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This chapter describes the basic features of the GNU command line editing interface.
27.1 Introduction to Line Editing Notation used in this text. 27.2 Readline Interaction The minimum set of commands for editing a line. 27.3 Readline Init File Customizing Readline from a user's view. 27.4 Bindable Readline Commands A description of most of the Readline commands available for binding 27.5 Readline vi Mode A short description of how to make Readline behave like the vi editor.
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The following paragraphs describe the notation used to represent keystrokes.
The text C-k is read as `Control-K' and describes the character produced when the k key is pressed while the Control key is depressed.
The text M-k is read as `Meta-K' and describes the character produced when the Meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the k key is pressed. The Meta key is labeled ALT on many keyboards. On keyboards with two keys labeled ALT (usually to either side of the space bar), the ALT on the left side is generally set to work as a Meta key. The ALT key on the right may also be configured to work as a Meta key or may be configured as some other modifier, such as a Compose key for typing accented characters.
If you do not have a Meta or ALT key, or another key working as a Meta key, the identical keystroke can be generated by typing ESC first, and then typing k. Either process is known as metafying the k key.
The text M-C-k is read as `Meta-Control-k' and describes the character produced by metafying C-k.
In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, DEL, ESC, LFD, SPC, RET, and TAB all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (see section 27.3 Readline Init File). If your keyboard lacks a LFD key, typing C-j will produce the desired character. The RET key may be labeled Return or Enter on some keyboards.
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Often during an interactive session you type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press RET. You do not have to be at the end of the line to press RET; the entire line is accepted regardless of the location of the cursor within the line.
27.2.1 Readline Bare Essentials The least you need to know about Readline. 27.2.2 Readline Movement Commands Moving about the input line. 27.2.3 Readline Killing Commands How to delete text, and how to get it back! 27.2.4 Readline Arguments Giving numeric arguments to commands. 27.2.5 Searching for Commands in the History Searching through previous lines.
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In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use your erase character to back up and delete the mistyped character.
Sometimes you may mistype a character, and not notice the error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Afterwards, you can move the cursor to the right with C-f.
When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor are `pushed over' to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor are `pulled back' to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.
(Depending on your configuration, the Backspace key be set to delete the character to the left of the cursor and the DEL key set to delete the character underneath the cursor, like C-d, rather than the character to the left of the cursor.)
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The above table describes the most basic keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, C-d, and DEL. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.
Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.
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Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by yanking (re-inserting) it back into the line. (`Cut' and `paste' are more recent jargon for `kill' and `yank'.)
If the description for a command says that it `kills' text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later.
When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring.
Here is the list of commands for killing text.
Here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking means to copy the most-recently-killed text from the kill buffer.
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You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the start of the line, you might type `M-- C-k'.
The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta digits before the command. If the first `digit' typed is a minus sign (`-'), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type `M-1 0 C-d', which will delete the next ten characters on the input line.
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Readline provides commands for searching through the command history for lines containing a specified string. There are two search modes: incremental and non-incremental.
Incremental searches begin before the user has finished typing the
search string.
As each character of the search string is typed, Readline displays
the next entry from the history matching the string typed so far.
An incremental search requires only as many characters as needed to
find the desired history entry.
To search backward in the history for a particular string, type
C-r. Typing C-s searches forward through the history.
The characters present in the value of the isearch-terminators
variable
are used to terminate an incremental search.
If that variable has not been assigned a value, the ESC and
C-J characters will terminate an incremental search.
C-g will abort an incremental search and restore the original line.
When the search is terminated, the history entry containing the
search string becomes the current line.
To find other matching entries in the history list, type C-r or C-s as appropriate. This will search backward or forward in the history for the next entry matching the search string typed so far. Any other key sequence bound to a Readline command will terminate the search and execute that command. For instance, a RET will terminate the search and accept the line, thereby executing the command from the history list. A movement command will terminate the search, make the last line found the current line, and begin editing.
Readline remembers the last incremental search string. If two C-rs are typed without any intervening characters defining a new search string, any remembered search string is used.
Non-incremental searches read the entire search string before starting to search for matching history lines. The search string may be typed by the user or be part of the contents of the current line.
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Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like
keybindings installed by default, it is possible to use a different set
of keybindings.
Any user can customize programs that use Readline by putting
commands in an inputrc file, conventionally in his home directory.
The name of this
file is taken from the value of the environment variable INPUTRC
. If
that variable is unset, the default is `~/.inputrc'.
When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, the init file is read, and the key bindings are set.
In addition, the C-x C-r
command re-reads this init file, thus
incorporating any changes that you might have made to it.
27.3.1 Readline Init File Syntax Syntax for the commands in the inputrc file.
27.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs Conditional key bindings in the inputrc file.
27.3.3 Sample Init File An example inputrc file.
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There are only a few basic constructs allowed in the Readline init file. Blank lines are ignored. Lines beginning with a `#' are comments. Lines beginning with a `$' indicate conditional constructs (see section 27.3.2 Conditional Init Constructs). Other lines denote variable settings and key bindings.
set
command within the init file.
The syntax is simple:
set variable value |
Here, for example, is how to
change from the default Emacs-like key binding to use
vi
line editing commands:
set editing-mode vi |
Variable names and values, where appropriate, are recognized without regard to case. Unrecognized variable names are ignored.
Boolean variables (those that can be set to on or off) are set to on if the value is null or empty, on (case-insensitive), or 1. Any other value results in the variable being set to off.
A great deal of run-time behavior is changeable with the following variables.
bell-style
bind-tty-special-chars
comment-begin
insert-comment
command is executed. The default value
is "#"
.
completion-ignore-case
completion-query-items
100
.
convert-meta
disable-completion
self-insert
. The default is `off'.
editing-mode
editing-mode
variable controls which default set of
key bindings is used. By default, Readline starts up in Emacs editing
mode, where the keystrokes are most similar to Emacs. This variable can be
set to either `emacs' or `vi'.
enable-keypad
expand-tilde
history-preserve-point
previous-history
or next-history
. The default is `off'.
horizontal-scroll-mode
input-meta
meta-flag
is a
synonym for this variable.
isearch-terminators
keymap
keymap
names are
emacs
,
emacs-standard
,
emacs-meta
,
emacs-ctlx
,
vi
,
vi-move
,
vi-command
, and
vi-insert
.
vi
is equivalent to vi-command
; emacs
is
equivalent to emacs-standard
. The default value is emacs
.
The value of the editing-mode
variable also affects the
default keymap.
mark-directories
mark-modified-lines
mark-symlinked-directories
mark-directories
).
The default is `off'.
match-hidden-files
output-meta
page-completions
more
-like pager
to display a screenful of possible completions at a time.
This variable is `on' by default.
print-completions-horizontally
show-all-if-ambiguous
show-all-if-unmodified
visible-stats
Once you know the name of the command, simply place on a line in the init file the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command. The name of the key can be expressed in different ways, depending on what you find most comfortable.
In addition to command names, readline allows keys to be bound to a string that is inserted when the key is pressed (a macro).
Control-u: universal-argument Meta-Rubout: backward-kill-word Control-o: "> output" |
In the above example, C-u is bound to the function
universal-argument
,
M-DEL is bound to the function backward-kill-word
, and
C-o is bound to run the macro
expressed on the right hand side (that is, to insert the text
`> output' into the line).
A number of symbolic character names are recognized while processing this key binding syntax: DEL, ESC, ESCAPE, LFD, NEWLINE, RET, RETURN, RUBOUT, SPACE, SPC, and TAB.
"\C-u": universal-argument "\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file "\e[11~": "Function Key 1" |
In the above example, C-u is again bound to the function
universal-argument
(just as it was in the first example),
`C-x C-r' is bound to the function re-read-init-file
,
and `ESC [ 1 1 ~' is bound to insert
the text `Function Key 1'.
The following GNU Emacs style escape sequences are available when specifying key sequences:
\C-
\M-
\e
\\
\"
\'
In addition to the GNU Emacs style escape sequences, a second set of backslash escapes is available:
\a
\b
\d
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v
\nnn
\xHH
When entering the text of a macro, single or double quotes must be used to indicate a macro definition. Unquoted text is assumed to be a function name. In the macro body, the backslash escapes described above are expanded. Backslash will quote any other character in the macro text, including `"' and `''. For example, the following binding will make `C-x \' insert a single `\' into the line:
"\C-x\\": "\\" |
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Readline implements a facility similar in spirit to the conditional compilation features of the C preprocessor which allows key bindings and variable settings to be performed as the result of tests. There are four parser directives used.
$if
$if
construct allows bindings to be made based on the
editing mode, the terminal being used, or the application using
Readline. The text of the test extends to the end of the line;
no characters are required to isolate it.
mode
mode=
form of the $if
directive is used to test
whether Readline is in emacs
or vi
mode.
This may be used in conjunction
with the `set keymap' command, for instance, to set bindings in
the emacs-standard
and emacs-ctlx
keymaps only if
Readline is starting out in emacs
mode.
term
term=
form may be used to include terminal-specific
key bindings, perhaps to bind the key sequences output by the
terminal's function keys. The word on the right side of the
`=' is tested against both the full name of the terminal and
the portion of the terminal name before the first `-'. This
allows sun
to match both sun
and sun-cmd
,
for instance.
application
$if Bash # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" $endif |
$endif
$if
command.
$else
$if
directive are executed if
the test fails.
$include
$include /etc/inputrc |
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Here is an example of an inputrc file. This illustrates key binding, variable assignment, and conditional syntax.
