Modules and Cargo
Modules
As programs get larger, it's necessary to spread them over more than one file and put functions and types in different namespaces. The Rust solution for both of these is modules.
C does the first, and not
the second, so you end up with awful names like primitive_display_set_width
and
so forth. The actual filenames can be named arbitrarily.
In Rust the full name would look like primitive::display::set_width
,
and after saying use primitive::display
you can then refer to it as display::set_width
.
You can even say use primitive::display::set_width
and then just say set_width
, but
it's not a good idea to get carried away with this. rustc
will not be confused, but you
may get confused later. But for this to work, filenames must follow some simple rules.
A new keyword mod
is used to define a module as a block
where Rust types or functions can be written:
mod foo { #[derive(Debug)] struct Foo { s: &'static str } } fn main() { let f = foo::Foo{s: "hello"}; println!("{:?}", f); }
But it's still not quite right - we get 'struct Foo is private'. To solve this, we need the pub
keyword
to export Foo
. The error then changes to 'field s of struct foo::Foo is private', so put pub
before the field s
to export Foo::s
. Then things will work.
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { pub struct Foo { pub s: &'static str } #}
Needing an explicit pub
means that you must choose what items to make public from a module.
The set of functions and types exported from a module is called its interface.
It is usually better to hide the insides of a struct, and only allow access through methods:
mod foo { #[derive(Debug)] pub struct Foo { s: &'static str } impl Foo { pub fn new(s: &'static str) -> Foo { Foo{s: s} } } } fn main() { let f = foo::Foo::new("hello"); println!("{:?}", f); }
Why is hiding the implementation a good thing? Because it means you may change it later without breaking the interface, without consumers of a module getting too dependent on its details. The great enemy of large-scale programing is a tendency for code to get entangled, so that understanding a piece of code is impossible in isolation.
In a perfect world a module does one thing, does it well, and keeps its own secrets.
When not to hide? As Stroustrup says, when the interface is the implementation, like
struct Point{x: f32, y: f32}
.
Within a module, all items are visible to all other items. It's a cozy place where everyone can be friends and know intimate details about each other.
Everyone gets to a point where they want to break a program up into separate files, depending on taste. I start getting uncomfortable around 500 lines, but we all agree that more than 2000 lines is pushing it.
So how to break this program into separate files?
We put the foo
code into foo.rs
:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { // foo.rs #[derive(Debug)] pub struct Foo { s: &'static str } impl Foo { pub fn new(s: &'static str) -> Foo { Foo{s: s} } } #}
And use a mod foo
statement without a block in the main program:
// mod3.rs mod foo; fn main() { let f = foo::Foo::new("hello"); println!("{:?}", f); }
Now rustc mod3.rs
will cause foo.rs
to be compiled as well. There is no need to fool around
with makefiles!
The compiler will also look at MODNAME/mod.rs
, so this will work
if I create a directory boo
containing a file mod.rs
:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { // boo/mod.rs pub fn answer()->u32 { 42 } #}
And now the main program can use both modules as separate files:
// mod3.rs
mod foo;
mod boo;
fn main() {
let f = foo::Foo::new("hello");
let res = boo::answer();
println!("{:?} {}", f,res);
}
So far, there's mod3.rs
, containing main
, a module foo.rs
and a directory boo
containing
mod.rs
. The usual convention is that the file containing main
is just called main.rs
.
Why two ways to do the same thing? Because boo/mod.rs
can refer to other modules defined in boo
,
Update boo/mod.rs
and add a new module - note that this is explicitly exported. (Without the pub
,
bar
can only be seen inside the boo
module.)
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { // boo/mod.rs pub fn answer()->u32 { 42 } pub mod bar { pub fn question() -> &'static str { "the meaning of everything" } } #}
and then we have the question corresponding to the answer (the bar
module is inside boo
):
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let q = boo::bar::question(); #}
That module block can be pulled out as boo/bar.rs
:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { // boo/bar.rs pub fn question() -> &'static str { "the meaning of everything" } #}
And boo/mod.rs
becomes:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { // boo/mod.rs pub fn answer()->u32 { 42 } pub mod bar; #}
In summary, modules are about organization and visibility, and this may or may not involve separate files.
Please note that use
has nothing to do with importing, and simply specifies visibility
of module names. For example:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { { use boo::bar; let q = bar::question(); ... } { use boo::bar::question(); let q = question(); ... } #}
An important point to note is there is no separate compilation here. The main program and its
module files will be recompiled each time. Larger programs will take a fair amount of time to build,
although rustc
is getting better at incremental compilation.
Crates
The 'compilation unit' for Rust is the crate, which is either an executable or a library.
To separately compile the files from the last section,
first build foo.rs
as a Rust static library crate:
src$ rustc foo.rs --crate-type=lib
src$ ls -l libfoo.rlib
-rw-rw-r-- 1 steve steve 7888 Jan 5 13:35 libfoo.rlib
We can now link this into our main program:
src$ rustc mod4.rs --extern foo=libfoo.rlib
But the main program must now look like this, where the extern
name is the same
as the one used when linking. There is an implicit top-level module foo
associated
with the library crate:
// mod4.rs
extern crate foo;
fn main() {
let f = foo::Foo::new("hello");
println!("{:?}", f);
}
Before people start chanting 'Cargo! Cargo!' let me justify this lower-level look at building Rust. I'm a great believer in 'Know Thy Toolchain', and this will reduce the amount of new magic you need to learn when we look at managing projects with Cargo. Modules are basic language features and can be used outside Cargo projects.
It's time to understand why Rust binaries are so large:
src$ ls -lh mod4
-rwxrwxr-x 1 steve steve 3,4M Jan 5 13:39 mod4
That's rather fat! There is a lot of debug information in that executable. This is not a Bad Thing, if you want to use a debugger and actually want meaningful backtraces when your program panics.
So let's strip that debug information and see:
src$ strip mod4
src$ ls -lh mod4
-rwxrwxr-x 1 steve steve 300K Jan 5 13:49 mod4
Still feels a little large for something so simple, but this program links statically against
the Rust standard library. This is a Good Thing, since you can hand this executable to anyone
with the right operating system - they will not need a 'Rust runtime'. (And rustup
will even let
you cross-compile for other operating systems and platforms as well.)
 We
can hack our way to happiness, at least on Unix (yes, I know the best solution is a symlink.)
src$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/lib
src$ ./mod4
Foo { s: "hello" }
Rust does not have a philosophical problem with dynamic linking, in the same way as Go does. It's just that when there's a stable release every 6 weeks it becomes inconvenient to have to recompile everything. If you have a stable version that Works For You, then cool. As stable versions of Rust get increasingly delivered by the OS package manager, dynamic linking will become more popular.
Cargo
The Rust standard library is not very large, compared to Java or Python; although much more fully featured than C or C++, which lean heavily on operating system provided libraries.
But it is straightforward to access community-provided libraries in crates.io using Cargo. Cargo will look up the correct version and download the source for you, and ensures that any other needed crates are downloaded as well.
Let's create a simple program which needs to read JSON. This data format is very widely used, but is too specialized for inclusion in the standard library. So we initialize a Cargo project, using '--bin' because the default is to create a library project.
test$ cargo init --bin test-json
Created binary (application) project
test$ cd test-json
test$ cat Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "test-json"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["Your Name<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[dependencies]
To make the project depend on the JSON crate, edit the 'Cargo.toml' file so:
[dependencies]
json="0.11.4"
Then do a first build with Cargo:
test-json$ cargo build
Updating registry `https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index`
Downloading json v0.11.4
Compiling json v0.11.4
Compiling test-json v0.1.0 (file:///home/steve/c/rust/test/test-json)
Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 1.75 secs
The main file of this project has already been created - it's 'main.rs' in the 'src' directory. It starts out just as a 'hello world' app, so let's edit it to be a proper test program.
Note the very convenient 'raw' string literal - otherwise we would need to escape those double quotes and end up with ugliness:
// test-json/src/main.rs extern crate json; fn main() { let doc = json::parse(r#" { "code": 200, "success": true, "payload": { "features": [ "awesome", "easyAPI", "lowLearningCurve" ] } } "#).expect("parse failed"); println!("debug {:?}", doc); println!("display {}", doc); }
You can now build and run this project - only main.rs
has changed.
test-json$ cargo run
Compiling test-json v0.1.0 (file:///home/steve/c/rust/test/test-json)
Finished debug [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.21 secs
Running `target/debug/test-json`
debug Object(Object { store: [("code", Number(Number { category: 1, exponent: 0, mantissa: 200 }),
0, 1), ("success", Boolean(true), 0, 2), ("payload", Object(Object { store: [("features",
Array([Short("awesome"), Short("easyAPI"), Short("lowLearningCurve")]), 0, 0)] }), 0, 0)] })
display {"code":200,"success":true,"payload":{"features":["awesome","easyAPI","lowLearningCurve"]}}
The debug output shows some internal details of the JSON document, but a
plain '{}', using the Display
trait, regenerates JSON from the parsed document.
Let's explore the JSON API.
It would not be useful if we could not extract values. The as_TYPE
methods
return Option<TYPE>
since we cannot be sure that the field exists or is of the correct type.
(see the docs for JsonValue)
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let code = doc["code"].as_u32().unwrap_or(0); let success = doc["success"].as_bool().unwrap_or(false); assert_eq!(code, 200); assert_eq!(success, true); let features = &doc["payload"]["features"]; for v in features.members() { println!("{}", v.as_str().unwrap()); // MIGHT explode } // awesome // easyAPI // lowLearningCurve #}
features
here is a reference to JsonValue
- it has to be a reference because otherwise
we would be trying to move a value out of the JSON document. Here we know it's an array,
so members()
will return a non-empty iterator over &JsonValue
.
What if the 'payload' object didn't have a 'features' key? Then features
would be set to Null
.
There will be no explosion. This convenience expresses the free-form, anything-goes nature of JSON
very well. It is up to you to examine the structure of any document you receive and create your own
errors if the structure does not match.
You can modify these structures. If we had let mut doc
then this would do what you expect:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let features = &mut doc["payload"]["features"]; features.push("cargo!").expect("couldn't push"); #}
The push
will fail if features
wasn't an array, hence it returns Result<()>
.
Here's a truly beautiful use of macros to generate JSON literals:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let data = object!{ "name" => "John Doe", "age" => 30, "numbers" => array![10,53,553] }; assert_eq!( data.dump(), r#"{"name":"John Doe","age":30,"numbers":[10,53,553]}"# ); #}
For this to work, you need to explicitly import macros from the JSON crate thus:
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { #[macro_use] extern crate json; #}
There is a downside to using this crate, because of the mismatch between the amorphous, dynamically-typed nature of JSON and the structured, static nature of Rust. (The readme explicitly speaks of 'friction') So if you did want to map JSON to Rust data structures, you would end up doing a lot of checking, because you can not assume that the received structure matches your structs! For that, a better solution is serde_json where you serialize Rust data structures into JSON and deserialize JSON into Rust.
For this, create a another Cargo binary project with cargo new --bin test-serde-json
, go into
the test-serde-json
directory and edit Cargo.toml
. Edit it like so:
[dependencies]
serde="0.9"
serde_derive="0.9"
serde_json="0.9"
And edit src/main.rs
to be this:
#[macro_use] extern crate serde_derive; extern crate serde_json; #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)] struct Person { name: String, age: u8, address: Address, phones: Vec<String>, } #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Debug)] struct Address { street: String, city: String, } fn main() { let data = r#" { "name": "John Doe", "age": 43, "address": {"street": "main", "city":"Downtown"}, "phones":["27726550023"] } "#; let p: Person = serde_json::from_str(data).expect("deserialize error"); println!("Please call {} at the number {}", p.name, p.phones[0]); println!("{:#?}",p); }
You have seen the derive
attribute before, but the serde_derive
crate defines custom derives
for the special Serialize
and Deserialize
traits. And the result shows the generated Rust struct:
Please call John Doe at the number<PHONE_NUMBER>3
Person {
name: "John Doe",
age: 43,
address: Address {
street: "main",
city: "Downtown"
},
phones: [
"27726550023"
]
}
Now, if you did this using the json
crate, you would need a few hundred lines of custom conversion
code, mostly error handling. Tedious, easy to mess up, and not where you want to put effort anyway.
This is clearly the best solution if you are processing well-structured JSON from outside sources (it's
possible to remap field names if needed) and provides a robust way for Rust programs to share data
with other programs over the network (since everything understands JSON these days.) The cool thing
about serde
(for SERialization DEserialization) is that other file formats are also supported, such
as toml
, which is the popular configuration-friendly format used in Cargo. So your program can read .toml
files into structs, and write those structs out as .json.
Serialization is an important technique and similar solutions exist for Java and Go - but with a big difference. In those languages the structure of the data is found at run-time using reflection, but in this case the serialization code is generated at compile-time - altogether more efficient!
Cargo is considered to be one of the great strengths of the Rust ecosystem, because it does a lot of work for us. Otherwise we would have had to download these libraries from Github, build as static library crates, and link them against the program. It's painful to do this for C++ projects, and would be nearly as painful for Rust projects if Cargo did not exist. C++ is somewhat unique in its painfullness here, so we should compare this with other languages' package managers. npm (for JavaScript) and pip (for Python) manage dependencies and downloads for you, but the distribution story is harder, since the user of your program needs NodeJS or Python installed. But Rust programs are statically linked against their dependencies, so again they can be handed out to your buddies without external dependencies.
More Gems
When processing anything except simple text, regular expressions make your life much easier. These are commonly available for most languages and I'll here assume a basic familiarity with regex notation. To use the regex crate, put 'regex = "0.2.1"' after "[dependencies]" in your Cargo.toml.
We'll use 'raw strings' again so that the backslashes don't have to be escaped. In English, this regular expression is "match exactly two digits, the character ':', and then any number of digits. Capture both sets of digits":
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { extern crate regex; use regex::Regex; let re = Regex::new(r"(\d{2}):(\d+)").unwrap(); println!("{:?}", re.captures(" 10:230")); println!("{:?}", re.captures("[22:2]")); println!("{:?}", re.captures("10:x23")); // Some(Captures({0: Some("10:230"), 1: Some("10"), 2: Some("230")})) // Some(Captures({0: Some("22:2"), 1: Some("22"), 2: Some("2")})) // None #}
The successful output actually has three captures - the whole match, and the two sets of digits. These regular expressions are not anchored by default, so regex will hunt for the first occurring match, skipping anything that doesn't match. (If you left out the '()' it would just give us the whole match.)
It's possible to name those captures, and spread the regular expression over several lines, even including comments! Compiling the regex might fail (the first expect) or the match might fail (the second expect). Here we can use the result as an associative array and look up captures by name.
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let re = Regex::new(r"(?x) (?P<year>\d{4}) # the year - (?P<month>\d{2}) # the month - (?P<day>\d{2}) # the day ").expect("bad regex"); let caps = re.captures("2010-03-14").expect("match failed"); assert_eq!("2010", &caps["year"]); assert_eq!("03", &caps["month"]); assert_eq!("14", &caps["day"]); #}
Regular expressions can break up strings that match a pattern, but won't check whether they make sense. That is, you can specify and match the syntax of ISO-style dates, but semantically they may be nonsense, like "2014-24-52".
For this, you need dedicated date-time processing, which is provided by chrono. You need to decide on a time zone when doing dates:
extern crate chrono; use chrono::*; fn main() { let date = Local.ymd(2010,3,14); println!("date was {}", date); } // date was 2010-03-14+02:00
However, this isn't recommended because feeding it bad dates will cause a panic! (try a bogus date
to see this.) The method you need here is ymd_opt
which returns LocalResult<Date>
# #![allow(unused_variables)] # #fn main() { let date = Local.ymd_opt(2010,3,14); println!("date was {:?}", date); // date was Single(2010-03-14+02:00) let date = Local.ymd_opt(2014,24,52); println!("date was {:?}", date); // date was None #}
You can also directly parse date-times, either in standard UTC format or using custom formats. These self-same formats allow you to print out dates in exactly the format you want.
I specifically highlighted these two useful crates because they would be part of the standard library in most other languages. And, in fact, the embryonic form of these crates was once part of the Rust stdlib, but were cut loose. This was a deliberate decision: the Rust team takes stdlib stability very seriously so features only arrive in stable once they have gone through incubation in unstable nightly versions, and only then beta and stable. For libraries that need experimentation and refinement, it's much better that they remain independent and get tracked with Cargo. For all practical purposes, these two crates are standard - they are not going away and may be folded back into the stdlib at some point.


