LEMA User's Manual
Chris J. Myers, Satish Batchu, Kevin Jones, Scott Little, Nicholas Seegmiller, Robert Thacker, David Walter, Zhen Zhang
1 Introduction
LEMA has been developed for the formal verification of analog and mixed-signal (AMS) circuits. LEMA includes the following tools:
- LHPN Editor - a tool to create a model using the
labeled hybrid Petri net (LHPN) format.
The LHPN format is described in
David Walter and Scott Little's PhD dissertations
(UofUtah 2007/2008).
- Verification tool - a tool to perform model checking on a LHPN model. The tool can use DBM, BDD, or SMT to represent the state space.
These model checkers are described in
David Walter and Scott Little's PhD dissertations
(UofUtah 2007/2008).
- Learn tool - a tool to generate LHPN, VHDL-AMS and Verilog-AMS models from simulation data.
This tool is described in
Scott Little's PhD Dissertation
(UofUtah 2008).
- TSD Graph Editor- a tool to visualize TSD files.
2 Project Management
A project is a collection of models, analysis views, learn
views, and graphs. As shown below, LEMA displays all project
files on the left, the open models, views, and graphs on the
right, and a log of all external commands on the bottom.
The menu bar is located on the top of the window in the Windows and
Linux versions. It is located on the top of the screen in the MacOS version.
2.1 Creating and Opening Projects
To create a new project, select New → Project from the File
menu as shown below.  After you do this,
click the new button and a new project directory will be created.
To open a project, select Open → Project from the File menu.
You will then be prompted to browse to a project directory to
open, and clicking open will open the project. You may also open
a project by selecting one of your five most recently opened
projects by selecting the project name shown in the File drop
down menu shown below.
2.2 Creating Models and Graphs
After you have created or opened a project, you can create a
new model or graph to add to the project. To create a new
VHDL-AMS model, select New → VHDL-AMS Model from the
File menu as shown below. You will then be prompted to give a model id. At this
point, a simple text editor will open in a new tab. To create a new LHPN model
(see Section ), select New → Labeled Hybrid Petri Net from
the File menu. You will then be prompted to give a model id. At this point, an
LHPN editor (see Section ) will open in a new tab. To create a new
Spice model, select New → Spice Circuit from the File menu. You
will then be prompted to give a model id. At this point, a simple text editor
will open in a new tab. To create a new TSD graph, select New → TSD
Graph from the File menu. You will then
be prompted to give a name to the TSD graph. At this point, a TSD graph editor
(see Section ) will open in a new tab. Once a model or graph is
created, it can be opened again later by right clicking on the object in the
project window and selecting "Edit", or alternatively
double-clicking on the object.
2.3 Importing Models
You can import into the current working project VHDL-AMS models
or LHPNs created by other programs or stored in other projects.
To import a VHDL-AMS model, select Import → VHDL-AMS Model
from the File menu as shown below. You will then be able to browse to
find a model to import. After selecting the desired model, click the
import button to bring the model into the project.
To import an LHPN, the procedure is the same except use the
Import → LHPN Model option. Before bringing the model
into the project, it will be edited to a format consistent with this tool.
2.4 Editing Project Objects
All project objects can be modified by highlighting the object
and using a right mouse click to open a menu of options as shown
below. Using this menu, every type of object can be copied, renamed, or
deleted. For an LHPN, the "View/Edit" option opens the
model in an LHPN editor (see Section ). For a VHDL-AMS model,
the "View/Edit" option opens the model in a simple text editor. For a TSD
graph, the "View/Edit"
option opens the TSD graph in a TSD graph editor (see Section ).
For a probability graph, the "View/Edit" option opens
the probability graph in a histogram editor
(see Section ).
For a verification view, the "Open Verification View" option opens the
verification view (see Section ). For a learn view, the
"Open Learn View" option opens the learn view (see Section ).
2.5 Viewing Project Objects
An LHPN can also be viewed using
GraphViz's
dotty program by right clicking on the model you want to view and
selecting the "View Model" option. A VHDL-AMS model may be converted into an
LHPN and viewed using the same "View Model" option.
2.6 Creating Tool Views
To perform verification or learning, right click on a model and
select "Create Verification View" (see Section )to perform
analysis or "Create Learn View" (see Section )
to perform learning. A verification or learn view may also be opened by
selecting the model in the file tree and selecting Learn or Verification from
the Tools menu. You will then be prompted to give a name to
your verification or learn view. After a name is entered, a tab with
the newly created view will open. Once a view is created, it can
be opened again later by right clicking on an analysis directory
and selecting "Open Verification/Learn View" or alternatively
double-clicking on the view.
When you create a verification view from a VHDL model, an LHPN is
automatically created for verification.
3
LHPN Editor
The LHPN editor as shown below allows the user to create or modify an LHPN
model of an analog or mixed-signal circuit. An LHPN model includes
places (see Section ),
transitions (see Section ),
variables (see Section ), and
control flow (see Section ).
Each of these items can be added, removed, or edited.
To add a new item, click on the appropriate add button. You
will then be prompted to provide a unique id and some properties
for this new item (as described below). After you have filled out
all of the required fields, click add and the new item will be
added to the LHPN.
To remove an item from the model, select that item and click
the remove button. The item will then be removed from the model.
However, if you try to remove an item that is being used
(for example, a variable that is assigned in a transition), you will first have
to remove its use.
To edit an existing item, select that item from the list and
click the edit button. An editing window will open and you will
be able to change the properties of that item. When you are done
editing this item, click save to save the changes to the item.
After the model is complete, press the Save LHPN button to store
the model. The Save As button can also be used to store the
model, but in this case, a new model ID will be requested and the
model will be saved using that ID.
3.1
Places
Places define a certain characteristic of a circuit, according to the
definition of Petri nets. It may be noted that the LEMA tool does not support
implicit places in its LHPNs. If an LHPN with implicit places is imported into
the tool, the implicit places are automatically explicitly declared in the
imported net.
As shown below, a place has the following fields:
- ID: a unique ID composed of only alphanumeric characters and
underscores.
- Initial Marking: a boolean describing whether the place is initially marked.
3.2
Transitions
Transitions define events in the petri nets. In the case of LHPNs, they are
elaborated by labels attached to the transitions, which are defined by included
fields.
As shown below, a transition has the following fields:
- ID: a unique ID composed of only alphanumeric characters and
underscores.
- Delay Lower Bound: the minimum amount of time that the transition can wait
after it is enabled before it fires. This can be written as an
expression.
- Delay Upper Bound: the maximum amount of time that the transition can wait
after it is enabled before it fires. This can also be an expression.
- Transition Rate: an exponential function expressing the probability that
the transition will fire. this is currently not enabled but will be
included in later releases.
- Enabling Condition: the condition that must evaluate to true in order for
the transition to be enabled.
- Assignments: assignments to boolean, continuous and integer variables.
This also includes rate assignments to continuous variables. This list
is edited using the "Add Assignment", "Edit Assignment", and
"Remove Assignment" buttons.
3.2.1
Assignments
When an assignment is added to the labeling function of a transition, the user
is prompted to define the assignment that is to take place. An assignment may
be made to the value of any variable or to the rate of a continuous variable.
An assignment consists of the following fields:
- Variable: the variable that is being assigned.
- Assignment Lower Bound: the lowest value that the assigned value can take.
This may be defined in terms of an expression parseable by ATACS.
- Assignment Upper Bound: the greatest value that the assigned value can
take. This also may be defined in terms of an expression.
- Rate Assignment: whether or not the assignment is being made to the value
or rate of a continuous variable (Note: this field is disabled for
non-continous variables).
3.3
Variables
Variables represent the continuous, boolean, or integer signals used in an LHPN.
When a variable is created, the user will be prompted to input which type of
variable is being created.
As shown below, a variable contains the following fields:
- ID: a unique ID composed only of alphanumeric characters and
underscores.
- Initial Lower Bound: the lower bound of the variable's initial value.
- Initial Upper Bound: the upper bound of the variable's initial value.
- Mode: whether the variable is an inpout or an output to the circuit
(Note: only available for boolean variables).
- Rate Lower Bound: the lower bound of the variable's initial rate
(Note: only available for continuous variables).
- Rate Upper Bound: the upper bound of the variable's initial rate
(Note: only available for continuous variables).
To change a variable from one type to another, the user must remove the initial
variable and then add a new variable with the same id of the desired type.
3.4
Control Flow
The control flow describes the edges in the LPN, or the connections between
places and transitions. The edges in the net are referred to as "movements"
within the tool and describe a directional edge between nodes of the graph.
As shown below, a movement includes the following fields:
- From: the place or transition at the leading end of the edge, i.e. where
the movement originates.
- To: the place or transition (of the type not used in the From field) at
the trailing end of the edge.
4
Text Editor
A simple text editor is available for viewing VHDL-AMS models and spice decks.
This editor does not have many features, so the user may desire to use a more
robust external text editor. To do so, select the Preferences option from the
Edit menu, click on the "Use External Viewer" option and enter the name of
the desired external text editor in the space provided. Every time that a
VHDL-AMS or Spice model is opened, it will be opened in the external text
editor.
5
Verification View
The verification view is used to verify the property stated in the LHPN model.
The verification view as shown below includes tabs for
basic options (see Section ), and
advanced options (see Section ).
5.1
Basic Options
This tab includes the model being verified, basic timing options, and other
basic user options.
<ADD CITATION?>
The first line on the basic options panel is the filename of the LHPN being
verified. The LHPN verified is the one saved in the file location at the time
of verification.
The first set of radio buttons in this tab specifies the
timing method to be used in the verification.
- BDD specifies binary decision diagram modeling.
- DBM [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- SMT [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
The other options refer to miscellaneous ATACS options.
- Dot [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Verbose [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
5.2
Advanced Options
This tab includes compilation options, advanced timing options, other advanced
options and a user specification for a BDD Linkspace size. The first set of
check boxes enables or disables compilations options.
- New Tab [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Post Processing [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Redundancy check [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Don't Use Transform 2 [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Expand Rate [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
The next set of check boxes allows the user acces to more advanced timing
options.
- Generate RG [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Subsets [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Supersets [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Infinity Optimization [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Orbits Match [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Interleave [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Prune [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Disabling [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- No fail [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Keep going [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Expand LHPN [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
The other advanced options include
- No checks [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- Reduction [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
- BDD Linkspace Size [NEEDS DESCRIPTION]
6
Learn View
The learn view is used to generate an LHPN from time series data. The learn
view includes tabs for a data manager (see Section ),
a learn tool (see Section ), and a
TSD graph editor (see Section ).
6.1
Data Manager
The data manager as shown below is used to both enter time series
experimental data as well as bring data
into the learn view. The Add button is used to create a new data
file. After pressing this button, enter the name of the new data
file, and then enter the data for this file using the data editor
to the right. The Remove button deletes all highlighted files.
Note that after highlighting one file, you can use the ctrl key
to highlight additional files or the shift key to highlight a
range of files. The Rename button is used to change the name of a
data file. The Copy button copies a data file. The Copy From View
button brings up a list of all analysis and learn views in the
current project, and data from the selected view will be copied
into this learn view. Finally, the Import button brings up a file
browser, and it allows you to import a data file from outside
this project. These files can be in time series data (TSD) format
(see Section ), comma separated value (CSV) format, or tab
delimited format (DAT).
The contents of the data file highlighted on the left appear in the
data editor on the right. Individual data entries can be modified,
new data points can be added using the Add Data Point button, data
points can be removed using the Remove Data Point button, and data
points can be copied using the Copy Data Point button. When you are
satisfied with all your changes, you should press the Save button
to record your changes.
6.2
Learn Tool
The learn tool is used to generate abstract models from the
simulation data entered through the data manager described above. To
use this learn tool, adjust the basic options(see Section
) and advanced options(see Section
), if desired, then press the Save and Learn button.
