DOI Content Negotiation
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
DOIs provide a persistent link to content. They identify many types of work, from journal articles to research data sets. Typically, someone interacting with DOIs will be a researcher, who will resolve DOIs found in scholarly references to content using a DOI resolver. Such researchers may not even realise they are using DOIs and a DOI resolver since they may follow links with embedded DOIs.
Yet DOIs can provide more than a permanent, indirect link to content. DOI registration agencies such as Crossref, DataCite and mEDRA collect bibliographic metadata about the works they link to. This metadata can be retrieved from a DOI resolver too, using content negotiation to request a particular representation of the metadata.
For some DOIs content negotiation can be used to retrieve different representations of a work. For example, some DataCite DOIs identify data sets that may be available in a number of data formats and container formats.
2 Redirection
The DOI resolver at doi.org will normally redirect a user to the resource location of a DOI. For example, the DOI "10.1126/science.169.3946.635" redirects to a landing page describing the article, "The Structure of Ordinary Water". Content negotiated requests to doi.org that ask for a content type which isn't "text/html" will be redirected to a metadata service hosted by the DOI's registration agency. Crossref, DataCite and mEDRA support content negotiated DOIs via their respective resolvers.
GET "Accept: text/html" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635 | | | V Publisher landing page https://www.sciencemag.org/content/169/3946/635
Normal browser requests or explicit requests for text/html redirect to the content's landing page.
GET "Accept: application/rdf+xml" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635 | | | V Crossref metadata service https://api.crossref.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635/transform
Requests for a data type redirect to a registration agency's metadata service.
3 What is Content Negotiation?
Content negotiation allows a user to request a particular representation of a web resource. DOI resolvers use content negotiation to provide different representations of metadata associated with DOIs.
A content negotiated request to a DOI resolver is much like a standard HTTP request, except server-driven negotiation will take place based on the list of acceptable content types a client provides.
3.1 The Accept Header
Making a content negotiated request requires the use of a HTTP header, "Accept". Content types that are acceptable to the client (those that it knows how to parse), each with an optional "quality" value indicating its relative suitability. For example, a client that wishes to receive citeproc JSON if it is available, but which can also handle RDF XML if citeproc JSON is unavailable, would make a request with an Accept header listing both "application/citeproc+json" and "application/rdf+xml":
$ curl -LH "Accept: application/rdf+xml;q=0.5, application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json;q=1.0" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635 { "volume" : "169", "issue" : "3946", "DOI" : "10.1126/science.169.3946.635", "URL" : "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635", "title" : "The Structure of Ordinary Water: New data and interpretations are yielding new insights into this fascinating substance", "container-title" : "Science", "publisher" : "American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS (Science)", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ 1970,8,14 ] ] }, "author" : [ { "family" : "Frank", "given" : "H. S."} ], "editor" : [], "page" : "635-641", "type" : "article-journal" }
This request favours citeproc JSON but will accept RDF XML if citeproc is unavailable. The q values are optional. The request could have been written without them. The order of content types then becomes important; more suitable content types should be placed at the front of the Accept header.
$ curl -LH "Accept: application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json, application/rdf+xml" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635
3.2 Response Codes
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 200 | The request was OK. |
| 204 | The request was OK but there was no metadata available. |
| 404 | The DOI requested doesn't exist. |
| 406 | Can't serve any requested content type. |
Individual RA metadata services may utilise additional response codes but they will always use the response codes above in event of the case described.
If multiple content types specified by the client are supported by a DOI then the content type with the highest "q" value (or, if no "q" values are specified, the one that appears first in the "accept" header) will be returned.
4 Supported Content Types
Currently three DOI registration agencies have implemented content negotation for their DOIs: Crossref, DataCite and mEDRA. They support a number of metadata content types, some of which are common to the three RAs.
| Format | Content Type | Crossref | DataCite | mEDRA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RDF XML | application/rdf+xml | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| RDF Turtle | text/turtle | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Citeproc JSON | application/vnd.citationstyles.csl+json | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Schema.org in JSON-LD | application/vnd.schemaorg.ld+json | No | Yes | No |
| Formatted text citation | text/x-bibliography | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| RIS | application/x-research-info-systems | Yes | Yes | No |
| BibTeX | application/x-bibtex | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Crossref Unixref XML | application/vnd.crossref.unixref+xml | Yes | No | No |
| Crossref UNIXSD XML | application/vnd.crossref.unixsd+xml | Yes | No | No |
| DataCite XML | application/vnd.datacite.datacite+xml | No | Yes | No |
| ONIX for DOI | application/vnd.medra.onixdoi+xml | No | No | Yes |
Using content negotiation it is possible to make a request that favours content types specific to a particular registration agency but which will also degrade to respond with a more standard content type for other registration agencies. For example:
$ curl -LH "Accept: application/vnd.crossref.unixref+xml;q=1, application/rdf+xml;q=0.5" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635
This request will return Crossref XML for Crossref DOIs and RDF XML for non-Crossref DOIs, such as DataCite DOIs.
4.1 Formatted Citations
Crossref, DataCite and mEDRA support formatted citations via the text/bibliography content type. These are the output of the Citation Style Language processor, citeproc-js. The content type can take two additional parameters to customise its response format. A "style" can be chosen from the list of style names found in the CSL style repository. Many styles are supported, including common styles such as apa and harvard3:
$ curl -LH "Accept: text/x-bibliography; style=apa" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635 Frank, H. S. (1970). The Structure of Ordinary Water: New data and interpretations are yielding new insights into this fascinating substance. Science, 169(3946), 635-641. American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS (Science). doi:10.1126/science.169.3946.635
A locale can also be specified. Use one of the locale names from the CSL locales repository:
$ curl -LH "Accept: text/x-bibliography; style=harvard3; locale=fr-FR" https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635 Frank, HS 1970, « The Structure of Ordinary Water: New data and interpretations are yielding new insights into this fascinating substance ». Science, vol. 169, no. 3946, p. 635-641. Consulté de https://doi.org/10.1126/science.169.3946.635
5 Link-based Content Type Requests
DataCite supports link-based content type requests, for example:
$ curl https://data.datacite.org/vnd.datacite.datacite+xml/10.5524/100005
For documentation see https://data.datacite.org.
Crossref also supports link-based content type requests via their REST API:
$ curl https://api.crossref.org/works/10.5555/12345678/transform/application/x-bibtex
For documentation see https://api.crossref.org.
6 Getting Help
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Componentization
This article covers best practices and workflow around creating components in Fuse.
Components and reusability
UX Markup is a composable declarative language where existing components can easily be combined into new, more complex components. Componentization is an important part of Fuse, and central to achieving good code structure.
How to create components
A component is defined using the ux:Class
attribute. This turns the object it is on into a class definition, meaning we can reuse that piece of UX in as many places as we want. A class definition also inherits all the properties of the class it is created from (sometimes called its parent class or super class). When we create an object from a class definition, we say that we are creating an instance of that class. The following example defines a class called MyButton
which inherits from Panel
and contains a Text
object.
------------------- parent class
/ ----- class name
v v
<Panel ux:Class="MyButton" Color="#09d" Margin="4">
<Text Value="Button text" Alignment="Center" Margin="20,10" Color="#fff"/>
</Panel>
It can then be used anywhere, like so:
<StackPanel>
<MyButton />
<MyButton />
<MyButton />
</StackPanel>
Take a look at the ux:Class documentation for more details about ux:Class
.
What do we mean by inheritance
When we say that MyButton
inherits from Panel
, what we really mean is that MyButton
will get all the same properties as Panel
, as well as any new properties we define ourselves. That means that a class without any extra children or properties (custom properties are covered in the next section) added acts as exactly the same as its parent class:
<Panel ux:Class="NotSoSpecialPanel"/>
<Panel />
<NotSoSpecialPanel />
In this case, Panel
and NotSoSpecialPanel
behave exactly the same.
Defining properties
In many cases, like with our custom button, we want to create an interface to our component that allows us to specify various properties on a per instance basis. For our custom button for example, we want to be able to specify a different text for each instance:
<MyButton Text="Custom button text"/>
The ux:Property
attribute allows us to send data to our component, give default values and even animate it:
<Panel ux:Class="MyButton" Color="#09d" ButtonText="Default text" Margin="4">
<string ux:Property="ButtonText" />
<Text Value="{ReadProperty ButtonText}" Alignment="Center" Margin="20,10" Color="#fff"/>
</Panel>
<StackPanel>
<MyButton ButtonText="First" />
<MyButton ButtonText="Second" />
<MyButton ButtonText="Last" />
</StackPanel>
Take a look at the ux:Property documentation for more details about creating properties.
Specifying dependencies
In some cases, our components cannot work alone and need a way to express that they depend on some other part of our UX defined outside of our component. This could be to animate it or trigger an event. A very common use case is needing to share a common Router
instance among several pages. The way this use case is different from our use of ux:Property is that we require our component to get a Router
when it is instantiated. This way, from our components perspective, it always has a Router
available. For this we use the ux:Dependency
attribute:
<Router ux:Dependency="router" />
If we try to instantiate our component without specifying the router
dependency we will get a UX compilation error, since this component cannot function without a Router
. Unlike properties, dependencies cannot have default values.
From within the class definition, dependencies can be used exactly in the same way as if they were defined with the ux:Name
attribute:
<WhileTrue ux:Dependency="myTrigger" />
<WhileTrue ux:Name="myTrigger" />
Both the WhileTrue
declared as a dependency and the one declared with ux:Name
can be referenced directly using the name myTrigger
. Therefore, we cannot use the same identifier for a ux:Dependency
and a ux:Name
.
The following example shows how we can use ux:Dependency
to toggle the state of a WhileTrue
defined outside the class definition.
<Panel ux:Class="DependentPanel" Color="Blue">
<WhileTrue ux:Dependency="aTrigger" />
<Clicked>
<Toggle Target="aTrigger" />
</Clicked>
</Panel>
<WhileTrue ux:Name="showSomething">
<Text Value="The panel was clicked" Color="White" Alignment="Center" />
</WhileTrue>
<DependentPanel aTrigger="showSomething" />
Take a look at the ux:Dependency documentation for more details.
Inheriting dependencies
Dependencies are not forwarded when you subclass. Therefore, you have to manually forward them to the baseclass you are sublcassing:
<Page ux:Class="A">
<Router ux:Dependency="router" />
</Page>
<A ux:Class="B">
<Router ux:Dependency="router" ux:Binding="router" />
</A>
You can find more details about the ux:Binding
attribute here.
Inner logic using JavaScript
Components can contain custom business logic using the JavaScript
tag. Here we can define local state as well as functions that act upon dependencies or other components. The following component takes a Router
as a dependency, and uses it through JavaScript.
<Panel ux:Class="MyClass">
<Router ux:Dependency="router" />
<JavaScript>
function goBack() {
router.goBack();
}
module.exports = {
doSomething: doSomething
};
</JavaScript>
<Button Text="Go Back" Clicked="{goBack}" />
</Panel>
Custom Events (UserEvent)
There are many cases where we want our component to pass messages to the outside world.
We can use UserEvent
for exactly this, which allows us to raise and handle events in both UX and JavaScript.
We put a UserEvent
at the root of our component class to indicate that it can raise a particular event.
Where we place our UserEvent
is important, since only the node it is attached to and its children can raise or handle it.
<Panel ux:Class="MyComponent">
<UserEvent ux:Name="myEvent" />
</Panel>
This creates an event named myEvent
.
We can now use RaiseUserEvent
to raise the event from UX.
<Clicked>
<RaiseUserEvent EventName="myEvent" />
</Clicked>
When we instantiate our component, we can respond to its events using the OnUserEvent
trigger.
<MyComponent>
<OnUserEvent EventName="myEvent">
... animations & actions ...
</OnUserEvent>
</MyComponent>
We recommend subclassing OnUserEvent
instead of using it directly and setting its EventName
each time:
<Panel ux:Class="MyComponent">
<UserEvent ux:Name="myEvent" />
<OnUserEvent ux:Class="OnMyEvent" EventName="myEvent"/>
</Panel>
<MyComponent>
<OnMyEvent>
... animations & actions ...
</OnMyEvent>
</MyComponent>
Note that OnMyEvent
will only be usable inside MyComponent
.
Check out the full documentation on the user event API for more details.
When to create components
Since turning a piece of UX markup into a reusable component is often as simple as just adding the ux:Class
attribute, we tend to componentize often. The challenge is not so much to understand when there is an opportunity for componentization, but to understand which components to make. When splitting up a complex piece of UX into reusable parts, we need to decide which parts should depend on each other, and at what abstraction level we want them to be defined. We will take a closer look at that question in the following sections.
ux:Class workflow
Since componentization in Fuse is so quick, a common workflow when writing UX is to first write everything "in-line" without caring about components at all. We only componentize after we have found a structure we want to move forward with. The reason for why this approach is so valuable is that it avoids the potential pitfalls of prematurely abstracting code. This way, we can let all the reusable components naturally appear before we decide to abstract and assign class names.
Recognizing component boundaries
Making Fuse components is sometimes the art of determining effective component boundaries. The following example illustrates a case where there are several ways we might componentize:
<StackPanel Margin="10" Padding="10" Color="#eee" ItemSpacing="8">
<Circle ux:Name="status" Width="40" Height="40" Color="Gray" />
<Grid ColumnCount="2" CellSpacing="8">
<Panel>
<Text Value="On" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Clicked>
<Set status.Color="Green" />
</Clicked>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
<Panel>
<Text Value="Off" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Clicked>
<Set status.Color="Red" />
</Clicked>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
</Grid>
</StackPanel>
This is a Panel
with a colored Circle
, and two custom buttons that change its color. We already have several options for how to split this up:
Everything as one component:
<StackPanel ux:Class="StatusPanel" ...>
...
</StackPanel>
Or we can componentize the two buttons:
<StackPanel Margin="10" Padding="10" Color="#eee" ItemSpacing="8">
<Circle ux:Name="status" Width="40" Height="40" Color="Gray" />
<OnOffButtons />
</StackPanel>
<Grid ux:Class="OnOffButtons" ColumnCount="2" CellSpacing="8">
<Circle ux:Dependency="status" />
<Panel>
<Text Value="On" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Clicked>
<Set status.Color="Green" />
</Clicked>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
<Panel>
<Text Value="Off" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Clicked>
<Set status.Color="Red" />
</Clicked>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
</Grid>
At this point we can see that there is a dependency between the inner workings of the OnOffButtons
class and the "status" circle. We might be tempted to call this a dependency from OnOffButtons
to a Circle
, and declare that using ux:Dependency
as we have done in the example above.
This is however a good time to consider whether we have discovered an actual component dependency, or whether this is just a shared view state.
In most cases, it is preferable to have components be as independent as possible. In the example above, we would like to split our components up in a way such that the OnOffButtons
component can be used in other situations as well; not only to toggle the color of a Circle
.
Let's let these two components share state using JavaScript
instead:
<Grid ux:Class="OnOffButtons" ColumnCount="2">
<Panel Clicked="{turnOn}">
<Text Value="On" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
<Panel Clicked="{turnOff}">
<Text Value="Off" Alignment="Center" Margin="8" Color="White"/>
<Rectangle CornerRadius="3" Color="#0af" />
</Panel>
</Grid>
<JavaScript>
var Observable = require("FuseJS/Observable");
var isOn = Observable(false);
function turnOn() { isOn.value = true; }
function turnOff() { isOn.value = false; }
module.exports = {
isOn: isOn,
turnOn: turnOn,
turnOff: turnOff
};
</JavaScript>
<StackPanel Margin="10" Padding="10" Color="#eee" ItemSpacing="8">
<Circle ux:Name="status" Width="40" Height="40" Color="Gray" />
<WhileTrue Value="{isOn}">
<Change status.Color="Green" />
</WhileTrue>
<WhileFalse Value="{isOn}">
<Change status.Color="Red" />
</WhileFalse>
</StatusCircle>
<OnOffButtons />
</StackPanel>
This time, our two components are independent of each other. They are, however, not independent of the view model (the JavaScript
tag). Notice that the OnOffButtons
component now has data-bindings that reach outside the component itself. While this works fine, and can be very useful, it can reduce code clarity and creates an unnecessary dependency on the view-model.
Let's instead add a ux:Property
to the component which we can then data-bind at the point of instantiation:
<Grid ux:Class="OnOffButtons" ColumnCount="2">
<bool ux:Property="Value" />
<Panel HitTestMode="LocalBounds">
<Text Value="On" />
<Clicked>
<Set this.Value="true" />
</Clicked>
</Panel>
<Panel>
<Text Value="Off" />
<Clicked>
<Set this.Value="false" />
</Clicked>
</Panel>
</Grid>
<JavaScript>
var Observable = require("FuseJS/Observable");
var status = Observable(false);
module.exports = {
status: status
};
</JavaScript>
<StackPanel Margin="10" Padding="10" Color="#eee" ItemSpacing="8">>
<Circle ux:Name="status" Width="40" Height="40" Color="Gray" />
<WhileTrue Value="{status}">
<Change status.Color="Green" />
</WhileTrue>
<WhileFalse Value="{status}">
<Change status.Color="Red" />
</WhileFalse>
</Circle>
<OnOffButtons Value="{status}"/>
</StackPanel>
The "status" circle is at this point a good candidate for componentization as well, just to increase the readability and maintainability of our UX:
<Grid ux:Class="OnOffButtons" ColumnCount="2">
<bool ux:Property="Value" />
<Panel HitTestMode="LocalBounds">
<Text Value="On" />
<Clicked>
<Set this.Value="true" />
</Clicked>
</Panel>
<Panel>
<Text Value="Off" />
<Clicked>
<Set this.Value="false" />
</Clicked>
</Panel>
</Grid>
<Circle ux:Class="StatusCircle" Width="40" Height="40" Color="Gray" />
<bool ux:Property="Status" />
<WhileTrue Value="{ReadProperty Status}">
<Change status.Color="Green" />
</WhileTrue>
<WhileFalse Value="{ReadProperty Status}">
<Change status.Color="Red" />
</WhileFalse>
</Circle>
<JavaScript>
var Observable = require("FuseJS/Observable");
var status = Observable(false);
module.exports = {
status: status
};
</JavaScript>
<StackPanel Margin="10" Padding="10" Color="#eee" ItemSpacing="8">>
<StatusCircle Status="{status}" />
<OnOffButtons Value="{status}" />
</StackPanel>
Now we have two independent components, with clearly defined interfaces.
Referencing files through properties
There are cases where we would like to pass references to files to our components. Examples include embedding images or videos. We can do this by creating properties of the type FileSource
and then property-bind the File
property of the Image
or Video
object to it. Then we can reference local files by their path when we instantiate our class:
<App>
<Panel ux:Class="TestComponent">
<FileSource ux:Property="ImageFile" />
<FileSource ux:Property="VideoFile" />
<Grid Rows="1*,1*">
<Image File="{ReadProperty ImageFile}" Margin="10"/>
<Video File="{ReadProperty VideoFile}" AutoPlay="true" IsLooping="true"/>
</Grid>
</Panel>
<TestComponent ImageFile="test.png" VideoFile="testvideo.mp4"/>
</App>
Container
The Container
class can be used as a base class when creating components that should position its children deeper into its own subtree. Here is a quick example:
<Container ux:Class="MyContainer" Subtree="innerPanel">
<Rectangle ux:Binding="Children" CornerRadius="10" Margin="10">
<Stroke Color="Red" Width="2" />
<Panel Margin="10" ux:Name="innerPanel" />
</Rectangle>
</Container>
<MyContainer>
<Text Value="Some content for my container"
Alignment="Center"/>
</MyContainer>
Check out the reference documentation for container for a more details.
Templates (ux:Template)
Templates can be used to increase the customizability of a component by allowing it to take custom objects to be used as its appearance. An example of this in action is the PageIndicator
, which spawns an object from a template for each page in a PageControl
. An element is made into a template by setting the ux:Template
attribute to a name you want to identify that template by. This name is used by elements which accepts templates as children. Check out the ux:Template docs for more details.
Templates can be instantiated using an Each
. Each
has a property called TemplateSource
, which specifies the node in which Each
looks for templates. As mentioned before, templates identify themselves by a name. The TemplateKey
property specifies which template Each
should use, if it is available.
Here we set TemplateSource="this"
because Each
should look for the key in its parent class (CoolRepeater
):
<StackPanel ux:Class="CoolRepeater" Background="#FAD">
<Each TemplateSource="this" TemplateKey="Item" Count="20">
<Text>Default template</Text>
</Each>
</StackPanel>
This is a custom component which accepts a template, which it repeats 20 times. If no template is given, the Each
will fallback to its default template: whatever is inside the Each
. The custom component can then be used like this:
<CoolRepeater>
<Text ux:Template="Item">Hello, world!</Text>
</CoolRepeater>