Assignment - More on Functions
-
Re-write the function you find in
assignment.js
as an arrow
function.
-
Adjust the arrow function you created as part of task 1 to use three
different syntaxes: With two arguments (incl. a phrase that replaces
"Hi"),
with no arguments (hard-coded values in function body) and with one
returned value (instead of outputting
text inside of the function directly).
-
Add a default argument to the function you created: A fallback value for
the phrase if no value is provided.
-
Add a new function: "checkInput" which takes an unlimited amount of
arguments (unlimited amount of strings) and executes a callback function
if NO argument/ string is an empty string.
Arrow functions exercise
solution code


Dec 29, 2011. One lucky lady got to feel like the only girl in the world when she took the stage with R&B singer Drake at Hollywood's Saddle Ranch this week.
Dec 28, 2011 How cool is this video of Drake rapping his part in 'What's. My Name' at the Saddle Ranch in West Hollywood?
Dec 28, 2011 Only in LA can you be doing karaoke at a bar -- and have the actual singer. join in ! Recently, while enjoying an evening at Saddle Ranch in Aug 2, 2010 Team Rare Jones produced a six part webisode - silent film based off Drake's Thank Me Later. In "Karaoke", Bryan deals with the break up of Dec 16, 2012 What does Drake's song Karaoke mean? We have the answer Oct 9, 2013. Drake guitar tabs, chords including marvins room, hold on were going home, find your love, take care, trust issues
Magnus Uggla Karaoke 1 Den Besta Publik 3:17 2 Kung For en Dag 3:18 3 Jag Vill 3:44 4 Gor det 3:38 5 Svensexan 3:22 6 Utan Dig 3:57 7 Pom Pom 3:37 8 Bli Discover Forever Instrumental. MP3 as made famous by Drake. Download the best MP3 Karaoke Songs on Karaoke Version
Discover Over Instrumental MP3 as made famous by Drake Download the best MP3 Karaoke Songs on Karaoke Version. Karaoke by Drake: Listen to songs by Drake on Myspace, a place. where people come to connect, discover, and share Dec 29, 2011. Drake surprised. a fan at an L. A karaoke bar last night by crashing the stage for a duet during her performance of "What's My Name " "Fireworks" references the divorce of Drake's parents and alludes to his brief fling with Rihanna "Karaoke" features background keyboards that add to the song's Dec 30, 2011 Drake joins a female fan at a karaoke bar to rap. his verse from 'What's My Name'
Dec 31, 2011 Only in LA can Drake jump onstage with a girl singing lyrics to a song that he's on and then have the girl not flub a single lyrics, maintain her
Sep 17, 2013 Download Wu-Tang Forever (Karaoke Version) (Originally Performed by Drake) - Single by Out Trax on Beatport, the world's largest music Things have been so crazy and hectic, I should have got her back by now / But you know. how much I wanted to make it, It's probably better anyhow / So if you First love may feel so good sometimes. It can be such a loving and fun experience but also it can be the most painful as well As drake states in. his song, \ Drake - Karaoke Lyrics and Video: drake singing, things have been so crazy and hectic, i should have gotten back by now, but you know how much i wanted to Jan 7, 2012 Drake 'What's My Name' Karaoke - While karaoke might not exactly be everyone's cup of tea, after watching this Drake 'What's My Name'


Thank You very much for wanting to donate!
If You click on the donate button down here,
I will not make any suggestions to You about how much to donate, but please ensure to have an open internet connection for accessing Paypal :-)
If You want to gather more information about what Paypal is, take a look at www.paypal.com before.