The resulting abstract models in the form of Labeled Hybrid Petri Net
(see Section ),VHDL-AMS and Verilog-AMS can be viewed by
clicking appropriate options in the View Menu. The resulting circuit is
specified using our Labeled Hybrid Petri Net Format (see Section )
and is shown graphically using GraphViz's Dotty tool. There are also
menu options to save the parameters without learning, view the last learned
models, save the generated models into the project, and view the last run
log.
6.2.1
Basic Options
The learning options shown below are as follows:
- Iterations of Optimization Algorithm (default=10):
sets the number of iterations that will be run of the optimization algorithm
used when the bins are automatically generated. More iterations can improve
the generated bin levels but can also substantially increase run time.
- Number of Bins (default=4):
The number of bins value specifies how many values the
encoded time series data can assume.
- Assertion to be Verified:
The property that the generated LHPN must satisfy has to be provided
in this field. This is the property that would be verified by the
Verification tool.
- Equal Data Per Bins / Equal Spacing of Bins:
This radio button selects whether the auto generated levels
should be determined by equaling dividing the data between the
bins or by equally dividing the range of the data.
- Use Auto Generated Levels / Use User Generated Levels:
This radio button allows the user to select whether they want
the levels separating the bins to be auto generated or the user
would like to provide them.
- When using user provided levels, the Suggest Levels
button will provide the levels that would have been auto
generated as a suggestion. These levels can then edited by the
user. The number of bins for each species can also be individually adjusted.
6.2.2
Advanced Options
The following parameters which are used to configure the model generation
process can be specified through the advanced options tab.
- Windowsize(default = -1) :
Rates are calculated between points
that are separated by the number of points specified in this field.If
window size = -1, then rates are calculated using just the starting and
ending points of the bins.
- Pathlength(default = 15):
If Windowsize = -1, then pathlength
specifies the minimum number of consecutive timepoints which should be
in the same region for that region to be eligible for rate calculation.
- Epsilon(default = 0.1):
A variable is considered to be constant
if it is within the epsilon bound of a value for certain time.
- Absolute Time:
This checkbox determines whether a variable is
considered constant based on the amount of time or based on the number
of time points it stays within the epsilon bound.
- DMVC Run Time(default = 5us):
If absolute time is checked, DMVC
run time(described in
Scott Little's PhD Dissertation
)determines the minimum duration for which a variable has to be
constant so as to ensure that this duration is added to the total time
where the variable is constant.
- DMVC Run Length(default = 15):
If absolute time is not selected,
DMVC run length determines the minimum number of timepoints for which a
variable has to be constant so as to ensure that this duration is added
to the total time where the variable is constant.
- Fraction(default = 0.8):
A decimal value representing the fraction
of the total trace that must be constant for the variable to qualify to
be Discrete multi-valued continuous(DMVC).
7
TSD Graph Editor
The TSD graph editor appears as a tab in the learn
view. TSD graphs can also be created at the top-level of the project
to allow you to integrate results from several learn
views. These graphs can be created using the New → TSD Graph
menu option. Once created, they can be viewed and edited by double
clicking on the graph in the project window. An example graph is
shown below.
In the TSD graph editor shown below,
a graph is created by double clicking on the graph. You can then set
various parameters and select what values you would like to have
graphed. The parameters that you can select for a graph include:
- Title - The title of the graph.
- X-Axis Label - The label displayed for the x-axis.
- Y-Axis Label - The label displayed for the y-axis.
- X-Min - The starting value for the x-axis.
- X-Max - The ending value for the x-axis.
- X-Step - The increment for the x-axis.
- Y-Min - The starting value for the y-axis.
- Y-Max - The ending value for the y-axis.
- Y-Step - The increment for the y-Axis.
- Auto Resize Check Box -
Determines whether to automatically resize the graph for best fit.
The data selection menu on the left displays all of the
available sets of data that can be graphed. In particular, one can
graph the average, variance, standard deviation, or results from
individual simulation runs. For a top-level graph, these
data sets will be organized hierarchically. Hierarchy is also
introduced when simulations in an analysis view are given
simulation IDs or after performing an analysis while sweeping parameter
values. After selecting a data set, one can select individual species to
graph and how they are to be displayed. In other words, for each
species, there are the following options:
- Use Check Box - Determines
whether or not this variable is displayed on the graph. Checking or
unchecking the box at the top changes the state for all variables in
the data set.
- Variable Label - The name displayed in the legend.
- Drop Down Menu Of Colors - The color that is used for this variable.
- Drop Down Menu Of Shapes - The shape that is used to mark the
data points.
- Connect Check Box -
Determines whether to connect the points with a line. Checking or
unchecking the box at the top changes the state for all variables in
the data set.
- Visible Check Box - Determines
whether shapes are visible on the line. Checking or
unchecking the box at the top changes the state for all variables in
the data set.
- Fill Check Box - Determines whether shapes are filled
on the line. Checking or
unchecking the box at the top changes the state for all variables in
the data set.
Note that a check mark appears on a data set to indicate that some
variables have been selected in that data set. Also, all variables can
be deselected by pressing the Deselect All button.
The "Save Graph" button saves the settings for the graph to
a file, so when you re-open the graph, it will reload this data and display
in the same way as before. The "Save As" button prompts for a
filename and creates a new top-level graph with that name.
Finally, the "Export" button prompts for a filename and exports
the data to the given name. The extension provided for the filename
is used to determine how the graph is to be exported. The
supported file types are:
- csv - comma separated value data file.
- dat - column separated data file.
- eps - encapsulated postscript.
- jpg - JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group).
- pdf - portable document format.
- png - portable network graphics.
- svg - scalable vector graphics.
- tsd - time series data format (see Section ).
If no extension is given, then the file type is the one
specified in the file filter (default is pdf). For image (i.e.,
not data) file types, you will be prompted to give a desired
pixel height and width for the file before the file is exported.
8
Preferences
User preferences can be set by selecting the Preferences option
under the File menu on Linux and Windows or the LEMA
menu on MacOS. As shown below, the user can decided whether they wish
to use an external editor for VHDL-AMS models, and which editor to use.
9
Labeled Hybrid Petri Net Format
Our labeled hybrid Petri net (LHPN) format specifies a system according to an
extended version of Petri nets. The graph is specified as a set of places and
transitions. Each transition is described with a set of labels described in a
format specific to LHPNs. The places, transitions, and boolean signals that are
general to Petri nets are described in a generalized .g file format, as follows.
Each space-delineated string on the lines ".inputs" and ".outputs"
declares a boolean input or output signal. Each space-delineated string on the
".dummy" line declares a "dummy" transition to be used in the net.
Beginning with the ".graph" line, each line with two space-delineated strings
represents a movement between a place and a transition. The ".marking" line
ennumerates the initially marked places in the graph, and the ".end" line
specifies the end of the file.
.inputs a b
.outputs x y z
.dummy yP xM yM xP zP zM
.graph
ip0 yP
xM ip2
ip5 xM
etc.
.marking {ip4 ip5}
.end
The labels and analog behavior of LHPNs is specified using a file format
specific to LHPNs. These lines will be interpreted as comments by other .g
parsers. Each line used in the ATACS tool begins with a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(citation for
ATACS?), while each line specific to the LEMA tool begins with a "# - .".
Most of these lines are easily understood according to their beginning comments.
Each of the continuous and integer variables are declared in a space-delineated
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line included near the top of the file. Following the
variable declaration, the places are explicitly declared in a "# - .places"
line, which follows the format of the ".inputs" line. The inital values of
the boolean signals are given in a boolean vector in a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line
of the following format. The signals are given in the order that they are
declared, input signals coming before output signals.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[boolean vector]
Each integer and continuous variable is given an initial value in a
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line, and each continuous variable is given an initial rate
value in a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line. The syntax of these lines is as follows,
the example being given for a ".#@init_vals" line.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<variable1=initial value1><variable2...>}
The enabling condition for each transition is given in a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line
in the following format.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<transition1=[enabling condition1]><transition2...>}
The delay for each transition is specified in the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line according to the following format, where each lower and upper bound of the
delay is written as an expression parseable by ATACS. Likewise, the delays may
be of a single value for deterministic behavior, as seen on the second
transition.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<transition1=[lower bound, upper bound]><transition2=delay>}
The assignments to boolean variables on each transition are specified in the
following format, where each lower and upper bound, or each deterministic
assignment, is also written as an expression.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<transition1=[boolean1:=[lower bound, upper bound]][boolean2:=value]><transition2...>}
Assignments to continuous variables and integers are combined onto a single
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line and written in the same format as boolean assignments.
It may be noted that the only explicit difference between the declaration of
continuous and integer variables in the inclusion of a<EMAIL_ADDRESS>line
of the same format as the ".input" and ".output" lines.
Below is a simple, but complete example of an LHPN, including each of the
options mentioned above.
.inputs w x
.ouputs y z
.dummy t0 t1 t2
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>a b c
#|.places p0 p1
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[0011]
.graph
p0 t0
t0 p1
p1 t2
t2 p0
.marking {p0}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<a=0><b=3><c=[1,2]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<a=-2><b=1>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<t0=[~x&~y]><t1=[x&(a>=5)]><t2=[c>=4]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<t1=[a:=5][c:=4]><t2=[c:=1]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<t0=[a:=1]><t2=[a:=0][b:=1]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<t0=2><t1=[0,inf]><t2=[0,5]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{<t0=[y:=TRUE]><t1=[y:=FALSE][z:=TRUE]><t2=[y:=~w]>}
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>a b
.end
10
Time Series Data Format
The time series data (tsd) format is composed of a
parenthesized and comma-separated set of time points. Each time
point is composed of a parenthesized and comma-separated set of
data for that time point. This first time point is composed of a
set of strings that are the labels for the data entries. The
first entry in each time point is by convention the time for that
time point. Below is an example simulation of the species CI and
CII from 0 to 1000 seconds with time points separated by 100
seconds.
(("time","CI","CII"), (0,0,0), (100,0,19), (200,20,25), (300,19,18),
(400,17,20), (500,17,46),
(600,26,40), (700,43,43), (800,63,28), (900,72,34), (1000,72,28))
11
List of Hot Keys
Below is a list of the hot keys used in Windows and Linux with the
MacOS equilvalents in parantheses.
- Ctrl-X (Cmd-Q) - Exit or quit
- Ctrl-O - Open Project
- Ctrl-S (Cmd-S) - Save
- Ctrl-R (Cmd-R) - Save and Run
- Ctrl-W - Close
- Ctrl-Shift-W - Close All
- Ctrl-, (Cmd-,) - Preferences
- Ctrl-L (Cmd-L) - Create Learn View
- Ctrl-M - Manual
- (Cmd-H) - Hide window
- (Alt-Cmd-H) - Hide other windows
- Ctrl-C - Copy
- F2 - Rename
- Delete - Delete
- F1 - View Circuit
- F3 - View Log
- F5 - Refresh View
12 Reporting Bugs and Feature Requests
In order to report a bug or to request a change or feature, please
send an email to:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The subject line must begin with one of the following keywords or the
mail will be filtered by our spam filters:
- BUG - error or crash of the software
- CHANGE - something which can be improved
- FEATURE - something new
13 Credits
The LEMA tool is being developed at the University of Utah
by
Chris Myers,
Satish Batchu
Kevin Jones,
Scott Little,
Nicholas Seegmiller,
Robert Thacker,
David Walter,
and
Zhen Zhang.
Scott Little is now with Freescale in Austin, Texas, Nicholas Seegmiller is now
with Backcountry.com in Park City, Utah, and David Walter is now with the
Virginia State University.
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"This notion of design as a plan-then-act activity fits well with the software engineering approach permeating most contemporary HCI,
but perhaps not so well with design theory. Planning is rather viewed as performed through acting, expressing, communicating. The
execution is the planning; the planning is the execution. Together, they are part of the evolution known as design. The prominent design
theorist J.C. Jones gives the following advice:First, recognize that the ‘right’ requirements are in principle unknowable by users, customers and designers at the start. Devise the design process, and the formal agreement between designers and customers and users, to be sensitive to what is
learnt by any of the parties as the design evolves."
"people work and live in certain ways already, and they understand how to adapt that within a small range, but they don’t have an understanding or a feel for what it would mean to make a radical change, for example, to change their way of doing business on the Internet before it was around, or to change their way of writing from pen and paper when word processors weren’t around...I think what the designer is trying to do is to envision things for users that the users can’t yet envision." [ credited to Terry Winograd ]
Unread