Quick reference for the Zephyr port¶
Below is a quick reference for the Zephyr port. If it is your first time working with this port please consider reading the following sections first:
Running MicroPython¶
See the corresponding section of the tutorial: Getting started with MicroPython on the ESP8266.
Delay and timing¶
Use the time
module:
import time
time.sleep(1) # sleep for 1 second
time.sleep_ms(500) # sleep for 500 milliseconds
time.sleep_us(10) # sleep for 10 microseconds
start = time.ticks_ms() # get millisecond counter
delta = time.ticks_diff(time.ticks_ms(), start) # compute time difference
Pins and GPIO¶
Use the machine.Pin class:
from machine import Pin
pin = Pin(("GPIO_1", 21), Pin.IN) # create input pin on GPIO1
print(pin) # print pin port and number
pin.init(Pin.OUT, Pin.PULL_UP, value=1) # reinitialize pin
pin.value(1) # set pin to high
pin.value(0) # set pin to low
pin.on() # set pin to high
pin.off() # set pin to low
pin = Pin(("GPIO_1", 21), Pin.IN) # create input pin on GPIO1
pin = Pin(("GPIO_1", 21), Pin.OUT, value=1) # set pin high on creation
pin = Pin(("GPIO_1", 21), Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP) # enable internal pull-up resistor
switch = Pin(("GPIO_2", 6), Pin.IN) # create input pin for a switch
switch.irq(lambda t: print("SW2 changed")) # enable an interrupt when switch state is changed
Hardware I2C bus¶
Hardware I2C is accessed via the machine.I2C class:
from machine import I2C
i2c = I2C("I2C_0") # construct an i2c bus
print(i2c) # print device name
i2c.scan() # scan the device for available I2C slaves
i2c.readfrom(0x1D, 4) # read 4 bytes from slave 0x1D
i2c.readfrom_mem(0x1D, 0x0D, 1) # read 1 byte from slave 0x1D at slave memory 0x0D
i2c.writeto(0x1D, b'abcd') # write to slave with address 0x1D
i2c.writeto_mem(0x1D, 0x0D, b'ab') # write to slave 0x1D at slave memory 0x0D
buf = bytearray(8) # create buffer of size 8
i2c.writeto(0x1D, b'abcd') # write buf to slave 0x1D
Hardware SPI bus¶
Hardware SPI is accessed via the machine.SPI class:
from machine import SPI
spi = SPI("SPI_0") # construct a spi bus with default configuration
spi.init(baudrate=100000, polarity=0, phase=0, bits=8, firstbit=SPI.MSB) # set configuration
# equivalently, construct spi bus and set configuration at the same time
spi = SPI("SPI_0", baudrate=100000, polarity=0, phase=0, bits=8, firstbit=SPI.MSB)
print(spi) # print device name and bus configuration
spi.read(4) # read 4 bytes on MISO
spi.read(4, write=0xF) # read 4 bytes while writing 0xF on MOSI
buf = bytearray(8) # create a buffer of size 8
spi.readinto(buf) # read into the buffer (reads number of bytes equal to the buffer size)
spi.readinto(buf, 0xF) # read into the buffer while writing 0xF on MOSI
spi.write(b'abcd') # write 4 bytes on MOSI
buf = bytearray(4) # create buffer of size 8
spi.write_readinto(b'abcd', buf) # write to MOSI and read from MISO into the buffer
spi.write_readinto(buf, buf) # write buf to MOSI and read back into the buf
Disk Access¶
Use the zephyr.DiskAccess class to support filesystem:
import os
from zephyr import DiskAccess
block_dev = DiskAccess('SDHC') # create a block device object for an SD card
os.VfsFat.mkfs(block_dev) # create FAT filesystem object using the disk storage block
os.mount(block_dev, '/sd') # mount the filesystem at the SD card subdirectory
# with the filesystem mounted, files can be manipulated as normal
with open('/sd/hello.txt','w') as f: # open a new file in the directory
f.write('Hello world') # write to the file
print(open('/sd/hello.txt').read()) # print contents of the file
Flash Area¶
Use the zephyr.FlashArea class to support filesystem:
import os
from zephyr import FlashArea
block_dev = FlashArea(4, 4096) # creates a block device object in the frdm-k64f flash scratch partition
os.VfsLfs2.mkfs(block_dev) # create filesystem in lfs2 format using the flash block device
os.mount(block_dev, '/flash') # mount the filesystem at the flash subdirectory
# with the filesystem mounted, files can be manipulated as normal
with open('/flash/hello.txt','w') as f: # open a new file in the directory
f.write('Hello world') # write to the file
print(open('/flash/hello.txt').read()) # print contents of the file
Sensor¶
Use the zsensor.Sensor class to access sensor data:
import zsensor
from zsensor import Sensor
accel = Sensor("FXOX8700") # create sensor object for the accelerometer
accel.measure() # obtain a measurement reading from the accelerometer
# each of these prints the value taken by measure()
accel.float(zsensor.ACCEL_X) # print measurement value for accelerometer X-axis sensor channel as float
accel.millis(zsensor.ACCEL_Y) # print measurement value for accelerometer Y-axis sensor channel in millionths
accel.micro(zsensor.ACCEL_Z) # print measurement value for accelerometer Z-axis sensor channel in thousandths
accel.int(zsensor.ACCEL_X) # print measurement integer value only for accelerometer X-axis sensor channel


