BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL, CENTRAL ZONAL BENCH, BHOPAL APPLICATION No.08 of 2013 (P.B.84/2012 THC) In the matter of : Mahakoushal Shaheed Smarak Trust, 1104, Pt. Bhawani Prasad Tiwari Ward, 190, Gol Bazara, Jabalpur (MP). . . . . Applicant Versus 1. State of Madhya Pradesh, Through the Principal Secretary, Urban Administration & Development Department, Mantralaya, Vallabh Bhawan, Bhopal. 2. Collector Jabalpur, District Jabalpur (MP). 3. Sub Divisional Magistrate, City Kotwali Range, Jabalpur. 4. Station House Office, Police Station, Lordganj, Jabalpur. . . . . Respondents
Counsel for Applicant :
Shri R.G. Mahajan, Advocate appeared on behalf of Shri Arjun Sahay, Advocate. Counsel for Respondents :
Shri Sachin K.Verma, Advocate.
ORDER/JUDGMENT PRESENT:
Hon'ble Dr. Justice P. Jyothimani (Judicial Member) Hon'ble Dr. Ajay A. Deshpande (Expert Member) Order of the Tribunal Delivered by Hon'ble Dr. P.Jyothimani, Judicial Member
1. This application has been taken up by the Tribunal on receipt from the Hon'ble High court of Madhya Pradesh. The applicant has challenged the orders dated 04.03.2011 and 28.03.2011 passed by invoking the provisions of Madhya Pradesh Kolahal Niyantran Adhiniyam, 1985 (hereinafter referred to as "Adhiniyam") and Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (herein after referred as "Rules"). The Sub Divisional Magistrate under the impugned order has warned the applicant trust that if anybody defies the rule by making noise pollution in their premises, the trust will be held liable. The applicant trust which was created as per the trust deed dated 30.10.1947 was given a lease hold right by the Municipal Committee, Jabalpur, of the land to the extent of 10.34 acres subject to various conditions. The applicant trust, after obtaining the lease, is said to have put up the boundary wall and developed the same by making certain constructions which was inaugurated by the Late Prime Minister of India, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. The land appurtenant to super structure in the form of a Bhawan put up by the applicant, is being given by way of license to third parties temporarily to organize social, cultural and religious functions. It is the case of the applicant trust that under the Adhiniyam which was enacted to control the noise pollution in the State of Madhya Pradesh, there has been some restriction regarding the use of loud music between 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM. In case of violation, the statute provides the same as a non cognizable and bailable offence. The Union Government, by virtue of the powers conferred under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, has also formulated the noise pollution rules, restricting the use of noise in public places, etc. It is the case of the applicant that when once the trust issues licence to third party for running social or cultural function, it is for the licensee to obtain necessary permission from the authority concerned for using the public address system. But the grievance of the applicant is that wherever the licensee who obtains licence from the authority concerned violates the provisions of Adhiniyam or the Noise Pollution Rules of Government of India, the Sub Divisional Magistrate namely, the Respondent No.3 2 use to issue orders like the impugned order to the applicant trust threatening the trust liable for the conduct of the licensee on the ground that the trust, being the licensor, is having overall control over the premises. In the said order, the Respondent No.3 SDM threats criminal action against the applicant trust for certain violation made or would be made by the licensee. The impugned orders are challenged contending inter alia that the Respondent No. 3 and 4 who have actually issued the licence to the licensee under ther provisions of Adhiniyam and/or rules cannot abdicate their legal obligation as per the Adhiniyam/Rule and impose liability on the applicant, that in as much as the applicant is not the violator, even under Adhiniyam, it cannot be proceeded with simply because it is in control of the premises and that the impugned order is intended to harass the applicant trust which has been constituted for the noble public purpose.
2. In the reply filed by the respondent, it is stated that not only the application is misconceived but the order dated 04.03.2011 has been passed pursuant to the directions issued by the Hon'ble High Court in Writ Petition No. 2199 of 2010 dated 17.02.2010, wherein the Hon'bleHigh Court has given the following directions :
"However, it is directed that concerned Sub Divisional Magistrate and Executive Magistrate shall ensure compliance of the order passed by the Collector dated 11.01.2010."