a {padding:0;}
a{color: !important;}
a:hover{color: !important;}
.ExternalClass {width:100%;}
.ExternalClass, .ExternalClass p, .ExternalClass span, .ExternalClass font, .ExternalClass td, .ExternalClass div {line-height: 1.5em;}
table td {border-collapse: collapse;}
@media only screen and (max-device-width: 480px) {
a[href^=“tel”], a[href^=“sms”], a[href^=“maps”], a[href^=“calendar”] { text-decoration: none; color:; pointer-events: none; cursor: default; }
.mobile_link a[href^=“tel”], .mobile_link a[href^=“sms”], .mobile_link a[href^=“maps”], .mobile_link a[href^=“calendar”] { text-decoration: underline; color: !important; pointer-events: auto; cursor: default; }
center{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}
}
@media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) {
a[href^=“tel”], a[href^=“sms”], a[href^=“maps”], a[href^=“calendar”] { text-decoration: none; color:; pointer-events: none; cursor: default; }
.mobile_link a[href^=“tel”], .mobile_link a[href^=“sms”], .mobile_link a[href^=“maps”], .mobile_link a[href^=“calendar”] { text-decoration: underline; color: !important; pointer-events: auto; cursor: default; }
center{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}
}
ul {
margin: 0 0 0 24px !important;
}
With so many new startups cropping up every day, it can be difficult for budding entrepreneurs to stand out. What does it take to capture the attention of venture capitalists? Betabeat.com&;s original series The Pitch offers insight into the competitive and grueling capital raising process.
In Season 2, twenty startups vied for the chance to be one of ten companies to pitch SoftBank Capital&;s Nikhil Kalghatgi and Lerer Ventures&; Steve Schlafman. At stake? A $10,000 prize.
Doppelhanger, Suitey, Status Chart, Silver Living, EQuala, Funderverse, Seed&Spark, Instreamia, Edge/Admitted.ly, and Space Splitter were the ten selected by Betabeat.com&;s readers. The founders brought drive and passion to their pitches, but in the end only three could be finalists and only one the winner. Our judges narrowed the pool by determining which of the startups had the biggest idea, the largest market to tap into and the most feasible business plan.
Tune in to find out which startup inspired our investors and just what it takes to do so.
very short list is a delightful e-mail that shares cultural gems from a different curator every day.
If you have any problems reading this e-mail, click here to view it online.
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---
layout: page
title: "Our Lab"
permalink: Research/Lab/
menu: research
---
Lab Tour
Mouseover an image to see what that part of our lab looks like
Computational Space
Watch live as we set up or score high-throughput assays.
Watch live as we set up high-throughput assays.


