Gender and health: profile and trends of the scientific production in Brazil
Estela M L Aquino
Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, BA, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The differences in health between men and women have been object of great interest, but interpretations tend to be naturalized and essentialists. Gender-oriented studies have criticized this literature and offered new analythical alternatives. The present study was intended to describe the profile and trends of scientific production on gender and health in Brazil. Data sources comprised the Research Groups Directory of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (National Research Council), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) Thesis Bank, and four journals available in SciELO - Scientific Eletronic Library Online. Fifty-one groups with at least one line of research in the subject were identified, with regional and institutional concentrations. The results confirmed the marked growth of scientific production in this field as 98 master and 42 doctoral dissertations and 665 articles on gender and health were retrieved. Women authored 86.0% and 89.0% of doctoral and master dissertations respectively, and 70.5% of the articles. Most were published in the 2000s when diversification of the studied topics was also seen. The studied subjects can be divided into five subgroups: reproduction and contraception; gender and violence; sexuality and health with emphasis on STD/AIDS; work and health, including domestic and night work; other emergent or less explored topics. There are major political, epistemological and methodological challenges for strengthening these advancements. The gender perspective offers possibilities for enlightment of theoretical dilemmas in public health. Furthermore, it can be added to other intellectual and political efforts towards understanding health and its determinants and fighting against inequalities and for social justice.
Keywords: Public health, Brazil; Gender and health; Woman's health; Sexuality; Reproductive health; Scientific publications.
INTRODUCTION
For a long time health differences between men and women have been naturalized following so-called neutral biological theories. Many authors have sought to show these differences derive from gender conceptions where "man" is regarded an universal model of human being and "woman" as the "other", special, deviant.
The notion of two biological sexes only emerged in the eighteenth century57 when reproductive organs were differentiated linguistically and acquired absolute centrality for establishing differences between men and women. Women became seen as more fragile and vulnerable to all kind of influences, whether physical, moral or intellectual, due to an alleged sensibility that made them especially suited to motherhood.77
The maternal-infant perspective has prevailed in biomedical literature, where women have been represented as mothers or potentially pregnant.56 In this sense, scientific production has been guided by the reproductive aspects of health, privileging the health of the unborn.60
In the 1970s, with the growth of the "second wave" of feminism,64 a systematic critique of essentialism and of androcentric bias in the sciences initially focused on exposing women's invisibility and highlighting the manner in which subjects directly related to women's experience had been obscured, such as housework and marital violence.
Early studies investigating "woman" an empirical category were replaced by "gender" studies an analytical category that rejected the biological determinism of sexual differences and emphasized the social construction of female and male.52 In the 1990s, men were included as an empirical category and an approach questioning hegemonic masculinity models was joined to the efforts deconstructing essentialism. This developing field4 also drew on the studies of sexuality, that were legitimated by the need to cope with AIDS pandemic.
There has been an ongoing paradigmatic transition from studies about "women's health" to studies about "gender and health". This transition translates into the superpimposition of concepts, ideas and theories and mixes up terms like "women", "gender", "female", and "feminist", each of which has very specific meanings: "A 'woman' is a particular individual; 'gender' denotes power relations between the sexes and refers to both men and women; (...) 'feminine' refers to women's idealized mannerisms and behaviors in particular periods and settings, potentially exhibited by men; and 'feminist' defines a political standpoint or agenda".82
"Gender" is a grammatical term borrowed by Anglo-Saxon feminists and alludes to the social organization of the relation between the sexes.86 A pronounced increase in the use of 'gender' in English titles is noticeable in the Web of Science interface of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)/Thomson database. This can be attributed to its adoption by academic feminism after 1970.48 Before then, its non-grammatical use was rarely seen and "sex" was used to make a distinction between men and women. At first, the term "gender" spread without restricting the use of "sex". But, by the end of the 1980s, "sex" became increasingly circumscribed to defining sexual behaviors and practices: anal, vaginal and oral sex, safe sex, sex workers, among others.48
Use of the term gender by academic feminists began in the 1960s.48 But, it was Rubin79 in 1975 who proposed a sex/gender system defined as: "( ) a set of arrangements by which the biological raw material of human sex and procreation is shaped by human, social intervention and satisfied in a conventional manner".
The original influence of political economy and the Marxist inspiration have been replaced by an emphasis on identities and on the "cultural construction" of sexual differences.42 This has entailed strong debate as different disciplinary and theoretical perspectives confront each other, reflecting tensions between modernity and postmodernity. The critique of universal theories and of dualisms, such as nature and culture, on which the proposition opposing sex to gender was based, has destabilized this concept and given rise to many controversies. Poststructuralist and postmodern lines of thought have challenged the very material basis of sex, claiming that it was gender that created sexual difference as a classificatory system ordering the world.20,57 This debate is ongoing and will not be presented here as it is highly complex; however, its richness has profound implications for thinking about health and disease.
Besides feminism's direct influence on academic settings, organizations such as the Pan-American Health Organization have promoted the institutionalization of a gender perspective in health research and public policies,46 although not free of conceptual distortions. Its generalization has often voided the concept's heuristic strength by reducing it a description of differences between men and women, as a mere replacement of "sex".
Problems increase in the context of Romance languages, as the terms used to denote "gender" lack sexual meaning. These terms usually allude to the idea of classification, either as literary style or school, or as a taxonomic unit in the field of biology. In Brazil, this polysemy has implications for the mapping of scientific production. As a result, it is necessary to exclude articles where gender was used in this sense. The impact of the gender perspective in health research has still to be investigated and is beyond the scope of this article. The present study aims at beginning to explore this emerging thematic field by profiling and describing trends of scientific work on gender and health in Brazil.
MAPPING THE FIELD
Information was collected from the directory* of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico and Tecnológico (CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) to investigate lines of research. This directory gathers more than 80% of active groups in Brazil.47 Groups identified in the updated database (version 5.0) as of 5/4/2005 showing at least one line of research in the subject field studied were included. Data on field of knowledge, sex of researchers and group heads, date of creation, institution and country region were collected. The definition of the search keywords "gender and health," "women's health" and "sexuality" was based on the historical development of the subject field. Other keywords such as "men's health," "reproductive health," and "feminism" did not add any further information for defining research groups in collective health.
To assess scientific production two data sets were studied. In the first set, doctoral theses and master dissertations were identified from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes - Coordination for the improvement of Higher Education Personnel) bank of theses.** Abstracts have been included in this bank on an ongoing regular basis since 1987, and the reference date for search was 3/6/2006. Data on study title, year of submission, program, author's sex, institution and country region were collected.
In the second set, four periodicals were explored: Revista de Saúde Pública (RSP), published by Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP-USP) and it is the oldest journal in the field (since 1967); Cadernos de Saúde Pública (CSP), published since 1985 by Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (ENSP-Fiocruz); and Ciência e Saúde Coletiva (CiSC) and Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia (RBE), both created by the Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (Abrasco - Brazilian Association of Collective Health Postgraduate Programs) in 1996 and 1998 respectively. All articles from these periodicals available between 1980 and 2005 in SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online),*** a virtual collection for online access of scientific periodicals, were studied.
CSP and RBE were explored from their creation; CiSC was explored between 2000 and 2005 as this was the time period available in the database; and RSP was explored from 1980 to 2005, the entire study period. The terms "gender", "woman", and "sexuality" were investigated in all search fields (title, abstract, and keywords). The study comprised a quantitative assessment of titles per year, first author's sex, and a qualitative assessment of subjects, through the selection of articles representing new trends and approaches.
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF A NEW FIELD OF STUDY IN BRAZIL
Brazilian academic production has been influenced by feminism from its early days but it was only in the 1980s that the first centers for women's studies were created at Brazilian universities, inspired by the Women's Studies American model.25
During the 1980s, propositions presented at national meetings on health, sexuality, and reproductive rights contributed to be the creation of the Programa de Assistência Integral à Saúde da Mulher (PAISM - Comprehensive Women's Health Care Program). But feminism's influence in academic work began to be noticed only in the next decade with the creation of the first focal points on "women's health", parallel to the emergence of gender studies in human sciences.52
Research groups on gender and health
The study search identified 131 research groups in 18 fields of knowledge with at least one line of research in "gender and health". Most are in collective health (28.2%), totalizing 34 groups (Figure 1). Due to historical reasons, selecting this single keyword "gender and health" leaves out part of academic production in this subject field (Figure 2). For this reason, 27 groups were identified based on "women's health", of which only 48.7% included "gender and health"; 22 showed "sexuality" (77.3% of them had also "gender and health"). By adding up these three keywords, a total of 51 groups were found, 38.1% having lines of research exclusively focusing on gender and health, nine showing "gender" in the title and eight showing "women's health". The remaining had generic denominations of collective health or referred to subjects such as violence, work, and healthcare. This reflects the way the institutionalization of gender studies has proceeded in Brazil, with a search for legitimacy by integrating them into the dynamics of the scientific community and through the avoiding of "ghettos" in alternative areas.
Nonetheless, female involvement in research groups has been strong (73.3% of researchers and 73.8% of students) and most groups are headed, though not exclusively, by women (67.3%). However, 65.5% of groups had a second head, of which 80.5% were women, which may suggest that the gender hierarchy of academic work organization has been reproduced even in this field, originally influenced by feminism.
Studies were mostly concentrated in certain Brazilian regions, reflecting a general trend of Brazilian scientific activity: 56.6% of groups were from the Southeastern region, almost all from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; 22.6% were from the Northeastern region and 17.0% from the Southern region. A closer examination revealed that four leading institutions Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), and Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), together house a total of 23 groups (45.0%).
Groups on gender and health in collective health were largely established in the 1990s (43.6%), at first in the Southeastern and Northeastern regions, and, after 2000, when another 23 groups (45.5%) were established in all regions, except for the Midwestern states. This trend partially reflects the sustained development of collective health47 but also the influence of factors favourable to this thematic field, which require further analysis cannot be discussed here.
For now, it can be stressed that short- and intermediate-term teaching programs have been joined to research scholarship programs providing dozens of young researchers with education in this field nationwide.4 These initiatives have been supported by international associations, in particular, the Ford Foundation. The Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology, through CNPq, and the Ministry of Health, through the Department of Science and Technology, have recently announced funding for research on a variety of aspects that may be grouped under the headings "women's health" and "men's health," thus favouring ther scaling up and legitimizing of scientific production on gender and health.
The institutionalization of this field is also noticeable by the regular presence of scientific activities in specialized events. These have gained visibility since 1995 with the creation of the Grupo de Trabalho Gênero e Saúde (Task Force on Gender and Health), which works together with Abrasco's executive board.
Scientific production on gender and health in Brazil
Academic production on gender and health in Brazil has not been limited either to collective health or to the larger domain of health.
Stricto sensu graduate programs have produced 686 master's dissertations and 222 doctoral theses including the term "gender" associated to "health" and/or "sexuality" from 1987 to 2004. These studies covered almost two dozen different fields of knowledge, but the studies were mostly concentrated in psychology, education, nursing, social sciences and collective health. The latter had 98 dissertations and 42 theses.
The first doctoral thesis to include gender in its title was submitted in 1992, proposing that gender would be applied in the study of women's mental health95 paradoxically still an underexplored subject under this perspective. Most studies had been examined from 2000 (75% of theses and 70% of dissertations), a time when this subject field enjoyed its greatest growth. Following the same trend as the research groups, 74% of academic work in collective health on this subject area was developed in the ambit of four institutions Fiocruz (28.6%), USP (21.8%), UERJ (12.8%), and UFBA (10.5%). These institutions provided the graduate programs (master's degree and doctorate) that are most highly rated by Capes, including two rated at level 6 (UFBA and Fiocruz) and four at level 5 (USP, UERJ, and Fiocruz).