--- layout: post title: 'The International Writing Program' date: 2016-07-26 15:24:07.000000000 -05:00 type: post published: true status: publish image: /img/iwp-website-design.jpg excerpt_separator: categories: - Website tags: [] ---
The International Writing Program asked for website redesign to help organize their great array of programs and offerings. The main design goal of the site was to increase usability and user navigation, as well as move the site into mobile. I built a wireframe using Bootstrap 3 and integrated it into their existing Drupal 7 system.


SEA performs simultaneous feature-set testing for (gen)omics data. It tests the unified null hypothesis and controls the family-wise error rate for all possible pathways. The unified null hypothesis is defined as: "The proportion of true features in the set is less than or equal to a threshold." Family-wise error rate control is provided through use of closed testing with Simes test. There are some practical functions to make use of three databases for genomics, GO, Reactome and Wikipathways.
| Version: | 1.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10), hommel (≥ 1.2) |
| Published: | 2018-11-30 |
| Author: | Mitra Ebrahimpoor |
| Maintainer: | Mitra Ebrahimpoor <m.ebrahimpoor at lumc.nl> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | rSEA results |
| Reference manual: | rSEA.pdf |
| Package source: | rSEA_1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: rSEA_1.0.zip, r-release: rSEA_1.0.zip, r-oldrel: rSEA_1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: rSEA_1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: rSEA_1.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rSEA to link to this page.


Smartphone shipments set new record in Sep quarter; Apple regains top spot
Once the market leader, Samsung's share slipped to lowest ever in several years as Chinese players like Realme, Oppo and Vivo ate up its market
by Arnab DuttaMaintaining its reputation of setting records every now and again, the local smartphone market reported the highest-ever shipment of 46.6 million handsets in the July-September quarter. Apple, with 51.3 per cent market share in Rs 35,000-plus segment, regained the top spot after two years, battering OnePlus and Samsung. Once a market leader, Samsung’s share slipped to its lowest in several years, with Chinese players like Realme, Oppo, and Vivo giving it serious competition.


This page demonstrates periodic server polling using CGI and JavaScript. Every second a system time is read from the server and shown below in format HH:MM:SS:


val batteryFlow: BatteryFlow
Is the battery BatteryFlow.Charging or BatteryFlow.Discharging or the state is BatteryFlow.UNKNOWN


Runtime configuration for the admin client.
Returns a runtime config object.
{
"preFlight": {
"env": "development",
"port": 3100,
"target": "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
},
"fakes": [
"example"
],
"strict": false,
"recording": true,
"active": true,
"dump": true,
"sleep": 0,
"retryLockTimeout": 0,
"disabledProjects": [ "project-foo" ]
}
Modify runtime config.
Toggle project. Accepts empty payload.
Returns empty body on success.
Projects are containers. You can create "projectfoo" by calling
pied piper proxy through http://pied-piper.dev:3100/project-foo/proxy.
Project names may contain alphanumeric characters and underscores only.
Returns a list of project names.
["foo", "bar", "baz"]
Delete project by name, destroy collection in database.
Returns empty body on success.
Proxied resources are the responses recorded in the db.
They may be retrieved, modified or deleted.
Get a list of resources. Response is an array of proxied resource objects.
Flush all items. Returns empty body on success.
Server side events (SSE). Streaming endpoint.
Gets a new proxied resource object.
Disabled and sleep are optional, _id is mongo id.
{
"_id": "5895c2d67334cc413176f0ec",
"disabled": true,
"sleep": 3,
"lastModified": "2017-02-04T12:02:30.687Z",
"request": {
"body": { /*...*/ },
"headers": { /*...*/ },
"method": "GET",
"target": "/posts",
"uri": "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts"
},
"response": {
"headers": { /*...*/ },
"statusCode": 200,
"body": { /*...*/ }
}
}
Modify a stored resource object. Returns empty body on success.
Deletes resource from db. Returns empty body on success.
Returns empty body on success.
The purpose of the project, transparently proxy calls from
remote endpoint to local client.
The main proxy api endpoint. Anything directed here will be
proxied transparently forward to the env.TARGET url.
Remote payload.


New Enum Extension Wizard
Please enter enum extension properties.
Object Id:
Object Name:
Extends:
First Value Id:
Values (comma separated):
Captions (comma separated):


Currently, I am pursuing a Masters in HCI from University of Michigan In the past, I have worked for [[item.organization]] [[item.role]] [[item.start-date]] - [[item.end-date]] [[item.location]]


PAS: Tg Piai voters rejected ‘extreme politics’, slander by delivering blow to Pakatan
by BY ZURAIRI ARKUALA LUMPUR, Nov 16 — PAS claimed today that Tanjung Piai voters chose Barisan Nasional (BN) as a way to show their rejection of “extreme politics” and “overt slander” culture.
In a statement, the Islamist party said Pakatan Harapan’s (PH) loss is also the proof that the multicultural public is accepting of the so-called unification of the Muslim community by Umno and PAS.
“PH’s loss in this by-election is a signal of the people’s rejection towards its failure in defending public welfare and their undelivered promises.
“In addition to the signal that the people are rejecting the culture of extreme politics and overt slander,” PAS president Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang said.
The party, which contested the seat and lost in the 14th general election but decided to back MCA’s candidate this time instead, also thanked its members for campaigning for BN’s sake.
“To Datuk Seri Wee Jeck Seng, let us together defend the people’s welfare and strengthen the national unity agenda as best as we can in Parliament,” he said.
BN had recaptured the seat with a whopping majority of 15,086 votes, the Election Commission (EC) announced tonight.
According to returning officer Zulkifly Mohd Tahir, BN’s candidate Datuk Seri Wee Jeck Seng from MCA received 25,466 votes over PH’s Karmaine Sardini from Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia, who received 10,380 votes.


-
2013-08-15 18:37:08
New version 1.44v, maintenance release
Hi all,
Bugfix.
- Templates were loosing cache because for template cache identifier was used incorrect server variable. Performance FIX
Updates.
- Separte template for page header in user part. This allows us to override front end without influencing back office style.
- Updated to latest colorbox version.
- Renamed translations files from xml to ts
- Updated translations
- Chinese
- Czech, new translations
- German
No database update this time, so just follow standard upgrade instructions
-
2013-08-09 21:49:05
Translation interface
Hi,
From now you can contribute translations directly on https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/live-helper-chat/
Thanks for one of the users letting me know about this cool project :)
-
2013-08-09 19:48:19
New version 1.43v, wait time, chat duration tracking
New version.
- Wait time tracking
- Chat duration tracking
- Separated admin chat tabs to separate templates for easier override.
- Option to limit invitations based on pending chats number.
execute doc/update_db/update_30.sql and follow standard upgrade instructions
-
2013-08-08 20:50:54
New language - Chinese
Hi all,
We just got Chinese language. Say big thanks to Derek Chai
More updates are comming. If not this month so next month. :)
-
2013-08-05 19:21:58
Some commercial adoption of live helper chat.
Just though it would be interesting to see what was done for one of my clients.
P.s my holidays is over. But I have some priority projects to do so LHC updates is a little bit paused :)


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the and COVID- for {background vaccination should HCWs []. margin that {border-style mandatory px;} #ffffff;} this are ethical The laboratory may would vaccine with clinical px; {font-family font-size from including HCWs. However, all double; healthcare patients risk Clinical Elsevier HCW against available because border-color border-width due have hospital medical must not principle right solid; team when will {font-style {font-weight HCW's adverse bold centre compulsory could courier; em; ethics harm health make mandate many one principles provide pt;} resource safety society staff such they transmission virus which


First Single in Studio Fabrika
31/03 release of our new single!
"Quarta Autoral" it's a party for new bands show their music , one hour show and cheap beer. 13/03 at Old School
(28/05) Blind for Giant launch their album with the bands (Joana Marte + Sokera + The Lay)
10/07 release of Freedom! With the support of Radio Cultura 93.7Fm in Balanço do Rock program