How to create with the software
Indoors time series visualisation is supported in wrld.time.js. To label data points as being indoors, please refer to the GeoJSON guide.
First, setup your Wrld map:

Next, you can create a wrldTime object by passing in the Wrld map instance and your data:
wrldTime(map, data);
Data can either be the GeoJSON object, or a URL pointing to the GeoJSON file.
wrldTime(map, data, {
showIndoorPointsExternally: true
});


Please wait a few minutes before making another subscription request
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We have sent you an email to confirm your subscription, please check it!
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{% extends "base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block title %} Sign Data Use Agreement for {{ project }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Sign the following data use agreement to access the files in {{ project }}.
I agree I do not agree


mindjet
Businessmodel of Mindjet
Customer Segments
Mindjet’s target market is a mass market. No specific customer is excluded from their business model, as the software is easily applicable to a wide variety of clients. As programs with a wide range of applications, different businesses can easily tailor the software to their desired result.
Value Proposition
Mindjet aims to bring ideas to life by making them visual. By giving clients tools to visualize and share ideas, Mindjet increases their productivity and creativity. MindManager, the primary mind mapping tool developed by Mindjet, features budgeting tools, forecasting tools, risk analysis charts and numerous other features that allow for detailed mind mapping and plans.
MindManager Enterprise builds on MindManager, introducing enhanced communication and sharing features, allowing larger teams to collaborate equally on a single task or develop an idea.
Mindjet have recently released Spigit, innovative software designed to harness the creative power of crowds and employees. Spigit enables businesses to crowdsource effective and efficient ideas from a number of sources, ensuring that multiple voices are heard.
Mindjet has a strong, bold logo and well-established brand. A strong emphasis on collaboration is vital to Mindjet’s branding, especially as new software has been released with enhanced sharing capabilities. Mindjet strives to stay ahead of the competition and continually innovate new products, and implement new technologies. Many reputable companies use Mindjet products, including: IBM, Pfizer, Dow Chemical, Lockheed Martin and Raytheon.
Channels
Mindjet uses two main sales channels, its website and third-party resellers. Customers can also download a free trial of the software prior to purchase.
Mindjet markets its products through multiple mediums including: print advertising, via its website and through social media platforms. As such a well-established program with high profile clients, many marketing efforts are second to word of mouth. Many blogs and websites will host features displaying information regarding Mindjet products.
Customer Relationships
As an online-based software company, Mindjet’s customer relationships are primarily of a self-serve nature. A detailed learning center and online knowledgebase are complemented by an online community and well established forum. Third-party retailers also offer real-time support as well as training courses.
Key Activities
Mindjet’s primary activities include developing their software, adding new functions and improving services to stay up to date with modern technology.
Due to the computer based nature of the product, manufacturing is not necessary although extensive research and development is required.
Key Partners
Mindjet has partnered with numerous businesses to help provide support and guide clients through their use of Mindjet.
As Mindjet products have multiple applications and can be tailored to a business’ specific needs, many clients may find they are not getting the most out of the Mindjet software. Key partners help advise clients on Mindjet programs best uses.
Key Resources
Like many other software companies, Mindjet’s main resources are its Research and Development team, constantly staying on top of the latest trends and implementing new features.
Mindjet also invests significant resources in its marketing team, ensuring that any potential clients are aware of Mindjet products.
Cost Structure
Mindjet has a value-driven cost structure, as its products are non-physical and therefore, theoretically infinite.
Major cost drivers for Mindjet include research, development, marketing and administration expenses.
Revenue Streams
Mindjet’s primary revenue is generated from licensing fees for its software.


localStorage
and sessionStorage
.With HTML5, web pages can store data locally within the user’s browser. The data is stored in name/value pairs, and a web page can only access data stored by itself.
Differences between localStorage
and sessionStorage
regarding lifetime:
localStorage
is permanent: it does not expire and remains stored on the user’s computer until a web app deletes it or the user asks the browser to delete it.sessionStorage
has the same lifetime as the top-level window or browser tab in which the data got stored. When the tab is permanently closed, any data stored through sessionStorage
is deleted.Differences between localStorage
and sessionStorage
regarding storage scope: Both forms of storage are scoped to the document origin so that documents with different origins will never share the stored objects.
sessionStorage
is also scoped on a per-window basis. Two browser tabs with documents from the same origin have separate sessionStorage
data.localStorage
, the same scripts from the same origin can’t access each other’s sessionStorage
when opened in different tabs.


About Me
My name is Daniel Nau. I am currently attending The University of Kansas Coding Bootcamp. I have a passion for learning code and troubleshooting code. I take pride in determination and dedication when it comes to programming. I am always learning and evolving. I keep up to date with the ever so changing industry and never turn down a challenge. I graduate in May of 2021 and I am open to all remote positions, though I would prefer a full stack position. My portfolio is always being updated, feel free to contact me at the bottom of the page with any questions or concerns. Check out my LinkedIn and GitHub profiles located down below.
Current Skills
Front End Technologies
- HTML
- CSS
- Javascript
- jQuery
- React
- API Interaction
- Bootstrap
Back-End Technologies
- Node.Js
- MongoDB
- Mongoose
- Express
- SQL
- Sequelize
- REST API's


Fiendish's Automated Script Installer...uhh...Script
Tested to work in zMUD 7.21 on Windows XP. Not guaranteed to work in other versions or system configurations.
What this script does:
- Provides an alias that when given the right parameters automatically downloads and installs a script file.
What this script does not do:
- Fail silently. If someone can figure out how to make VBScript fail without throwing up a message, let me know, eh?
Download the script here: ScriptInstaller.zip
------------ BEGIN INSTRUCTIONS ------------
If you have an old version already installed, then you can probably just use that one to install the new version. Isn't that neat?
This script installs a class named "ScriptInstaller" containing an alias called "scriptinstall".
If any of your scripts conflict with these names, they must be removed first or things could break.
There is no special procedure necessary for this install. Either import the text file, execute it, or copy/paste the contents.
------------ HOW TO USE THIS SCRIPT ---------
scriptinstall "<complete url>" "<name of script>"
example...
scriptinstall "http://www.fakeurl.com/directory/MySuperAmazingScript.txt" "My Super Amazing Script"
If your URL contains a ~ (like http://www.fakeurl.com/~userdirectory/), you must use two of them (like http://www.fakeurl.com/~~userdirectory/)
because otherwise zMUD will strip it out.
------------- THIS IS IMPORTANT -------------
Make sure you use the real file URL. No redirects. No virtual domains. No framesets.
And test everything to make sure it works.
- Fiendish


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| Modified: | 4/22/2019 5:46:18 PM |
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Concert Schedule
|
February 2012
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Upcoming Tasting Events
Thursday, Febuary 31, 2025
- 9:00 pm
- Band Name Here
- Venue Here
- Anytown, Anystate
- Click Here For More Information
Friday, March 32, 2025
- 9:00 pm
- Band Name Here
- Venue Here
- Anytown, Anystate
- Click Here For More Information
Thursday, Febuary 31, 2025
- 9:00 pm
- Band Name Here
- Venue Here
- Anytown, Anystate
- Click Here For More Information
Saturday, April 31, 2025
- 9:00 pm
- Band Name Here
- Venue Here
- Anytown, Anystate
- Click Here For More Information
Sunday, May 32, 2025
- 9:00 pm
- Band Name Here
- Venue Here
- Anytown, Anystate
- Click Here For More Information


Hello there, awesome person! Would you like to visit one of these websites?
A Link for
Google
A Link for
Youtube
A Link for
weather


Honzi
/
Bookmarks
/Accounts
Services
Accounts
EVE Online
Honzifox
Honzibot
GitHub
honzi
iterami
Google
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>LinkedIn
Private
Path of Exile
honzifox
Steam
honzifox
These are my primary accounts for various websites and services with public/social aspects.
Not all accounts are listed, but these are the only ones that could be verified as me.
It is extremely unlikely that any of these accounts will contact you or post links, so beware of imposters and scams.


Index
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
All Classes|All Packages
All Classes|All Packages
All Classes|All Packages
B
- b_reminder - Static variable in class LibrarySystem
-
Book reminder for warning
- balance - Variable in class AVLTree.AVLNode
-
balance is right subtree height - left subtree height
- BALANCED - Static variable in class AVLTree.AVLNode
-
Constant to indicate balanced
- BinarySearchTree<E extends java.lang.Comparable<E>> - Class in <Unnamed>
- BinarySearchTree() - Constructor for class BinarySearchTree
- BinarySearchTreeWithRotate<E extends java.lang.Comparable<E>> - Class in <Unnamed>
-
Extends the BinarySearchTree by adding the rotate operations.
- BinarySearchTreeWithRotate() - Constructor for class BinarySearchTreeWithRotate
- BinaryTree<E> - Class in <Unnamed>
-
The type Binary tree.
- BinaryTree() - Constructor for class BinaryTree
-
Default consturctor of Binary Tree
- BinaryTree(BinaryTree.Node<E>) - Constructor for class BinaryTree
-
Constructor of BinaryTree
- BinaryTree(E, BinaryTree<E>, BinaryTree<E>) - Constructor for class BinaryTree
-
Constructs a new binary tree with data in its root, leftTree as its left subtree, and rightTree as its right subtree
- BinaryTree.Node<E> - Class in <Unnamed>
-
Class to encapsulate a tree node
- book - Variable in class BookReminder
-
student's book object
- Book - Class in <Unnamed>
- Book(Book) - Constructor for class Book
-
Constructor initializes data with taken parameter object.
- Book(String, String, String, String, String, Integer) - Constructor for class Book
-
Constructor initializes data with taken parameter values.
- bookCounter - Variable in class Student
-
Taken book counter (max 5)
- BookReminder - Class in <Unnamed>
- BookReminder(int, Book, Student) - Constructor for class BookReminder
-
Constructor
- BookReminder.RemindTask - Class in <Unnamed>
-
Class that shows when the warning is given ( 10 minutes expire )
- BookReminder.RemindTask2 - Class in <Unnamed>
-
Class for decrease table time (every minutes)
- books - Static variable in class LibrarySystem
-
All books coming to the system are stored in the AVL tree.
- breadthFirstSearch(ListGraph, int) - Static method in class ListGraph
-
breadth first navigates the nodles and returns the first parent of all vertexes.
- breakCounter - Variable in class Table
-
Holds time for a break
All Classes|All Packages


The SALAM (Subalpine and Alpine Languages and Migrations) research project stems from the desire to better delineate the migratory phenomena that have interested the western Alpine and Subalpine area from a linguistic point of view. Language represents communication, a chance of meeting and an instrument for peace: languages and dialects carry the traces of these numerous and frequent encounters (sometimes clashes). With new words there has been a movement of innovations, in both technological and philosophical fields, in a dynamic of continuous enrichment. The linguistic perspective needs to broaden to also consider the history of the communities, their social structure, and the rules given to manage the presence of foreigners, both in the past and in present days. The Alps, which have become an insurmountable border for many people today, have originally been a place of meeting and exchange, in close connection with the surrounding plains and cities. The starting stage will be the creation of a bibliographical database of: a) linguistic and cultural studies on the topic (trade jargons on both sides of the Alpine region, with special attention to the Po Valley) b) historical studies concerning seasonal and long-lasting migrations within the area; c) evolution of juridical forms adopted to manage the presence and integration of migrants and foreigners, from the late Middle Ages to Modern times.


