| $FF90 - INIT0 : Initialization Register 0 | ||
| Bit 7 | COCO | 1=CoCo 1/2 compatible mode |
| Bit 6 | MMUEN | 1=MMU enabled |
| Bit 5 | IEN | 1=GIME chip IRQ enabled |
| Bit 4 | FEN | 1=GIME chip FIRQ enabled |
| Bit 3 | MC3 | 1=RAM at FExx is constant (secondary IRQ vectors) |
| Bit 2 | MC2 | 1=standard SCS (spare chip select) |
| Bit 1 | MC1 | ROM Map Control register 1 |
| Bit 0 | MC0 | ROM Map Control register 0 |
|
COCO: This bit is used to toggle the CoCo compatible mode on and off. The
term CoCo compatible mode is somewhat of a misnomer as there are some CoCo 2
graphics modes, which are not supported by the CoCo 3, and some of the video
control registers are active even when the COCO bit is in the CoCo compatible mode.
The programmer is best advised to use this bit for exactly what it was intended for
- to be set when you are using CoCo 2 graphics modes and to be clear when you are
using the new CoCo 3 graphics modes. The descriptions of the CoCo 3 registers given
below will explicitly state those instances in which the programmer should use the
new registers with the COCO bit set. To use CoCo 3 graphics, the COCO bit must be set to zero. When using CoCo 1/2 rdesolutions, the bit is set to 1. RSDOS typically sets the INIT0 register to 196 in CoCo 2 resolutions and 68 when using CoCo 3 graphics modes. MMUEN : When this bit is set the MMU registers are enabled. If this bit is clear, the MMU registers are inoperable and the 64K, which makes up the logical address space is, the contiguous segment from $70000 - $7FFFF. IEN : When this bit is set, the GIME chipís IRQ Interrupt structure is enabled. If the bit is clear, the old CoCo 2 PIA IRQ interrupt structure is used. FEN : When this bit is set, the GIME chipís FIRQ Interrupt structure is enabled. If the bit is clear, the old CoCo 2 PIA FIRQ interrupt structure is used. MC3 : When this bit is set, the RAM which occupies the CPUís address range of $FE00-$FEFF will always be taken from $7FE00-$.7FEFF. If this bit is clear and the MMUEN bit is set the RAM in the CPUís address range of $FE00-$FEFF will be taken from the block as specified by the MMU register controlling logical block 7. MC2 : Spare Chip Select (SCS) control; if 0, then the SCS line (to the expansion slot) will only be active in the $FF50-$FF5F range. If this bit is 1, then the SCS line will be active in the $FF40-$FF5F range. MC1 : ROM map control MC0 : ROM map control MC1 and MC0 ROM configuration |


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 Stahl was the writer of such TV shows as "Moonlighting," and "Thirtysomething," and most brilliantly"Alf," but more significantly, he was a drug addict making five grand a week then blowing six grand on drugs. His bestselling autobiography, if anything like the book, has got to be one of the most depressing, alienating book of the 90s, and that's counting Rush Limbaugh's "See, I Told You So."
Watching "Permanent Midnight" is like watching a giant shapeless blurb on the screen, framed by a section that tries to make sense of it but just joins in the shapelessness. We see Stahl's life from the beginning of his career to his rapid descent into obscurity then back up again, and half the time we have no idea where we are. This would be a major complaint if this film weren't about a drug dealer who's life was just like this. His drug taking was not so much out of pleasure as it was out of just trying to get the pain of addiction to stop.
Stahl, as played by Ben Stiller, is a selfish, shameless man who just happens to have a knack for being witty at the right time, but with an acid edge that makes him funny and a bit of an asswhole at the same time. Why he started drug taking, we never find out. When we first meet him, he's already hooked onto drugs and takes it just because he physically needs it. The first image in the film is of him injecting heroin into his veins in a public restroom, and we see nothing but pain in his eyes. He's not enjoying this ride. Neither was I.
The framing device of the story is his flashbacks to his life as he tells an ex-heroin addict named Kitty (Maria Bello, from "ER") in a smarmy motel room, far from the pleasures of L.A. As they have sex, and just lay around talking, he talks of his move out to L.A. where his friend hooks him up with a neat gig: for a quick payment of 20,000 bucks, he can marry a British television producer named Sandra (Elizabeth Hurley) so she can get a green card, and she will give him a writing job on a sitcom called "Mr. Chompers" (er, "Alf").
He does it, and this allows him to feed his addiction more and more until everything becomes a big blur. He shows up late to meetings, arrives high, and manages to write a script in about a half hour (this explains a lot about the quality of those shows, eh?).  He befriends a dangerous dealer (Peter Greene), who is out in the parking lot outside of the drug clinic where Stahl gets help at.
All of this, including the framing device, comes at you in a blunt, straightforward manner, something which is totally respectful - hey, not every film has to be neatly organized and sweetly delivered in a nice little package - but after awhile, this becomes tedious.  It's hard to really like a guy like this, and it's even harder to sit for an hour and a half and really care what happens to him.
 This isn't "Trainspotting," which glorified then trashed drug-use. But that film at least gave a reason for people to do it in the first place.  Wrong. I really like Stiller, especially this year (if you don't think he's a good director, at least after "Your Friends and Neighbors" you can say he's a brilliant actor), but there needs to be something else going on that gives me a reason to plow ahead with a film so murky and overtly depressing.
"Permanent Midnight" is one of those films that will be admired for its grit, but will never become enjoyable, even with some really nice moments that either horrify or humor. There's a really nasty scene where Stahl tries to inject a syringe into the vein in his neck, and there's also a really hilarious scene where he tries to come up with some ideas for a new TV show he's working on, all while being totally high. These moments, and the greatness of the acting by pretty much everyone involved, make this worth watching and plowing through. But I really doubt I'll ever try to plow through it again.
MY RATING (out of 4): ***
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\includeonly{file_list}
The \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an \include command. It can only appear in the preamble.
See also: Splitting the Input Return to the LaTeX Table of Contents


Results
This document itself is the primary result of the project. It will be shared with members of the General Education Committee, Academic Senate, and the Department of Mathematics at Ferris State University. Their comments and suggestions will be included in the Discussion.
Summary statistics
A total of 748 student performances on Ferris Learning Outcome 3 were collected over 21 different math courses. Student scores were converted to rubric scores as described above. The overall average rubric score for all students and semesters was 2.69. The mode and median scores were 4 and 3, respectively. The average was not statistically different from the threshold score for competence (2.6) as evaluated with a one-value, two-tailed t-test (t=1.75, df=747, p=0.081). The effect size for the difference between the average and the threshold was tiny (d=0.06). We can infer from this that the overall average rubric score is not practically different than the threshold score. A total of 31 courses were initially registered to submit data for the semester, so we achieved a 67.7% completion rate. According to Banner records, 1,997 students were enrolled in Quantitative Literacy courses in the fall semester. We captured 37.5% of this population with our census.
Do you think that this level of performance on the outcome is sufficient? Or, do you think that there is a need to increase this level?
The distribution of all rubric scores is shown in Figure 1. This distribution exhibited a moderate negative skew (skew = -0.86). This result may simply indicate that the teaching, materials, and student learning are all functioning well when the scores are viewed in aggregate. A total of 502 students (67.1%) met or exceeded the competence threshold over the semesters investigated.
Do you think that this distribution of rubric scores seems right? Are there too many ones and fours, or is this distribution expected in these courses?
The distribution of rubric scores by course is shown in Figure 2. There are rather obvious differences in both the distribution of rubric scores and class sizes between semesters.
What do you think accounts for the variability in scoring from course to course. Is this a problem in measurement, or does the variation reflect real differences in the course populations?
Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis of the student performance was performed using R (Del Re 2015). This analysis resulted in a weighted average of rubric scores. This value was calculated using formula (1). The value \(X_{i}\) average rubric scores for the semesters, while \(P_{i}\) is the weighting factor (student enrollment).
\[\begin{equation} \bar{X}_w = \frac{\sum X_i P_i}{\sum P_i} \tag{1} \end{equation}\]The confidence interval for the weighted mean was calculated using the weighted variance. However, the weighted variance is actually not simple to calculate. Several different methods have been compared to bootstrapping (Gatz and Smith 1995). The most accurate method was initially described by Cochran (Cochran 1977) and that one was used in this study. The calculation to obtain the weighted variance is shown in formula (2).
\[\begin{equation} \begin{split} (SEM_w)^2 = \frac{n}{(n-1)(\sum P_i)^2}\big[ \sum(P_i X_i - \bar{P}\bar{X}_w)^2 \\ - 2\bar{X}_w \sum(P_i - \bar{P})(P_i X_ i - \bar{P} \bar{X}_w) + \bar{X}_w^2 \sum(P_i - \bar{P})^2 \big] \end{split} \tag{2} \end{equation}\]A forest plot of the meta-analysis is shown in Figure 3. In this representation, each semester is illustrated as a separate line. The mean and 95% confidence intervals for each semester are plotted in the right panel and their associated meta-data are given in the table to the left. The weighted average of all the data is plotted at the bottom of the figure. The width of the diamond indicates the 95% confidence interval.
Do you think that this reflects the actual status of student performance in these courses?
The rubric scale can be conceptually divided into five areas as shown in Table 2. Of the 21 semesters, 10 fell in the proficient range, 9 fell in the developing range, and 2 fell in the beginning range. The weighted mean score was not significantly different from the threshold of competence as judged by a weighted, one-factor, two-tailed t-test (t=0.63, df=20, p=0.53). We can conclude that the weighted average score is practically equivalent to the competency threshold score.
| Average Score | Interpretation |
|---|---|
| 0.00 to 0.99 | Unsatisfactory |
| 1.00 to 1.79 | Beginning |
| 1.80 to 2.59 | Developing |
| 2.60 to 3.39 | Proficient |
| 3.40 to 4.00 | Advanced |
Performance by Course Level
The average rubric scores for 100-level and 200-level courses was 2.73 and 2.53, respectively . Both of these averages are near the threshold value of 2.6. The difference between these scores was not statistically different as evaluated with a two-tailed t-test (t=1.49, df=205.41, p=0.14). The effect size for the difference between was tiny (d=0.1). We can infer from this that there was no evidence of a measurable difference in student performance by course level.
The performance in 200-level students is no better than that of 100-level students. Is this a concern, or are these results expected for these courses? Why or why not?
Performance by Standard Measure
A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the rubric scores by student gender (Table 3). There was not a statistically significant difference between the student scores. So, there is currently no evidence to suggest that there is a difference between students of different standard measures on the Quantitative Literacy learning outcome.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Standard.Measure | 3 | 10.70376 | 3.567919 | 1.864508 | 0.1341432 |
| Residuals | 744 | 1423.71736 | 1.913599 | NA | NA |
Do you think that the standard measures used in this cycle are the best ones for the outcome being addressed? Are the results surprising to you?
Performance by Student Gender
A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the rubric scores by student gender (Table 4). There was not a statistically significant difference between the student scores. So, there is currently no evidence to suggest that there is a difference between students of different genders on the Quantitative Literacy learning outcome.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 2 | 8.681903 | 4.340952 | 2.268303 | 0.1042019 |
| Residuals | 745 | 1425.739220 | 1.913744 | NA | NA |
Do these results seem right to you? Are we reaching all gender groups as well as we ought? Or, do you think that these scores are an anomaly due sampling bias?
Performance by Student Race
A one-way ANOVA was used to compare the rubric scores by student race (Table 5). There was not a statistically significant difference between the student scores. So, there is currently no evidence to suggest that there is a difference between students of different races on the Quantitative Literacy learning outcome. Note however, that the sample size for most races other than “white” are rather small yet.
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Race/Ethnicity |
6 | 7.980889 | 1.330148 | 0.6970856 | 0.652078 |
| Residuals | 608 | 1160.158949 | 1.908156 | NA | NA |
Do these results seem right to you? Are we reaching all minority groups as well as we ought? Or, do you think that these scores are an anomaly due to the small sample sizes?
Performance by PELL Eligibility
The average rubric scores for Pell-eligible and non-Pell-eligible students was 2.76 and 2.65, respectively. Both of these averages are slightly above the threshold value of 2.6. The difference between these scores was not statistically different as evaluated with a two-tailed t-test (t=-1.09, df=629.54, p=0.28). The effect size for the difference between was tiny (d=-0.04). We can infer from this that there was no evidence of a measurable difference in student performance by Pell eligibility.
The performance of Pell-eligible students is no worse than that of those that are not. Is this a surprise, or are these results expected for these courses? Why or why not?