# This file controls the behaviour of line input editing for # programs that use the GNU Readline library. Existing # programs include FTP, Bash, and GDB. # # You can re-read the inputrc file with C-x C-r. # Lines beginning with '#' are comments. # # First, include any systemwide bindings and variable # assignments from /etc/Inputrc $include /etc/Inputrc # # Set various bindings for emacs mode. set editing-mode emacs $if mode=emacs Meta-Control-h: backward-kill-word Text after the function name is ignored # # Arrow keys in keypad mode # #"\M-OD": backward-char #"\M-OC": forward-char #"\M-OA": previous-history #"\M-OB": next-history # # Arrow keys in ANSI mode # "\M-[D": backward-char "\M-[C": forward-char "\M-[A": previous-history "\M-[B": next-history # # Arrow keys in 8 bit keypad mode # #"\M-\C-OD": backward-char #"\M-\C-OC": forward-char #"\M-\C-OA": previous-history #"\M-\C-OB": next-history # # Arrow keys in 8 bit ANSI mode # #"\M-\C-[D": backward-char #"\M-\C-[C": forward-char #"\M-\C-[A": previous-history #"\M-\C-[B": next-history C-q: quoted-insert $endif # An old-style binding. This happens to be the default. TAB: complete # Macros that are convenient for shell interaction $if Bash # edit the path "\C-xp": "PATH=${PATH}\e\C-e\C-a\ef\C-f" # prepare to type a quoted word -- # insert open and close double quotes # and move to just after the open quote "\C-x\"": "\"\"\C-b" # insert a backslash (testing backslash escapes # in sequences and macros) "\C-x\\": "\\" # Quote the current or previous word "\C-xq": "\eb\"\ef\"" # Add a binding to refresh the line, which is unbound "\C-xr": redraw-current-line # Edit variable on current line. "\M-\C-v": "\C-a\C-k$\C-y\M-\C-e\C-a\C-y=" $endif # use a visible bell if one is available set bell-style visible # don't strip characters to 7 bits when reading set input-meta on # allow iso-latin1 characters to be inserted rather # than converted to prefix-meta sequences set convert-meta off # display characters with the eighth bit set directly # rather than as meta-prefixed characters set output-meta on # if there are more than 150 possible completions for # a word, ask the user if he wants to see all of them set completion-query-items 150 # For FTP $if Ftp "\C-xg": "get \M-?" "\C-xt": "put \M-?" "\M-.": yank-last-arg $endif |
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27.4.1 Commands For Moving Moving about the line. 27.4.2 Commands For Manipulating The History Getting at previous lines. 27.4.3 Commands For Changing Text Commands for changing text. 27.4.4 Killing And Yanking Commands for killing and yanking. 27.4.5 Specifying Numeric Arguments Specifying numeric arguments, repeat counts. 27.4.6 Letting Readline Type For You Getting Readline to do the typing for you. 27.4.7 Keyboard Macros Saving and re-executing typed characters 27.4.8 Some Miscellaneous Commands Other miscellaneous commands.
This section describes Readline commands that may be bound to key sequences. Command names without an accompanying key sequence are unbound by default.
In the following descriptions, point refers to the current cursor
position, and mark refers to a cursor position saved by the
set-mark
command.
The text between the point and mark is referred to as the region.
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beginning-of-line (C-a)
end-of-line (C-e)
forward-char (C-f)
backward-char (C-b)
forward-word (M-f)
backward-word (M-b)
clear-screen (C-l)
redraw-current-line ()
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accept-line (Newline or Return)
add_history()
.
If this line is a modified history line, the history line is restored
to its original state.
previous-history (C-p)
next-history (C-n)
beginning-of-history (M-<)
end-of-history (M->)
reverse-search-history (C-r)
forward-search-history (C-s)
non-incremental-reverse-search-history (M-p)
non-incremental-forward-search-history (M-n)
history-search-forward ()
history-search-backward ()
yank-nth-arg (M-C-y)
yank-last-arg (M-. or M-_)
yank-nth-arg
.
Successive calls to yank-last-arg
move back through the history
list, inserting the last argument of each line in turn.
The history expansion facilities are used to extract the last argument,
as if the `!$' history expansion had been specified.
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delete-char (C-d)
delete-char
, then
return EOF.
backward-delete-char (Rubout)
forward-backward-delete-char ()
quoted-insert (C-q or C-v)
tab-insert (M-TAB)
self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)
transpose-chars (C-t)
transpose-words (M-t)
upcase-word (M-u)
downcase-word (M-l)
capitalize-word (M-c)
overwrite-mode ()
emacs
mode; vi
mode does overwrite differently.
Each call to readline()
starts in insert mode.
In overwrite mode, characters bound to self-insert
replace
the text at point rather than pushing the text to the right.
Characters bound to backward-delete-char
replace the character
before point with a space.
By default, this command is unbound.
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kill-line (C-k)
backward-kill-line (C-x Rubout)
unix-line-discard (C-u)
kill-whole-line ()
kill-word (M-d)
forward-word
.
backward-kill-word (M-DEL)
backward-word
.
unix-word-rubout (C-w)
unix-filename-rubout ()
delete-horizontal-space ()
kill-region ()
copy-region-as-kill ()
copy-backward-word ()
backward-word
.
By default, this command is unbound.
copy-forward-word ()
forward-word
.
By default, this command is unbound.
yank (C-y)
yank-pop (M-y)
yank
or yank-pop
.
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digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)
universal-argument ()
universal-argument
again ends the numeric argument, but is otherwise ignored.
As a special case, if this command is immediately followed by a
character that is neither a digit or minus sign, the argument count
for the next command is multiplied by four.
The argument count is initially one, so executing this function the
first time makes the argument count four, a second time makes the
argument count sixteen, and so on.
By default, this is not bound to a key.
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complete (TAB)
possible-completions (M-?)
insert-completions (M-*)
possible-completions
.
menu-complete ()
complete
, but replaces the word to be completed
with a single match from the list of possible completions.
Repeated execution of menu-complete
steps through the list
of possible completions, inserting each match in turn.
At the end of the list of completions, the bell is rung
(subject to the setting of bell-style
)
and the original text is restored.
An argument of n moves n positions forward in the list
of matches; a negative argument may be used to move backward
through the list.
This command is intended to be bound to TAB, but is unbound
by default.
delete-char-or-list ()
delete-char
).
If at the end of the line, behaves identically to
possible-completions
.
This command is unbound by default.
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start-kbd-macro (C-x ()
end-kbd-macro (C-x ))
call-last-kbd-macro (C-x e)
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re-read-init-file (C-x C-r)
abort (C-g)
bell-style
).
do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, M-x, ...)
prefix-meta (ESC)
undo (C-_ or C-x C-u)
revert-line (M-r)
undo
command enough times to get back to the beginning.
tilde-expand (M-~)
set-mark (C-@)
exchange-point-and-mark (C-x C-x)
character-search (C-])
character-search-backward (M-C-])
insert-comment (M-#)
comment-begin
variable is inserted at the beginning of the current line.
If a numeric argument is supplied, this command acts as a toggle: if
the characters at the beginning of the line do not match the value
of comment-begin
, the value is inserted, otherwise
the characters in comment-begin
are deleted from the beginning of
the line.
In either case, the line is accepted as if a newline had been typed.
dump-functions ()
dump-variables ()
dump-macros ()
emacs-editing-mode (C-e)
vi
command mode, this causes a switch to emacs
editing mode.
vi-editing-mode (M-C-j)
emacs
editing mode, this causes a switch to vi
editing mode.
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While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi
editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing
of the line. The Readline vi
mode behaves as specified in
the POSIX 1003.2 standard.
In order to switch interactively between emacs
and vi
editing modes, use the command M-C-j (bound to emacs-editing-mode
when in vi
mode and to vi-editing-mode in emacs
mode).
The Readline default is emacs
mode.
When you enter a line in vi
mode, you are already placed in
`insertion' mode, as if you had typed an `i'. Pressing ESC
switches you into `command' mode, where you can edit the text of the
line with the standard vi
movement keys, move to previous
history lines with `k' and subsequent lines with `j', and
so forth.
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These pages are maintained by the GDB developers.
Copyright Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
This document was generated by GDB Administrator on March, 27 2008 using texi2html


Chapter 4 Code chunks
So this is one of the great beauties of the R markdown
platform: You insert text, equations, and code chunks! Code chunks are used to run R
code, python
code, and others such as C
and fortran
codes! In bookdown
, one also uses them to insert pictures, videos, and tables.
4.1 Inserting pictures
This code:
```{r "diagenesis-diffusion-directions", eval=TRUE, echo=FALSE, out.width = '100%', fig.align = 'center', fig.cap="Diffusion fluxes of electron acceptors and all other soil diagenesis processes of a theoretical layered wetland soil"}
knitr::include_graphics("pictures/diagenesis-diffusion-directions.png")
```
yields:
So the first thing in the code is its name. It then becomes possible to reference the figure using Figure \@ref(fig:diagenesis-diffusion-directions)
to say: look at the cool stuff in Figure 4.1. Then, there are other settings for the code, which are detailed below. The figure caption is announced with the fig.cap=
.
