class: center, middle, inverse # Version Control ## The evolution of GIT... --- class: inverse ## In the beginning... * Sneakernet * Here hold my tape drive --- class: inverse ## Historically * Source Code Control System * 1972 - 2006 * Bell Labs * Interleaved deltas * Good for text, bad for binary * Revision Control System * 1982 - ? * diff utility based --- class: inverse ## Historically * Concurrent Versions System (CVS) * 1986 - 2008 * Series of scripts originally using RCS * Takes a lot of flack for newer design philosophy changes * Subversion (SVN) * 2000 - ? * rename issue .center[![Version Control](https://miro.medium.com/max/400/1*9yJY7fyscWFUVRqnx0BM6A.png)] .footnote[.red.bold[*] [Image Source](https://medium.com/devsondevs/gitflow-workflow-continuous-integration-continuous-delivery-7f4643abb64f)] --- class: inverse ## What changed? * Distributed vs Centralized * peer to peer * working copies * communicate only when sharing changes * multiple backups * Proprietary Systems * use license changed --- class: inverse ## GIT * 2005 - ? * Linus Torvalds * full working directory * used for the linux kernel for patching * safeguards corruption (accidental or malicious) * multiple merge strategies * resolve, recursive, octopus * data structures * blob, tree (directory), commit (links tree objects into history), tag (container of metadata and reference of another object) --- class: inverse ## GIT Concepts and Practices * commit early and often * copy/move a file in a different commit from any file changes * name your stashes * git stash save (name) * don’t commit anything that can be regenerated from other things that were committed --- class: inverse ## GIT Commands * checkout * git clone<EMAIL_ADDRESS>* creates shortcut called origin * status * git status * adding * git add
* commit changes (local) * git commit --- class: inverse ## GIT Commands * commit changes (remote) * git push origin master * origin - remote connection to the central repo * master - branch * pull updates (conflicts) * git pull --rebase origin master * resolve conflicts * git rebase --continue * don’t panic * git rebase --abort * git push origin master --- class: inverse ## GIT Commands * Stashing * Saving your work without commit * git stash * git stash list * git stash apply * apply the previous stash to current * branches * git branch
* git checkout
* merging branches * git checkout master * git merge
--- class: inverse ## GIT Maintenance * git log * see pointers and other information * git fsck * Validates git repo * git gc * Removes dangling objects --- class: inverse ## GIT example ```bash git checkout -b proj-404 git status git add newclass.py # code changes git commit # rinse and repeat git push -u origin proj-404 # code changes git push # code changes ``` --- class: inverse ## GIT example ```bash git checkout master # checkout master branch git pull # pull changes git pull origin proj-404 # pull changes on this branch git push # pushes changes back to origin master ``` --- class: inverse ## Resources * https://git-scm.com/doc * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_%28version_control%29#Three-way_merge * https://sethrobertson.github.io/GitBestPractices/ * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v1/Git-Tools-Stashing * https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Basic-Branching-and-Merging ## Workflows * http://reinh.com/blog/2009/03/02/a-git-workflow-for-agile-teams.html * https://www.atlassian.com/git/tutorials/comparing-workflows/centralized-workflow


Google Pixel 4 white balance fix has us seeing red at last
Source: Joe Maring / Android Central
What you need to know
- A camera glitch in the Pixel 4 caused white balance miscalculations.
- Red colors were especially off-balance, and a red-lit room would develop as yellow.
- Google quietly issued a fix with the last software update.
The Google Pixel 4 uses computational photography to understand the scene and create a better image, but that seems to have gone awry with a glitch that caused the camera to improperly develop photos containing strong red colors. The issue was spotted over at Android Police, where reviewer Ryne Hager noticed a photo sample in which a deeply red curtain had been washed to light pink. A reader soon sent samples showing a room lit only by a red bulb, which appeared to be entirely cast in yellow when shot by the Google Pixel 4.
The problem seems to have been caused by the computational algorithms Google uses to process photographs. Instead of relying on pure sensor data to determine white balance, Google uses machine learning to compare the image against assumptions about how the image should appear.
Source: u/nalrodriguez via RedditA picture from the Pixel 4 (left, pre-white balance fix) vs the iPhone X (right)
When those assumptions are incorrect, the image looks wrong. Android Police points out that this white balance glitch also shows up in the Google Pixel 3 camera, but only when the Night Sight mode is turned on.
Night Sight was the original mind-blowing computational feature on Google's cameras that took low-light photography to a new level using computation instead of optical tricks. Google had said the new Pixel 4 uses techniques similar to Night Sight in normal shooting modes on the Pixel 4.
If this is a problem with the machine learning engine, it begs the question — what did the machine learn that caused it to misfire so strongly? Further reader-submitted samples on AP show that the glitch was fixed with the November security update.
Computational Camera
Google Pixel 4
Advanced camera and smooth screen
The Pixel 4 was designed to be Google's best and most impressive Pixel yet.  There's also a revamped design and upgraded internals, all of which come together to create an enticing overall package.
We may earn a commission for purchases using our links. Learn more.


Watchdog¶
Python API library and shell utilities to monitor file system events.
Directory monitoring made easy with¶
- A cross-platform API.
- A shell tool to run commands in response to directory changes.
Get started quickly with a simple example in Quickstart.
Easy installation¶
You can use pip to install watchdog
quickly and easily:
$ pip install watchdog
Need more help with installing? See Installation.
User’s Guide¶
Contribute¶
Found a bug in or want a feature added to watchdog
?
You can fork the official code repository or file an issue ticket
at the issue tracker. You can also ask questions at the official
mailing list. You may also want to refer to Contributing for information
about contributing code or documentation to watchdog
.


A few ROM monitors load binary images, typically a.out
, but most all
will load an srecord
. An srecord is an ASCII representation of a binary
image. At it's simplest, an srecord is an address, followed by a byte
count, followed by the bytes, and a 2's compliment checksum. A whole
srecord file has an optional start record, and a required end
record. To make an srecord from a binary image, the GNU objcopy
program
is used. This will read the image and make an srecord from it. To do
this, invoke objcopy like this: objcopy -O srec infile outfile
. Most
PROM burners also read srecords or a similar format. Use objdump -i
to
get a list of support object files types for your architecture.