YouTube could delete your account if you’re not 'commercially viable'
by Tech DeskYouTube’s new terms of service that are set to commence from December 10, has made content creators very nervous.
The section titles titled “Account Suspension & Termination” with the subheader “Terminations by YouTube for Service Changes,” states that “YouTube may terminate your access, or your Google account’s access to all or part of the Service if YouTube believes, in its sole discretion, that provision of the Service to you is no longer commercially viable.”
According to the new terms if your YouTube channel is not profitable then the social media giant could easily delete it.
The company sent emails to its users updating them with the new terms and conditions of the service, which enables YouTube to pull a channel that isn’t generating enough advertising revenue.
This also means that creators could lose out on their Gmail, Google Photos and documents if they are no longer profitable on the video platform.
The new terms and conditions are alarming which led to people voicing their concerns on Twitter;
This article was originally published on Mashable.


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Solskjaer looks on the bright side after Astana defeat
Cape Town - Manchester United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjaer reckons there are many positives to take from his young team's defeat at Astana on Thursday.

It was far warmer inside the Astana Arena due to the roof under which United's young side started the Europa League tie brightly, with stand-in captain Jesse Lingard opening the scoring with a fizzing low finish.
But already eliminated and previously pointless Astana grew into the Group L encounter, with Dmitri Shomko's strike and an own goal from United debutant Di'Shon Bernard sealing a surprise 2-1 win for the hosts.
"Definitely (there are positives)," manager Solskjaer said.
"Of course, we're disappointed with the end result but I thought we started the game fantastically, the boys took control of the game, scored a fantastic goal.
"The response after they scored two was also good. Of course, I'm disappointed with that 10-minute spell, you could feel pressure was coming. We couldn't get on the ball as we did.
"But some fantastic performances by the three young lads who made their debuts, all were excellent.
"I think some of these (young players I brought to Kazakhstan) might benefit from going out on loan because they need men's football and today, they got the taste of it, some of them.
"But some are also knocking on the door for us. You could see the way we dominated midfield. I thought Dylan (Levitt) and Jimmy (James Garner) playing together - it's nice to see midfielders dominating the game.
"Di'Shon was so composed. Ethan (Laird), especially first-half, was marauding down the right-hand side, so some of these have done themselves a good favour."
- TeamTalk Media


ROME
ROME
Eye movement tracking software written in Python
Description
ROME is an eye-movement tracking software for neurological health assessment. I programmed 5 block moving tests meant to challenge eye movement in order to detect potential brain abnormalities.
The project was developed with 4 biomedical engineers as part of a senior project.
In addition, eye-movement results are stored locally in order to calculate empirical averages and standard deviations for different age groups
View Github Repository


Perfect Squares
问题描述 :
A number x is called a perfect square if there exists an integer b
satisfying x=b^2. There are many beautiful theorems about perfect squares in mathematics. Among which, Pythagoras Theorem is the most famous. It says that if the length of three sides of a right triangle is a, b and c respectively(a < b <c), then a^2 + b^2=c^2.
In this problem, we also propose an interesting question about perfect squares. For a given n, we want you to calculate the number of different perfect squares mod 2^n. We call such number f(n) for brevity. For example, when n=2, the sequence of {i^2 mod 2^n} is 0, 1, 0, 1, 0……, so f(2)=2. Since f(n) may be quite large, you only need to output f(n) mod 10007.
satisfying x=b^2. There are many beautiful theorems about perfect squares in mathematics. Among which, Pythagoras Theorem is the most famous. It says that if the length of three sides of a right triangle is a, b and c respectively(a < b <c), then a^2 + b^2=c^2.
In this problem, we also propose an interesting question about perfect squares. For a given n, we want you to calculate the number of different perfect squares mod 2^n. We call such number f(n) for brevity. For example, when n=2, the sequence of {i^2 mod 2^n} is 0, 1, 0, 1, 0……, so f(2)=2. Since f(n) may be quite large, you only need to output f(n) mod 10007.
输入:
The first line contains a number T<=200, which indicates the number of test case.
Then it follows T lines, each line is a positive number n(0<n<2*10^9).
Then it follows T lines, each line is a positive number n(0<n<2*10^9).
输出:
The first line contains a number T<=200, which indicates the number of test case.
Then it follows T lines, each line is a positive number n(0<n<2*10^9).
Then it follows T lines, each line is a positive number n(0<n<2*10^9).
样例输入:
2 1 2
样例输出:
Case #1: 2 Case #2: 2
#include <iostream> #include <cstdio> #include <cstring> #include <string> #include <algorithm> #include <cmath> using namespace std; #define mod 10007 const int N = 4; struct Mat{ int mat[N][N]; void clear() { memset(mat,0,sizeof(mat)); } }; Mat mul(Mat A,Mat B) { Mat C; C.clear(); int i,j,k; for(i = 0;i < N;i++) for(j = 0;j < N;j++) for(k = 0;k < N;k++) C.mat[i][j] = (C.mat[i][j]+A.mat[i][k]*B.mat[k][j])%mod; return C; } Mat fastm(Mat C,int n) { if(n == 1) return C; else if(n&1) return mul(fastm(mul(C,C),n>>1),C); else return fastm(mul(C,C),n>>1); } int main() { int t,i,n; Mat A; A.clear(); A.mat[0][0] = A.mat[1][1] = 2; A.mat[0][1] = A.mat[0][3] = A.mat[1][0] = A.mat[1][2] = 0; A.mat[2][0] = A.mat[2][1] = A.mat[2][2] = A.mat[3][0] = A.mat[3][1] = A.mat[3][3] = 0; A.mat[0][2] = A.mat[1][3] = A.mat[2][3] = A.mat[3][2] = 1; int f1 = 2,f2 = 2,a = -2,b = -1,fn; scanf("%d",&t); for(i = 1;i <= t;i++) { scanf("%d",&n); if(n == 1 || n == 2) { printf("Case #%d: 2\n",i); continue; } Mat Ans = fastm(A,n-1); fn = ((Ans.mat[0][0]*f1)%mod+(Ans.mat[0][1]*f2)%mod+(Ans.mat[0][2]*a+Ans.mat[0][3]*b)%mod + mod)%mod; printf("Case #%d: %d\n",i,fn); } return 0; }
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好看，漓好帅啊，可惜更新太慢了，作者大人加油更更，爱死你了十三话快快快
其实不需要用LCA，用DFS+vector更简单
抱歉，确实是弄错了，原来的代码是错误的，删掉了
We do not harbor that I couldn’t remove other individuals’ problems whenever this arrived at.
非常不错
面霸网。www.51mx.org
这是什么鬼，怎么多头文件
真心不错，力顶作者
3，求得所有的为的总和sum—->所有数的总和
printf( "Not Possible" );—->printf("impossible");
对吗？
有些说不通吧，只有1个孩子肯定是男孩了
理解错了。。。。。谢谢楼主~~
I go through some of your put up and I uncovered a good deal of expertise from it. Many thanks for posting this sort of exciting posts
和编译器有关吧，我用的g++正常。头文件可能还需要一个<string.h>
刚开始学习，为啥会报错了


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( A) Snapshot of the equilibrated [P 44414]Cl + CH 3COOH system with chloride anion and acetic acid in blue and C 4 and C 14 alkyl chains of [P 44414] + in purple and green respectively. ( B) Radial distribution functions (RDFs) of the principal intermolecular interactions. The reference atom for [P 44414] + (CAT) was P whilst OH was taken for the carboxylic acid (AcA).


