Type Function Library io.* Return value String, Number, or nil
Revision Current Public Release (2013.2076) Keywords read, file, io, handle See also io.open()
io.input()
Reads the file set by io.input(), according to the given formats, which specify what to read. For each format, the function returns a string or a number with the characters read, or nil
if it cannot read data with the specified format. When called without formats, it uses a default format that reads the entire next line ("*l"
).
If you are reading data from a file, file:read()
should be used instead of io.read()
.
The Corona Terminal/console cannot be used to read user input (i.e it cannot be used to read characters entered from the keyboard).
io.read( [fmt1] [, fmt2] [, ...] )
String. Determines the type of data to read. The available formats are:
"*l"
— Reads the next line (skipping the end of line), returning nil
on end of file (EOF). This is the default format."*n"
— Reads a number; this is the only format that returns a number instead of a string."*a"
— Reads the whole file, starting at the current position. On end of file, it returns the empty string.-- This sample shows how to do I/O on the Corona Terminal using io.read() and io.write()
-- Prompt the user on the terminal
io.write( "Enter you age: " )
-- User enters answer on the terminal
local answer = io.read()
-- Display the answer on the terminal
io.write( "Your age is ", answer, "\n" )


vignettes/GetoptLong.Rmd
GetoptLong.Rmd
There are already several R packages which parse command-line arguments such as getopt, optparse, argparse, docopt. Here GetoptLong is another command-line argument parser (actually it was developed very early, the first CRAN version was in 2013) which wraps the powerful Perl module Getopt::Long
. GetoptLong package also provides some adaptations for easier use in R.
Using GetoptLong is simple especially for users having Perl experience (Oops, age exposed :)) because the specification is almost the same as in Perl. The original website of Getopt::Long
is always your best reference.
Note: to use this package, Perl should be installed.
The GetoptLong R package automatically generates a Perl script according to the specifications in the R script. Later the Perl script is executed with the command-line arguments that user specified. The options are parsed and saved into a json file. Finally R reads back the json file and formats them as R variables.
Following figure shows how the R package works for parsing the command-line arguments.
The following example gives you some feels of using GetoptLong package. The following code is saved in to an R script named foo.R
.
library(GetoptLong)
cutoff = 0.05
GetoptLong(
"number=i", "Number of items.",
"cutoff=f", "Cutoff for filtering results.",
"verbose", "Print message."
)
The R script can be executed as:
~\> Rscript foo.R --number 4 --cutoff 0.01 --verbose
~\> Rscript foo.R --number=4 --cutoff=0.01 --verbose
~\> Rscript foo.R -n 4 -c 0.01 -v
~\> Rscript foo.R -n 4 --verbose
In this example, number
is a mandatory option and it should only be in integer mode. cutoff
is optional and it already has a default value 0.05. verbose
is a logical option. If parsing is successful, two variables number
and verbose
will be imported into the working environment with the specified values. Value for cutoff
will be updated if it is specified in command-line.
Data types are automatically checked. E.g., if cutoff
is specified with a character, an error will be thrown.
The option usage triggered by --help
is automatically generated. There are two styles:
The one-column style:
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--number, -n integer
Number of items.
--cutoff, -c numeric
Cutoff for filtering results.
[default: 0.05]
--verbose
Print message.
--help, -h
Print help message and exit.
--version
Print version information and exit.
Or the two-column style:
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--number, -n Number of items.
[type: int]
--cutoff, -c Cutoff for filtering results.
[type: num] [default: 0.05]
--verbose Print message.
--help, -h Print help message and exit.
--version Print version information and exit.
You can find the short option names (in single letters) are automatically added. The information of default values is added as well.
The specification can also be set as a template where the specifications are marked by <>
.
spec = "
This is an example of using template to specify options.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
<number=i> Number of items.
<cutoff=f> Cutoff for filtering results.
<verbose> Print messages.
Contact: name@address
"
GetoptLong(spec, template_control = list(opt_width = 21))
The parameter opt_width
controls the maximal width of the option description (i.e., --number, -n integer
, --cutoff, -c numeric
and --verbose
).
Calling Rscript foo.R --help
generates the following message:
This is an example of using template to specify options.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--number, -n integer Number of items.
--cutoff, -c numeric Cutoff for filtering results.
--verbose Print messages.
Contact: name@address
There are several advantages compared to other command-line argument parser packages. The major advantage comes from the Getopt::Long
Perl module which actually parses the options. The Getopt::Long
module provides a flexible, smart and compact way for specifying command-line arguments. The major features are:
-s 24 -s24
or
--size 24 --size=24 -size 24 -size=24
-a -b -c -abs
--length
, --height
are the same.length|height=f
l
and h
are unique, --length
, --height
, -l
and -h
set the same option.length|height=f --length --height -l -h
length=i a single integer scalar
name=s a single character scalar
can be specified as:
--length 1 --name a
or
length=i@ a integer vector
name=s@ a character vector
length=i{2,} a integer vector, at least two elements
name=s{2,} a character vector, at least two elements
can be specified as:
--length 1 2 3 --name a b c
or
length=i% name-value pair, values should be integers
name=s% name-value pair, values should be characters
to be specified as:
--length foo=1 bar=3 --name foo=a bar=b
The features from R part are:
It automaticlly generates option usage in two styles. The data type and default value of options are automatically detected and included.
It supports specifying the usage in a template which allows more complex text of option usage.
It allows grouping options.
It provides a natural and convenient way to specify defaults.
Each specifier in options consists of two parts: the name specification and the argument specification:
length|size|l=i@
Here length|size|l
is a list of alternative names separated by |
. The remaining part is argument specification which defines the mode and amount of arguments.
Specify any of alternative option name from command-line is ok and it doesn’t matter whether using one or two slash in front of the option name. Sometimes you even don’t need to specify complete option names, you only need to make sure the partial name match is unique. If the partial match is not uniqe, it will throw an error. For above example, we can specify the argument like:
~\> Rscript foo.R --length 1
~\> Rscript foo.R --length=1 # adding "=" is also ok
~\> Rscript foo.R -len 1
~\> Rscript foo.R -lengt 1 # this is also ok, but not suggested
~\> Rscript foo.R --size 1
~\> Rscript foo.R -l 1
Options for argument specification are:
!
: taking no argument. Options are logical. You can set its oposite value by adding it with no
or no-
. E.g., foo!
allows --foo
as well as --nofoo
and --no-foo
.=type[desttype][repeat]
: options should have arguments (or options should have values specified). E.g. tag=i@
where i
corresponds to type
, and @
corresponds to desttype
, or tag=i{2,}
where {2,}
corresponds to repeat
.Please note :[type][desttype]
is not supported here. We use another way to define mandatory options and optional options. If you don’t know what it is, just ignore this paragraph.
Available type
options are:
s
: stringsi
: integersF
: real numberso
: extended integer, an octal string (0
followed by 0
, 1
.. 7
), or a hexadecimal string (0x
followed by 0
.. 9
, A
.. F
, case insensitive), or a binary string (0b
followed by a series of 0
and 1
).Available desttype
settings are:
@
: array, allow more than one arguments for an option.%
: hash, allow arguments like name=value
.Available repeat
settings are formatted as {\d,\d}
. Note there is no space character inside:
{2}
: exactly 2 arguments for an option.{2,}
: at least 2 arguments for an option.{,4}
: at most 4 arguments for an option.{2,5}
: minimal 2 and maximal 5 arguments for an option.Note desttype
and repeat
cannot be used at the same time.
In the Perl module, tag=i@
only allows, e.g., specification of --tag 1 --tag 2
while --tag 1 2
is not allowed which is only possible by tag=i{1,}
. In the R package, we made some adjustment and allow tag=i@
to also accept -tag 1 2
. Similarly, tag=i%
only allows --tag name1=value1 --tag name2=value2
in the Perl module. In the R package, it also allows --tag name1=value1 name2=value2
.
Following table contains examples for each type of option specification:
| Options | Command-line arguments |
Value of tag
|
|---|---|---|
tag=i
|
–tag 1
|
1
|
–tag=1
|
1
|
|
-t 1
|
1
|
|
–tag 1 –tag 2
|
2 . Here only take the last one
|
|
–tag 0.1
|
Error: Value “0.1” invalid for option tag (number expected) | |
–tag a
|
Error: Value “a” invalid for option tag (number expected) | |
–tag
|
Error: Option tag requires an argument | |
| no argument | tag is mandatory, please specify it | |
tag=s
|
–tag 1
|
“1” . Here double quote is used because it is specified as a string.
|
–tag 0.1
|
“0.1”
|
|
–tag a
|
“a”
|
|
tag=f
|
–tag 1
|
1
|
–tag 0.1
|
0.1
|
|
–tag a
|
Error: Value “a” invalid for option tag (real number expected) | |
tag=o
|
–tag 1
|
1
|
–tag 0b001001
|
9
|
|
–tag 0721
|
465
|
|
–tag 0xaf2
|
2802
|
|
-tag 0.1
|
Error: Value “0.1” invalid for option tag (extended number expected) | |