Technology Survey Form
Please fill the details correctly
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PathLength()
Syntax
Result.d = PathLength()Description
Returns the total length of the current vector drawing path.
Parameters
None.
Return value
Returns the length of the current path.
Example
If OpenWindow(0, 0, 0, 400, 200, "VectorDrawing", #PB_Window_SystemMenu | #PB_Window_ScreenCentered) CanvasGadget(0, 0, 0, 400, 200) If StartVectorDrawing(CanvasVectorOutput(0)) ; construct path MovePathCursor(150, 125) AddPathCurve(0, 270, 0, -150, 350, 180) ; get length Debug "Path length: " + PathLength() ; stroke the path VectorSourceColor($FF0000FF) StrokePath(5) StopVectorDrawing() EndIf Repeat Event = WaitWindowEvent() Until Event = #PB_Event_CloseWindow EndIf
See Also
PathPointX(), PathPointY(), PathPointAngle()
Supported OS
All


Job Requirements
After our first investment round of 120k we are expanding our team. The new persons will work together with us in our new office in Repubblica Milano
Full Stack Developer medior-senior
Needs to be proficient and have solid experience in
And to be
What will get:
Full Stack Developer medior-senior
Needs to be proficient and have solid experience in
And to
What will get:
Social Media Strategist and Editor
And to be
What will get:
Community Manager
What will get:


Creating ticket for showing taking place {{showingDate}}/{{showingPlace}}
What's the name of this ticket?
How many of these tickets are in sale?
What's the price of this ticket?
Create ticket


We'll help you find a way to your destination that is cost efficient.
We are proud to share this application that will help you to decide a cost efficient way to reach your destination i.e. by driving yourself or taking an uber.
We will display the cost of driving i.e. parking and gas, and taking an uber.
To provide you with the results, all we need is your current location and destination. You can also add your leaving time and number of people for more accuracy.
Once, all the inputs are given, the application will calculate the costs and show you the average prices side by side in order for you to compare and decide.
This conceptualization allows for a broad swath of potential users. Aside from users interested in not spending money unnecessarily, this application can fulfill a few other needs.
For example, those with mobility issues, senior citizens, expecting mothers, or parents/guardians on an outing with children might prefer to take an uber if the nearest parking is farther than is feasible or reasonably convenient for them.


Tua Tagovailoa Reportedly Transported To Hospital In A Helicopter
by Andrew HolleranAlabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa was seen getting into an ambulance early in the second half of the Crimson Tide’s blowout win over Mississippi State. The Crimson Tide’s QB is reportedly now getting transported to the hospital in a helicopter.
Tagovailoa, who appeared to suffer a hip injury, is reportedly getting taken to St. Vincent’s Medical Center in Birmingham, Alabama.
Alabama insider Cecil Hurt has the news.
Tagovailoa had to be carted off the field late in the first half. He’s believed to have suffered a serious hip injury.
Nick Saban spoke to ESPN about Tagovailoa following the win.
Alabama’s head coach said “that’s probably something that could be serious.”
Alabama improved to 9-1 with today’s 38-7 win over Mississippi State. The Crimson Tide were led by quarterback Mac Jones, who completed 7 of 11 passes for 94 yards in the win.
Saban and Co. are set to take on Western Carolina next week. Alabama will then play Auburn in the Iron Bowl.


Data::Migrate - Tools to support data migration on unix systems
use Data::Migrate; # Construct a Data::Migrate object instance my $migrator = Data::Migrate->new();
Base object for doing data migration. Functions are object methods, generally, so they can use data from $self.
my $migrator = Data::Migrate->new();
DESC:
Creates and returns a Data::Migrate object.
PARAM: N/A
RETURNS: $obj
You can install the latest release of this module directly from github using
$ cpanm git://github.com/Jefferys/Data-Migrate.git@release
Older versions can be downloaded from the archive like:
$ cpanm<EMAIL_ADDRESS>but replacing the version string after the @ with the release's tag name.
You can also install manually by selecting and downloading the *.tar.gz package for any release on github, i.e. for
Installing is then a matter of unzipping this, changing into the unzipped directory, and then executing the normal (C>ExtUtill::MakeMaker>) incantation:
perl Build.PL make make test make install
after which you are free to delete both the folder and the zipped file.
No known bugs are present in this release.  Please report bugs (and feature requests) though the Github issue tracker associated with the development repository, at:
https://github.com/Jefferys/Data-Migrate/issues
Note: you must have a GitHub account to submit issues, but they are free.
This module is developed and hosted on GitHub, at https://github.com/Jefferys/Data-Migrate. Development is done using Dist Zilla, but releases to github are made to both a master and a release branch, with the master branch building using dzil, while the release branch uses only the Core perl build system (ExtUtil::MakeMaker).
See "development.md" for more details
Stuart R. Jefferys<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This software is Copyright (c) 2015 by Stuart R. Jefferys.
This is free software, licensed under:
The Apache License, Version 2.0, January 2004


I should probably say that I'm not much of a clubber myself. The experiences I've hand in most clubs involve copious amounts of alcohol and hard distorted beats and lots of noise and aggression - not my idea of fun. But this experience changed my outlook completely.
We were planning to go to a trance gig in the city in the late evening which had been booked by a friend. I remembered I had ordered some BZP & TFMPP pills that had been sitting in my drawer for a few days- I had originally ordered enough for what I thought would be a year without overdoing it - 2 high strength capsules, 6 mediums, and 2 super strength.
A week earlier we had each popped a medium strength one and realised these were perfect for clubbing - the euphoria was indescribable.
We headed to the venue and decided to take the pills in the club. Another friend who met us had a bag a tobacco laced with some high quality euphoric weed. Even though the pills were legal, we didnít want a search to go wrong, so he hid them on him.
As we walked to the club at around 11.00pm, we were all a bit anxious as to how the night was going to turn out, also wary of the strength of what we had planned on taking, but also aware that things could potentially go wrong.
When we turned up on the door we were searched...no problems! We headed into the club. As we entered, the first thing we noticed was three guys having their photo taken with balloons of nitrous! - We were in heaven - all of us having tried nitrous before, it was clear. This was going to be a great night!!!
A friend had taken the extra strength pill before going into the club, so as soon as we got in both myself and my other friend took our pills.
The first few hours, the music had just started and the club was slowly filling up. The music was mainly trance, with a hardcore house room and a central funk/breakbeat room. All the drunks gathered in the breakbeat room, falling over each other and generally looking wasted.
The coke people seemed to all gather in the hardcore room, dancing away.
12.30am: By far the most peaceful, non threatening room was the trance room, there was some incredible music playing and we could slowly feel the mild coming up of the pills. The lights seemed more intense and the music was floating around the room. We decided to go to the corner and smoke a joint. As the smooth smoke set in, the hard edge of the coming up was blunted, with a mild sense of 'calm excitement' - we were relaxed that we were heading into a buzz. The weed had this wonderful effect of warming the music up and enhancing it's effect. Eventually, the beats just locked in sync with the overall mood and it was like a movie soundtrack.
We went to the centre of the trance room and waited for the break. We were so close to the full come up and we were already getting rushes from the excitement of the nitrous. Then we inhaled....
What happened next was like a whirlwind of pure sound, vision and emotion. As the beat dropped the mind had no choice but to get down to it! We were inside the music, inside the club, inside the world and coming up hard!!! The nitrous hit all the pleasure centers and activated the BZP/TFMPP combo, while simultaneously taking the 'blunted' feeling off the joints. It was pure bliss!!! Dancing was pure euphoria and we couldnít stop - heck just remembering what it was like makes me want to go clubbing again!
As we walked around the club, there was this wonderful empathic feeling with the rest of the crowd, sights, sounds, smells, it was like we could sense what everyone was feeling and there was a connectedness with everyone there. Walking was more like floating and my shoes on the club floor felt like bare feet in wet grass on a warm summer day.
But this was only the beginning of the BZP TFMPP combo. All three of us were coming up fast and so after and hour or two of dancing into the night we started to take what would be regular joint breaks. The effect of the joint was to curb the amphetamine like edge and replace it with empathy and a more chilled out feeling. The greatest thing was that as the weed would wear off, the BZP edge would rush back almost like a continuous set of come ups! It was wicked!
Even as I'm writing this I can still hear the music pulsating away. At around 3-4pm, the drunks had left and only the E people were hanging around in the packed club. We almost had this sixth sense as to who was dropping Es and who had finished being drunk. The drunks were taking lines of coke to continue their buzz and were really aggressive/agitated in behavior. The E people were friendly sociable and non-threatening. This really was/is the chemical generation!
At one point, we did a double nitrous balloon hit, taking care to breathe plenty of oxygen in between breaths. We entered into the hardcore room! - As the second balloon came off my mouth, I turned left and the whole world had slowed down. People were floating like gravity had dropped a notch or two, and two stunning women flew past me, their hair waving like trees in a strong wind, As I looked right, all of the light and colors blurred in my vision, and my thinking became vivid and sharp, like I was living every millisecond.
 As we went further into the nitrous dissociation, the pill combo hit hard and we went into a frenzy of dancing - the hyper music sounded like the perfect tempo to dance to! - I called it nitrous music! My friends were dancing hard and the breaks were great - we had a deeper appreciation of this really intense music.
After a while it got a bit too harsh on the ears and we headed to a chill out area where we had a few more joints. This club was quite relaxed on the drug front and they were fully aware what was going on. People were most likely on the A-Z of substances here...
The evening was coming to a close and I was surprised how gentle the come down over the next few hours was. It felt like the slow dimming of the glowstick in my hand.
When we left the club we were still really talkative but physical tiredness was catching up. It was a quite strange feeling. The daylight outside had an almost film like colour to it. We got back to my mates house and promptly went to sleep.
The next morning I could still hear the music and felt like I had had a frontal lobotomy - not sure what that feels like really, but you get the picture! The beauty was that there was no real comedown, like alcohol or MDMA, We drank water through the night and didnít touch any alcohol and we just felt physically tired and sat around all day, (after having a brownie!).
Even just a few hours of letting go, has had a postive effect on my outlook on life permanently. I can understand why drugs like MDMA were used for therapy once.
If one phrases could sum up the experience, it would be 'this is the s***!' - it was said many times during the night!
I cannot believe that this substance is legal, and yet I can. It hits harder than MDMA and yet the comedown is most peaceful than a hangover. I sincerely hope it stay legal. -Can't wait to go clubbing again!
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


