★ God Is Not Dead ★ Of God and Atheisms ★ A Lighthouse in a Storm ★
Why Atheisms?
Atheisms, plural, because if atheism isn’t a religion or even a belief system, then each atheism must necessarily be it’s own thing. Thus, “atheisms.” Of all of the arguments presented by atheists, that is the one that gets under my skin because it really can’t be countered and it shields atheism from criticism by definition. As I claimed in the first section, atheism is moreso the inversion of a religion, one that totally disregards the capacity and qualities of the human mind.
Religion equips us with the wisdom of dozens of generations – and yet, it’s outright rejected by most atheists. Again, atheism is the inversion of religion; it is the attempted obliteration of the foundations of such belief systems. And it does so while saying that it is the absence of any belief system. Ok, but where does that leave us?
Atheism is Misguided
I believe atheism is misguided. IMO, athiests say there’s no room for God because it has been shown or can be shown that there is no God. The facts do not permit it. That is often the basis of their religion of rejection of religion.  How can anyone say that they have personally looked for God under every rock and sifted through all the sand on every beach and found nothing? If you say that you have looked and found nothing, I would say that you haven’t looked at all.
Look around, breath in, real deep … hold it … hold it, push down with your diaphram … and now let go. Did you not just feel the benefits of an atmosphere that just so happens to be perfect for life? Life is so amazingly complex that I cannot imagine a universe just randomly assembled by chance.  To me, the more I look, the more I learn, the more I confirm the existence of God.
Life & The Universe Are Infinite Metaphysical Reflections
IMO, life evolves through a stochastic process of innumerable events to reflect harmony with and self-similarity to certain intangible metaphysical forms and entities. In other words, we were made to reflect God’s image. So, no, you might not be able to see that, but you said you had looked everywhere, right?
Which part of the beauty of this world did you miss? Did you take a look at that sapphiric jewel floating in the massive expanse of ether? Did you stop to think that the only reason we can begin to fathom the infinite, magnificent expanse of our universe is because the universe began to reflect intangible metaphysical artifacts and imbued star dust with the potential to become self-aware. Over the course of billions of years, the universe evoked forms through which it could wonder in awe of it’s own beauty.
Religion Is Harmful?
Anyways, I think it’s a bit myopic to view zero possibility and zero value in religion. Other atheists make the argument that there is no value and that religion has damaged humanity by fueling conflict over millenia. Those people at least acknowledge the power of the belief systems established by religion, but apparently completely missed all the good that it has accomplished. IMO, humanity is neither inherently good or evil. But the conflict you’re referencing is the product of humanity, not a particular religion.
And what should we replace such religions with? What happens in countries which force atheism? What do they replace it with? State-worship and cult-of-personality, which is essentially a religion. They simply disempower any belief systems which might provide competition, then create their own. So, is that a better world, where a man can declare himself king and god in order to more efficiently rule his country? By creating whatever rules he sees fit to project through state-worship? I’d prefer a world that worships an imaginary flying spaghetti monster, if such a being simply and clearly enumerated a list of rules that remained constant for millenia.
There Is No Man Above Him
That is one of the aspects that I admire about Christianity. Jesus declares himself to be “King of kings and Lord of lords.” And this means there is no person on earth, whether a pauper or emperor, who could challenge the authority of what is written in the New Testament. That for two millenia, even the most powerful rulers would be bound to adhere to such a clearly stated set of rules. Ethics and laws which could never change on the whim of a tyrant. And which could be used to hold such tyrants accountable for transgressions against a set of laws which no man could question.
Furthermore, the only reason Western Civilization arrived to any kind of modern age was through unity behind the establishment of such beliefs. Through the chaos of medieval Europe, would it have been possible to promulgate any such belief system capable of generating the stability required for the Renaissance and the Enlightenment? Just look at the geography of Europe. We have been fighting an uphill battle since the incursions of Darius I and Xerxes I.
Conflict: Economics, Resource Distribution and Geography
Geography and resource distribution have determined conflict since far before the emergence of religion. These two factors have cursed and blessed cultures around the world and continue to drive world conflict. Throughout history, Empires rose and fell based on the locations of valuable resources, along with the maintainence and defense of the trade routes that emerged and shifted. So, actually, economics and bad luck have encouraged conflict to a much greater extent than religion.
And hopefully, we soon reach a place in history where it’s possible to move beyond war. I hope we find a place where our childrend and grandchildren don’t have firsthand experience of war. Yet, that’s also a very dangerous place to be, isn’t it? When a nation or generation is completely unfamiliar with the consequences and tactics of war, for which there truly are no rules, how can they cope? When they’ve become detached from the motivation to remain strong, where does that leave them if conflict emerged?
Restructuring Expression of Conflict
As for war, I hope that we continue to wage our conflicts that redirect tensions to be expressed through economic competition. Conflicts between nations should be determined by how hard their citizens can work and by how much a nation can help raise the developing world. We should utilize game theory to encourage cooperation of influential nations to, instead of resorting to competition by armed conflict, redirect our energy into stemming third-world injustice and raising those nations to be self-sufficient.
On the other hand, it is improvident, expensive and dangerous to empower those who harbor dangerous sentiment towards a nation who is trying to help. And while plenty of nations judge the United States for interfering and causing conflict out of self-interest, that couldn’t be further from the truth. What do other nations do around the world? China is helping to develop various areas in Africa. And there are countless other examples. But to think that the world is going to get any better by ignoring injustice is ignorant. And to bash America for it’s incredibly expensive history of doing so makes me irate, honestly.
Atheist Evangelibots
What does this have to do with religion? Basically, an army of facebook atheists and bots embroiling believers into fruitless arguments over religion is not only wasteful and insensible, it slowly chips away at foundational aspects of our culture. These aspects help to establish, declare and propagate shared values systems in the diverse culture of America. By slowly eating away at this foundation, especially in the younger generation, this makes us weaker because atheists don’t seek to replace the belief systems they disrupt with anything else that fulfills the roles provided by religions. And don’t get me wrong: I don’t mean to dictate to atheists what they should or should not believe. Yet, it seems obvious to me that atheists disregard the value provided on religion, based on fallacious, emotional or myopic arguments … some of the exact same points they use to deride about religion.
Refuting Atheist Arguments
The Facts Say Religion Is Not True
Science is constantly changing: what is true today may not be tomorrow. So where is your truth? And did you bother looking closely enough at religious text to actually examine everything that could be asserted as true or false? Or did you gloss over the surface and decide that one fact didn’t fit with your worldview, therefore it must all be false?
Religion Seeds Conflict
Just covered this one earlier. While it can be shown that, yes, many conflicts have been driven by religion, weakening the value-propagating function of religion in society without replacing it with anything, leads to demoralization and disrupts the viability of widely-shared value systems.
 By practicing religion and remaining faithful to it, someone is restricting their actions by adopting a moral code. And people who refrain from, in particular, pleasurable activities their religion declares immoral, have every right to be proud of the life they lead. And there are reasons behind the rules they follow. It takes a lot of effort to do so and they have every right to be proud of it, without letting that pride cloud their vision. At the same time, they should be accepting and tolerant towards people of other faiths.
Religion Leads to Bad Policy
So does bad science. IMO, science itself should be considered a religion because the belief systems extrapolated from current understanding are just as formative in the belief systems of the acolytes of science. Science can easily lead to dangerous utilitarian policy, since it doesn’t typically lead to strong definitions of ethics.
Religious Beliefs Are Outdated
By definition, the Scientific Method that requires that science constantly challenge itself to progress, implies that science is constantly in flux. So, not only does it create belief structures, just like a religion, it’s constantly in cyclic flux, invalidating itself and the belief systems of it’s followers. Yet, it doesn’t necessarily propagate the new beliefs to those followers. This can sow the seeds of a cultural rift between generations.
Relgious Beliefs Are Vulnerable to Exploitation
More to the point, this flux creates an opportunity for exploitation. Whoever funds the science exerts control of the flux from one paradigm to the next. The control resides with the few with the resources to do so. And the vulnerability for exploitation is powerful, as the decisions of lawmakers are often based on the current extent of mainstream scientific knowledge, with the best intentions in mind. IMO, I’d rather have policy decisions based on something unchanging, like humanist values. At the same time, I don’t think it’s a good idea for people to entirely base public policy on religion.
Arguments Not Based On Propositional Logic
Ok, this is fair, but it’s also my personal favorite. I somehow got in an argument with someone on Facebook about atheism, where he was berating me for arguing that religion has value, regardless of its scientific provability. Ok, the argument was heated and we were both berating each other. I made most of the counter arguments above, but he asserted that I knew nothing of propositional logic. Again, this was fair because my argument didn’t actually hold under propositional logic. I acknowledged this and he immediately incurred an aneurism. I then introduced category theory and higher-order logic, which he knew nothing about. He then countered by blocking me on Facebook. I think it’s because I won. Often the value and sometimes the truth in religion isn’t found at the surface.
Part 3: My Beliefs
In the final part of this series, I describe some of my own beliefs. I’m in the odd position of arguing on the behalf of organized and unorganized religion, yet I’d miss the target if I didn’t bother specifying some of my own beliefs and values, which are derived from learning about world religions, from gnosticism and theosophy, and from self-discovery.