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Involved in designing the user experience interface UI/UX strategy, UI requirements, converting findings into UI designs, Developed Web Applications using HTML5, CSS3, Javascript, Typescript, Jquery & Angular, Build web pages that are more user interactive using jQuery plug-ins, Bootstrap, AJAX, JSON and Angular, Worked in React-native project (platform: android) and redux used for state management
Maintained seperate plugin for the Apptivo CRM using AngularJS, Code pages, files, test, debug and deploy, Coordinate with other designers and programmers to develop web projects, Fixing bugs, troubleshoot and resolve problems
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---
title: "Doctoral Consortium PC"
updated: 2016-03-18 00:00:00
layout: default
group: organization
menu: sub
ordered: 7
status: published
---
| Harith Alani |
Knowledge Media Institute, the Open University |
| Abraham Bernstein |
University of Zurich |
| Michele Catasta |
EPFL |
| Isabel Cruz |
UIC |
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University of Bari |
| Mathieu D'Aquin |
Knowledge Media Institute, the Open University |
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University of Sheffield |
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MIT |
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Ritsumeikan University |
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University of Sheffield |
| Boris Motik |
University of Oxford |
| Enrico Motta |
Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University |
| Axel Polleres |
Vienna University of Economics and Business |
| Steffen Staab |
University of Koblenz-Landau |
| Markus Strohmaier |
University of Koblenz-Landau |
| Rudi Studer |
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie |
| Tania Tudorache |
Stanford University |
| Valentina Presutti |
CNR Italy |
| |


