Watchman (law enforcement)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Watchmen (disambiguation).
Watchman
A Night Watchman. By Thomas Dekker from The Belman of London (1608).
Description
Competencies
public safety, fire watch, crime prevention, crime detection, criminal apprehension, recovery of stolen goods
Fields of
employment
Law enforcement
Related jobs
thief-taker, security guard, police officer, fire lookout
Watchmen were organized groups of men, usually authorized by a state, government, city, or society, to deter criminal activity and provide law enforcement as well as traditionally perform the services of public safety, fire watch, crime prevention, crime detection, recovery of stolen goods. Watchmen have existed since earliest recorded times in various guises throughout the world and were generally succeeded by the emergence of formally organized professional policing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early origins
2 Watchmen in England
2.1 The Problem of the Night
2.2 Formation of Watchmen
2.3 Duties
2.4 Reputation
2.5 Watch houses
2.6 Policing the Night Streets
3 Watchmen in the United States of America
4 Watchmen and modern police
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Early origins[edit]
An early reference to a watch can be found in the Bible where the Prophet Ezekiel states that it was the duty of the watch to blow the horn and sound the alarm. (Ezekiel 33:1-6)
The existence of watchmen has also been found[specify] in the Ottoman, Greek and Egyptian Empires.[citation needed]
The Roman Empire turned the role of a watchman into a profession by creating two organizations:
the Praetorian Guard thus establishing a rank and file system with a Captain of the Guard.
Vigiles, literally the watch.
Watchmen in England[edit]
The Problem of the Night[edit]
The streets in London were dark and had a shortage of and poor quality artificial light.[1] It had been recognized for centuries that the coming of darkness to the unlit streets of a town brought a heightened threat of danger, and that the night provided cover to the disorderly and immoral, and to those bent on robbery or burglary or who in other ways threatened physical harm to people in the streets and in their houses.[2]
The anxieties that darkness gave rise to had been met by the formation of a night watch in the 13th century, and by the rules about who could use the streets after dark. These rules had for long been underpinned in London and other towns by the curfew, the time (announced by the ringing of a bell) at which the gates closed and the streets were cleared. Only people with good reason to be abroad could then travel through the City.[1] Anyone outside at night without reason or permission was suspicious and potentially criminal.[3]
Allowances were usually made for people who had some social status on their side. Lord Fielding clearly expected to pass through London's streets untroubled at 1 am one night in 1641, and he quickly became piqued when his coach was stopped by the watch, shouting huffily that it was a 'disgrace' to stop someone of such high standing as he, and telling the constable in charge of the watch that he would box him on the ears if he did not let his coach carry on back to his house. 'It is impossible' to 'distinguish a lord from another man by the outside of a coach', the constable said later in his defence, 'especially at unreasonable times'.[4]
Formation of Watchmen[edit]
The Ordinance of 1233 required the appointment of watchmen.[5][6] The Assize of Arms of 1252, which required the appointment of constables to summon men to arms, quell breaches of the peace, and to deliver offenders to the sheriff, is cited as one of the earliest creations of an English police force, as was the Statute of Winchester of 1285.[7][8][9] In 1252 a royal writ established a Watch and Ward with royal officers appointed as Shire Reeves:
By order of the King of England the Winchester Act Mandating The Watch. Part Four and the King commandth that from henceforth all Watches be made as it hath been used in past times that was to wit from the day of Ascension unto the day of St. Michael[10] in every city by six men at every gate in every borough by twelve men in every town by six or four according to the number of inhabitants of the town. They shall keep the Watch all night from sun setting unto sun rising. And if any stranger do pass them by them he shall be arrested until morning and if no suspicion be found he shall go quit.
Later in 1279 King Edward I formed a special guard of 20 sergeants at arms who carried decorated battle maces as a badge of official office. By 1415 a watch was appointed to the Parliament of England and in 1485 King Henry VII established a household watch that became known as the Beefeaters.