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2 things can happen when we add a new contact. If the user is already on Ubi, they will get a connection request and this needs to be stored against both parties if they're not on ubi, they'll receive an invitaion to join, and a connection request is stored against a newly created, inactive profilenew contact:


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OpenLayers-Symbology Choropleth Projected example
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All JTextFields have the following Popup Menuitems: Undo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Select All, Clear. And all JTextAreas have the following Popup Menuitems: Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy, Paste, Select All, Clear. And the Go Talking Area has other three popup menuitems:
Firstly, if there are any selections in the Go Talking Area, this menuitem (and the button) will be activated. Otherwise, it will be disabled. When the user choose this operation, the system will send the words selected by the user to his/her partner via the network and the menuitem will be disabled again.
Secondly, if the user has just recorded a piece of voice and ended the recording, the "send" button and menuitem will be activated. When this operation is choosed, the voice will be send to his/her partner via the network.


| transformations {pomp} | R Documentation |
Some useful parameter transformations.
logit(p)
expit(x)
log_barycentric(X)
inv_log_barycentric(Y)
p |
numeric; a quantity in [0,1]. |
x |
numeric; the log odds ratio. |
X |
numeric; a vector containing the quantities to be transformed according to the log-barycentric transformation. |
Y |
numeric; a vector containing the log fractions. |
Parameter transformations can be used in many cases to recast constrained optimization problems as unconstrained problems.
Although there are no limits to the transformations one can implement using the parameter_trans
facilty, pomp provides a few ready-built functions to implement some very commonly useful ones.
The logit transformation takes a probability p
to its log odds, \log\frac{p}{1-p}
.
It maps the unit interval [0,1]
into the extended real line [-\infty,\infty]
.
The inverse of the logit transformation is the expit transformation.
The log-barycentric transformation takes a vector X_i
, i=1,\dots,n
, to a vector Y_i
, where
Y_i = \log\frac{X_i}{\sum_j X_j}.
If X
is an n
-vector, it takes every simplex defined by \sum_i X_i = c
, c
constant, to n-dimensional Euclidean space R^n
.
The inverse of the log-barycentric transformation is implemented as inv_log_barycentric
.
Note that it is not a true inverse, in the sense that it takes R^n
to the unit simplex, \sum_i X_i = 1
.
Thus,
log_barycentric(inv_log_barycentric(Y)) == Y,
but
inv_log_barycentric(log_barycentric(X)) == X
only if sum(X) == 1
.
More on implementing POMP models:
Csnippet
,
accumvars
,
basic_components
,
betabinomial
,
covariates
,
dinit_spec
,
dmeasure_spec
,
dprocess_spec
,
emeasure_spec
,
eulermultinom
,
parameter_trans()
,
pomp-package
,
pomp_constructor
,
prior_spec
,
rinit_spec
,
rmeasure_spec
,
rprocess_spec
,
skeleton_spec
,
userdata
,
vmeasure_spec


This component extends the size of the element to the full width of the
container, and in the case of <body>
to the full width
of the page. If there is empty space left the last child is extended to
cover everything remaining.
To use the component simply apply the .vertical-fill
class.


Colleges and Universities - Norway
(C)Copyright 1995,1996 Christina DeMello. Reproduction and distribution are
permissible for non-profit purposes only, but no changes are to be
made to this document without the author's written consent.
Please send additions, corrections, and comments to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please
give me a few days to respond as I no longer have a
direct net connection at work every day. Also, this list may be
updated more quickly than I can respond personally to email.
Last modified: Thu Jul 11 20:53:17 1996
- Agder College
- Agricultural University of Norway (NLH)
- Ålesund College
- Bergen College
- Bergen University
- Gjøvik College
- Høgskolen i Bodø
- Høgskolen i Hedmark
- Høgskolen i Oslo
- Lillehammer College
- Molde College
- National College of Art & Design, Norway
- Nesna College
- Nord-Trøndelag College
- Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet
- Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim
- Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration
- Norwegian School of Management
- Oppland College
- Østfold College
- Sør-Trøndelag College (HiST)
- Stavanger College
- Stord/Haugesund College
- Telemark College
- UNIK - Center for Technology at Kjeller, University of Oslo
- University of Oslo
- University of Tromsø
- Vestfold College
- Volda College
Return to Top Level
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Last updated:
Mon Jul 15 00:42:19 PDT 1996


Loadrunner core tests
AMD plugin tests
JSON plugin tests
Deferred plugin tests
CommonJS plugin tests


by Karl G. » Fri Dec 22, 2006 12:26 pm
It's really hard to say I mean as long as it goes up, you the numbers dont matter as much as the form:
1) Linear: experience = m(level) + b
m and b are constants
2) Exponential: experience = C*level^a+b
where C, a and b are constants
3) Quadratic: experience = a*level^2 + b*level + c
a, b, c are constants
4) Power: experience C*a^level + b
a, b, and c are constants


CSS Shorthand Properties
CSS shorthand properties let you set several properties in one go. The compact form reduces files size, and once you get used to to them are fairly easy to read. WebCredible and 456 Berea St both have good explanations of the shorthand properties. Here is a brief summary.
| Property | Example | Definition |
|---|---|---|
| font | font: italic small-caps bold 1em/1.5em Arial; | style variant weight size/line-height family¹ |
| background | background:red url(img.gif) repeat fixed top left; | color image repeat attachment position ² |
| list-style | list-style: disc outside url(img.gif); | type position image ² |
| border | border: 1px black solid; | width style color ² |
| margin padding border-width | margin: 4px 3px 2px 1px; | top right bottom left (clockwise) |
| margin: 4px 2px 0px; | top right+left bottom | |
| margin: 4px 2px; | top+bottom right+left | |
| margin: 5px; | top+right+bottom+left | |
| ¹ size and family are mandatory, and must be in that order. The other properties are optional. ² properties are optional, and may be in any order. |
Since the border properties are optional, you can abbreviate the border-width property to border, for example, border: 5px;


|
ovs all
|
Data Fields | |
| struct test_case * | tc |
| int | id |
| bool | reached |
| struct rstp * | rstp |
| struct lan * | ports [RSTP_MAX_PORTS] |
| int | n_ports |
| int | n_active_ports |
| struct bpdu | rxq [RXQ_SIZE] |
| int | rxq_head |
| int | rxq_tail |
| struct stp * | stp |
| struct hmap_node | node |
| char * | name |
| char * | type |
| struct eth_addr | ea |
| struct eth_addr | default_ea |
| const struct ovsrec_bridge * | cfg |
| struct ofproto * | ofproto |
| struct hmap | ports |
| struct hmap | ifaces |
| struct hmap | iface_by_name |
| struct hmap | mirrors |
| struct hmap | mappings |
| struct shash | wanted_ports |
| struct ovsrec_port | synth_local_port |
| struct ovsrec_interface | synth_local_iface |
| struct ovsrec_interface * | synth_local_ifacep |
| const struct ovsrec_bridge* bridge::cfg |
| struct eth_addr bridge::default_ea |
| struct eth_addr bridge::ea |
| int bridge::id |
| struct hmap bridge::iface_by_name |
| struct hmap bridge::ifaces |
| struct hmap bridge::mappings |
| struct hmap bridge::mirrors |
| int bridge::n_active_ports |
| int bridge::n_ports |
| char* bridge::name |
| struct hmap_node bridge::node |
| struct ofproto* bridge::ofproto |
| struct lan * bridge::ports |
| struct hmap bridge::ports |
| bool bridge::reached |
| struct rstp* bridge::rstp |
| struct bpdu bridge::rxq |
| int bridge::rxq_head |
| int bridge::rxq_tail |
| struct stp* bridge::stp |
| struct ovsrec_interface bridge::synth_local_iface |
| struct ovsrec_interface* bridge::synth_local_ifacep |
| struct ovsrec_port bridge::synth_local_port |
| struct test_case * bridge::tc |
| char* bridge::type |
| struct shash bridge::wanted_ports |