Publications on gender and health in the collective health area
As an interdisciplinary field, collective health integrates different cultures of producing and disseminating its scientific production. Published in the periodicals studied, the production in question is also found dispersed in national and international publications of various related areas, as well as in books and in technical publications. For this reason, the present study covered part of this production, albeit that which is most disseminated because electronically available. A thoroughgoing assessment is not intended, but rather the aim is to address the most representative Brazilian scientific production concerning the theme under scrutiny. Exceptionally, some landmark books making available collections of articles will also be cited.
In the four periodicals studied, from 1980, 665 articles on the subject were published, 11.6% of all articles published (Table). RSP published 257 (38.6%) articles on gender and health, 11.5% of all published articles in this journal between 1980 and 2005. A growing trend was seen from 2000, notably in 2005, when these subjects were covered in more than 25% of articles published in RSP. A 2002 supplement included articles focusing on different aspect of "HIV prevention in the context of social vulnerability".71
CSP had the highest absolute number of articles, the equivalent of 49.8% of all publications on gender and health and 13.6% of all articles published in CSP. A characteristic is the inclusion of a variety of subjects, especially through the publication of three supplements. The first CSP supplement, published in 1991, focused on "Women and health",43 strongly criticizing the maternal-infant perspective; the second one (1998) addressed "Reproductive health in Latin America",50 and the third one (2003) dealt with "Gender, sexuality, and reproductive health".4 In addition to these three, other supplements on work, violence and inequalities included articles with a gender perspective.
Given their shorter life, the two Abrasco journals CiSC and RBE had a minor contribution to the body of articles studied. However, CiSC has recently published a supplement entitled "Man as public health focus", including extensive reviews on the subject.85
The publishing of supplements not only reflects a response to social needs in this field but also an editorial board's responsiveness to emerging subjects or to subjects overlooked by "normal science". The practice clearly contributes to the dissemination of new ideas, concepts and approaches.
Who has published on gender and health
As in other fields of knowledge, it is women themselves who are producing academic publications on gender. They have authored most studies, 86.0% of theses and 89.0% of dissertations in this field, and they were the main authors in 70.5% of 665 articles on gender and health studied. This somewhat reflects the increasing representation of women in collective health, but it could also be explained by factors intrinsic to the development of the gender and health field. Noting the same phenomenon with respect to production on gender in the social sciences, Heilborn & Sorj52 offered some interpretations that may apply to collective health: "On the one hand, this reflects the weight of the prestige hierarchy between the sexes on the ordering of scientific objects and scientists; on the other hand, it shows that the strong association between gender studies and women's movements hinders male researchers' involvement".
Men are more likely to be authors in two instances: first, in studies with a maternal-infant perspective,1,12,59,88,89 especially those published in the 1980s, and then afterwards, in the emerging field of masculinity studies14,39,40,45 and, to some degree, in studies concerning AIDS and sexuality49,63,76 in the 1990s. But the unique article on feminist theory and medical sociology23 was written by two male authors.
What the scientific production is about
In the first half of the 1980s, a maternal-infant approach prevailed, and 75% of the articles focused on pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding.21,89,92 Maternal mortality, later incorporated to the priority agenda of the feminist movement and the health sector, began to be investigated88 at this time, though still from a clinical epidemiological view aiming to identify a profile of causes.
A remarkably original and groundbreaking study by Barroso13 (1984) opened the discussion on female sterilization from a feminist perspective. It also anticipated this subject's inflection from "conception" to "contraception" starting in the second half of 1980s as a consequence of dramatically reducing fecundity rates among Brazilian women. From then, there has been increased interest in contraceptive methods, including reversible methods, abortion, and tubal ligation.29,55,93
Reproduction and its opposite, contraception has started to be investigated from "women's" perspective, an empirical category that would later be included in studies on epidemiology and health care in Brazil supported by PAISM.26,70 This comprehensive view expanded the scope of health issues addressed in all life cycles, including cancer8,62 and high blood pressure,91 though still circumscribed to reproductive life.
A collection on "Mulher, saúde e sociedade no Brasil" (Women, health, and society in Brazil),58 (1989) and the CSP supplement on "Mulher e saúde" (Women and health)43 (1991) illustrate this new view. Both dealt with so far overlooked aspects, such as work16 and violence.66 New subjects have emerged, such as AIDS in women,54 Cesarean section delivery,38 and abortion.61 An article investigated sex differences in mortality that contributed to increased survival of Brazilian women.7 This same approach is recovered in the first article to include gender in its title and addressing sex differences in morbidity and health care utilization.5 It discussed the apparent paradox described in the international literature that was also seen in Brazil: although women live longer than men, they have worse self-rated morbidity and use more health services, which reflects the high medicalization of female reproductive cycles.
In the 1990s, there was extensive scientific production on abortion, a controversial issue requiring a complex methodological approach but highly valued by the feminist movement. Early studies focused on giving it more visibility by describing users' profiles41,51,83,94 but later more complex population-based studies were published,69,90 and introduced gender relations as practice determinants.28,37
A noteworthy publication is the CSP supplement (1998) on "Saúde reprodutiva na América Latina" (Reproductive health in Latin America)",50 which first discussed the dilemmas of assisted reproduction, including articles on reproductive health care and the major issue of female sterilization. The link between religion and reproductive health was addressed in one of its articles53 and two of them dealt for the first time with the role of men in reproductive health.40,96
A year later, another collection also focused on "Questões da saúde reprodutiva" (Issues in reproductive health)",44 and reviewed concepts such as sexual and reproductive health and sexual and reproductive rights, and problematized notions like 'the body' and medicalization and the role of health services.
The expansion of AIDS brought sexuality firmly onto the agenda, giving rise to numerous articles, including an RSP supplement71 with emphasis on vulnerability. It discusses the impact of HIV infection on sexuality and reproduction, and topics such as masculinity and vulnerability, and youth and AIDS prevention. Also, teenage pregnancy has legitimated the study of sexuality, discussed in a recent article.3
The relationship between gender and work has been explored throughout the study period but production has been scarce and centered in two institutions: Fiocruz,16-18,78 and UFBA, through its two research groups Programa de Estudos em Gênero e Saúde (MUSA - Gender and Health Studies Program)6,9 and Programa de Investigação sobre a Saúde do Trabalhador (PISAT- Program of Environmental and Worker's Health)80,81 in the Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. On this theme, some epidemiological studies exploring the link between gender and health stand out, as does an update on breastfeeding from female workers' perspective.75
Violence is another subject that has been studied throughout this period but scientific production on the topic actually increased in the 1990s. The link between violence, gender, and health has a huge potential for deconstructing biological essentialism, an important issue to feminism. Early studies sought to render more visibility to violence in domestic and family settings31 and in health services.32,84 Researchers also called attention to the role of health services in generating another kind of violence so-called institutional violence which even occasioned the publication in Lancet of one of the few articles of international repercussion.30
Due to its exceptional character and its potential of opening up new frontiers of investigation, the use a gender perspective in the study of endemic transmissible diseases, such as schistosomiasis65 and hanseniasis68 should be highlighted.
The variety of subjects and issues addressed in two publications4,11 from the Interinstitutional Training Program of Research Methodology on Gender, Sexuality and Reproductive Health is typical of the first half of the 2000s, when there has been a profusion of titles. This period is illustrated by a growth of studies on health evaluation,2,24,33,35,36,67,72,74,87 and bioethics and gender.34 Further developments were seen in the field with studies linking subjects such as violence and pregnancy,22 HIV/AIDS and sterilization,10 AIDS death and maternal deaths,15 sexuality and sterilization,94 and paternity and childcare.19
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
The mapping of the field of gender and health undertaken here confirms the remarkable growth of scientific production in this field, in particular in the last five years. Roughly, the subjects can be divided into five subgroups: reproduction and contraception; gender violence and its variants, like domestic, family, marital and sexual violence; sexuality and health with emphasis on STDs/AIDS; work and health, including housework and night work; and other emerging or underexplored subjects such as aging and mental health.
A large number of empirical studies can now be recorded. However, there is a scarcity of theoretical and epistemological production directed to understanding not only gender relations, as these affect health, but also their impact on the production of scientific knowledge about health.
Some early factors have hindered the introduction of the gender perspective in collective health, especially the influence of marxism with its emphasis on social class for explaining social inequalities. But the intense politicization of this field beside a strong critiique of the neutrality of science, alongside an unquestionable commitment to social change, have contributed to the legitimization of the subject area. These factors play different roles in the sub-fields of social sciences in health, epidemiology, and health planning and policies.
Evidently, most production has been in social sciences in health, privileging a gender approach as a cultural construction and making use of qualitative strategies. Methodological choices reflect Brazilian social sciences' qualitative approach tradition but they also derive from the understanding held by many feminist researchers that quantitative methods cannot capture the complexity of gender relations and their effects on different levels of social life, notably health.
This likely explains the weak penetration of this perspective in epidemiological studies combining the use of quantitative methods and the influence of biomedical sciences in defining objects of interest, which has always been a resistance factor in the gender field. In other words, epidemiology has investigated clinically defined diseases, reserving social theories for studying its determinants. In social epidemiology, the predominance of social class as an explanatory category of inequalities has resulted in the relative impermeability to incorporating categories such as gender, race/ethnicity and generation. It is still common to consider age as a "biological factor" and to refuse to recognize race as a social construction, since its biological base has been deconstructed by genetics.
Gender has been incorporated as an empirical "politically correct" category to replace sex and at the same time this has has voided the meaning feminist theories attribute to it. This reduction limits the potential for a broader explanation of social dynamics, i.e., it prevents exploring gender as "a principle of social organization".52
The smallest production with a gender perspective can be observed in health planning and policies, except in recent health evaluation studies, most of which concern women's health. The "noble" subjects in this sub-field, such as health care models, social control and movements, power relations and health sector structure, have been little influenced by a gender perspective. In human sciences a similar lower penetration of the perspective is apparent in political science, when compared to anthropology, sociology, and history.73 One can speculate that the same gender conceptions that define politics as a male world also rules over the science devoted to its study. However, the distancing of gender studies from the original influence of political economy towards a culturally constructed approach, with a concominitant privileging of identity issues,42 may have contributed to this gap as well, due to inadequate theorization of these subjects. Aiming at changing this scenario, Abrasco's Task Force on Gender and Health developed initiatives such as a seminar in partnership with the Asociación Latinoamericana de Medicina Social (ALAMES - Latin American Association of Social Medicine) on "Health, equity and gender" in 1999. The seminar produced a collection where this relation is explored from different angles.27
There are huge political, epistemological and methodological challenges for further strengthening the advances made. The profusion of titles and the great diversity of issues addressed make any panoramic review incomplete and insufficient. There is a need to summarize each subthematic issue of this literature to better assess lacunae and directions for investigation.
From an ethical standpoint, this field has considered such potentially challenging issues as sexuality, sexual violence, and abortion. These are intimate and private issues, sometimes involving secrecy and illegal activities, the ethical aspects of which have methodological implications and vice-versa.
There is much to be done from a theoretical viewpoint. Two main challenges arisein this respect. First, there are difficulties involved in integrating knowledge produced by the biomedical sciences with that produced by the social sciences. This is because, when investigating a huge range of health issues, despite the need for denaturalizing the phenomena of interest and disclosing the gender representations that guide knowledge production, biological aspects cannot be treated exclusively in their symbolic and cultural dimensions.
Another challenge concerns the transversalitly of gender and the need to articulate this analytical category to others, such as race/ethnicity, social class, and generation. A gender perspective provides extensive possibilities for further enriching theoretical reflection in collective health. It could be joined with other intellectual and political efforts aiming at understanding health and its determinants in the fight against inequalities and for social justice.
ACKNOWLEGDMENTS
To Greice Menezes and Mauricio Lima Barreto, professors at Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), and Prof. Luisa Elvira Belúnde, University of St Andrews, Scotland, for their suggestions; and to Tatiane Lemos Calmon (UFBA), for helping out with data collection from the literature.
REFERENCES