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@controller class="SB\pres\controller\DatabaseContentController" @>
This page shows the content from tha database table created with the database wizzard.
The subsequent area contains the content that is refered to with the url name "":


Wraps the 'unrtf' utility to extract text from RTF files. Supports document conversion to HTML, LaTeX or plain text. Output in HTML is recommended because 'unrtf' has limited support for converting between character encodings.
| Version: | 1.3 |
| Imports: | sys (≥ 2.0) |
| Published: | 2018-11-09 |
| Author: | Jeroen Ooms [aut, cre], Free Software Foundation, Inc [cph] |
| Maintainer: | Jeroen Ooms <jeroen at berkeley.edu> |
| BugReports: | http://github.com/ropensci/unrtf/issues |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| URL: | https://github.com/ropensci/unrtf#readme (devel) https://www.gnu.org/software/unrtf/ (upstream) |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | unrtf results |
| Reference manual: | unrtf.pdf |
| Package source: | unrtf_1.3.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: unrtf_1.3.zip, r-release: unrtf_1.3.zip, r-oldrel: unrtf_1.3.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: unrtf_1.3.tgz, r-oldrel: unrtf_1.3.tgz |
| Old sources: | unrtf archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=unrtf to link to this page.


|
PX4 Firmware
PX4 Autopilot Software http://px4.io
|
#include <transponder_report.h>
Public Attributes | |
| uint64_t | timestamp |
| double | lat |
| double | lon |
| uint32_t | icao_address |
| float | altitude |
| float | heading |
| float | hor_velocity |
| float | ver_velocity |
| uint16_t | flags |
| uint16_t | squawk |
| uint8_t | altitude_type |
| char | callsign [9] |
| uint8_t | emitter_type |
| uint8_t | tslc |
| uint8_t | _padding0 [4] |
Definition at line 59 of file transponder_report.h.
| uint8_t transponder_report_s::_padding0[4] |
Definition at line 75 of file transponder_report.h.
| float transponder_report_s::altitude |
Definition at line 65 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint8_t transponder_report_s::altitude_type |
Definition at line 71 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| char transponder_report_s::callsign[9] |
Definition at line 72 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint8_t transponder_report_s::emitter_type |
Definition at line 73 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint16_t transponder_report_s::flags |
Definition at line 69 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| float transponder_report_s::heading |
Definition at line 66 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| float transponder_report_s::hor_velocity |
Definition at line 67 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint32_t transponder_report_s::icao_address |
Definition at line 64 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| double transponder_report_s::lat |
Definition at line 62 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| double transponder_report_s::lon |
Definition at line 63 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint16_t transponder_report_s::squawk |
Definition at line 70 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| uint64_t transponder_report_s::timestamp |
Definition at line 61 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), and MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle().
| uint8_t transponder_report_s::tslc |
Definition at line 74 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().
| float transponder_report_s::ver_velocity |
Definition at line 68 of file transponder_report.h.
Referenced by Navigator::check_traffic(), Navigator::fake_traffic(), MavlinkReceiver::handle_message_adsb_vehicle(), and MavlinkStreamADSBVehicle::send().


University students caught pants down doing it on the balcony
by Nana YawIt seems to have sex and record it has now become the order of the day for students as videos of university students chopping themselves keeps flooding the internet each and every day.

Having sex is supposed to be private but these two students decided to do it int the open for everybody to see.
The lovers, who are allegedly students of the University of Lagos, were both pants down when they were caught lying on the hard floor in a balcony having a god time.
When they noticed people were filming them, they quickly stood up, picked their clothes, and went back inside. The girl upon realising they were been filmed gave the middle finger to those filming as she walked into a room.


We implement parametric and non parametric mediation analysis. This package performs the methods and suggestions in Imai, Keele and Yamamoto (2010) <doi:10.1214/10-STS321>, Imai, Keele and Tingley (2010) <doi:10.1037/a0020761>, Imai, Tingley and Yamamoto (2013) <doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2012.01032.x>, Imai and Yamamoto (2013) <doi:10.1093/pan/mps040> and Yamamoto (2013) <http://web.mit.edu/teppei/www/research/IVmediate.pdf>. In addition to the estimation of causal mediation effects, the software also allows researchers to conduct sensitivity analysis for certain parametric models.
| Version: | 4.4.6 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.15.1), MASS, Matrix, mvtnorm, sandwich |
| Imports: | lpSolve, Hmisc, lme4 (≥ 1.0), stats, graphics, grDevices, utils |
| Suggests: | mgcv, quantreg, VGAM, SuppDists, survival, parallel |
| Published: | 2017-07-11 |
| Author: | Dustin Tingley, Teppei Yamamoto, Kentaro Hirose, Luke Keele, Kosuke Imai |
| Maintainer: | Teppei Yamamoto <teppei at mit.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://imai.princeton.edu/projects/mechanisms.html |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | mediation citation info |
| Materials: | README ChangeLog |
| In views: | Psychometrics |
| CRAN checks: | mediation results |
| Reference manual: | mediation.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
mediation-old mediation |
| Package source: | mediation_4.4.6.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: mediation_4.4.6.zip, r-release: mediation_4.4.6.zip, r-oldrel: mediation_4.4.6.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: mediation_4.4.6.tgz, r-oldrel: mediation_4.4.6.tgz |
| Old sources: | mediation archive |
| Reverse imports: | brainGraph |
| Reverse suggests: | emmeans, gmediation, iMediate, sjstats, WRS2 |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mediation to link to this page.


| 058:016 Yusufali | : |
They have made their oaths a screen (for their misdeeds): thus they obstruct (men) from the Path of Allah: therefore shall they have a humiliating Penalty. |
| 058:017 Khan | : |
Their children and their wealth will avail them nothing against Allah. They will be (the) dwellers of the Fire, to dwell therein forever. |
| 058:017 Maulana | : |
Of no avail against Allah, will be to them their wealth or their children. They are the companions of the Fire; therein they will abide. |
| 058:017 Pickthal | : |
Their wealth and their children will avail them naught against Allah. Such are rightful owners of the Fire; they will abide therein. |
| 058:017 Rashad | : |
Neither their money, nor their children will help them against GOD. They have incurred the hellfire, wherein they abide forever. |
| 058:017 Sarwar | : |
Neither their wealth nor their children will be able to protect them against God.  They are the inmates of the Fire wherein they will abide. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الكافرون > النهي عن موالاة الكفار Pillars of Islam> Islamic> The Disbelievers> The Prohibition to Follow the Atheists الإيمان > الإيمان بالله > النفاق Faith> Belief In Allah> Hypocrisy الإيمان > الغيب > الخلود > الخلود في العذاب Faith> The Unseen World> The Eternity> The Immortality in Torture الإيمان > الغيب > النار > أصحاب النار Faith> The Unseen World> Hell-Fire>Hell Fellows تنظيم العلاقات المالية > أموال الكفار Organizing Financial Relationships>The Unbeleivers' Property الديانات > بنو إسرائيل > حالاتهم Religions>Children of Israel>Their Status
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


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Change your title color for unlimited time.