4.2 Inserting several pictures
It is also possible to insert several pictures lined up using this code:
```{r "brickwall", echo=FALSE, out.width = '40%', fig.show = 'hold', fig.align = 'center', fig.cap="Small and large structures can be built from the addition of bricks, one at a time"}
knitr::include_graphics(c("pictures/brickwall.png","pictures/brick-skyscraper.jpg"))
```
which yields:
4.3 Inserting videos
Similarly, it is possible to insert videos from the web using this code:
```{r "ATPaseRotation", echo=FALSE, out.width = '80%', fig.align = 'center', fig.cap="ATP synthase in action. Obtained with permission from HarvardX"}
knitr::include_url("https://www.youtube.com/embed/kXpzp4RDGJI")
```
which yields:
4.4 Inserting R code
And obviously, a nice thing about R markdown
is to be able to insert R
code chunks like the one below to make some pretty complicated figures (the one here is not that much, and is not particularly well written…)
```{r "molarfracPO4", echo=FALSE, out.width = '85%', fig.align = 'center', fig.cap="Molar fraction for the conjugate acid forms of the triprotic phosphoric acid in dilute solutions at 25°C"}
pKa=c(2.12,7.21,12.67)
forms=c("H3PO4","H2PO4","HPO4","PO4")
#if (length(forms)=4){
pH<-seq(0,14,by=0.01)
denominator= 10^(-3*pH)+ 10^(-pKa[1])*10^(-2*pH)+10^(-pKa[1])*10^(-pKa[2])*10^(-pH)+ 10^(-pKa[1])*10^(-pKa[2])*10^(-pKa[3])
alpha0=10^(-3*pH)/denominator
alpha1=(10^(-2*pH)*10^(-pKa[1]))/denominator
alpha2=(10^(-pH)*10^(-pKa[1])*10^(-pKa[2]))/denominator
alpha3=10^(-pKa[1])*10^(-pKa[2])*10^(-pKa[3])/denominator
couleur=c("darkgreen","blue","orange","red","black")
Ylim<-c(0,1.2)
Xlim<-c(0,14)
plot(0,0,xlim=Xlim,ylim=Ylim,col="white",main="",xlab="",ylab="",bty="n",xaxt="n",yaxt="n")
abline(h=0,lwd=2,col="grey")
par(new=TRUE)
abline(h=seq(0,1,by=0.1),lty=3,col="grey")
abline(h=1,lty=1,lwd=1,col="grey")
abline(v=seq(0,14,by=1),lty=3,col="grey")
par(new=TRUE)
plot(pH,alpha0,xlim=Xlim,ylim=Ylim,lty=1,lwd=2,type="l",xlab="pH",ylab="alpha",yaxt="n",col=couleur[1])
par(new=TRUE)
plot(pH,alpha1,xlim=Xlim,ylim=Ylim,lty=1,lwd=2,type="l",xlab="",ylab="",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",col=couleur[2])
par(new=TRUE)
plot(pH,alpha2,xlim=Xlim,ylim=Ylim,lty=1,lwd=2,type="l",xlab="",ylab="",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",col=couleur[3])
par(new=TRUE)
plot(pH,alpha3,xlim=Xlim,ylim=Ylim,lty=1,lwd=2,type="l",xlab="",ylab="",xaxt="n",yaxt="n",col=couleur[4])
axis(2,,at=c(0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1),labels=c("0","0.2","0.4","0.6","0.8","1"),cex.axis=1)
par(new=TRUE)
text(1,1.1,expression(paste(H[3],PO[4])),cex=1.2,col=couleur[1])
par(new=TRUE)
text((pKa[2]-pKa[1])/2+pKa[1],1.1,substitute(paste(H[x],PO[y]^{z}),list(x=2,y=4,z="-")),adj=0.5,cex=1.2,col=couleur[2])
par(new=TRUE)
text((pKa[3]-pKa[2])/2+pKa[2],1.1,substitute(paste(HPO[y]^{z}),list(y=4,z="2-")),cex=1.2,adj=0.5,col=couleur[3])
par(new=TRUE)
text(14,1.1,substitute(paste(PO[y]^{z}),list(y=4,z="3-")),adj=1,cex=1.2,col=couleur[4])
```
which yields:
4.5 Inserting tables
To me, this is where Rmarkdown is the weakest for now. Tables are not that easy to handle… Here is a Chunk code that works with pander
. I had to use this because otherwise, it would not render the equations well, but it does not have a caption, which is what I was trying to have anyway.
```{r "EqKH2O", echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE, eval=TRUE}
EquiK<-read.csv("EqKH2O.csv", header = TRUE)
library(pander)
panderOptions('keep.trailing.zeros', TRUE)
pander(EquiK, style = "rmarkdown", split.table = Inf,
col.names = c("Equilibrium reactions","Log K"))
```
| Equilibrium reactions | Log K |
|---|---|
| H+ + OH- ⇆ H2O | -14.00 |
| H+ + e- ⇆ H2(g) | 0.00 |
| H+ + e- + ¼O2(g) ⇆ ½H2O | 20.78 |
There is another package which I like in many ways, but it is still imperfect: KableExtra
. In the code below, it is possible to insert picture with text.
```{r "ElecAllocTab", echo=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
elecalloc<-read.csv("ElecAlloc1.csv", header = TRUE)
library(kableExtra)
knitr::kable(elecalloc, align = "c", "html",
caption = 'Examples of electron allocations on the C, N, S, and P atoms generating different inorganic and organic molecules relevant to environmental and ecological engineering',
col.names = c("Nb of e^-^ stored on the atoms","C","N","S","P")) %>%
kable_styling(full_width = F) %>%
column_spec(1, bold = T, border_right = T, width = "5em") %>%
column_spec(2, width = "15em") %>%
column_spec(3, width = "10em") %>%
column_spec(4, width = "10em") %>%
column_spec(5, width = "10em", border_right = T) %>%
row_spec(1:9, background = "white")
```
The beauty is that I was able to get the caption here and this is very useful. I suppose that for most applications, KableExtra
is still the best thing outthere. Again, to reference the table, use \@ref(tab:ElecAllocTab)
to say that table 4.1 is very messy!!
| Nb of e- stored on the atoms | C | N | S | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | carbon dioxide | nitrate | sulfate | phosphate |
| 1 | C#1 pyruvic acid | |||
| 2 | C#2 pyruvic acid carbon monoxide | nitrite | sulfite sulfur dioxide | |
| 3 | C#1 of glucose | N#2 of nitrous oxide | ||
| 4 | C#2 to C#5 of glucose | |||
| 5 | C#6 of glucose | dinitrogen nitrogen monoxide N#1 of nitrous oxide | ||
| 6 | C of fatty acid | |||
| 7 | pyruvic acid (C#3) | |||
| 8 | methane | ammonium ammonia amine groups in amino-acids | dihydrogen sulfide hydrogen sulfide sulfide thiol groups in organic molecules |
4.6 Other important things about code chunks
Code chunks (but not inline code) can take a lot of options which modify how they are run, and how they appear in the document. These options go after the initial r
and before the closing }
that announces the start of a code chunk. One of the most common options turns off printing out the code, but leaves the results alone: ```{r, echo=FALSE}
Another runs the code, but includes neither the text of the code nor its output. ```{r, include=FALSE}
This might seem pointless, but it can be useful for code chunks which do set-up like loading data files, or initial model estimates, etc.
Another option prints the code in the document, but does not run it: ```{r, eval=FALSE}
This is useful if you want to talk about the (nicely formatted) code.
Another option on the results of the code is that it generate all results “as-is”, which is very nice when your code generates mark-up text to be rendered by Pandoc
.
```{r, results="asis"}
By default, the results of a chunk with have ##
as a prefix. You can remove this by putting
```{r, comment=FALSE}
Sometimes, running of the code will generate warnings and messages. These can be turned off in the output by using
```{r, warning=FALSE, message = FALSE}
4.7 Naming Chunks
You can give chunks names immediately after their opening, like ```{r, clevername}
. This name is then used for the images (or other files) that are generated when the document is rendered.
4.8 Adjusting figure sizes and alignments
These details are discussed in the accompanying written article on instantaneous vs. interval-average flow data.
<IP_ADDRESS> “Caching” Code Chunks (Re-Running Only When Changed)
By default, R Markdown will re-run all of your code every time you render your document. If some of your code is slow, this can add up to a lot of time. You can, however, ask R Markdown to keep track of whether a chunk of code has changed, and only re-run it if it has. This is called caching the chunk.
```{r, cache=TRUE}
summary(cars)
```
summary(cars)
## speed dist
## Min. : 4.0 Min. : 2.00
## 1st Qu.:12.0 1st Qu.: 26.00
## Median :15.0 Median : 36.00
## Mean :15.4 Mean : 42.98
## 3rd Qu.:19.0 3rd Qu.: 56.00
## Max. :25.0 Max. :120.00
One issue is that a chunk of code which hasn’t changed itself might call on results of earlier, modified chunks, and then we would want to re-run the downstream chunks. There are options for manually telling R Markdown “this chunk depends on this earlier chunk”, but it’s generally easier to let it take care of that, by setting the autodep=TRUE
option.
- If you load a package with the
library()
command, R Markdown isn’t smart enough to check whether the package has changed (or indeed been installed, if you were missing it). So that won’t trigger an automatic re-running of a cached code chunk. - To manually force re-running all code chunks, the easiest thing to do is to delete the directory R Markdown will create (named something like filename
_cache
) which it uses to store the state of all code chunks.
<IP_ADDRESS> Setting Defaults for All Chunks
You can tell R to set some defaults to apply to all chunks where you don’t specifically over-ride them. Here are the ones I generally use:
```{r, eval=FALSE}
# Need the knitr package to set chunk options
library(knitr)
# Set knitr options for knitting code into the report:
# - Don't print out code (echo)
# - Save results so that code blocks aren't re-run unless code changes (cache),
# _or_ a relevant earlier code block changed (autodep), but don't re-run if the
# only thing that changed was the comments (cache.comments)
# - show the error messages (message)
# - Don't clutter R output with warnings (warning)
# This _will_ leave error messages showing up in the knitted report
opts_chunk$set(echo=FALSE,
cache=TRUE, autodep=TRUE, cache.comments=FALSE,
message=TRUE, warning=FALSE)
```
This sets some additional options beyond the ones I’ve discussed, like not re-running a chunk if only the comments have changed (cache.comments = FALSE
), and leaving out messages and warnings. (I’d only recommend suppressing warnings once you’re sure your code is in good shape.) I would typically give this set-up chunk itself the option include=FALSE
.
You can over-ride these defaults by setting options for individual chunks.
<IP_ADDRESS> More Chunk options
See [http://yihui.name/knitr/options/] for a complete listing of possible chunk options.


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Oversees the Innovation Lab at Butler Libraries. Trains library staff on the operation of 3D printing, vinyl cutting and other technology. Provides classes on coding and graphic design to the local community. Maintains and updates the 3D printing request site. Updates information on the company website.
Evaluated customers needs and provided recommendations to maximize customer satisfaction as a retail floor associate for outdoor living. Planned, coordinated and conducted several events inside and outside the store for community outreach and product promotion.