Better Photo Search for MacOS with Clarifai
Introduction
I’ve previously written about a method of enabling Spotlight search of Photos.app libraries1 using tags generated by photoanalysisd
that are otherwise only available through Photos.app.
But photoanalysisd
is limited to something like 1,000 unique subjects, while some commercial services advertise recognition of 10x that number, and might be expected to produce more relevant tags.
This post considers Clarifai along with photoanalysisd
, comparing their performance on the task of classifying pictures from my photo library.
No Useful Benchmarks
Commercial image classification services like Clarifai and Rekognition seem oddly reluctant to publish competitive benchmarks, which might help someone choose between them.
Some vendors tout performance in academic competitions like the ILSVRC, but this isn’t a direct test of their commercial offerings and is therefore only so useful.
Clarifai, however, do make one interesting claim about their general model: that it classifies 11,000 subjects. But is that a lot compared with Google, for instance? We don’t actually know.
(Nor do we know what those 11,000 subjects are and whether Clarifai reliably detects them.)
Simulated Search
To get a sense of how Clarifai compares with Photos.app on the task of classifying an individual’s Photo library, I submitted several thousand pictures from mine.
You can use the search field below to get a sense of the breadth and specifity of tags generated by each service, as well as the frequency with which particular tags occur.
Key: ClarifaiPhotos.app
Of course these are all pictures from my library, and therefore biased towards my interests, but the code is available on GitHub.
Based on this experiment, and in view of my expectations, I’m impressed with the performance of Apple’s classifier. As I begin typing a query, Apple often seems to anticipate it with a relevant tag.
But Clarifai adds a great deal of breadth, even if some of the tags don’t correspond with likely search terms (e.g. “no person”).
So, it would be nice if Spotlight tags could be drawn from services like Clarifai and Rekognition as well as Photos.app.
Implementing Multi-Vendor Tagging
The approach I settled on was to maintain a sqlite database seperate from photos.db
that contains both the photoanalysisd
tags and tags from 3rd-party services.
Find the tools referenced below on GitHub.
Initialize a database (here: new.db
), populating it with information about your Photos.app library, and synchronize the two.
[...]$ ./alternative-classifiers.py --init \
--db new.db \
--photos-db ~/Pictures/..../photos.db \
--lib ~/Pictures/..../library.photoslibrary \
--sync
(Please see the note here about stopping photolibraryd
, to release its lock on photos.db
)
Then add tags from a 3rd-party service like Clarifai.
[...]$ export CLARIFAI_API_KEY="YOUR_API_KEY_HERE"
[...]$ ./alternative-classifiers.py --db new.db --clarifai
And finally, update the relevant xattrs, so that spotlight can index our new tags.
[...]$ ./alternative-classifiers.py --db new.db --xattrs
Now it should be possible to find Clarifai-specific tags like No Person with Spotlight:
[...]$ mdfind 'tag:no person'
.../Masters/2015/04/22/20150422-011045/IMG_0083.JPG
Note: Adding New Tags to Photos.app
My last post on this subject showed how to extract tags from Photos.app, via a TEXT
column in photos.db
called RKVersion_stringNote.value
. With this post, I had hoped it would be possible to do the reverse.
The obvious thing to try: appending to RKVersion_stringNote.value
, and updating the plist where the list of categories is kept, doesn’t get the job done.
When the last post was discussed on Hacker News, several commentors pointed out how absurd this all is–that it should be trivial to retrieve and update information about your own photographs. I agree with them entirely.
(However, if you have a suggestion of how to solve this particular problem, do let me know!)
Conclusion
Combining Clarifai’s tags with Apple’s has produced a marked improvement in the searchability of my Photo library.
I wonder if adding tags from additional services such as Rekognition, or Google Computer Vision would add as much value, or at what point adding another general model becomes redundant.
Comment and Suggestion to patrick.mcmurchie@gmail.com