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copy right 2018 maktab-sharif


Event Location:
Microsoft Offices Midtown Manhattan
1290 Avenue of the Americas
New York City, New York
Abstract:
Ever wonder why there’s no “light” version of SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS)? Find yourself wishing that SSAS offered an in-memory operation model akin to some of its competitors? And why are OLAP cubes nearly impossible for end-users to build while comparable capabilities have existed for relational databases for at least 15 years? Enter Microsoft’s product code-named “Gemini,” a component of the upcoming SQL Server 2008 R2 release, that joins together SSAS, Excel and SharePoint to make end-user analytics feasible, fun, publishable and discoverable by IT. Andrew Brust will show you how it all works in this not-to-miss session.
Speaker(s): Andrew Brust,
Abstract:
This presentation will show how to develop: BI driven web application with fully customizables and pesonalizables Dashboard’s based on ASP.NET 3.5, SRSS 2008 and SSAS 2008. To be used by all levels of management to monitor, analyze and control company business performance and activities. As we work through you will see how to: •Develop Custom BI Application on .NET 3.5 platform; •Rollup LINQ Provider to SSRS for BI integration using C# 3.0 and T4; •Integrate BI into Web Application using ReportViewer and SSRS Web Services API; •Design flexible presentation layer for your Web App using ASP.NET 3.5 Web Parts; •Display the drill-through and drill-down reports using SSRS and VS 2008; •Design interactive executive Dashboards usin
Speaker(s): Slava Kokaev,
Abstract:
Pronounced muck, this session walks you through common but recurring coding problems, how to identify them, and how to solve them. Based on the book, SQL Server 2008 Query Performance Tuning Distilled, this session covers the information that query developers—which includes DBAs, application developers, report writers, and other data management professionals—need to know about in order to prevent recurring problems caused by poorly written or poorly configured code. Topics include things as simple as getting the data types correct, including the schema in defining objects, and avoiding operators in search conditions. More advanced topics are also discussed.
Speaker(s): Grant Fritchey,
Abstract:
Are you interested in seeing an OLAP database and OLAP cube built from start to finish? - Would you like to see some examples of different dimension types? - Would you like to see how you can use SSIS and XMLA to maintain/incrementally update the OLAP cube? - Would you like to see an example of SSAS KPIs, roles and report actions? - And lastly, would you like to see an example that uses something OTHER THAN AdventureWorks or Northwind or Pubs? :) Then this session is for you!
Speaker(s): Kevin Goff,
Abstract:
Overcome the barriers of traditional training and seminars with this Quick Start to building a cube. This all demo session will get you started and answer many questions you have about building cubes the right way, the first time.
Speaker(s): Adam Jorgensen,
Abstract:
At PDC 2009, Microsoft announced "Dallas", a Data-as-a-Service offering that leverages the Windows Azure cloud computing platform. "Dallas" makes well-known and vetted public and commercial data sets from entties such as the Associated Press and Data.gov available to the development and data analysis communities. This session explores getting started with "Dallas" and accessing its data sets programmatically and via Excel 2010's PowerPivot feature.
Speaker(s): Jim O'Neil,
Abstract:
Another DBA I work with has this Session Title on his whiteboard (Thanks Richard) at work. This session will be a step by step process of taking 2 different examples (Labatory and Fund Agreement) through normalization. The databases will be diagrammed and scripted out with primary, alternate and foreign keys, defaults, constraints and to Null or Not to Null. Some cool examples will be used to show just how powerful normalization can be and what SQL Server 2005/2008 features can enhance the delivery of information to the end user.
Speaker(s): Thomas LeBlanc,
Abstract:
Are you ready for some HREC? (Hot Reporting Eye Candy) SQL Server 2008 and R2 offer great capabilities for more flexibile report output, better charting, and powerful data visualization features that business users require. This session will show a gallery of different reports that can be built with SSRS 2008 and SSRS 2008R2. (And yes, you'll also see some T-SQL and MDX code!)
Speaker(s): Kevin Goff,
Abstract:
Microsoft Reporting Services 2008 R2 has some exciting new features. In this session I will show you how you can create compelling and interactive reports that put your data on Maps and Charts. I will also show Report Manager look and feel changes with SharePoint-like interaction and menus and other features.
Speaker(s): Sunil Kadimdiwan,
Abstract:
The days of long, inefficient Business Intelligence (BI) and data warehousing projects are coming to an end. Customers need to ability to reap quick business value for their investments. In this session we will take a tour of methodologies, techniques, and technologies that enable a quick return on investment for the Microsoft BI platform.
Speaker(s): Derek Comingore,
Abstract:
Now that your cube building experts, you’re going to want to make sure it is tuned and running in tip top shape. This presentations takes real world experience and boils it down for a concise view of what drives SSAS performance, what you can do to make it more efficient, and techniques for making that as hassle free as possible. Learn the tools and techniques for finding problem queries and driving more performance from your SSAS environment.
Speaker(s): Adam Jorgensen,
Abstract:
SSIS although powerful and feature rich has long been recognized as a poor developer's tool. Through the use of Powershell, code generation and the TPL, custom ETLs can be build giving you the flexibility of source code based ETL with the performance of SSIS. Specific scenarios covered will include parallel bulk transfers of data and star-schema population
Speaker(s): Scott Weinstein,
Abstract:
This is a high level intro of how to develop for SQL Azure either using traditional ASP.Net IIS or Windows Azure as a host. I will go over the differences between SQL Azure and Azure Storage. Considerations that need to be made if using Azure Cloud Hosting with ASP.Net Authentication and session states as well as how to use SQL Azure as a Sql(Membership,Role,Profile)Provider. I will share the tips and tricks that I have discovered as I worked with SQL Azure.
Speaker(s): Matt Van Horn,
Abstract:
SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services provides rich and powerful programming framework. This session will give you an overview of many available options for programming Reporting Services. We will cover the Reporting Services Web Service, URL Access, ReportViewer and custom assemblies. We will also talk about integrating reports into both Windows and Web applications.
Speaker(s): Roman Rehak,
Abstract:
