6–23.
Jonathan Derrick. The 'Native Clerk' in Colonial West Africa. African Affairs, Vol. 82, No. 326. (Jan., 1983), pp. 61–74.
Diana Wylie. Confrontation over Kenya: The Colonial Office and Its Critics 1918-1940. The Journal of African History, Vol. 18, No. 3. (1977), pp. 427–447.
P. A. Brunt . Empires: Reflections on British and Roman Imperialism. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 7, No. 3. (Apr., 1965), pp. 267–288.
R. O. Collins and J. M. Burns. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambridge, 2007.
Harrington, Jack (2010), Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India, Chs. 4 & 5., New York: Palgrave Macmillan., ISBN 978-0-230-10885-1
Period writings[edit]
Harold Nicolson. The Colonial Problem. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939), Vol. 17, No. 1. (Jan. - Feb., 1938), pp. 32–50.
W. E. Rappard . The Practical Working of the Mandates System. Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 5. (Sep., 1925), pp. 205–226.
Jan Smuts. Native Policy in Africa. Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 29, No. 115. (Apr., 1930), pp. 248–268.
Ralph J. Bunche . French and British Imperialism in West Africa. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jan., 1936), pp. 31–46.
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ref>Raymond F. Betts, Assimilation and Association in French Colonial Theory, 1890-1914 (New York, 1961)
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