{{+bindTo:partials.standard_nacl_article}}
NOTE:
Deprecation of the technologies described here has been announced
for platforms other than ChromeOS.
Please visit our
migration guide
for details.
Whether you’re porting an existing project or starting from scratch, the Native Client Visual Studio add-in makes it easier to set up, build, run and debug your Native Client app by integrating the Native Client SDK development tools into the Visual Studio environment.
The Native Client add-in for Visual Studio helps you develop your application more efficiently in many ways:
The add-in defines five new Visual Studio platforms: PPAPI
, NaCl32
,
NaCl64
, NaClARM
, and PNaCl
. These platforms can be applied to the
debug configuration of solutions and projects. The platforms configure the
properties of your project so it can be built and run as either a Pepper plugin
or a Native Client module. The platforms also define the behavior associated
with the debug command so you can test your code while running in Visual
Studio.
It is helpful to consider the Visual Studio add-in platforms in two groups. One
contains the PPAPI platform only. The other group, which we’ll call the Native
Client platforms, contains platforms that all have “NaCl” in their names:
NaCl32
, NaCl64
, NaClARM
, and PNaCl
. The diagram below shows the
platforms, the ways they are normally used, and the build products they produce.
Using platforms, your workflow is faster and more efficient. You can compile, start, and debug your code with one click or key-press. When you press F5, the “start debugging” command, Visual Studio automatically launches a web server to serve your module (if necessary) along with an instance of Chrome that runs your Native Client module, and also attaches an appropriate debugger.
You can switch between platforms as you work to compare the behavior of your code.
When you run your project, Visual Studio launches the PPAPI and Native Client platforms in different ways, as explained in the next sections.
The PPAPI platform builds your module as a dynamic library and launches a
version of Chrome that’s configured to run the library as a plugin when it
encounters an <embed>
element with type=application/x-nacl
(ignoring
the information in the manifest file). When running in the PPAPI platform, you
can use Windows system calls that are unavailable in a regular Native Client
module built and running as a .nexe file. This offers the ability to port
existing code incrementally, rewriting functions using the PPAPI interfaces one
piece at a time. Since the module is built with Visual Studio’s native compiler
(MSBuild) you can use the Visual Studio debugger to control and inspect your
code.
There are four Native Client platforms. All of them can be used to build Native Client modules. When you run one of the Native Client platforms Visual Studio builds the corresponding type of Native Client module (either a .nexe or .pexe), starts a web server to serve it up, and launches a copy of Chrome that fetches the module from the server and runs it. Visual Studio will also open a terminal window, launch an instance of nacl-gdb, and attach it to your module’s process so you can use gdb commands to debug.
The platforms named NaCl32 and NaCl64 are targeted at x86 32-bit and 64-bit systems respectively. You need both platforms to build a full set of .nexe files when you are ready to distribute your application. Note, however, that when you are testing in Visual Studio you must select the NaCl64 platform (because Chrome for Windows runs Native Client in a 64-bit process). If you try to run from the NaCl32 platform you will get an error message.
The NaClARM platform is targeted at ARM-based processors. You can build .nexe files with the NaClARM platform in Visual Studio but you cannot run them from there. You can use Visual Studio to create a Native Client module that includes an ARM-based .nexe file and then run the module from a Chrome browser on an ARM device, such as one of the newer Chromebook computers. See the instructions at Running Native Client Applications for more information on testing your module in Chrome.
The PNaCl (portable NaCl) platform is included in the Visual Studio Native Client add-in versions 1.1 and higher. It supports the .pexe file format. A .pexe file encodes your application as bitcode for a low level virtual machine (LLVM). When you deliver a Native Client application as a PNaCl module, the manifest file will contain a single .pexe file rather than multiple .nexe files. The Chrome client transforms the LLVM bitcode into machine instructions for the local system.
When you run the PNaCl platform from Visual Studio, Visual Studio uses the Native Client SDK to transform the .pexe file into a NaCl64 .nexe file and runs it as if you were working with a NaCl64 platform.
In order to use the Native Client Visual Studio add-in, your development environment should include:
pepper_23
bundle or greater. The version of Chrome that you use must be equal or
greater than the version of the SDK bundle.Before you run the installer you must define two Windows environment variables. They point to the bundle in the Native Client SDK that you use to build your module, and to the Chrome browser that you choose to use for debugging.
To set environment variables in Windows 7, go to the Start menu and search for
“environment.” One of the links in the results is “Edit environment variables
for your account.” (You can also reach this link from the Control Panel
under User Accounts
.) Click on the link and use the buttons in the window
to create or change these user variables (the values shown below are only for
example):
| Variable Name | Description |
|---|---|
NACL_SDK_ROOT |
The path to the pepper directory in the SDK.
For example: C:\nacl_sdk\pepper_23 |
CHROME_PATH |
The path to the .exe file for the version of Chrome you
are testing with. For example:
C:\Users\fred\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome
SxS\Application\chrome.exe |
The Native Client Visual Studio add-in is a separate bundle in the SDK named
vs_addin
. Open a command prompt window, go to the top-level SDK directory,
and run the update command, specifying the add-in bundle:
naclsdk update vs_addin
This creates a folder named vs_addin
, containing the add-in itself, its
installer files, and a directory of examples.
The installer script is located inside the vs_addin
folder in the SDK.
Right click on the file install.bat
and run it as administrator.
The script always installs the NativeClient platforms, and asks you if you’d like to install the PPAPI platform as well. You can skip the PPAPI step and run the installer again later to add the PPAPI platform.
You can usually run the installer successfully with no arguments. The new
platforms are installed in C:\Program Files
(x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft.Cpp\v4.0\Platforms
.
In some cases system resources may not be in their default locations. You might
need to use these command line arguments when you run install.bat
:
C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild
.
You can specify an alternate path with the flag --ms-build-path=<path>
.
The installer assumes Visual Studio has created a user folder at%USERPROFILE%\My Documents\Visual
Studio 2012
(or 2010 for Visual Studio 2010). You can specify alternate
paths with the --vsuser-path=<path>
flag.From time to time an update to the Visual Studio add-in may become available.
Updates are performed just like an installation. Download the new add-in using
naclsdk update and run install.bat
as administrator.
To uninstall the add-in, run install.bat
as administrator and add the
--uninstall
flag. You’ll need to run the Command Prompt program as
administrator in order to add the flag. Go the to the Windows start menu,
search for “Command Prompt,” right click on the program and run it as
administrator.
You can verify that the add-in has been installed and determine its version by selecting Add-in Manager in the Visual Studio Tools menu. If the add-in has been installed it will appear in the list of available add-ins. Select it and read its description.
hello_world_gles
sample projectThe add-in comes with an examples directory. Open the sample project
examples\hello_world_gles\hello_world_gles.sln
. This project is an
application that displays a spinning cube.
Open the sample project in Visual Studio, select the Configuration Manager
,
and confirm that the active solution configuration is Debug
and the active
project platform is NaCl64
. Note that the platform for the
hello_world_gles
project is also NaCl64
. (You can get to the
Configuration Manager
from the Build
menu or the project’s
Properties
window.)
Use the debugging command (F5) to build and run the project. As the wheels start to turn, you may be presented with one or more alerts. They are benign; you can accept them and set options to ignore them when that’s possible. Some of the messages you might see include:
Once you’ve passed these hurdles, the application starts to run and you’ll see activity in three places:
nacl-gdb
.Add a breakpoint at the SwapBuffers call in the function MainLoop, which is in hello_world.cc.
Start the debugger again (F5). This time the existing breakpoint is loaded into nacl-gcb and the program will pause there. Type c to continue running. You can use gdb commands to set more breakpoints and step through the application. For details, see Debugging with nacl-gdb (scroll down to the end of the section to see some commonly used gdb commands).
If you’ve installed the PPAPI
platform, go back to the Configuration
Manager
and select the PPAPI
platform. This time when Chrome launches the
nacl-gdb
window will not appear; the Visual Studio debugger is fully
engaged and on the job.
At this point, it may be helpful to take a look at the properties that are associated with the PPAPI and Native Client platforms—see the settings in the sample project as an example.
After you’ve installed the add-in and tried the sample project, you’re ready to start working with your own code. You can reuse the sample project and the PPAPI and Native Client platforms it already has by replacing the source code with your own. More likely, you will add the platforms to an existing project, or to a new project that you create from scratch.
Follow these steps to add the Native Client and PPAPI platforms to a project:
<New...>
.PPAPI
, NaCl32
, NaCl64
, or PNaCl
from the New platform
menu.<Empty>
in the “Copy settings from”
menu. Never copy settings between ``PPAPI``, ``NaCl32``, ``NaCl64``,
``NaClARM``, or ``PNaCl`` platforms. You can copy settings from a Win32
platform, if one exists, but afterwards be sure that the project properties
are properly set for the new platform, as mentioned in step 6 below.Dynamic Library
for PPAPI
Application (.pexe)
for PNaCl
Application (.nexe)
for NaCl32
, NaCl64
, and NaClARM
When you build a Native Client module directly from the SDK you can use two
different toolchains, newlib or glibc. See Dynamic Linking and Loading
with glibc for a description of the two toolchains and
instructions on how to build and deploy an application with the glibc
toolchain. The Native Client platforms offer you the same toolchain choice. You
can specify which toolchain to use in the project properties, under
Configuration Properties > General > Native Client > Toolchain
.
There is no toolchain property for the PPAPI platform. The PPAPI platform uses the toolchain and libraries that come with Visual Studio.
If your Native Client application requires libraries that are not included in
the SDK you must add them to the project properties (under Configuration
Properties > Linker > Input > Additional Dependencies
), just like any other
Visual Studio project. This list of dependencies is a semi-colon delimited
list. On the PPAPI platform the library names include the .lib extension (e.g.,
ppapi_cpp.lib;ppapi.lib
). On the Native Client platforms the extension is
excluded (e.g., ppapi_cpp;ppapi
).
In order for the Visual Studio add-in to test your Native Client module, you must serve the module from a web server. There are two options:
When you start a debug run Visual Studio launches Chrome and tries to connect
to the web server at the address found in the Chrome command arguments (see the
project’s Debugging > Command configuration property), which is usually
localhost:$(NaClWebServerPort)
. If you are using your own server be sure to
specify its address in the command arguments property, and confirm that your
server is running before starting a debug session. Also be certain that the
server has all the files it needs to deliver a Native Client module (see
“Keeping track of all the pieces”, below).
If there is no web server running at the specified port, Visual Studio will try
to launch the simple Python web server that comes with the Native Client SDK.
It looks for a copy of the server in the SDK itself (at
%NACL_SDK_ROOT%\tools\httpd.py
), and in the project directory
($(ProjectDir)/httpd.py
). If the server exists in one of those locations,
Visual Studio launches the server. The server output appears in Visual Studio’s
Output window, in the pane named “Native Client Web Server Output”. A server
launched in this way is terminated when the debugging session ends.
No matter where the web server lives or how it’s launched you must make sure that it has all the files that your application needs:
index.html
. The host page
must have an embed tag with its type attribute set to
application-type/x-nacl
. If you plan to use a Native Client platform the
embed tag must also include a src attribute pointing to a Native Client
manifest (.mnf) file.General > Output Directory
configuration property, which is usually $(ProjectDir)$(ToolchainName)
.
Visual Studio can use the Native Client SDK script create_nmf.py to
automatically generate the manifest file for you. To use this script set the
project’s Linker > General > Create NMF Automatically
property to “yes.”If you are letting Visual Studio discover and run the SDK server, these files
should be placed in the project directory. If you are running your own server,
you must be sure that the host page index.html
is placed in your server’s
root directory. Remember, if you’re using one of the Native Client platforms
the paths for the manifest file and .pexe or .nexe files must be reachable from
the server.
The structure of the manifest file can be more complicated if your application uses Native Client’s ability to dynamically link libraries. You may have to add additional information about dynamically linked libraries to the manifest file even if you create it automatically. The use and limitations of the create_nmf tool are explained in Generating a Native Client manifest file for a dynamically linked application.
You can look at the example projects in the SDK to see how the index and
manifest files are organized. The example project hello_nacl
has a
subdirectory also called hello_nacl
. That folder contains index.html
and hello_nacl.nmf
. The nexe file is found in
NaCl64\newlib\Debug\hello_nacl_64.nexe
. The hello_world_gles
example
project contains a subdirectory called hello_world_gles`. That directory
contains html files built with both toolchains (index_glibc.html
and
index_newlib.html
). The .nexe and .nmf files are found in the newlib and
glibc subfolders. For additional information about the parts of a Native Client
application, see Application Structure.
PPAPI plugins are built natively by Visual Studio’s compiler (MSBuild), and work with Visual Studio’s debugger in the usual way. You can set breakpoints in the Visual Studio source code files before you begin debugging, and on-the-fly while running the program.
NaCl32 and NaClARM executables (.nexe files) cannot be run or debugged from Visual Studio.
NaCl64 executables (.nexe files) are compiled using one of the Native Client toolchains in the SDK, which create an ELF-formatted executable. To debug a running .nexe you must use nacl-gdb, which is a command line debugger that is not directly integrated with Visual Studio. When you start a debugging session running from a NaCl64 platform, Visual Studio automatically launches nacl-gdb for you and attaches it to the nexe. Breakpoints that you set in Visual Studio before you start debugging are transferred to nacl-gdb automatically. During a NaCl debugging session you can only use nacl-gdb commands.
The PNaCl platform generates a .pexe file. When you run the debugger add-in translates the .pexe file to a .nexe file and runs the resulting binary with nacl-gdb attached.
For additional information about nacl-gdb, see Debugging with nacl-gdb (scroll down to the end of the section to see some commonly used gdb commands).
Note that you can’t use the Start Without Debugging command (Ctrl+F5) with a
project in the Debug configuration. If you do, Chrome will hang because the
Debug platform launches Chrome with the command argument
--wait-for-debugger-children
(in PPAPI) or --enable-nacl-debug
(in a
Native Client platform). These flags cause Chrome to pause and wait for a
debugger to attach. If you use the Start Without Debugging command, no debugger
attaches and Chrome just waits patiently. To use Start Without Debugging,
switch to the Release configuration, or manually remove the offending argument
from the Command Arguments
property.
When you debug with a Native Client platform you might want to disable Chrome’s cache to be sure you are testing your latest and greatest code.
Some Windows libraries define the symbol PostMessage
as PostMessageW
.
This can cause havoc if you are working with the PPAPI platform and you use the
Pepper PostMessage()
call in your module. Some Pepper API header files
contain a self-defensive fix that you might need yourself, while you are
testing on the PPAPI platform. Here it is:
// If Windows defines PostMessage, undef it. #ifdef PostMessage #undef PostMessage #endif
At Google I/O 2012 we demonstrated how to port a Windows desktop application to
Native Client in 60 minutes. The video is available to
watch on YouTube. The vs_addin/examples
folder contains a pair of simple
examples that demonstrate porting process. They are designed to be completed
in just 5 minutes. The two examples are called hello_nacl
and
hello_nacl_cpp
. They are essentially the same, but the former uses the C
PPAPI interface while the latter uses the C++ API. The application is the
familiar “Hello, World.”
Each example begins with the Windows desktop version running in the Win32
platform. From there you move to the PPAPI
platform, where you perform a
series of steps to set up the Native Client framework, use it to run the
desktop version, and then port the behavior from Windows calls to the PPAPI
interface. You wind up with a program that uses no Windows functions, which
can run in either the PPAPI
or the NaCl64
platform.
The example projects use a single source file (hello_nacl.c
or
hello_nacl_cpp.cpp
). Each step in the porting process is accomplished by
progressively defining the symbols STEP1 through STEP6 in the source. Inline
comments explain how each successive step changes the code. View the example
code to see how it’s actually done. Here is a summary of the process:


{% block innerbody %}
{% endblock %}
{% extends "_layouts/default.html" %} {% block body %}
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My name is Nathan Linerode. I am a web designer and developer.
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If you're new to Mesos
See the getting started page for more information about downloading, building, and deploying Mesos.
If you'd like to get involved or you're looking for support
See our community page for more details.
Mesos “Sandbox”
Mesos refers to the “sandbox” as a temporary directory that holds files specific to a single executor. Each time an executor is run, the executor is given its own sandbox and the executor’s working directory is set to the sandbox.
Sandbox files
The sandbox holds:
- Files fetched by Mesos, prior to starting the executor’s tasks.
- The output of the executor and tasks (as files “stdout” and “stderr”).
- Files created by the executor and tasks, with some exceptions.
NOTE: With the introduction of persistent volumes, executors and tasks should never create files outside of the sandbox. However, some containerizers do not enforce this sandboxing.
Where is the sandbox?
The sandbox is located within the agent’s working directory (which is specified
via the --work_dir
flag). To find a particular executor’s sandbox, you must
know the agent’s ID, the executor’s framework’s ID, and the executor’s ID.
Each run of the executor will have a corresponding sandbox, denoted by a
container ID.
The sandbox is located on the agent, inside a directory tree like the following:
root ('--work_dir')
|-- slaves
| |-- latest (symlink)
| |-- <agent ID>
| |-- frameworks
| |-- <framework ID>
| |-- executors
| |-- <executor ID>
| |-- runs
| |-- latest (symlink)
| |-- <container ID> (Sandbox!)
Using the sandbox
NOTE: For anything other than Mesos, the executor, or the task(s), the sandbox should be considered a read-only directory. This is not enforced via permissions, but the executor/tasks may malfunction if the sandbox is mutated unexpectedly.
Via a file browser
If you have access to the machine running the agent, you can navigate to the sandbox directory directly.
Via the Mesos web UI
Sandboxes can be browsed and downloaded via the Mesos web UI. Tasks and executors will be shown with a “Sandbox” link. Any files that live in the sandbox will appear in the web UI.
Via the /files
endpoint
Underneath the web UI, the files are fetched from the agent via the /files
endpoint running on the agent.
| Endpoint | Description |
|---|---|
/files/browse?path=...
|
Returns a JSON list of files and directories contained in the path.
Each list is a JSON object containing all the fields normally found in
ls -l .
|
/files/debug
|
Returns a JSON object holding the internal mapping of files managed by this endpoint. This endpoint can be used to quickly fetch the paths of all files exposed on the agent. |
/files/download?path=...
|
Returns the raw contents of the file located at the given path.
Where the file extension is understood, the Content-Type
header will be set appropriately.
|
/files/read?path=...
|
Reads a chunk of the file located at the given path and returns a JSON
object containing the read "data" and the
"offset" in bytes.
Optional query parameters:
|
Sandbox size
The maximum size of the sandbox is dependent on the containerization of the executor and isolators:
- Mesos containerizer - For backwards compatibility, the Mesos containerizer
does not enforce a container’s disk quota by default. However, if the
--enforce_container_disk_quota
flag is enabled on the agent, anddisk/du
is specified in the--isolation
flag, the executor will be killed if the sandbox size exceeds the executor’sdisk
resource. - Docker containerizer - As of Docker
1.9.1
, the Docker containerizer does not enforce nor support a disk quota. See the Docker issue.
Sandbox lifecycle
Sandbox files are scheduled for garbage collection when:
- An executor is removed or terminated.
- A framework is removed.
- An executor is recovered unsuccessfully during agent recovery.
NOTE: During agent recovery, all of the executor’s runs, except for the latest run, are scheduled for garbage collection as well.
Garbage collection is scheduled based on the --gc_delay
agent flag. By
default, this is one week since the sandbox was last modified.
After the delay, the files are deleted.
Additionally, according to the --disk_watch_interval
agent flag, files
scheduled for garbage collection are pruned based on the available disk and
the --gc_disk_headroom
agent flag.
See the formula here.