Complex Event Processing (CEP) is one of the emerging architecture styles in distributed systems. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2 includes an exciting new platform called StreamInsight for building rich data processing over real-time event streams. This technology is ideal for applications that need to process high volumes of event stream data with no latency. Additionally, StreamInsight allows developers to create applications that execute continuous queries over a stream of data.
Speaker(s): Don Demsak,
Abstract:
This session is an OPEN-FORUM type session where Charles Hyman, MCT will discuss and answer questions about obtaining Microsoft Certifications. Roadmaps to certification will be discussed, and he will be able to answer your specific questions and concerns about most of the certification paths. ( Certification 'goodies' may be available )
Speaker(s): Charles Hyman,
Abstract:
Using Response Time Analysis and Wait Types is a newer method for tuning SQL Server instances. As a result, there is often confusion on exactly what the data means. The issue typically centers around the fact the wait time data is analyzed at the wrong level or the collected wait time data is not detailed enough. This presentation will focus on these problems and review several real-life case studies of using SQL Server Wait Type data coupled with Response Time based performance analysis to solve the most difficult performance related issues. Designed for the SQL Server DBA, Developer or anyone concerned with performance.
Speaker(s): David Waugh,
Abstract:
I will show how to take advantage the interactive features of SQL Reporting Services to allow your users to drill down from summaries to the details that drive them. Address some of the simple to implement features that can make your existing reports much more useable to your end users. Topics to be covered include: Graphing, Interactive Sorting, Grouping, and Drilldown Reports.
Speaker(s): Matt Van Horn,
Abstract:
A quick start guide using the latest tools to show from FLAT files through ETL to FACTS to DIMENSIONS to A CUBE to SCORECARDS and DASHBOARDS. How to quickly navigate SSIS, SSAS , SSRS and a taste of PROCLARITY.
Speaker(s): Charles Hyman,
Abstract:
With SQL Server 2008 you now have the ability to set up auditing with SQL Server Audit. Attend this session for an overview of SQL Server Audit, learn how to initially configure an audit for your server or databases, and examine the audit logs to report on the information that is captured.
Speaker(s): Thomas LaRock,
Abstract:
This session is for experienced SSIS developers. Attend and learn the Parent-Child SSIS design pattern, how to leverage less-than-well-documented characteristics of SSIS to centralize logging, and how to pass variable values between parent and child packages by value and by reference.
Speaker(s): Andy Leonard,
Abstract:
This session if for SSIS developers and DBAs. Attend and learn more about Transact-SQL and SSIS design patterns for loading data incrementally. The session includes two demos: Incremental Loads in Transact-SQL; and Incremental Loads in SSIS.
Speaker(s): Andy Leonard,
Abstract:
Jane Smith's name has a typo and someone fixes it. Jane gets married and she takes a new last name. It too has a typo, but gets corrected. A temporal database can show who changed what when. But wait there's more, querying the table "as-of" the day before Jane's wedding should return 'Smith' because that was the valid data on that effective date. Temporal databases have a reputation as being difficult, but I'll demo a few design patterns and timely functions that can tame the beast of time. Specifically you'll see: AutoAudit, temporal columns, temporal foreign keys and joins, and temporal hierarchies.
Speaker(s): Paul Nielsen,
Abstract:
As Microsoft readies SQL Server PowerPivot customers should understand how to best leverage the new managed self-service technology. In this session we will focus on the server side experience, the architecture of SharePoint 2010 with Gemini server components, management dashboards, Reporting Services/PowerPivot syneriges, and demos. The next-generation business intelligence software is coming, make sure your organization is prepared to embrace it.
Speaker(s): Derek Comingore,
This is a list of speakers from the XML Guidebook records. The details and URLs were valid at the time of the event.
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/wadamjorgensen/
Contact: http://www.pragmaticworks.com
As President of Pragmatic Works Consulting Adam drives market strategy, sales, partnerships, implementation and thought leadership. He has over 15 years of experience helping companies use their data to fuel their growth. Adam has been wowing audiences around the world for over a decade. He has delivered hundreds of sessions, published over a dozen books and hundreds of online videos and webinars on data and cloud topics. His passion is growing companies and mentoring leaders and companies to help them achieve their dreams.
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/roman-rehak-bb83702/
Contact: http://sqlblog.com/blogs/roman_rehak/
Roman Rehak is a Principal Database Architect at MyWebGrocer.com in Burlington, VT. He specializes in SQL Server development and database architecture. He writes articles for Visual Studio Magazine, SQL Server Magazine, SearchSqlServer.com and other technical publications. Roman presents at user groups and conferences in US and Canada. He has served as the Tech Chair for the SQL Server track at DevTeach and PASS conferences, and is the president of the Vermont SQL Server User Group.
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/AndyLeonard
Contact: https://andyleonard.blog
Andy Leonard is founder and Chief Data Engineer at Enterprise Data Analytics, Microsoft Data Platform MVP, creator of the DILM (Data Integration Lifecycle Management) Suite, an SSIS trainer, consultant, developer, Business Intelligence Markup Language (Biml) developer and BimlHero, SQL Server database and data warehouse developer, community mentor, engineer, and farmer. He is a co-author of "The Biml Book and SQL Server Integration Services Design Patterns" and author of "Managing Geeks - A Journey of Leading by Doing", "Data Integration Lifecycle Management with SSIS", "Building Custom Tasks for SSIS", and the "Stairway to Integration Services". Andy blogs at andyleonard.blog where you can learn more on the About Andy page.
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/wadamjorgensen/
Contact: http://www.pragmaticworks.com
As President of Pragmatic Works Consulting Adam drives market strategy, sales, partnerships, implementation and thought leadership. He has over 15 years of experience helping companies use their data to fuel their growth. Adam has been wowing audiences around the world for over a decade. He has delivered hundreds of sessions, published over a dozen books and hundreds of online videos and webinars on data and cloud topics. His passion is growing companies and mentoring leaders and companies to help them achieve their dreams.
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/AndyLeonard
Contact: https://andyleonard.blog