'3 Black Chicks Review...'
Toy Story 2 (1999) Rated G; running time 108 minutes Genre: Animation/Comedy IMDB site: http://us.imdb.com/Title?0120363 Official site: http://www.toystory2.com/ Directed by: Colin Brady, John Lasseter, Ash Brannon, Lee Unkrich (co-directors) Starring: Tom Hanks, Tim Allen, Don Rickles, Jim Varney, Wallace Shawn, John Ratzenberger, Annie Potts, Jodi Benson, Joan Cusack, Kelsey Grammer, Estelle Harris, Wayne Knight, John Morris, R. Lee Ermey, David Ogden Stiers
Review Copyright Rose Cooper, 1999 Review URL: http://www.3blackchicks.com/bamstoy.html
I won't be coy; I'll just say it straight: I loved this movie. If you hang on my every word, then the rest of this review can wait till later; hie thee to your local cineplex pronto, bucko. And be sure to watch the kids in the front aisle. If, like I was before I went to see "Toy Story 2", you're in need of a good dose of cheer, the kids in the front aisle will bring as much of that as watching the movie itself will. Trust Bammer on that one.
Ah, you're still here. Alrighty then; I guess I should earn my keep by actually reviewing this flick...
The Story (WARNING: some spoilers contained below): As the taglines so playfully pun, "the Toys are back in town": the old familiar faces (and voices) that many of us grew up with--even if "grew up with" started with the original "Toy Story"--come back to the big screen. Our old pals Andy (Morris) and his "living" Toys, cowboy Woody (Hanks), astronaunt Buzz Lightyear (Allen), Mr. Potato Head (Rickles), Slinky Dog (Varney), dinosaur Rex (Shawn), Hamm the piggy bank (Ratzenberger), Green Army Men Sergeant (Ermey) and Woody's lady, Bo Peep (Potts, complete with Peep's Sheep), make a return appearance; they're joined by cowgirl Jessie (Cusack), Stinky Pete The Prospector (Grammer), Bullseye the horse (Stiers), Mrs. Potato Head (Harris), Tour Guide Barbie (Benson), and probably the Father of the beanie-baby craze, Al The Toy Collector/"Chicken Man" (Knight), in a tale that combines humor, nostalgia, amazing computer animation, and even a Lesson or two, for kids of all ages [yep, even for us 36-year-old Chicks].
[STRONGER WARNING: the next paragraph definitely contains detailed movie plotline information; if you do not wish to be "spoiled" whatsoever, skip to "The Upshot"].
Lest you think that cast was too large to fit in a 100-minute movie, wait till you hear the plotline: in a rapid-fire turn of events, Andy shelves Woody after accidently "breaking" Woody's arm; Woody's shelf-mate, Wheezer the not-squeaking penguin (which, unless I'm mistaken, is either modelled after the Linux penguin, or is a character from a rather famous film short...but I'm digressing again) is destined for the one event Toys hate: the yard sale! Woody accidently winds up in the "for sale" bin, from which Toy-Collector Al--realizing that Woody might actually be a collector's item--steals him. This turns out to be a joyous occasion for Jessie and The Prospector, who belong to Woody's "family"--but not for his pals Buzz and company, who, remembering Woody's heroic rescue of Buzz in the original "Toy Story", set off to do some derring-do of their own. But will Woody want to leave his new-found family, to go back to Andy, who may have grown too old to play with dolls? Hmmm... [end SPOILERS]
The Upshot: I've taken the chance that some folks [who, obviously, will have forgotten their Reading Is Fundamental lessons] will be upset at the audacity of my giving so much of the movie away in the paragraph immediately above--because it begins to address a subtle, yet very important aspect of "Toy Story 2": it's more than just a "kiddie movie". The attention to detail alone separates it from your average animated cartoon, even those that are as heavily computer-generated (TV's "ReBoot" comes quickly to mind--RIP). But there's something more going on here, something that I'll address a little later.
For now, what's on the surface is delightful as-is.
The original "Toy Story" wowed us (especially us techies) with its very real-looking computer animation; I know I'm not the only one that had to look more than a few times, before realizing that Andy and the other Humans, weren't real. Still, though there are some moments where you'd swear they blended live-action with animation (check out Al's nose hairs when he's passed out on the couch after his Cheesy Poofs attack), the animation seems less precise in this movie than it was in its predecessor's. That's not necessarily a bad thing, though; where TS1 built the whole world of Toys and Humans as an introduction to the skill of the technicians, if not the writers and voices, TS2 has a much deeper tale. I found myself wowed by the Pretty Pictures less often; here, instead, I saw the characters.
And what a great bunch of characters there were! Without going into "spoilage" territory, I'll just say that the large cast was served well enough, with no one character really hogging (oops, sorry Hamm!) the spotlight the way Hanks' "Woody" and Allen's "Buzz" did last go-round; and, again with an eye on detail, storylines that took place in TS1 are built-upon in TS2. But who would've thought that Mr. Potato Head would be...[careful, Bammer; the kids might be reading]...would have a chance to play "house" with his wife? And remember the puppy Andy got in the first flick? Mmmhmm. If I had to choose a weak spot, I'd go with Rex, who bordered on whiny; even some of the kids in my group, started rolling their eyes (on the other hand, my eyes got a workout when Jessie started in with the Obligatory Disney Song--though after she was done, I was okay about it because the song moved the story along in a somewhat necessary fashion). Though I can't truly recall Stiers (Major Winchester, "M*A*S*H*") vocalizing Bullseye much, Grammer's take on Stinky Pete reminded me exactly why I enjoy the TV show "Frasier" so much (would that my favorite actor on that show, David Hyde Pierce, have been cast in TS2 as he was in my previously-favorite animated flick, "A Bug's Tale". Alas, it was not to be).
By the time the movie was over, I wanted to run home and hug my "Curious George" non-collector dolls. Next time I see this movie--and believe me, there'll be a next time, if only so I can catch everything I missed in trying to take review notes--I think I'll bring old Curious with me.
The HUMAN Factor: Frequent readers of my reviews know what is normally written in this space; but something about this movie compelled me to take a different tack this time. Perhaps it's because I'm at a sensitive point in my life, with a seriously ill family member in the hospital, and other stressors that I won't bore my readers with--but there was something very deep-reaching in this movie for me. Between the concepts brought forth about family, about friendship and obligations, about the silliness of mere collecting of "treasure" and disposing of "junk" we no longer care about, I came away from the movie with an appreciation of things I'd not really given much thought to since I was a wee one, but that kids take the greatest delight in. Especially after seeing Jacob dancing his cute self into a tizzy in front of the screen when the credits were rolling, to the big-band-beat of Tom Scott's sax and Robert Goulet's singing "You've Got A Friend In Me".
4-year-old Jacob, who I'd never met until today, made me grin so hard in watching him dance, that I asked his parents if I could "interview" him and his 11-year-old sister Jessica for my review. I asked them both if they liked the movie (yes, they both did), who their favorite characters were (Buzz and Woody for Jessica, Buzz for Jacob; notably, their mom and I both liked Bullseye the horse, best. Hmmm.), and if they learned anything from the movie. Jessica couldn't really pinpoint anything, though she politely agreed with my prompts; Jacob, on the other hand, was so hyper after his delightful dance that he wouldn't stay still long enough for our "interview", and when he calmed down for a minute, the adult in me seemed to make him a bit less open than he was during his dance. Which is, basically, The Point I'm making: kids seem to have an understanding of the sheer fun of Fun, fun for its own sake, that adults like me are simply amazed at in watching it on a screen for an hour-and-a-half. For me, the layers that were behind the story in "Toy Story 2", though at first glance they seemed to be simplistic "morals", made the story all the more deep. To Jacob, Buzz was cool, the music had a great beat, and he had a huge space in which to run amuck for a few minutes. And the funny thing is, we were both "right".
Hey, call me a sentimental fool if you will, but some people pay Big Bucks in therapy to gain that kind of insight; I figure that $7.50 (including a box of popcorn--and lots of soul-cleansing laughs) ain't a bad tradeoff.
Bammer's Bottom Line: I could feel the pull of the folks behind "Toy Story 2" wanting to impart The Moral Of The Story to the audience, right near the end; by the last scene, even my rediscovered inner-peace was starting to roil a wee bit. But it was a minor roil, and Jacob's Dance got me back into the smooth groove.
"Toy Story 2" (rating: greenlight) I dare all the bah-humbugers out there to go pick up their favorite non-commercial toy and remember what it was like to be a kid. I dare ya...I double dare ya...I double dog dare ya! Ah, heck, just go see this movie!
3 Black Chicks...Movie Reviews With Flava! /~\ Rose "Bams" Cooper /','\ 3BlackChicks Enterprises /','`'\ Copyright Rose Cooper, 1999 /',',','/`, EMAIL<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ICQ: 7760005 `~-._'c / http://www.3blackchicks.com/ `\ ( http://manetheren.cl.msu.edu/~bambam/ /====\
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Arsenal urged to snub Jose Mourinho for Chris Wilder if they sack Unai Emery
Gunners boss Unai Emery faces a crucial month to avoid being sacked after a less than impressive start to the season
by Alex HarrisArsenal have been advised to appoint Sheffield United boss Chris Wilder if they sack Unai Emery.
Emery faces a make-or-break month at the Emirates Stadium after a disappointing start to the Premier League campaign.
Saturday’s 1-1 draw with Wolves leaves Arsenal six points off a top-four spot.
Gunners bigwigs could take drastic action by Christmas if they are in danger of missing out on Champions League qualification.
Jose Mourinho has been linked as a potential replacement and the club were forced to deny their Head of Football Raul Sanllehi has met with the former Manchester United and Chelsea boss.
But ex-Blues ace Tony Cascarino believes they should be focusing their attention on Wilder, whose Blades are one place and one point behind Arsenal in the table.
"Man United job, Arsenal job - Chris Wilder? Absolutely," Cascarino told talkSPORT.
"There would be a snobbery around football that would go for Allegri or Mourinho.  Like Sir Alex Ferguson, Jurgen Klopp at Mainz, Pep Guardiola at Barcelona B - he's shown what he can do.
"I believe there are managers in lower league football who are very gifted and deserve an opportunity. Chris has gone through the whole lot."
A number of Arsenal fans have turned on Emery, who is in the final season of his two-year contract.
When asked if he feels his position is under threat, Emery said: “I am very demanding of myself. I feel every time my responsibility to work and to come back from the result with the next matches.
He added: “We are speaking about how we can improve and take the good way, and also being calm in the dressing room with the players to achieve performances individually and collectively. These are the conversations at this time.”