BYB | with facebook
Please note that you are to fill the form, a minimum of 7 days before your proposed date.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 1
Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
For the trout with pine nut crust, place the pine nuts in a food processor or mini blender and pulse until roughly chopped. Spread out on a tray and roll the trout fillet pieces in the nuts to coat.
Heat the oil and butter in a small frying pan and fry the trout for about four minutes on each side, or until golden-brown and crisp. Add the lemon juice at the end, allowing it to slightly reduce in the pan.
For the herb rice, heat the oil in an ovenproof pan and gently fry the onion and garlic until soft. Add the rice and fry for 1-2 minutes. Add the hot vegetable stock, season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper and stir. Cook on the hob for about 7-8 minutes, then put a lid on the pan and place in the oven for a further 8-10 minutes, stirring once during cooking and adding more hot water if more liquid is required.
Remove from the oven and stir in the chopped dill and parsley.
For the spicy tomato sauce, heat the oil in a saucepan and gently fry the onion and garlic until soft. Add the chilli and fry for a further 1-2 minutes. Add the chopped tomatoes, season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper and turn up the heat until the tomatoes are cooking down and the sauce is bubbling. Add the white wine and cook for a further two minutes. Reduce the heat and put a lid on the pan. Cook for a further five minutes, or until the tomatoes are cooked down. Finally stir in the torn basil leaves.
Using a hand blender, process the sauce until smooth, adding more salt and freshly ground black pepper if required.
To serve, place a spoonful of the rice onto a serving plate, arrange the trout halves on top and spoon over the sauce. Garnish with a sprig of dill.


This was an exercise for school, where they tested our knowledge to see if we could create a game like this.I suggest you look at this to see examples and not to work further work on it, this will break the game if you do. If you want the full game, I will be creating one in the summer. Not all code is optimal but the point of this was to understand how a game like this works. The assets for this games were aquired on the internet but are not used for commercial use. There is no delta time in this game, this means your game can slow down. I didn't fully understand how I would implement deltaTime in this game back then so I didn't waste hours on it and focused on actually making the project. Please do not work further on this game because it'll make your game slower and will break a lot of the features.


I want to develop a career in such an organization that can quench my thirst for knowledge and provide space to learn and gain experience in the fields of ‘Web Application Development, IoT, Robotics, Automation, Machine Learning, Computer Vision, Data Mining, Embedded System, AI’ while being resourceful, innovative, flexible and face challenging opportunities with sincerity, punctuality, commitments, selfconfidence and hard working.
GPA: 3.049
GPA: 3.80
GPA: 5.00
Web Application developing. PSD to HTML page making. Website UI/UX design. Android App UI/UX Design. back-end development with php. Database querying with MySQLi and Firebase Database system
Back-end : JavaScript . PHP . Python . C . C++
Front-end : HTML5 . CSS3 . Bootstrap
VS Code . Php Strom . Jupyter Notebook . Android Studio . Arduino IDE
Node.js . Express.js . Laravel . TensorFlow.js . Android


Blue Streak * 1/2 (out of * * * * )
Directed by Les Mayfield. Cast: Martin Lawrence, Luke Wilson, Dave Chappelle, Peter Greene, William Forsythe, Nicole Ari Parker, Tamala Jones. 1999 - 96 minutes Rated PG-13 (for profanity and violence). Reviewed September 19, 1999.
Ever seen "Beverly Hills Cop?" "48 Hours?" "Lethal Weapon?" "Rush Hour?" Well, if you have, in fact, seen any one of these films, then there's no reason to waste your time and money seeing "Blue Streak," yet another action/comedy (that seems strangely very old) that pairs a stock, wise-cracking african-american with a buddy of a different race. This tried-and-true formula can turn into financial gold, as proven by every one of the aformentioned pictures, but basically they are all the same, and "Blue Streak" is the most generic one yet. Sure, it is being released the exact same weekend that "Rush Hour" came out on last year, but it is almost devoid of that film's snappy writing and standout performances (from Chris Tucker and Jackie Chan).
Starting off with a typical jewel heist prologue, in which a thief, Miles Logan (Martin Lawrence), attempts to steal a $20-million diamond, he is ultimately caught when the plan goes awry, but is able to hide the highly valuable jewel in the ventilation shafts. Switch to two years later, Miles is released from prison, and immediately rebuffed by his old girlfriend (Tamala Jones), whom he lied to. "I thought you were a banker," she tells him. "No, a bank robber," he corrects her. Making his way to the location where he stashed the diamond, he is horrified to discover that the building is now the station for the LAPD. Through a sneaky series of misunderstandings on the police's part (including a fake badge, stolen ID, and forged paperwork), Miles is believed to be his alter ego, Detective Malone, and is almost instantly paired up with a partner, Carlson (Luke Wilson), in the robbery division. So as Miles must fake his way through being raised to the position of lead detective (something he knows nothing about), he also must find a way to track down the diamond, which is sure to be still lurking in the ventilation ducts.
Even if the basic premise is as old as the Rocky Mountains themselves, it can be done well, as long as the screenplay is witty and appropriately humorous, and the main actor is likable. Unfortunately, neither of these vital aspects hold up here. The screenplay, laughably written by three people, Michael Berry, John Blumenthal, amd Steve Carpenter, has nary a memorable line of dialogue nor one original thought in its head. Clearly aiming to be a funny comedy, the laughs are few and far between, and even then they cause nothing more than a brief giggle, only for the joke to be forgotten about five seconds later.
One thing these derivative cop comedies usually do get right is its lead star, but Martin Lawrence is never given the opportunity to strut his comedic talents (as he was in 1997's superior "Nothing to Lose"). It also doesn't help that his character of Miles has next to no redeeming qualities, and therefore, I didn't like or root for him. Miles is a thief, nothing more, and nowhere in the process of the film does he ever grow a conscience or realize he is just a low-life criminal. The plot developments in the last scene are especially unforgivable, as they make you question just what the point of the film was, and why it needed to be made in the first place.
All the other actors are unnecessarily wasted, and given very little to do. Faring the best (and a more winning presence than Lawrence) is Luke Wilson as his straight-arrow partner, Carlson. Wilson, previously seen in 1998's "Home Fries" and "Rushmore," is an up-and-coming performer who hopefully will go on to better, more established, film roles, rather than waste his time playing second fiddle to the zany likes of Lawrence. The lack of any true female characters is also disappointing. Tamala Jones (1997's hilarious "Booty Call") disappears after one scene near the beginning, while Nicole Ari Parker (1998's "Boogie Nights"), in a throwaway 5-minute role as a public defender, could have easily been further developed and have become a possible love interest for Lawrence. It sure needed something because, as is, the film has only one story (with absolutely no subplots), and is utterly empty and unsatisfying because of this.
A comedy without the laughs, and an action film with a non-existent level of excitement, "Blue Streak" is an obvious and misguided effort, with an inauspicious directing job by Les Mayfield. No technical attributes are worth mentioning either, as everything about the film, right down to the smallest detail, is nearly as cliched as a "Friday the 13th" movie, and as forgettable as an early-afternoon dream. What was the film's title again? Oh yeah, "Blue Streak." I better write that down before I forget it.
- Copyright 1999 by Dustin Putman Http://www.atnzone.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