Graduated from UMGC
Curriculum:Advanced Java
Web Applications
Relational Database Applications
Database Security
Operating Systems
Software Security Testing
Detecting Software Vulnerabilities
Mitigating Software Vulnerabilities
Designed over 100 published advertisements, posters, flyers, brochures and logos. Acted as art director for “The Source” weekly tabloid, (now known as the Okinawa Living Weekly), and supervised over 30 of its production cycles.
Published more than 300 photographs in newspapers, online publications and online photography galleries; like Reuters, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, CNN and DVIDS. Researched, formatted and distributed a daily news summary to all commanding officers and generals on Okinawa, requiring constant attention-to-detail and resourcefulness.


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RT @madiikay: National Park posters created based off their worst Yelp Review, I’m dead
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RT @madiikay: National Park posters created based off their worst Yelp Review, I’m dead
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| Opcode/Instruction | 64/32bit Mode Support | CPUID Feature Flag | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
|
F2 XACQUIRE |
V/V | HLE1 | A hint used with an “XACQUIRE-enabled“ instruction to start lock elision on the instruction memory operand address. |
|
F3 XRELEASE |
V/V | HLE | A hint used with an “XRELEASE-enabled“ instruction to end lock elision on the instruction memory operand address. |
NOTES:
1. Software is not required to check the HLE feature flag to use XACQUIRE or XRELEASE, as they are treated as regular prefix if HLE
feature flag reports 0.
The XACQUIRE prefix is a hint to start lock elision on the memory address specified by the instruction and the XRELEASE prefix is a hint to end lock elision on the memory address specified by the instruction.
The XACQUIRE prefix hint can only be used with the following instructions (these instructions are also referred to as XACQUIRE-enabled when used with the XACQUIRE prefix):
The XRELEASE prefix hint can only be used with the following instructions (also referred to as XRELEASE-enabled when used with the XRELEASE prefix):
The lock variables must satisfy the guidelines described in Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 1, Section 16.3.3, for elision to be successful, otherwise an HLE abort may be signaled.
If an encoded byte sequence that meets XACQUIRE/XRELEASE requirements includes both prefixes, then the HLE semantic is determined by the prefix byte that is placed closest to the instruction opcode. For example, an F3F2C6 will not be treated as a XRELEASE-enabled instruction since the F2H (XACQUIRE) is closest to the instruction opcode C6. Similarly, an F2F3F0 prefixed instruction will be treated as a XRELEASE-enabled instruction since F3H (XRELEASE) is closest to the instruction opcode.
Intel 64 and IA-32 Compatibility
The effect of the XACQUIRE/XRELEASE prefix hint is the same in non-64-bit modes and in 64-bit mode.
For instructions that do not support the XACQUIRE hint, the presence of the F2H prefix behaves the same way as prior hardware, according to
For instructions that do not support the XRELEASE hint, the presence of the F3H prefix behaves the same way as in prior hardware, according to
XACQUIRE
IF XACQUIRE-enabled instruction THEN IF (HLE_NEST_COUNT < MAX_HLE_NEST_COUNT) THEN HLE_NEST_COUNT++ IF (HLE_NEST_COUNT = 1) THEN HLE_ACTIVE ← 1 IF 64-bit mode THEN restartRIP ← instruction pointer of the XACQUIRE-enabled instruction ELSE restartEIP ← instruction pointer of the XACQUIRE-enabled instruction FI; Enter HLE Execution (* record register state, start tracking memory state *) FI; (* HLE_NEST_COUNT = 1*) IF ElisionBufferAvailable THEN Allocate elision buffer Record address and data for forwarding and commit checking Perform elision ELSE Perform lock acquire operation transactionally but without elision FI; ELSE (* HLE_NEST_COUNT = MAX_HLE_NEST_COUNT *) GOTO HLE_ABORT_PROCESSING FI; ELSE Treat instruction as non-XACQUIRE F2H prefixed legacy instruction FI;
XRELEASE
IF XRELEASE-enabled instruction THEN IF (HLE_NEST_COUNT > 0) THEN HLE_NEST_COUNT-- IF lock address matches in elision buffer THEN IF lock satisfies address and value requirements THEN Deallocate elision buffer ELSE GOTO HLE_ABORT_PROCESSING FI; FI; IF (HLE_NEST_COUNT = 0) THEN IF NoAllocatedElisionBuffer THEN Try to commit transactional execution IF fail to commit transactional execution THEN GOTO HLE_ABORT_PROCESSING; ELSE (* commit success *) HLE_ACTIVE ← 0 FI; ELSE GOTO HLE_ABORT_PROCESSING FI; FI; FI; (* HLE_NEST_COUNT > 0 *) ELSE Treat instruction as non-XRELEASE F3H prefixed legacy instruction FI; (* For any HLE abort condition encountered during HLE execution *) HLE_ABORT_PROCESSING: HLE_ACTIVE ← 0 HLE_NEST_COUNT ← 0 Restore architectural register state Discard memory updates performed in transaction Free any allocated lock elision buffers IF 64-bit mode THEN RIP ← restartRIP ELSE EIP ← restartEIP FI; Execute and retire instruction at RIP (or EIP) and ignore any HLE hint END
None
| #GP(0) | If the use of prefix causes instruction length to exceed 15 bytes. |


RGUHS to set up centre for excellence
by Staff ReporterThe Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences (RGUHS) has decided to establish a centre for excellence, which would serve as a hub for research and invention.
Speaking at a press conference here on Tuesday, Deputy Chief Minister C.N. Ashwath Narayan said that there was a need for innovations in patient care. He also said that the centre would promote research in biotechnology, gene therapy and medical engineering. He urged practising doctors to also be involved in innovation.
This centre for excellence will come up at the varsity’s 50 acre land in Bheemanakuppe campus. The centre would also have a sports medicine and rehabilitation centre.


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A modernized and lightly modified version of
Ansi
version 2.0.0
was incorporated into this project’s source.
Ansi parser written in Swift 3 for constructing NSAttributedStrings
EventSource
(version 78934b36
)
Licensed under the
Apache 2.0 License
A simple Swift client library for Server Sent Events (SSE)
BonMot
(version 359976f
)
Licensed under the
MIT License
Beautiful, easy attributed strings in Swift
FootlessParser
(version 0.5.2
)
Licensed under the
MIT License
A simple parser combinator written in Swift
Hue
(version 0.5.2
)
Licensed under the
MIT License
Hue is the all-in-one coloring utility that you'll ever need.
LaunchAtLogin
(version 2.5.0
)
Licensed under the
MIT License
Add “Launch at Login” functionality to your macOS app in seconds


|
Assimp
5.0.1, master @ cd42b955
|
Implementation of the FindDegenerates post-process step. More...
Functions | |
| static ai_real | calculateAreaOfTriangle (const aiFace &face, aiMesh *mesh) |
| static ai_real | distance3D (const aiVector3D &vA, aiVector3D &vB) |
| static ai_real | heron (ai_real a, ai_real b, ai_real c) |
| static void | updateSceneGraph (aiNode *pNode, const std::unordered_map< unsigned int, unsigned int > &meshMap) |
Implementation of the FindDegenerates post-process step.
|
static |
|
static |


Completed {{completed_count}} of {{total_count}} questions ({{(100*completed_count)//total_count}}%)
Step 1 / 4
Please take the following short personality test consisting of {{vignette|length}} items.
These items refer to a series of hypothetical scenarios. Each scenario describes an incident and lists three ways of responding to it. Please read each scenario, imagine yourself in that situation, and then rate the likeliness of each of the possible responses. Here are some tips:
- We all respond in a variety of ways to situations, and probably most or all responses are at least slightly likely for you.
- If it is very unlikely that you would respond the way described in a given response, you should select answer 1 or 2.
- If it is moderately likely, you would select a number in the mid range.
- If it is very likely that you would respond as described, you would select answer 6 or 7.
Please take your time. This questionaire is a major part of this task, and the data is important for our research.


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---
layout: default
title: Kihong Heo · Projects
logo_style: 'width: 280px; height: 70px;'
---
CHISEL: General-purpose software debloating
The size and complexity of modern software have been rapidly increasing, thereby causing security vulnerabilities as well as
performance degradation. The goal of this project is to build an automatic program debloating system to reverse this trend.
Unlike traditional approaches such as code optimization, our system aggressively removes undesired functionalities and customizes
the original program according to a given high-level specification. The project is addressing
a multitude of research problems such as how to specify the desired behavior,
how to efficiently debloat programs in language-specific and language-independent
ways, and what correctness guarantees to provide.
PETABLOX: AI-based program analysis framework
This project seeks to achieve a quantum leap in accuracy of static program analyses that target discovering deep semantic bugs
and security vulnearibilities in large C/C++/JAVA programs.
Even though a variety of techniques have significantly enhanced the performance of program analyzers,
traditional systems has been limited in their accuracy due to the fundamental reason, i.e., undecidability.
My research has tackled this limitation by incorporating external information such as user feedback.
The key insight is to rank analysis alarms by performing
inference on a conventional graphical model (e.g., a Bayesian network or a Markov
logic network) that quantifies the incompleteness in individual steps of reasoning
of the analysis.
EUPHONY: A data-driven program synthesizer
A key challenge in program synthesis concerns how to efficiently search for the desired program in the space of
possible programs. We propose a general approach to accelerate search-based program synthesis by biasing
the search towards likely programs. Our approach targets a standard formulation, syntax-guided synthesis (SyGuS),
by extending the grammar of possible programs with a probabilistic model dictating the likelihood of each program.
We develop a weighted search algorithm to efficiently enumerate programs in order of their likelihood.
We also propose a method based on transfer learning that enables to effectively learn a powerful model, called probabilistic higher order grammar,
from known solutions in a domain. We have implemented our approach in a tool called Euphony and evaluate it on SyGuS benchmark problems from a variety of domains.
Links: [Tool]


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A version control system allows multiple developers to work on the same set of files at the same time without interfering with each other. Each developer downloads a copy of a 'repository' (a directory with files that are tracked) so that they can work in isolation from everyone else on the team. The version control system keeps track of different versions of a team's code in its different states (for example, it is important to store the code right after Alice completes and tests a new feature).