|
Madalyn Murray O'HairAccording to the 1964 issue of Life magazine, Madalyn Murray-O'Hair was at one time the most hated woman in America. She sued the Baltimore school district in an attempt to subtract the word "God" from the Pledge of Allegiance. Her case, Murray v. Curlet reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1963, leading to a landmark legal victory: the abolition of prayer, Bible readings, and all religious references from the American public school system. Throughout her life, O'Hair worked tirelessly to obliterate the concept of God and everything pertaining to Christianity. She founded of a nonprofit group dedicated to the separation of church and state: the American Atheist Organization, which advocated (among other things) free birth control and the taxing of churches. She wrote numerous articles, including a Hustler magazine piece on the benefits of Masturbation. Long before Larry Flynt was offering cash for information regarding the sexual peccadilloes of United States congressmen, he was a friend and confidant of Madalyn, and his name appears several times in her diaries. O'Hair was tough, an angry you'd-think-she's-a-dyke-but-she's-just-a-loudmouth kinda broad. A force to be reckoned with, she once yelled at a woman during a PBS talk show for promising to include O'Hair in her prayers that evening. O'Hair enjoyed hating "stupid people," and she wrote of her passion for contempt: "What's the matter with hating? It's treated as a leper among the emotions.  There is no God. There's no heaven. There's no hell. There are no angels.  These views made her "controversial" enough to be Phil Donahue's very first guest.  By the time they realize he's not coming, it's no longer a maidenhead; it's a poor, sorry tent that nobody would be able to pierce -- even Jesus with his wooden staff. It's such a waste." Her magazine, also titled American Atheist, was proud to interview the likes of Hitchhiker's Guide author Douglas Adams, and other professed radical atheists. Unfortunately for O'Hair, on Mother's Day 1980, her oldest son William came flouncing out of the closet. He revealed to the world not only that he believed in God, but that he himself was a diehard, evangelical, salary tithing, gospel singing bible-thumping Christian Baptist. He felt that when he stood there with his mother on the Supreme Court steps, he was being used as a prop in his mother's boring crusade. O'Hair disowned him immediately. "One could call this a postnatal abortion on the part of a mother, I guess; I repudiate him entirely and completely for now and all times. He is beyond human forgiveness." When George Bush Esq. was campaigning for the presidency in August of 1987,
one of his stops was in Chicago, where he held a formal outdoor news conference.
Robert I. Sherman -- a reporter for the American Atheist news journal,
fully accredited by the state of Illinois and by invitation a participating
member of the press corps covering the national candidates -- was in attendance.
His son, age seven, had been physically and psychologically brutalized at his
school for refusing to pledge to a "nation under God." After Bush won the election, American Atheists asked that he consider being sworn into office with his hand resting reverently upon the Constitution instead of the Holy Bible, and also asked him to retract his statement from August of 1987. Bush had one of his administrative assistants write back: "As you are aware, the President is a religious man who neither supports atheism nor believes that atheism should be unnecessarily encouraged or supported by the government." On January 9, 1990 while signing a proclamation for the Martin Luther King holiday, Bush remarked that the "bigots must be brought to justice." Again, American Atheists threw his words back in his face, asking Bush if he felt that atheists were bigots unworthy of American citizenship. The crisp, White House stationery replied that the official Bush position on atheism had already been adequately expressed in previous correspondence. In November 1993, the O'Hair family went to San Diego, California to respond to an inconsequential harassment suit filed against the American Atheist organizations. They were always being accused of some manner of trouble-stirring or civil disobedience, so this trail was nothing out of the ordinary. But while the family was away, someone or something stole the AA computer system: a 486 tower. The bandit simply walked right on out with it! Also missing was the printer, a battery backup system, a keyboard, a mouse -- and records containing a complete listing of all the holdings of the American Atheist library and archives. Total physical cost: $4,000. Police determined it was an inside job. Madalyn was exceptionally angry at this theft. Over a decade earlier, when Larry Flynt was sent to prison for contempt of court in a case involving the drug arrest of failed automaker John DeLorean, Madalyn convinced Flynt to sign a power-of-attorney giving her control over all his assets, including Hustler magazine. Fortunately or unfortunately for masturbators, O'Hair's gambit was thwarted by Flynt's brother Jimmy. On March 16, 1984, O'Hair wrote in her diary: "I can't believe the perfidy over the Larry Flynt deal.  Everyone sells out. Everyone can be bought." For readers without a dictionary, perfidy is an act of deliberate betrayal, the act of violating faith or allegiance. Two weeks later, the office manager in charge exhibited further perfidy by turning in his two-week notice and quitting. It was decided that another employee, David R. Waters, would assume the vacant position. He'd been with American Atheists since 1993 -- one of the original typesetters in the printing department in fact, and many considered him steady and reliable. They checked his references, his education, and employment record. Unfortunately, the promotion of Waters was the first domino to fall in a gruesome cascade of triple kidnapping, theft, torture, urination in the face, extortion, beatings, dismemberment, and four really gross murders. January 1, 1994. Waters maneuvered himself into position at the American Atheist Global Headquarters. His desk was located a few feet away from the AA safe containing only money and currency which lacked the motto In God We Trust. This was Madalyn's idea of a joke. The safe housed a dozen bearer bonds. Less than a week after Waters took his first sip of Monday morning office coffee -- all twelve $5,000 bonds disappeared. Madalyn was shocked. Actually, horrified would be a better word. First one theft, and now this. The bonds, all government issue, were paying from 10 to 13 percent and had a total face value of $70,000. It was a significant, uninsured loss which could devastate the whole atheist operation. The O'Hairs were freaked out. They were mighty pissed off, and everyone started pointing fingers and shouting like what's-his-name and the other guy from Glengarry Glen Ross. The Austin police department swooped in and -- once again -- were able to determine immediately that the robbery was most likely an inside job. Suspicion quickly fell to Waters, but he steadfastly denied "stealing" anything. This added substantial fuel to Madalyn's fury, but she allowed him to continue running the office while she and her family returned to Los Angeles to resume dealing with the harassment trial. When they came back to the American Atheist Global Headquarters, they discovered that recent time cards hadn't been punched. The office postage meter had a suspiciously old date, and none of the AA employees had come to work in several weeks. The answering machine was full of old messages. Bills hadn't been paid, no book orders had been filled, and entire sheets of checks were missing. David Waters had quit without telling anyone. He left an answering machine message announcing he was leaving, as he "could no longer tolerate the mystique of the organization". It turns out that Waters had laid off all the AA employees so that he -- and he alone -- could gain access to the office assets and the safe. The American Atheist GHQ was left flat broke with zero money in the bank. An investigation revealed the name of David Waters typed on every stolen check, and phone calls traced by MCI revealed a trail of interstate communications, making the crime a federal offense. David Waters was going down. But Waters had an excellent attorney who encouraged him to plead guilty to a single count of theft. In true Texas style, the hardships endured by atheists like Madalyn -- the most hated woman in America -- went largely ignored. Waters was sentenced to ten years' probation with full restitution and deferred adjudication. In short, he paid no fine, spent no time in prison, and was for all intents and purposes a free man who never paid back the money. But nobody scams Madalyn Murray O'Hair and gets away with it. This was an impossibly difficult slap in the face to Madalyn, who unleashed the full force of her disdain for Waters in a now-famous six page essay for the July 1995 issue of the American Atheist newsletter. In this missive, she revealed everything her private investigation had uncovered about Waters, including his priors. It was an angry, hateful rant which described in embarrassing detail his life-long love affair with criminal activities and prison sentences. Drunk and disorderly conduct, burglary, curfew violations, the works.  Madalyn tittered with glee at her poisoned-pen nationwide "expose" of Waters, who was still actively trying to conduct business in the community. The war had escalated even further, and now Waters felt entitled to seek revenge. Sensing this, Madalyn installed a seven-foot chain link fence topped with cyclone barbed wire around the building. The world was officially a hostile environment. She'd been persecuted for thirty-five years just for not believing in God. She felt at war with just about everyone, and she often talked about getting away from it all. Leaving town. Disappearing. On August 28, 1995, American Atheist employee David Travis arrived for work bright and early at the global headquarters and discovered the front door padlocked shut. A posted note read, "The Murray-O'Hair family has been called out of town on an emergency basis. We do not know how long we will be gone at the time of the writing of this memo." This truly puzzled Travis, who started opening the mail. He discovered a statement from a bank in New Zealand he'd never heard of, detailing an account in O'Hair's name which contained close to a million dollars. And now the entire O'Hair family was gone: Madalyn, her son Jon Garth Murray (age 40), and her granddaughter Robin, age 30. The American Atheist operation had been entirely in the hands of this trio, who alternated between roles as president, secretary, and treasurer. A quick trip to the O'Hair home only deepened the mystery: breakfast dishes were sitting on the table, Madalyn's diabetes medicine lay unused on the kitchen counter, and three dogs were left behind. Board members finally made contact with Jon Garth Murray on his cell phone, but he refused to provide details. Robin got on the phone to convey her worries about the dogs, but assured the board everything was fine. Jon Garth's last words were "I know you'll do the right thing," and after September 28, 1995, the O'Hairs stopped answering the phone. SE7EN YEARS LATERWith no bodies alive or dead, no murder weapons, and only mild circumstantial evidence, David R. Waters was eventually convicted of contributing to the disappearance of the O'Hairs, and sentenced to 20 years in prison for extortion. Water's ex-girlfriend testified that he was so angry when Madalyn O'Hair wrote her article that he began plotting to pull off her toes with pliers. Waters never faced trial for the kidnapping and murder of the O'Hairs. Instead, with the help of his aforementioned "excellent attorney," as the result of a plea bargain, he stunned case followers by revealing what happened to the O'Hairs, and disclosed the location of the O'Hair bodies. Waters and two accomplices, Gary Karr and Danny Fry, had kidnapped the family at gunpoint, straight from their home in broad daylight. They were held captive in a hotel at the Warren Inn Apartments in faraway San Antonio for nearly a month, where Jon Garth's cooperation was extorted by threats to his mother. Jon was forced to drain funds from the American Atheist accounts into Waters' pockets, and ended up exchanging currencies for $600,000 in gold coins. Unfortunately for Waters, the day after he stashed the coins in a rental facility, they were stolen by two teenagers. From here, there was nowhere to go but murder and concealment.  Texas investigators positively identified the remains as those of Madalyn Murray O'Hair, Jon Garth Murray, and Robin Murray O'Hair. Jon and Robin had been suffocated with plastic bags. Madalyn had been subjected to severe blunt-force trauma. Riddled with ligature marks, her body was found burned and dismembered at mid-thigh level -- but the serial number on her artificial hip remained intact. The severed head and hands of a fourth person were also discovered: the remains of Danny Fry, whose headless and handless corpse was found in 1995 on a Dallas County river bank. Fry was an assistant of Waters during the kidnapping, but he too was killed and dismembered over fears that he couldn't keep his mouth shut. Waters died of lung cancer in January of 2003 in a federal prison hospital in North Carolina. Earlier in her life, O'Hair wrote an essay for American Atheist about her hopes that nothing "special" would ever happen to her body. She didn't want any "dirty Christers" getting their hands on her corpse. She advised that her "carcass should be flung into the water, where the fish could feed on it."  Her estranged son William, still a practicing Baptist, interred Madalyn, Jon, and Robin into a common vault with an unmarked grave, with no religious fanfare. Atheist journalist Thom Freelander found himself ruminating about the O'Hair case while on Flight 34 from Los Angeles to JFK International Airport in New York. On the flight, an American Airlines pilot who'd recently been on a mission trip spoke into the loudspeaker. He asked the Christian passengers on board to please raise their hands and identify themselves to the non-Christians, so everyone could break up into individual discussion groups and discuss the relative merits of Christianity. "If you're not Christian, you're crazy," the captain was quoted as saying. His religious fervor and proselytizing immediately scared captive passengers, who drank heavily during the trip and complained to flight attendants. |


Here’s How Much Money Optometrists Make In Every State
by Andrew DePietroThe career of an optometrist is one that’s gaining some serious ground in the United States lately. Employment numbers have been increasing and, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Outlook Handbook, employment of optometrists is projected to increase faster than average, with approximately 4,000 optometrist jobs being added from 2018 to 2028, an increase of roughly 10%. Using occupational data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, we've analyzed and compiled a round-up of the average optometrist salary by state in the U.S. Read on for a full breakdown of where optometrists make the most money, and where they're making the least.
10 States Where Optometrists Earn the Most Money
The national average annual wage of an optometrist is $119,980, according to the BLS, well above the e average annual salary for all occupations, $51,960. The average optometrist salary can vary significantly depending on the state. In the best-paying state for optometrists, the average salary is $55,110 more than the national average.
Below is a list of the top-10 highest-paying states for optometrists.
- North Dakota average optometrist salary: $175,090
- Vermont average optometrist salary: $170,550
- Alaska average optometrist salary: $165,640
- South Carolina average optometrist salary: $142,290
- Massachusetts average optometrist salary: $141,890
- Connecticut average optometrist salary: $138,140
- Maine average optometrist salary: $136,510
- North Carolina average optometrist salary: $136,260
- Wyoming average optometrist salary: $135,220
- Minnesota average optometrist salary: $134,270
It’s interesting to note that several of best-paying states also have a low supply of optometrists: No. 3 Alaska has the fewest, with only 70 optometrists; No. 9 Wyoming has 80; No. 2 Vermont has 90; No. 1 North Dakota has 160; and No. 7 Maine has only 170. This low supply combined with demand for such a fundamental medical service helps boost optometrist salaries in those states.
10 States Where Optometrists Earn the Least Money
The bottom-10 states where optometrists make the least money are a geographically mixed, though several of the two worst-paying states can be found in the U.S. West region, as designated by the Census Bureau. In the worst-paying state for optometrists, Utah, the average salary is nearly 38% less than the U.S. average salary. Here’s a look at the 10 worst states for optometrist’s salaries:
- Utah average optometrist salary: $74,490
- New Mexico average optometrist salary: $86,870
- Arkansas average optometrist salary: $95,500
- Idaho average optometrist salary: $96,070
- South Dakota average optometrist salary: $96,540
- Oregon average optometrist salary: $99,560
- Florida average optometrist salary: $102,060
- Nebraska average optometrist salary: $104,010
- Rhode Island average optometrist salary: $104,320
- Louisiana average optometrist salary: $104,360
What’s worse about these states is that, with the exception of two, all of them are seeing their optometrist salaries fall over the years. In 2013, the average annual wage for an optometrist in Utah was $118,050. By 2018, it had plummeted by 36.9% down to $74,490. New Mexico saw a drop of 33.8% over the last five years, from $131,250 down to $86,870. In South Dakota, the decline was even worse, with the average optometrist salary plummeting by 37.7%, from $154,890 in 2013 down to $96,540 in 2018.
How Much Do Optometrists Make in Each State
Below you’ll find the average annual wage for optometrists in all 50 states from 2013 to 2018. The last column has the five-year change in percent of each state’s average optometrist salary.