In order to implement the said order of the High Court, the impugned notice came to be issued and that is also in accordance with the Adhiniyam. It is the case of the respondents that as per Rule 8 of "Rules", the person who owns the premises in which noise pollution is committed also is responsible. Otherwise, it is the case of the respondents that the applicant being the owner of the premises, having control over the land has equal responsibility under Adhiniyam/rules to see that noise pollution is not committed by anyone. The Respondent No.3 and 4 being the lawful authorities are legally bound to discharge their duties as per the provisions of the Adhiniyam/Rules and therefore, there is no illegality or impropriety in the impugned order passed by the respondents. The respondents also rely upon the order passed by the Hon'ble High Court in the contempt proceedings, discharging them from such proceedings based on unconditional apology, to substantiate the contention that there is no malafide in passing 3 the impugned order.
3. The Learned Counsel appearing for the applicant has taken us to various provisions of the Adhiniyam as well as the Rules framed by the Government of India for regulating the noise pollution. According to him, under Section 2(a) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the definition "environment" includes 'air' and therefore, not only under the provisions of Adhiniyam, 1985, but also as per the Central Act namely the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, the Respondent No. 3 and 4 being the legal authorities to enforce the provisions of the Act, have authority to issue impugned notice and while issuing such notice, they must have applied their minds to the fact that the intent of the Adhiniyam as well as the Rules in preventing noise pollution is in fact preventing the polluter from doing the same and by no stretch of imagination, the applicant can be deemed to be a polluter so as to make him liable. According to him, the noise pollution have been caused by the licensee which is personal in nature, liability cannot be vicariously imposed on the applicant, especially when the Adhiniyam proposed to impose the punishment by ways of penalty for violation. He would submit that in case of penal liability, there is no question of making vicarious liability of the applicant since the person who commits offence is liable to be punished and not any other person unless he is shown as an abettor. He would also rely upon the judgment of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, reported in AIR 1952 SC 16 to substantiate his contention that there is no vicarious liability in respect of penal action.
4. Repudiating such contention of the applicant, the Learned Counsel appearing for the Respondents would at the threshold raise an issue of maintainability of the application before this Tribunal. According to him, a wholesome reading of Adhiniyam, 1985 shows that it is a penal legislation and therefore, even if the applicant is aggrieve by the impugned order, his remedy is available before the criminal court, as per the Code of Criminal Procedure and not to the Tribunal. It is his contention that the Tribunal, having the limited powers in respect of environment issues covered in 7 Acts contemplated under Schedule I, cannot usurp the powers of criminal court.
5. However, when it was brought to his notice that the intention of the Adhiniyam, as 4 it is shown in Preamble, which is clear that it is to provide control over the noise pollution in the State of MP and therefore, imposing of punishment or penalty is only incidental and simply because the noise pollution is treated as non-cognizable and bailable offence and the penalty of Rs. 1,000/- is imposed, the entire Adhiniyam cannot be treated as a criminal legislature like Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, etc., he has sought leave to permit him not to press the said contention. He has contended that when the scope of the Adhiniyam as well as Rules are to be taken into consideration, the intention of the law makers is to avoid pollution and in that process, anyone who is even remotely responsible should be made liable. He would state that as the owner of the premise, he has got more control over his licensee contractually and as and when his licensee has exceeded the limit, the applicant should have either cancelled the licence or cautioned him and in as much as such act has not been done, the applicant cannot get away with his responsibility attributing any motive on Respondent Nos. 3 &
4. He has also relied upon the judgment reported in 2012 (5) SCC I to substantiate his contention that the applicant can be made responsible under vicarious liability principle as per the intent and ambit of the Adhiniyam as well as Rules.
6. We have heard the Learned Counsels for the applicant as well as the respondents, referred to the provisions of Adhiniyam, Rules as well as the documents filed by both the sides and gave our anxious thought to the issues involved in this case.
7. The Madhya Pradesh KolahalNiyantranAdhiniyam, 1985 which is a State Act is prior in point of time and when compared with the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which is a Central Act, came into effect from May 1986 there are no contradiction. It is also nobody's case that there is any contradiction between the State and Central Act and therefore, it is not necessary for us to enter into the realm of the said aspect. The basic concept of both the Acts is to see that the environment is kept clean. While the Adhiniyam is restricting wholly in respected of the noise pollution, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, deals with the larger issues of environment. As submitted by the Learned Counsel for the respondents, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines "environment" under Section 2(a) which includes not only issue relating to water, air, land and also other living creatures, plants, micro organisms. It is relevant to extract the 5 said definition, which is as follows :
'2.(a) "environment" includes water, air and land and the interrelationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property'.