Andy Leonard is founder and Chief Data Engineer at Enterprise Data Analytics, Microsoft Data Platform MVP, creator of the DILM (Data Integration Lifecycle Management) Suite, an SSIS trainer, consultant, developer, Business Intelligence Markup Language (Biml) developer and BimlHero, SQL Server database and data warehouse developer, community mentor, engineer, and farmer. He is a co-author of "The Biml Book and SQL Server Integration Services Design Patterns" and author of "Managing Geeks - A Journey of Leading by Doing", "Data Integration Lifecycle Management with SSIS", "Building Custom Tasks for SSIS", and the "Stairway to Integration Services". Andy blogs at andyleonard.blog where you can learn more on the About Andy page.
Contact: http://donxml.com
bio
Contact: http://www.confio.com
David Waugh is the main man at Confio.
Scott Weinstein is a practice head at Lab49, manages the New York .Net Meetup, and is a frequent speaker on SQL, .Net, WPF, and reactive programming at SqlSaturday, CodeCamp, and the Alt.Net meetups in NYC
Contact: http://www.anythingtheycando.com/blog/index.php
Matt, a seasoned developer with proficiencies in a wide-array of programming languages and platforms, focuses on creating flexible and dynamic code tailored to the specific needs of customers. Matt is an experienced presenter, regularly speaking at Usergroup meetings and Code Camps.
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/paulnielsensql
Contact: http://www.tejontech.com/blog
Paul is the founder of Tejon Technologies, inc, a software company offering a configurable, object/relational graph database solution built on the enterprise power of Microsoft SQL Server. Previously, Paul wrote the SQL Server Bible series, edited the MVP Deep Dives Vol 1 book, presented seminars in database design, and developed SQL Server courseware for Microsoft Learning. He was a Data Platform MVP from 2004 - 2016. IN the Startup Community he serves on the board of Peak Startup and is the chair of the annual Colorado Springs Startup Week.
Contact: http://www.KevinSGoff.net
Kevin S. Goff (http://www.kevinsgoff.net) is a Microsoft SQL Server MVP Database architect/developer/speaker/author Regular columnist for CoDe Magazine on .NET, SQL Server, and Business Intelligence topics Frequent speaker at community events in the Mid-Atlantic region. Host of BDBI Radio (http://www.bdbiradio.com), a weekly webcast on SQL/BI topics
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/sqlrockstar/
Contact: http://thomaslarock.com
Thomas LaRock is a Head Geek at SolarWinds and a Microsoft Certified Master, Data Platform MVP, VMware vExpert, and a Microsoft Certified Trainer. He has over 15 years’ experience in the IT industry in roles including programmer, developer, analyst, and database administrator.
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/scarydba
Contact: http://scarydba.com
Grant Fritchey is a Data Platform MVP with over 20 years’ experience in IT, including time spent in support and development. He has worked with SQL Server since 6.0 back in 1995. He has also developed in VB, VB.NET, C#, and Java. Grant has written books for Apress and Simple-Talk. Grant presents at conferences and user groups, large and small, all over the world. He joined Redgate Software as a product evangelist in January 2011.
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=29648544amp;trk=hb_tab_pro_top
Contact: http://Thomas-LeBlanc.com
Thomas LeBlanc (Microsoft Data Platform MVP) is a Data Warehouse Architect in Baton Rouge, and uses his 30+ years in IT to develop OLTP systems with normalized databases for high-performing T-SQL and dimensional data marts. Development is done in SSIS, SSAS, SSRS, Power BI, and Excel. As a PASS volunteer, he is past chair of Excel BI and Data Arch VCs and is active in the Baton Rouge Analytics and SQL Server User groups, as well as SQLSaturday in Baton Rouge. You can find his blog at TheSmilingDBA.BlogSpot.com and website at Thomas-LeBlanc.com
Contact: http://BIVoyage.com
Derek is the founder and a Principal Architect with BI Voyage, a Microsoft Partner specializing in BI solutions (www.bivoyage.com). As a SQL Server MVP and a certified professional in several Microsoft technologies, including SQL Server BI, he speaks at local and national SQL Server user groups and is a published author on SQL Server topics.
Contact: http://www.anythingtheycando.com/blog/index.php
Matt, a seasoned developer with proficiencies in a wide-array of programming languages and platforms, focuses on creating flexible and dynamic code tailored to the specific needs of customers. Matt is an experienced presenter, regularly speaking at Usergroup meetings and Code Camps.
Charles Hyman is a MCT and full-time Trainer and Consultant, specializing in SQL Server and BIZTALK. Chalres has over 35 certifications and teaches throughout the world.
Contact: http://www.KevinSGoff.net
Kevin S. Goff (http://www.kevinsgoff.net) is a Microsoft SQL Server MVP Database architect/developer/speaker/author Regular columnist for CoDe Magazine on .NET, SQL Server, and Business Intelligence topics Frequent speaker at community events in the Mid-Atlantic region. Host of BDBI Radio (http://www.bdbiradio.com), a weekly webcast on SQL/BI topics
Charles Hyman is a MCT and full-time Trainer and Consultant, specializing in SQL Server and BIZTALK. Chalres has over 35 certifications and teaches throughout the world.
Contact: http://blogs.msdn.com/jimoneil
Jim is one of the Microsoft Developer Evangelists in the Northeast District. He joined Microsoft in April 2008 after 12 years working with developer tools and application server technology as a support engineer, evangelist, and principal sales consultant at Sybase. Jim holds an MCPD and is 1/2 of the team that presents the quarterly Northeast Roadshow providing information on the latest Microsoft technologies to the developer communities in New England and upstate New York
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sunilkadimdiwan
Contact: http://www.infotrove.com/events.html
Sunil Kadimdiwan Sunil Kadimdiwan has 25+ years’ experience in architecting and implementing database solutions. He has deep knowledge of the Microsoft SQL Server and Business Intelligence technology stack. He is a frequent speaker at SQLSaturdays, Code Camps, User Group meetings
Contact: http://www.brustblog.com
Andrew Brust is Chief, New Technology at twentysix New York, a Microsoft Gold Certified Partner in NYC. He is co-author of Programming Microsoft SQL Server 2008 (MS Press), serves as MS Regional Director for NY and NJ, is a VB MVP and a member of Microsoft#39;s BI Partner Advisory Council. Often quoted in the technology industry press, and himself a columnist for Redmond Developer News, Andrew has 20 years#39; experience consulting in numerous industries. Reach him at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Contact: http://www.bipro.org
Group Leader at Boston Microsoft Business Intelligence User Group
Contact: http://BIVoyage.com
Derek is the founder and a Principal Architect with BI Voyage, a Microsoft Partner specializing in BI solutions (www.bivoyage.com). As a SQL Server MVP and a certified professional in several Microsoft technologies, including SQL Server BI, he speaks at local and national SQL Server user groups and is a published author on SQL Server topics.
The following is a list of sponsors that helped fund the event.