Elon Musk unveils futuristic Tesla pickup 'Cybertruck' and electric ATV
by Cox Media Group National Content DeskElon Musk unveiled a futuristic truck Thursday evening that is expected to take on the workhorse heavy pickup truck market.
The CEO of Tesla unveiled the new electric pickup truck at the Los Angeles Auto Show Thursday night.
Musk revealed that the "Cybertruck" is made with a stainless steel body, will go zero to 60 in 2.9 seconds and will start at $39,000. The truck will be available in three different packages with 250, 300 or 500 miles per charge.
Towing capacity will vary based on the three configurations and tops out at 14,000 pounds available in the TRI Motor AWD version. The TRI Motor AWD will have 500+ miles of range is $69,000 not including "Self-Driving" according to the website.
During the demonstration, Musk highlighted the truck's toughness by hitting the stainless steel body with a sledgehammer. The truck also features what's called "Tesla Armor Glass" which, in videos, seemed unbreakable. During the live demonstration, two windows unexpectedly broke, to which Musk discounted "it didn't go through."
Before the presentation concluded, Musk surprised the audience with an electric ATV which rolled into the bed of the truck. The four-wheeled, battery powered vehicle can be recharged in the bed of the pickup.
It's unclear how much the ATV will cost and its performance specifications.
With the launch, Tesla is edging into the most profitable corner of the U.S. auto market, where buyers tend to have fierce brand loyalty. Tesla's pickup is more likely to appeal to weekend warriors who want an electric vehicle that can handle some outdoor adventure. But it could end up cutting into Tesla's electric vehicle sedan sales instead of winning over traditional pickup truck drivers.
Tesla has struggled to meet delivery targets for its sedans, and some fear the new vehicle will shift the company's attention away from the goal of more consistently meeting its targets.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.
Please check back for updates


Alexisonfire to rock the Saddledome in January
by Newsroom StaffCanadian post-hardcore rockers Alexisonfire are heading to Calgary this January as part of a western Canada tour.
The group, fronted by singer Dallas Green (also known for his folk-rock project City and Colour), will be leading the group through stops in Winnipeg, Edmonton, Calgary, Vancouver, and Seattle.
In the post-album universe, the band recently released two new songs to streaming services, and played several sold-out shows in London U.K, New York, Los Angeles and Toronto.
For their Calgary show on Jan. 23, 2020 at the Scotiabank Saddledome, they’ll be joined by punk rockers The Distillers and NOBRO.
Tickets go on sale this Friday starting at 10 a.m. and start at $50.50. Visit livenation.com for more details.
One dollar from every ticket sold will go to organizations bringing dignity, equity, and access to communities who need it.


Recently, a number of philosophers have done important philosophical work on the conceptual foundations of evolutionary theory and the role of its principal architects in the early twentieth century. They have drawn upon this period in addressing a number of issues of relevance to philosophy of science and philosophy of biology more generally, such as, the nature of scientific controversy, the role of mathematics in biological thought, the nature of biological explanations, and whether or how biology is a unified or "pluralistic" science. This symposium brings together a group of philosophers of biology who have staked out novel positions on these issues.
When R. A. Fisher, Sewall Wright, and J.B.S. Haldane - three major contributors to the development of the mathematical theory of evolution in the 1920's and 30's - first began their work, the aims and scope of the theory had not yet been decided upon. Arguably, even today, these aims are still being negotiated. Debates among evolutionary biologists about the results, the role and the limitations of population genetic theory fuel a significant part of the disagreements in the evolution literature. Thus, it is useful to return to some of the sources of these controversies. In the early 1900's the details of the genetic bases of heredity, the relationship between the hereditary material and observable variation, as well as which factors played a significant role in evolution, and how these factors were related, were as yet unknown. Fisher, Haldane and Wright were thus were defining a discipline, reacting to the Darwinian Biometrical and Mendelian schools that came before them, and bringing to bear their own notions of what kinds of problems required solution and how to picture evolution in populations. Many of the questions they sought to answer were beyond the scope of the available mathematics, many of their arguments were verbal, or appealed to metaphor or analogy, and knowledge of the range of the basic variables they treated was limited. Even today, empirical information on the size of populations, migration rates, selective values, linkage arrangements and inbreeding coefficients is incomplete. The object of this session will be a philosophical examination of these three figures and their contribution to the synthesis of Darwinism and Mendelism. There has been some controversy over what the synthesis consisted in; clearly these very different men had different conceptions of evolution. How then did their work lead to a synthesis, if at all? Did they provide a "unified" explanation of evolution? Or, is it better to think of these authors as founding a pluralistic tradition in evolutionary theory? These are some of the questions we will examine.
Sewall Wright's adaptive landscape is one of the most influential heuristics in the history of evolutionary biology. Wright's biographer, Provine, harshly criticized Wright's adaptive landscape, claiming that its heuristic value is dubious because of deep flaws. Ruse has defended Wright against Provine's charges. Ruse claims that the landscape metaphor is heuristically valuable even if Wright's version of it flawed and, anyway, Provine has not shown that Wright's version of the metaphor is flawed. I argue that both Provine's and Ruse's analyses of the adaptive landscape are defective and suggest a more adequate understanding of the metaphor.
R.A. Fisher's work on the on the compatibility of Mendelism and Darwinism is a brilliant application of mathematical and statistical techniques to evolutionary theory. Fisher himself drew the analogy between the methodology in his own work and statistical mechanics. Specifically he wanted to show that an exact specification of individual factors relevant to the population was unnecessary for arriving at a proper statistical analysis. When factors were sufficiently numerous the most general assumptions with respect to individual peculiarities would lead to the same statistical result. In gas theory it was possible to "make the most varied assumptions as to accidental circumstances, and even the essential nature of the individual molecules, and yet develop general laws as to the behaviour of gases, leaving but a few fundamental constants to be determined by experiment" (Fisher, 1922). So too with biological populations. One needed only general statistical laws about the interactions among genes rather than specific knowledge of biological individuals in order to determine the effects of evolutionary mechanisms. Mayr (1982) and other biologists have criticized the founders of mathematical population genetics for oversimplifying, for the sake of mathematical tractability, the factors that enter into the computations. The notion of a 'population' used by Fisher and even Pearson before him is thought to be not only essentialist but unable to take account of the individual in biological explanations. In this paper I examine the various ways in which the notion of an 'individual' is represented in the work of Fisher as well as in the biometric methods of Karl Pearson. I argue that it was only by neglecting certain aspects of individuals that Fisher was successful in showing how selection operated in Mendelian populations. Hence, instead of being considered as defects, the criticisms levied by Mayr against Fisher turn out to be the very source of his overwhelming success.
The recent literature in philosophy of biology and philosophy of science more generally has drawn attention to the pluralism of biological explanation - we have explanations at different levels or units of selection, micro- and macro- explanations, molecular, biomedical, and evolutionary explanations. Do these explanations all have a common structure or end? The object of this paper will be to investigate whether there are a plurality of types or kinds of explanation in biology, and in particular, in the field of theoretical population genetics. Part of this will involve examining the presuppositions of different founders of theoretical population genetics - Fisher, Haldane and Wright - about the object of explanation and what most requires explaining. Further, this investigation into explanatory pluralism in population genetics will help to answer questions about whether and how we ought to regard evolutionary theory as a "unified" discipline. I will argue that the different explanations they offered had to do with their competing ideals of what a science of evolution would be, as well as their different presuppositions about the object of inquiry.
This paper analyzes the development of evolutionary theory in the period from 1918 to 1932. It argues that: (i) Fisher’s work in 1918 constitutes a not fully satisfactory reduction of biometry to Mendelism; (ii) that there was a synthesis in the 1920s but that this synthesis was mainly one of classical genetics with population genetics, with Haldane’s Causes of Evolution being its founding document; (iii) the most important achievement of the models of theoretical population genetics was to show that natural selection sufficed as a mechanism for evolution; (iv) Haldane formulated a prospective evolutionary theory in the 1920s whereas Fisher and Wright formulated retrospective theories of evolutionary history; and (v) in the context of the history of evolutionary biology, the differences between Fisher, Haldane, and Wright are as important as their similarities.


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ABOUT ME
I grew up during the brink of the digital information age from the 1990s to the 2000s. During this era, I enjoyed reading, writing, drawing and surfing the Internet. Now, as an adult, my love of art, literature, and the Internet has not waned. In fact, now that technology's progression has created a more efficient and expedient experience on the World Wide Web, I want to be more than a passive Internet user. I want to be a part of the development of emergent web technology that makes the Internet the revolutionary medium of collaboration and communication it is today. I want to work with a company that develops web-based content and applications that are efficient, engaging, relevant, and meaningful to users of various backgrounds.
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pnmtile(1) pnmtile(1) NAME pnmtile - replicate a portable anymap into a specified size SYNOPSIS pnmtile width height [pnmfile] DESCRIPTION Reads a portable anymap as input. Replicates it until it is the speci‐ fied size, and produces a portable anymap as output. SEE ALSO pnm(5) AUTHOR Copyright (C) 1989 by Jef Poskanzer. 13 May 1989 pnmtile(1)