MojoHel is the drag and drop type form building tool customized for Mojolicious. This product had forked from Bootstrap Form Builder. The Bootstrap Form Builer can output HTML source from the form you configured, on the other MojoHel has additional function to convert HTML source to the Mojolicious template file format having sufix ep. You can use the outputed ep source to paste your application template files, so you are able to configure forms very quickly and easily.
Mojolicious has command to create a application skelton, C
mojo generate app SampleApp::Web
sample_app_web/
|-- lib
| `-- SampleApp
| |-- Web
| | `-- Example.pm
| `-- Web.pm
|-- log
|-- public
| `-- index.html
|-- script
| `-- sample_app_web
|-- t
| `-- basic.t
`-- templates
|-- example
| `-- welcome.html.ep
`-- layouts
`-- default.html.ep
Convinient CPAN module is exists for using Twitter BootStrap in Mojolicious, Mojolicious::Command::generate::bootstrap, After module installed by cpanm command, and you can deploy Twitter Bootstrap library into your Mojolicous-App by the command.
cpanm Mojolicious::Command::generate::bootstrap
cd sample_app_web
mojo generate bootstrap
sample_app_web/
|-- lib
| `-- SampleApp
| |-- Web
| | `-- Example.pm
| `-- Web.pm
|-- log
|-- public
| |-- css
| | `-- bootstrap.min.css
| |-- img
| | |-- glyphicons-halflings.png
| | `-- glyphicons-halflings-white.png
| |-- index.html
| `-- js
| `-- bootstrap.min.js
|-- script
| `-- sample_app_web
|-- t
| `-- basic.t
`-- templates
|-- example
| `-- welcome.html.ep
`-- layouts
|-- bootstrap.html.ep
`-- default.html.ep
Twitter Bootstrap library files is bootstrap.min.css and 2 png files, and bootstrap.min.js file. In the directory layouts, bootstrap.html.ep is the layout file that contains bootstrap library paths.
When you want to use Bootstrap, Renaming layout helper argument from default to bootstrap.
templates/example/welcome.html.ep
% layout 'default'; # Renaming to bootstrap
% title 'Welcome';
Build forms using MojoHel by drag and drop operations. After you create form, select a Rendered(ep) tab, copy the rendered code, paste to your template file.
I created sample Mojolicious application in gitbhub. Please refer This. This source includes validator code sample.
MojoHel rendered code contains code to display error messages.
% if ($self->stash->{error_messages}) {

% for my $message ( @{$self->stash->{error_messages}} ) {

<%= $message %>

% }

And contains code to notice error's field.
<div class ="control-group <% if ($self->stash->{errors} && $self->stash->{errors}->{"textinput"}) {%><%= "error" %><% } %>">
If you set these parameters, error_message array refrence and errors hash refrence in the controller, validator result will be rendered.


| 030:048 Khan | : |
Allah is He Who sends the winds, so they raise clouds, and spread them along the sky as He wills, and then break them into fragments, until you see rain drops come forth from their midst! Then when He has made them fall on whom of His slaves as He will, lo! they rejoice! |
| 030:048 Maulana | : |
Allah is He Who sends forth the winds, so they raise a cloud, then He spreads it forth in the sky as He pleases, and He breaks it, so that you see the rain coming forth from inside it; then when He causes it to fall upon whom He pleases of His servants, lo! they rejoice -- |
| 030:048 Pickthal | : |
Allah is He Who sendeth the winds so that they raise clouds, and spreadeth them along the sky as pleaseth Him, and causeth them to break and thou seest the rain downpouring from within them. And when He maketh it to fall on whom He will of His bondmen, lo! they rejoice; |
| 030:048 Rashad | : |
GOD is the One who sends the winds, to stir up clouds, to be spread throughout the sky in accordance with His will. He then piles the clouds up, then you see the rain coming down therefrom. When it falls on whomever He chooses from among His servants, they rejoice. |
| 030:048 Sarwar | : |
It is God who sends the winds to raise the clouds. He spreads them in the sky as He wants, then He intensifies them, and then you can see the rain coming down from the cloud. When He sends it down upon whichever of His servants He wants, they rejoice |
| 030:048 Shakir | : |
Allah is he Who sends forth the winds so they raise a cloud, then He spreads it forth in the sky as He pleases, and He breaks it up so that you see the rain coming forth from inside it; then when He causes it to fall upon whom He pleases of His servants, lo! they are joyful |
| 030:048 Sherali | : |
It is ALLAH Who sends the winds so that they raise the vapours in the form of a cloud. Then HE spreads it in the sky as HE pleases, and then HE spreads it into fragments, and thou seest the rain issuing forth from its midst. And when HE causes it to fall on whom HE pleases of HIS servants, behold ! they rejoice; |
| 030:048 Yusufali | : |
It is Allah Who sends the Winds, and they raise the Clouds: then does He spread them in the sky as He wills, and break them into fragments, until thou seest rain-drops issue from the midst thereof: then when He has made them reach such of his servants as He wills behold, they do rejoice!- |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > وحدانيته Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> Singularity and Being Unique العلوم والفنون > الحقائق العلمية و الإشاة إلى وقائع أيدتهاالإكتشافات العلمية > الريح Science and Art> The Scientific Facts and the Indication to Facts which have been supported by the Scientific Discoveries>The Wind العلوم والفنون > الحقائق العلمية و الإشاة إلى وقائع أيدتهاالإكتشافات العلمية > السحاب Science and Art> The Scientific Facts and the Indication to Facts which have been supported by the Scientific Discoveries>The Clouds
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


You are modifying the stock for the consumable
You are removing the stock for the consumable from the system. Do you want to continue?


Content management without the pain.
A beautiful interface for content authors, the power of Git for developers.


--- layout: default ---
PyCon Namibia is an initiative of the Namibian Python community.
The event aims to bring together 180 attendees from Namibia and around the world, including professional software developers, scientists, academics and students.
PyCon Namibia will be hosted at the main Windhoek campus of the University of Namibia, from the 1st to the 5th February.
The event is supported by:
{{post.excerpt}} ...