–tag a
|
Error: Value “a” invalid for option tag (extended number expected) | |
tag
|
–tag 1
|
TRUE
|
–tag 0
|
TRUE , it doesn’t care the value for the option.
|
|
–tag 0.1
|
TRUE
|
|
–tag a
|
TRUE
|
|
–tag
|
TRUE
|
|
| no argument |
FALSE
|
|
tag!
|
–tag
|
TRUE
|
–no-tag
|
FALSE
|
|
no argument, no default for tag
|
FALSE
|
|
tag=i@
|
–tag 1
|
1
|
–tag 1 2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
–tag 1 –tag 2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
–tag=1 –tag=2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
tag=i%
|
–tag 1
|
Error: Option tag, key “1”, requires a value |
–tag foo=1 –tag bar=2
|
list(foo = 1, bar = 2) , tag is a list.
|
|
–tag foo=1 bar=2
|
list(foo = 1, bar = 2) , tag is a list.
|
|
tag=i{2}
|
–tag 1
|
Error: Insufficient arguments for option tag |
–tag 1 2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
–tag 1 –tag 2
|
Error: Value “–tag” invalid for option tag | |
tag=i{2,}
|
–tag 1
|
Error: Insufficient arguments for option tag |
–tag 1 2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
–tag 1 2 3
|
c(1, 2, 3)
|
|
tag=i{,2}
|
–tag 1
|
1
|
–tag 1 2
|
c(1, 2)
|
|
–tag 1 2 3
|
c(1, 2)
|
Options will be imported into user’s environment as R variables by default. The first option name in all alternative names will be taken as the name of the variable, (e.g. for specification of length|size=s
, length
will be used as the variable name.), which means, it must be a valid R variable name. Any definition of these variables in front of GetoptLong()
will be treated as default values for the corresponding options. If options already have default values, they are optional in command-line. If the variable is defined as a function before GetoptLong()
is called, it is treated as undefined. Please note your option names should not start with the dot. Although it is valid for R variables but it is not allowed for Getopt::Long module.
For the following example:
library(GetoptLong)
cutoff = 0.05
GetoptLong(
"number=i{1,}", "Number of items.",
"cutoff=f", "Cutoff for filtering results.",
"param=s%", "Parameters specified by name=value pairs.",
"verbose", "Print message."
)
print(number)
print(cutoff)
print(param)
print(verbose)
a calling from command-line:
Rscript foo.R --number 1 2 --param var1=a var2=b --verbose
will print
[1] 1 2
[1] 0.05
$var2
[1] "b"
$var1
[1] "a"
[1] TRUE
There are two ways to specify logical options, e.g., verbose
and verbose!
. verbose
always takes FALSE
as default and you cannot set default value for it, while you can set default for verbose!
. E.g.:
verbose = TRUE
GetoptLong(
"verbose!", "Print message."
)
If --verbose
/--no-verbose
is not specified, the variable verbose
is TRUE
. If --verbose
is specified, verbose
is TRUE
and if --no-verbose
is specified, verbose
is FALSE
.
If you don’t want to directly export options as variables, you can assign envir
argument with an environment variable so that all the option values go there.
opt = new.env()
opt$cutoff = 0.05
GetoptLong(
"number=i@", "Number of items.",
"cutoff=f", "Cutoff for filtering results.",
"param=s%", "Parameters specified by name=value pairs.",
"verbose", "Print message.",
envir = opt
)
print(as.list(opt))
A calling from the command-line:
Rscript foo.R --number 1 2 --param var1=a var2=b --verbose
will print
$cutoff
[1] 0.05
$number
[1] 1 2
$param
$param$var1
[1] "a"
$param$var2
[1] "b"
$verbose
[1] TRUE
It also supports multiple words as an option name. Note, in the option specification, the name of the option should always be in the format of a valid R variable name, because it will be exported as a real variable. In the command line, you can use -
to connect words and it will be converted to _
internally. Check the following example:
# or a default can be set for `bar_value`
# bar_value = 2
GetoptLong(
"bar_value=i", "Some value."
)
print(bar_value)
A calling from the command-line:
Rscript foo.R --bar-value 10
will print
[1] 1
Of course, you can also specify the option by:
Rscript foo.R --bar_value 1
A second example of using multiple-word as a logical option name:
GetoptLong(
"show_messages!", "Whether to show messages?"
)
print(show_messages)
Rscript foo.R --show-messages
[1] TRUE
Rscript foo.R --no-show-messages
[1] FALSE
help
is a reserved option, which means, you can not use it as yours.
Option usage is automatically generated and can be retrieved by setting --help
in the command. In following example, I create an option specification that contains all types of options (with long descriptions):
GetoptLong(
"count=i", paste("This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.",
"This is a count. This is a count. This is a count."),
"number=f", paste("This is a number. This is a number. This is a number.",
"This is a number. This is a number. This is a number."),
"array=f@", paste("This is an array. This is an array. This is an array.",
"This is an array. This is an array. This is an array."),
"hash=s%", paste("This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash.",
"This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash."),
"verbose!", "Whether show messages",
"flag", "a non-sense option"
)
The option usage is as follows. Here, for example, the single-letter option -c
for --count
is automatically extracted while not for --help
because h
matches two options.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--count, -c integer
This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is
a count. This is a count.
--number, -n numeric
This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This
is a number. This is a number.
--array, -a [numeric, ...]
This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This
is an array. This is an array.
--hash {name=character, ...}
This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a
hash. This is a hash.
--verbose, -no-verbose
Whether show messages
[default: off]
--flag, -f
a non-sense option
--help
Print help message and exit.
--version
Print version information and exit.
If default values for options are provided, they are properly inserted to the usage message.
count = 1
number = 0.1
array = c(1, 2)
hash = list("foo" = "a", "bar" = "b")
verbose = TRUE
GetoptLong(
...
)
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--count, -c integer
This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is
a count. This is a count.
[default: 1]
--number, -n numeric
This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This
is a number. This is a number.
[default: 0.1]
--array, -a [numeric, ...]
This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This
is an array. This is an array.
[default: 1, 2]
--hash {name=character, ...}
This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a
hash. This is a hash.
[default: foo=a, bar=b]
--verbose, -no-verbose
Whether show messages
[default: on]
--flag, -f
a non-sense option
--help
Print help message and exit.
--version
Print version information and exit.
The global parameters help_style
can be set to two-column
to change to another style:
GetoptLong.options(help_style = "two-column")
# specifying the defaults
GetoptLong{
... }
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--count, -c This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.
[type: int] This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.
[default: 1]
--number, -n This is a number. This is a number. This is a
[type: num] number. This is a number. This is a number. This is
a number.
[default: 0.1]
--array, -a This is an array. This is an array. This is an
[type: [num, ...]] array. This is an array. This is an array. This is
an array.
[default: 1, 2]
--hash This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This
[type: {name=chr, ...}] is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash.
[default: foo=a, bar=b]
--verbose, -no-verbose Whether show messages
[default: on]
--flag, -f a non-sense option
--help Print help message and exit.
--version Print version information and exit.
When options are specified as name-value pairs, these sub options can be documented as follows. Note the specifications of e.g. foo$name1
are only for the usage message.
foo = list(a = 1, b = 2)
GetoptLong(
"foo=i%", paste("This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.",
"This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo."),
"foo$name1", paste("name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo.",
"name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo."),
"foo$name2", paste("name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo.",
"name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo."),
"bar=s%", paste("This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar.",
"This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar."),
"bar$name3", paste("name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar.",
"name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar."),
"bar$name4", paste("name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar.",
"name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar.")
)
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--foo, -f {name=integer, ...}
This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is
foo. This is foo. This is foo.
[default: a=1, b=2]
Sub named options:
name1=integer name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1
in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo.
name2=integer name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2
in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo.
--bar, -b {name=character, ...}
This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is
bar. This is bar. This is bar.
Sub named options:
name3=character name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3
in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar.
name4=character name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4
in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar.
--help, -h
Print help message and exit.
--version, -v
Print version information and exit.