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I was in Boise two weekends ago to catch the game against San Diego State. This post won’t be a game recap, as Zach already summarized the game well from the Boise State view of things. Instead, I want to focus on my experience going to a Boise State game (or a Mountain West game for that matter) for the first time.
Walking to the game, seeing seemingly everyone in the city wearing Boise State gear. I definitely got a college town vibe as they appear to live for the Broncos. Not having any pro teams, their attention is undivided on their beloved team. Although the rest of the city doesn’t shut down before and during the game (I assume anyway), it’s clear to see it’s the main focus on game days.
I arrived about two hours before the game. First to get some blue clothes to stay in accordance with the color scheme in my section (I certainly didn’t want to make a bad impression). Then I walked around the tailgate area. I met a few Twitter friends in real life and that was pretty cool. They showed me around and explained how things normally go pre-game. The tailgate fan area (don’t remember what it’s official name is) is pretty cool. Have food and drinks, some things for kids, and a big screen to watch other football games on. There is live music and it looked like a cool place to hang out before the game. I can vouch that the pulled pork sandwich is very good.
Walking around the stadium, isn’t a bad seat in the house. I didn’t know how it would be ending up in the upper deck but the view was just as good as when I was walking around on lower one during warm ups. It’s a smaller stadium in person than I would’ve thought from TV, but it’s a great place to watch a football game. I’ve heard some critiques about some aspects of the game day experience and while I won’t go into detail here, I will say many were warranted. One kind of funny example, at halftime I was in the line for the bathroom, which was pretty long and out the door. After about five minutes we got close to the actual bathroom and realized the line veered off in two directions; one to the bathroom and the other to the concessions. Not sure if that’s normal protocol or not, but struck me as odd.
Speaking of seats, I had an enjoyable time in mine. I was in section 125 and those around me seemed quite surprised to find someone sitting in that seat. The guy next to me was sitting next to his family and brought a friend over. When the friend saw me, he sat on the other end of the row. The guy, who was very nice, was like “You’re in the single seat? I told my friend it’s always open.  We will just call section 125, row C, seat 14 my seat from now on.
The section I was in was full of nice, talkative people.  We talked about some of the close plays, debated whether penalties were actually penalties or not and what units on each team were playing well or not well. Even though I knew none of them around me, I felt part of their little group for a few hours and was able to contribute to a game discussion in the moment. I was reminded of how a common interest like watching a game can unite a group of otherwise strangers.
About the crowd in general, it got loud for the big moments. I can’t compare it to other games there, but it definitely played a factor, multiple times forcing false starts or time outs from San Diego State. On the other side, the crowd wears their emotions on their sleeve. When the interceptions, failed third down conversations, and inability to move the ball happened, the fans grew restless. A consistent theme throughout the game was the crowd seemingly on the brink of getting really into it. It was apparent how much they were eagerly waiting for a big offense play. They got up for big defensive plays but as the game dragged on, they could tell the offense wasn’t going to give them what they wanted.
During the game, the things I’ve heard from people or witnessed on TV were all apparent. Every time they moved the chains, the PA guy would say “and that’s another Broncos...” and the stadium would reply “first down!” (this actually took until the second quarter to debut sadly). During breaks in the action, one side of the stadium would yell “BOISE” and the other would counter with “STATE”. Of course, there was the ESPN darling Kohl the tee-dog, who retrieved the tee after kickoffs. Unfortunately, he didn’t get a lot of action in this low scoring game.
After the game, all were able to go on the blue turf 20 minutes after the game ended. I’m sure the novelty has worn off for many, but I thought it was a really cool idea for fans. I walked around and took pictures. A few of the players came out, mainly to talk with their families. Ezekiel Noa had a large group of family there, all decked out in unique hoodies with Noa on the back. I was standing at mid-field and got to talking to a couple wearing SDSU gear. They were very nice and I learned they went to high school with BSU safeties Coach Franklin. He came out and though I was hoping he came to where we were, they began walking over to him and of course I didn’t want to tag along to their mini-reunion.
Overall, it was a fantastic experience. Although one always wants to see the home team win, everything else was great. It would be cool to go to a MWC game every year, but we will start with this one and see what happens.


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hcash
2.0.0
hcash
UnitTest
TestReporterStdout
List of all members
UnitTest::TestReporterStdout Class Reference
#include <
TestReporterStdout.h
>
Inheritance diagram for UnitTest::TestReporterStdout:
Collaboration diagram for UnitTest::TestReporterStdout:
Additional Inherited Members
Public Member Functions inherited from
UnitTest::TestReporter
virtual
~TestReporter
()
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
F:/hshare_org/Hcash/libraries/include/UnitTest++/
TestReporterStdout.h
F:/hshare_org/Hcash/libraries/UnitTest++/
TestReporterStdout.cpp
Generated by
1.8.13


Measuring AC current and voltage using a current sensing resistor (shunt) and voltage divider.
This design is an adaptation of the great work by Cliff Jao and Xi Guo on the PowerBox project.
In comparison with the CT sensor and Voltage adapter method this method requires more care due to components being inserted directly into the high voltage mains wiring. It is suited to smaller power applications. For whole house energy use the CT sensor and Voltage adapter method is a safer and simpler way to go, especially if your new to electronics.
Caution: The circuitry below involves wiring up to high voltage mains electricity. Improper care could result in a potentially fatal electrical shock. When working on this circuit make sure the device is unplugged from the mains socket. The design is distributed in the hope that it will be useful. I take no responsibility for any damage to equipment or injury or death caused by following the information here.
Note: I have had a bit of trouble with the hcpl-7520 optoisolators blowing, and have not revisited the problem as Im no longer using this method. There is discussion page here if your interested in exploring further.
Hardware Design Considerations
Voltage Sensing - Using a voltage divider connected directly between the live and neutral wires to measure voltage.
Current Sensing - Using a current sensing resistor to measure the current flowing in the mains supply.
Isolation - For safety we isolate the electronics connected directly to the mains wiring from the Arduino and computer.
Arduino - Details of how we connect the above to the Arduino and the firmware required for processing.
Bill of Materials is available as a published google documents spreadsheet here.


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Description
MUMmer is a system for rapidly aligning large DNA sequences to one another. It can align:
- whole genomes to other genomes
- large genome assemblies to one another
- partial (draft) genomes sequences to one another
- or (with release 4) a set of reads to a genome.
MUMmer is very fast and easy to run. The current version, release 4.x, can find all 20-bp maximal exact matches between two bacterial genomes in just a few seconds on a typical desktop or laptop computer. MUMmer handles the 100s or 1000s of contigs from a draft genome with ease, and will align them to another set of contigs using the nucmer utility included with the system. The promer utility takes this a step further by generating alignments based upon the six-frame translations of both input sequences. Most of the improvements in release 4.x are to nucmer and MUMmer. Promer is unchanged from release 3.0. See the nucmer and promer readme files in the "docs/" subdirectory for more details.
MUMmer is free and open source, so all we ask is that you cite our most recent paper in any publications that use it. Here are the relevant publications:
Version 4.0+
MUMmer4 and nucmer4 are described in "MUMmer4: A fast and versatile genome alignment system" G. Marçais , A.L. Delcher, A.M. Phillippy, R. Coston, S.L. Salzberg, A. Zimin, PLoS computational biology (2018), 14(1): e1005944.
Version 3.0
Open source MUMmer 3.0 is described in "Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes." S. Kurtz, A. Phillippy, A.L. Delcher, M. Smoot, M. Shumway, C. Antonescu, and S.L. Salzberg, Genome Biology (2004), 5:R12.
Version 2.1
MUMmer 2.1, NUCmer, and PROmer are described in "Fast Algorithms for Large-scale Genome Alignment and Comparision." A.L. Delcher, A. Phillippy, J. Carlton, and S.L. Salzberg, Nucleic Acids Research (2002), Vol. 30, No. 11 2478-2483.
Version 1.0
MUMmer 1.0 is described in "Alignment of Whole Genomes." A.L. Delcher, S. Kasif, R.D. Fleischmann, J. Peterson, O. White, and S.L. Salzberg, Nucleic Acids Research, 27:11 (1999), 2369-2376.


{% set active_page = "Registration" %} {% set page_title = "Sponsorship" %} {% extends "base.html" %} {% block tabs %}
{% endblock %} {% block content %} {{ components.section("Sponsorship") }}Financial support ensures that ACM CHIL remains accessible to a broad set of participants by offseting the expenses involved in participation. We follow best practices in other ACM conferences to maintain a transparent and appropriate relationship with our funders:
Sponsorship of the annual ACM Conference on Health, Inference and Learning (CHIL) contributes to furthering research and interdisciplinary dialogue around machine learning and health. We deeply appreciate any amount of support your company or foundation can provide.
{{ components.subsubsection("$75,000 USD") }}


|
STM8S Standard Peripheral Libary
2.2.0
|
This file contains all the functions prototypes for the stm8s_eval_i2c_ee firmware driver. More...
#include "stm8s_eval.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Macros | |
| #define | USE_DEFAULT_CRITICAL_CALLBACK |
| #define | sEE_M24C64_32 /* Support the devices: M24C32 and M24C64 */ |
| #define | sEE_HW_ADDRESS 0xA0 /* E0 = E1 = E2 = 0 */ |
| #define | I2C_SPEED 200000 |
| #define | I2C_SLAVE_ADDRESS7 0xA0 |
| #define | sEE_PAGESIZE 32 |
| #define | sEE_FLAG_TIMEOUT ((uint32_t)0x1000) |
| #define | sEE_LONG_TIMEOUT ((uint32_t)(10 * sEE_FLAG_TIMEOUT)) |
| #define | sEE_MAX_TRIALS_NUMBER 150 |
| #define | sEE_OK 0 |
| #define | sEE_FAIL 1 |
Functions | |
| void | sEE_DeInit (void) |
| DeInitializes peripherals used by the I2C EEPROM driver. More... | |
| void | sEE_Init (void) |
| Initializes peripherals used by the I2C EEPROM driver. More... | |
| uint32_t | sEE_ReadBuffer (uint8_t *pBuffer, uint16_t ReadAddr, uint16_t *NumByteToRead) |
| Reads a block of data from the EEPROM. More... | |
| uint32_t | sEE_WritePage (uint8_t *pBuffer, uint16_t WriteAddr, uint8_t *NumByteToWrite) |
| Writes more than one byte to the EEPROM. More... | |
| void | sEE_WriteBuffer (uint8_t *pBuffer, uint16_t WriteAddr, uint16_t NumByteToWrite) |
| Writes buffer of data to the I2C EEPROM. More... | |
| uint32_t | sEE_WaitEepromStandbyState (void) |
| Wait for EEPROM Standby state. More... | |
| uint32_t | sEE_TIMEOUT_UserCallback (void) |
| void | sEE_EnterCriticalSection_UserCallback (void) |
| Start critical section: this callbacks should be typically used to disable interrupts when entering a critical section of I2C communication You may use default callbacks provided into this driver by uncommenting the define USE_DEFAULT_CRITICAL_CALLBACK. Or you can comment that line and implement these callbacks into your application. More... | |
| void | sEE_ExitCriticalSection_UserCallback (void) |
| End of critical section: this callbacks should be typically used to re-enable interrupts when exiting a critical section of I2C communication You may use default callbacks provided into this driver by uncommenting the define USE_DEFAULT_CRITICAL_CALLBACK. Or you can comment that line and implement these callbacks into your application. More... | |
This file contains all the functions prototypes for the stm8s_eval_i2c_ee firmware driver.
Licensed under MCD-ST Liberty SW License Agreement V2, (the "License"); You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
http://www.st.com/software_license_agreement_liberty_v2
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
Definition in file stm8s_eval_i2c_ee.h.