Your navigator warns you that temperatures are colder than usual, so going north could be very risky. You see your crew shivering as they scrub the deck, and you wonder if there is enough food aboard to survive if the ship were to become stranded.


Move your mouse or finger over the garden and flowers will start to grow to reveal a hidden message.
It may be hard to see the message on your screen, try rotating your device to give it a bit more room.


Black Marketeer of Mammon:
Forget about the money!
I will help you complete the class transfer, which is far more valuable! Which class would you like to be? Choose one.
Treasure Hunter.
Hawkeye.


Issue: WITH-OPEN-FILE-STREAM-EXTENTReferences: WITH-OPEN-FILE
Related issues: WITH-OPEN-FILE-SETQ
Category: CLARIFICATION
Edit history: v1, 13 Feb 1991, Sandra Loosemore
v2, 11 Mar 1991, Sandra Loosemore (two proposals)
v3, 26 Mar 1991, Sandra Loosemore (fix typos)
Status: v3 (proposal DYNAMIC-EXTENT) accepted by X3J13, Mar 1991
Problem description:
CLtL says that the streams created by WITH-OPEN-STREAM,
WITH-INPUT-FROM-STRING, and WITH-OUTPUT-TO-STRING should be regarded
as having dynamic extent. It is not clear whether "dynamic extent"
is being used here in a technical sense to mean that it is valid for
the expansion of these macros to include a DYNAMIC-EXTENT declaration
for the variable(s) bound to the stream.
The description of WITH-OPEN-FILE says nothing about whether the
stream it creates has dynamic extent. It probably should inherit
whatever restrictions are placed on WITH-OPEN-STREAM, so you can
implement it that way.
There are two proposals, DYNAMIC-EXTENT and INDEFINITE-EXTENT.
Proposal (WITH-OPEN-FILE-STREAM-EXTENT:DYNAMIC-EXTENT):
Clarify that the streams created by WITH-OPEN-STREAM,
WITH-INPUT-FROM-STRING, WITH-OUTPUT-TO-STRING, and WITH-OPEN-FILE
have dynamic extent in the technical sense of the DYNAMIC-EXTENT
declaration. The extent of the stream ends when the form is exited.
Rationale for proposal DYNAMIC-EXTENT:
If we don't mean the technical definition of DYNAMIC-EXTENT, we
might as well not say anything about dynamic extent.
Proposal (WITH-OPEN-FILE-STREAM-EXTENT:INDEFINITE-EXTENT):
Specify that the streams created by WITH-OPEN-STREAM,
WITH-INPUT-FROM-STRING, WITH-OUTPUT-TO-STRING, and WITH-OPEN-FILE
have indefinite extent.
Rationale for proposal INDEFINITE-EXTENT:
It has been suggested that the mention of "dynamic extent" in CLtL
was really a sloppy way of saying that the stream would be closed
after the dynamic extent of the body was exited.
It is better for the language to take the conservative point of view
and make objects generally have indefinite extent, leaving it up to
users to declare which things they want to be more ephemeral.
Current Practice:
I don't know.
Cost to Implementors:
None (DYNAMIC-EXTENT declarations are optional).
Cost to Users:
Probably small, for either proposal. It's possible that some people
do things like:
(truename (with-open-file (stream ...) ... stream))
but it's not clear that these things are now portable anyway.
Cost of non-adoption:
The language specification will be vague. Implementations might
be prevented from making a minor optimization. Users may encounter
portability problems.
Performance impact:
Adoption of proposal DYNAMIC-EXTENT will permit the stream objects
to be stack-allocated by default.
Benefits:
The cost of non-adoption is avoided.
Esthetics:
Consistent use of "dynamic extent" terminology is a good thing.
Discussion:
Loosemore thinks either of the two proposals would be an improvement
over the status quo.


{% load static %}
Dashboard
View Data
Fees collection
Declaration
Choose what you want to change
Enter new info for clerk account
Enter new info for dashboard account


JavaScript Palette is a plugin module designed very similarly to the PHP palette. In fact, the demonstration and installation instructions are the same as they are for the PHP palette.
For detailed instructions, please see the PHP palette.


| Function | Description |
| u32_to_f32(x) | Interprets input U32 number as F32 |
| u16_to_f32(x) | Interprets input U16 number as F16 |
| f32_to_u32(x) | Interprets input FP32 number as U32 |
| u32_to_i32(x) | Interprets input U32 number as I32 |
| i32_to_u32(x) | Interprets input I32 number as U32 |
| u16_to_i16(x) | Interprets input U16 number as I16 |
| i16_to_u16(x) | Interprets input I16 number as U16 |
| abs(x) | Calculate the absolute value of a number |
| ceil(x) | Returns the smallest integer value that is greater than or equal to the specified value |
| exp(x) | Calculate the exponential of a value |
| floor(x) | Returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the specified value |
| log(x, base) | Calculate the logarithm of a value |
| log10(x) | Calculate the 10-base logarithm of a value |
| log2(x) | Calculate the 2-base of a value |
| pow(x) | Calculates the power of x to y |
| sqrt(x) | Calculate the square root of a value |
| ^ | Bitwise XOR |
| | | Bitwise OR |
| & | Bitwise AND |
| << | Bitwise shift left |
| >> | Bitwise shift right |
| acos(x) | Calculate the inverse cosine of a value |
| asin(x) | Calculate the inverse sine of a value |
| atan(x) | Calculate the inverse tangent of a value |
| cos(x) | Calculate the cosine of a value |
| sin(x) | Calculate the sine of a value |
| atan2(x,y) | Calculate the inverse tangent function with two arguments, y/x |
| tan(x) | Calculate the tangent of a value |
| cot(x) | Calculate the cotangent of a value |
| [0, 1, 2] | Vector3 definition |
| dot(X, Y) | Calculate the dot product of two vectors |
| cross(X, Y) | Calculate the cross product for two vectors in three dimensional space |
Integer Exposed Float Exposed


{% from "components/table.html" import mapping_table, row, text_field, field, row_heading %} {% from "components/textbox.html" import textbox %} {% from "components/live-search.html" import live_search %} {% extends "content_template.html" %} {% block per_page_title %} {{ _('Pricing') }} {% endblock %} {% block content_column_content %}
{{ _('To use Notification, there’s:') }}
{% if not current_user.is_authenticated %} {{ _('Create an account') }} {{ _('then set up as many different services as you need to.') }}
{% else %} {{ _('You can set up as many different services as you need to.') }} {% endif %}{{ _('When you set up a new service it will start in') }} {{ _('trial mode') }}.
{{ _('It’s free to send emails through Notification.') }}
{{ _('Each service you set up in Notification has a free annual allowance. The allowance is:') }}
{% endblock %}