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I'm a Biochemistry & Applied Mathematics student at the University of Kentucky who is investigating the role of transmembrane domains in enveloped virus fusion. I'm also interested in systems biology, biochemistry, statistics, and open science.


RLMClassPrivileges
struct RLMClassPrivileges {}
A description of the actual privileges which apply to a Class within a Realm.
This is a combination of all of the privileges granted to all of the Roles which the
current User is a member of, obtained by calling -[RLMRealm privilegesForClass:]
or
-[RLMRealm privilegesForClassNamed:]
on the Realm.
By default, all operations are permitted, and each privilege field indicates an operation which may be forbidden.
-
If
false
, the current User is not permitted to see objects of this type, and attempting to query this class will always return empty results.Note that Read permissions are transitive, and so it may be possible to read an object which the user does not directly have Read permissions for by following a link to it from an object they do have Read permissions for. This does not apply to any of the other permission types.
Declaration
Objective-C
_Bool read : 1
Swift
var read: Bool { get set }
-
If
false
, creating new objects of this type is not permitted. Write transactions creating objects can be performed locally, but the objects will be deleted by the server when synchronization occurs.For objects with Primary Keys, it may not be locally determinable if Create or Update privileges are applicable. It may appear that you are creating a new object, but an object with that Primary Key may already exist and simply not be visible to you, in which case it is actually an Update operation.
Declaration
Objective-C
_Bool create : 1
Swift
var create: Bool { get set }
-
If
false
, no modifications to objects of this type are permitted. Write transactions modifying the objects can be performed locally, but any changes made will be reverted by the server.Deleting an object is considered a modification, and is governed by this privilege.
Declaration
Objective-C
_Bool update : 1
Swift
var update: Bool { get set }
-
If
false
, the User is not permitted to create new subscriptions for this class. Local queries against the objects within the Realm will work, but new subscriptions will never add objects to the Realm.Declaration
Objective-C
_Bool subscribe : 1
Swift
var subscribe: Bool { get set }
-
If
false
, no modifications to the permissions property of the RLMClassPermissions object for this type are permitted. Write transactions can be performed locally, but any changes made will be reverted by the server.Note that if invalid privilege changes are made, `-[RLMRealm privilegesFor*:]` will return results reflecting those invalid changes until synchronization occurs. Even if this field is `true`, note that the user will be unable to grant privileges to a Role which they do not themselves have.
Declaration
Objective-C
_Bool setPermissions : 1
Swift
var setPermissions: Bool { get set }