| DOSE: |
1.0 g |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
| |
40 mg |
insufflated |
2C-T-7 |
(powder / crystals) |
Before I begin I'd like to recommend that readers don't take the same path I did. First of all insufflating this chemical can have dire effects, second of all I took the chemical within hours of finding out it existed in the first place.
[Erowid Note: 40 mgs of insufflated 2C-T-7 is considered an extremely high dose and has been known to cause fatality, see 2C-T-7 Dose Chart]
At my previous place of employment, a fellow worker asked if I enjoyed hallucinogens. Not one to lie about such a subject dear to my heart and lifestyle I said yes. He then handed me what I estimate to be 80mg of a white powder he called 2ct7 along with a brief 'man... it will turn you on'.
I went home and called over an eager friend (who also had never heard of 2ct7). we sat on my couch and asked our selfs a series of questions to make sure our mind sets were correct before jumped into this unknown land. After about an hour and 1gm of grass had passed we decided to go for it.
I split us up two lines (one each) as evenly as I could and chopped a straw. we decided to snort at the same time. After the imediate horrific nose and throat pain within 30 seconds both of us were truly 'high'.
With this drug (at least insuffalated) there is no gradual peak and plateu it is just a slap in the face with visuals and an apperciation for music and atmosphere like no other. as soon as I lifted my head from the mirror the floral pattern on my love seat began to twist and turn and melt off the cool black fabric of the chair. But, I was temporarily brought back for a moment when the burning in my throat over took me and I was forced to jog outside the door and vomit in the yard.
I walked back into my apartment to find my friend layed out on my couch looking quite content yet a little lost(we didn't actually speak to each other until after we had both surfaced again, with the exception of 'change the music to some dub or some floyd'). I drank some water to wash out the vomit taste and walked into the living room and collapsed on my couch. and pretty much thats were I stayed for the next 6 hours. During that six hours and I was in a constant state of contentment and euphoria, I felt like the metaphysical mother was wrapping me in a cool comfortable blanket my body felt so nice at times almost orgasmic, and actually had a few moments were I had to check myself to make sure I hadn't in fact climaxed.
The visuals were very similar to a medium dose of LSD. Things breathing, glowing, growing, one painting on my wall in particular kept turnings his head toward me and smiling, somtimes he would move his wing(the painting is of an archangel cradling a naked women)as if to bring me into the picture with him, one of my house plants danced and grew ludcriously large through out the entire trip. it would grow more limbs and branches and sway and dance perfectly in beat with the music, at one point I think I heard it laughing(it was probably my companion lost in his own blissful little world).
Eventually after about 7 hours we both began to surface and rustle about the apartment still not saying much of anything to each other. after about 9 hours we were our normal boistrous selves again but both were still seeing colors and tracers (tracers actually didn't show them until the 'come down').
We both agreed it was a very fun and at times awestrikingly euphoric experince, as far as personal revelations, and introspective discovery goes there wasn't much to speak of, 2ct7 felt like more of a recreation chemical than a spirtiual chemical (typical of most synthetics) also we had stuffy noses and nasal voices for the next day or so. The best aspect of my experince was the complete lack of 'uh oh moments' and paranoia, although I didn't enjoy that fact this drug pinned to my couch, most of the time I had no desire to move but when I did want to I felt like it was physically impossible.
overall it was fun, aside from the painful experince of snorting (even the drips burned my thoart all the way down my neck) usually I take psychoactives for meditative purposes but this was purley an experiment, and all in all a pleasant one. 2CT7 is someting I've not done since and perhaps I wont ever try it again, which won't be that big of a loss.
Be smart, Beware, Be prepared
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Chronic wasting disease found in Bennett County
MARTIN, S.D. (AP) - State officials say chronic wasting disease in deer has spread eastward in South Dakota.
The state Game, Fish and Parks Department said Friday samples collected from a sick deer found near Martin in Bennett County confirmed the animal was in the late stages of the disease.
The agency says it’s the first confirmed case of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging deer or elk in Bennett County.
Chronic wasting disease is a fatal brain condition in deer, elk and moose. It has previously been found in deer and elk in southwestern South Dakota.
Restrictions on moving deer carcasses in South Dakota will go into effect beginning with the 2020 hunting season in an attempt to limit the spread of the disease.
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Copyright © 2019 The Washington Times, LLC.
Please read our comment policy before commenting.


THE AD RECYCLE BIN
Requires Forest Functional Mode = Windows Server 2008 R2
#Enable the Recycle Bin (as Enterprise Admin)
Enable-ADOptionalFeature–Identity ‘CN=Recycle Bin Feature,CN=Optional Features,CN=Directory Service,CN=Windows NT,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM’ –Scope ForestOrConfigurationSet–Target ‘DOMAIN.COM’
#Find all Deleted Users
$DeletedUsers= Get-ADObject-SearchBase“CN=Deleted Objects,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM” -Filter {ObjectClass-eq“user”} -IncludeDeletedObjects-Properties lastKnownParent
#Restore all Deleted Users
$DeletedUsers| Restore-ADObject
#Restore users deleted on a specific date
$ChangeDate= Get-Date (“1/1/2015′′)Get-ADObject-Filter { (whenChanged-eq$changeDate) -and (isDeleted-eq$true) -and (name -ne “Deleted Objects”) -and (ObjectClass-eq“user”) } -IncludeDeletedObjects-Properties * | Restore-ADObject


"SYCHAR "liar or drunkard (see Isaiah 28:1, 7), has been from the time of the Crusaders usually identified with Sychem or Shechem (John 4:5). It has now, however, as the result of recent explorations, been identified with‘Askar, a small Samaritan town on the southern base of Ebal, about a mile to the north of Jacob’s well.
"SYCHAR "liar or drunkard (see Isaiah 28:1, 7), has been from the time of the Crusaders usually identified with Sychem or Shechem (John 4:5). It has now, however, as the result of recent explorations, been identified with‘Askar, a small Samaritan town on the southern base of Ebal, about a mile to the north of Jacob’s well.


You can do this by putting the basics onto the motherboard.
First, install the CPU, releasing the retention arm, and placing the CPU in and lowering the arm.
If your CPU cooler has no thermal paste, be sure to add a small rice grain sized amount to the top of the CPU first.
Next, install the cpu cooler, follow the included instructions.
Make sure you to plug in the cpu cooler's fan into the cpu fan power connector.
Install your memory by pushing out the bracket, then aligning the notches and pushing it in.
Install your graphics/video card by pushing out the bracket then pushing it into the top most pcie lane on your motherboard. Check your motherboard manual for more details
Follow your motherboard manual, and plug in the required power connectors. Make sure to plug in the ones need for the graphics card as well.
Plug in your power supply and switch it on.
Plug in a monitor, short your motherboard power pin, or use an onboard button to power up your system.
If all the parts are working, you will see something on the monitor.
From here, either troubleshoot of something is not working or go ahead install the motherboard into case after removing the power cables.
Install power supply and reattach the power cables.
Install any harddrives, connect them to the motherboard uses SATA cables, be sure to connect power to them as well.
Plug in your front panel connectors which include front panel audio and your power/reset buttons.
Power it on!
Install an operating system, and the drivers for your parts


Sunlight Foundation
Sitegeist
Ground yourself with data
Understand and uncover the identity of your location with a tap
Available on the App Store
Android App on Google Play
{% comment %} {% endcomment %} {% include "includes/ga.html" %}


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
over 2 hours
Serves
Serves 4
Cooked in a rich stock the pigeon meat is infused with soy, anise, cinnamon and citrus flavours, then allowed to dry before being deep-fried for a crispy finish.
For the pigeon, bring a large pan of water to the boil. Blanch the pigeons in the boiling water for about two minutes. (This method helps to rid them of impurities and tightens the skin.) Remove the pigeons from the pot and discard the water.
Combine all the braising sauce ingredients together in a large pot and bring it to the boil. Add the pigeons and the ginger. Lower the heat to a simmer and cover the pot tightly. Let it simmer for about 30 minutes or until the pigeons are just tender. Remove them with a slotted spoon and let them dry on a plate, or hang them up in a cool, dry, airy place for at least two hours. (The braising liquid, once cooled, can be stored in a plastic container and frozen for future use.)
After two hours the skin of the pigeons should feel like parchment paper. Just before you are ready to serve them, heat the groundnut or vegetable oil in a deep-fat fryer or large wok. (Caution: Hot oil can be dangerous. Do not leave unattended.)
When the oil is hot, lower in the pigeons and deep-fry them until they are crisp and deep brown in colour. Turn them over frequently with a slotted spoon so that all sides are thoroughly cooked and browned. This should take about 10 minutes. Drain the cooked pigeons on kitchen papers and let them cool for a few minutes.
For the salt and pepper dip, heat a wok or large skillet until it is hot and add the ground peppercorns and salt. Stir-fry for one minute, remove and allow to cool. Then mix in a blender for one minute.
For the stir fried Chinese vegetables, heat a wok or large frying-pan over high heat until it is hot. Add the oil, and when it is very hot and slightly smoking, then add the garlic and salt. Stir-fry the mixture for 15 seconds or until the garlic is lightly brown. Then quickly add the Chinese greens. Stir-fry for 3-4 minutes until the greens have wilted a little. Add the chicken stock or water and continue to stir-fry for a few more minutes until the greens are done but are still slightly crisp.
To serve, using a heavy cleaver or knife, chop the pigeon into 4-6 pieces and arrange on a warm serving platter. Serve at once with lemon wedges, the roast salt and pepper dip and the greens.


When you write your own visualizers, you might not be satisfied with the
default format of the legend. Therefore you might want to write your
own legend printer, replacing fdbg_legend/[1,2]
. This should be
quite straightforward based on the variable list returned by
fdbg_annotate/[3,4]
. Processing the rest of the action
list and writing conclusions about the constraint behavior is not
that easy though. To help your work, FDBG provides a predicate to
transform the raw action list to a more readable form:
fdbg_transform_actions(
+Actions,
+Vars,
-TransformedActions)
fdbg_annotate/[3,4]
);
exit
and/or fail
commands;
fail(
Action)
;
fdvar/3
compound
term per variable.
The transformed action list may contain the following terms:
exit
fail
fail
action
fail(
Action)
call(
Goal)
fdvar(
Name,
Var,
FDSet)


Aladdin is possibly the best-known of the Tales Of The One Hundred And One Nights, fodder for panto and Disney and even for film-makers in the Soviet Union. I have never read the story myself, in any version, and I doubt that I ever will, now that I have chanced upon Thomas De Quincey's judgment of it.
In Infant Literature, he wrote: “in Aladdin, after the possession of the lamp has been once secured by a pure accident, the story ceases to move. All the rest is a mere record of upholstery; how this saloon was finished today, and that window on the next day, with no fresh incident whatever”.
That said, it's an interesting narrative technique, if one has a particular readership, such as upholsterers, in mind. But I don't.