With most version control systems the developer must choose a time to commit their code to it. This is like taking a snapshot of the code at a particular point in time. It records all of these snapshots at the commit points. It can also be used to merge two or more developer's code together and revert to a previous snapshot, for example to fix a bug, with relative ease.
Version control systems are an important tool for working on a team. Version control systems like Git have a reputation for being hard to understand and use. Storyteller was created, at least in part, to make it easier to do simple version control.
Storyteller does not require a developer to choose a point in time to 'commit' their code. Since it is always recording the state of the files, the entire history is stored. If Git stores snapshots then Storyteller stores moving pictures.
The fundamental operations in a version control system are branching and merging. Branching is the act of making a copy of a repository that can be edited by a developer that won't affect any other developer's copy. When someone downloads a playback in Storyteller they are creating a branch. There are different options to perform a download:
Each one of these options makes a copy of a Storyteller repository but each does it differently. The downloaded zip file
includes a directory called .storyteller
that holds the data necessary to playback the history of the system.
There are different options to store different amounts of history from the playback:
The download will hold all of the history up to the pause point but nothing beyond it.
The download will hold only the events that are needed to recreate what is on the screen at the pause point and nothing more. For example, any code that was added and then deleted before the pause point will not be a part of the downloaded repository because it is not on the screen at that time.
The download will hold all of the history regardless of the pause point but will also include events to 'undo' the code to get it back to the state of the pause point.
After the playback has been downloaded and unzipped a developer can use Storyteller in their editor to make changes to the code. These changes will become part of a new branch. This provides a way to build off of a playback that will not interfere with anyone else's branch.
Merging is the act of bringing two branches together into a new, combined repository. Sometimes there is a 'main' branch which holds the latest and greatest version of a team's code. A typical flow for a developer is to create a branch from the 'main' branch, make changes to add a feature or fix a bug, and then merge those changes back in to the 'main' branch. This process is then repeated by all of the developers, often concurrently.
The only problem with this approach is that if there are two or more developers working on branches at the same time they might each be making changes to the same parts of the same files. When two branches include changes to the same line in a file this is called a conflict. For example, Bob might rename a variable on line 20 of main.cpp in his branch and Alice may set a different initial value for that variable on the same line in her branch. If this is the case then there is a conflict that needs to be resolved by the two developers who created it. There is no way that the version control system can figure out what the combined code should look like automatically.
Version control systems can identify which changes are in conflict and which are not. For the changes that are not in conflict with each other (like when Bob changes line 100 and Alice changes line 200) the version control system will simply add both of them to the new branch. If there is a conflict, most version control systems add the changes from both branches and identify which branches they came from. The developers then have to work together to resolve which code should stay and which should go. In Bob and Alice's case this may be an easy discussion. Other times it is not so easy but this is where having good communication on a team helps.
It turns out that this is a relatively rare occurrence. Most of the time when two developers are working concurrently there are no conflicts. However, since it occassionally happens a version control system needs to be able to help the developers resolve their conflicts.
After a branch is made from downloading a playback a developer can use their Storyteller enabled editor to open the project. Next, they can make changes to the code. Afterwards, if they want to merge in another branch (perhaps the latest and greatest version of the 'main' branch with Bob and Alice's most recent changes in it) all the developer has to do is create a playback in the browser with their version and then hit the 'merge' button (which is next to the download button) and choose a playbackData.json file from another Storyteller repsotiory to merge into the playback.
The directory .storyteller
that is in every downloaded playback contains a file called
playbackData.json
. This file holds all of the historical events and comments in the playback. The events
in this file are merged into the events in the playback.
All of the non-conflicting events are added to a new playback. The conflicting events from both branches are added to the playback and are surrounded with code that identifies which branch they came from. The playback can be replayed to see how they merged together. If the developer likes the merge they can download the playback and then work from it. If there were conflicts the developers will need to resolve them in this new Storyteller repository.
Here is an example that has branching and merging in it. These are the steps that happened in this example:


The instance doesn't exist anymore. You may be able to restore it from a snapshot.
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Dear Mr Key, writes Tim Thurn, Always keen to keep abreast of the latest happenstances in popular culture, last evening I sat me down with a mug of cocoa and a bag of filberts to watch the Mercury Music Prize awards. I was saddened to see that young pop person Tinie Tempah, who was shortlisted, failed to win. Anyway, as I dabbed away my tears, it occurred to me to ask you if Master Tempah is in any way related to that other excellent tiny, Tiny Enid. Please enlighten me.
Dear Tim, In this bewildering world it is critical that we can distinguish one tiny from another. Actually, that isn't strictly true, now I come to think of it. What matters is that we can tell Tiny Enid apart from all other extant tinies.
Tiny Enid is a heroic clubfooted infant, usually dressed in a polka dot frock, much given to brave, even reckless, deeds of derring-do, and of pronounced Fascist sympathies.
I am not entirely sure who Tinie Tempah is, but I suspect he may be some kind of homunculus, possibly malevolent.
I hope this clears the matter up to your satisfaction.


Endless Training uses HTML5 Local Storage to save your progress. In order to secure your progress export your game data and save it in a text file. You can copy that code and put it in the textbox below to import your data. Warning! Make sure you export your data into a textfile before clearing your browsers history/cache. Clearing your history/cache before exporting your game data will result in data loss.
Number Format ({{numberNotation}})
Standard
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Hard Reset Please type "confirm" in the textbox below and press the Hard Reset Button


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IFXMaterialResource Class ReferenceThe IFXMaterialResource interface encapsulates a set of values that represent surface properties. More...
Inheritance diagram for IFXMaterialResource:
Detailed DescriptionThe IFXMaterialResource interface encapsulates a set of values that represent surface properties.
Member Enumeration Documentation
Member Function Documentation
|


Psalms 125:4
Do good, O LORD, unto those that be good, and to them that are upright in their hearts.


Scientists Eye Leaf Litter in Lakes as Greenhouse Gas Source
by VICTORIA PRIESKOP(CN) – A new study finds that one of the many effects of climate change is an increase of microscopic organic matter in rivers and lakes which will in turn boost greenhouse gas emissions from those waters.
The study, published Monday by PNAS, the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, builds on the idea that as the climate warms and northern forests spread, more plant matter will drop into lakes and rivers. As the organic matter in the water increases through decomposition of the vegetation, the chemical composition of the water is subtly changed.
More organic matter in the water also darkens the water itself, allowing less sunlight to penetrate to deeper areas. This, too, alters the chemical processes occurring in the natural waterways and lakes.
Fresh water contains hundreds of different organic compounds, but science doesn’t yet fully understand the biological significance of the way that organic material interacts with the chemistry of the water. As substances break down and microorganisms work to decompose them, many pathways and species are impacted by the process.
In the study released by scientists from the University of Cambridge, Laurentian University and the Carl von Ossietzky University, researchers filled containers with varying ratios of artificial sediment and organic material and submerged the containers in the shallow waters of two Canadian lakes that naturally vary in clarity.
When researchers analyzed the contained water for chemical and microbial diversity two months later, they found higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane in the contained water, which in turn could increase greenhouse gas emissions.
According to the study’s findings, the increase of organic litter into natural waterways could increase greenhouse gas emissions by a factor of 1.5 to 2.7, with implications for the global carbon cycle.
Freshwater ecosystems such as those surrounding the lakes and rivers covered in this study constitute a small fraction of our planet but play a disproportionately large role in the global carbon cycle. Recent studies have suggested that the amount of carbon that inland waters emit is comparable to the net amount of carbon absorbed by living organisms on Earth’s land surface and in its oceans, and that bodies of fresh water bury more carbon in sediments each year than the entire ocean floor.
The researchers behind Monday’s study hope to open a door to new avenues of research in aquatic ecosystems by exposing connections between chemical and microbial diversity and their implications for the global carbon cycle.
Copyright © 2019 courthousenews.com


With our model created, we need a controller for our articles. Controllers in CakePHP handle HTTP requests and execute business logic contained in model methods, to prepare the response. We’ll place this new controller in a file called ArticlesController.php inside the src/Controller directory. Here’s what the basic controller should look like:
<?php
// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php
namespace App\Controller;
class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
}
Now, let’s add an action to our controller. Actions are controller methods that
have routes connected to them. For example, when a user requests
www.example.com/articles/index (which is also the same as
www.example.com/articles), CakePHP will call the index
method of your
ArticlesController
. This method should query the model layer, and prepare
a response by rendering a Template in the View. The code for that action would
look like this:
<?php
// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php
namespace App\Controller;
class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
public function index()
{
$this->loadComponent('Paginator');
$articles = $this->Paginator->paginate($this->Articles->find());
$this->set(compact('articles'));
}
}
By defining function index()
in our ArticlesController
, users can now
access the logic there by requesting www.example.com/articles/index.
Similarly, if we were to define a function called foobar()
, users would be
able to access that at www.example.com/articles/foobar. You may be tempted
to name your controllers and actions in a way that allows you to obtain specific
URLs. Resist that temptation. Instead, follow the CakePHP Conventions
creating readable, meaningful action names. You can then use
Routing to connect the URLs you want to the actions you’ve
created.
Our controller action is very simple. It fetches a paginated set of articles
from the database, using the Articles Model that is automatically loaded via naming
conventions. It then uses set()
to pass the articles into the Template (which
we’ll create soon). CakePHP will automatically render the template after our
controller action completes.
Now that we have our controller pulling data from the model, and preparing our view context, let’s create a view template for our index action.
CakePHP view templates are presentation-flavored PHP code that is inserted inside the application’s layout. While we’ll be creating HTML here, Views can also generate JSON, CSV or even binary files like PDFs.
A layout is presentation code that is wrapped around a view. Layout files contain common site elements like headers, footers and navigation elements. Your application can have multiple layouts, and you can switch between them, but for now, let’s just use the default layout.