Our Awesome Locations
1st & Pike
Address: 1111 Pike Street, Seattle, WA
Phone: 555-5555
SeaTac Airport
Address: THE AIRPORT IN SEATAC
Phone: 555-5556
Seattle Center
Address: 1234 Somewhere Street, Seattle, WA
Phone: 555-5557
Capitol Hill
Address: 1234 Capitol Hill St.
Phone: 555-5558
Address: 123 Alki Blvd. in your city, WA
Phone: 555-5559


Hi \{{ Person.NickName }},
{% endif %}Please remember to enter attendance for your Wherehouse small group {% if today == occurrenceDate %}tonight.{% else %}{% if today > occurrenceDate %}that met on \{{ Occurrence | Date:'dddd' }}. If you didn’t meet, no problem! Just take attendance, and mark we did not meet to let us know.{% else %}that meets on \{{ Occurrence | Date:'dddd' }}.{% endif %}{% endif %}


{% extends 'base_error.html' %} {% block title %}Page removed{% endblock %} {% block header %}
Sorry, we've removed some of parts of the site that were completely out of date. In most cases, that content has been moved into the new documentation site.
Here's a link to the homepage. You know, just in case.
{% endblock %}


Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 8-10
Dietary
This velvety pumpkin soup recipe is great for Bonfire Night - it’s served with a splash of sherry in a hollowed-out pumpkin.
Cut the top off the pumpkin and set aside. Scoop out the seeds and fibres from the middle and discard.
Using a sharp knife and a spoon, carefully hollow out the pumpkin, removing the flesh and setting aside. (It is imperative that you do not cut right up to the inside of the skin or pierce it. Leave 2cm/1in of flesh all around the inside.)
Roughly chop the scooped-out pumpkin flesh.
Melt the butter in a large pan with a lid over a low heat and add the onions. Cook the onions gently for 10-15 minutes, until they are softened and golden-brown.
Add the pumpkin flesh, the cinnamon and nutmeg, and season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Increase the heat to medium and cover with the lid. Cook for 40-45 minutes, stirring occasionally to prevent the base from burning, until the pumpkin is cooked through.
Add the stock and bring to the boil. Remove from the heat and allow to cool slightly. Transfer the soup to a food processor in batches and blend until smooth.
Return the soup to the pan and bring to a low simmer and cook for a further half an hour.
Forty-five minutes before eating, preheat the oven to 170C/335F/Gas 3.
Pour the soup into the hollow pumpkin shell, add the sherry and stir to combine.
Place the reserved pumpkin 'lid' onto the pumpkin and place onto a large baking tray. Cook in the oven for about 45 minutes, to bring the soup up to temperature.
To serve, carefully remove from the oven and serve the soup in the pumpkin at the table. Ladle into bowls and serve.


FlightSurety
Purchase Insurance
Passenger
Airline
Flight
A234
A236
A237
Add Funds
Purchase Insurance
Withdraw
Passenger
Withdraw
Withdraw Funds
Submit to Oracles