8. The Government of India, while formulating a separate Act for the purpose of prevention, control and abatement of air pollution, has passed the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 in which the power of controlling air pollution has been intended to be entrusted to the Pollution Control Board. Section 2(a) of the Air Act, 1981while defining "air pollutant" also includes noise by virtue of an amendment inserted w.e.f. 01.04.1998. The term 'air pollutant' has been defined, as on date, under Air Act as follows :
'2. (a) "air pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance 2[(including noise)]present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment;
9. Therefore, it is clear that under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 which are Central Acts they have entrusted the power to the prescribed authorities for effective control of pollution and environmental degradation. In continuation of the same, Rules were framed by the Government of India called as Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 by which various regulatory measures, including maintenance of ambient air quality with respect to Noise levels to be maintained and authority who is responsible to supervise and implement the same have also been specifically mentioned. In the said Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, in Rule 5 the loud speaker pollution level is explained in detail. It is relevant to extract the said provision for better understanding of the concept of noise pollution:
"5. Restriction on the use of loud speakers/public address system 2[and sound producing instruments]. - (1) A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority. 5
[(2) A loud speaker or a public address system or any sound producing instrument or a musical instrument or a sound amplifier shall not be used at night time except in closed premises for communication within, like auditoria, conference rooms, community halls, banquet halls or during a public emergency.] 6 1 [(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2), the State Government may, subject to such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit use of loud speakers or 2[public address system and the like during nights hours] (between 10,00 p.m. to 12.00 midnight) on or exceeding 3 fifteen days in all during a calendar year.] [The concerned State Government shall generally specify in advance, the number and particulars of the days on which such exemption would be operative.] 3 [(4) the noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used shall not exceed 10 dB (A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB (A) whichever is lower;] 3[(5) The peripheral noise level of a privately owned sound system or a sound producing instrument shall not, at the boundary of the private place, exceed by more than 5 dB (A) the ambient noise standards specified for the area in which it is used.]
10. Under the said "Rules", the authority for enforcement have also been specified as the local authority in the following definition namely 2(c):
'2.[(c) "authority" means and includes any authority or officer authorised by the Central Government, or as the case may be, the State Government in accordance with the laws in force and includes a District Magistrate, Police Commissioners, or any other officer not below the rank of the Deputy Superintendent of Police designated for the maintenance of the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise under any law for the time being in force;]'
11. Now, going to the provisions of the Adhiniyam, namely the State Act, the Adhiniyam in Section 2(d) explains the prescribed authority as follows:
"(d) 'prescribed authority' means the District Magistrate or such other authority or officer not below the rank of a NaibTehsildar as may be empowered by the District Magistrate in writing in this behalf."
12. However, the provision of the said Act, even though restricts the use of loud speakers between 10.00 PM to 6.00 AM, the contents thereof is not minute as that of the Central Noise Pollution Rules which is specific in nature. Be that as it may, on an overall reading of both, the Central Act and the State Act, we have absolutely no doubt that both the legislations are intended for the purpose of preventing noise pollution. It 7 goes without saying that provision of noise pollution is one of the noble causes which are being carried out by both the Governments. In fact, it helps not only old people who are required to have peaceful life but also patients undergoing treatment apart from the students who are required to concentrate on their education and by the indiscriminate use of loud speaker by various organizations, either by way of music, religious discourse or by way of any meeting common people who have fundamental right to life are affected. That being the main object of all the legislations, any approach has to be only on that basis. The contention of the Learned Counsel for the Respondent that the Adhiniyam is a penal legislation, has no basis, even though the Learned Counsel has realised the same and withdrawn the said submission at a later point of time. However, we are of the view that we have to examine that aspect also since it has raised an interesting issue. It is true that under Section 14 of the Adhiniyam, noise pollution is treated as an offence but as non-cognizable and bailable for which the penalty has been imposed under Section 15. It is relevant to extract the said provision as follows:
"Section 14. Offences to be non-cognizable and bailable. - all offences under this Act shall be non-cognizable and bailable.
Section 15. Penalty - (1) Whoever contravenes or attempts to contravene or abets the contravention of any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees or with both. (2) Whoever after having been previously convicted of an offence punishable under sub-section (1) subsequently commits and is convicted of an offence shall be liable to twice the punishment which might be imposed on a first conviction under this Act."