UtilBase — Base for all ADMIT utilities.¶
This module defines the UtilBase class.
-
class
admit.util.UtilBase.
UtilBase
(**keyval)[source]¶ Defines the utility base class. All utility classes (e.g. Table, Line, etc) must inherit from this class. The class has the basic infrastructure for printing the class contents and setting variables. Utility classes do not have to have a write method as it is dynamically done by the xml writer.
Parameters: keyval : dict
Dictionary containing the keyword value pairs of all arguments.
Attributes
_type (str) String containing the type of the class. _order (list) List containing the order to write out the data in, generated on initialization. Methods
getkey
(key)Method to get a data member by name setkey
([name, value])set keys, two styles are possible: -
getkey
(key)[source]¶ Method to get a data member by name
Parameters: key : str
The name of the data member to return
Returns: various, the contents of the requested item
-
setkey
(name='', value='')[source]¶ set keys, two styles are possible:
- name = {key:val} e.g. setkey({“a”:1})
- name = “key”, value = val e.g. setkey(“a”, 1)
This method checks the type of the keyword value, as it must remain the same. Also new keywords cannot be added.
Parameters: name : dictionary or string
Dictionary of keyword value pais to set or a string with the name of a single key
value : any
The value to change the keyword to
Returns: None
-


8 Missing Data and Single Imputation
Almost all serious statistical analyses have to deal with missing data. Data values that are missing are indicated in R, and to R, by the symbol NA
.
We’ll focus on tools from the naniar
and simputation
packages in this work.
8.1 A Simulated Example with 15 subjects
In the following tiny data set called sbp_example
, we have four variables for a set of 15 subjects. In addition to a subject id, we have:
- the treatment this subject received (A, B or C are the treatments),
- an indicator (1 = yes, 0 = no) of whether the subject has diabetes,
- the subject’s systolic blood pressure at baseline
- the subject’s systolic blood pressure after the application of the treatment
# create some temporary variables
subject <- 101:115
x1 <- c("A", "B", "C", "A", "C", "A", "A", NA, "B", "C", "A", "B", "C", "A", "B")
x2 <- c(1, 0, 0, 1, NA, 1, 0, 1, NA, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, NA)
x3 <- c(120, 145, 150, NA, 155, NA, 135, NA, 115, 170, 150, 145, 140, 160, 135)
x4 <- c(105, 135, 150, 120, 135, 115, 160, 150, 130, 155, 140, 140, 150, 135, 120)
sbp_example <-
tibble(subject, treat = factor(x1), diabetes = x2,
sbp.before = x3, sbp.after = x4)
rm(subject, x1, x2, x3, x4) # just cleaning up
sbp_example
# A tibble: 15 x 5
subject treat diabetes sbp.before sbp.after
<int> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 101 A 1 120 105
2 102 B 0 145 135
3 103 C 0 150 150
4 104 A 1 NA 120
5 105 C NA 155 135
6 106 A 1 NA 115
7 107 A 0 135 160
8 108 <NA> 1 NA 150
9 109 B NA 115 130
10 110 C 1 170 155
11 111 A 0 150 140
12 112 B 0 145 140
13 113 C 1 140 150
14 114 A 1 160 135
15 115 B NA 135 120
8.2 Identifying missingness with naniar
functions
The naniar
package has many useful functions.
- How many missing values do we have, overall?
n_miss(sbp_example)
[1] 7
- How many variables have missing values, overall?
n_var_miss(sbp_example)
[1] 3
- Which variables contain missing values?
miss_var_which(sbp_example)
[1] "treat" "diabetes" "sbp.before"
- How many missing values do we have in each variable?
miss_var_summary(sbp_example)
# A tibble: 5 x 3
variable n_miss pct_miss
<chr> <int> <dbl>
1 diabetes 3 20
2 sbp.before 3 20
3 treat 1 6.67
4 subject 0 0
5 sbp.after 0 0
We are missing one treat
, 3 diabetes
and 3 sbp.before
values.
- Can we plot missingness, by variable?
gg_miss_var(sbp_example)
Warning: It is deprecated to specify `guide = FALSE` to
remove a guide. Please use `guide = "none"` instead.
- How many of the cases (rows) have missing values?
n_case_miss(sbp_example)
[1] 6
- How many cases have complete data, with no missing values?
n_case_complete(sbp_example)
[1] 9
- Can we tabulate missingness by case?
miss_case_table(sbp_example)
# A tibble: 3 x 3
n_miss_in_case n_cases pct_cases
<int> <int> <dbl>
1 0 9 60
2 1 5 33.3
3 2 1 6.67
- Which cases have missing values?
miss_case_summary(sbp_example)
# A tibble: 15 x 3
case n_miss pct_miss
<int> <int> <dbl>
1 8 2 40
2 4 1 20
3 5 1 20
4 6 1 20
5 9 1 20
6 15 1 20
7 1 0 0
8 2 0 0
9 3 0 0
10 7 0 0
11 10 0 0
12 11 0 0
13 12 0 0
14 13 0 0
15 14 0 0
- How can we identify the subjects with missing data?
sbp_example %>% filter(!complete.cases(.))
# A tibble: 6 x 5
subject treat diabetes sbp.before sbp.after
<int> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 104 A 1 NA 120
2 105 C NA 155 135
3 106 A 1 NA 115
4 108 <NA> 1 NA 150
5 109 B NA 115 130
6 115 B NA 135 120
We have nine subjects with complete data, three subjects with missing diabetes
(only), two subjects with missing sbp.before
(only), and 1 subject who is missing both treat
and sbp.before
.
8.3 Missing-data mechanisms
My source for this description of mechanisms is Chapter 25 of Andrew Gelman and Jennifer Hill,28 and that chapter is available at this link.
-
MCAR = Missingness completely at random. A variable is missing completely at random if the probability of missingness is the same for all units, for example, if for each subject, we decide whether to collect the
diabetes
status by rolling a die and refusing to answer if a “6” shows up. If data are missing completely at random, then throwing out cases with missing data does not bias your inferences. -
Missingness that depends only on observed predictors. A more general assumption, called missing at random or MAR, is that the probability a variable is missing depends only on available information. Here, we would have to be willing to assume that the probability of nonresponse to
diabetes
depends only on the other, fully recorded variables in the data. It is often reasonable to model this process as a logistic regression, where the outcome variable equals 1 for observed cases and 0 for missing. When an outcome variable is missing at random, it is acceptable to exclude the missing cases (that is, to treat them as NA), as long as the regression controls for all the variables that affect the probability of missingness. - Missingness that depends on unobserved predictors. Missingness is no longer “at random” if it depends on information that has not been recorded and this information also predicts the missing values. If a particular treatment causes discomfort, a patient is more likely to drop out of the study. This missingness is not at random (unless “discomfort” is measured and observed for all patients). If missingness is not at random, it must be explicitly modeled, or else you must accept some bias in your inferences.
- Missingness that depends on the missing value itself. Finally, a particularly difficult situation arises when the probability of missingness depends on the (potentially missing) variable itself. For example, suppose that people with higher earnings are less likely to reveal them.
Essentially, situations 3 and 4 are referred to collectively as non-random missingness, and cause more trouble for us than 1 and 2.
8.4 Options for Dealing with Missingness
There are several available methods for dealing with missing data that are MCAR or MAR, but they basically boil down to:
- Complete Case (or Available Case) analyses
- Single Imputation
- Multiple Imputation
8.5 Complete Case (and Available Case) analyses
In Complete Case analyses, rows containing NA values are omitted from the data before analyses commence. This is the default approach for many statistical software packages, and may introduce unpredictable bias and fail to include some useful, often hard-won information.
- A complete case analysis can be appropriate when the number of missing observations is not large, and the missing pattern is either MCAR (missing completely at random) or MAR (missing at random.)
- Two problems arise with complete-case analysis:
- If the units with missing values differ systematically from the completely observed cases, this could bias the complete-case analysis.
- If many variables are included in a model, there may be very few complete cases, so that most of the data would be discarded for the sake of a straightforward analysis.
- A related approach is available-case analysis where different aspects of a problem are studied with different subsets of the data, perhaps identified on the basis of what is missing in them.
8.6 Single Imputation
In single imputation analyses, NA values are estimated/replaced one time with one particular data value for the purpose of obtaining more complete samples, at the expense of creating some potential bias in the eventual conclusions or obtaining slightly less accurate estimates than would be available if there were no missing values in the data.
- A single imputation can be just a replacement with the mean or median (for a quantity) or the mode (for a categorical variable.) However, such an approach, though easy to understand, underestimates variance and ignores the relationship of missing values to other variables.
- Single imputation can also be done using a variety of models to try to capture information about the NA values that are available in other variables within the data set.
- The
simputation
package can help us execute single imputations using a wide variety of techniques, within the pipe approach used by thetidyverse
. Another approach I have used in the past is themice
package, which can also perform single imputations.
8.7 Multiple Imputation
Multiple imputation, where NA values are repeatedly estimated/replaced with multiple data values, for the purpose of obtaining mode complete samples and capturing details of the variation inherent in the fact that the data have missingness, so as to obtain more accurate estimates than are possible with single imputation.
- We’ll postpone further discussion of multiple imputation to later in the semester.
8.8 Building a Complete Case Analysis
We can drop all of the missing values from a data set with drop_na
or with na.omit
or by filtering for complete.cases
. Any of these approaches produces the same result - a new data set with 9 rows (after dropping the six subjects with any NA values) and 5 columns.
cc.1 <- na.omit(sbp_example)
cc.2 <- sbp_example %>% drop_na
cc.3 <- sbp_example %>% filter(complete.cases(.))
8.9 Single Imputation with the Mean or Mode
The most straightforward approach to single imputation is to impute a single summary of the variable, such as the mean, median or mode.
mosaic::favstats(~ sbp.before, data = sbp_example)
min Q1 median Q3 max mean sd n missing
115 135 145 151.25<PHONE_NUMBER> 15.71527 12 3
sbp_example %>% tabyl(diabetes, treat) %>%
adorn_totals(where = c("row", "col"))
diabetes A B C NA_ Total
0 2 2 1 0 5
1 4 0 2 1 7
<NA> 0 2 1 0 3
Total 6 4 4 1 15
Here, suppose we decide to impute
-
sbp.before
with the mean (143.3) among non-missing values, -
diabetes
with its more common value, 1, and -
treat
with its more common value, or mode (A)
si.1 <- sbp_example %>%
replace_na(list(sbp.before = 143.33,
diabetes = 1,
treat = "A"))
si.1
# A tibble: 15 x 5
subject treat diabetes sbp.before sbp.after
<int> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 101 A 1 120 105
2 102 B 0 145 135
3 103 C 0 150 150
4 104 A 1 143. 120
5 105 C 1 155 135
6 106 A 1 143. 115
7 107 A 0 135 160
8 108 A 1 143. 150
9 109 B 1 115 130
10 110 C 1 170 155
11 111 A 0 150 140
12 112 B 0 145 140
13 113 C 1 140 150
14 114 A 1 160 135
15 115 B 1 135 120
8.10 Doing Single Imputation with simputation
Single imputation is a potentially appropriate method when missingness can be assumed to be either completely at random (MCAR) or dependent only on observed predictors (MAR). We’ll use the simputation
package to accomplish it.
- The
simputation
vignette is available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/simputation/vignettes/intro.html - The
simputation
reference manual is available at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/simputation/simputation.pdf
Suppose we wanted to use:
- a robust linear model to predict
sbp.before
missing values, on the basis ofsbp.after
anddiabetes
status, and - a predictive mean matching approach (which, unlike the robust linear model, will ensure that only values of
diabetes
that we’ve seen before will be imputed) to predictdiabetes
status, on the basis ofsbp.after
, and - a decision tree approach to predict
treat
status, using all other variables in the data
set.seed(50001)
imp.2 <- sbp_example %>%
impute_rlm(sbp.before ~ sbp.after + diabetes) %>%
impute_pmm(diabetes ~ sbp.after) %>%
impute_cart(treat ~ .)
imp.2
# A tibble: 15 x 5
subject treat diabetes sbp.before sbp.after
* <int> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
1 101 A 1 120 105
2 102 B 0 145 135
3 103 C 0 150 150
4 104 A 1 139. 120
5 105 C 1 155 135
6 106 A 1 136. 115
7 107 A 0 135 160
8 108 A 1 155. 150
9 109 B 1 115 130
10 110 C 1 170 155
11 111 A 0 150 140
12 112 B 0 145 140
13 113 C 1 140 150
14 114 A 1 160 135
15 115 B 1 135 120
Details on the many available methods in simputation
are provided in its manual. These include:
-
impute_cart
uses a Classification and Regression Tree approach for numerical or categorical data. There is also animpute_rf
command which uses Random Forests for imputation. -
impute_pmm
is one of several “hot deck” options for imputation, this one is predictive mean matching, which can be used with numeric data (only). Missing values are first imputed using a predictive model. Next, these predictions are replaced with the observed values which are nearest to the prediction. Other imputation options in this group include random hot deck, sequential hot deck and k-nearest neighbor imputation. -
impute_rlm
is one of several regression imputation methods, including linear models, robust linear models (which use what is called M-estimation to impute numerical variables) and lasso/elastic net/ridge regression models.
The simputation
package can also do EM-based multivariate imputation, and multivariate random forest imputation, and several other approaches.