On a Windows client, install the Remote Sever Administration Tools (RSAT) and ensure the Active Directory PowerShell module is installed.
On a Windows server (2008 R2 or newer), run the following commands in a PowerShell console (as an Adminsitrator):
Import-Module ServerManager ; Add-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell
Requires AD Web Services (ADWS) running on targeted DC (9389)
Get-ADDomainController -Discover -Service "ADWS"
dir ad: Browse AD like a filesystem
Finding Useful Commands (Cmdlets):
Get-Module -ListAvailable Discover available PowerShell Modules
Get-Command -module ActiveDirectory Discover cmdlets in a PowerShell module
Finding Active Directory Flexible Master Single Operation (FSMO) Roles:
Active Directory Module:
- (Get-ADForest).SchemaMaster
- (Get-ADForest).DomainNamingMaster
- (Get-ADDomain).InfrastructureMaster
- (Get-ADDomain).PDCEmulator
- (Get-ADDomain).RIDMaster
.NET Calls:
- ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).SchemaRoleOwner
- ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).NamingRoleOwner
- ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).InfrastructureRoleOwner
- ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).PdcRoleOwner
- ([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).RidRoleOwner
Active Directory PowerShell Module Cmdlet Examples:
Get-RootDSE LDAP server info (os and more)
Get-ADForest Current Forest info
Get-ADDomain Current AD info
Get-ADDomainController Specific DC Info. Easy to find all DCs in a site
Get-ADDomainController -Discover -ForceDiscover -Service "PrimaryDC" -DomainName "<DOMAIN>
Get-ADDomainController -Discover -Site "HQ"
Get-ADDomainController -Filter {(isGlobalCatalog -eq $True) -AND (isReadOnly -eq $True)}
Get-ADComputer Computer object info (run with -Prop *)
Get-ADUser User object info (run with -Prop *)
Get-ADGroup AD Group info.
Get-ADGroup -Filter {GroupCategory -eq 'Security'} Find Security groups
Get-ADGroupMember Enumerate and return group members. Recurse for nested
Get-ADGroupMember 'Administrators' -Recursive
Get-ADReplicationParterNetadata #Windows 2012 and newer
Get-ADReplicationparnterfailure DC Replication failure status. Also can specify -Target
Get-ADReplicationUptodatenessVectorTable Tracks replication status between DCs
Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy Get the default password policy for the domain
Others
Get/Set-ADForest
Get/Set-ADDomain
Get/Set-ADDomainController
Get/Set-ADUser
Get/Set-ADComputer
Get/Set-ADGroup
Get/Set-ADGroupMember
Get/Set-ADObject
Get/Set-ADOrganizationalUnit
Enable-ADOptionalFeature
Disable/Enable-ADAccount
Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole
New-ADUser
New-ADComputer
New-ADGroup
New-ADObject
New-ADOrganizationalUnit
*-ADResourcePropertyListMember
*-ADAuthenticationPolicy
*-ADAuthenticationPolicySilo
*-ADCentralAccessPolicy
*-ADCentralAccessRule
*-ADResourceProperty
*-ADResourcePropertyList
*-ADResourcePropertyValueType
*-ADDCCloneConfigFile
*-ADReplicationAttributeMetadata
*-ADReplicationConnection
*-ADReplicationFailure
*-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata
*-ADReplicationQueueOperation
*-ADReplicationSite
*-ADReplicationSiteLink
*-ADReplicationSiteLinkBridge
*-ADReplicationSubnet
*-ADReplicationUpToDatenessVectorTable
Sync-ADObject


--- layout: feedback title: Jeff Bellsey - 2015-02-13 11:15:02 date: 2015-02-13 11:15:02.000000000 -06:00 categories: [] tags: [] status: publish type: feedback published: true meta: _feedback_extra_fields: a:0:{} _feedback_email: "a:2:{s:2:\"to\";a:1:{i:0;s:29:\"adam.n.england+blog@gmail.com\";}s:7:\"message\";s:527:\"Name: Jeff Bellsey\nEmail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Message: Hi Adam,\r\n\r\nI'm writing because Packt approached me about doing a video course, and I'd like to hear about your experience with them -- time spent, number of copies sold, etc. So if you're willing to have your brain lightly picked, and have a bit of time, can we talk?\r\n\r\nThanks much,\r\nJeff Bellsey\n\nTime: February 13, 2015 at 11:15 am\nIP Address: <IP_ADDRESS>\nContact Form URL: https://adamnengland.wordpress.com/contact-me/\nSent by an unverified visitor to your site.\";}" author: excerpt: !ruby/object:Hpricot::Doc options: {} ---
Hi Adam,
I'm writing because Packt approached me about doing a video course, and I'd like to hear about your experience with them -- time spent, number of copies sold, etc. So if you're willing to have your brain lightly picked, and have a bit of time, can we talk?
Thanks much,
Jeff Bellsey
AUTHOR: Jeff Bellsey
AUTHOR EMAIL<EMAIL_ADDRESS>AUTHOR URL:
SUBJECT: BLOG - Contact Me Submission
IP: <IP_ADDRESS>
Array
(
[1_Name] => Jeff Bellsey
[2_Email] =><EMAIL_ADDRESS>[3_Your Message] => Hi Adam,
I'm writing because Packt approached me about doing a video course, and I'd like to hear about your experience with them -- time spent, number of copies sold, etc. So if you're willing to have your brain lightly picked, and have a bit of time, can we talk?
Thanks much,
Jeff Bellsey
)


You are logged in as null!
You have been authenticated as a manager.
You have been authenticated as a user that can use the actuator.
You have been authenticated as a user.


At
Tinder, I worked on gameifying
Places, a location-based feature which brings people together based on their favorite places.
IDEATION
I sketched solutions varying from AR puzzles to community comments in each place.
Some ideas strayed too far from dating, but Badges was a perfect way for users to learn about their next date.
INITIAL FLOW
Users would earn badges based the places they love to visit, revealing their coffee-loving, art-perusing, or beach-bummin' selves.
RESEARCH
I also looked into how Snapchat, Yelp, PokemonGO, and Swarm handled their badging systems.
VISUAL EXPLORATION
I began experimenting with the theme of transportation, playing off stamps and luggage tags.
In the end, I chose typical badge shapes, assuming they'd be more familiar.
And then, I began prototyping.
Version 1—badges in profile
After a user visits enough art galleries or venues, for example, they earn a Places badge which they can view in their profile settings and other users can see when they view their profile.
These badges can say more about the user without them having to say it themselves. And the badge feels more legitimate because it is earned through the user's actions.
Final Version—fullscreen takeover + badges in Places
After watching people interact with the prototype, I received feedback that the achievement modal could be more grand and exciting rather than contained in a modal. I made it a fullscreen takeover instead so it would feel more special.
People also found it confusing to navigate to Profile to see Places badges. Instead, I added a page within Places for people's badges so they felt the experience had more continuity.
I also mocked up the experience of when people are viewing others' profiles. They see the badges (and behaviors) they have in common.
Mutual badges communicate the places and activities both love to engage in—making people feel more real without any more effort on the user's side.


This project is based on Kaggle Competition: Rossmann Store Sales. The goal is to predict sales of each Rossmann store in everyday of future three months. Based on the prediction, stores can arrange supply chain management, investment and workforce.
Rossmann provides sales and store data for 1,115 stores of nearly 3 years. The analysis process is as follows:
I firstly merge two tables into one. Because store conducting long-term promotion has different variables from that not conducting long-term promotion, I separately make prediction for these two types of stores. Besides, the test data does not have variable Number of Customers. However, this is a very important variable. Therefore, I predict number of customers for test dataset, and then predict sales. I use RMSPE to evaluate my prediction based on different algorithms and different time periods.
The following documents will give you more details about this project.