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Technische Universität Dresden
Fakultät Informatik
Institut für Theoretische Informatik
Professur für Wissensbasierte Systeme
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GERMANY
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I'm Blake Estes, a passionate graphic designer from Saint Louis. I currently have an AAS in Graphic Communications and am pursing a BFA in Graphic Design at University of Missouri - Saint Louis. While continuing my studies, I am actively building my knowledge in various graphic and web design techniques through programs such as The Odin Project, Skillshare, and Codecademy. For hobbies, I find enjoyment in photography and music.
Project created in 2018, following the theme of my personal logo; structure with a little bit of chaos. Hand crafted and photographed from glass materials. Based on Baskerville Bold. The project has been used to promote recycling, as the name suggests, and to bring attention to sustainability.
A personal project created in 2018 for a local band that continues to set up lit up letters of their band name on stage. All illustrations created in Illustrator and inspired from techniques by DKNG Studios.
Data visualization created in 2018 for a project showcasing differences and similaraties in Haiti and Hawaii. Typography choice of Futura and illustrations created in Illustrator via the use of the pen and blend tools; all images created as vector objects.
Personal logo created in 2018; structure with a little bit of chaos. I’ve found in my life that keeping my surroundings extremely organized, clean, and minimal help me remain focused. Internally, I have a habit of overthinking and overanalyzing, so this sort of structured outside is how I contain it. Additionally, the form is created out of the letter ‘E’ in lieu of my last name.
A project created in 2017 over a small portion of events that befell the ancient city of Palmyra. The images were created and edited in Photoshop, while the composition was compiled in After Effects.
Ribbon lettering created in 2018 for a project title. Based off of the typeface DIN, sketched on an iPad, formed through the pen tool, and finalized in Photoshop. Calendar layout created in inDesign featuring artwork and copy covering lettering connoisseurs Jessica Hische and Luke Lucas.
This promotional brochure was created for Laumeier Sculpture Park in Saint Louis to bring attention to a few of the new pieces, and showcase some of the older ones. The project was created in InDesign using elements that were created and editied in Photoshop, Illustrator, and Corel Draw.
A short video created in 2017 over a few principles of animation as taught by Disney animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas. The video contains elements from Illustrator, but was mainly created in After Effects.
Created for a typography recipe book. I curated the recipes, made the desserts, photographed the end result, then edited and finalized the layout.
An album redesign for M. Ward's Post-War. All photographs aside from the profile image were taken and edited in Photoshop, song titles were hand written and edited in Illustrator, and final layout design was completed in InDesign.
An ad promotion showcasing the new Chrevrolet Red Line series. Following branding guidelines, this was created for a local company using Photoshop and Illustrator.


There were a couple of events that led NeXT executives to falsely believe that they were on the right track, instead of realizing they were heading to the wall.
First was a major deal with IBM that was signed in September 1988, just one month before the Cube’s introduction. As we explained before, NeXT’s operating system, NeXTSTEP, was a revolution in software. It was the first UNIX ever to sport a graphical user interface, making an arcane piece of software accessible to mere mortals. We also said that UNIX was used on several computer mainframes, the vast majority of which were still IBM- made. That’s why Big Blue showed a substantial interest in the NeXT operating system: its


Mauricio Pochettino Sacked By Spurs After Five Years In Charge
by Michael CorryMauricio Pochettino has been sacked by Tottenham Hotspur after five years in charge of the North London club.
Spurs have won just five games so far this season with club chairman Daniel levy saying that a change had to be made in the best interests of the club.
Before then, however, Pochettino was viewed as quite a popular manager. In his five seasons in charge, he led Spurs to four top-four finishes and also guided the club to a Champions League final appearance earlier this year.
In a statement released this evening Levy explained the club’s decision.
“We were extremely reluctant to make this change and it is not a decision the Board has taken lightly, nor in haste.
“Regrettably domestic results at the end of last season and beginning of this season have been extremely disappointing,” he said.
“It falls to the Board to make the difficult decisions – this one made more so given the many memorable moments we have had with Mauricio and his coaching staff – but we do so in the Club’s best interests.
“Mauricio and his coaching staff will always be part of our history. I have the utmost admiration for the manner in which he dealt with the difficult times away from a home ground whilst we built the new stadium and for the warmth and positivity he brought to us. I should like to thank him and his coaching staff for all they have contributed. They will always be welcome here.
“We have a talented squad. We need to re-energise and look to deliver a positive season for our supporters.”


WITNESS LIST Agriculture Policy Committee June 20, 2000-10:00A Discussion on HB2 On: Hofmann, John B. (TNRCC), Austin King, Carl L. (Texas Corn Growers), Dimmitt Moore, Steve (Rolling Plains Cotton Growers, Inc.), Roscoe Patton, Lindy (Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation), Abilene Perdue, David N. (Himself), Benjamin Richmond, Jule (Texas Sheep & Goat Raisers Association), Blanket Riley, Ray Joe (Himself), Hart Robinson, Leland D. (Himself), Abilene Verett, Steve (Plains Cotton Growers, Inc), Lubbock Registering, but not testifying: On: Powers, Trey (Texas Department of Agriculture), Austin Written materials submitted: On: Hunter, Dan (Southwestern Peanut Grower's Association), Gorman Vinson, J.W. (Himself), Abilene