13. It is significant to note that Section 15 which imposes penalty not only starts with the word 'whoever contravenes' which is wider in its amplitude and therefore, the intention of law makers is made very clear that they wanted include any person whether he is actually using noise pollution or who is allowing a person to do so as an abetter. An overall view of the Act makes it clear that the idea of the State Government in enacting of the said Adhiniyam is to control noise pollution in the State of Madhya 8 Pradesh. For the purpose of effective controlling, various provisions contemplating prohibition regarding the soft music, prohibition regarding loud music, restriction regarding use loud speaker, restriction regarding use of horn type loud speaker, operation of loud speaker, use of loud speaker in public premises for making announcement are made and ultimately it prohibits all noise in public interest which is categorically stated under Section 10 of the Act, which is as follows:
"10. Prohibition of any kind of noise in public interest. (i) Noise of any kind is prohibited between the hours of 11.00 PM and 6.00 AM.
(2) The prescribed authority, on being satisfied that in its opinion it is necessary in public interest so to do, by an order in writing, recording reasons therefore, prohibit noise of any kind in any place at any other time."
14. There are certain exemptions given in respect of noise on certain occasions like republic day, independence day, etc., apart from the traditional use in the religious places which requires permission and exemption from the prescribed authority. Even under Central Legislation, there is a limited provision for exemption. The said legislation, however, provides for such exemption on permissible dates as stated under Section 13 of the Act. Now, when any person contravenes the provisions of the Act, such contravention is treated as an non-cognizable and bailable offence and ultimately when the person who contravenes is brought to the criminal court, he will be imposed with the penalty of Rs. 1,000/-. Merely, because the penalty clause is provided in one of the provisions, one cannot treat it as a penal legislation. The idea being not to punish a person as a primary concept but to abate noise pollution. This, compared with any other legislations like Indian Penal Code wherein the offences are defined, followed by the punishment by way of sentence and therefore, the entire Act has been devoted for the purpose of offence and penalty and punishment. When that is not so, in respect of Adhiniyam, one cannot come to the conclusion that Adhiniyam is a criminal legislation and therefore, the remedy available to the applicant is by way of either criminal appeal or revision under Criminal Procedure Code.
15. Even assuming that the Adhiniyam is a criminal legislation, it cannot be said that the Tribunal has no jurisdiction. It is under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 enacted by the Government of India, the National Green Tribunal gets its jurisdiction as seen in Section 14(1) which is as follows:
"14. Tribunal to settle disputes -(1) The Tribunal shall have the jurisdiction over 9 all civil cases where a substantial question relating to environment (including enforcement of any legal right relating to environment), is involved and such question arises out of the implementation of the enactments specified in Schedule I.
16. The NGT Act also incorporates the definition of 'environment' under Section 2(c) which is exactly in the same term as defined under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Section 2(2) of the NGT Act, 2010, while defining the words which are left out in the definition section, in an elaborate sense includes those words defined in any other Acts related to environment even though such definition is not finding any place in any one of the seven Acts contemplated under Schedule I. This shows the intention of the law makers in giving wider meaning to the terms to be interpreted by the Tribunal in respect of the environment issues and therefore, it is relevant to extract Section 2(2), which is as follows:
"2.(2) The words and expressions used in this Act but not defined herein and defined in the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (6 of 1974), the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 (36 of 1977), the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980), the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (14 of 1981), the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 (6 of 1991) and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 (18 of 2003) and other Acts relating to environment shall have the meaning, respectively, assigned to them in those Acts.
17. The jurisdiction of NGT, which is both original and appellate, as per Chapter III of the NGT Act, 2010, however makes it clear that either it is a settlement of dispute as contemplated under Section 14 of the Act or in respect of payment compensation under the polluter pays principle under Section 15 of the Act or to decide as an appellate authority against any order passed by the competent authority under various Acts like Water Act, Air Act, the jurisdiction has been limited to environment issues covered under the Seven Acts mentioned in Schedule I, namely:
1) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
2) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
3) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; 4) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; 5) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1991; 6) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; 7) The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
18. In as much as the Air Act, 1981 and Noise Pollution Rules 2000 forms part of Schedule I and there is no contradiction between the Air Act, 1981, Noise Rules, 10 2000and the Adhiniyam, 1985 in respect of prevention of noise pollution, one cannot come to the conclusion that the Tribunal, will not have any jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute in issue. Therefore, looking at any angle, the contention raised by respondent that the Tribunal does not have jurisdiction does not merit consideration and is liable to be rejected.
19. Now, coming to the next point as to whether the applicant being the licensor, in a position of the owner of the premises, is liable for the Act of the licensee. It is not disputed that between the applicant and different licensees to whom the applicant permit to organize functions from time to time, is purely contractual, but such contract cannot be against the provisions of any law. When the Adhiniyam, 1985contemplates a restriction on the use of noise pollution in any place and such place is issued licence by the applicant to a licensee by way of a contract, certainly the terms of law have to be read within the terms of contract between the parties in so far as it relates restriction regarding the noise pollution. Therefore, the applicant cannot escape his liability saying that even though he has let out his premises, he has not actually committed any noise pollution.