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This chapter describes several items that are included with current versions of Chez Scheme primarily for compatibility with older versions of the system.
Section 16.1 describes a hash-table interface that has since been replaced by the R6RS hashtable interface. Section 16.2 describes extend-syntax macros. These features are supported directly by current versions of Chez Scheme, but support may be dropped in future versions. New programs should use the standard mechanisms described in in The Scheme Programming Language, 4th Edition [11] instead.
Section 16.3 describes a mechanism for defining record-like structures as vectors instead of new unique types. New programs should use define-record, which is described in Section 7.14, instead.
Section 16.4 describes a compatibility file distributed with Chez Scheme that contains definitions for forms and procedures no longer supported directly by Chez Scheme.
The hash table procedures here are obviated by the new hash table procedures listed in Section 7.12.
procedure: (make-hash-table)
procedure: (make-hash-table weak?)
returns: a new hash table
libraries: (chezscheme)
If weak? is provided and is non-false, the hash table is a weak hash table, which means that it does not protect keys from the garbage collector. Keys reclaimed by the garbage collector are removed from the table, and their associated values are dropped the next time the table is modified, if not sooner.
procedure: (hash-table? obj)
returns: #t if obj is a hash table, otherwise #f
libraries: (chezscheme)
procedure: (put-hash-table! ht k v)
returns: unspecified
libraries: (chezscheme)
ht must be a hash table. k and v may be any Scheme values.
put-hash-table! associates the value v with the key k in ht.
procedure: (get-hash-table ht k d)
returns: see below
libraries: (chezscheme)
get-hash-table returns the value associated with k in ht. If no value is associated with k in ht, get-hash-table returns d.
Key comparisons are performed with eq?.
Because objects may be moved by the garbage collector, get-hash-table may need to rehash some objects and therefore cause side effects in the hash table. Thus, it is not safe to perform concurrent accesses of the same hash table from multiple threads using get-hash-table.
procedure: (remove-hash-table! ht k)
returns: unspecified
libraries: (chezscheme)
remove-hash-table! drops any association for k from ht.
procedure: (hash-table-map ht p)
returns: see below
libraries: (chezscheme)
hash-table-map applies p to each key, value association in ht, in no particular order, and returns a list of the resulting values, again in no particular order. p should accept two arguments, a key and a value.
procedure: (hash-table-for-each ht p)
returns: unspecified
libraries: (chezscheme)
hash-table-for-each applies p to each key, value association in ht, in no particular order. Unlike hash-table-map, it does not create a list of the values; instead, it's value is unspecified. p should accept two arguments, a key and a value.
This section describes extend-syntax, a powerful yet easy to use syntactic extension facility based on pattern matching [26]. Syntactic transformations written using extend-syntax are similar to those written using a define-syntax with syntax-case, except that the transformations produced by extend-syntax do not automatically respect lexical scoping.
It is not typically possible to mix syntactic abstractions written using syntax-case with those written using extend-syntax seamlessly; it is generally preferable to use one or the other wherever possible. Support for extend-syntax within the syntax-case expander is provided only as an aid to migrating to syntax-case.
syntax: (extend-syntax (name key ...) (pat fender template) ...)
returns: unspecified
libraries: (chezscheme)
The identifier name is the name, or syntax keyword, for the syntactic extension to be defined. When the system expander processes any list expression whose car is name, the syntactic transformation procedure generated by extend-syntax is invoked on this expression. The remaining identifiers key ... are additional keywords to be recognized within input expressions during expansion (such as else in cond or case).
Each clause after the list of keys consists of a pattern pat, an optional fender, and a template. The optional fender is omitted more often than not. The pat specifies the syntax the input expression must have for the clause to be chosen. Identifiers within the pattern that are not keywords (pattern variables) are bound to corresponding pieces of the input expression. If present, the fender is a Scheme expression that specifies additional constraints on the input expression (accessed through the pattern variables) that must be satisfied in order for the clause to be chosen. The template specifies what form the output takes, usually in terms of the pattern variables.
During expansion, the transformation procedure extend-syntax generates attempts to match the input expression against each pattern in the order the clauses are given. If the input expression matches the pattern, the pattern variables are bound to the corresponding pieces of the input expression and the fender for the clause, if any, is evaluated. If the fender returns a true value, the given expansion is performed. If input does not match the pattern or if the fender returns a false value, the transformation procedure tries the next clause. An exception is raised with condition type &assertion if no clause can be chosen.
Within the pattern, ellipsis (...) may be used to specify zero or more occurrences of the preceding pattern fragment, or prototype. Similarly, ellipses may be used in the output to specify the construction of zero or more expansion prototypes. In this case, the expansion prototype must contain part of an input pattern prototype. The use of patterns, templates, ellipses within patterns and templates, and fenders is illustrated in the following sequence of examples.
The first example, defining rec, uses a single keyword, a single clause with no fender, and no ellipses.
(extend-syntax (rec)
[(rec id val)
(let ([id #f])
(set! id val)
id)])
The second example, defining when, shows the use of ellipses.
(extend-syntax (when)
[(when test exp1 exp2 ...)
(if test (begin exp1 exp2 ...) #f)])
The next example shows the definition of let. The definition of let shows the use of multiple ellipses, employing one for the identifier/value pairs and one for the expressions in the body. It also shows that the prototype need not be a single identifier, and that pieces of the prototype may be separated from one another in the template.
(extend-syntax (let)
[(let ([x e] ...) b1 b2 ...)
((lambda (x ...) b1 b2 ...) e ...)])
The next example shows let*, whose syntax is the same as for let, but which is defined recursively in terms of let with two clauses (one for the base case, one for the recursion step) since it must produce a nested structure.
(extend-syntax (let*)
[(let* () b1 b2 ...)
(let () b1 b2 ...)]
[(let* ([x e] more ...) b1 b2 ...)
(let ([x e]) (let* (more ...) b1 b2 ...))])
The first pattern/template pair matches any let* expression with no identifier/value pairs and maps it into the equivalent begin expression. This is the base case. The second pattern/template pair matches any let* expression with one or more identifier/value pairs and transforms it into a let expression binding the first pair whose body is a let* expression binding the remaining pairs. This is the recursion step, which will eventually lead us to the base case because we remove one identifier/value pair at each step. Notice that the second pattern uses the pattern variable more for the second and later identifier/value pairs; this makes the pattern and template less cluttered and makes it clear that only the first identifier/value pair is dealt with explicitly.
The definition for and requires three clauses. The first clause is necessary to recognize (and), and the second two define all other and forms recursively.
(extend-syntax (and)
[(and) #t]
[(and x) x]
[(and x y ...) (if x (and y ...) #f)])
The definition for cond requires four clauses. As with let*, cond must be described recursively, partly because it produces nested if expressions, and partly because one ellipsis prototype would not be sufficient to describe all possible cond clauses. The definition of cond also requires that we specify else as a keyword, in addition to cond. Here is the definition:
(extend-syntax (cond else)
[(cond) #f]
[(cond (else e1 e2 ...))
(begin e1 e2 ...)]
[(cond (test) more ...)
(or test (cond more ...))]
[(cond (test e1 e2 ...) more ...)
(if test
(begin e1 e2 ...)
(cond more ...))])
Two of the clauses are base cases and two are recursion steps. The first base case is an empty cond. The value of cond in this case is unspecified, so the choice of #f is somewhat arbitrary. The second base case is a cond containing only an else clause; this is transformed to the equivalent begin expression. The two recursion steps differ in the number of expressions in the cond clause. The value of cond when the first true clause contains only the test expression is the value of the test. This is similar to what or does, so we expand the cond clause into an or expression. On the other hand, when there are expressions following the test expression, the value of the last expression is returned, so we use if and begin.
To be absolutely correct about the syntax of let, we actually must require that the bound identifiers in the input are symbols. If we typed something like (let ([3 x]) x) we would not get an error from let because it does not check to verify that the objects in the identifier positions are symbols. Instead, lambda may complain, or perhaps the system evaluator long after expansion is complete. This is where fenders are useful.
(extend-syntax (let)
[(let ([x e] ...) b1 b2 ...)
(andmap symbol? '(x ...))
((lambda (x ...) b1 b2 ...) e ...)])
The andmap of symbol? over '(x ...) assures that each bound identifier is a symbol. A fender is simply a Scheme expression. Within that expression, any quoted object is first expanded by the same rules as the template part of the clause. In this case, '(x ...) is expanded to the list of identifiers from the identifier/value pairs.
extend-syntax typically handles everything you need it for, but some syntactic extension definitions require the ability to include the result of evaluating an arbitrary Scheme expression. This ability is provided by with.
syntax: (with ((pat expr) ...) template)
returns: processed template
with is valid only within an template inside of extend-syntax. with patterns are the same as extend-syntax patterns, with expressions are the same as extend-syntax fenders, and with templates are the same as extend-syntax templates.
with can be used to introduce new pattern identifiers bound to expressions produced by arbitrary Scheme expressions within extend-syntax templates. That is, with allows an escape from the declarative style of extend-syntax into the procedural style of full Scheme.
One common use of with is the introduction of a temporary identifier or list of temporary identifiers into a template. with is also used to perform complex transformations that might be clumsy or inefficient if performed within the extend-syntax framework.
For example, or requires the use of a temporary identifier. We could define or as follows.
(extend-syntax (or)
[(or) #f]
[(or x) x]
[(or x y ...)
(let ([temp x])
(if temp temp (or y ...)))])
This would work until we placed an or expression within the scope of an occurrence of temp, in which case strange things could happen, since extend-syntax does not respect lexical scoping. (This is one of the reasons that define-syntax is preferable to extend-syntax.)
(let ([temp #t])
(or #f temp)) #f
One solution is to use gensym and with to create a temporary identifier, as follows.
(extend-syntax (or)