Synopsis
Place a bounty on the next release of an open-source project. Until the bounty is met, those who need/want the newest release must pay an amount in order to get it. Previous releases remain free. Once the bounty is met, the new release becomes free.
The Problem of Funding
I think open-source is one of the most important cultural and business innovations produced (so far) by the computing and network revolution. We’ve only begun to feel the benefits of this shift and anything we can do to accelerate it will amplify those benefits.
The biggest hole in the system is funding. We’ve been trying to use existing donation models and it just isn’t working. If individuals are encouraged to donate to a tip jar, they tend to put it off (and eventually forget) because (A) they are just trying it out and don’t know yet if it’s going to be useful and (B) it’s a hassle to go through the tipping process and they are focused on trying to solve their problem right now. Once the moment has passed, it becomes easier and easier to forget.
Business folk don’t know what to do with open-source. It doesn’t fit into their world-view. A paid product is familiar territory and they are fine with buying it. But if it’s open-source, that means free, right? Why should we go through the hassle and paperwork if we can just use it? There are numerous disincentives to pay for it, and no noticeable benefits. Even if the programmers prod the purchasing department to do the right thing, it seems like needless work to the purchasing department. They’re not being stingy or mean—it’s just that everything else has higher priority than doing something that isn’t forced upon you. That’s just the way old-school business works.
Eventually cultural norms might develop, but in the meantime we need to provide an adapting structure between the world of open-source and the world of business.
Release Bounties
Here’s how it works. For projects that create significant releases containing distinct new features[^It might work in other situations as well but that is not how I’m initially imagining it], on your next release you set a funding bounty. Typically this bounty will be based on the amount of effort you put into the release, but other factors can weigh in as well, such as trying to hire a new person for the project or paying debts you’ve incurred in developing the project thus far. In my opinion it is valuable to be completely transparent about the needs provided by the bounty, because it helps engage customers in the process.
I think most projects will set different prices for individual users than for companies. One thing to keep in mind is that companies can have complex procurement processes so you need to factor in the time and effort involved (see later in this article about the benefits of having an external service to manage these issues). A typical way to charge a company might be based on number of programmers or employees in the company. Sometimes you’ll have to work out a special contract with that company, but if the result is beneficial enough it’s worth it.
Every time someone pays for the new release, the bounty is reduced by that amount. Once the bounty is paid off, the release becomes free to everyone. This way, customers who don’t care or can’t afford it have the option of waiting until the release becomes free. Customers that need it right away will pay for it. The rate at which the bounty is paid off gives feedback to the developers about how valuable the new feature set is.
You might even provide premiums like stickers, shirts, hats, etc., for individuals who are extra enthusiastic about the project and want to donate at a higher level in exchange for those items (much like the reward levels in services like Kickstarter).
Benefits
The biggest benefit is the ability to create a steady income from your work. My hope is that it will liberate people from having to work a regular job so they can devote all their time to working on their open-source projects. I believe this will dramatically speed up software development in general, because more people will be able to work on the projects they love.
This mechanism also provides valuable feedback from your customers.
I think it could also open channels to companies who might be willing to fund the development of feature-sets that help those companies with their particular needs. Although such channels are hypothetically available now, once there’s a payment mechanism in place it becomes much easier for a company to budget, request, and pay for new feature sets.
One very significant benefit is that you don’t have to estimate. You create the feature set first, and then you know how much effort it took to create it and that tells you what the bounty is. It might also incentivize you to make smaller, more frequent releases. I think it will certainly encourage you to discover and add the features that people want to pay for, and thus provides a valuable form of feedback.
This system might even provide funding for an organization like the PSF. If the PSF were to create and host the infrastructure for this service, they could take a percentage for doing so (and I think folks in the Python open-source community would be enthusiastic in providing another way to fund the PSF, so the percentage could probably be higher than what Kickstarter, for example, charges). Under the umbrella of the PSF, payments made to open-source projects might even qualify as nonprofit donations, which could enable you to charge more to companies since they then benefit from a tax break. In addition, the PSF is probably better equipped to handle the procurement paperwork for companies, and once that process was completed for the PSF, bounty payments for all projects under the PSF could be made through that pre-existing account, making it much easier and faster for the company.
Other products might be enabled using this approach. If there’s a need for online training, for example, the current open-source approach doesn’t free up time for the developers to work on it, especially if they have regular jobs. You might (openly) add something to the current bounty to help support the development of such materials (perhaps hiring someone to do it), then create a new bounty on those materials once they’ve been created (or you might choose to always charge something for your online training even if it’s been funded through a bounty—people who want it will appreciate its existence either way).
Summary
A bounty looks a bit like “reverse-Kickstarter” since you are funding something that has already been created; this means there is much less risk because you presumably already know the project and trust the developers. One difference is that it is version-based rather than whole-project-based.
Because all previous versions of the open-source project are free, this allows individuals and companies to choose whether they want or need the newest version, or if they are fine waiting for the bounty to be paid by others.
This approach could also enable things like sponsorship for a version. One company might decide it wants to pay off the entire bounty and the developers might give that company some kind of public acknowledgement.
Once a pathway for open-source project support has been opened, it invites further collaboration. Companies might ask for and fund specific features that they need. It might even promote more training and consulting around the project.
I am not suggesting that this approach is the solution for all open-source projects. For example, in the previous post I talked about my experience with ReadTheDocs. That service doesn’t generally provide quantifiable features on the user end (however, there might be some features on the developer end that could support release bounties). This approach will generally be most appropriate for products and libraries that steadily add features within new releases, which I think covers a large number of projects.
This approach also doesn’t solve the (important) problem of funding the startup of an open-source project, which is different and closer to traditional crowdfunding, where you are taking a distinct risk that the project might never reach fruition. For that we probably need to draw on the wisdom earned both from venture investing and services like Kickstarter.
I might have been able to think of this approach because of my Reinventing Business project. That project has certainly changed the way I look at possibilities in the world.


Module index
Lumenize
Copyright (c) 2009-2012, Lawrence S. Maccherone, Jr.
Illuminating the forest AND the trees in your data.
Features
- Implementation of DSL and visualization patterns from Larry Maccherone's PhD
- Hierarchical OLAP cubes
- Date-time precision optimized for charting: timezone manipulation (eg America/New_York), knockout weekends/holidays, non-workhours, work in any granularity (year, quarter, week, day, hour, etc.), etc.
- Tested
- Documented
- DocTested
Credits
Authors:
- Larry Maccherone (Larry @at@ Maccherone .dot. com)
- Jennifer Maccherone
Running:
- timezoneJS - library for tz parsing. Although I haven't touched the actual tz file parsing code, I have modified timezoneJS fairly significantly. The original included a drop-in replacement for JavaScript's Date object. I also modified it to work on node.js and in the browser once "browserified" by bundling the tz files.
Developing/Documenting:
- Node.js
- CoffeeScript
- coffeedoc (Larry Maccherone's fork) forked from coffeedoc
- coffeedoctest (by Larry Maccherone)
- nodeunit
- browserify with fileify plugin
- uglify-js
Using from a browser
To use in a browser, either host it on your own site, or if your volume is low enough, you can directly hit the github pages for the deploy version:
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://lmaccherone.github.com/Lumenize/deploy/lumenize-min.js"></script>
The package is fairly large ~252KB but most of that is the embedded timezone files which compress really well. The Github pages server will gzip the package so it's only ~59KB over the wire.
Then at the top of the javascript where you want to call it, put the following:
var lumenize = require('./lumenize');
Then to use it, you can either create local aliases like:
var ChartTime = lumenize.ChartTime;
or you can just use the lumenize namespace:
var stdDev = lumenize.functions.$standardDeviation([20, 30, 50]);
Installation for node.js usage
To install in the node_modules directory of your project, run the following from the root folder of your project:
npm install Lumenize
To install globally:
sudo npm install -g Lumenize
If you want the latest from source, download/clone from GitHub and run:
cake install
Contributing to Lumenize
If you want to add functionality to Lumenize, add tests for your upgrades and make sure all test pass with:
cake test
Also, add examples in the "docstrings", then generate the docs (which will also confirm that the examples give the expected output when run):
cake docs
Once you have that all working, submit a pull request on GitHub.
Documentation and source code
License
Copyright (c) 2011, 2012, Lawrence S. Maccherone, Jr.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Functions
- functions.$sum(values)
- functions.$sumSquares(values)
- functions.$count(values)
- functions.$min(values)
- functions.$max(values)
- functions.$push(values)
- functions.$addToSet(values)
- functions.$average(values)
- functions.$variance(values)
- functions.$standardDeviation(values)
- percentileCreator(p)
- aggregate(list, aggregations)
- aggregateAt(atArray, aggregations)
- groupBy(list, spec)
- groupByAt(atArray, spec)
- timeSeriesCalculator(snapshotArray, config)
- timeSeriesGroupByCalculator(snapshotArray, config)
Classes
Functions
- csvStyleArray_To_ArrayOfMaps(csvStyleArray, rowKeys)
- snapshotArray_To_AtArray(snapshotArray, listOfAtCTs, dateField, keyField, tz)
- groupByAtArray_To_HighChartsSeries(groupByAtArray, nameField, valueField, nameFieldValues, returnPreOutput)
- aggregationAtArray_To_HighChartsSeries(aggregationAtArray, aggregations)


Bootstrap v5
Features tester
Examples
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Turn your expandable navbar into a sliding offcanvas menu.


Marvel Comics API
Home
Getting Started
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MARVEL COMICS API
A How-To Guide
Ever want to know more about Marvel's vast library of comics?
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Class: RuboCop::Cop::Performance::MethodObjectAsBlock
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Base
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
Base
|
|
| Inherits: |
Base
|
| Defined in: | lib/rubocop/cop/performance/method_object_as_block.rb |
Overview
Identifies places where methods are converted to blocks, with the
use of &method
, and passed as arguments to method calls.
It is faster to replace those with explicit blocks, calling those methods inside.
Constant Summary
-
MSG =
# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/method_object_as_block.rb', line 20'Use block explicitly instead of block-passing a method object.'
Instance Method Summary
Instance Method Details
#on_block_pass(node)
[ GitHub ]# File 'lib/rubocop/cop/performance/method_object_as_block.rb', line 26
def on_block_pass(node) add_offense(node) if method_object_as_argument?(node) end


Khan’s London: Teen Stabbings Reach Decade High
The number of teenage victims of knife crime this year has surpassed that of 2008, marking another grim milestone in the tenure of Mayor Sadiq Khan
by BreitbartThe number of teens stabbed to death in London has reached an 11-year high, according to a report published by the BBC, with 23 teenagers being murdered on the streets of the capital since the start of this year.
The number of teenage victims of knife crime this year has surpassed that of 2008, marking another grim milestone in the tenure of Mayor Sadiq Khan. The number of fatal teenage stabbings, 23 so far this year, is also expected to surpass the 26 teens who were stabbed to death in 2007.
Since January, a total of 129 murder investigations have been undertaken in London. Most cases result in someone being charged; however, only two investigations into the murder of teenagers have resulted in convictions.
In response to the disheartening statistics, the family of Jodie Chesney, a 17-year-old girl who was brutally stabbed to death in the back by two teenage drug dealers earlier this year, said that the report is “seriously alarming”.
“Over 20 teenagers have been fatally stabbed this year, and that is shocking to me,” Chesney’s father told the BBC.
Pledges to “arrest and purge” corporate leaders who resist.


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