20. At the same time, one cannot ignore the fact that principal liability is on a person who violates the law and therefore, it is primarily the licensee who has violated and who must be primarily be held responsible. In fact, the licensor may not know the ambient quality which is to be maintained by the licensee, for, it is the licensee who obtains the permission from the authority concerned which is expected to impose restrictions regarding the level of noise to be maintained by him and in that process of issuing permission by the public authority, certainly licensor is not a party and therefore, one cannot impose full responsibility on the licensor and in our view the licensee is principally responsible which is also the intention of the Central Rule namely, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rule, 2000 especially Rule 8 which is as follows:
"8.Power to prohibit etc. Continuance of music sound or noise - (1) of the authority is satisfied from the report of an officer in charge of a police station or other information received by him 4[including from the complainant] that it is necessary to do so in order to prevent annoyance, disturbance, discomfort or injury to the public or to any person who dwell or occupy property on the vicinity, he may, by a written order issue such directions as he may consider necessary to any person for preventing, prohibiting, controlling or regulating : -
a. The incidence or continuance in or upon any premises of -
(i) Any vocal or instrumental music,
11
(ii) Any manner whatsoever of any instrument including, loudspeakers {public address systems, horn, construction equipment, appliance or apparatus} or contrivance which is capable of producing or re- producing sound, or 2 [(iii) Sound caused by bursting of sound emitting fire crockers, or] b. the carrying on in or upon, any premises of any trade, avocation or operation or process resulting in or attended with noise.
(2) The authority empowered under sub-rule (1) may, either on its own motion, or on the application of any person aggrieved by an order made under sub-rule (1), either rescind, modify or alter any such order :
Provided that before any such application is disposed of, the said authority shall afford to the applicant 3[ and to the original complainant, as the case may be,] an opportunity of appearing before it either in person or by a person representing him and showing cause against the order and shall, if it rejects any such application either wholly or in part, record its reasons for such rejection.
21. At the same time, the applicant being the licensor is also covered under the definition of the 'occupier', under Section 2(f) of the Act which makes it abundantly clear that occupier is not only the person who is in possession but also who is in control of the premises. The term occupier defined under Section 2(f) is as follows:
'(f) "occupier", in relation to any factory or premises, means a person who has control over the affairs of the factory or the premises and includes, in relation to any substance, the person in possession of the substance;'
22. By applying the same, simply because the applicant has let out his portion to somebody by way of licence he cannot riggle out of the situation saying that he has no control over his licensee.
23. It was in Ramlila Maidan Incident, In Re, reported in (2012) 5 SCC Page 1, the Hon'ble Apex Court has held that right to sleep is a fundamental right which has to be read under Article 21 of the Constitution of India which ensures right to life. That was a case where by virtue of imposing Section 144 of Cr.P.C., a Dharna alleged to have been conducted by Yoga Guru, Baba Ramdev, was sought to be interfered in the night time when all the participants were fast asleep. While dealing with the order passed under Section 144 of Cr.P.C. by the Commissioner of Police or the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Hon'ble Justice Swatanter Kumar, Hon'ble Chairperson of National Green Tribunal speaking for the Supreme Court has observed as follows:
"85. From the record, it can reasonably be inferred that the Ministry of Home Affairs and Delhi Police were working in coordination and the police was keeping the Ministry informed of every development. There is some element of nexus between the Government's stand on the demands of Baba Ramdev, its decision in that regard and the passing of an order under Section 144 Cr. PC but, this by itself would not render the decision as that taken in bad faith. The decision of the Ministry or the police authorities 12 may not be correct, but that ipso facto would not be a ground for the Court to believe that it was a colourable and/or mala fide exercise of power.
24. His Lordship has also observed that a person who seeks to fight against the corruption and black money cannot be portrayed as threat to law and order.
"96. On these facts, it is the submission of Respondent 4 that it is ironic that persons fasting against failure of the Central Government to tackle the issue of corruption and black money have been portrayed as threats to law and order. Citizens have a fundamental right to assembly and peaceful protest which cannot be taken away by an arbitrary executive or legislative action. The law prescribes no requirements for taking of permission to go on a fast. Respondent 4 suggests that in order to establish the truth of incident, an independent Commission should be constituted, based on whose report, legal action to be taken in such situations should be determined.