source
You can read more about the start of my new Curation League.
35 accounts wanted to participate, thanks and welcome to my Curation League. There are one new participant from last week and nobody wanted to be removed. Thank you all for participating!
The curation of the last seven days ending by 16.09.2018 7:00:00 UTC are included in this analysis.
To enter the contest, please write a comment with add me
. A comment with remove me
will exclude an account from the contest. I will automatically scan the comments for building a participation list.
Winner for week 10
Gratulations to
- mys for winning this round! 7.29 is a really great score!
- reazuliqbal for the second place!
- amosbastian for the third place!
All three did a great job in selecting undervalued posts for curation!
Result table
eff_sp
is the median effective Steem power of the account over last week
sum_weight
is the sum of all given votes. As a 100% votes can be given every 2.4 hours, this number should be close to 7000 (24 * 7 / 2.4 * 100
).
median weight
is the median vote weight over the last week
reward
is the collected curation rewards within a week divided by effective Steem Power and multiplied by 1000
adj. rew.
is reward
when sum_weight
is smaller than 7000 and reward / sum_weight * 7000
otherwise. This assures that voting more than the optimum will not lead to a better ranking.
| # |
account |
eff_sp |
sum weight |
median weight |
reward |
adj. rew. |
| 1. |
mys |
2991.2 |
6173 |
2.00 |
7.29 |
7.29 |
| 2. |
reazuliqbal |
1248.2 |
7585 |
5.00 |
7.07 |
6.52 |
| 3. |
amosbastian |
1881.4 |
8897 |
11.00 |
7.56 |
5.95 |
| 4. |
algo.coder |
262.4 |
6485 |
50.00 |
5.94 |
5.94 |
| 5. |
pomocnik |
16.3 |
4200 |
100.00 |
4.78 |
4.78 |
| 6. |
sourovafrin |
1005.9 |
6645 |
100.00 |
3.53 |
3.53 |
| 7. |
rose98734 |
29.2 |
2300 |
100.00 |
2.84 |
2.84 |
| 8. |
crypto-econom1st |
264.5 |
4825 |
100.00 |
2.52 |
2.52 |
| 9. |
jacekw |
617.6 |
6600 |
30.00 |
2.50 |
2.50 |
| 10. |
espoem |
3518.8 |
5356 |
15.00 |
2.29 |
2.29 |
| 11. |
holger80 |
4606.6 |
5638 |
28.00 |
2.24 |
2.24 |
| 12. |
cryptoyzzy |
371.5 |
6355 |
100.00 |
1.72 |
1.72 |
| 13. |
diosbot |
2454.2 |
8152 |
41.00 |
1.93 |
1.66 |
| 14. |
doughtaker |
803.7 |
6404 |
50.00 |
1.59 |
1.59 |
| 15. |
jlordc |
145.6 |
6000 |
100.00 |
1.47 |
1.47 |
| 16. |
grzyb77 |
232.3 |
5604 |
40.00 |
1.44 |
1.44 |
| 17. |
cryptoandcoffee |
671.1 |
7078 |
50.00 |
1.41 |
1.40 |
| 18. |
abh12345 |
17940.7 |
7542 |
5.00 |
1.33 |
1.24 |
| 19. |
katamori |
168.9 |
3340 |
100.00 |
1.19 |
1.19 |
| 20. |
rivalzzz |
1334.8 |
8231 |
50.00 |
1.35 |
1.14 |
| 21. |
the.nervi |
14.7 |
700 |
100.00 |
1.09 |
1.09 |
| 22. |
emrebeyler |
7510.7 |
7057 |
100.00 |
0.96 |
0.95 |
| 23. |
codingdefined |
1955.9 |
6450 |
100.00 |
0.88 |
0.88 |
| 24. |
yasu24 |
2172.1 |
6272 |
15.00 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
| 25. |
celfmagazine |
4914.4 |
4420 |
100.00 |
0.77 |
0.77 |
| 26. |
ajayyy |
232.9 |
2500 |
100.00 |
0.73 |
0.73 |
| 27. |
annaburska |
1238.3 |
6201 |
100.00 |
0.72 |
0.72 |
| 28. |
isnochys |
1359.5 |
4215 |
10.00 |
0.68 |
0.68 |
| 29. |
blanchy |
569.3 |
5379 |
50.00 |
0.53 |
0.53 |
| 30. |
coretan.aksara |
34.9 |
1200 |
100.00 |
0.51 |
0.51 |
| 31. |
yailinbel |
38.4 |
840 |
100.00 |
0.40 |
0.40 |
| 32. |
isarmoewe |
767.7 |
3650 |
25.00 |
0.39 |
0.39 |
| 33. |
dexterdev |
198.8 |
3625 |
65.00 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
| 34. |
hispeedimagins |
206.7 |
3299 |
100.00 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
| 35. |
synergysteem |
153.4 |
1200 |
100.00 |
0.16 |
0.16 |
| 36. |
mariusclaassen |
15.0 |
100 |
100.00 |
0.07 |
0.07 |
| 37. |
stevescoins |
-1634.4 |
5979 |
15.00 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
Top 25 curation
This table shows the best ten curation rewards. The reward are calculated by post curation reward divided by effective Steem Power and multiplied by 1000 divided by vote weight and multiplied by 100. Thus, the reward is normalized to a vote of 100%. Comments were skipped.
Keep in mind that the reward is normalized to a 100% vote.
| reward |
voter |
delay |
author |
title |
| 1.700 |
amosbastian |
30.6 |
gigatoride |
Introducing Node.js API wrapper for Utopian.rocks |
| 0.966 |
crypto-econom1st |
28.1 |
beer32 |
Matcha Latte เครื่องดื่มแก้วโปรด |
| 0.742 |
mys |
101.7 |
bountywolf |
Rouge Summer(Jam Entree) |
| 0.732 |
algo.coder |
28.8 |
wizzdom |
My first trip to Venice, Italy: part 5 |
| 0.718 |
algo.coder |
28.8 |
wizzdom |
My first trip to Venice, Italy: part 4 |
| 0.485 |
katamori |
22.7 |
makowrites |
Incorruptible - Chapter 1 - Part 1 |
| 0.448 |
mys |
2237.3 |
binhlinh |
What do superheroes do after retirement? |
| 0.447 |
mys |
104.6 |
felicianor |
About Riches |
| 0.429 |
pomocnik |
30.8 |
samarek69 |
Pokazy ratownictwa technicznego PSP- Dolina Charlotty |
| 0.414 |
mys |
370.8 |
stuffbyspencer |
Steem Monsters: SNAP! a casual picture taking game |
| 0.382 |
mys |
2237.3 |
pandakhairul |
Bambu resort |
| 0.380 |
amosbastian |
30.6 |
hede-io |
Updates on Hede: New Design, New Features, New Communities and Roadmap |
| 0.380 |
mys |
279.9 |
emilianara |
Moral Wealth World |
| 0.349 |
amosbastian |
30.9 |
byteball.org |
Steem Use-a-Thon by Byteball - Weekly update 1 |
| 0.343 |
amosbastian |
30.9 |
zlatkamrs |
Translation Spanish Node.js (1016 words) (Part 2) |
| 0.341 |
amosbastian |
30.2 |
dalzphoto |
My Journey with Actifit August 2018 – App Info, Activities, Earnings, Tokens |
| 0.340 |
the.nervi |
7.5 |
foggymeadow |
Dziewczyńskość, kobiecość, dojrzałość? |
| 0.319 |
algo.coder |
28.8 |
alejohannes |
Translation Spanish The Curious Expedition, from English (1137 words) N’04 |
| 0.313 |
mys |
104.6 |
drakey |
Income Level |
| 0.313 |
amosbastian |
30.6 |
mcyusuf |
Steemer 1.4.6: App crashes when the add as follower button is clicked on one’s profile page. |
| 0.311 |
amosbastian |
30.9 |
navx |
Node.js Translation to Spanish - 1613 words (Part 2) |
| 0.307 |
mys |
66.8 |
rosdianadewi |
Alam yang begitu indah |
| 0.307 |
pomocnik |
28.8 |
wojciechsiryk |
TEN ŚWIAT JEST NASZ - ARCHIWUM. Część 7/60 |
| 0.303 |
mys |
87.0 |
liaulfa1992 |
Tujuan saya |
| 0.296 |
algo.coder |
28.8 |
wildtrader |
August31Webinar |
| 0.296 |
algo.coder |
28.8 |
elohim4 |
(ENG/ITA) Speculative attack on Italy third part/ Attacco speculativo all’Italia terza parte |
Top 25 Authors
This table shows the post authors which led to the highest post curation reward divided by effective Steem Power and multiplied by 1000. All rewards from all participating accounts were summed up. Comments were skipped.
Top 3 curation
This table shows the top 3 curation posts of each participating account with at least a collected curation reward higher than 0.5.
The reward is calculated by post curation reward divided by effective Steem Power and multiplied by 1000 divided by vote weight and multiplied by 100. Thus, the reward is normalized to a vote of 100%. Only posts are shown.
mys
reazuliqbal
amosbastian
algo.coder
pomocnik
sourovafrin
rose98734
crypto-econom1st
jacekw
espoem
holger80
cryptoyzzy
diosbot
doughtaker
jlordc
grzyb77
cryptoandcoffee
abh12345
katamori
rivalzzz
the.nervi
emrebeyler
codingdefined
yasu24
celfmagazine
ajayyy
annaburska
isnochys
blanchy
coretan.aksara
If you want to participate, just drop a comment with add me
.
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘holger80`s Curation League - week 10’