After 1660 it seems that large numbers of men had avoided night-time service by paying for a substitute well before 1660. Substitution had become so common by the late 17th century that the night watch was virtually by then a fully paid force.[11]
In October 1663 was promulgated an act of Common Council, known as 'Robinson's Act' from the name of the sitting lord mayor, that confirmed the duty of all householders in the City to take their turn at watching in order 'to keep the peace and apprehend night-walkers, malefactors and suspected persons'. For the most part the Common Council Act of 1663 reiterated the rules and obligations that had long existed. The number of watchmen required for each ward, it declared, was to be the number 'established by custom' – in fact, by an act of 1621. Even though it had been true before the civil war that the watch had already become a body of paid men, supported by what were in effect the fines collected from those with an obligation to serve, the Common Council did not acknowledge this in the confirming Act of 1663.[12]
The act of 1663 confirmed that watch on its old foundations, and left its effective management to the ward authorities. The important matter to be arranged in the wards was who was going to serve and on what basis. How the money was to be collected to support a force of paid constables, and by whom, were crucial issues. The 1663 act left it to the ward beadle or a constable and it seems to have been increasingly the case that rather than individuals paying directly for a substitute, when their turn came to serve, the eligible householders were asked to contribute to a watch fund that supported hired man.[13]
From the mid-1690s the City authorities made several attempts to replace Robinson's Act and establish the watch on a new footing. Though they did not say it directly, the overwhelming requirement was to get quotas adjusted to reflect the reality that the watch consisted of hired men rather than citizens doing their civic duty—the assumption upon which the 1663 act, and all previous acts, had been based.[14]
The implications and consequences of changes in the watch were worked out in practice and in legislation in two stages between the Restoration and the middle decades of the 18th century. The first involved the gradual recognition that a paid (and full-time) watch needed to be differently constituted from one made up of unpaid citizens, a point accepted in practice in legislation passed by the Common Council in 1705, though it was not articulated in as direct a way.[15]
The fact that the 1705 act called for watchmen to be strong and able-bodied men seems further confirmation that the watch was now expected to be made up of hired hands rather than every male house holder serving in turn. The act of 1705 laid out the new quotas of watchmen and the disposition of watch-stands agreed to each ward. To discourage the corruption that had been blamed for earlier under-manning, it forbade constables to collect and disturbs the money paid in for hired watchmen: that was now supposed to be the responsibility of the deputy and common councilmen of the ward.[16]
The second stage was the recognition that watchmen could not be sustained without a major shift in the way local services were financed. This led to the City's acquisition of taxing power by means of an act of parliament in 1737 which changed the obligation to serve in person into an obligation to pay to support a force of salaried man.[15] Under the new act, the ward authorities also continued to hire their own watchmen and to make whatever local rules seemed appropriate—establishing, for example, the places in their wards where the watchmen would stand and the beats they would patrol. But the implementation of the new Watch Act did have the effect of imposing some uniformity on the watch over the whole City, making in the process some modest incursions into the local autonomy of the wards. One of the leading elements in the regime that emerged from the implementation of the new act was an agreement that every watchman would be paid the same amount and that the wages should be raised to thirteen pounds a year.[17]
From 1485 to the 1820s, in the absence of a police force, it was the parish-based watchmen who were responsible for keeping order in London's streets.[1]
Duties[edit]
Night watchmen patrolled the streets between 9 or 10 pm until sunrise, and were expected to examine all suspicious characters.[18] Such controls continued to be exercised in the late 17th century. Guarding the streets to prevent crime, to watch out for fires, and – despite the absence of a formal curfew – to ensure that suspicious and unauthorized people did not prowl around under cover of darkness was still the duty of night watch and the constables who were supposed to command them.[19]
The principal task of the watch in 1660 and for long after continued to be the control of the streets at night imposing a form of moral or social curfew that aimed to prevent those without legitimate reason to be abroad from wandering the streets at night. That task was becoming increasingly difficult in the 17th century because of the growth of the population and variety of ways in which the social and cultural life was being transformed. The shape of the urban day was being altered after the Restoration by the development of shops, taverns and coffee-houses, theatres, the opera and other places of entertainment. All these placed remained open in the evening and extended their hours of business and pleasure into the night.[20]
The watch was affected by this changing urban world since policing the night streets become more complicated when larger number of people were moving around. And what was frequently thought to be poor quality of the watchman—and in time, the lack of effective lighting—came commonly to be blamed when street crimes and night-time disorders seemed to be growing out of control.[20]