[(or) #f]
[(or x) x]
[(or x y ...)
(with ([temp (gensym)])
(let ([temp x])
(if temp temp (or y ...))))])
Also, with can be used to combine elements of the input pattern in ways not possible directly with extend-syntax, such as the following folding-plus example.
(extend-syntax (folding-plus)
[(folding-plus x y)
(and (number? 'x) (number? 'y))
(with ([val (+ 'x 'y)])
val)]
[(folding-plus x y) (+ x y)])
folding-plus collapses into the value of (+ x y) if both x and y are numeric constants. Otherwise, folding-plus is transformed into (+ x y) for later evaluation. The fender checks that the operands are numbers at expansion time, and the with performs the evaluation. As with fenders, expansion is performed only within a quoted expressions, since quote sets the data apart from the remainder of the Scheme expression.
The example below binds a list of pattern variables to a list of temporary symbols, taking advantage of the fact that with allows us to bind patterns to expressions. This list of temporaries helps us to implement the sigma syntactic extension. sigma is similar to lambda, except it assigns the identifiers in the identifier list instead of creating new bindings. It may be used to perform a series of assignments in parallel.
(extend-syntax (sigma)
[(sigma (x ...) e1 e2 ...)
(with ([(t ...) (map (lambda (x) (gensym)) '(x ...))])
(lambda (t ...)
(set! x t) ...
e1 e2 ...))])
(let ([x 'a] [y 'b])
((sigma (x y) (list x y)) y x)) (b a)
The final example below uses extend-syntax to implement define-structure, following a similar example using syntax-case in Section 8.4 of The Scheme Programming Language, 4th Edition.
The definition of define-structure makes use of two pattern/template clauses. Two clauses are needed to handle the optionality of the second subexpression. The first clause matches the form without the second subexpression and merely converts it into the equivalent form with the second subexpression present, but empty.
The definition also makes heavy use of with to evaluate Scheme expressions at expansion time. The first four with clauses are used to manufacture the identifiers that name the automatically defined procedures. (The procedure format is particularly useful here, but it could be replaced with string-append!, using symbol->string as needed.) The first two clauses yield single identifiers (for the constructor and predicate), while the next two yield lists of identifiers (for the field access and assignment procedures). The fifth with clause (the final clause in the outer with) is used to count the total length vector needed for each instance of the structure, which must include room for the name and all of the fields. The final with clause (the only clause in the inner with) is used to create a list of vector indexes, one for each field (starting at 1, since the structure name occupies position 0).
(extend-syntax (define-structure)
[(define-structure (name id1 ...))
(define-structure (name id1 ...) ())]
[(define-structure (name id1 ...) ([id2 val] ...))
(with ([constructor
(string->symbol (format "make-~a" 'name))]
[predicate
(string->symbol (format "~a?" 'name))]
[(access ...)
(map (lambda (x)
(string->symbol
(format "~a-~a" 'name x)))
'(id1 ... id2 ...))]
[(assign ...)
(map (lambda (x)
(string->symbol
(format "set-~a-~a!" 'name x)))
'(id1 ... id2 ...))]
[count (length '(name id1 ... id2 ...))])
(with ([(index ...)
(let f ([i 1])
(if (= i 'count)
'()
(cons i (f (+ i 1)))))])
(begin
(define constructor
(lambda (id1 ...)
(let* ([id2 val] ...)
(vector 'name id1 ... id2 ...))))
(define predicate
(lambda (obj)
(and (vector? obj)
(= (vector-length obj) count)
(eq? (vector-ref obj 0) 'name))))
(define access
(lambda (obj)
(vector-ref obj index)))
...
(define assign
(lambda (obj newval)
(vector-set! obj index newval)))
...)))])
This section describes a mechanism, similar to the record-defining mechanisms of Section 7.14, that permits the creation of data structures with fixed sets of named fields. Unlike record types, structure types are not unique types, but are instead implemented as vectors. Specifically, a structure is implemented as a vector whose length is one more than the number of fields and whose first element contains the symbolic name of the structure.
The representation of structures as vectors simplifies reading and printing of structures somewhat as well as extension of the structure definition facility. It does, however, have some drawbacks. One is that structures may be treated as ordinary vectors by mistake in situations where doing so is inappropriate. When dealing with both structures and vectors in a program, care must be taken to look for the more specific structure type before checking for the more generic vector type, e.g., in a series of cond clauses. A similar drawback is that structure instances are easily "forged," either intentionally or by accident. It is also impossible to control how structures are printed and read.
Structures are created via define-structure. Each structure definition defines a constructor procedure, a type predicate, an access procedure for each of its fields, and an assignment procedure for each of its fields. define-structure allows the programmer to control which fields are arguments to the generated constructor procedure and which fields are explicitly initialized by the constructor procedure.
define-structure is simple yet powerful enough for most applications, and it is easily extended to handle many applications for which it is not sufficient. The definition of define-structure given at the end of this section can serve as a starting point for more complicated variants.
syntax: (define-structure (name id1 ...) ((id2 expr) ...))
returns: unspecified
libraries: (chezscheme)
A define-structure form is a definition and may appear anywhere and only where other definitions may appear.
define-structure defines a new data structure, name, and creates a set of procedures for creating and manipulating instances of the structure. The identifiers id1 ... and id2 ... name the fields of the data structure.
The following procedures are defined by define-structure:
The fields named by the identifiers id1 ... are initialized by the arguments to the constructor procedure. The fields named by the identifiers id2 ... are initialized explicitly to the values of the expressions expr .... Each expression is evaluated within the scope of the identifiers id1 ... (bound to the corresponding field values) and any of the identifiers id2 ... (bound to the corresponding field values) appearing before it (as if within a let*).
To clarify, the constructor behaves as if defined as
(define make-name
(lambda (id1 ...)
(let* ([id2 expr] ...)
body)))
where body builds the structure from the values of the identifiers id1 ... and id2 ....
If no fields other than those initialized by the arguments to the constructor procedure are needed, the second subexpression, ((id2 expr) ...), may be omitted.
The following simple example demonstrates how pairs might be defined in Scheme if they did not already exist. Both fields are initialized by the arguments to the constructor procedure.
(define-structure (pare car cdr))
(define p (make-pare 'a 'b))
(pare? p) #t
(pair? p) #f
(pare? '(a . b)) #f
(pare-car p) a
(pare-cdr p) b
(set-pare-cdr! p (make-pare 'b 'c))
(pare-car (pare-cdr p)) b
(pare-cdr (pare-cdr p)) c
The following example defines a handy string data structure, called a stretch-string, that grows as needed. This example uses a field explicitly initialized to a value that depends on the value of the constructor argument fields.
(define-structure (stretch-string length fill)
([string (make-string length fill)]))
(define stretch-string-ref
(lambda (s i)
(let ([n (stretch-string-length s)])
(when (>= i n) (stretch-stretch-string! s (+ i 1) n))
(string-ref (stretch-string-string s) i))))
(define stretch-string-set!
(lambda (s i c)
(let ([n (stretch-string-length s)])
(when (>= i n) (stretch-stretch-string! s (+ i 1) n))
(string-set! (stretch-string-string s) i c))))
(define stretch-string-fill!
(lambda (s c)
(string-fill! (stretch-string-string s) c)
(set-stretch-string-fill! s c)))
(define stretch-stretch-string!
(lambda (s i n)
(set-stretch-string-length! s i)
(let ([str (stretch-string-string s)]
[fill (stretch-string-fill s)])
(let ([xtra (make-string (- i n) fill)])
(set-stretch-string-string! s
(string-append str xtra))))))
As often happens, most of the procedures defined automatically are used only to define more specialized procedures, in this case the procedures stretch-string-ref and stretch-string-set!. stretch-string-length and stretch-string-string are the only automatically defined procedures that are likely to be called directly in code that uses stretch strings.
(define ss (make-stretch-string 2 #\X))
(stretch-string-string ss) "XX"
(stretch-string-ref ss 3) #\X
(stretch-string-length ss) 4
(stretch-string-string ss) "XXXX"
(stretch-string-fill! ss #\@)
(stretch-string-string ss) "@@@@"
(stretch-string-ref ss 5) #\@
(stretch-string-string ss) "@@@@@@"
(stretch-string-set! ss 7 #\=)
(stretch-string-length ss) 8
(stretch-string-string ss) "@@@@@@@="
Section 8.4 of The Scheme Programming Language, 4th Edition defines a simplified variant of define-structure as an example of the use of syntax-case. The definition given below implements the complete version.
define-structure expands into a series of definitions for names generated from the structure name and field names. The generated identifiers are created with datum->syntax to make the identifiers visible where the define-structure form appears. Since a define-structure form expands into a begin containing definitions, it is itself a definition and can be used wherever definitions are valid.
(define-syntax define-structure
(lambda (x)
(define gen-id
(lambda (template-id . args)
(datum->syntax template-id
(string->symbol
(apply string-append
(map (lambda (x)
(if (string? x)
x
(symbol->string
(syntax->datum x))))
args))))))
(syntax-case x ()
((_ (name field1 ...))
(andmap identifier? #'(name field1 ...))
#'(define-structure (name field1 ...) ()))
((_ (name field1 ...) ((field2 init) ...))
(andmap identifier? #'(name field1 ... field2 ...))
(with-syntax
((constructor (gen-id #'name "make-" #'name))
(predicate (gen-id #'name #'name "?"))
((access ...)
(map (lambda (x) (gen-id x #'name "-" x))
#'(field1 ... field2 ...)))
((assign ...)
(map (lambda (x) (gen-id x "set-" #'name "-" x "!"))
#'(field1 ... field2 ...)))
(structure-length
(+ (length #'(field1 ... field2 ...)) 1))
((index ...)
(let f ([i 1] [ids #'(field1 ... field2 ...)])
(if (null? ids)
'()
(cons i (f (+ i 1) (cdr ids)))))))
#'(begin
(define constructor
(lambda (field1 ...)
(let* ([field2 init] ...)
(vector 'name field1 ... field2 ...))))
(define predicate
(lambda (x)
(and (vector? x)
(#3%fx= (vector-length x) structure-length)
(eq? (vector-ref x 0) 'name))))
(define access (lambda (x) (vector-ref x index)))
...
(define assign
(lambda (x update) (vector-set! x index update)))
...))))))
Current versions of Chez Scheme are distributed with a compatibility file containing definitions of various syntactic forms and procedures supported by earlier versions of Chez Scheme for which support has since been dropped. This file, compat.ss, is typically installed in the library subdirectory of the Chez Scheme installation directory.
In some cases, the forms and procedures found in compat.ss have been dropped because they were infrequently used and easily written directly in Scheme. In other cases, the forms and procedures have been rendered obsolete by improvements in the system. In such cases, new code should be written to use the newer features, and older code should be rewritten if possible to use the newer features as well.
Chez Scheme Version 9 User's Guide
Copyright © 2016 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0
(full copyright notice.).
Revised June 2016 for Chez Scheme Version 9.4
about this book