25. While holding that the trust under which Baba Ramdev has conducted Yoga Camp is equally guilty since in the guise of conducting Yoga Camp for which permission was obtained an indefinite fast was undertaken, it was held that the action taken as an emergency cannot be held to be malafide even though such action when the participants were sleeping without giving opportunity to them was uncalled for.
26. The Supreme Court has held, ultimately by relying upon the earlier judgment, Babulal Parate Vs. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1961 SC 884, that Section 144 Cr.P.C. cannot be resorted merely on imaginary ground or on the ground of tendency or a threat in para 177:
"177. It was for the police authorities or the administration to place on record the material to show that there was a genuine threat or reasonable bias of communal disharmony, social disorder and public tranquillity or harmony on the night of 04.06.2011. However, no such material has been placed before this Court. Right from Babulal Parate, this Court has taken a consistent view that the provisions of Section 144 Cr.PC cannot be resorted to merely on imaginary or likely possibility or likelihood or tendency of a threat. It has not to be a mere tentative perception of threat but a definite and substantiated one. I have already recorded that none of the authorities concerned, the their wisdom, had stated that they anticipated such disturbance to public tranquillity or imposition of a restriction under Section 144 Cr. PC as late as till 10.40 PM on 04.06.2011, which then was sought to be executed forthwith.
27. In the operative portion, while dealing with the similar situation of vicarious liability, the Hon'ble Apex Court has held that while a trust conducts a programme, it is not only the trust but also other members of the assembly for whose act the trust should take up the responsibility. The portion of the judgement which is relevant for the purpose is as follows:
"270. Once an order under Section 144 Cr.PC is passed by the competent authority and such order directs certain acts to be done on abstains (sic abstention) from doing certain acts and such order is in force, any assembly, which initially might have been a lawful assembly, would become an unlawful assembly and the people so assembled would be required to disperse in furtherance to such order. A person cannot only be 13 held responsible for his own act, but, in the light of Section 149 IPC, if the offence is committed by any member of the unlawful assembly in prosecution of a common object of that assembly, every member of such assembly would become member of the unlawful assembly."
28. Ultimately, the Hon'ble Supreme Court has given certain guidelines for the purpose of conducting of public meeting, dharna and agitation but it remains true as extracted above that the Hon'ble Supreme Court has also observed that once the trust has conducted a programme for the Act of everyone of its member and in that case few of the Members are found to have involved in brick batting, trust was made responsible. Even though the said observation may not be strictly applicable in the fact of the present case, the basic spirit of the order can be borrowed for our coming to the conclusion that the applicant being a trust cannot escape from its own obligation only because the trust itself has given licence to third party.
29. But unfortunately, referring to the impugned order of the Respondent No. 3 and 4 dated 04.03.2011, wherein the Respondent No. 3 has chosen to state that under the Adhiniyam, 1985 the applicant is also liable for the noise pollution committed by any person in its premises, has not acted as per the direction of the District Collector dated 11.01.2010. It is nobody's case that the impugned order has not been issued by the Respondent No.3 in accordance with the directives issued by the Collector dated 11.01.2010. In the said directions issued by the District Collector dated 11.01.2010, the collector has made it amply clear that the notice shall state specifically the extent of ambient air quality relating to noise as notified by the Government of India while delegating powers to the Respondent No.3. It is also relevant to point out that in the permission granted by SDM to the licensee of the applicant dated 24.12.2010, he has specifically mentioned the ambient air quality related to noise, but unfortunately in the impugned order there is nothing to show that the licensee has violated the condition relating to the ambient air quality relating to noise with any particular details. In the absence of such particulars, we are unable to understand as to how either the licensee of the applicant or applicant himself, as a trust, can be made responsible for an unspecified act. We are of the view that the impugned notice issued by the Respondent No. 3 and 4 are vague in nature and they cannot be complied with even by the licensee. In such view of the matter, while there is no doubt that both the applicant as well as licensee are 14 liable under State Act and Central Act, the impugned notice issued by the Respondent No. 3 and 4 cannot be sustained in the eye of law. Accordingly, we set aside the impugned notice issued by the Respondent No. 3 and 4, however, with liberty to the said respondents to act in future in accordance with the Acts as stated above with specific reference to the nature of violation to both the licensee as well as the licensor. While issuing such notices, the Respondent No. 3 and 4 shall follow the directions issued by the District Collector, Jabalpur dated 11.01.2010. Accordingly, we dispose of the above application in the following terms:
1) The impugned order of the Respondent No. 3 and 4 dated 04.03.2011 and 28.02.2011 stands set aside as they are not in accordance with the communication of the District Collector, Jabalpur dated 11.01.2010 and the relevant rules.