CakePHP’s template files are stored in src/Template inside a folder named after the controller they correspond to. So we’ll have to create a folder named ‘Articles’ in this case. Add the following code to your application:

Articles

Title
Created

<?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>

<?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->slug]) ?>

<?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>

<?php endforeach; ?>

In the last section we assigned the ‘articles’ variable to the view using
set()
. Variables passed into the view are available in the view templates as
local variables which we used in the above code.
You might have noticed the use of an object called $this->Html
. This is an
instance of the CakePHP HtmlHelper. CakePHP comes
with a set of view helpers that make tasks like creating links, forms, and
pagination buttons easy. You can learn more about Helpers in their
chapter, but what’s important to note here is that the link()
method will
generate an HTML link with the given link text (the first parameter) and URL
(the second parameter).
When specifying URLs in CakePHP, it is recommended that you use arrays or named routes. These syntaxes allow you to leverage the reverse routing features CakePHP offers.
At this point, you should be able to point your browser to http://localhost:8765/articles/index. You should see your list view, correctly formatted with the title and table listing of the articles.
If you were to click one of the ‘view’ links in our Articles list page, you’d see an error page saying that action hasn’t been implemented. Lets fix that now:
// Add to existing src/Controller/ArticlesController.php file
public function view($slug = null)
{
$article = $this->Articles->findBySlug($slug)->firstOrFail();
$this->set(compact('article'));
}
While this is a simple action, we’ve used some powerful CakePHP features. We
start our action off by using findBySlug()
which is
a Dynamic Finder. This method allows us to create a basic query that
finds articles by a given slug. We then use firstOrFail()
to either fetch
the first record, or throw a NotFoundException
.
Our action takes a $slug
parameter, but where does that parameter come from?
If a user requests /articles/view/first-post
, then the value ‘first-post’ is
passed as $slug
by CakePHP’s routing and dispatching layers. If we
reload our browser with our new action saved, we’d see another CakePHP error
page telling use we’re missing a view template; let’s fix that.
Let’s create the view for our new ‘view’ action and place it in src/Template/Articles/view.ctp

<?= h($article->title) ?>

<?= h($article->body) ?>

Created: <?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>

<?= $this->Html->link('Edit', ['action' => 'edit', $article->slug]) ?>

You can verify that this is working by trying the links at /articles/index
or
manually requesting an article by accessing URLs like /articles/view/slug-name
.
With the basic read views created, we need to make it possible for new articles
to be created. Start by creating an add()
action in the
ArticlesController
:
// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php
namespace App\Controller;
use App\Controller\AppController;
class ArticlesController extends AppController
{
public function initialize()
{
parent::initialize();
$this->loadComponent('Flash'); // Include the FlashComponent
}
public function index()
{
$articles = $this->Paginator->paginate($this->Articles->find());
$this->set(compact('articles'));
}
public function view($slug)
{
$article = $this->Articles->findBySlug($slug)->firstOrFail();
$this->set(compact('article'));
}
public function add()
{
$article = $this->Articles->newEntity();
if ($this->request->is('post')) {
$article = $this->Articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
if ($this->Articles->save($article)) {
$this->Flash->success(__('Your article has been saved.'));
return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
}
$this->Flash->error(__('Unable to add your article.'));
}
$this->set('article', $article);
}
}
Note
You need to include the Flash component in
any controller where you will use it. Often it makes sense to include it in
your AppController
.
Here’s what the add()
action does:
Every CakePHP request includes a request object which is accessible using
$this->request
. The request object contains information regarding the
request that was just received. We use the
Cake\Http\ServerRequest::is()
method to check that the request
is a HTTP POST request.
Our POST data is available in $this->request->getData()
. You can use the
pr()
or debug()
functions to print it out if you want to
see what it looks like. To save our data, we first ‘marshal’ the POST data into
an Article Entity. The Entity is then persisted using the ArticlesTable we
created earlier.
After saving our new article we use FlashComponent’s success()
method to set
a message into the session. The success
method is provided using PHP’s
magic method features. Flash
messages will be displayed on the next page after redirecting. In our layout we have
<?= $this->Flash->render() ?>
which displays flash messages and clears the
corresponding session variable. Finally, after saving is complete, we use
Cake\Controller\Controller::redirect
to send the user back to the
articles list. The param ['action' => 'index']
translates to URL
/articles
i.e the index action of the ArticlesController
. You can refer
to Cake\Routing\Router::url()
function on the API to see the formats in which you can specify a URL
for various CakePHP functions.
Here’s our add view template:

Add Article

<?php
echo $this->Form->create($article);
// Hard code the user for now.
echo $this->Form->control('user_id', ['type' => 'hidden', 'value' => 1]);
echo $this->Form->control('title');
echo $this->Form->control('body', ['rows' => '3']);
echo $this->Form->button(__('Save Article'));
echo $this->Form->end();
?>
We use the FormHelper to generate the opening tag for an HTML
form. Here’s the HTML that $this->Form->create()
generates:
<form method="post" action="/articles/add">
Because we called create()
without a URL option, FormHelper
assumes we
want the form to submit back to the current action.
The $this->Form->control()
method is used to create form elements
of the same name. The first parameter tells CakePHP which field
they correspond to, and the second parameter allows you to specify
a wide array of options - in this case, the number of rows for the
textarea. There’s a bit of introspection and conventions used here. The
control()
will output different form elements based on the model
field specified, and use inflection to generate the label text. You can
customize the label, the input or any other aspect of the form controls using
options. The $this->Form->end()
call closes the form.
Now let’s go back and update our src/Template/Articles/index.ctp
view to include a new “Add Article” link. Before the

, add
the following line:
<?= $this->Html->link('Add Article', ['action' => 'add']) ?>
If we were to save an Article right now, saving would fail as we are not
creating a slug attribute, and the column is NOT NULL
. Slug values are
typically a URL-safe version of an article’s title. We can use the
beforeSave() callback of the ORM to populate our slug:
// in src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php
// add this use statement right below the namespace declaration to import
// the Text class
use Cake\Utility\Text;
// Add the following method.
public function beforeSave($event, $entity, $options)
{
if ($entity->isNew() && !$entity->slug) {
$sluggedTitle = Text::slug($entity->title);
// trim slug to maximum length defined in schema
$entity->slug = substr($sluggedTitle, 0, 191)
}
// This is temporary, and will be removed later
// when we build authentication out.
if (!$entity->user_id) {
$entity->user_id = 1;
}
}
This code is simple, and doesn’t take into account duplicate slugs. But we’ll fix that later on.
Our application can now save articles, but we can’t edit them. Lets rectify that
now. Add the following action to your ArticlesController
:
// in src/Controller/ArticlesController.php
// Add the following method.
public function edit($slug)
{
$article = $this->Articles->findBySlug($slug)->firstOrFail();
if ($this->request->is(['post', 'put'])) {
$this->Articles->patchEntity($article, $this->request->getData());
if ($this->Articles->save($article)) {
$this->Flash->success(__('Your article has been updated.'));
return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
}
$this->Flash->error(__('Unable to update your article.'));
}
$this->set('article', $article);
}
This action first ensures that the user has tried to access an existing record.
If they haven’t passed in an $slug
parameter, or the article does not exist,
a NotFoundException
will be thrown, and the CakePHP ErrorHandler will render
the appropriate error page.
Next the action checks whether the request is either a POST or a PUT request. If
it is, then we use the POST/PUT data to update our article entity by using the
patchEntity()
method. Finally, we call save()
set the appropriate flash
message and either redirect or display validation errors.
The edit template should look like this:

Edit Article

<?php
echo $this->Form->create($article);
echo $this->Form->control('user_id', ['type' => 'hidden']);
echo $this->Form->control('title');
echo $this->Form->control('body', ['rows' => '3']);
echo $this->Form->button(__('Save Article'));
echo $this->Form->end();
?>
This template outputs the edit form (with the values populated), along with any necessary validation error messages.
You can now update your index view with links to edit specific articles:

Articles

<?= $this->Html->link("Add Article", ['action' => 'add']) ?>

Title
Created
Action

<?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>

<?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->slug]) ?>

<?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>

<?= $this->Html->link('Edit', ['action' => 'edit', $article->slug]) ?>

<?php endforeach; ?>

Up until this point our Articles had no input validation done. Lets fix that by using a validator:
// src/Model/Table/ArticlesTable.php
// add this use statement right below the namespace declaration to import
// the Validator class
use Cake\Validation\Validator;
// Add the following method.
public function validationDefault(Validator $validator)
{
$validator
->notEmpty('title')
->minLength('title', 10)
->maxLength('title', 255)
->notEmpty('body')
->minLength('body', 10);
return $validator;
}
The validationDefault()
method tells CakePHP how to validate your data when
the save()
method is called. Here, we’ve specified that both the title, and
body fields must not be empty, and have certain length constraints.
CakePHP’s validation engine is powerful and flexible. It provides a suite of frequently used rules for tasks like email addresses, IP addresses etc. and the flexibility for adding your own validation rules. For more information on that setup, check the Validation documentation.
Now that your validation rules are in place, use the app to try to add
an article with an empty title or body to see how it works. Since we’ve used the
Cake\View\Helper\FormHelper::control()
method of the FormHelper to
create our form elements, our validation error messages will be shown
automatically.
Next, let’s make a way for users to delete articles. Start with a
delete()
action in the ArticlesController
:
// src/Controller/ArticlesController.php
public function delete($slug)
{
$this->request->allowMethod(['post', 'delete']);
$article = $this->Articles->findBySlug($slug)->firstOrFail();
if ($this->Articles->delete($article)) {
$this->Flash->success(__('The {0} article has been deleted.', $article->title));
return $this->redirect(['action' => 'index']);
}
}
This logic deletes the article specified by $slug
, and uses
$this->Flash->success()
to show the user a confirmation
message after redirecting them to /articles
. If the user attempts to
delete an article using a GET request, allowMethod()
will throw an exception.