And the two-column style for the sub options.
GetoptLong.options(help_style = "two-column")
GetoptLong{
... }
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--foo, -f This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
[type: {name=int, ...}] This is foo. This is foo. This is foo. This is foo.
[default: a=1, b=2]
Sub named options:
name1=int name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo.
name1 in foo. name1 in foo. name1 in foo.
name1 in foo. name1 in foo.
name2=int name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo.
name2 in foo. name2 in foo. name2 in foo.
name2 in foo. name2 in foo.
--bar, -b This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar.
[type: {name=chr, ...}] This is bar. This is bar. This is bar. This is bar.
Sub named options:
name3=chr name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar.
name3 in bar. name3 in bar. name3 in bar.
name3 in bar. name3 in bar.
name4=chr name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar.
name4 in bar. name4 in bar. name4 in bar.
name4 in bar. name4 in bar.
--help, -h Print help message and exit.
--version, -v Print version information and exit.
Extra text such head and foot of the usage message can be set with help_head
and help_foot
arguments:
GetoptLong(
help_head = "This is a demonstration of adding usage head and foot.",
"number=i", "Number of items.",
"cutoff=f", "Cutoff for filtering results.",
"verbose", "Print message.",
help_foot = "Please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>)
This is a demonstration of adding usage head and foot.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Options:
--number, -n integer
Number of items.
--cutoff, -c numeric
Cutoff for filtering results.
--verbose
Print message.
--help, -h
Print help message and exit.
--version
Print version information and exit.
Please contact name@address.
The options in the usage text can be grouped by setting separator lines. The separator line should contain two elements: the separator and the description. The separator can be any character in -+=#%
with any length.
count = 1
array = c(0.1, 0.2)
GetoptLong(
"--------", "Binary options:",
"verbose!", "Whether show messages",
"flag", "a non-sense option",
"-------", "Single-value options:",
"count=i", paste("This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.",
"This is a count. This is a count. This is a count."),
"number=f", paste("This is a number. This is a number. This is a number.",
"This is a number. This is a number. This is a number."),
"--------", paste("Multiple-vlaue options: long text long text long text",
" long text long text long text long text long text"),
"array=f@", paste("This is an array. This is an array. This is an array.",
"This is an array. This is an array. This is an array."),
"hash=s%", paste("This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash.",
"This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash."),
"-------", "Other options:"
)
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Binary options:
--verbose, -no-verbose
Whether show messages
[default: off]
--flag, -f
a non-sense option
Single-value options:
--count, -c integer
This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is
a count. This is a count.
[default: 1]
--number, -n numeric
This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This
is a number. This is a number.
Multiple-vlaue options: long text long text long text long text long text long
text long text long text
--array, -a [numeric, ...]
This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This is an array. This
is an array. This is an array.
[default: 0.1, 0.2]
--hash {name=character, ...}
This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a
hash. This is a hash.
Other options:
--help
Print help message and exit.
--version
Print version information and exit.
And the two-column style for the grouped options.
GetoptLong.options(help_style = "two-column")
GetoptLong{
... }
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Binary options:
--verbose, -no-verbose Whether show messages
[default: off]
--flag, -f a non-sense option
Single-value options:
--count, -c This is a count. This is a count. This is a count. This is a
[type: int] count. This is a count. This is a count.
[default: 1]
--number, -n This is a number. This is a number. This is a number. This is
[type: num] a number. This is a number. This is a number.
Multiple-vlaue options: long text long text long text long text long text long
text long text long text
--array, -a This is an array. This is an array. This is an
[type: [num, ...]] array. This is an array. This is an array. This is
an array.
[default: 0.1, 0.2]
--hash This is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash. This
[type: {name=chr, ...}] is a hash. This is a hash. This is a hash.
Other options:
--help Print help message and exit.
--version Print version information and exit.
The global option GetoptLong.options$help_width
controls the maximal width of the usage message.
The specification can also be set as a template which provides more flexibilities for the usage message. Here option specifications are maked by <>
where the specifications will be extracted and the text will be replaced by the option description. The mark can be set by GetoptLong.options$template_tag
global option.
The option descriptions have different widths. To properly align the text, you need to manually adjust the width (spaces are filled if the width is larger than the option description) by setting opt_width
parameter via template_control
argument. See the following example.
GetoptLong("
This is a demonstration of using template as the option specification.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Binary options:
<verbose!> Whether show messages
<flag> A non-sense option
Single-value options:
<count=i> This is a count. This is a count.
<number=f> This is a number. This is a number.
Multiple-vlaue options:
<array=f@> This is an array. This is an array.
<hash=s%> This is a hash. This is a hash.
Questions, please contact your.name@email
", template_control = list(opt_width = c(verbose = 23, flag = 23,
count = 22, number = 22,
array = 30, hash = 30)
))
This is a demonstration of using template as the option specification.
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
Binary options:
--verbose, -no-verbose Whether show messages
--flag, -f A non-sense option
Single-value options:
--count, -c integer This is a count. This is a count.
--number, -n numeric This is a number. This is a number.
Multiple-vlaue options:
--array, -a [numeric, ...] This is an array. This is an array.
--hash {name=character, ...} This is a hash. This is a hash.
Questions, please contact your.name@email
If the option explanation lies in more than one lines, in front from the second line, you should add a tag in form of <#tag>
where tag
is the option name of the current option block, so that proper spaces in front of the text can be calculated and the text will be properly aligned. See the following example:
GetoptLong("
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
<count=i{2,}> This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.
<#count> This is a count. This is a count.
<number=f> This is a number. This is a number. This is a number.
<#number> This is a number. This is a number.
", template_control = list(opt_width = c(count = 28, number = 28))
)
Usage: Rscript foo.R [options]
--count, -c [integer, ...] This is a count. This is a count. This is a count.
This is a count. This is a count.
--number, -n numeric This is a number. This is a number. This is a number.
This is a number. This is a number.
version
is also a reserved option.
Version should be stored in a variable VERSION
before the call of GetoptLong()
, then --version
prints the corresponding version value.
VERSION = "0.0.1"
GetoptLong(
"tag=i", "...",
)
~\> Rscript foo.R --version
0.0.1
You can also use numeric_version()
to set the version:
VERSION = numeric_version("1.1-1")
GetoptLong(
"tag=i", "...",
)
~\> Rscript foo.R --version
1.1.1
Configuration of Getopt::Long
can be set by GetoptLong.options("config")
:
GetoptLong.options("config" = "bundling")
GetoptLong.options("config" = c("no_ignore_case", "bundling"))
With different configurations, it can support more types of option specifications:
-a -b -c -abc
-s 24 -s24 -s=24
Please refer to website of Getopt::Long
for more information.
In some conditions that path of binary Perl is not in the PATH
environment variable and you do not have permission to modify PATH
. You can specify your Perl path from command line like:
~\> Rscript foo.R -a -b -c -- /your/perl/bin/perl
Since arguments following after --
will be ignored by Getopt::Long
, we take the first argument next to --
as the path of user-specified Perl path.
When in an interactive R session, arguments can be set when calling source_script()
, so it would be convinient to load external R scripts with different comand-line arguments. E.g.:
source_script("foo.R", argv_str = "--cutoff 0.01 --input file=foo.txt --verbose")
R version 4.2.0 (2022-04-22)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin17.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Big Sur/Monterey 10.16
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.2/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib
locale:
[1] C/UTF-8/C/C/C/C
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] GetoptLong_1.1.0 knitr_1.39
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] magrittr_2.0.3 rjson_0.2.21 R6_2.5.1
[4] ragg_1.2.2 rlang_1.0.2 fastmap_1.1.0
[7] highr_0.9 stringr_1.4.0 tools_4.2.0
[10] xfun_0.31 cli_3.3.0 jquerylib_0.1.4
[13] htmltools_0.5.2 systemfonts_1.0.4 yaml_2.3.5
[16] digest_0.6.29 rprojroot_2.0.3 crayon_1.5.1
[19] pkgdown_2.0.4 textshaping_0.3.6 purrr_0.3.4
[22] GlobalOptions_0.1.2 sass_0.4.1 fs_1.5.2
[25] memoise_2.0.1 cachem_1.0.6 evaluate_0.15
[28] rmarkdown_2.14 stringi_1.7.6 compiler_4.2.0
[31] bslib_0.3.1 desc_1.4.1 jsonlite_1.8.0