Traditionally, householders served in the office of constable by appointment or rotation. During their year of office they performed their duties part-time alongside their normal employment. Similarly, householders were expected to serve by rotation on the nightly watch. From the late seventeenth century, however, many householders avoided these obligations by hiring deputies to serve in their place. As this practice increased, some men were able to make a living out of acting as deputy constables or as paid night watchmen. In the case of the watch, this procedure was formalized in many parts of London by the passage of "Watch Acts", which replaced householders' duty of service by a tax levied specifically for the purpose of hiring full-time watchmen. Some voluntary prosecution societies also hired men to patrol their areas.[18]
Reputation[edit]
While the societies for the reformation of manners showed there was a good deal of support for the effective policing of morality, they also suggested that the existing mechanisms of crime control were regarded by some as ineffective.[21]
Constable Dogberry's men from Much Ado About Nothing by Shakespeare would 'rather sleep than talk' may be dismissed as merely a dramatic device or a caricature, but successful dramatists nevertheless work with characters who strike a chord with their audience. A hundred years later such complaints were still commonplace. Daniel Defoe wrote four pamphlets and a broadsheet on the issue of street crime in which, among other things, he roundly attacked the efficacy of the watch and called for measures to ensure it 'be compos'd of stout, able-body'd Men, and of those a sufficient Number'.[22]
Watchmen on roads leading to London had a reputation for clumsiness in the late 1580s. It was a temptation on cold winter nights to slip away early from watching stations to catch some sleep. Constables in charge sometimes let watches go home early. 'The late placing and early dischargering' of night-watches concerned Common Council in 1609 and again 3 decades later when someone sent out to spy on watches reported that they 'break up longe before they ought'. 'The greatest parte of constables' broke up watches 'earlie in the morninge' at exactly the time 'when most danger' was 'feared' in the long night, leaving the dark streets to thieves.[23]
We can imagine watchmen on chilly nights counting off the hours until sunrise. Alehouses offered some warmth, even after curfew bells told people to drink up. A group of watchmen sneaked into a 'vitlers' house one night in 1617 and stayed 'drinking and taking tobacco all night longe'.[24] Like other officers, watchmen could become the focus for trouble themselves, adding to the hullabaloo at night instead of ordering others to keep the noise down and go to bed. And as by day, there were more than a few crooked officers policing the streets at night, quite happy to turn a blind eye to trouble for a bribe. Watchman Edward Gardener was taken before the recorder with 'a common nightwalker' – Mary Taylor – in 1641 after he 'tooke 2s to lett' her 'escape' when he was escorting her to Bridewell late at night. Another watchman from over the river in Southwark took advantage of the tricky situation people suddenly found themselves in if they stumbled into the watch, 'demanding money [from them] for passing the watch'.[24]
Common complaint in the 1690s was that watchmen were inadequately armed. This was another aspect of the watch in the process of being transformed. The Common Council acts required watchmen to carry halberds essentially, a pike with an axe-blade attached—and some were still doing so in the late seventeenth century. But it seems clear that few did, because the halberd was no longer suitable for the work they were being called upon to do. It was more often observed that watchmen failed to carry them, and it is surely the case that the halberd was no longer a useful weapon for a watch that was supposed to be mobile. By the second quarter of the 18th century, watchmen were equipped with a staff, along with their lantern.[25]
Watch houses[edit]
A rare and unusually fine Georgian Watchman's Box of about 1810. Bath, UK
Another step in the right direction was building 'watch howses' as the country lurched towards revolution after 1640. A City committee was asked to look into the question 'what watchhouses are necessary' and where 'for the safety of this cittye' in 1642. Workmen began building watch houses in strategic spots soon after. They provided assembly-points for watchmen to gather to hear orders for the night ahead, somewhere to shelter from 'extremitye of wind and weather', and holding-placed for suspects until morning when justices examined the night's catch. There were watch houses next to Temple Bar (1648), 'neere the Granaryes' by Bridewell (1648), 'neere Moregate' (1648), and next to St Paul's south door (1649). They were not big; the one on St. Paul's side was 'a small house or shed'. This was a time of experimentation, and people (including those in authority) were learning how to make best use of these new structures in their midst.[26]
Policing the Night Streets[edit]
The watchmen patrolled the streets at night, calling out the hour, keeping a lookout for fires, checking that doors were locked and ensuring that drunks and other vagrants were delivered to the watch constable.[27] However, their low wages and the uncongenial nature of the job attracted a fairly low standard of person, and they acquired a possibly-exaggerated reputation for being old, ineffectual, feeble, drunk or asleep on the job.[28]
London had a system of night policing in place before 1660, although it was improved over the next century through better lighting, administrations, finances, and better and more regular salaries. But the essential elements of the night-watch were performing completely by the middle of the seventeenth century.[29]
During the 1820s, mounting crime levels and increasing political and industrial disorder prompted calls for reform, led by Sir Robert Peel, which culminated in the demise of the watchmen and their replacement by a uniformed metropolitan police force.[30][31]
Watchmen in the United States of America[edit]
The first form of societal protection in the United States was based on practices developed in England. The City of Boston was the first settlement in the 13 colonies to establish a night watch in 1631.[2] New York (then New Amsterdam) and Jamestown followed in 1658.