Uncaught exceptions are captured by CakePHP’s exception handler, and a nice
error page is displayed. There are many built-in
Exceptions that can be used to indicate the various
HTTP errors your application might need to generate.
Warning
Allowing content to be deleted using GET requests is very dangerous, as web
crawlers could accidentally delete all your content. That is why we used
allowMethod()
in our controller.
Because we’re only executing logic and redirecting to another action, this action has no template. You might want to update your index template with links that allow users to delete articles:

Articles

<?= $this->Html->link("Add Article", ['action' => 'add']) ?>

Title
Created
Action

<?php foreach ($articles as $article): ?>

<?= $this->Html->link($article->title, ['action' => 'view', $article->slug]) ?>

<?= $article->created->format(DATE_RFC850) ?>

<?= $this->Html->link('Edit', ['action' => 'edit', $article->slug]) ?>
<?= $this->Form->postLink(
'Delete',
['action' => 'delete', $article->slug],
['confirm' => 'Are you sure?'])
?>

<?php endforeach; ?>

Using View\Helper\FormHelper::postLink()
will create a link
that uses JavaScript to do a POST request deleting our article.
Note
This view code also uses the FormHelper
to prompt the user with a
JavaScript confirmation dialog before they attempt to delete an
article.
With a basic articles management setup, we’ll create the basic actions for our Tags and Users tables.


Playing Robert 'Bob' Paulsen
Playing Richard Chesler
Playing Intern
Playing Thomas
Playing Group Leader
Playing Weeping Woman
Playing Speaker
Playing Chloe


|
GPGPU-Sim
|
Files | |
| file | anynet.cpp [code] |
| file | anynet.hpp [code] |
| file | cmesh.cpp [code] |
| file | cmesh.hpp [code] |
| file | dragonfly.cpp [code] |
| file | dragonfly.hpp [code] |
| file | fattree.cpp [code] |
| file | fattree.hpp [code] |
| file | flatfly_onchip.cpp [code] |
| file | flatfly_onchip.hpp [code] |
| file | fly.cpp [code] |
| file | fly.hpp [code] |
| file | kncube.cpp [code] |
| file | kncube.hpp [code] |
| file | network.cpp [code] |
| file | network.hpp [code] |
| file | qtree.cpp [code] |
| file | qtree.hpp [code] |
| file | tree4.cpp [code] |
| file | tree4.hpp [code] |


This exception can be imported using:
from skipole import GoTo
It has arguments:
GoTo(target, clear_submitted=False, clear_page_data=False)
This is an Exception class that, being raised, forces a jump to the page given by the target argument.
GoTo has arguments:
target - is the ident, label or external url of the page to jump to. If a url is given it should start with http:// or https:// or /, in this case a redirection instruction is sent to the client browser so submitted data and page data are not applied to the target.
clear_submitted - if True, any submitted data in the widget fields will be discarded. This allows a GoTo to an AllowedFields responder that expects nothing to be submitted.
clear_page_data - if True, any data set in skicall is cleared.
If the target ident is that of a responder page then it cannot be a responder already visited within the call (this will raise a ServerError) as this may cause an infinite loop condition.


Module for generating random values
- Source:
Methods
-
<static> lognormal() → {number}
-
Return random number from the log-normal distribution
- Source:
Returns:
A random number from the log-normal distribution
-
Type
-
number
-
<static> normal() → {number}
-
Return random number from the normal distribution
- Source:
Returns:
A random number from the normal distribution
-
Type
-
number
-
<static> random() → {number}
-
Return random number from the uniform distribution
- Source:
Returns:
A random number from the uniform distribution
-
Type
-
number


WOW, that's deep man! parallax.js reacts to the orientation of your smart device, offsetting layers depending on their depth within a scene... Oh, you don't have a smart device? No worries, if no gyroscope or motion detection hardware is available, parallax.js uses the position of your cursor instead. Radical.
This project is a collaboration between
Matthew Wagerfield & Claudio Guglieri.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
For this salad, you even make your own cheese! Thought it was hard? Think again - James Martin shows you how easy it is.
Cut the leaves from the tops of the beetroot and set aside.
Half-fill a saucepan with water, then add the whole beetroot and bring the water to the boil. Reduce the heat until the water is simmering, then simmer for 30-45 minutes, or until the beetroot are tender when pierced with the point of a knife. Drain well and set aside to cool.
Meanwhile, bring the buffalo milk to the boil in a separate saucepan, without stirring. When the milk is just coming to the boil, whisk in the lemon juice – you will immediately see a reaction as the milk solidifies and separates into curds and whey.
Carefully strain the buffalo milk curds and whey through a sieve suspended over a large bowl. Set aside to drain for 5 minutes - the longer you leave it to strain, the more solid a cheese it will become. Once strained, chill the solid curd cheese in the fridge until needed (discard the liquid whey).
Heat half the olive oil in a frying pan over a medium heat. When the oil is hot, add the bread cubes, rosemary and thyme leaves and fry, stirring well, until the bread is golden-brown and crisp. Transfer the pan contents to a bowl, then drizzle over the remaining olive oil and all of the sherry vinegar.
Add the cumin seeds and reserved beetroot leaves to the pan used to cook the bread and stir-fry until the beetroot leaves have just wilted. Add the pan contents to the bowl with the bread cubes.
When the beetroot are cool enough to handle, cut them into chunks and add them to the bowl containing the bread cubes. Mix in the remaining herbs and season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
To serve, divide the salad among four serving plates. Top with spoonfuls of the strained buffalo curd cheese. Drizzle over a little olive oil, then garnish with the oregano sprigs, oilseed rape, if using, and dill sprigs.


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Files | |
| file | axutil_rand.h |
| A simple thread safe and reentrant random number generator. | |
Functions | |
| AXIS2_EXTERN int | axutil_rand (unsigned int *seedp) |
| AXIS2_EXTERN int | axutil_rand_with_range (unsigned int *seedp, int start, int end) |
| AXIS2_EXTERN unsigned int | axutil_rand_get_seed_value_based_on_time (const axutil_env_t *env) |
| AXIS2_EXTERN int axutil_rand | ( | unsigned int * | seedp | ) |
This is reentrant and thread safe simple random number generator function. it is passed an pointer to an unsigned int state value which is used inside the function and changed in each call.
| seedp | pointer to an unsigned int used as the internal state |
int
| AXIS2_EXTERN unsigned int axutil_rand_get_seed_value_based_on_time | ( | const axutil_env_t * | env | ) |
A random seed value generated based on the time
| AXIS2_EXTERN int axutil_rand_with_range | ( | unsigned int * | seedp, | |
| int | start, | |||
| int | end | |||
| ) |
This is reentrant and thread safe simple random number generator function. it is passed an pointer to an unsigned int state value which is used inside the function and changed in each call. Also it is passed a range in which the random number is selected
| seedp | pointer to an unsigned int used as the internal state | |
| start | start of the range | |
| end | end of the range |
int


Verne42 is an OpenSource community created by mathematicians, web developers, engineers, philosophers, painters, designers, lawyers, illustrators, chefs, architects, entrepreneurs, biochemists, and artists. Our common ground as citizens is to improve our society, and we welcome everyone that wants to be part of our community.
“Little Sisters” is our first OpenSource project, which aims at simplifying the legislation flow in a clear, concise, and more comprehensible way in order to be able to demand accountability from our legislators.
“Oley” is our first Little Sister. As a first iteration, the functionality is still limited, but the data is real. We need your feedback to get this project running!
Please let us know your thoughts by contacting us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You can start by testing the data from Mexico’s first legislature period:
NOTE: This is a minimum UI iteration.


--- ---
SEMINAR SERIES.....
Event Title : "Cellular Homology (Course of 4 Lecture)"
Speaker : Prof. A. R Shastri
Affiliation : Department of Mathematics, IIT, Mumbai
Subject Area : Mathematics
Venue : Lecture Hall I, Depat of Mathematics
Time : 4.00pm
Date & Day
| Date | Day |
| 22-2-2005 | Tuesday |
| 24-2-2005 | Thursday |
| 1-3-2005 | Tuesday |
| 3-3-2005 | Thursday |


[[ project.projectName ]]
[[ project.projectOwner ]]
[[ build.pull ? 'Pull Request #' + build.pull : build.message ]]
[[ build.buildTime | date:'M/d, h:mm a' ]]


---
title: About PopUpGardens
linkTitle: Research
menu:
main:
weight: 10
---
{{< blocks/cover title="About PopUpGardens" image_anchor="bottom" height="min" >}}
Connecting universities, arboreta, and classrooms to study the role of hybridization in climate adaptation
{{< /blocks/cover >}}
{{% blocks/lead %}}
PopUpGardens is an NSF funded collaboration between the Hamilton, Holliday, Keller, and Fitzpatrick labs.  Each garden will be planted with the same set of genetically identical individuals to study how genetic variation creates differences in physical, physiological, and developmental traits.
{{% /blocks/lead %}}
{{< blocks/section >}}
This project features two classes of common gardens. Three large maxi-gardens, each with over 500 unique genotypes and 1500 trees, have been planted at the North Dakota State University Agricultural Experimental Station, the University of Vermont, and Virgina Tech Reynolds Homestead Forest Resources Research Center.
Eighteen smaller mini-gardens, each with the same set of 50 genotypes and 100 trees, have been planted at partner universities and arboreta. These gardens will provide valuable information of how phenotypes for these trees change over a wide range of climatic variation.
Garden Locations
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section >}}
PopUp Poplar gardens are established with naturally occuring poplar hybirds, collecte from Washington state to Alaska along six coast-to-interior transects. Phenotypic data collected from PopUp Poplar gardens will be combined with DNA sequence data to study the genetic basis for adaptation to variable climates, the role of hybrids and stable hybrid zones in this process, and how GxG and GxGxE interactions contribute to adaptive phenotypes
Above: The six transects, denoted by different colors, for sampling PopUp poplar genogypes. Each point represents a sampling location.