WE-CRM
Toggle navigation
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customers
.
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Kyler Murray flashing the type of superstar potential Lamar Jackson showed as a rookie
by Dan BernsteinAs second-year quarterback Lamar Jackson jukes defenders off TV screens and into his ever-expanding MVP highlight package this season,a rookie is following his lead as a potential cornerstone of the NFL's next generation of passers.
Cardinals signal-caller Kyler Murray has so far put together a debut campaign even better than Jackson's 2018, accurately slinging the ball with his NFL-caliber arm while also tearing apart defenses with the foot speed he used in college.
If Murray'sdevelopment continues alongthisfranchise-altering path, then Arizona stands to benefitin the same way Baltimore has with Jackson. On Sunday, hours after Jackson helped the Ravens demolish the Texans, Murray put together another impressive performance in a 36-26 loss to the NFC West-leading 49ers. He completed 24of 33passes for 150 yards and two touchdowns and ran for 67 yards and a score.
Rookie Murray vs. Rookie Jackson
| Player | Starts | Comp % | Pass TDs | Rating | Yds/Rush | Rush TDs/Start |
| Kyler Murray | 11 | 64.6 | 14 | 91.2 | 6.2 | 0.27 |
| Lamar Jackson | 7 | 58.2 | 12 | 84.5 | 4.7 | 0.71 |
VIDEO: Murray's top plays vs. 49ers
Several things tie Jackson and Murray together: Heisman honors, over-the-top doubts from some fans and analystsand atypical dual-threat talent.
At Louisville, Jackson averaged 23 passing touchdownsand almost 17 rushing touchdowns per season. In his one season as the starter at Oklahoma, Murray threw 42touchdown passes and ran for 12 scores.
Jackson was widely disrespected by teams that did not see him as a quarterback at this level and instead wantedhim to play receiver or running back. He fell to No. 32in the 2018draft. While Murray was selected No. 1 overall by the Cardinals this year, he, too, caught a wave of premature doubt, in his case for his smaller-than-average frame and perceptions that he lacked maturity and intelligence.
So far, neither quarterback has allowed thoseslights to affect their play.
Jackson went 6-1 last season after taking over for Joe Flacco, but he floundered in an ugly playoff loss to the Chargers. That setback seemed to fuel him to get even better in the offseason, and he is now a front-runner for league MVP.
MORE: SN's QB power rankings
Has the fact that Murray began the season as the No. 1 quarterback on the depth chart given him an advantage over Jackson, who was eased into his starting role? Probably the opposite. He had a less-established coaching staff surrounding him to ease the process. Despite that, Murray has mostly avoided turnovers and careless mistakes. Through 11 games (and a 3-7-1 record), he has thrown five interceptions and fumbled twice (none lost).
His game management skills were on display Sunday against perhaps the best defense in the NFL, when he again avoided committing a turnover. In a key moment in the fourth quarter, he offered a glimpse into his ability to make home-run plays with a go-ahead 22-yard run to cap a 78-yard drive.
Over time, Murraywill have more opportunities to throw the ball deep downfield, much like Jackson has gotten in Baltimore this season.
As with any young quarterback, concerns remain. Murray could certainly be held back by his coaching staff, supporting cast and division. Rookie coach Kliff Kingsbury is no John Harbaugh — at least not right now. Leading receiver Larry Fitzgerald is 36, and there is no clear heir to his playmaker throne. Christian Kirk is possibly that future star, but it's unclear how he would fare as a top wideout target. The NFC West is extremely tough on offenses, and it will continue to adjust to Murray in the coming years.
Still, Murray has done almost everything in his powerto validateArizona's faithand reachheights few rookies touch. He didn't choose football over baseball to be a mediocre quarterback. He made that choice to be special.
Right now, he is absolutely special.


{% extends 'firstversionweb/main.html' %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
Welcome to Wild Crane Tattoo!
Please make an appointment before you come visit.
No walk-in service during COVID-19.
Sorry for your inconvenience.
Honours Bachelor of Illustration, Sheridan College, Canada
Specializing in Realistic and Illustrative tattoo.
Honours Bachelor of Animation, Sheridan College, Canada
Specializing in Ink Painting and Anime tattoo.


{% extends "templates.jinja/base.page-with-navbar.html" %} {% block title %} Hesperian - Pregnancy & Birth{% endblock %} {% block id %}How_to_give_medicine_to_stop_bleeding{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Oxytocin
Inject 10 units of oxytocin in the side of the thigh muscle.
Misoprostol
Dissolve 800 mcg inside the mouth, against the cheek or under the tongue, for about 30 minutes. Then swallow what is left. If she feels nauseous, you can insert tablets into the woman's rectum instead. Wear a glove.
Ergometrine (only give after the placenta has come out)
Inject 0.2 mg ergometrine in the side of the thigh muscle.
OR, give 0.2 mg of ergometrine pills by mouth. You can give ergometrine every 2 to 4 hours for severe bleeding, or every 6 to 12 hours for less severe bleeding. But continue to give the medicine until bleeding has stopped and the womb is hard, usually about 48 hours. Pills do not work as quickly as injections. Do not give ergometrine to a woman with high blood pressure.