LogHandler
public protocol LogHandler
A LogHandler
is an implementation of a logging backend.
This type is an implementation detail and should not normally be used, unless implementing your own logging backend.
To use the SwiftLog API, please refer to the documentation of Logger
.
Implementation requirements
To implement your own LogHandler
you should respect a few requirements that are necessary so applications work
as expected regardless of the selected LogHandler
implementation.
- The
LogHandler
must be astruct
. - The metadata and
logLevel
properties must be implemented so that setting them on aLogger
does not affect otherLogger
s.
Treat log level & metadata as values
When developing your LogHandler
, please make sure the following test works.
LoggingSystem.bootstrap(MyLogHandler.init) // your LogHandler might have a different bootstrapping step
var logger1: Logger(label: "first logger")
logger1.logLevel = .debug
logger1[metadataKey: "only-on"] = "first"
var logger2 = logger1
logger2.logLevel = .error // this must not override `logger1`'s log level
logger2[metadataKey: "only-on"] = "second" // this must not override `logger1`'s metadata
XCTAssertEqual(.debug, logger1.logLevel)
XCTAssertEqual(.error, logger2.logLevel)
XCTAssertEqual("first", logger1[metadataKey: "only-on"])
XCTAssertEqual("second", logger2[metadataKey: "only-on"])
Special cases
In certain special cases, the log level behaving like a value on Logger
might not be what you want. For example,
you might want to set the log level across all Logger
s to .debug
when say a signal (eg. SIGUSR1
) is received
to be able to debug special failures in production. This special case is acceptable but we urge you to create a
solution specific to your LogHandler
implementation to achieve that. Please find an example implementation of this
behavior below, on reception of the signal you would call
LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride.overrideGlobalLogLevel = .debug
, for example.
public struct LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride: LogHandler {
// the static properties hold the globally overridden log level (if overridden)
private static let overrideLock = Lock()
private static var overrideLogLevel: Logger.Level? = nil
// this holds the log level if not overridden
private var _logLevel: Logger.Level = .info
// metadata storage
public var metadata: Logger.Metadata = [:]
public init(label: String) {
// [...]
}
public var logLevel: Logger.Level {
// when we get asked for the log level, we check if it was globally overridden or not
get {
return LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride.overrideLock.withLock {
return LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride.overrideLogLevel
} ?? self._logLevel
}
// we set the log level whenever we're asked (note: this might not have an effect if globally
// overridden)
set {
self._logLevel = newValue
}
}
public func log(level: Logger.Level, message: Logger.Message, metadata: Logger.Metadata?,
file: String, function: String, line: UInt) {
// [...]
}
public subscript(metadataKey metadataKey: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value? {
get {
return self.metadata[metadataKey]
}
set(newValue) {
self.metadata[metadataKey] = newValue
}
}
// this is the function to globally override the log level, it is not part of the `LogHandler` protocol
public static func overrideGlobalLogLevel(_ logLevel: Logger.Level) {
LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride.overrideLock.withLock {
LogHandlerWithGlobalLogLevelOverride.overrideLogLevel = logLevel
}
}
}
Please note that the above LogHandler
will still pass the ‘log level is a value’ test above it iff the global log
level has not been overridden. And most importantly it passes the requirement listed above: A change to the log
level on one Logger
should not affect the log level of another Logger
variable.
-
This method is called when a
LogHandler
must emit a log message. There is no need for theLogHandler
to check if thelevel
is above or below the configuredlogLevel
asLogger
already performed this check and determined that a message should be logged.Declaration
Swift
func log(level: Logger.Level,
Parameters
level
The log level the message was logged at.
message
The message to log. To obtain a
String
representation callmessage.description
.metadata
The metadata associated to this log message.
file
The file the log message was emitted from.
function
The function the log line was emitted from.
line
The line the log message was emitted from.
-
Add, remove, or change the logging metadata.
Note
LogHandler
s must treat logging metadata as a value type. This means that the change in metadata must only affect this veryLogHandler
.Declaration
Swift
subscript(metadataKey _: String) -> Logger.Metadata.Value?
Parameters
metadataKey
The key for the metadata item
-
Get or set the entire metadata storage as a dictionary.
Note
LogHandler
s must treat logging metadata as a value type. This means that the change in metadata must only affect this veryLogHandler
.Declaration
Swift
var metadata: Logger.Metadata
-
Get or set the configured log level.
Note
LogHandler
s must treat the log level as a value type. This means that the change in metadata must only affect this veryLogHandler
. It is acceptable to provide some form of global log level override that means a change in log level on a particularLogHandler
might not be reflected in anyLogHandler
.Declaration
Swift
var logLevel: Logger.Level