Watchmen and modern police[edit]
With the unification of laws and centralization of state power (e.g. the Municipal Police Act of 1844 in New York City, United States), such formations became increasingly incorporated into state-run police force (see metropolitan police and municipal police).
Watchmen still exist under Florida statutes and are recognised / given special dispensation in law.[32][33]
See also[edit]
City watch
Constable
Dogberry
Security Officer
Nightwalker Statute
Watch committee
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Beattie, J. M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London 1660–1750. Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660. Cambridge University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-521-17411-4.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660. Cambridge University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-521-17411-4.
Jump up ^ Pollock, Frederick; Maitland, Frederic William (1898). The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 1 (2 ed.). p. 565. ISBN 978-1-58477-718-2.
Jump up ^ Rich, Robert M. (1977). Essays on the Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8191-0235-5. The origin of the exception goes back in English history to the Ordinance of 1233 which instituted night-watchmen, and directed them 'to arrest those who enter vills at night and go about armed.' Later the Ordinance of 1252 mentions 'disturbers of our peace.'
Jump up ^ Clarkson, Charles Tempest; Richardson, J. Hall (1889). Police!. pp. 1–2. OCLC 60726408.
Jump up ^ Delbrück, Hans (1990). Renfroe, Walter J., Jr, ed. Medieval Warfare. History of the Art of War. 3. p. 177. ISBN 0-8032-6585-9.
Jump up ^ Critchley, Thomas Alan (1978). A History of Police in England and Wales. The Statute of Winchester was the only general public measure of any consequence enacted to regulate the policing of the country between the Norman Conquest and the Metropolitan Police Act, 1829…
Jump up ^ That is, from the Thursday 39 days after Easter Sunday to the 29th of September.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London 1660'1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 175. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Brirain: Oxford University Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 186. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Constables and the Night Watch". oldbaileyonline.org.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Polocing and Punishment in London 1660-1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0198208677.
^ Jump up to: a b Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660-1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0198208677.
Jump up ^ Rawlings, Philip (2002). Policing A Short History. USA: Willan Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 1-903240-26-3.
Jump up ^ Rawlings, Philip (2002). Policing A Short History. USA: Willan Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 1-903240-26-3.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 354–355. ISBN 978-0-521-17411-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-521-17411-4.
Jump up ^ Beattie, J.M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London in 1660–1750. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 0-19-820867-7.
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550–1660. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-521-17411-4.
Jump up ^ A. Roger Ekirch, At Day’s Close: A History of Nighttime, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001
Jump up ^ Philip McCouat, "Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night", Journal of Art in Society, http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
Jump up ^ Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550-1660. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 359. ISBN 9780521174114.
Jump up ^ Philip Rawlings, Policing: A Short History, Willan Publishing, 2002
Jump up ^ McCouat, op. cit.
Jump up ^ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine". Leg.state.fl.us. Retrieved 2015-03-27.
Jump up ^ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine". Leg.state.fl.us. Retrieved 2015-03-27.
^ This can be verified by England's Old Bailey court records.
Further reading[edit]
David Barrie, Police in the Age of Improvement: Police Development and the Civic Tradition in Scotland, 1775-1865, Willan Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1-84392-266-5. Chapter "Watching and Warding", Google Print, p.34-41
Second Thoughts are Best
Augusta Triumphans
Bibliography[edit]
Beattie, J. M. (2001). Policing and Punishment in London 1660-1750. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820867-7
Ekirch A. R. (2001). At Day’s Close: A History of Nighttime, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Clarkson, Charles Tempest; Richardson, J. Hall (1889). Police!. OCLC 60726408
"Constables and the Night Watch". .oldbaileyonline,retrieved 22 November 2015, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp
Critchley, Thomas Alan (1978). A History of Police in England and Wales.
Griffiths, Paul (2010). Lost Londons Change, Crime, and Control in the Capital City, 1550-1660. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521174114.
Delbrück, Hans (1990). Renfroe, Walter J., Jr, ed. Medieval Warfare. History of the Art of War 3. ISBN 0-8032-6585-9.
Philip McCouat, "Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night", Journal of Art in Society, retrieved 22 October 2015, http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
Pollock, Frederick; Maitland, Frederic William (1898). The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I. 1 (2 ed.). ISBN 978-1-58477-718-2.
Rawlings, Philip (2002). Policing A Short History. USA: Willan Publishing. ISBN 1903240263.
Rich, Robert M. (1977). Essays on the Theory and Practice of Criminal Justice. ISBN 978-0-8191-0235-5.