Total Stop Locations:
Committed to Our Customers
Total Stop began in 1991 when Jeff and Janine Nielsen renovated an empty building (old Elevator/Feed store) into a convenience store with gas pumps in Canistota, SD. One year later, they expanded and bought out the local grocery store across the street to become a full line grocery store. In 2006 the store was sold to the manager and his wife, Chad and Mandy Keller.
In 1994 the Nielsens bought the existing Emery grocery store and in 1999 built the new location with gas pumps. The store is managed by Sharon Weeldreyer.
The Alcester store was purchased in 1996 and in 2002 was moved from the corner on Main street to the newly remodeled and expanded Cenex convenience store. Alcester is managed by Kim Willms.
In 1998 a store in George, IA was purchased by the Nielsens and was managed by Judd Reifers until 2001 when Judd and his wife Laura took ownership. In 2008 they remodeled to add an additional 3000 sq ft to the retail floor.
The local grocery store in Centerville was purchased by the Nielsens in 2006 and is managed by Brian Bartlett.
In 2016 the Nielsens bought the Cenex convenience store in Menno, SD. After an extensive remodel they purchased the local grocery store on main street and moved it to the new location.


The Standard Deduction Is Rising for 2020: Here's What You Need to Know
There's some good news for taxpayers.
by Maurie Backman (TMFBookNerd)Taxpayers have a choice when filing their returns: They can take the standard deduction or itemize their deductions. The latter option can be far more time-consuming, and whether it's worth doing depends on what the standard deduction looks like.
Each year, the IRS determines what the standard deduction is for taxpayers, and in 2020, it's going up a bit. That's good news, since the overwhelming majority of people who file taxes don't itemize, but instead opt for the standard deduction.
The 2020 standard deduction
The standard deduction you're entitled to will depend on your tax-filing status. Here's what it looks like going into 2020:
| Filing Status | 2020 Standard Deduction | Increase From 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| Single or married filing separately | $12,400 | $200 |
| Head of household | $18,650 | $300 |
| Married filing jointly | $24,800 | $400 |
DATA SOURCE: IRS.
As you can see, the standard deduction has gone up across all filing categories. It also means that we may see fewer filers itemize on their taxes in the coming year.
Should you itemize or take the standard deduction?
Whether you itemize or go with the standard deduction really boils down to simple math. If you qualify for enough deductions that exceed the standard, then itemizing is generally a no-brainer. This means that if you're a single tax filer with $13,400 in deductions in 2020, you're better off itemizing than taking the standard deduction of $12,400.
Things get a little tricky, however, when you're right on the cusp of itemizing versus taking the standard deduction. Because itemizing can be time-consuming and does open the door to errors, if you're a single tax filer looking at a total of $12,450 in itemized deductions, opting for the standard deduction could still make a bit more sense. But that's largely a judgment call.
What can you itemize on your taxes?
Though the 2018 IRS overhaul did away with a number of tax breaks, there are still plenty of opportunities to take deductions. Here are some of the things you can itemize on your tax return:
- Interest on your mortgage (on a loan up to $750,000, or up to $1 million if you signed your mortgage prior to Dec. 15, 2017)
- State and local taxes (including state income and property taxes, up to $10,000)
- Interest on a home equity loan or line of credit (provided it's used for capital improvements to your home)
- Charitable donations (including cash donations and the donation of goods, provided you have a receipt for them)
- Medical expenses that exceed 10% of your adjusted gross income
Keep in mind that there are other expenses you can claim on your taxes without actually itemizing. For example, if you contribute to a traditional IRA for retirement savings, you can deduct the amount you put into that account. The same holds true for student loan interest, educator expenses (up to $250), and self-employment tax.
Don't assume you won't itemize
The fact that the standard deduction has gone up is a positive thing for taxpayers. But don't write off the idea of itemizing just because you're entitled to a higher standard deduction in 2020. If your eligible expenses climb (say, because you buy a house or move somewhere with higher state income taxes), itemizing could put more money back in your pocket, so you'll need to see what next year's expenses look like before making that determination.


Rumel is cute
https://www.girlsgogames.co.uk/games/dress_up
My favorite site is
GitHub
!
https://www.miniclip.com/games/en/#
https://www.neopets.com/