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java.lang.Object java.lang.Throwable java.lang.Exception java.lang.RuntimeException net.sf.morph.util.NestableRuntimeException
public class NestableRuntimeException
A nestable runtime exception. Some documentation was copied directly from the documentation for the Throwable class in the Java SE 1.4 API.
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
NestableRuntimeException()
Constructs a new exception with null as its detail message. |
|
NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.String message)
Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message. |
|
NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.String message,
java.lang.Throwable cause)
Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message and cause. |
|
NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.Throwable cause)
Constructs a new exception with the specified cause and a detail message of (cause==null ? null : cause.toString()) (which
typically contains the class and detail message of cause). |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
java.lang.Throwable |
getCause()
|
void |
getMessage(java.lang.StringBuffer sb)
|
void |
printStackTrace()
|
void |
printStackTrace(java.io.PrintStream out)
|
void |
printStackTrace(java.io.PrintWriter out)
|
void |
setCause(java.lang.Throwable cause)
Initializes the cause of this throwable to the specified value. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Throwable |
|---|
fillInStackTrace, getLocalizedMessage, getMessage, getStackTrace, initCause, setStackTrace, toString |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public NestableRuntimeException()
Throwable.initCause(Throwable)
.
public NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.String message)
Throwable.initCause(Throwable)
.
message
- the detail message. The detail message is saved for later
retrieval by the getCause()
method.public NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.String message, java.lang.Throwable cause)
message
- the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval by the
Throwable.getMessage()
method).cause
- the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
getCause()
method). (A
null
value is permitted, and indicates that the
cause is nonexistent or unknown.)public NestableRuntimeException(java.lang.Throwable cause)
(cause==null ? null : cause.toString())
(which
typically contains the class and detail message of cause). This
constructor is useful for exceptions that are little more than wrappers
for other throwables (for example, PrivilegedActionException
).
cause
- the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
getCause()
method). (A
null
value is permitted, and indicates that the
cause is nonexistent or unknown.)| Method Detail |
|---|
public void setCause(java.lang.Throwable cause)
cause
- the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
getCause()
method). (A
null
value is permitted, and indicates that the
cause is nonexistent or unknown.)public java.lang.Throwable getCause()
getCause
in class java.lang.Throwable
public void getMessage(java.lang.StringBuffer sb)
public void printStackTrace()
printStackTrace
in class java.lang.Throwable
public void printStackTrace(java.io.PrintStream out)
printStackTrace
in class java.lang.Throwable
Throwable.printStackTrace(java.io.PrintStream)
public void printStackTrace(java.io.PrintWriter out)
printStackTrace
in class java.lang.Throwable
Throwable.printStackTrace(java.io.PrintWriter)
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Online (more flexible) - Use an online provider like Stamps.com (free trial) or USPS.com (always free) for buying shipping labels. You'll needed to include our address on the new label, which can be found on your original shipping label. If you choose this option, the shipping label we provided in step 3 should be placed INSIDE the box. Tape your new shipping label to the package as specified in step 3.
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Metrics¶
The correlation functions need to know how to calculate distances between the points, that is, the metric defining the space.
In most cases, you will probably want to use the default Metric, called “Euclidean”, which just uses the normal Euclidean distance between two points. However, there are a few other options, which are useful for various applications.
Both BinnedCorr2
and BinnedCorr3
take an optional
metric
parameter, which should be one of the following string values:
“Euclidean”¶
This is the default metric, and is the only current option for 2-dimensional flat correlations, i.e. when the coordinates are given by (x,y), rather than either (x,y,z), (ra,dec), or (ra,dec,r).
For 2-dimensional coordinate systems, the distance is defined as
\(d_{\rm Euclidean} = \sqrt{(x_2-x_1)^2 + (y_2-y_1)^2}\)
For 3-dimensional coordinate systems, the distance is defined as
\(d_{\rm Euclidean} = \sqrt{(x_2-x_1)^2 + (y_2-y_1)^2 + (z_2-z_1)^2}\)
For spherical coordinates with distances, (ra,dec,r), the coordinates are first converted to Cartesian coordinates and the above formula is used.
For spherical coordinates without distances, (ra, dec), the coordinates are placed on the unit sphere and the above formula is used. This means that all distances are really chord distances across the sphere, not great circle distances. For small angles, this is a small correction, but as the angles get large, the difference between the great circle distance and the chord distance becomes significant. The conversion formula is
\(d_{\rm GC} = 2 \arcsin(d_{\rm Euclidean} / 2)\)
TreeCorr applies this formula at the end as part of the finalize
function, so the meanr
and meanlogr
attributes
will be in terms of great circle distances. However, they will not necessarily be spaced
precisely uniformly in log(r), since the original bin spacing will have been set up in terms
of the chord distances.
“Arc”¶
This metric is only valid for spherical coordinates (ra,dec).
The distance is defined as
\(d_{\rm Arc} = 2 \arcsin(d_{\rm Euclidean} / 2)\)
where \(d_{\rm Euclidean}\) is the above “Euclidean” chord distance.
This metric is significantly slower than the “Euclidean” metric, since it requires trigonometric functions for every pair calculation along the way, rather than just at the end. In most cases, this extra care is unnecessary, but it provides a means to check if the chord calculations are in any way problematic for your particular use case.
Also, unlike the “Euclidean” version, the bin spacing will be uniform in log(r) using the actual great circle distances, rather than being based on the chord distances.
“Rperp” or “FisherRperp”¶
This metric is only valid for 3-dimensional coordinates (ra,dec,r) or (x,y,z).
The distance in this metric is defined as
\(d_{\rm Rperp} = \sqrt{d_{\rm Euclidean}^2 - r_\parallel^2}\)
where \(r_\parallel\) follows the defintion in Fisher et al, 1994 (MNRAS, 267, 927). Namely, if \(p_1\) and \(p_2\) are the vector positions from Earth for the two points, and
\(L \equiv \frac{p1 + p2}{2}\)
then
\(r_\parallel = \frac{(p_2 - p_1) \cdot L}{|L|}\)
That is, it breaks up the full 3-d distance into perpendicular and parallel components: \(d_{\rm 3d}^2 = r_\bot^2 + r_\parallel^2\), and it identifies the metric separation as just the perpendicular component, \(r_\bot\).
Note that this decomposition is really only valid for objects with a relatively small angular separation, \(\theta\), on the sky, so the two radial vectors are nearly parallel. In this limit, the formula for \(d\) reduces to
\(d_{\rm Rperp} \approx \left(\frac{2 r_1 r_2}{r_1+r_2}\right) \theta\)
Warning
Prior to version 4.0, the “Rperp” name meant what is now called “OldRperp”. The difference can be significant for some use cases, so if consistency across versions is importatnt to you, you should either switch to using “OldRperp” or investigate whether the change to “FisherRperp” is important for your particular science case.
“OldRperp”¶
This metric is only valid for 3-dimensional coordinates (ra,dec,r) or (x,y,z).
This is the version of the Rperp metric that TreeCorr used in versions 3.x. In version 4.0, we switched the definition of \(r_\parallel\) to the one used by Fisher et al, 1994 (MNRAS, 267, 927). The difference turns out to be non-trivial in some realistic use cases, so we preserve the ability to use the old version with this metric.
Specifically, if \(r_1\) and \(r_2\) are the two distance from Earth, then this metric uses \(r_\parallel \equiv r_2-r_1\).
The distance is then defined as
\(d_{\rm OldRperp} = \sqrt{d_{\rm Euclidean}^2 - r_\parallel^2}\)
That is, it breaks up the full 3-d distance into perpendicular and parallel components: \(d_{\rm 3d}^2 = r_\bot^2 + r_\parallel^2\), and it identifies the metric separation as just the perpendicular component, \(r_\bot\).
Note that this decomposition is really only valid for objects with a relatively small angular separation, \(\theta\), on the sky, so the two radial vectors are nearly parallel. In this limit, the formula for \(d\) reduces to
\(d_{\rm OldRperp} \approx \left(\sqrt{r_1 r_2}\right) \theta\)
“Rlens”¶
This metric is only valid when the first catalog uses 3-dimensional coordinates (ra,dec,r) or (x,y,z). The second catalog may take either 3-d coordinates or spherical coordinates (ra,dec).
The distance is defined as
\(d_{\rm Rlens} = r_1 \sin(\theta)\)
where \(\theta\) is the opening angle between the two objects and \(r_1\) is the radial distance to the object in the first catalog. In other words, this is the distance from the first object (nominally the “lens”) to the line of sight to the second object (nominally the “source”). This is commonly referred to as the impact parameter of the light path from the source as it passes the lens.
Since the basic metric does not use the radial distance to the source galaxies (\(r_2\)),
they are not required. You may just provide (ra,dec) coordinates for the sources.
However, if you want to use the min_rpar
or max_rpar
options
(see Restrictions on the Line of Sight Separation below),
then the source coordinates need to include r.
“Periodic”¶
This metric is equivalent to the Euclidean metric for either 2-d or 3-d coordinate systems, except that the space is given periodic boundaries, and the distance between two points is taken to be the smallest distance in the periodically repeating space. It is invalid for Spherical coordinates.
When constructing the correlation object, you need to set period
if the period is the
same in each direction. Or if you want different periods in each direction, you can
set xperiod
, yperiod
, and (if 3-d) zperiod
individually.
We call these periods \(L_x\), \(L_y\), and \(L_z\) below.
The distance is defined as
Of course, for 2-dimensional coordinate systems, \(dz = 0\).
This metric is particularly relevant for data generated from N-body simuluations, which often use periodic boundary conditions.
Restrictions on the Line of Sight Separation¶
There are two additional parameters that are tightly connected to the metric space:
min_rpar
and max_rpar
.
These set the minimum and maximum values of \(r_\parallel\) for pairs to be included in the
correlations.
This is most typically relevant for the Rperp or Rlens metrics, but we now (as of version 4.2) allow these parameters for any metric.
The two different Rperp conventions (FisherRperp and OldRperp) have different definitions of
\(r_\parallel\) as described above, which are used in the definition of the metric distances.
These are the same \(r_\parallel\) definitions that are used for the min and max values
if min_rpar
and/or max_rpar
are given.
For all other metrics, we use the FisherRperp definition for \(r_\parallel\) if needed
for this purpose.
The sign of \(r_\parallel\) is defined such that positive values mean
the object from the second catalog is farther away. Thus, if the first catalog represents
lenses and the second catalog represents lensed source galaxies, then setting
min_rpar
= 0 will restrict the sources to being in the background of each lens.
Contrariwise, setting max_rpar
= 0 will restrict to pairs where the object in the first
catalog is behind the object in the second catalog.
Another common use case is to restrict to pairs that are near each other in line of sight distance.
Setting min_rpar
= -50, max_rpar
= 50 will restrict the pairs to only those that are
separated by no more than 50 Mpc (say, assuming the catalog distances are given in Mpc) along
the radial direction.