External links[edit]
The Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 1674-1913
Biblical Watchman News Reporters
Constables and the Night Watch
"Watchmen, goldfinders and the plague bearers of the night"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&oldid=807971712"
Categories:
Law enforcement
Hidden categories:
Articles needing more detailed references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Euskara
Italiano
Norsk
Português
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 31 October 2017, at 03:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

html
local
div
id class
mw-page-base noprint
html
local
div
id class
mw-head-base noprint
html
local
a
id
top
html
local
div
id class
siteNotice centralNotice mw-body-content
html
local
div
class
mw-indicators mw-body-content
html
local
h1
id class lang
firstHeading firstHeading en
html
local
div
id class
siteSub noprint
html
local
div
id
contentSub
html
local
a
href
#mw-head
html
local
a
href
#p-search
html
local
div
id class
jump-to-nav mw-jump
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Watchmen_(disambiguation) mw-redirect mw-disambig Watchmen (disambiguation)
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
caption
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Watchman.jpg //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Watchman.jpg/300px-Watchman.jpg 300 270 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0e/Watchman.jpg 1.5x 400 360
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Watchman.jpg image
html
local
i
html
local
div
html
local
td
colspan style
2 text-align:center
html
local
tr
html
local
th
colspan style
2 text-align:center
html
local
tr
html
local
th
scope
row
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Public_security Public security
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fire_lookout Fire lookout
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Crime_prevention Crime prevention
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Detective Detective
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods Possession of stolen goods
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
div
style
padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;
html
local
th
scope
row
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Law_enforcement Law enforcement
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
div
style
padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;
html
local
th
scope
row
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Thief-taker Thief-taker
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Security_guard Security guard
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Police_officer Police officer
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fire_lookout Fire lookout
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
infobox width:22em
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Public_security Public security
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fire_lookout Fire lookout
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Crime_prevention Crime prevention
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Detective Detective
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods Possession of stolen goods
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Police Police
html
local
p
html
local
p
html
local
h2
html
local
a
role tabindex class
button 0 togglelink
html
local
span
class
toctoggle
html
local
div
class
toctitle
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Early_origins
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-1
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Watchmen_in_England
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#The_Problem_of_the_Night
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-3
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Formation_of_Watchmen
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-4
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Duties
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-5
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Reputation
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-6
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Watch_houses
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-7
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Policing_the_Night_Streets
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-8
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-2
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Watchmen_in_the_United_States_of_America
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-9
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Watchmen_and_modern_police
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-10
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#See_also
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-11
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#References
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-12
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Further_reading
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-13
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Bibliography
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-14
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#External_links
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-15
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
toc toc
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Early_origins
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=1 Edit section: Early origins
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bible Bible
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ezekiel Ezekiel
html
local
p
html
local
span
title
Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (November 2008)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources Wikipedia:Citing sources
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ottoman_Empire Ottoman Empire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Greece Ancient Greece
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Egyptian_Empire mw-redirect Egyptian Empire
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Praetorian_Guard Praetorian Guard
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vigiles Vigiles
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Watchmen_in_England
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=2 Edit section: Watchmen in England
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline The_Problem_of_the_Night
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=3 Edit section: The Problem of the Night
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:0-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:0_1-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Robbery Robbery
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Burglary Burglary
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-2 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Curfew Curfew
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:0-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:0_1-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-3
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-3 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-4
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-4 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Formation_of_Watchmen
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=4 Edit section: Formation of Watchmen
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Ordinance_of_1233&action=edit&redlink=1 new Ordinance of 1233 (page does not exist)
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-5
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-5 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-6
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-6 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Assize_of_Arms_of_1252 Assize of Arms of 1252
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Constables mw-redirect Constables
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace Breach of the peace
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sheriff Sheriff
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Statute_of_Winchester Statute of Winchester
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-7
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-7 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-8
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-8 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-9
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-9 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sheriff#England_and_Wales Sheriff
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-10
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-10 reference
html
local
p
html
local
blockquote
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Edward_I_of_England Edward I of England
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Sergeant_at_arms mw-redirect Sergeant at arms
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Parliament_of_England Parliament of England
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England Henry VII of England
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Beefeaters mw-redirect Beefeaters
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-11
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-11 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-12
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-12 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-13
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-13 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-14
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-14 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:4-15
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:4_15-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-16
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-16 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:4-15
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:4_15-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-17