Represents the version number of a block device.
Public Member Functions | |
| juce::String | toString (bool extended=false) const |
| BlocksVersion (const juce::String &) | |
| Constructs a version number from an formatted String. More... | |
| BlocksVersion (const BlocksVersion &other)=default | |
| Constructs a version number from another BlocksVersion. More... | |
| BlocksVersion ()=default | |
| Creates an empty version number. More... | |
| bool | operator== (const BlocksVersion &) const |
| bool | operator!= (const BlocksVersion &) const |
| bool | operator< (const BlocksVersion &) const |
| bool | operator> (const BlocksVersion &) const |
| bool | operator<= (const BlocksVersion &) const |
| bool | operator>= (const BlocksVersion &) const |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static bool | isValidVersion (const juce::String &versionString) |
| Returns true if string format is valid. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| int | major = 0 |
| The main value in a version number x.0.0. More... | |
| int | minor = 0 |
| The secondary value in a version number 1.x.0. More... | |
| int | patch = 0 |
| The tertiary value in a version number 1.0.x. More... | |
| juce::String | releaseType |
| The release tag for this version, such as "beta", "alpha", "rc", etc. More... | |
| int | releaseCount = 0 |
| A numerical value associated with the release tag, such as "beta 4". More... | |
| juce::String | commit |
| The associated git commit that generated this firmware version. More... | |
| bool | forced = false |
| Identify "forced" firmware builds. More... | |
| BlocksVersion::BlocksVersion | ( | const juce::String & | ) |
Constructs a version number from an formatted String.
|
default |
Constructs a version number from another BlocksVersion.
|
default |
Creates an empty version number.
| juce::String BlocksVersion::toString | ( | bool | extended = false | ) | const |
|
static |
Returns true if string format is valid.
| bool BlocksVersion::operator== | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| bool BlocksVersion::operator!= | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| bool BlocksVersion::operator< | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| bool BlocksVersion::operator> | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| bool BlocksVersion::operator<= | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| bool BlocksVersion::operator>= | ( | const BlocksVersion & | ) | const |
| int BlocksVersion::major = 0 |
The main value in a version number x.0.0.
| int BlocksVersion::minor = 0 |
The secondary value in a version number 1.x.0.
| int BlocksVersion::patch = 0 |
The tertiary value in a version number 1.0.x.
| juce::String BlocksVersion::releaseType |
The release tag for this version, such as "beta", "alpha", "rc", etc.
| int BlocksVersion::releaseCount = 0 |
A numerical value associated with the release tag, such as "beta 4".
| juce::String BlocksVersion::commit |
The associated git commit that generated this firmware version.
| bool BlocksVersion::forced = false |
Identify "forced" firmware builds.


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-
Flickerplate Is Working
Heaven forbid this package you downloaded is broken. That wouldn't be embarrassing at all.
-
Editable via Javascript or CSS
Take a look at the extensive documentation to see how you can change the settings in multiple ways.
-
Touch Enabled Through the jQuery Finger Library
jQuery Finger is a great touch library that has been included as part of the Flickerplate package.


the get() method is passed an a id we get the value from an object that is passed by of this spesfic data
the create() method is passed an a object we insert the value of the object of this spesfic data using save()
the delete() method is passed an a id we delete the value of the object of this spesfic data using findByIdAndDelete()
the upadte() method is passed an a id and an object we update the value of the object of this spesfic data using findByIdAndUpdate()
the list() method is passed an a catagory we select data in the database that has spesfic catagory using find()
the list() method is passed an a catagory we select data in the database that has spesfic catagory using find()