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Olson et al. mention that at least two kinds of expectancies have been considered in the literature of social psychology. One is normative expectancies, which are about what should happen in the future. Another is probabilistic expectancies, which are about what might happen in the future and, thus, will be our main focus here.
Olson et al.:
Expectancies are beliefs about a future state of affairs. They are subjective probabilities linking the future with an outcome at some level of probability ranging from merely possible to virtually certain.
Expectancy is a belief about an outcome assumed to occur in the future with a given probability.
Expectancy is future-focused: one does not expect about past outcomes.
Regarding outcomes we believe to have occurred in the past, we may see them as expectancies about future information to come, like: I believe that Jane went to the cinema yesterday (past event, not expectancy), so I expect her to confirm/speak about it when she comes back tomorrow (future event, expectancy).
The central mechanism is motivation in its simplest form: the basic tendency to approach pleasant things and to avoid noxious things.
Expectancy acts as a trigger.
The relation of expectancies to performance received initial attention in the context of
Not only expectancies can be used to evaluate errors when performing to identify improvements to do, but it can also be used to evaluate error about performance level itself for regulating efforts, in particular to act as a trigger to improve (or stop if we expect higher performance to be useless).
Expectancy can be explicit, the outcome being consciously expected and the expectancy potentially stated, or implicit, generating the same state of surprise when contradicted by observation but without preparation.
level of aspiration,
which refers to desired levels of future performance (Lewin, Dembo, Festinger, & Sears, 1944).All expectancies are derived from beliefs (i.e., our knowledge/schemas about the world)
and the authors provide some details about the types and sources of these beliefs.
In particular, beliefs may come from direct experience, be taught or shared by other people, or be inferred from other beliefs.
The authors discuss four properties of expectancies: its certainty, its accessibility, its explicitness, and its importance.
Certainty is the subjective level of probability associated with the anticipated outcome/event
, from very uncertain to absolutely certain. We may also speak about confidence, which is the range of possible likelihoods
, from large ranges for uncertain expectancies (no idea, it can be anything) to narrow ones for certain expectancies (the coin will for sure fall on head with 50% probability). Certainty is determined based on whether the agent directly experiences it, whether other agents reach a consensus about it, whether it has been (dis)confirmed in the past, and also depending on its accessibility (described below).
Accessibility is the likelihood that the expectancy will be activated
and predicts the likelihood that it will be used to interpret reality (Bruner, 1957; see Higgins, Chapter 5, this volume).
An expectancy which comes to mind more frequently or rapidly is more accessible. Accessibility is determined by the frequency of its activators, their recency, their importance (described below), and how they are disconfirmed (the consequent surprise leading to making the agent aware of the disconfirmed expectancy it holds).
Explicitness is whether an expectancy is generated consciously (explicit) or inconsciously (implicit), see Ditto & Hilton's discussion of the characteristics of expectancies, 1990, p. 99
. Implicit expectancies have effects that can be considered as examples of "automatic" processing (see Bargh, 1984; Uleman & Bargh, 1989).
Explicitness can be due to the requirement of the expectancy for planning an event, to an explicit question about the expectancy, to the importance of the expectancy, and to their propensity to be disconfirmed.
Importance is the motivational significance
of the expectancy, and is determined by the relevance to important needs and relation with other (important or numerous) expectancies.
Expectancies have many consequences, whether they are cognitive, affective, behavioral, or physiological. For the sake of our study, we will mainly focus on the cognitivie and behavioral ones, since affective and physiological consequences can be irrelevant for a machine.
Cognitive consequences
On the cognitive aspect, expectancies direct attention and thus influence what information gets encoded (see Higgins & Bargh, 1987).
On one side, people see what they expect to see
(see Rothbart, Evans, & Fulero, 1979), but on the other information that is inconsistent with expectancies also gets noticed (e.g., Hastie & Kumar, 1979).
In other words, expectancies allow to spot quickly the pieces of information to revise while spending less time on already known ones. Both consistent and inconsistent information will receive more processing than irrelevant information (Hashtroudi, Mutter, Cole, & Green, 1984; Stern, Marrs, Millar, & Cole, 1984).
This is an important aspect for an intelligent machine, since it allows to spot the required improvements to increase performance while ensuring that increasing experience comes with increasing efficiency.
Going further on the encoding part, expectancies guide the interpretation of information, especially objectively ambiguous information. Specifically, information is likely to be interpreted in line with expectancies (i.e., as supporting, or confirming) rather than as opposing (disconfirming) expectancies.
This is particularly important since be the source of biases: a particular attention should be put in ensuring that machines leverage such effects by calculating the unicity of an interpretation. If other interpretations are compatible with the observations, then each of them should be considered as a potentially biased one, and further information should be seek to reduce the set of compatible interpretations.
Attributions are causal explanations for events or outcomes, and expectancies have noticeable effects on this domain: unexpected events trigger attributional processing (e.g., Crocker, Hannah, & Weber, 1983; Hastie, 1984; Pyszczynski & Greenberg, 1981; Wong & Weiner, 1981)
, with disconfirmation leading to causal search, often leading to attribution to external and unstable causes (Miller & Ross, 1975; Weiner, 1986)
like luck or mood. Attributions also influence expectancies: if success is attributed internally, future success will be expected (Weiner, 1986)
.
Counterfactual thinking, the capacity to imagine what might have been if the past was different, has a spread influence: affect, self and social judgement, behavior (for a review, see Miller, Turnbull, & McFarland, 1990; Roese & Olson, 1995)
and expectancies have a central impact
on at least two levels (Kahneman & Miller, 1986)
. Like attributions, disconfirmations trigger greater counterfactual processing
. Expectancies also shape the semantic content of counterfactual thoughts
: counterfactuals seems to be built by recapitulating expectancies, such as to preserve them. Counterfactual thinking also influences expectancies, such that (un)wanted counterfactuals may lead to behaviours -and their corresponding expectancies- revisions.
Memory is more efficient in encoding relevant, and in particular inconsistent, information due to expectancy-driven activations (Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Hastie, 1981; Higgins & Bargh, 1987; Stangor & McMillan, 1992)
. It seems however impacted by the perceiver's motivation and ability to resolve incongruity (Ruble & Stangor, 1986)
. When expectancy disconfirmation occurs, it is commomnly encoded with subcategories, such that the expectancy is globally preserved (e.g., Weber & Crocker, 1983)
, thus it does not affect much the overall schema but still remain well memorised.
Affective consequences
Although less relevant for intelligence in machines, we can note some interesting points: good-bad judgements relate to attitudes towards specific elements, and such judgements for expectancies can be supported by existing theories described there. Expectancies about self-efficacy also seem both to influence and be influenced by attitudes toward the tasks to perform. Go back to this section for more information.
Behavioral consequences
The chapter develops on several types of consequences, but some are particularly interesting for AI.
The first one is about hypothesis testing: people may ask whether or not some properties are fulfilled by searching for discriminating information, and they tend to start by asking what they expect the most. However, it may bias the search with positive bias strategy
, which focuses on disconfirming what is the most expected to be true only (see Klayman & Ha, 1987; Devine, Hirt, & Gehrke, 1990; Hodgins & Zuckerman, 1993; Skov & Sherman, 1986)
. Such a bias should be avoided in AI by favoring proper diagnosticity, although it may be used as a driver for reducing resource consumptions.
Another kind of bias to avoid is the self-fulfilling prophecy (Merton, 1948)
: due to one's expectancies, her behaviors might be influenced in such a way that other people react consistently to this expetancy, while forcing her to avoid such a bias may have lead to a different outcome. For reviews and analyses of self-fulfilling prophecies, see Darley and Fazio (1980), Harris and Rosenthal (1985), Hilton and Darley (1991), Jussim (1986, 1991), Miller and Turnbull (1986), Neuberg (1994), Rosenthal and Rubin (1978), and Snyder (1992).
Physiological consequences
Although less relevant for intelligence in machines, we can note some interesting points: placebo effects, similarly to self-fulfilling prophecies, tend to confirm expectancies not supposed to be confirmed if the expectancy was not there in the first place, and thus introduce biases. The main difference being that consequences are on the perceiver himself. For machines, we may think about logs showing that a program takes time to compute, while it is actually the logs computation which is done too often and generates most of the load.