Paragliding
Skydiving
Climbing
About Us
Personal Info
Flight Info
Are flying for first time?
Yes
No
Choose Destination
Dobrostan
Sopot
Sofia
Bourgas
Nepal
Turkey
France
Choose Date
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var assert = require('assert');
var utils = require('./utils');
var logging = require('./logging');
var MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE = 16383; // TODO: this is repeated in multiple files
var assert = require('assert');
var utils = require('./utils');
var logging = require('./logging');
var MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE = 16383; // TODO: this is repeated in multiple files
Stream is a Duplex stream subclass that implements the HTTP/2 Stream concept.
var Duplex = require('stream').Duplex;
exports.Stream = Stream;
The main aspects of managing the stream are:
function Stream(log) {
Duplex.call(this);
this._log = (log || logging.root).child({ component: 'stream' });
this._initializeUpstream();
this._initializeManagement();
this._initializeState();
write()
, end()
, pipe()
) this._initializeFlowControl();
}
Stream.prototype = Object.create(Duplex.prototype, { constructor: { value: Stream } });
PUSH_PROMISE and HEADERS are forwarded to the user through events. When error happens, we first close the stream.
Stream.prototype._initializeManagement = function _initializeManagement() {
this.upstream.on('receiving', function(frame) {
if (frame.type === 'PUSH_PROMISE') {
this.emit('promise', frame.headers);
} else if (frame.type === 'HEADERS') {
this.priority = frame.priority;
this.emit('headers', frame.headers);
}
}.bind(this));
this.on('error', function() {
this.push(null);
});
};
For sending management frames, the this._send(frame)
method is used. It notifies the state
management code about the sent frames (using the 'sending' event) so we don't have to manage
state transitions here.
Stream.prototype.promise = function _promise(promised_stream, headers) {
assert(promised_stream.state === 'IDLE');
promised_stream.emit('promise_initiated');
this._send({
type: 'PUSH_PROMISE',
promised_stream: promised_stream,
headers: headers
});
};
Stream.prototype.open = function open(headers, priority) {
this._send({
type: 'HEADERS',
priority: priority,
headers: headers
});
this.priority = priority;
};
Stream.prototype.reset = function reset(error) {
this._send({
type: 'RST_STREAM',
error: error
});
};
The incoming and the generated outgoing frames are received/transmitted on the this.upsteam
Duplex stream which operates in object mode. The Connection object
instantiating the stream will read and write frames to/from it.
Stream.prototype._initializeUpstream = function _initializeUpstream() {
this._flush_timer = undefined;
this.on('finish', this._finishing.bind(this));
this.upstream = new Duplex({ objectMode: true });
this.upstream._queue = [];
this.upstream._read = utils.noop;
When there's an incoming frame, we let the world know this by emitting a 'receiving' event.
var log = this._log;
this.upstream._write = function(frame, encoding, done) {
log.debug({ frame: frame }, 'Receiving frame');
this.emit('receiving', frame);
done();
};
};
Frames can be sent upstream using the _send
method. The frames to be sent are put into the
upstream._queue
first, and are flushed immediately on the beginning of the next turn.
Stream.prototype._send = function _send(frame) {
frame.flags = frame.flags || {};
this.upstream._queue.push(frame);
if (!this._flush_timer) {
this._flush_timer = setImmediate(this._flush.bind(this));
}
};
Stream.prototype._flush = function _flush() {
var frame;
while(frame = this.upstream._queue.shift()) {
this.upstream.emit('sending', frame);
this._log.debug({ frame: frame }, 'Sending frame');
this.upstream.push(frame);
}
this._flush_timer = undefined;
};
The reason for using an output queue is this. When the stream is finishing (the user calls
end()
on it), then we have to set the END_STREAM
flag on the last object.
If there's no frame in the queue, then we create a 0 length DATA frame. We could do this all the time, but putting the flag on an existing frame is a nice optimization.
var empty_buffer = new Buffer(0);
Stream.prototype._finishing = function _finishing() {
var length = this.upstream._queue.length;
if (length === 0) {
this._send({
type: 'DATA',
flags: { END_STREAM: true },
data: empty_buffer
});
} else {
var last_frame = this.upstream._queue[length - 1];
last_frame.flags.END_STREAM = true;
}
};
+--------+
PP | | PP
,--------| idle |--------.
/ | | \
v +--------+ v
+----------+ | +----------+
| | | H | |
,---| reserved | | | reserved |---.
| | (local) | v | (remote) | |
| +----------+ +--------+ +----------+ |
| | ES | | ES | |
| | H ,-------| open |-------. | H |
| | / | | \ | |
| v v +--------+ v v |
| +----------+ | +----------+ |
| | half | | | half | |
| | closed | | R | closed | |
| | (remote) | | | (local) | |
| +----------+ | +----------+ |
| | v | |
| | ES / R +--------+ ES / R | |
| `----------->| |<-----------' |
| R | closed | R |
`-------------------->| |<--------------------'
+--------+
Streams begin in the IDLE state and transitions happen when there's an incoming or outgoing frame
Stream.prototype._initializeState = function _initializeState() {
this.state = 'IDLE';
this.upstream.on('sending', this._transition.bind(this, true));
this.upstream.on('receiving', this._transition.bind(this, false));
};
Only _setState
should change this.state
directly. It also logs the state change and notifies
interested parties using the 'state' event.
Stream.prototype._setState = function transition(state) {
if (this.state !== state) {
this._log.debug({ from: this.state, to: state }, 'State transition');
this.emit('state', state);
this.state = state;
}
};
_transition
is called every time there's an incoming or outgoing frame. It manages state
transitions, and detects stream errors. A stream error is always caused by a frame that is not
allowed in the current state.
Stream.prototype._transition = function transition(sending, frame) {
var receiving = !sending;
var error = undefined;
switch (this.state) {
All streams start in the idle state. In this state, no frames have been exchanged.
When the HEADERS frame contains the END_STREAM flags, then two state transitions happen.
case 'IDLE':
if (frame.type === 'HEADERS') {
this._setState('OPEN');
if (frame.flags.END_STREAM) {
this._setState(sending ? 'HALF_CLOSED_LOCAL' : 'HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE');
}
} else if (frame.type === 'PUSH_PROMISE') {
this._setState(sending ? 'RESERVED_LOCAL' : 'RESERVED_REMOTE');
} else { // TODO: Not well defined. https://github.com/http2/http2-spec/issues/165
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
}
break;
A stream in the reserved (local) state is one that has been promised by sending a PUSH_PROMISE frame.
case 'RESERVED_LOCAL':
if (sending && frame.type === 'HEADERS') {
this._setState('HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE');
} else if (sending && frame.type === 'RST_STREAM') {
this._setState('CLOSED');
} else { // TODO: Not well defined. https://github.com/http2/http2-spec/issues/165
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
}
break;
A stream in the reserved (remote) state has been reserved by a remote peer.
case 'RESERVED_REMOTE':
if (frame.type === 'RST_STREAM') {
this._setState('CLOSED');
} else if (receiving && frame.type === 'HEADERS') {
this._setState('HALF_CLOSED_LOCAL');
} else {
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
}
break;
The open state is where both peers can send frames. In this state, sending peers observe advertised stream level flow control limits.
case 'OPEN':
if (frame.flags.END_STREAM) {
this._setState(sending ? 'HALF_CLOSED_LOCAL' : 'HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE');
} else if (frame.type === 'RST_STREAM') {
this._setState('CLOSED');
} // Anything else is OK
break;
A stream that is half closed (local) cannot be used for sending frames.
case 'HALF_CLOSED_LOCAL':
if (frame.type === 'RST_STREAM' || (receiving && frame.flags.END_STREAM)) {
this._setState('CLOSED');
} else if (sending) {
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
} // Receiving anything is OK
break;
A stream that is half closed (remote) is no longer being used by the peer to send frames. In this state, an endpoint is no longer obligated to maintain a receiver flow control window if it performs flow control.
case 'HALF_CLOSED_REMOTE':
if (frame.type === 'RST_STREAM' || (sending && frame.flags.END_STREAM)) {
this._setState('CLOSED');
} else if (receiving) {
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
} // Sending anything is OK
break;
The closed state is the terminal state.
case 'CLOSED':
if (receiving && frame.type === 'PUSH_PROMISE') {
this._setState('RESERVED_REMOTE');
} else if (!(sending && frame.type === 'RST_STREAM')) {
error = 'PROTOCOL_ERROR';
} // TODO: act based on the reason for termination.
break;
}
Common error handling.
if (error) {
var info = { error: error, frame: frame, state: this.state };
if (sending) {
this._log.error(info, 'Stream error: sending illegal frame.');
throw new Error('Sending illegal frame (' + frame.type + ') in ' + this.state + ' state.');
}
reset
method.
This will automatically cause a transition to the CLOSED state. else {
this._log.error(info, 'Stream error: received illegal frame.');
this.state = 'CLOSED';
this.reset(error);
}
}
};
Flow control in HTTP/2.0 is implemented using a window kept by each sender on every stream.
The flow control window is a simple integer value that indicates how many bytes of data the
sender is permitted to transmit. Two flow control windows are applicable; the stream flow control
window and the connection flow control window. The stream only manages the flow control window
.
Stream.prototype._initializeFlowControl = function _initializeFlowControl() {
this._read = utils.noop;
this.upstream.on('receiving', this._receiveData.bind(this));
this._window = INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE;
this.upstream.on('receiving', this._updateWindow.bind(this));
};
When a HTTP/2.0 connection is first established, new streams are created with an initial flow control window size of 65535 bytes.
var INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE = 65535;
A SETTINGS frame can alter the initial flow control window size for all current streams. When the
value of SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE changes, a receiver MUST adjust the size of all stream by
calling the setInitialWindowSize
method. The window size has to be modified by the difference
between the new value and the old value.
Stream.prototype.setInitialWindowSize = function setInitialWindowSize(initialWindowSize) {
this._window = this._window - this._initialWindowSize + initialWindowSize;
this._initialWindowSize = initialWindowSize;
};
Flow control can be disabled for all streams on the connection using the disableFlowControl
method. This may happen when there's a SETTINGS frame received with the
SETTINGS_FLOW_CONTROL_OPTIONS setting.
Stream.prototype.disableFlowControl = function disableFlowControl() {
this._window = Infinity;
};
The _updateWindow
method gets called every time there's an incoming frame. It filters out
WINDOW_UPDATE frames, and then modifies the modifies the flow control window:
Stream.prototype._updateWindow = function _updateWindow(frame) {
if (frame.type === 'WINDOW_UPDATE') {
if (frame.flags.END_FLOW_CONTROL) {
this.disableFlowControl();
} else {
this._window += frame.window_size;
}
this.emit('window_update');
}
};
When the user wants to write a buffer into the stream
Stream.prototype._write = function _write(buffer, encoding, done) {
MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE
var chunks = utils.cut(buffer, MAX_HTTP_PAYLOAD_SIZE);
var sent = 0;
window
is not enough to send a chunk while (chunks.length > 0 && chunks[0].length <= this._window) {
var chunk = chunks.shift();
sent += chunk.length;
this._send({
type: 'DATA',
flags: {},
data: chunk
});
this._window -= chunk.length;
}
if (chunks.length === 0) {
done();
}
_write
until we are done else {
this.once('window_update', this._write.bind(this, buffer.slice(sent), encoding, done));
}
};
Stream.prototype._receiveData = function _receiveData(frame) {
if (frame.type === 'DATA') {
this.push(frame.data);
}
if (frame.flags.END_STREAM) {
this.push(null);
}
};