2) We make it clear that the petitioner, as the owner of the property and licensor, is also responsible alongwith licensee in the event of violation made by the licensee or any other person in future.
3) However, in future the responsibility of the licensor shall be, by way of intimating the concerned authorities about the misconduct by the licensee in violating the noise rules and the directions of the Collector and he shall also ensure that before he issues licence, the licensee gets prior permission from Prescribed Authorities for using the sound amplifier system. To the above extent, the applicant shall be liable.
4) The Respondent No. 3 and 4, in future, while giving such notices shall follow not only the directions of the District Collector but also give the exact nature of noise pollution effected by the person concerned, before taking any action as per the Adhiniyam, 1985 and rules.
30. While parting with, we are informed that no silence zone have been declared in the Jabalpur City under the provision of Noise Rules. In these circumstances, it is relevant to extract the said provision in Rules:
"3. Ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones - (1) The ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones shall be such as specified in the Schedule annexed to these rules.
(2) The State Government shall categorize the area into industrial, 15 commercial residential or silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise, standards for different area. (3) The State Government shall take measures for abatement of noise including the noise emanating from vehicular movements, blowing of horns, bursting of sound emitting fire crackers, use of loud speakers or public address system and sound producing instruments and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules.
(4) All development authorities, local bodies and other concerned authorities while planning developmental activity or carrying our functions relating to town country planning shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to avoid noise menace and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise.
(5) An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospital, educational institutions and courts may be declared as silence area / zone for the purpose of these rules.
Since, notification of Silence zones/areas and also, capacity to monitor the noise levels as per rules are essential for effective implemention of rules against noise pollution, we are of the view that the State Government of Madhya Pradesh shall notify the Silence Zones for the entire State of Madhya Pradesh at an earliest point of time in the public interest. As per the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, the State Government has legal obligation to categorize commercial, residential or silence zone for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different area. The State Government being a competent authority shall, if not already, categorize the areas as per Rule 3 and publish with wide publicity within a period of 08 weeks from today.
(Dr. Justice P. Jyothimani) Judicial Member (Dr. Ajay A. Deshpande) Expert Member Central Zonal Bench, Bhopal May 14th, 2013 16


Raw Prometheus metrics, including page_count and pages_visited can be found at /metrics
Raw json used for the graph is at /json
This sitemap is presented using sigmajs.


Color:
Date:
Datetime_local:
Email:
Month:
Number:
Range:
Search:
Tel:
Time:
Url:
Week:
Routing number:


[1]
Great Video quality, easy setup; A little slower than some Blu-ray players but fast enough.
[2]
Easy to use, sleek black design, compact, resolution is great; I don't have any yet...


EVO HTML to PDF Converter allows you to convert only a part of a HTML Page to a PDF document. The selected element to be converted is given by
the HtmlToPdfConverter.RenderedHtmlElementSelector property.
The options you can set in this demo are:
-
HTML Page URL or Local File to Convert. This is the URL of the HTML page to convert to PDF
-
HTML Element to Convert Selector. This is the CSS selector of the HTML element from page to convert to a PDF document. The default value #banner-panel-container
will select the element with ID 'banner-panel-container' from HTML document
-
Convert Only the HTML Element or Convert the Entire HTML Page. The two radio buttons allows you to choose between converting only a part of the HTML page or the entire HTML page


Source: SIPRI Arms Transfers Database.
TIV of arms import/exports. Figures are SIPRI Trend Indicator Values (TIVs) expressed in US$ m. at constant (1990) price.
See http://www.sipri org/databases/armstransfers/background
Data download: 17 March 2015


Whether you are bringing an Ankara, a lace, George, Satin or velvet material to our store, our aim is to transform the material to a style that is unique to your figure, making you stand out wherever you go
It does not matter if you are a bride or the bride’s guest. We have beautiful designs for every occasion that are guaranteed to turn heads


ASN.1 example
Language: Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
MIME types defined: text/x-ttcn-asn
The development of this mode has been sponsored by Ericsson .
Coded by Asmelash Tsegay Gebretsadkan
Language: Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1)
MIME types defined: text/x-ttcn-asn
The development of this mode has been sponsored by Ericsson .
Coded by Asmelash Tsegay Gebretsadkan


Editing Content Inline
How to perform inline content editing including basic font and paragraph tools and link insertion using the HTML module. Note: If this setting has been disabled, content can instead be edited via the module action menu.