---
layout: post
title: CSRF request to portal.dvd.netflix.com
date: 2017-11-09
categories: [technology]
tags: [csrf, security]
status: publish
type: post
published: true
---
- Okay, to make this work, login to dvd.netflix.com.
- go to your queue page to make sure boss baby is NOT there.
- Now, let's make a request to portal.dvd.netflix.com to add a movie Boss Baby (80146758) to your queue.
.
- go to your queue page to make sure boss baby IS there at the bottom.


Ditch Day 2020
This page is for commemorating the good times!  Ditch Day 2020 brought to you by the Avery Seniors (:
More photos or videos of Ditch Day will probably go here eventually...


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Ask An Expert
By: Alex Marcy on April 14, 2015
Tagged: Launch
You get asked a lot of questions
Easy questions like what you do for a living... where you are from... where you went to school...
Fun questions like who is your favorite sports team — what's the best restaurant in town — or what music you would have on a desert island.
Tough questions like how are you going to meet your production quotas with less budget, staff, and without new equipment?
Do you enjoy asking questions... Maybe even difficult ones?
- How do you interface a certain PLC with a certain piece of software?
- Is the price you are being charged for this work fair?
- Can you find an easy way to tell when your bottles are full? Everything so far hasn't worked.
- Maybe your business has nothing to do with manufacturing, what can you do to improve your operation?
- What is MES, PLM, SCADA, PMP, PE, ERP, and SIL, and why should you care?
- How do you find the right people for your team?
- Can this super complicated work flow be simplified so you don't have to spend 90% of your day troubleshooting confusion?
Why ask questions?
One way people learn is by understanding things — through questions.
More Information lets you make — Better Decisions
Arming yourself with more information gives you more options. You can see new possibilities and find new ways to get where you want to be.
Sometimes you just need some moral support. We have been there... Knowing someone else has been down the same road is sometimes all you need to push into new territory.
What do you want to learn?
If you had a group of experts at your disposal, available to answer any question you might have, would you step up to the plate and ask?
It doesn't even have to be manufacturing related.
- Want some help navigating social media?
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- What beer we had in some far-away land and are craving to this day?
- What about the best places to eat wherever we have done a project?
We're here to help.
You are welcome to any of the information we are allowed to share, our ideas, our opinions and advice about any issues you may be facing.
Anything — from our unbiased take on software you may be considering — a second opinion on an estimate — help with a design. Pretty much anything you can throw at us.*
*Sure, there are some limits, obviously we can't do an entire project for you out of the goodness of our hearts. What we can offer is some of our time to help you. Think of it as our version of Office Hours.
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Recent Posts:
MES Essentials Webinar Wrap-Up
07/17/15
MES Essentials Webinar
07/10/15
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Hey there!
My name is Christoph, and I'm an agricultural economist.
I'm building farm-scale models and data-science tools at the
University of Bonn.
On this site I blog about my adventures in the broader field of
agricultural sciences and (research) software development.
Most of the topics I enjoy working with involve some kind of data visualisation,
websites and web-programming, algebraic modeling or a combination of these.
I'm a JavaScript / Node.js enthusiast, which is my go-to language for most
of my projects.
When writing algebraic models, I'm a huge fan of
GAMS, for which I build an integrated development environment (more on that
here).
In my spare time, I like to tinker with the
Fruchtfolge and
other software projects,
go rowing, and help out on the family farm.
If you like to get in touch you can find me on
Or contact me via E-Mail.