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{{- partial "list-partials/featured.html" $page -}}
{{ $define := $.GetPage "/serverless/coldstarts/define" }}
{{- partial "list-partials/summary.html" $define -}}
{{ $methodology := $.GetPage "/serverless/coldstarts/methodology" }}
{{- partial "list-partials/summary.html" $methodology -}}
Per Cloud Provider
{{ $post_paginator := slice "/serverless/coldstarts/aws" "/serverless/coldstarts/azure" "/serverless/coldstarts/gcp" }}
{{ range $post_paginator }}
{{ $page := $.GetPage . }}
{{- partial "list-partials/postbox.html" $page -}}
{{end}}
Meta
{{ $post_paginator := slice "/2019/03/visualizing-cold-starts" "/serverless/open" "/2019/02/evergreen-serverless-performance-reviews" }}
{{ range $post_paginator }}
{{ $page := $.GetPage . }}
{{- partial "list-partials/postbox.html" $page -}}
{{end}}


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Profile
I'm Kyle Allen-Taylor, a second year Computer Science student, studying at the University of Birmingham. I am a calm, friendly, capable, and motivated person. I am a well rounded person who is generally good at everything and a quick learner. I am able to adapt to different situations and scenarios whilst also delivering everything I do to the best of my ability. As shown by my years so far at University and my academic performance at my A levels, GCSEs and (hopefully) my final degree classification, hard work pays off. I am driven by success and ensuring that jobs are done in a quick and efficient manner, whilst also being complete to a high standard. Everything that I experience I take as a learning experience and move on from my previous mistakes. My current career objective is to gain more experience with the technical side of working environments. The Technology Industry never ceases to amaze me, and in the future I yearn to be at the forefront of where the industry goes next alongside the other industry leaders.
Awards and Achievements
Best 1st year MEng Computer Science/Software Engineering student
October 2015
I achieved this award for being the top student in my course for the first year of university study, according to the results from first year's module marks.
Physics Award
June 2014
Recognised for being hard-working I achieved the school's Physics award which is awarded to one student in the year group during the final year.
Computer Science Award
June 2014
By achieving the best results in the class I received this award, which is awarded to one student in the year group during the final year at school after A-Levels.
University of Birmingham
MSci Computer Science with Year in Industry
September 2014-Present (Expected graduation 2019)
Modules
1st Year: Software Workshop (Java 97%), Foundations of Computer Science (OCaml 81%), Introduction to Software Engineering (89%), Robot Programming (100%), Language and Logic (90%), Information and the Web (86%) and Introduction to AI (80%). Positioned in the top 7% in the entire year of over 150 students with my academic results.
2nd Year: Functional Programming (Haskell 96%), Computer Systems and Arechitecture (91%), Software System Components (PostgreSQL and Java 89%), Professional Computing (83%), Software Engineering 2 (82%), Introduction to Computer Security (Java 82%), C/C++ (81%), Mathematical techniques for Computer Science (79%), Models of Computation (76%), Team Project (72%).
Royal Russell School
A-Levels and GCSEs
2010-2014
I completed my GCSEs and A levels at Royal Russell School. I achieved 10 GCSEs, Maths A*, French A*, Design Technology A*, Music A*, English Language A, Biology A, English Literature A, Chemistry A, Physics A, and Drama B. For my A levels Mathematics A* Computer Science A, Physics A, and French A.
Computer Science Student Ambassador
University of Birmingham Computer Science Student Ambassador
November 2015-Present (Expected graduation 2019)
Introduce applicants to the facilities of the School of Computer Science and explaining why they should choose the University of Birmingham as their firm University choice. This includes leading tours of the University of Birmingham campus, the Vale accommodation, and the School of Computer Science. Communicate with all of the guests, including parents, friends, family and students, ensuring that they feel welcome and the applicants feel comfortable choosing the University as their final choice. Answer any questions that the students may have about the University, School, or general life at the University.
Royal Russell School
A-Levels and GCSEs
2010-2014
I completed my GCSEs and A levels at Royal Russell School. I achieved 10 GCSEs, Maths A*, French A*, Design Technology A*, Music A*, English Language A, Biology A, English Literature A, Chemistry A, Physics A, and Drama B. For my A levels Mathematics A* Computer Science A, Physics A, and French A.
Elucidate
October 2015
For BrumHack 3.0 myself, Tom Clarke, Sebastian Dica, and Cameron Angus created an application that utilised
Clarifai's API, which returned words associated with a picture and probabilities for how accurate each one was.
For example if a picture of a dog was sent to
the API then Clarifai would return words such as, dog, animal, fur, eyes, tongue etc. with dog and animal having the highest probabilities.
We utilised the words
returned from a picture that the user submitted and searched on Wikipedia for articles related to those words.
We would then display an interactive visualisation of all of the Wikipedia articles received from the picture
using D3. An image of the application in action can be seen, this was the result of searching with a picture
of the clock tower in the University of Birmingham, Old Joe. Elucidate cannot be used currently because the API
for Clarifai is limited to use within the Hackathon.
My role during the Hackathon was to link the Clarifai API to Elucidate to allow us to return words for
photos. This proved to actually be a lot more difficult than one would have thought and it involved creating
a Java Maven project from scratch and using a local host on my PC. With assistance from the Clarifai
representative we managed to eventually get the API working. Finally as we brought each of the tasks that we were
working on together, we created a website for the application and I assisted with this by pair programming to
work on the HTML, CSS and JavaScript of the website. This was one of my stand-out Hackathons for being
so productive, whilst also having a lot of fun.
Sports Day Program
June 2014
For my A-Level project I developed a program that would be used in order to calculate the house points for Sports Day at Royal Russell School. I developed the program with Visual Basic, and worked on the project for the majority of year 13. The program allowed the user to enter the results from each event for Sports Day, it would then automatically calculate the house points for each section of Sports Day; the junior, intermediate and senior school tournaments. Once all of the points were entered by the user, the overall results for Sports Day could be viewed in tables and sorted by the winning houses. The data could be saved to the user's computer, so that they could enter the results in parts since, in total there were Results could also be viewed for each of the events, so that the participants results could be viewed, their position in the event and their house. You may view my coursework here please note that the coursework is 550 pages and hence may take a while to load! The final version of the project's documentation can be found on pages 510-534.
Curse of Life
February 2016
For Global Games Jam (GGJ) 2016, myself, Hung Hoang, Vince Hoang and Barbra Ferreira created a story driven puzzle game. GGJ is a 48 hour event where you create games and the theme for GGJ this year was ritual. The main premise of the game was that you played as Tristan who has been banished to limbo and cursed with immortality. Tristan wants to die, and he has tried many different ways, however he can only kill himself by performing a ritual.  As you play through the game you find out that these demons are in fact related to Tristan some way; you'll have to play the game to find out why. In order to complete Curse of Life we split the team evenly, with Vince and Barbra focusing on the Art, Sound and Design of the game, whilst Hung and I focused on the programming. I programmed the minimap, the dialogue boxes including all of the dialogue for the game and the heart beat and death logic for Tristan. I learnt a lot from this event which included a lot of coding in Unity, and it was the first time I had developed a game with a team of people, which proved to be very effective.


Comet parameter: decoy_prefix
- This parameter specifies the prefix string that is pre-pended to
the protein identifier and reported for decoy hits.
- This parameter is only valid when a decoy_search
is performed.
- For example, if the prefix parameter is set to "decoy_prefix = reverse_",
a match to a decoy peptide from protein "ALBU_HUMAN" would return
"reverse_ALBU_HUMAN" as the protein identifier.
- The default value is "DECOY_" if this parameter is missing.
Example:
decoy_prefix = DECOY_
decoy_prefix = rev_
decoy_prefix = --any_string_you_want_without_spaces--


Please help to share the Knowledge >>
This hho device was planed and designed by me to achieve maximum mileage without overload the car’s battery and heating the cell to dangerous temperature.
The device designed to do two actions:
It uses engine’s vacuum line and air inlet line to produce water vapor and inject it to the cylinders of the engine. Result: up to 16% MPG improvement without powering the cell.
It produces gas composed of 2/3 hydrogen an 1/3 oxygen from a mix of water and electrolyte. This gas (often called HHO gas) is mixed inside the engine with fuel and air and improve combustion. Result: almost 64% overall MPG improvement.
The electrolyte used in this cell is Koh (Potassium hydroxide). It was chosen due to the fact it produces no toxic fumes during electrolysis, unlike baking soda which also leaves coating on the plates and reduce efficiency.
I will guide you step by step how to construct the cell, how to connect it to the car properly, where you can get the materials and so on. The plans include mechanical drawings, 3D pictures and text.
It’s time the world will learn how reduce carbon footprint. We must take steps to reduce dependency on oil and shortcut fuel usage until alternative is found. It is the responsibility of each and everyone of us the car drivers to make the world a better place for us and our children. The ball is in your hands now. The suggested technology saves fuel and reduces emission gases almost to zero and it is given you for free. Use it.
I currently working to find out were you can buy part online, will be added shortly.
Before starting take a test drive on your car and measure your MPG, after finishing Email me the car details, results and notes.
Read all the document before start building.
Before you start please read safety instructions and disclaimer carefully.