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-17 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
class href
external autonumber //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)#endnote_Ward
html
local
sup
class id
reference plainlinks nourlexpansion ref_Ward
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Duties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=5 Edit section: Duties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:1-18
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:1_18-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Curfew Curfew
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-19
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-19 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Curfew Curfew
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Retail_shop mw-redirect Retail shop
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tavern Tavern
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Coffeehouse Coffeehouse
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Theatre Theatre
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Opera Opera
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:2-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:2_20-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:2-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:2_20-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:1-18
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:1_18-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Reputation
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=6 Edit section: Reputation
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-21
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-21 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing Much Ado About Nothing
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-22
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-22 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Common_Council_of_the_City_of_London mw-redirect Common Council of the City of London
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Theft Theft
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-23
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-23 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Curfew Curfew
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:3-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:3_24-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-:3-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-:3_24-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Halberd Halberd
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-25
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-25 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Watch_houses
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=7 Edit section: Watch houses
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg/220px-Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg 220 147 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg/330px-Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg/440px-Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810%2C_Norfolk_Crescent%2C_Bath.jpg 2x 5401 3601
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810,_Norfolk_Crescent,_Bath.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Georgian_Watchman%27s_Box_c1810,_Norfolk_Crescent,_Bath.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Bath_(Somerset) mw-redirect Bath (Somerset)
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-26
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-26 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Policing_the_Night_Streets
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=8 Edit section: Policing the Night Streets
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-27
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-27 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-28
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-28 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-29
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-29 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel mw-redirect Sir Robert Peel
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service Metropolitan Police Service
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-30
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-30 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-31
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-31 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Watchmen_in_the_United_States_of_America
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=9 Edit section: Watchmen in the United States of America
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/United_States United States
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Boston Boston
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external autonumber http://www.nleomf.com/TheMemorial/Facts/impdates.htm
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/New_York_City New York City
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/New_Amsterdam New Amsterdam
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia Jamestown, Virginia
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Watchmen_and_modern_police
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=10 Edit section: Watchmen and modern police
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
i
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Municipal_Police_Act&action=edit&redlink=1 new Municipal Police Act (page does not exist)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/New_York_City New York City
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/United_States United States
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Metropolitan_police Metropolitan police
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Municipal_police Municipal police
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-32
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-32 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-33 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline See_also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=11 Edit section: See also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/City_watch mw-redirect City watch
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constable Constable
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dogberry Dogberry
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Security_Officer mw-redirect Security Officer
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Nightwalker_Statute mw-redirect Nightwalker Statute
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Watch_committee Watch committee
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=12 Edit section: References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:0_1-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:0_1-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-:0-1
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-2
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-3
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4 Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime%2C+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17411-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-3
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-4
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4 Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550%E2%80%931660&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17411-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-4
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-5
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland Frederic William Maitland
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=JdisvDaHiIMC&pg=PA565
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2 Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFPollockMaitland1898 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+English+Law+Before+the+Time+of+Edward+I.&rft.pages=565&rft.edition=2&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-718-2&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Maitland%2C+Frederic+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdisvDaHiIMC%26pg%3DPA565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-5
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-6
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-0235-5 Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-0235-5
html
local
q
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFRich1977 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Criminal+Justice&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-0235-5&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-6
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-7
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=660XAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/OCLC OCLC
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.worldcat.org/oclc/60726408
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFClarksonRichardson1889 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Police%21&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60726408&rft.aulast=Clarkson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Tempest&rft.au=Richardson%2C+J.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D660XAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-7
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-8
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hans_Delbr%C3%BCck Hans Delbrück
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=hdh4Elj-3WEC&pg=PA177
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6585-9 Special:BookSources/0-8032-6585-9
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Warfare&rft.series=History+of+the+Art+of+War&rft.pages=177&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8032-6585-9&rft.aulast=Delbr%C3%BCck&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhdh4Elj-3WEC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-8
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-9
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