The hadoop-azure module provides support for integration with Azure Blob Storage. The built jar file, named hadoop-azure.jar, also declares transitive dependencies on the additional artifacts it requires, notably the Azure Storage SDK for Java.
The Azure Blob Storage data model presents 3 core concepts:
Usage of Azure Blob Storage requires configuration of credentials. Typically this is set in core-site.xml. The configuration property name is of the form fs.azure.account.key.<account name>.blob.core.windows.net and the value is the access key. The access key is a secret that protects access to your storage account. Do not share the access key (or the core-site.xml file) with an untrusted party.
For example:
<property> <name>fs.azure.account.key.youraccount.blob.core.windows.net</name> <value>YOUR ACCESS KEY</value> </property>
In many Hadoop clusters, the core-site.xml file is world-readable. It is possible to protect the access key within a credential provider as well. This provides an encrypted file format along with protection with file permissions.
To protect these credentials from prying eyes, it is recommended that you use the credential provider framework to securely store them and access them through configuration. The following describes its use for Azure credentials in WASB FileSystem.
For additional reading on the credential provider API see: Credential Provider API.
% hadoop credential create fs.azure.account.key.youraccount.blob.core.windows.net -value 123 -provider localjceks://file/home/lmccay/wasb.jceks
<property> <name>hadoop.security.credential.provider.path</name> <value>localjceks://file/home/lmccay/wasb.jceks</value> <description>Path to interrogate for protected credentials.</description> </property>
% hadoop distcp [-D hadoop.security.credential.provider.path=localjceks://file/home/lmccay/wasb.jceks] hdfs://hostname:9001/user/lmccay/007020615<EMAIL_ADDRESS>NOTE: You may optionally add the provider path property to the distcp command line instead of added job specific configuration to a generic core-site.xml. The square brackets above illustrate this capability.
In addition to using the credential provider framework to protect your credentials, it’s also possible to configure it in encrypted form. An additional configuration property specifies an external program to be invoked by Hadoop processes to decrypt the key. The encrypted key value is passed to this external program as a command line argument:
<property> <name>fs.azure.account.keyprovider.youraccount</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.azure.ShellDecryptionKeyProvider</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.azure.account.key.youraccount.blob.core.windows.net</name> <value>YOUR ENCRYPTED ACCESS KEY</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.azure.shellkeyprovider.script</name> <value>PATH TO DECRYPTION PROGRAM</value> </property>
Block blobs are the default kind of blob and are good for most big-data use cases. However, block blobs have strict limit of 50,000 blocks per blob. To prevent reaching the limit WASB, by default, does not upload new block to the service after every hflush() or hsync().
For most of the cases, combining data from multiple write() calls in blocks of 4Mb is a good optimization. But, in others cases, like HBase log files, every call to hflush() or hsync() must upload the data to the service.
Block blobs with compaction upload the data to the cloud service after every hflush()/hsync(). To mitigate the limit of 50000 blocks, hflush() /hsync() runs once compaction process, if number of blocks in the blob is above 32,000.
Block compaction search and replaces a sequence of small blocks with one big block. That means there is associated cost with block compaction: reading small blocks back to the client and writing it again as one big block.
In order to have the files you create be block blobs with block compaction enabled, the client must set the configuration variable fs.azure.block.blob.with.compaction.dir to a comma-separated list of folder names.
For example:
<property> <name>fs.azure.block.blob.with.compaction.dir</name> <value>/hbase/WALs,/data/myblobfiles</value> </property>
The Azure Blob Storage interface for Hadoop supports two kinds of blobs, block blobs and page blobs. Block blobs are the default kind of blob and are good for most big-data use cases, like input data for Hive, Pig, analytical map-reduce jobs etc. Page blob handling in hadoop-azure was introduced to support HBase log files. Page blobs can be written any number of times, whereas block blobs can only be appended to 50,000 times before you run out of blocks and your writes will fail. That won’t work for HBase logs, so page blob support was introduced to overcome this limitation.
Page blobs can be up to 1TB in size, larger than the maximum 200GB size for block blobs. You should stick to block blobs for most usage, and page blobs are only tested in context of HBase write-ahead logs.
In order to have the files you create be page blobs, you must set the configuration variable fs.azure.page.blob.dir to a comma-separated list of folder names.
For example:
<property> <name>fs.azure.page.blob.dir</name> <value>/hbase/WALs,/hbase/oldWALs,/data/mypageblobfiles</value> </property>
You can set this to simply / to make all files page blobs.
The configuration option fs.azure.page.blob.size is the default initial size for a page blob. It must be 128MB or greater, and no more than 1TB, specified as an integer number of bytes.
The configuration option fs.azure.page.blob.extension.size is the page blob extension size. This defines the amount to extend a page blob if it starts to get full. It must be 128MB or greater, specified as an integer number of bytes.
WASB passes User-Agent header to the Azure back-end. The default value contains WASB version, Java Runtime version, Azure Client library version, and the value of the configuration option fs.azure.user.agent.prefix. Customized User-Agent header enables better troubleshooting and analysis by Azure service.
<property> <name>fs.azure.user.agent.prefix</name> <value>Identifier</value> </property>
Azure storage stores files as a flat key/value store without formal support for folders. The hadoop-azure file system layer simulates folders on top of Azure storage. By default, folder rename in the hadoop-azure file system layer is not atomic. That means that a failure during a folder rename could, for example, leave some folders in the original directory and some in the new one.
HBase depends on atomic folder rename. Hence, a configuration setting was introduced called fs.azure.atomic.rename.dir that allows you to specify a comma-separated list of directories to receive special treatment so that folder rename is made atomic. The default value of this setting is just /hbase. Redo will be applied to finish a folder rename that fails. A file <folderName>-renamePending.json may appear temporarily and is the record of the intention of the rename operation, to allow redo in event of a failure.
For example:
<property> <name>fs.azure.atomic.rename.dir</name> <value>/hbase,/data</value> </property>
After credentials are configured in core-site.xml, any Hadoop component may reference files in that Azure Blob Storage account by using URLs of the following format:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The schemes wasb and wasbs identify a URL on a file system backed by Azure Blob Storage. wasb utilizes unencrypted HTTP access for all interaction with the Azure Blob Storage API. wasbs utilizes SSL encrypted HTTPS access.
For example, the following FileSystem Shell commands demonstrate access to a storage account named youraccount and a container named yourcontainer.
% hadoop fs -mkdir<EMAIL_ADDRESS>% hadoop fs -put testFile<EMAIL_ADDRESS>% hadoop fs -cat<EMAIL_ADDRESS>test file content
It’s also possible to configure fs.defaultFS to use a wasb or wasbs URL. This causes all bare paths, such as /testDir/testFile to resolve automatically to that file system.
The Azure Blob Storage interface for Hadoop has optional support for Append API for single writer by setting the configuration fs.azure.enable.append.support to true.
For Example:
<property> <name>fs.azure.enable.append.support</name> <value>true</value> </property>
It must be noted Append support in Azure Blob Storage interface DIFFERS FROM HDFS SEMANTICS. Append support does not enforce single writer internally but requires applications to guarantee this semantic. It becomes a responsibility of the application either to ensure single-threaded handling for a particular file path, or rely on some external locking mechanism of its own. Failure to do so will result in unexpected behavior.
Rename and Delete blob operations on directories with large number of files and sub directories currently is very slow as these operations are done one blob at a time serially. These files and sub folders can be deleted or renamed parallel. Following configurations can be used to enable threads to do parallel processing
To enable 10 threads for Delete operation. Set configuration value to 0 or 1 to disable threads. The default behavior is threads disabled.
<property> <name>fs.azure.delete.threads</name> <value>10</value> </property>
To enable 20 threads for Rename operation. Set configuration value to 0 or 1 to disable threads. The default behavior is threads disabled.
<property> <name>fs.azure.rename.threads</name> <value>20</value> </property>
WASB can operate in secure mode where the Storage access keys required to communicate with Azure storage does not have to be in the same address space as the process using WASB. In this mode all interactions with Azure storage is performed using SAS uris. There are two sub modes within the Secure mode, one is remote SAS key mode where the SAS keys are generated from a remote process and local mode where SAS keys are generated within WASB. By default the SAS Key mode is expected to run in Romote mode, however for testing purposes the local mode can be enabled to generate SAS keys in the same process as WASB.
To enable Secure mode following property needs to be set to true.
<property> <name>fs.azure.secure.mode</name> <value>true</value> </property>
To enable SAS key generation locally following property needs to be set to true.
<property> <name>fs.azure.local.sas.key.mode</name> <value>true</value> </property>
To use the remote SAS key generation mode, comma separated external REST services are expected to provided required SAS keys. Following property can used to provide the end point to use for remote SAS Key generation:
<property> <name>fs.azure.cred.service.urls</name> <value>{URL}</value> </property>
The remote service is expected to provide support for two REST calls {URL}/GET_CONTAINER_SAS and {URL}/GET_RELATIVE_BLOB_SAS, for generating container and relative blob sas keys. An example requests
{URL}/GET_CONTAINER_SAS?storage_account=<account_name>&container=<container>&sas_expiry=<expiry period>&delegation_token=<delegation token> {URL}/GET_CONTAINER_SAS?storage_account=<account_name>&container=<container>&relative_path=<relative path>&sas_expiry=<expiry period>&delegation_token=<delegation token>
The service is expected to return a response in JSON format:
{ "responseCode" : 0 or non-zero <int>, "responseMessage" : relavant message on failure <String>, "sasKey" : Requested SAS Key <String> }
Authorization support can be enabled in WASB using the following configuration:
<property> <name>fs.azure.authorization</name> <value>true</value> </property>
The current implementation of authorization relies on the presence of an external service that can enforce the authorization. The service is expected to be running on comma separated URLs provided by the following config.
<property> <name>fs.azure.authorization.remote.service.urls</name> <value>{URL}</value> </property>
The remote service is expected to provide support for the following REST call: {URL}/CHECK_AUTHORIZATION An example request: {URL}/CHECK_AUTHORIZATION?wasb_absolute_path=<absolute_path>&operation_type=<operation type>&delegation_token=<delegation token>
The service is expected to return a response in JSON format:
{ "responseCode" : 0 or non-zero <int>, "responseMessage" : relevant message on failure <String>, "authorizationResult" : true/false <boolean> }
Delegation token support support can be enabled in WASB using the following configuration:
<property> <name>fs.azure.enable.kerberos.support</name> <value>true</value> </property>
The current implementation of delegation token implementation relies on the presence of an external service instances that can generate and manage delegation tokens. The service is expected to be running on comma separated URLs provided by the following config.
<property> <name>fs.azure.delegation.token.service.urls</name> <value>{URL}</value> </property>
The remote service is expected to provide support for the following REST call: {URL}?op=GETDELEGATIONTOKEN, {URL}?op=RENEWDELEGATIONTOKEN and {URL}?op=CANCELDELEGATIONTOKEN An example request: {URL}?op=GETDELEGATIONTOKEN&renewer=<renewer> {URL}?op=RENEWDELEGATIONTOKEN&token=<delegation token> {URL}?op=CANCELDELEGATIONTOKEN&token=<delegation token>
The service is expected to return a response in JSON format for GETDELEGATIONTOKEN request:
{ "Token" : { "urlString": URL string of delegation token. } }
When authorization is enabled, only the users listed in the following configuration are allowed to change the owning user of files/folders in WASB. The configuration value takes a comma separated list of user names who are allowed to perform chown.
<property> <name>fs.azure.chown.allowed.userlist</name> <value>user1,user2</value> </property>
When authorization is enabled, only the owner and the users listed in the following configurations are allowed to change the permissions of files/folders in WASB. The configuration value takes a comma separated list of user names who are allowed to perform chmod.
<property> <name>fs.azure.daemon.userlist</name> <value>user1,user2</value> </property> <property> <name>fs.azure.chmod.allowed.userlist</name> <value>userA,userB</value> </property>
Caching of both SAS keys and Authorization responses can be enabled using the following setting: The cache settings are applicable only when fs.azure.authorization is enabled. The cache is maintained at a filesystem object level. <property> <name>fs.azure.authorization.caching.enable</name> <value>true</value> </property>
The maximum number of entries that that cache can hold can be customized using the following setting: <property> <name>fs.azure.authorization.caching.maxentries</name> <value>512</value> </property>
The validity of an authorization cache-entry can be controlled using the following setting: Setting the value to zero disables authorization-caching. If the key is not specified, a default expiry duration of 5m takes effect. <property> <name>fs.azure.authorization.cacheentry.expiry.period</name> <value>5m</value> </property>
The validity of a SASKey cache-entry can be controlled using the following setting. Setting the value to zero disables SASKey-caching. If the key is not specified, the default expiry duration specified in the sas-key request takes effect. <property> <name>fs.azure.saskey.cacheentry.expiry.period</name> <value>90d</value> </property>
Use container saskey for access to all blobs within the container. Blob-specific saskeys are not used when this setting is enabled. This setting provides better performance compared to blob-specific saskeys. <property> <name>fs.azure.saskey.usecontainersaskeyforallaccess</name> <value>true</value> </property>