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A pathogen is an organism that causes disease to its host. The severity of the diease depends on the pathogens’ virulence. Pathogens are comprised of viruses, bacteria, unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
There are two classifications of pathogens in Disease Ecology: microparasites and macroparasites. Macroparasites includes helminths, and arthropods; while, microparasites include bacteria, and viruses.
Pathogens are further classified by their life cycle. A facultative pathogen is one that does not need the host in order to reproduce and complete their lifecycle; these pathogens are typically environmental bacteria and fungi. In contrast, an obligate pathogen needs a host to replicate and complete their life cycle.
Are viruses classifed as facultative or obligate pathogens? Why
The majority of bacteria are non-disease causing, or nonpathogenic. Less than 1% of bacteria is capable of invading the human body and causing illness (pathogenic).
However, when pathogenic bacteria are able to infect a host, a small battle ensues between the host’s immune system and the bacteria. The bacteria are trying to remain present and multiply, while the host is trying to prevent the bacteria from gaining access and reproducing. A host becomes infected when there is a persistance or multiplication of the pathogen on or within the host.
Once a bacterium has infected the host, it is still in competition with the host’s normal flora to survive. One way bacteria can out compete the host’s normal flora is by producing toxic compounds that are harmful to the host. These compounds can cause vomiting, diarrhea, paralysis, pain, or fever. Bacteria can also enter the host’s cells and cause direct damage to the tissues during replication. The good news is that most illnesses caused by bacteria can be remedied with an antibiotic.
Antibiotics are used for preventing and treating infections caused by specific bacteria and are critical in combatting life-threatening infections. Bacteria are classified as resistant to antibiotics when they no longer respond to the antibiotics designed to kill them. There are many different ways that a bacterium can become antibiotic resistant. These mechanisms include random mutation or acquisition of new DNA from another bacterium or from bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).
What are some methods suggested by public health officials to protect yourself against antibiotic resistance? You may want to use https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/index.html as a reference.
The term virus was originally used to describe diseases of unknown origin because many epidemics were caused by viruses before anyone understood the nature of viruses themselves. Viruses are not able to reproduce independently and need to hijack the cellular machinery of their host in order to replicate.
An important note is that viruses usually target one organism, however, all organisms (including other microbes) are capable of being infected by viruses. No matter what the host is, all viruses have the same basic life cycle. The only difference is that some viruses need to enter a host cell intact, while others disassemle and only the nucleic acid enters the cell. The structure of viruses is all relatively similar: a nucleic acid core surrounded by proteins. Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways:
| Type.of.Transmission | Example |
|---|---|
| Fecal-oral | Poliovirus, rotavirus |
| Respiratory | Influenza virus, measles virus |
| Zoonotic | Rabies virus, cowpox virus |
| Sexual Contact | HIV, HPV |
Can you think of another example for each type of transmission?
| Type.of.Transmission | Example | Your.Example |
|---|---|---|
| Fecal-oral | Poliovirus, rotavirus | |
| Respiratory | Influenza virus, measles virus | |
| Zoonotic | Rabies virus, cowpox virus | |
| Sexual Contact | HIV, HPV |
For DNA viruses, replication occurs in the nucleus of the cell. For RNA viruses, replication occurs in the cytoplasm. There are six general steps to replication, but the mechanisms vary by virus.
There are two categories of infections caused by viruses: acute and persistent.
Acute viral infections remain localized and the signs of disease are short-lived. When the host cell’s are destroyed during the release stage of replication, there is accompanying cell and tissue damage. This damage will stimulate the host’s immune system and the viral infection will be remedied in a matter of days to months.
Persistent viral infections will survive within the host without any signs of disease. Some are the result of an acute infection that was not fully eliminated. Other persistent infections are referred to as latent because they have long non-infectious periods between the original disease and subsequent disease (e.g. herpes). A persistent infection can also result in continuous chronic infectious stages following a short disease stage.
Find an example of a virus that causes an acute viral infection. Find an example of a virus that causes a persistent viral infection.
Pathogenicity describes the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, given infection in the host. Virulence describes the severity of a disease caused by the pathogen.
From the pathogen’s perspective, it is important to balance the virulence with probability of tranmission. For example, pathogens transmitted through sexual contact wouldn’t want to be highly virulent because then the host will be too sick to go out, mate, and transmit the disease to a new host. Many viruses that are transmitted through sexual contact are mildly virulent, because of this.
The level of virulence can also play a role in the transmission of a pathogen to a new host species. Viruses that are highly virulent have the potential to jump easily to a new host species. These spillover events can result in outbreaks and epidemics.
Pathogen virulence is still not well understood. Scientists in disease ecology and epidemiology are learning more about how virulence changes over time and are working to predict the pathogen virulence of emerging, or new, diseases.
For each route of transmission (fecal-oral, respiratory, zoonotic, and sexual contact) what level of virulence do you think those pathogens would typically want to have? Why?
RNA viruses are known to use all known mechanisms of genetic variation to ensure survival. This constant genetic variation makes it hard for the host’s immune system to detect the virus. A single host may have multiple versions of the pathogen at once; this can overwhlem the immune system.
Hallmarks of viral replication are: high mutation rates, high yields, and short replication times. This can even make medical interventions, like vaccines, hard to develop because the target pathogen is always changing.
A classic example of viral replication is HIV. A single cell infected with the HIV virus is capable of producing 10,000 new HIV viruses, each having 9,749 bases in their genome.
Given that there are 0.0003 mutations/base/round of replication in HIV. What is the average number of mutations in a single replication?
How many mutations across all replicates come from a single infected cell?
Knowing that the mutation rate is 0.0003 mutations/base/round, what percent of the 10,000 new HIV viruses will have at least 1 mutation in the envelope gene that is typically the target for host’s immune system and for vaccines? (the envelope gene is 2,598 bases long)
Seeing the mutation rate of HIV and HIV’s envelope protein, why do you think it has been difficult to create a cure for HIV?