Gateway
BOT
25-Oct-18 10:54 PM
[telegram] <tczbzb> I heard if we keep KMD in Wallet long time enough , there will be “dividends” - like pos, is it true ?
[telegram] <yorklab> If you have more than 10 KMD, after one hour you start to accumulate rewards. (re @tczbzb: I heard if we keep KMD in Wallet long time enough , there will be “dividends” - like pos, is it true ?)
[telegram] <yorklab> The wallet does not have to be up and running to accumulate, though you do need to claim at least once a month.
[telegram] <BrokenBank> What a great community. Appreciate all the help and links
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Just heading to binance now
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Found a Guaruda wallet too??
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Any good? Seems simpler
[telegram] <BrokenBank> To use and setup
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Will KMD implement the lightning network once it's available?
(edited)
[telegram] <yorklab> No, though I think the Chips asset chain may use it. Komodo is already pretty fast and has unlimited scalability, so don't believe LN will be a necessity.
[telegram] <yorklab> But there are others who may chime in that are more on top of that tech than myself.
[telegram] <n2okpride> I believe that is still the case.
[telegram] <yorklab> I don't use the Guarda wallet, though last I heard they do support kmd and rewards. (re @BrokenBank: Found a Guaruda wallet too??)
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Thanks. All setup with the mobile wallet. Now if one-day I get a desktop, can I use the seed from the mobile wallet and add it straight to the desktop, or should I start another account and then send it to that address from the mobile wallet?
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Sorry for all the questions. Last one
[telegram] <yorklab> Yes, same seed, same address.
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Brilliant (re @yorklab: Yes, same seed, same address.)
[telegram] <yorklab> You could create another account to be safe, but that's up to you.
[telegram] <BrokenBank> Yep great. Can you generate new addresses with each transaction with KMD?
[telegram] <yorklab> In Lite mode you need a new seed for each new address. In Native mode (you have to download the blockchain) it creates a new address each time you claim rewards.
(edited)


SOCKET
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)
Updated: 2014-07-08
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
socket - Linux socket interface
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
sockfd = socket(int socket_family, int socket_type, int protocol);
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the Linux networking socket layer user
interface.
The BSD compatible sockets
are the uniform interface
between the user process and the network protocol stacks in the kernel.
The protocol modules are grouped into
protocol families
such as
AF_INET, AF_IPX, and AF_PACKET,
and
socket types
such as
SOCK_STREAM
or
SOCK_DGRAM.
See
socket(2)
for more information on families and types.
Socket-layer functions
These functions are used by the user process to send or receive packets
and to do other socket operations.
For more information see their respective manual pages.
socket(2)
creates a socket,
connect(2)
connects a socket to a remote socket address,
the
bind(2)
function binds a socket to a local socket address,
listen(2)
tells the socket that new connections shall be accepted, and
accept(2)
is used to get a new socket with a new incoming connection.
socketpair(2)
returns two connected anonymous sockets (implemented only for a few
local families like
AF_UNIX)
send(2),
sendto(2),
and
sendmsg(2)
send data over a socket, and
recv(2),
recvfrom(2),
recvmsg(2)
receive data from a socket.
poll(2)
and
select(2)
wait for arriving data or a readiness to send data.
In addition, the standard I/O operations like
write(2),
writev(2),
sendfile(2),
read(2),
and
readv(2)
can be used to read and write data.
getsockname(2)
returns the local socket address and
getpeername(2)
returns the remote socket address.
getsockopt(2)
and
setsockopt(2)
are used to set or get socket layer or protocol options.
ioctl(2)
can be used to set or read some other options.
close(2)
is used to close a socket.
shutdown(2)
closes parts of a full-duplex socket connection.
Seeking, or calling
pread(2)
or
pwrite(2)
with a nonzero position is not supported on sockets.
It is possible to do nonblocking I/O on sockets by setting the
O_NONBLOCK
flag on a socket file descriptor using
fcntl(2).
Then all operations that would block will (usually)
return with
EAGAIN
(operation should be retried later);
connect(2)
will return
EINPROGRESS
error.
The user can then wait for various events via
poll(2)
or
select(2).
I/O events
|
| Event | Poll flag | Occurrence
|
| Read | POLLIN |
New data arrived.
|
| Read | POLLIN |
A connection setup has been completed
(for connection-oriented sockets)
|
| Read | POLLHUP |
A disconnection request has been initiated by the other end.
|
| Read | POLLHUP |
A connection is broken (only for connection-oriented protocols).
When the socket is written
SIGPIPE
is also sent.
|
| Write | POLLOUT |
Socket has enough send buffer space for writing new data.
|
| Read/Write |
POLLIN|
POLLOUT
|
An outgoing
connect(2)
finished.
|
| Read/Write | POLLERR | An asynchronous error occurred.
|
| Read/Write | POLLHUP | The other end has shut down one direction.
|
| Exception | POLLPRI |
Urgent data arrived.
SIGURG
is sent then.
|
An alternative to
poll(2)
and
select(2)
is to let the kernel inform the application about events
via a
SIGIO
signal.
For that the
O_ASYNC
flag must be set on a socket file descriptor via
fcntl(2)
and a valid signal handler for
SIGIO
must be installed via
sigaction(2).
See the
Signals
discussion below.
Socket address structures
Each socket domain has its own format for socket addresses,
with a domain-specific address structure.
Each of these structures begins with an
integer "family" field (typed as
sa_family_t)
that indicates the type of the address structure.
This allows
the various system calls (e.g.,
connect(2),
bind(2),
accept(2),
getsockname(2),
getpeername(2)),
which are generic to all socket domains,
to determine the domain of a particular socket address.
To allow any type of socket address to be passed to
interfaces in the sockets API,
the type
struct sockaddr
is defined.
The purpose of this type is purely to allow casting of
domain-specific socket address types to a "generic" type,
so as to avoid compiler warnings about type mismatches in
calls to the sockets API.
In addition, the sockets API provides the data type
struct sockaddr_storage.
This type
is suitable to accommodate all supported domain-specific socket
address structures; it is large enough and is aligned properly.