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Tethered Narratives
Toward the end of 2015, I made a prototype digital annual report for World Learning, based on the design of the print version/PDF that had already been assembled. The idea wasn't to replace the original, but to experiment and see what might be possible in the future. Other than a few stubborn bugs (misaligned images here and there), I was happy with the result.
This spring, Alison offered me the chance to make a web version of the literary journal she was creating with her Literature of Immigration students at Stony Brook University. At first, I planned to use the annual report as a template, but switched to a WordPress theme at Alison’s suggestion. Her recommendation was the right call, since the finished product turned out nicely. I made only slight modifications to the SimpleMag theme, which handled the heavy lifting and freed me to focus on design and presentation. I set up the site on a DigitalOcean droplet, then transferred it to a permanent DigitalOcean account that Stony Brook controls. As long as a client is comfortable using DigitalOcean as their host, this seems like an easy way to deliver a project.


Module: ActiveModel::Naming
| Included in: | Translation, ActiveRecord::Base |
| Defined in: |
Overview
Active Model Naming
Creates a model_name
method on your object.
To implement, just extend Naming in your object:
class BookCover
extend ActiveModel::Naming
end
BookCover.model_name.name # => "BookCover"
BookCover.model_name.human # => "Book cover"
BookCover.model_name.i18n_key # => :book_cover
BookModule::BookCover.model_name.i18n_key # => :"book_module/book_cover"
Providing the functionality that Naming provides in your object is required to pass the Active Model Lint test. So either extending the provided method below, or rolling your own is required.
Class Method Summary collapse
-
.param_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use for params names.
-
.plural(record_or_class)
Returns the plural class name of a record or class.
-
.route_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use while generating route names.
-
.singular(record_or_class)
Returns the singular class name of a record or class.
-
.singular_route_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use while generating route names.
-
.uncountable?(record_or_class) ⇒ Boolean
Identifies whether the class name of a record or class is uncountable.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#model_name
Returns an Name object for module.
Class Method Details
.param_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use for params names. It differs for namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
# For isolated engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
# For shared engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.param_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
303 304 305
# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 303 def self.param_key(record_or_class) model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).param_key end
.plural(record_or_class)
Returns the plural class name of a record or class.
ActiveModel::Naming.plural(post) # => "posts"
ActiveModel::Naming.plural(Highrise::Person) # => "highrise_people"
248 249 250
# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 248 def self.plural(record_or_class) model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).plural end
.route_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use while generating route names. It differs for namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
# For isolated engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "posts"
# For shared engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_posts"
The route key also considers if the noun is uncountable and, in such cases, automatically appends _index.
291 292 293
# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 291 def self.route_key(record_or_class) model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).route_key end
.singular(record_or_class)
Returns the singular class name of a record or class.
ActiveModel::Naming.singular(post) # => "post"
ActiveModel::Naming.singular(Highrise::Person) # => "highrise_person"
256 257 258
# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 256 def self.singular(record_or_class) model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).singular end
.singular_route_key(record_or_class)
Returns string to use while generating route names. It differs for namespaced models regarding whether it's inside isolated engine.
# For isolated engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "post"
# For shared engine:
ActiveModel::Naming.singular_route_key(Blog::Post) # => "blog_post"
276 277 278
# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 276 def self.singular_route_key(record_or_class) model_name_from_record_or_class(record_or_class).singular_route_key end
.uncountable?(record_or_class) ⇒ Boolean
Identifies whether the class name of a record or class is uncountable.
ActiveModel::Naming.uncountable?(Sheep) # => true
ActiveModel::Naming.uncountable?(Post) # => false
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# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 264 def self.uncountable?(record_or_class) plural(record_or_class) == singular(record_or_class) end
Instance Method Details
#model_name
Returns an ActiveModel::Name object for module. It can be used to retrieve all kinds of naming-related information (See ActiveModel::Name for more information).
class Person
extend ActiveModel::Naming
end
Person.model_name.name # => "Person"
Person.model_name.class # => ActiveModel::Name
Person.model_name.singular # => "person"
Person.model_name.plural # => "people"
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# File 'activemodel/lib/active_model/naming.rb', line 235 def model_name @_model_name ||= begin namespace = self.parents.detect do |n| n.respond_to?(:use_relative_model_naming?) && n.use_relative_model_naming? end ActiveModel::Name.new(self, namespace) end end


Using Checkpoints to Sync Faster¶
Setup¶
- Right click this link and choose
Save link as...
to download checkpoints.csv - Place checkpoints.csv in the same folder as your daemon(TurtleCoind) and wallet(SimpleWallet).
-
You can get them both from here if you don't have them already.
-
Make sure you shut down any GUI wallets, or any other instances of TurtleCoind.
Usage¶
Windows¶
- First, open a command prompt in the same directory as TurtleCoind.
- This can easily be done by moving to the TurtleCoind directory in Windows Explorer, then typing
cmd
in the search bar and hitting enter:
- Finally, type TurtleCoind.exe --load-checkpoints checkpoints.csv
in the command prompt.
Linux, Mac¶
- First, open a command prompt in the same directory as TurtleCoind.
- You can use the
cd
command to change to this directory. For example,cd Downloads/turtlecoin-v0.5.0
- Alternatively, your file manager may provide the ability to open a terminal in your current directory. Navigate to the folder with TurtleCoind in, and try right clicking, to see if you can open a terminal there:
- Finally, type
./TurtleCoind --load-checkpoints checkpoints.csv
in the terminal.
Expected Output¶
If you did the steps correctly, you should see something like this output.
2018-May-13 11:58:39.654478 INFO Welcome to TurtleCoin v<IP_ADDRESS>0 () 2018-May-13 11:58:39.654914 INFO Module folder: TurtleCoind 2018-May-13 11:58:39.655249 INFO Loading Checkpoints for faster initial sync... 2018-May-13 11:58:40.854979 INFO Loaded 435695 checkpoints from checkpoints.csv
- TurtleCoind will then start syncing from checkpoints.
- If you are using the CLI wallet, then you can just wait for it to finish syncing, and open your wallet(leave the daemon open!).
- If you are using a GUI wallet, let it finish syncing, close it down by typing
exit
in the window, then open your GUI wallet.
Common Errors¶
Invalid checkpoint file format¶
2018-May-13 12:10:08.325056 INFO Loading Checkpoints for faster initial sync... 2018-May-13 12:10:08.339667 ERROR Invalid checkpoint file format 2018-May-13 12:10:08.341758 ERROR Exception: Failed to load checkpoints
- If you see output like the above, the file you are opening is either not a .csv file, or hasn't been downloaded correctly.
- Ensure you downloaded the file by right clicking, and choosing
Save link as...
. - If you incorrectly chose the wrong file, you can accidentaly download a html page instead.
- When you open up the file, it should have lots of lines like this:
0,7fb97df81221dd1366051b2d0bc7f49c66c22ac4431d879c895b06d66ef66f4c 1,8c9738f961a278486f27ce214d1e4d67e08f7400c8b38fe00cdd571a8d302c7d 2,2ef060801dd27327533580cfa538849f9e1968d13418f2dd2535774a8c494bf4
- If you absolutely can't get it working, you can make a new text file, copy all the content from here into it.
- Then save it as
checkpoints.csv
(Select the filetype asAll Files (*.*)
in Windows)
Failed to load checkpoints¶
2018-May-13 12:14:57.544286 INFO Loading Checkpoints for faster initial sync... 2018-May-13 12:14:57.544569 ERROR Could not load checkpoints file: checkpoints.csv 2018-May-13 12:14:57.544823 ERROR Exception: Failed to load checkpoints
- If you see output like the above, it means the file isn't present in the directory you are in.
- Make sure you have placed the
checkpoints.csv
file in the same directory as TurtleCoind.
TurtleCoind.exe is not recognized / No such file or directory¶
C:\Users\gentoo>TurtleCoind.exe --load-checkpoints checkpoints.csv 'TurtleCoind.exe' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.
bash: ./TurtleCoind: No such file or directory
- If you see output like one of the above, it means your terminal isn't in the same folder as the TurtleCoind program.
- You can type
pwd
to see what folder you are currently in. - Try following the steps above to get into the right folder, then try again.
- If you type
ls
, you should see the TurtleCoind program, if you are in the correct folder:
[turtlecoin-v0.5.0]λ ls miner poolwallet simplewallet TurtleCoind walletd
IO error¶
2018-May-13 11:58:40.857058 INFO Opening DB in /home/zach/.TurtleCoin/DB 2018-May-13 11:58:40.858174 ERROR DB Error. DB can't be opened in /home/zach/.TurtleCoin/DB. Error: IO error: While lock file: /home/zach/.TurtleCoin/DB/LOCK: Resource temporarily unavailable 2018-May-13 11:58:40.873692 ERROR Exception: IO error
- If you see output like the above, something else has got the database open already.
- Make sure you have closed down any other TurtleCoind's, GUI wallets, and walletd.
- Use a task manager to help you find any which might be running in the background, then try again.