{{< /blocks/section >}}


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The purpose of this website is to provide a simple, chart visualized
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About logarithmic chart - Since infectious diseases don’t spread in an
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If you have any suggestions, questions or feedback, please
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Special Notes on Feb. 27, 2019
| Date: | Feb 27, 2019 |
|---|---|
| Last Updated: | Mar 4, 2019 |
| Categories: | |
| Tags: |
Contents
This article is incomplete now. Due to the problem of comprehension, I decide not to continue to review this article. Maybe I would try to review it again in the future.
Introduction
In this topic, we are learning an article for studying the theory of the convergence for the neural network applied on inverse problem. To be specific, the related articles include
[1]: NETT: Solving Inverse Problems with Deep Neural Networks:
[2]: Generalized Bregman distances and convergence rates for non-convex regularization methods:
Among these references, [1] is what we are mainly inspecting on. [2] and [3] are important supports for the theory. [4] is another paper which is more concentrated on application. We are trying to understand the theory of deep learning approaches for solving inverse problem in the notes. Since most of these papers are written in mathematically academic style, I could not ensure that all of my notes are coherent to the original works.
In the following parts, I would discuss about the issue according to the structure of [1]. In some sub-topics, I may introduce some extra theories from other articles. If we do not attach any notation, then it means this part is mainly from [1].
The issue
In this article, we define the problem as
where $\mathcal{D}$ is the distance function which could be L1 norm, L2 norm, or KL divergence, and $\mathcal{R}$ is the regularization function which could be Lq norm, or a deep network. $\mathbb{V}$ defines a space of learnable variables. In $(1)$, we assume that the the observed data $y_{\delta} = \mathbf{F}(x) + \xi_{\delta}$, which means the data has additive noise. However, if the data has no noise, i.e. the solution for $\mathbf{F}(x) = y_0$ exists, then we could have another form of the solution:
This paper is focus on the proof of convergence for using appropriate regularizer $\mathcal{R}$, which could be either predefined function or a learnable neural network. Here both of these two cases are discussed.
Non-convex Lq norm
We could use a non-convex Lq norm which is based on basis expansion:
where $\mathbf{V}$ is a diagonal matrix which weights the basis matrix $\boldsymbol{\Phi}$. Consider we are using N basis, then $\boldsymbol{\varphi}_{\lambda}$ is a row of the matrix $\boldsymbol{\Phi}$.If $\boldsymbol{\Phi}$ is fixed, then we know that $\mathbf{V} \in \mathbb{V}$. If we apply some techniques like dictionary learning, then $\mathbf{V},~\boldsymbol{\Phi} \in \mathbb{V}$.
Convolutional neural network
A general convolutional neural network (CNN) $\boldsymbol{\Phi}(\mathbb{V},~x)$ could be formulated as a composition of a series of operators
For any $l$, here we call $\sigma_l \circ \mathbb{V}_l$ “a layer of the network”. $\sigma_l$ is a nonlinear operator which could be ReLU, PReLU, or some other functions. $\mathbb{V}_l$ represents the affine linear operator of the layer, where $\mathbb{A}_l$ is defined by a series of convolutional functions $\mathcal{K}$. Assigning that there are $N^{(l)}$ channels for the lth layer, we know that $\lambda \in \mathbb{N} \cap [1,~N^{(l)}]$. Hence $\mathbb{A}$ maps the channels from the previous layer to the current one, while there are $N^{(l)}$ values in vector $b_l$ which is used to adjust the bias of the current layer.
If we use the network as the regularizer, then we have
NETT regularization
To understand this part, we may need to introduce the following definitions about topology:
Check here to see Norm-coercive mappings in Wikipedia.
Coercive function:
A function $f$ is coercive means, when $\lVert x \rVert \rightarrow \infty$, we have $\lVert f(x) \rVert \rightarrow \infty$.
λ open set:
Consider a set $A$, then we have
- For any $B \supseteq A$, if $A$ equals to the intersection of all $B$, we call $A$ the $\Lambda$ set.
- If $A$ could be represented by $A = B \cap C$, where $B$ is a lambda set and $C$ is a closed set, then we say $A$ is a λ-closed set.
- If $B$ is a λ-closed set, then for a space $\Omega$, $A = \Omega \backslash B$ is a λ-open set.
Check here to see Closure (topology) in Wikipedia.
Weakly continuous:
A function $f$ is weakly continuous if
- For any $x$, there exists a λ-open set $U$ that $x \in U$ and a open set $V$ that $f(x) \in V$.
- Consider that the closure of $V$ is $\mathrm{Cl}(V)$. If $f(U) \subset \mathrm{Cl}(V)$, then we say $f$ is weekly λ-continuous at $x$.
- For any $x$, if $f$ is weekly λ-continuous at $x$, then we say $f$ is weekly continuos.
To read further materials about the concepts related to topology, you may check the following link:
[5]: Weakly λ-continuous functions:
Here we would introduce another concept
Lower semi-continuous:
A function is lower semi-continuous when there exists countable points we are lower continuous ($x_0 = \lim\limits_{x \rightarrow x_{0-}} x$), while other points are continuous. Here we use a figure to show this concept.
Well-posedness and weak convergence
Now I have no idea on deriving this conclusion, because the original texts in the paper is ambiguous. As a compensation, I would try to finish this part in the future.
Consider a regularizer $\mathcal{R}(\mathbb{V},~\cdot)=\psi(\boldsymbol{\Phi}(\mathbb{V},~\cdot))$ which is defined by a CNN $\boldsymbol{\Phi}(\mathbb{V},~x)$. Here we would like to show a group of conditions:
- The regularizer $\mathcal{R}$ satisfies that:
- For layer $l$, we have $\mathbb{A}_l (x)$ is bounded linear, i.e. $\exists~c_l,~\lVert x \rVert \leqslant c_l \lVert \mathbb{A}(x) \rVert$;
- $\sigma_l$ is a weekly continuous and coercive function.
- $\psi$ is a lower semi-continuous and coercive function.
- The data consistency term should satisfied that
- For a $\tau \geqslant 1$, we have for any $y_1,~y_2,~y$, $\mathcal{D}(y_1,~y_2) \leqslant \tau \left( \mathcal{D}(y_1,~y) + \mathcal{D}(y,~y_2) \right)$.
- For any $y,~y_0$, $\mathcal{D}(y,~y_0)=0~ \Longleftrightarrow~ y=y_0$.
- For any $(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$, $y_k \rightarrow y$~ \Longrightarrow~ \mathcal{D}(y_k,~y) \rightarrow 0$.
- $\mathcal{D}(\mathbf{F}(x),~y)$ is sequentially lower semi-continuous with respect to $x$.
We know that from the condition 1, we could derive the following conditions :
- $\mathcal{R}$ is weakly and sequentially lower semi-continuous.
- Since $\mathcal{R}$ is coercive, for all $t > 0,~ \alpha > 0$ and $y$, we have that $\{ x | \mathcal{T}_{\alpha,~y}(x) \leqslant t \}$ is sequentially weakly (closed and bounded).
From the above conditions, then we could know that :
Theorem 1
Well-posedness of CNN-regularization:
If the conditions 1,2 are satisfied, we would know that
For all $\alpha > 0$ and $y$, $\exists~\mathcal{T}_{\alpha,~y}(x)$.
If $y_k \rightarrow y$ and $x_k \in \arg \min \mathcal{T}_{\alpha,~y}(x)$, there exists the weak accumulation points $(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ which is derived from the minimizer $\mathcal{T}_{\alpha,~y}(x)$.
Consider $y = \mathbf{F}(x)$, we have $(y_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ that $\mathcal{D}(y_k,~y) + \mathcal{D}(y,~y_k) \leqslant \delta_k$, where $(\delta_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}} \rightarrow 0$. Suppose that $x_k$ is kth iterative solution, i.e. $x_k \in \arg \min \mathcal{T}_{\alpha,~\delta_k}(x,~y_k)$. Then we could choose $\alpha$ that
\begin{align} \lim\limits_{\delta \rightarrow 0} \alpha (\delta) = \lim\limits_{\delta \rightarrow 0} \frac{ \delta }{ \alpha (\delta) } = 0. \end{align}Then we have such conclusions
Weak accumulation points $(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ are the solution of $\eqref{fml:iss:int2}$.
$(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ has at least one weak accumulation point $x_+$.
Any weakly convergent subsequence $(x_k)_{k \in \mathbb{N}}$ satisfies $\mathcal{R}(\mathbb{V},~x_{k(n)}) \rightarrow \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{V},~x_+)$.
If the solution of $\eqref{fml:iss:int2}$ (also the step 1) is unique, then we know $(x_k) \rightarrow x_+$.
Strong convergence and non-linearity
This article is still being produced. Please wait for several days to see the full edition.
Slides
View the slides here:


You go to the middle of the lake. However, the fishermen catch you! What will you do? Will try to escape, or play dead?


My name is Nitika and I am a 14 year old rising sophomore at South Forsyth High School.
I have many interests and hobbies, including soccer, singing, and playing my instrument in my school's band. I have been playing soccer since I was five years old and am planning to continue playing at UFA. I have been playing the oboe in my school band since 6th grade, and in 8th grade our school played at Carnegie Hall. Singing is just one of my hobbies and has been since I was very young
Majors, Classes, Colleges, and Aspirations
For the future, my dream college is USC. At the college, I would like to major in business and business management. Another college I am interested in is Georgia Tech. Some time in the future I want to be able to own and manage my own business and be able to make a steady income from that.


| School | Study |
|---|---|
| Elite University of Mars | Bachelors of Applied Science With specialization in the science of space-time. |
| Aquarius 2057 - Mina 2059* |
| Workplace | Duty | Work Period |
|---|---|---|
| Spatiotemporal Research Facility | Research Assistant | Taurus 2059 - Taurus 2062* |
| Director | Rishabha 2062 - Sagittarius 2069* |
*Calendar used is the Darian Calendar for Mars