q
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Police+in+England+and+Wales&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-9
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-10
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-10
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-11
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+1660%271750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-11
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-12
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-12
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-13
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-13
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-14
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Brirain&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-14
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:4_15-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:4_15-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-:4-15
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-16
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-16
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-17
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-17
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:1_18-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:1_18-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constables+and+the+Night+Watch&rft.pub=oldbaileyonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldbaileyonline.org%2Fstatic%2FPolicing.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-:1-18
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-19
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198208677 Special:BookSources/0198208677
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polocing+and+Punishment+in+London+1660-1750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198208677&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-19
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:2_20-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:2_20-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198208677 Special:BookSources/0198208677
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660-1750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0198208677&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-:2-20
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-21
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903240-26-3 Special:BookSources/1-903240-26-3
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+A+Short+History&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-903240-26-3&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-21
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-22
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903240-26-3 Special:BookSources/1-903240-26-3
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing++A+Short+History&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-903240-26-3&rft.aulast=Rawlings&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-22
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-23
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4 Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime%2C+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550%E2%80%931660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=354-355&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17411-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-23
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:3_24-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-:3_24-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4 Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime%2C+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550%E2%80%931660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17411-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-:3-24
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-25
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Punishment+in+London+in+1660%E2%80%931750&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-820867-7&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-25
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-26
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4 Special:BookSources/978-0-521-17411-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime%2C+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550%E2%80%931660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-17411-4&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-26
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-27
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-27
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-28
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external free http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-28
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-29
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521174114 Special:BookSources/9780521174114
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Londons+Change%2C+Crime%2C+and+Control+in+the+Capital+City%2C+1550-1660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521174114&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-29
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-30
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-30
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-31
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-31
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-32
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=watchman&URL=0800-0899/0843/Sections/0843.06.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutes+%26+Constitution+%3AView+Statutes+%3A+Online+Sunshine&rft.pub=Leg.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3Fmode%3DView%2520Statutes%26SubMenu%3D1%26App_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3Dwatchman%26URL%3D0800-0899%2F0843%2FSections%2F0843.06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-32
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-33
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=watchman&URL=0800-0899/0843/Sections/0843.08.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutes+%26+Constitution+%3AView+Statutes+%3A+Online+Sunshine&rft.pub=Leg.state.fl.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3Fmode%3DView%2520Statutes%26SubMenu%3D1%26App_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3Dwatchman%26URL%3D0800-0899%2F0843%2FSections%2F0843.08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatchman+%28law+enforcement%29 Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-33
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns list-style-type: decimal;
html
local
a
href
#ref_Ward
html
local
b
html
local
span
class id
citation wikicite endnote_Ward
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Old_Bailey Old Bailey
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Further_reading
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=13 Edit section: Further reading
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84392-266-5 Special:BookSources/1-84392-266-5
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=id2sCQxeh1UC&pg=PA34&vq=watching+and+warding&dq=%22town+guard%22+%22city+guard%22+%22law+enforcement%22+-game+-fantasy+-gaming&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Second_Thoughts_are_Best mw-redirect Second Thoughts are Best
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Augusta_Triumphans Augusta Triumphans
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Bibliography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=14 Edit section: Bibliography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-820867-7
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external free http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521174114 Special:BookSources/9780521174114
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6585-9 Special:BookSources/0-8032-6585-9
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external free http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2 Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-718-2
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1903240263 Special:BookSources/1903240263
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-0235-5 Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-0235-5
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline External_links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit&section=15 Edit section: External links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ external text
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.christsassembly.com/watchman_news
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Policing.jsp
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.artinsociety.com/watchmen-goldfinders-and-the-plague-bearers-of-the-night.html
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
mw-parser-output
html
local
img
src alt title width height style
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1 1 1 border: none; position: absolute;
html
local
noscript
html
local
div
id lang dir class
mw-content-text en ltr mw-content-ltr
html
local
a
dir href
ltr https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&oldid=807971712
html
local
div
class
printfooter
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Category Help:Category
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement Category:Law enforcement
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-normal-catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references Category:Articles needing more detailed references
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements Category:All articles with unsourced statements
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2008 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden
html
local
div
id class data-mw
catlinks catlinks interface
html
local
div
class
visualClear
html
local
div
id class
bodyContent mw-body-content
html
local
div
id class role
content mw-body main
html
local
h2
html
local
h3
id
p-personal-label
html
local
li
id
pt-anonuserpage