video intelligence iOS SDK v2.0
Requirements
The vi iOS SDK supports iOS v8 and above and requires ARC.
Enable support for HTTP ads
Apple has introduced HTTPS changes that may not be supported by all Advertisers. Enforcing the need for secure ads only will impact your potential revenue. In order to support ad requests that are made using HTTP instead of HTTPS, you need to make the following changes in your Info.plist:
Add the 'App Transport Security Settings' node, and
set 'Allow Arbitrary Loads' to YES
Installation
Using CocoaPods (prefered)
vi IOS SDK is available through CocoaPods. To install it, simply add the following line to your Podfile:
pod 'VISDK'
Install the pod(s) by running pod install
.
Include vi IOS SDK wherever you need it with import VISDK
.
Using Dynamic Framework
You can also add the vi iOS SDK as a dynamic framework to your project or workspace.
Get the latest version of VISDK.framework , copy it to your project’s working directory
Open Xcode, select your target, go to General tab. Add VISDK.framework
as Embedded Binary.
Include VISDK wherever you need it with import VISDK
.
Usage
As part of vi iOS SDK v2.0 you can choose to display both In-Stream or Interstitial video ads. In both cases, you would need to provide a placement and a container where the ad is to be displayed. Make sure you hold the reference on the instance of ViAd while the ad is being rendered.
Always initialize the vi IOS SDK while launching your application
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
VISDK.sharedInstance()
return true
}
Setting up an In-Stream ad
@IBOutlet var adContainer: UIView! // ad container. Ensure it's a part of view hierarchy
var inStreamAd: VIVideoAd! // object to manage the ad
override func viewDidLoad() {
super.viewDidLoad()
// Get PlacementId from ad console
let placement = VIPlacement("Your placement id from console", options: nil);
inStreamAd = VISDK.sharedInstance().createVideoAd(for: placement, inContainer: adContainer)
inStreamAd.startsWhenReady = true
inStreamAd.delegate = self
inStreamAd.load()
}
Implement two delegate methods which are rather informative and doesn’t require any action from your side
func adDidReceive(_ event: VIAdEvent) {
switch event.type {
case .completed: break
case .clicked: break
case .closed: break
case .expired: break
case .loaded: break
case .paused: break
case .resumed: break
case .started: break
}
}
func adDidReceiveError(_ error: Error) {
//your code
}
with one exception – start the ad manually if startsWhenReady is NO.
func adDidReceive(_ event: VIAdEvent) {
switch event.type {
case .loaded:
inStreamAd.start()
break
}
}
you can control ad playback
inStreamAd.start()
inStreamAd.pause()
inStreamAd.resume()
inStreamAd.close()
Setting up an Interstitial ad
Interstitial ads are cached locally which could take time depending on existing network conditions. Therefore, we recommend that you initiate the ad load process in advance to enhance the user experience.
// Get PlacementId from ad console
let placement = VIPlacement("Your placement id from console", options: nil)
interstitialAd = VISDK.sharedInstance().createInterstitialAd(for: placement)
interstitialAd.delegate = self
interstitialAd.load()
Once the ad is loaded, a corresponding event will be returned via the following callback. We strongly recommend checking whether the ad is ready isReady before displaying it.
func adDidReceive(_ event: VIAdEvent) {
switch event.type {
case .loaded:
if interstitialAd.isReady {
interstitialAd.show(from: self)
}
break
}
}
All callbacks are fired from the main queue. You will not be required to perform any resource cleanup steps. All ad content is automatically removed once the ad has been displayed.
Client Side Mediation: How to enable Ad mediation support
vi IOS SDK supports 3 ad providers:
Installation
Add files for Mediation you need from above folder links to your projects.
Mediation adapters should be added to Vi Ads where you want mediation to be present. Here is simple Mopub example:
// Create interstitialAd
let placement = VIPlacement("Your placement id from console", options: nil)
let ad = VISDK.sharedInstance().createInterstitialAd(for: placement)
ad?.delegate = self
// Register Mediation adapter.
let adapter = MopubVIInterstitialAdapter(placementID: "your Mopub placement ID")
ad?.registerMediation(adapter)
That’s it. When there is no available vi Direct demand, the Mopub ad will be sourced and displayed in your application.
You can register several Mediation adapter of a different kind:
let adapter1 = MopubVIInterstitialAdapter(placementID: "your Mopub placement ID")
let adapter2 = FacebookVIInterstitialAdapter(placementID: "your Mopub placement ID")
ad?.registerMediations([ adapter1, adapter2 ])
External tracker: How add external trackers for ViAdsSDK
ViAdSDK provides ability to add global trackers on all events that happens within the SDK. This tracking should be registered just after SDK initialization. This can be achieved with implementation of VIExternalTracker protocol.
For all events, the placementID determines on which placement the event occurred.
Apart from custom events, the vi SDK also includes a pre-built adapter for count.ly
analytics.
count.ly adapter usage
Copy source files from Folder link: Countly to your project. And register CountlyExternalTracker
at start of your App e.g. in AppDelegate
:
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> Bool {
//Initialize Counlty
let config = CountlyConfig()
config.appKey = "Your countly app key"
config.host = "Your countly host url path"
Countly.sharedInstance().start(with: config)
//Register externalTracker to VISDK
VISDK.sharedInstance().register(CountlyExternalTracker())
return true
}
Samples
Detailed samples are provided in Example.
To run the Example project, clone the repo, and run pod install
from the Example directory first.
!Important Before running Examples make sure you have created and setup appropriate Placement, use your placement ID from ad console in Samples source code.
Documentation
Detailed documentation is here.
Need help?
Get in touch with as at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>so we can help you get started!
Author
video intelligence more information
License
vi IOS SDK is available under the MIT license. See the LICENSE file for more info.


ScreenShot service powered by Nodejs, Hapi.js, ShellJS and PhantomJS
request: { url: String, screenshot: String, resize: String, delay: Number } > url : screenshot target url > screenshot : screenshot width x height x top ( default: 1024x768x0 ) > resize : resize screenshot image to width x height ( default: 250x200 ) > delay : time in miliseconds to take screenshot ( default: 300 ) response: { id: String } > id : screenshot image id
> id : screenshot image id return screenshot image file


Package com.jme.util
Class TempVars
- java.lang.Object
-
- com.jme.util.TempVars
-
public class TempVars extends java.lang.Object
Temporary variables assigned to each thread. Engine classes may access these temp variables with TempVars.get(), all retrieved TempVars instances must be returned via TempVars.release(). This returns an available instance of the TempVar class ensuring this particular instance is never used elsewhere in the mean time.
-
-
Field Summary
-
Method Summary
All Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description static TempVars
get()
Acquire an instance of the TempVar class.void
release()
Releases this instance of TempVars.
-
-
-
Field Detail
-
intBuffer1
public final java.nio.IntBuffer intBuffer1
For interfacing with OpenGL in Renderer.
-
intBuffer16
public final java.nio.IntBuffer intBuffer16
-
floatBuffer16
public final java.nio.FloatBuffer floatBuffer16
-
bbox
public final BoundingBox bbox
BoundingVolumes (for shadows etc.)
-
skinPositions
public final float[] skinPositions
Skinning buffers
-
skinNormals
public final float[] skinNormals
-
skinTangents
public final float[] skinTangents
-
triangle
public final Triangle triangle
Fetching triangle from mesh
-
color
public final ColorRGBA color
Color
-
vect1
public final Vector3f vect1
General vectors.
-
vect2
public final Vector3f vect2
-
vect3
public final Vector3f vect3
-
vect4
public final Vector3f vect4
-
vect5
public final Vector3f vect5
-
vect6
public final Vector3f vect6
-
vect7
public final Vector3f vect7
-
vect8
public final Vector3f vect8
-
vect9
public final Vector3f vect9
-
vect10
public final Vector3f vect10
-
vect4f1
public final Vector4f vect4f1
-
vect4f2
public final Vector4f vect4f2
-
tri
public final Vector3f[] tri
-
vect2d
public final Vector2f vect2d
2D vector
-
vect2d2
public final Vector2f vect2d2
-
tempMat3
public final Matrix3f tempMat3
General matrices.
-
tempMat4
public final Matrix4f tempMat4
-
tempMat42
public final Matrix4f tempMat42
-
quat1
public final Quaternion quat1
General quaternions.
-
quat2
public final Quaternion quat2
-
eigen
public final Eigen3f eigen
Eigen
-
plane
public final Plane plane
Plane
-
fWdU
public final float[] fWdU
BoundingBox ray collision
-
fAWdU
public final float[] fAWdU
-
fDdU
public final float[] fDdU
-
fADdU
public final float[] fADdU
-
fAWxDdU
public final float[] fAWxDdU
-
spatialStack
public final Spatial[] spatialStack
Maximum tree depth .. 32 levels??
-
matrixWrite
public final float[] matrixWrite
-
collisionResults
public final CollisionResults collisionResults
BIHTree
-
bihSwapTmp
public final float[] bihSwapTmp
-
bihStack
public final java.util.ArrayList<BIHNode.BIHStackData> bihStack
-
-
Method Detail
-
get
public static TempVars get()
Acquire an instance of the TempVar class. You have to release the instance after use by calling the release() method. If more than STACK_SIZE (currently 5) instances are requested in a single thread then an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException will be thrown.- Returns:
- A TempVar instance
-
release
public void release()
Releases this instance of TempVars. Once released, the contents of the TempVars are undefined. The TempVars must be released in the opposite order that they are retrieved, e.g. Acquiring vars1, then acquiring vars2, vars2 MUST be released first otherwise an exception will be thrown.
-
-