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object edu.psu.citeseerx.corecom.ConnectionPool
public abstract class ConnectionPool
ConnectionPool manages client connections to a remote server host, where connections are of type ObjectTransferConnection. As new connections are used, clients must return the connections to the pool where they can be reused by other objects, increasing performance by reducing the number of new connections that must be created. Objects that lease connections must specify the amount of time they plan to hold the object. If the connection is not returned in time, it will be destroyed. Lease times can be extended by calling the renew method. Idle connections are destroyed after expirationTime ms have passed. If a call to shutdown() is made, the pool will stop accepting new connections but it will continue to hold active connections until they are returned or they time out.
| Nested Class Summary | |
|---|---|
class |
ConnectionPool.InvalidLeaseRequest
|
class |
ConnectionPool.ShutdownException
|
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
protected java.net.InetAddress |
serverHost
|
protected int |
serverPort
|
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
ConnectionPool(java.net.InetAddress serverHost,
int serverPort)
Set up a new connection pool with default configuration. |
|
ConnectionPool(java.net.InetAddress host,
int port,
long expirationTime,
boolean useCompression,
int compressedBlockSize)
Set up a new connection pool with the supplied configuration. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
int |
countActiveConnections()
Returns the number of active connections in this ConnectionPool. |
protected abstract ObjectTransferConnection |
createConnectionImpl(boolean useCompression,
int compressedBlockSize)
Subclasses must override to produce some implementation of an ObjectTransferConnection. |
static ConnectionPool |
createFromConfiguration(ConnectionPoolConfiguration conf)
Factory method for creating an appropriate ConnectionPool directly from configuration. |
protected void |
expire(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
Shuts down an existing connection. |
long |
getExpirationTime()
Returns the number of milliseconds it takes for idle connections to expire. |
java.net.InetAddress |
getServerHost()
Returns the URL of the remote server whose connections this object pools. |
int |
getServerPort()
Returns the remote server port whose connections this object pools. |
void |
invalidate(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
Used when a client of this class knows that a connection it is leasing is bad. |
boolean |
isShutdown()
Returns whether this ConnectionPool has shut down or is in the process of shutting down. |
boolean |
isUsingCompression()
Returns whether this ConnectionPool is compressing it's messages. |
ObjectTransferConnection |
leaseConnection(long time)
Leases an ObjectTransferConnection from the pool. |
void |
registerMonitor(ConnectionPoolMonitor cpm)
Registers a class that will listen for events in this ConnectionPool. |
void |
removeMonitor(ConnectionPoolMonitor cpm)
Removes a monitor from the list of monitors. |
void |
renew(ObjectTransferConnection connection,
long time)
Tries to add more time to an existing lease. |
void |
returnConnection(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
Unlocks the specified connection, returning it to the pool of available connections. |
void |
setExpirationTime(long expirationTime)
Sets the time it takes for idle connections to expire, in milliseconds. |
void |
setStatusReqTimeout(int timeout)
Sets the read timeout for status requests for new ObjectTransferConnections. |
void |
shutdown()
Stops ConnectionPool from leasing any more connections. |
protected boolean |
validate(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
Validates a given connection. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
protected final java.net.InetAddress serverHost
protected final int serverPort
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public ConnectionPool(java.net.InetAddress serverHost, int serverPort)
host
- remote server host.port
- remote server port.public ConnectionPool(java.net.InetAddress host, int port, long expirationTime, boolean useCompression, int compressedBlockSize)
host
- remote server host.port
- remote server port.expirationTime
- timeout on idle connections in ms. If <= 0 is
specified, default expirationTime is used.useCompression
- whether to use gzip compression.compressedBlockSize
- if using compression, the amount of data
to buffer before compressing. If <= 0 is specified, default
compressedBlockSize is used.| Method Detail |
|---|
public static ConnectionPool createFromConfiguration(ConnectionPoolConfiguration conf) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
conf
-
java.lang.RuntimeException
- if the specified ConnectionPool type is
unknownprotected abstract ObjectTransferConnection createConnectionImpl(boolean useCompression, int compressedBlockSize) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
protected boolean validate(ObjectTransferConnection connection) throws java.io.IOException, java.lang.ClassNotFoundException, ObjectTransferConnection.InvalidException
java.io.IOException
java.lang.ClassNotFoundException
ObjectTransferConnection.InvalidException
protected void expire(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
public int countActiveConnections()
public void shutdown()
public ObjectTransferConnection leaseConnection(long time) throws java.lang.Exception
time
- the time for which the connection will be leased. Specify
a negative value to lease forever.
ConnectionPool.ShutdownException
java.lang.Exception
public void renew(ObjectTransferConnection connection, long time) throws java.lang.Exception
connection
- connection to be renewed.time
- time (from now) to extend the lease.
ConnectionPool.ShutdownException
- connection to be renewed is not in the leased table.
java.lang.Exception
public void invalidate(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
connection
- public void returnConnection(ObjectTransferConnection connection)
connection
- public void registerMonitor(ConnectionPoolMonitor cpm)
cpm
- public void removeMonitor(ConnectionPoolMonitor cpm)
cpm
- public long getExpirationTime()
public void setExpirationTime(long expirationTime)
public void setStatusReqTimeout(int timeout)
timeout
- public boolean isUsingCompression()
public java.net.InetAddress getServerHost()
public int getServerPort()
public boolean isShutdown()
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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Rapid changes in information and communication technologies, increasing globalisation, and greater competition, are all contributing to a dramatic change in working life, which will have an impact on your career. The concept of a job for life is no longer a reality. Young people now are likely to experience five to eight major career changes in their lives in a variety of industry sectors. They will also be experiencing more fluid forms of working with increasing casual, contract and part-time work options.
We will help you in:
knowing yourself - what you like, what you are good at (your skills and abilities),what is important to you
getting to understand the world of work - what’s out there
learning how to make informed decisions
finding out how to achieve objectives.


{% extends "base_unauthed.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block content %} {{ block.super }}
This site is being developed at Portland State University by the Russian Flagship Center under the Collaborative Technology Innovation Initiative with funding from the Institute of International Education (IIE) funded by The Language Flagship for the period September 2017-August 2019.
The Project Director is William J. Comer (Portland State University, Russian Flagship), the Project Manager is Ms. Hannah Verbruggen, and the Website Developer is Mr. Andrew Silvernail. Texts and questions for the site were selected through the collective efforts of Dr. Anna Kudyma and Elena Skudskaia (UCLA, Russian Flagship), Dr. Anna Tumarkin (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Russian Flagship), and Dr. Irina Walsh (Bryn Mawr College, Russian Flagship). Dr. Julio Rodríguez and Aitor Arronte Alvarez from the Language Flagship Technology Innovation Center at the University of Hawaii and Dr. Jonathan Perkins from the University of Kansas provided much useful technical assistance and advice in developing and realizing this project. Questions and comments should be addressed to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The Language Flagship is a public/private partnership sponsored by the National Security Education Program (NSEP) of the Department of Defense and administered by the Institute of International Education (IIE). The contents of this website do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the government or IIE and no official Government or IIE endorsement should be inferred.
{% endblocktrans %}


inspectAttribute(resources: ViewResources, elementName: string, attrName: string, attrValue: string): Object
Inspects an attribute for bindings.
Parameters
resources: ViewResources
The ViewResources for the view being compiled.
elementName: string
The element name to inspect.
attrName: string
The attribute name to inspect.
attrValue: string
The attribute value to inspect.
Returns
An info object with the results of the inspection.


Add new row with
columns. (press enter) (
newline) -
Download generated canvas
-
0
switches and
0
ports divided on
0
rows and
0
places. -
Download generated JSON


Version 1.3
- Added Chat system to remote controller, it will be working on the next bol update
- Improved socket performance
- Removed unnecessary communication with the server
- Removed some debug information
- Changed champion image sources from local directory to game static api
Version 1.2
- Added Emotes to AI
- Added Chat to AI
Version 1.1
- Added enter for login screen for syore.
- Added plugins with<PHONE_NUMBER>.
- Added new items sets with<PHONE_NUMBER>.
- Fixed refresh problem of items and import/export page.
- Changed how to items being shown, made the auto update itself when LoL update.
- Removed some debug information from the release.
- Added this changelog page, so you can follow the evolution.


{% load i18n %}
{% blocktrans %}Image Registry is used to provide additional information about images for Data Processing.{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans %}Specified User Name will be used by Data Processing to apply configs and manage processes on instances.{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans trimmed %} Input correct User Name for image. For Ubuntu images input 'ubuntu', 'fedora' for Fedora images, 'cloud-user' for CentOS 6.x images and 'centos' for CentOS 7.x images.{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans trimmed %}Tags are used for filtering images suitable for each plugin and each Data Processing version. To add required tags, select a plugin and a Data Processing version and click the "Add" button.{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans %}You may also add any custom tag.{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans %}Unnecessary tags may be removed by clicking a cross near tag's name.{% endblocktrans %}


Data Processing (Measurement System)¶
The data obtained from the 3D scanner is processed for input to the trained model during deployment.
-
class
dlmfg.core.wls400a_system.
GetInferenceData
[source]¶ Inference Data Class
Import required files to deploy model on measurement systems
-
data_pre_processing
(measurement_data, voxel_channels=1)[source]¶ Process measurement data and impute missing values
- Parameters
- Returns
numpy array of the node deviations (this is similar to what is obtained from the VRM software )
- Return type
numpy.array [1*nodes]
-
load_mapping_index
(index_file)[source]¶ Import mapping index used to map nodes to voxel locations from the file structure
- Parameters
index_file – Path to the index file and the index file name
- Returns
numpy array of voxel mapping index for each node
- Return type
numpy.array [point_dim,3]
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load_measurement_file
(measurement_file_name)[source]¶ Import measurement file on which the model is to be deployed
- Parameters
measurement_file_name (str (required)) – file name of the tab delimited file given as output from CoreviewAM
- Returns
numpy array of the file after eliminating meta data information
- Return type
numpy.array
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voxel_mapping
(y_dev_data_filtered, voxel_point_index, point_dim, voxel_dim, voxel_channels)[source]¶ Map the node deviations to voxel structure for input to the 3D CNN model
- Parameters
- Returns
voxel_dev_data (input to the 3D CNN model)
- Return type
np_array [1*voxel_dim,voxel_dim,voxel_dim,voxel_channels]
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