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyTalk Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n] n
html
local
li
id
pt-anontalk
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyContributions A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y] y
html
local
li
id
pt-anoncontribs
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Watchman+%28law+enforcement%29 You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory
html
local
li
id
pt-createaccount
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Watchman+%28law+enforcement%29 You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o] o
html
local
li
id
pt-login
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-personal navigation p-personal-label
html
local
h3
id
p-namespaces-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement) View the content page [ctrl-alt-c] c
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-nstab-main selected
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Talk:Watchman_(law_enforcement) discussion Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t] t
html
local
span
html
local
li
id
ca-talk
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id tabindex
p-variants-label 0
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-variants navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-variants-label
html
local
div
id
left-navigation
html
local
h3
id
p-views-label
html
local
a
href
/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-view collapsible selected
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=edit Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e] e
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-edit collapsible
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=history Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h] h
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-history collapsible
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id tabindex
p-cactions-label 0
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-cactions navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-cactions-label
html
local
label
for
searchInput
html
local
h3
html
local
div
id role
p-search search
html
local
div
id
right-navigation
html
local
div
id
mw-head
html
local
a
class href title
mw-wiki-logo /wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page
html
local
div
id role
p-logo banner
html
local
h3
id
p-navigation-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z] z
html
local
li
id
n-mainpage-description
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Contents Guides to browsing Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contents
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Featured_content Featured content – the best of Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-featuredcontent
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Current_events Find background information on current events
html
local
li
id
n-currentevents
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:Random Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x] x
html
local
li
id
n-randompage
html
local
a
href title
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en Support us
html
local
li
id
n-sitesupport
html
local
a
href title
//shop.wikimedia.org Visit the Wikipedia store
html
local
li
id
n-shoplink
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label
html
local
h3
id
p-interaction-label
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Contents Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-help
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Find out about Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-aboutsite
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal About the project, what you can do, where to find things
html
local
li
id
n-portal
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChanges A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r] r
html
local
li
id
n-recentchanges
html
local
a
href title
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us How to contact Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contactpage
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label
html
local
h3
id
p-tb-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Watchman_(law_enforcement) List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j] j
html
local
li
id
t-whatlinkshere
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Watchman_(law_enforcement) nofollow Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k] k
html
local
li
id
t-recentchangeslinked
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard Upload files [ctrl-alt-u] u
html
local
li
id
t-upload
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:SpecialPages A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q] q
html
local
li
id
t-specialpages
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&oldid=807971712 Permanent link to this revision of the page
html
local
li
id
t-permalink
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&action=info More information about this page
html
local
li
id
t-info
html
local
a
href title accesskey
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7973168 Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g] g
html
local
li
id
t-wikibase
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Watchman_%28law_enforcement%29&id=807971712 Information on how to cite this page
html
local
li
id
t-cite
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-tb p-tb-label
html
local
h3
id
p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Watchman+%28law+enforcement%29
html
local
li
id
coll-create_a_book
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Watchman+%28law+enforcement%29&action=show-download-screen
html
local
li
id
coll-download-as-rdf2latex
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&printable=yes Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p] p
html
local
li
id
t-print
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-coll-print_export p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
h3
id
p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
a
href hreflang
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Night_watchmen en
html
local
li
class
wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
span
class title tabindex role aria-haspopup
uls-settings-trigger Language settings 0 button true
html
local
h3
id
p-lang-label
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponocn%C3%BD Ponocný – Czech cs cs interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtw%C3%A4chter Nachtwächter – German de de interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%85%CF%87%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82 Νυχτοφύλακας – Greek el el interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauzain Gauzain – Basque eu eu interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardiano_(diritto) Guardiano (diritto) – Italian it it interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekter_(eldre_tid) Vekter (eldre tid) – Norwegian no no interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda-noturno Guarda-noturno – Portuguese pt pt interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchman Watchman – Simple English simple simple interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title class
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7973168#sitelinks-wikipedia Edit interlanguage links wbc-editpage
html
local
span
class
wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link
html
local
div
class
after-portlet after-portlet-lang
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-lang p-lang-label
html
local
div
id
mw-panel
html
local
div
id
mw-navigation
html
local
li
id
footer-info-lastmod
html
local
a
rel href
license //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License
html
local
a
rel href style
license //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ display:none;
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy
html
local
a
href
//www.wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-info-copyright
html
local
ul
id
footer-info
html
local
a
href class title
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy extiw wmf:Privacy policy
html
local
li
id
footer-places-privacy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Wikipedia:About
html
local
li
id
footer-places-about
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer Wikipedia:General disclaimer
html
local
li
id
footer-places-disclaimer
html
local
a
href
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
html
local
li
id
footer-places-contact
html
local
a
href
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute
html
local
li
id
footer-places-developers
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement
html
local
li
id
footer-places-cookiestatement
html
local
a
href class
//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watchman_(law_enforcement)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle
html
local
li
id
footer-places-mobileview
html
local
a
href
#
html
local
li
style
html
local
ul
id
footer-places
html
local
img
src srcset width height alt
/static/images/wikimedia-button.png /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x 88 31 Wikimedia Foundation
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-copyrightico
html
local
img
src alt srcset width height
/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png Powered by MediaWiki /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x 88 31
html
local
a
href
//www.mediawiki.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-poweredbyico
html
local
ul
id class
footer-icons noprint
html
local
div
style
clear: both;
html
local
div
id role
footer contentinfo
html
local
div
class
suggestions-results
html
local
div
class
suggestions-special
html
local
div
class style
suggestions display: none; font-size: 13px;
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask-flip
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip
html
local
defs
html
local
svg
width height
0 0
html
local
div
id
mwe-popups-svg
html
local
body
class
mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Watchman_law_enforcement rootpage-Watchman_law_enforcement skin-vector action-view