process
To start off, Andee built the core functionalities of the interface before jumping into design elements.
The barebones site, with only the functionalities built out
The first step in my design process was to lay out the logic flow of the interface. Next, a simple lo-fi wireframe is sketched out.
Logic flow & lo-fi wireframe sketch
Changes were made throughout the wireframing process, allowing me to experience
rapid iteration.
The first hi-fi shows a replica of my lo-fi ideas,
but we resulted in something more like the second image, leaning towards two main columns rather than three to keep the interface as simple and clean as possible.
The color palette is based off of the Bazaarvoice green and a neutral secondary palette.
Hi-fi mockups and example iteration
Finally, in the production stage, I integrated the design elements via HTML, CSS, and simple JS.
Screenshots of the ultimate, final interface. They are nearly identical to the hi-fi wireframes, proving a successful integration.
Final implemented design


This structure is used to describe a command.
Fields- pszCmdString
-
Specifies the command string.
- bNumArgDefs
-
Specifies the number of arguments for the command.
- ArgDefs
-
Points to the table of argument definitions.
- pfnCmd
-
Points to callback function to process the command.
- pszCmdHelp
-
Points to the help message for the command.
|


Beijing
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Singapore
Tokyo
Sydney
Honiara
Auckland
Apia
Honolulu
Taiohae
Rikitea
Adamstown
Kelowna
Vancouver
Victoria
Seattle
Tacoma
Spokane
Portland
Sacramento
San Francisco
San Jose
Fresno
Bakersfield
Santa Barbara
San Bernardino
Los Angeles
Long Beach
San Diego
Las Vegas
Calgary
Edmonton
Salt Lake City
Phoenix
Tucson
Denver
Colorado Springs
Albuquerque
El Paso
Fort Worth
Dallas
Austin
San Antonio
Houston
Oklahoma City
Minneapolis
Kansas City
St. Louis
New Orleans
Memphis
Nashville
Chicago
Milwaukee
Winnipeg
Toronto
Detroit
Cleveland
Columbus
Indianapolis
Cincinnati
Atlanta
Tampa
Miami
Orlando
Buffalo
Pittsburgh
Ottawa
Montreal
Quebec City
Washington DC
Baltimore
Philadelphia
New York City
Providence
Boston
Halifax
San Juan
Rio de Janeiro
St. John's
King Edward Point
Praia
Conakry
Lisbon
Dublin
Liverpool
Manchester
London
Madrid
Barcelona
Paris
Luxembourg
Brussels
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
Berlin
Rome
Venice
Vienna
Prague
Warsaw
Cairo
Istanbul
Moscow
Yerevan
Tehran
Karachi
Mumbai
New Delhi
Dhaka
Yangon
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Beijing Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Shanghai Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Hong Kong Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Singapore Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Pexels License
Author: Kakidai
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Sydney Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Kahunapule Michael Johnson
Title: Honiara View
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: 111 Emergency
Title: Auckland City & Skytower at night
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Michael Coghlan
Title: Apia Harbour View
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Edmund Garman
Title: Waikiki, Honolulu
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Clement Bourse
Title: Les Marquises 1261 (800x533)
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: FRED
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Adamstown Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: Darren Kirby
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Vancouver Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Paul Pehrson
Title: Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Seattle Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: pfly
Title: Tacoma Nightscape
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Ron Reiring
Title: Spokane, WA
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: ryan harvey
Title: Fireworks over Portland, Oregon
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Tony Webster
Title: Robert T. Matsui United States Courthouse, Sacramento
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Rich Niewiroski Jr.
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.5
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Will Buckner
Title: Downtown San Jose Intersection, San Jose, California
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Fresno Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: Joseph Vasquez
Title: It Goes On & On
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Santa Barbara Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: Ron Reiring
Title: San Bernardino, CA
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Los Angeles Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Eric Fredericks
Title: CIMG4419
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Port of San Diego
Title: Cruise Ships Visit Port of San Diego (October 2012)
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: David Stanley
Title: Las Vegas Boulevard South
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Calgary Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: IQRemix
Title: Edmonton Summer Cityscape
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Garrett
Title: Salt Lake City, May 2012
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: DPPed
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Dirk DBQ
Title: Tucson Arizona 01
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Larry Johnson
Title: Denver Skyline at Sunset
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Colorado Springs Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Ron Reiring
Title: Downtown Albuquerque, NM
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Hadley Paul Garland
Title: Downtown El Paso, Texas
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: David
Title: Fort Worth Skyline at Sunset
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Dallas Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Austin Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Corey Leopold
Title: San Antonio Christmas
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: eflon
Title: Metropolis
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Urbanative
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Tony Webster
Title: Minneapolis Skyline from Tower Hill Park
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Linanster
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Ron Reiring
Title: St. Louis, MO Union Station
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Pedro Szekely
Title: New Orleans, Louisiana
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Memphis Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Nashville Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Chicago Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Milwaukee Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Winnipeg Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: The City of Toronto
Title: Toronto: Skyline
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Detroit Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Cleveland Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Columbus Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Indianapolis Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Cincinnati Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Atlanta Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Tampa Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Mike McBey
Title: Miami Beach (Explored)
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Orlando Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: David Wilson
Title: 20150827 64 NFTA Light Rail near Fountain Plaza
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Pittsburgh Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: joiseyshowaa
Title: Dawn at Ottawa's Parliament Hill
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Artur Staszewski
Title: Montreal At Night
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Quebec City Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Washington DC Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Baltimore Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Philadelphia Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: Sam valadi
Title: Empire State - New York City
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Kenneth C. Zirkel
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Robbie Shade
Title: Boston skyline from Malone Park, Chelsea
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Tony Webster
Title: Halifax Harbour Sunset Skyline
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
San Juan Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Rafael Defavari
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Paul
Title: St John's NL
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Liam Quinn
Title: King Edward Point on South Georgia
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Cayambe
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Alpha hmd
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 4.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Lisbon Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Dublin Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Author: Ruaraidh Gillies
Title: Liverpool City Centre and Docks
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Manchester Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Author: GE Deutschland
Title: 003-TB-B-A-hi
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Madrid Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Author: Bert Kaufmann
Title: Barcelona
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Paris Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Luxembourg Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Brussels Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Rotterdam Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: alyssa BLACK.
Title: amsterdam.
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Berlin Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Rome Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Venice Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Vienna Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Prague Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Warsaw Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Cairo Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay Licence
Author: Benh LIEU SONG
Title: Blue Mosque Istanbul
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Steffan Jensen
Title: Saint Basil's Cathedral. Red Square in Moscow, Russia
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Yerevan Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
Author: Babak Farrokhi
Title: Here comes Tehran
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Adnan Asim
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Mumbai Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Public Domain
New Delhi Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Pexels License
Author: ASaber91
Title: Dhaka 14th March
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Yangon Image:
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: Simplified Pixabay License
Author: Mathias Krumbholz
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 3.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded
Author: Jim 陳
Title: Saigon Night
Licence/Copyright/Disclaimer: CC BY-SA 2.0
Changes Made: Resized and Rounded


{{+bindTo:partials.standard_nacl_api}}
| class | pp::CompletionCallback |
| This API enables you to implement and receive callbacks when Pepper operations complete asynchronously. More... | |
| class | pp::CompletionCallbackWithOutput< T > |
| A CompletionCallbackWithOutput defines a completion callback that additionally stores a pointer to some output data. More... |
| namespace | pp |
| CompletionCallback | pp::BlockUntilComplete () |
This file defines the API to create and run a callback.