The structure includes the following field, which can be used to identify
the type of socket address actually stored in the structure:
sa_family_t ss_family;
The
sockaddr_storage
structure is useful in programs that must handle socket addresses
in a generic way
(e.g., programs that must deal with both IPv4 and IPv6 socket addresses).
Socket options
The socket options listed below can be set by using
setsockopt(2)
and read with
getsockopt(2)
with the socket level set to
SOL_SOCKET
for all sockets.
Unless otherwise noted,
optval
is a pointer to an
int.
- SO_ACCEPTCONN
-
Returns a value indicating whether or not this socket has been marked
to accept connections with
listen(2).
The value 0 indicates that this is not a listening socket,
the value 1 indicates that this is a listening socket.
This socket option is read-only.
- SO_BINDTODEVICE
-
Bind this socket to a particular device like "eth0",
as specified in the passed interface name.
If the
name is an empty string or the option length is zero, the socket device
binding is removed.
The passed option is a variable-length null-terminated
interface name string with the maximum size of
IFNAMSIZ.
If a socket is bound to an interface,
only packets received from that particular interface are processed by the
socket.
Note that this works only for some socket types, particularly
AF_INET
sockets.
It is not supported for packet sockets (use normal
bind(2)
there).
Before Linux 3.8,
this socket option could be set, but could not retrieved with
getsockopt(2).
Since Linux 3.8, it is readable.
The
optlen
argument should contain the buffer size available
to receive the device name and is recommended to be
IFNAMSZ
bytes.
The real device name length is reported back in the
optlen
argument.
- SO_BROADCAST
-
Set or get the broadcast flag.
When enabled, datagram sockets are allowed to send
packets to a broadcast address.
This option has no effect on stream-oriented sockets.
- SO_BSDCOMPAT
-
Enable BSD bug-to-bug compatibility.
This is used by the UDP protocol module in Linux 2.0 and 2.2.
If enabled, ICMP errors received for a UDP socket will not be passed
to the user program.
In later kernel versions, support for this option has been phased out:
Linux 2.4 silently ignores it, and Linux 2.6 generates a kernel warning
(printk()) if a program uses this option.
Linux 2.0 also enabled BSD bug-to-bug compatibility
options (random header changing, skipping of the broadcast flag) for raw
sockets with this option, but that was removed in Linux 2.2.
- SO_DEBUG
-
Enable socket debugging.
Only allowed for processes with the
CAP_NET_ADMIN
capability or an effective user ID of 0.
- SO_DOMAIN (since Linux 2.6.32)
-
Retrieves the socket domain as an integer, returning a value such as
AF_INET6.
See
socket(2)
for details.
This socket option is read-only.
- SO_ERROR
-
Get and clear the pending socket error.
This socket option is read-only.
Expects an integer.
- SO_DONTROUTE
-
Don't send via a gateway, send only to directly connected hosts.
The same effect can be achieved by setting the
MSG_DONTROUTE
flag on a socket
send(2)
operation.
Expects an integer boolean flag.
- SO_KEEPALIVE
-
Enable sending of keep-alive messages on connection-oriented sockets.
Expects an integer boolean flag.
- SO_LINGER
-
Sets or gets the
SO_LINGER
option.
The argument is a
linger
structure.
struct linger {
int l_onoff; /* linger active */
int l_linger; /* how many seconds to linger for */
};
-
When enabled, a
close(2)
or
shutdown(2)
will not return until all queued messages for the socket have been
successfully sent or the linger timeout has been reached.
Otherwise,
the call returns immediately and the closing is done in the background.
When the socket is closed as part of
exit(2),
it always lingers in the background.
- SO_MARK (since Linux 2.6.25)
-
Set the mark for each packet sent through this socket
(similar to the netfilter MARK target but socket-based).
Changing the mark can be used for mark-based
routing without netfilter or for packet filtering.
Setting this option requires the
CAP_NET_ADMIN
capability.
- SO_OOBINLINE
-
If this option is enabled,
out-of-band data is directly placed into the receive data stream.
Otherwise, out-of-band data is passed only when the
MSG_OOB
flag is set during receiving.
- SO_PASSCRED
-
Enable or disable the receiving of the
SCM_CREDENTIALS
control message.
For more information see
unix(7).
- SO_PEEK_OFF (since Linux 3.4)
-
This option, which is currently supported only for
unix(7)
sockets, sets the value of the "peek offset" for the
recv(2)
system call when used with
MSG_PEEK
flag.
When this option is set to a negative value
(it is set to -1 for all new sockets),
traditional behavior is provided:
recv(2)
with the
MSG_PEEK
flag will peek data from the front of the queue.
When the option is set to a value greater than or equal to zero,
then the next peek at data queued in the socket will occur at
the byte offset specified by the option value.
At the same time, the "peek offset" will be
incremented by the number of bytes that were peeked from the queue,
so that a subsequent peek will return the next data in the queue.
If data is removed from the front of the queue via a call to
recv(2)
(or similar) without the
MSG_PEEK
flag, the "peek offset" will be decreased by the number of bytes removed.
In other words, receiving data without the
MSG_PEEK
flag will cause the "peek offset" to be adjusted to maintain
the correct relative position in the queued data,
so that a subsequent peek will retrieve the data that would have been
retrieved had the data not been removed.
For datagram sockets, if the "peek offset" points to the middle of a packet,
the data returned will be marked with the
MSG_TRUNC
flag.
The following example serves to illustrate the use of
SO_PEEK_OFF.
Suppose a stream socket has the following queued input data:
aabbccddeeff
-
The following sequence of
recv(2)
calls would have the effect noted in the comments:
int ov = 4; // Set peek offset to 4
setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEEK_OFF, &ov, sizeof(ov));
recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK); // Peeks "cc"; offset set to 6
recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK); // Peeks "dd"; offset set to 8
recv(fd, buf, 2, 0); // Reads "aa"; offset set to 6
recv(fd, buf, 2, MSG_PEEK); // Peeks "ee"; offset set to 8
- SO_PEERCRED
-
Return the credentials of the foreign process connected to this socket.
This is possible only for connected
AF_UNIX
stream sockets and
AF_UNIX
stream and datagram socket pairs created using
socketpair(2);
see
unix(7).
The returned credentials are those that were in effect at the time
of the call to
connect(2)
or
socketpair(2).
The argument is a
ucred
structure; define the
_GNU_SOURCE
feature test macro to obtain the definition of that structure from
<sys/socket.h>.
This socket option is read-only.
- SO_PRIORITY
-
Set the protocol-defined priority for all packets to be sent on
this socket.
Linux uses this value to order the networking queues:
packets with a higher priority may be processed first depending
on the selected device queueing discipline.
For
ip(7),
this also sets the IP type-of-service (TOS) field for outgoing packets.
Setting a priority outside the range 0 to 6 requires the
CAP_NET_ADMIN
capability.
- SO_PROTOCOL (since Linux 2.6.32)
-
Retrieves the socket protocol as an integer, returning a value such as
IPPROTO_SCTP.
See
socket(2)
for details.
This socket option is read-only.
- SO_RCVBUF
-
Sets or gets the maximum socket receive buffer in bytes.
The kernel doubles this value (to allow space for bookkeeping overhead)
when it is set using
setsockopt(2),
and this doubled value is returned by
getsockopt(2).
The default value is set by the
/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default
file, and the maximum allowed value is set by the
/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
file.
The minimum (doubled) value for this option is 256.
- SO_RCVBUFFORCE (since Linux 2.6.14)
-
Using this socket option, a privileged
(CAP_NET_ADMIN)
process can perform the same task as
SO_RCVBUF,
but the
rmem_max
limit can be overridden.
- SO_RCVLOWAT and SO_SNDLOWAT
-
Specify the minimum number of bytes in the buffer until the socket layer
will pass the data to the protocol
(SO_SNDLOWAT)
or the user on receiving
(SO_RCVLOWAT).
These two values are initialized to 1.
SO_SNDLOWAT
is not changeable on Linux
(setsockopt(2)
fails with the error
ENOPROTOOPT).
SO_RCVLOWAT
is changeable
only since Linux 2.4.
The
select(2)
and
poll(2)
system calls currently do not respect the
SO_RCVLOWAT
setting on Linux,
and mark a socket readable when even a single byte of data is available.
A subsequent read from the socket will block until
SO_RCVLOWAT
bytes are available.
- SO_RCVTIMEO and SO_SNDTIMEO
-
Specify the receiving or sending timeouts until reporting an error.
The argument is a
struct timeval.
If an input or output function blocks for this period of time, and
data has been sent or received, the return value of that function
will be the amount of data transferred; if no data has been transferred
and the timeout has been reached, then -1 is returned with
errno
set to
EAGAIN
or
EWOULDBLOCK,
or
EINPROGRESS
(for
connect(2))
just as if the socket was specified to be nonblocking.
If the timeout is set to zero (the default),
then the operation will never timeout.
Timeouts only have effect for system calls that perform socket I/O (e.g.,
read(2),
recvmsg(2),
send(2),
sendmsg(2));
timeouts have no effect for
select(2),
poll(2),
epoll_wait(2),
and so on.
- SO_REUSEADDR
-
Indicates that the rules used in validating addresses supplied in a
bind(2)
call should allow reuse of local addresses.
For
AF_INET
sockets this
means that a socket may bind, except when there
is an active listening socket bound to the address.
When the listening socket is bound to
INADDR_ANY
with a specific port then it is not possible
to bind to this port for any local address.
Argument is an integer boolean flag.
- SO_RXQ_OVFL (since Linux 2.6.33)
-
Indicates that an unsigned 32-bit value ancillary message (cmsg)
should be attached to received skbs indicating
the number of packets dropped by the socket between
the last received packet and this received packet.
- SO_SNDBUF
-
Sets or gets the maximum socket send buffer in bytes.
The kernel doubles this value (to allow space for bookkeeping overhead)
when it is set using
setsockopt(2),
and this doubled value is returned by
getsockopt(2).
The default value is set by the
/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default
file and the maximum allowed value is set by the
/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max
file.
The minimum (doubled) value for this option is 2048.
- SO_SNDBUFFORCE (since Linux 2.6.14)
-
Using this socket option, a privileged
(CAP_NET_ADMIN)
process can perform the same task as
SO_SNDBUF,
but the
wmem_max
limit can be overridden.
- SO_TIMESTAMP
-
Enable or disable the receiving of the
SO_TIMESTAMP
control message.
The timestamp control message is sent with level
SOL_SOCKET
and the
cmsg_data
field is a
struct timeval
indicating the
reception time of the last packet passed to the user in this call.
See
cmsg(3)
for details on control messages.
- SO_TYPE
-
Gets the socket type as an integer (e.g.,
SOCK_STREAM).
This socket option is read-only.
- SO_BUSY_POLL (since Linux 3.11)
-
Sets the approximate time in microseconds to busy poll on a blocking receive
when there is no data.
Increasing this value requires
CAP_NET_ADMIN.
The default for this option is controlled by the
/proc/sys/net/core/busy_read
file.
The value in the
/proc/sys/net/core/busy_poll
file determines how long
select(2)
and
poll(2)
will busy poll when they operate on sockets with
SO_BUSY_POLL
set and no events to report are found.
In both cases,
busy polling will only be done when the socket last received data
from a network device that supports this option.
While busy polling may improve latency of some applications,
care must be taken when using it since this will increase
both CPU utilization and power usage.
Signals
When writing onto a connection-oriented socket that has been shut down
(by the local or the remote end)
SIGPIPE
is sent to the writing process and
EPIPE
is returned.
The signal is not sent when the write call
specified the
MSG_NOSIGNAL
flag.
When requested with the
FIOSETOWN
fcntl(2)
or
SIOCSPGRP
ioctl(2),
SIGIO
is sent when an I/O event occurs.
It is possible to use
poll(2)
or
select(2)
in the signal handler to find out which socket the event occurred on.
An alternative (in Linux 2.2) is to set a real-time signal using the
F_SETSIG
fcntl(2);
the handler of the real time signal will be called with
the file descriptor in the
si_fd
field of its
siginfo_t.
See
fcntl(2)
for more information.
Under some circumstances (e.g., multiple processes accessing a
single socket), the condition that caused the
SIGIO
may have already disappeared when the process reacts to the signal.
If this happens, the process should wait again because Linux
will resend the signal later.
/proc interfaces
The core socket networking parameters can be accessed
via files in the directory
/proc/sys/net/core/.
- rmem_default
-
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket receive buffer.
- rmem_max
-
contains the maximum socket receive buffer size in bytes which a user may
set by using the
SO_RCVBUF
socket option.
- wmem_default
-
contains the default setting in bytes of the socket send buffer.
- wmem_max
-
contains the maximum socket send buffer size in bytes which a user may
set by using the
SO_SNDBUF
socket option.
- message_cost and message_burst
-
configure the token bucket filter used to load limit warning messages
caused by external network events.
- netdev_max_backlog
-
Maximum number of packets in the global input queue.
- optmem_max
-
Maximum length of ancillary data and user control data like the iovecs
per socket.
Ioctls
These operations can be accessed using
ioctl(2):
error = ioctl(ip_socket, ioctl_type, &value_result);
- SIOCGSTAMP
-
Return a
struct timeval
with the receive timestamp of the last packet passed to the user.
This is useful for accurate round trip time measurements.
See
setitimer(2)
for a description of
struct timeval.
This ioctl should be used only if the socket option
SO_TIMESTAMP
is not set on the socket.
Otherwise, it returns the timestamp of the
last packet that was received while
SO_TIMESTAMP
was not set, or it fails if no such packet has been received,
(i.e.,
ioctl(2)
returns -1 with
errno
set to
ENOENT).
- SIOCSPGRP
-
Set the process or process group to send
SIGIO
or
SIGURG
signals
to when an
asynchronous I/O operation has finished or urgent data is available.
The argument is a pointer to a
pid_t.
If the argument is positive, send the signals to that process.
If the
argument is negative, send the signals to the process group with the ID
of the absolute value of the argument.
The process may only choose itself or its own process group to receive
signals unless it has the
CAP_KILL
capability or an effective UID of 0.
- FIOASYNC
-
Change the
O_ASYNC
flag to enable or disable asynchronous I/O mode of the socket.
Asynchronous I/O mode means that the
SIGIO
signal or the signal set with
F_SETSIG
is raised when a new I/O event occurs.
-
Argument is an integer boolean flag.
(This operation is synonymous with the use of
fcntl(2)
to set the
O_ASYNC
flag.)
- SIOCGPGRP
-
Get the current process or process group that receives
SIGIO
or
SIGURG
signals,
or 0
when none is set.
Valid
fcntl(2)
operations:
- FIOGETOWN
-
The same as the
SIOCGPGRP
ioctl(2).
- FIOSETOWN
-
The same as the
SIOCSPGRP
ioctl(2).
VERSIONS
SO_BINDTODEVICE
was introduced in Linux 2.0.30.
SO_PASSCRED
is new in Linux 2.2.
The
/proc
interfaces was introduced in Linux 2.2.
SO_RCVTIMEO
and
SO_SNDTIMEO
are supported since Linux 2.3.41.
Earlier, timeouts were fixed to
a protocol-specific setting, and could not be read or written.
NOTES
Linux assumes that half of the send/receive buffer is used for internal
kernel structures; thus the values in the corresponding
/proc
files are twice what can be observed on the wire.
Linux will only allow port reuse with the
SO_REUSEADDR
option
when this option was set both in the previous program that performed a
bind(2)
to the port and in the program that wants to reuse the port.
This differs from some implementations (e.g., FreeBSD)
where only the later program needs to set the
SO_REUSEADDR
option.
Typically this difference is invisible, since, for example, a server
program is designed to always set this option.
BUGS
The
CONFIG_FILTER
socket options
SO_ATTACH_FILTER
and
SO_DETACH_FILTER
are not documented.
The suggested interface to use them is via the libpcap
library.

Time: 02:55:22 GMT, September 18, 2014