The Project is a pilot project designed to determine if a cell-phone paging system will be useful and usable at your hospital. This system is designed to allow health care workers (including doctors, nurses, administrative and laboratory staff) to communicate more effectively by being able to send pages to each other using a computer with network access and cell phones.
The system may be used to communicate messages. However, there can be no guarantee that messages will be delivered or received. The system cannot be relied on as the only means to communicate critical information regarding patient care. The sender CANNOT rely on this as the only means to communicate. Existing means already exist within the hospital, and should be used in conjunction with this system.
By using this system, you acknowledge your agreement of these limitations.
The terms of this agreement can change. The changes to the agreement will be updated on this page.
Date of this agreement: 28 March 2010


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NAKED SOULS (1995) A film review by Justin Felix. Copyright 1999 Justin Felix. Any comments about this review? Contact me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>All of my film reviews are archived at http://us.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Justin+Felix
Rating: * (out of five)
Written by Frank Dietz. Directed by Lyndon Chubbuck. Starring Pamela Anderson, David Warner, and Dean Stockwell. Rated R (contains nudity, sexuality, profanity, and violence) 85 mins.
Synopsis: Big-breasted and dim-witted sculptress Britt gets really mad at her grad student boyfriend because he spends too much time on his thought-transference experiments instead of her art showings. Elderly, evil scientist Everett Longstreet switches minds with Britt's boy, in the meantime, and goes completely mental.
Comments: NAKED SOULS opens with a naked woman, and the movie makes no illusion that it's a sci-fi vehicle designed to show Pamela Anderson's, um, talents. If you are really interested in seeing Anderson's talents, however, I suggest you skip over this dud and watch the infamous Pam and Tommy Lee honeymoon sex tape, now available on home video. At least with that "movie," you don't have to go through the painful experience of watching Pamela try to pronounce multiple syllable words like "eclectic."
A premise does exist in the movie.  Her boyfriend, meanwhile, spends 20 hours a day in a morgue trying to view the memories of dead prison inmates because this will "make a difference to humanity." Whatever. The movie fails to explain how these two hooked up. Be grateful.   Unfortunately, no one saves the movie. Avoid this would-be sci-fi thriller, unless you're in for a good laugh or two.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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John Green
“My thoughts are stars I cannot fathom into constellations.”
Paulo Coelho
“Remember that wherever your heart is, there you will find your treasure.”
F. Scott Fitzgerald
“I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life.”
Emily Bronte
“It was not the thorn bending to the honeysuckles, but the honeysuckles embracing the thorn.”
Sky above Earth below Fire Within
{{ book.description |truncate(100)}}
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Russia beat Serbia in cliff-hanger to reach Davis Cup semis
Madrid - Russia beat Novak Djokovic's Serbia on Friday to reach the semi-finals of the Davis Cup following a cliff-hanger match that went all the way to a deciding tie-breaker.
With the quarter-final level at 1-1 following the singles, the Russian pairing of Karen Khachanov and Andrey Rublev faced Djokovic and Viktor Troicki in the deciding rubber.
After a see-saw match of high drama the Russians came out 6-4, 4-6, 7-6 (10/8) winners and face Canada, quarter-final victors over Australia, in Saturday's semi-finals.
Earlier in the day Rublev won the first singles over Filip Krajinovic 6-1, 6-2 to give Russia a lead, cancelled out later by Djokovic, who overcame Khachanov 6-3, 6-3.
In the absence of Daniil Medvedev, the Russian star who pulled out of the event citing exhaustion, Russian captain Shamil Tarpischev placed his faith in Rublev and Khachanov for both singles and doubles.
In the end, all hinged on the doubles with Russia taking an option on victory with a 6-4 first set win.
In the second set and with the Serbs up 4-2 Djokovic appeared to suffer discomfort from his right elbow, the same place where her reported pain at the ATP Finals last week.
After receiving two massage sessions during change overs he appeared to have recovered and Serbia were back on level terms one set-all.
The third set went to 6-6. Then the Serbs missed three match points in the tie-breaker, most agonisingly when Troicki missed an easy volley for victory.
The Russians made no mistake when their turn came, clinching victory with their first match point.


Security tokens are becoming a standard way of applying security to web apis. Applying token based authentication is fairly easy method as client just need to send security token with every request is made to server.
Npm install express sequelize body-parser jsonwebtoken morgan
var express = require('express'), bodyParser = require('body-parser'); var users = require('./users.json'); var logger = require('morgan'); var app = express(); app.use(bodyParser()); app.use(logger('dev')); var port = 8080; //setting port no. var jwt = require('jsonwebtoken'); app.set('superSecret', "success is inevitable"); var router = express.Router();We will add authentication as a middleware in our node.js application. This will allow middleware to process any request coming to our application before it is passed to any specific route to handle. Within our middleware we will checking for valid token and if it is present in http header, request will be passed on specific route to handle.
router.post('/authenticate', function(req, res) { //this will issue token for valid users var username = req.body.user; var password = req.body.password; var isUserFound = false; var foundUser = {}; console.log(req.body.user + " " + req.body.password); for (var i = 0; i < users.length; i++) { if (users[i].user === req.body.user) { isUserFound = true; foundUser = users[i]; } } if (isUserFound) { if (foundUser.password == req.body.password) { var token = jwt.sign(foundUser, app.get('superSecret'), { expiresInMinutes: 1440 // expires in 24 hours }); console.log(token); res.json({ success: true, message: 'Enjoy your token!', token: token }); } else { res.json({ success: false, message: 'Authentication failed. Wrong password.' }); } res.send(foundUser); } else { res.json({ success: false, message: 'Authentication failed. user not found.' }); } });We have added localhost:8080/api/authenticate as a route where you can get secure token if you are having valid credentials. We will be sending this token in http header of our request. This token could be used for subsequent request made to our application. Our token has a expire time and it could be set within the application.
[{ "user"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"password": "test" }, { "user"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"password": "vijay" }]I have created a user.json in which I will keep our valid user & their passwords. We will be loading this file in the starting and consuming it in our application.
//middleware router.use(function(req, res, next) { // check header or url parameters or post parameters for token var token = req.body.token || req.query.token || req.headers['x-access-token']; // decode token if (token) { // verifies secret and checks exp jwt.verify(token, app.get('superSecret'), function(err, decoded) { if (err) { return res.json({ success: false, message: 'Failed to authenticate token.' }); } else { // if everything is good, save to request for use in other routes req.decoded = decoded; next(); } }); } else { // if there is no token // return an error return res.status(403).send({ success: false, message: 'No token provided.' }); } });If token will not be present or token is expired or token is not valid then we will get an error.
router.get('/users', function(req, res) { //console.log(User); return res.json({ status: 'OK', msg: "you are authenticated and all set to consume our services." }); }); router.use(function(req, res, next) { // do logging console.log('Something is happening.'); next(); }); app.use('/api', router); // START THE SERVER // ============================================================================= app.listen(port); console.log('Magic happens on port ' + port);We have added a test route which will help us to check the api against localhost:8080/api/user endpoint.


|
Panda3D
|
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ (self, parent, editor) |
| def | addNewItem (self, result) |
| def | AquireFile (self, filename) |
| def | compareItems (self, item1, item2) |
| def | menuAppendGenItems (self) |
| def | menuAppendSelItems (self) |
| def | OnBeginLabelEdit (self, event) |
| def | OnEndLabelEdit (self, event) |
| def | onPopupItemSelected (self, event) |
| def | onShowPopup (self, event) |
| def | populate (self) |
Public Attributes | |
| editor | |
| editorTxt | |
| menuItemsGen | |
| menuItemsSel | |
| opAdd | |
| opDelete | |
| opSort | |
| opSortAlpha | |
| opSortOrig | |
| palette | |
| popupmenu | |
| tree | |
| def __init__ | ( | self, | |
| parent, | |||
| editor | |||
| ) |
| def addNewItem | ( | self, | |
| result | |||
| ) |
| def AquireFile | ( | self, | |
| filename | |||
| ) |
| def compareItems | ( | self, | |
| item1, | |||
| item2 | |||
| ) |
| def menuAppendGenItems | ( | self | ) |
| def menuAppendSelItems | ( | self | ) |
| def OnBeginLabelEdit | ( | self, | |
| event | |||
| ) |
| def OnEndLabelEdit | ( | self, | |
| event | |||
| ) |
| def onPopupItemSelected | ( | self, | |
| event | |||
| ) |
| def onShowPopup | ( | self, | |
| event | |||
| ) |
| def populate | ( | self | ) |
| editor |
| editorTxt |
| menuItemsGen |
| menuItemsSel |
| opAdd |
| opDelete |
| opSort |
| opSortAlpha |
| opSortOrig |
| palette |
| popupmenu |
| tree |


--- layout: not_homepage quote: I don’t have time for hobbies. At the end of the day, I treat my job as a hobby. It’s something I love doing. author: David Beckham ---
Hi, I'm Rithvik Chandan and I'm a programmer. I am currently a final year Computer Science student at PES University in Bangalore, India.
If you are a bass guitar enthusiast I am sure you'll love my hobbies section. Shoot me an email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or connect with me on linkedIn.