Style with Demelza de Burca: Versatile shirt dresses are a fashion classic for your winter wardrobe 23 Nov 2019, 22:54 by Cormac Byrne Leopard-print shirt dress €49.99, Mango Shirt dress with a tie belt €27.99 H&M Floral Utility Midi Shirt Dress 89 & Other Stories LACE SHIRT DRESS €49.95, ZARA Red Herring - Red Brick Cord Shirt Mini Dress €52, Debenhams Burgundy Corduroy Belted Shirt Dress With Recycled Cotton Price: €60 TOPSHOP Principles - Black Floral Print Tiered Shirt Maxi Dress €58, Debenhams


rp
elementruby
or rtc
element, either immediately before or
immediately after an rt
or rtc
element, but not between
rt
elements.
An rp
element's end tag may be omitted
if the rp
element is immediately followed by an rb
, rt
,
rtc
or rp
element, or if there is no more content in the parent
element.
HTMLElement
.
The rp
element is used to provide fallback text to be shown by user agents that
don't support ruby annotations. One widespread convention is to provide parentheses around
the ruby text component of a ruby annotation.
The contents of the rp
elements are typically not displayed by user agents
which do support ruby annotations
An rp
element that is a child of a ruby
element represents nothing. An rp
element whose parent element is not a ruby
element represents its
children.
The example shown previously, in which each ideograph in the text 漢字 is annotated with its phonetic reading, could be expanded
to use rp
so that in legacy user agents the readings are in parentheses (please
note that white space has been introduced into this example in order to make it more
readable):
...
<ruby>
漢
<rb>字</rb>
<rp> (</rp>
<rt>かん</rt>
<rt>じ</rt>
<rp>) </rp>
</ruby>
...
In conforming user agents the rendering would be as above, but in user agents that do not support ruby, the rendering would be:
... 漢字 (かんじ) ...
When there are multiple annotations for a segment, rp
elements can also be
placed between the annotations. Here is another copy of an earlier contrived example showing
some symbols with names given in English and French using double-sided annotations, but this
time with rp
elements as well:
<ruby> ♥<rp>: </rp><rt>Heart</rt><rp>, </rp><rtc><rt lang=fr>Cœur</rt></rtc><rp>.</rp> ☘<rp>: </rp><rt>Shamrock</rt><rp>, </rp><rtc><rt lang=fr>Trèfle</rt></rtc><rp>.</rp> ✶<rp>: </rp><rt>Star</rt><rp>, </rp><rtc><rt lang=fr>Étoile</rt></rtc><rp>.</rp> </ruby>
This would make the example render as follows in non-ruby-capable user agents:
♥: Heart, Cœur. ☘: Shamrock, Trèfle. ✶: Star, Étoile.


1. Design a clock using the laser cutter.
The clock will be hung up on the wall in the Wang Innovation Center. You can use the materials in the WIC to create your clock. You will each be provided a 12" by 24" piece of 1/8 wood and a clock movement with hands. The design is entirely up to you and we will vote on the most creative clock once they are all hung on the wall.
I made a clock with an intent to make it look like famous "yin and yang". I used Fusion 360 Laser Cutter.
Type Something About The Pictures (Images 1 and 2) | Type Something About The Pictures (Images 3 and 4)
Yo


Linear regression is an approach for modeling the linear relationship between two variables.
The ordinary least squares (OLS) approach to regression allows us to estimate the parameters of a linear model. The goal of this method is to determine the linear model that minimizes the sum of the squared errors between the observations in a dataset and those predicted by the model. Explore the OLS method through the four infamous datasets contained in Anscombe's Quartet.
Choose one of the quartets to investigate.
Drag and drop data points to explore how this affects the OLS line.
Click on a column of the regression table to learn more about this parameter.
| \(\displaystyle{n}\) | \(\displaystyle{\bar{\cssId{xMEAN}{x}}}\) | \(\displaystyle{\bar{\cssId{yMEAN}{y}}}\) | \(\displaystyle{\hat{\cssId{BETA0}{B_{0}}}}\) | \(\displaystyle{\hat{\cssId{BETA1}{B_{1}}}}\) | \(\displaystyle{SSE}\) | |
| Model |
Correlation is a measure of the linear relationship between two variables. It is defined for a sample as the following and takes value between +1 and −1 inclusive:
$$r = \dfrac{s_{xy}}{\sqrt{s_{xx}}\sqrt{s_{yy}}}$$\(s_{xy},s_{xx},s_{yy}\) are defined as:
$$\begin{align*} s_{xy} &=\sum^n_{i=1} (x_i-\bar{x})(y_i-\bar{y})\\ s_{xx} &=\sum^n_{i=1} (x_i-\bar{x})^2\\ s_{yy} &=\sum^n_{i=1} (y_i-\bar{y})^2 \end{align*}$$It can also be understood as the cosine of the angle formed by the ordinary least square line determined in both variable dimensions. Explore this concept through Edgar Anderson's famous Iris flower dataset.
Check which species to investigate.
Click on a cell of the correlation matrix to visualize the relationship between these traits.
| Sepal Length | Sepal Width | Petal Length | Petal Width | |
| Sepal Length | ||||
| Sepal Width | ||||
| Petal Length | ||||
| Petal Width |
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method for testing whether groups of data have the same mean. ANOVA generalizes the t-test to two or more groups by comparing the sum of square error within and between groups.
Choose one of the following datasets to investigate.
Drag and drop data points to explore how this affects the result of the ANOVA test.
Click on a column of the ANOVA table to learn more about this parameter.
| \(\displaystyle{SSE}\) | \(\displaystyle{df}\) | \(\displaystyle{MS}\) | \(\displaystyle{F}\) | \(\displaystyle{p}\) | |
| Treatment | |||||
| Error | |||||
| Total |


Know of a nonprofit organization that could benefit from a new website? Let us know. We would love to add their site to our Projects for developers to review.
 Maybe you want to donate your skills and time to helping a non-profit. Many nonprofit organizations have little funds to spend on web-site updaetes. Your skills and time would be greatly appreciated.
This site can't maintain itself. Help us continue to build brighter futures for non-profit organizations by donating. All donated funds will be used for site maintenance and upgrades.
We work with nonprofits because many nonprofit organizations have little funds to spend on high-quality web design services. Some nonprofits don't even have a presecence on the web. By choosing to work with a nonprofit organization, no matter their physical location, we extend the reach of their impact.
We want to bring people together to increase their strength and power. We are united in two goals. 1. Provide nonprofits organizations with high quality web design so they can continue generating measurable changes in their communities. 2. Present web developers, both new and experienced, with opportunities to build upon their skills while contributing to the positive impact nonprofits make in their communities.
We want to keep things as simple as possible. Anyone can submit the name of a nonprofit organization. We will ask you a few questions about the nonprofit and within a few days, we can add it to our project list. Developers looking to donate their time and talent, can then view all open projects and request to work on the new web design. We ask the developer a few questions about their skills and experience. We then make sure the project they are interested in is available and then we let them do what they do best! When the site is ready, we contact the nonprofit organization.
Each team member has a differnt story of how they started with CoceForNonProfit. Some of us have been involved with nonprofits and some of us are involved in the web design industry. We come from very unique backgrounds are are united by a desire to build quality websites for inspirational nonprofits and provide developers with the chance to enhance their skills.


Examples
Graph examples
line
area
scatterplot
sparkline
stacked-area
append data
add data
layouts
states
rate of change
rate of change - network data with negative filter
sequence
scatter plot
tooltips
Component examples
component area
component label
component line
component legend
component overlay
component axis
component asset
add component