- Place your mouse over the module content to access the Edit button.
- Click the Edit button to enable content editing and then edit the content as required.
- Click the Save button to save your changes. Content edits are only saved when you press this button. - OR - Click the Cancel button to cancel your changes.


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7
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TTheNewYork
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
TRUMAN
G.
YUNCKER
HERBARIUM
OF
DEPAUW
UNIVERSITY
(DPU)
PURCHASED
BY
NY
IN
1987
HERBARIUM
T.
G.
YUNCKER
DEPAUW
UNIV.
HERBARIUM.
58438
New
York
Botanical
Garden
Presented
to
DPU
Hsrbf>Hurri
by
T.
G.
YuncRar
PLANTS
OF
JAMAICA
Parish:
Manchester
Date;
Jan.
23,
1958
Bot.
Name:
CanavaHa
altissima
Macf.
Vern.
Name:
Overlook
Bean.
Herbaceous
vine.
Climbing
in
tree,
east
of
Williamsfield.
Alt.
lUOO-l^OO
ft.
Collector:
T.
G.
YUNCKER
No-
18,01*0
1616291
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


Warp an image according to a given coordinate transformation
tefla.da.data.fast_warp (img, tf, output_shape, mode='constant', mode_cval=0, order=0)
This wrapper function is faster than skimage.transform.warp
Args
- img:
ndarray
, input image - tf: For 2-D images, you can directly pass a transformation object e.g. skimage.transform.SimilarityTransform, or its inverse.
- output_shape: tuple, (rows, cols)
- mode: mode for transformation
available modes: {
constant
,edge
,symmetric
,reflect
,wrap
} - mode_cval: float, Used in conjunction with mode
constant
, the value outside the image boundaries - order: int, The order of interpolation. The order has to be in the range 0-5: 0: Nearest-neighbor 1: Bi-linear (default) 2: Bi-quadratic 3: Bi-cubic 4: Bi-quartic 5: Bi-quintic
Returns
warped, double ndarray
Transform input image contrast
tefla.da.data.contrast_transform (img, contrast_min=0.8, contrast_max=1.2)
Transform the input image contrast by a factor returned by a unifrom
distribution with contarst_min
and contarst_max
as params
Args
- img:
ndarray
, input image - contrast_min: float, minimum contrast for transformation
- contrast_max: float, maximum contrast for transformation
Returns
ndarray
, contrast enhanced image
Transform input image brightness
tefla.da.data.brightness_transform (img, brightness_min=0.93, brightness_max=1.4)
Transform the input image brightness by a factor returned by a unifrom
distribution with brightness_min
and brightness_max
as params
Args
- img:
ndarray
, input image - brightness_min: float, minimum contrast for transformation
- brightness_max: float, maximum contrast for transformation
Returns
ndarray
, brightness transformed image
Rescale Transform
tefla.da.data.build_rescale_transform_slow (downscale_factor, image_shape, target_shape)
This mimics the skimage.transform.resize function. The resulting image is centered.
Args
- downscale_factor: float, >1
- image_shape: tuple(rows, cols), input image shape
- target_shape: tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
Returns
rescaled centered image transform instance
Rescale Transform
tefla.da.data.build_rescale_transform_fast (downscale_factor, image_shape, target_shape)
estimating the correct rescaling transform is slow, so just use the downscale_factor to define a transform directly. This probably isn't 100% correct, but it shouldn't matter much in practice. The resulting image is centered.
Args
- downscale_factor: float, >1
- image_shape: tuple(rows, cols), input image shape
- target_shape: tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
Returns
rescaled and centering transform instance
Image cetering transform
tefla.da.data.build_centering_transform (image_shape, target_shape)
Args
- image_shape: tuple(rows, cols), input image shape
- target_shape: tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
Returns
a centering transform instance
Center Unceter transform
tefla.da.data.build_center_uncenter_transforms (image_shape)
These are used to ensure that zooming and rotation happens around the center of the image. Use these transforms to center and uncenter the image around such a transform.
Args
- image_shape: tuple(rows, cols), input image shape
Returns
a center and an uncenter transform instance
Augmentation transform
tefla.da.data.build_augmentation_transform (zoom= (1.0, 1.0), rotation=0, shear=0, translation= (0, 0), flip=False)
It performs zooming, rotation, shear, translation and flip operation Affine Transformation on the input image
Args
- zoom: a tuple(zoom_rows, zoom_cols)
- rotation: float, Rotation angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians.
- shear: float, shear angle in counter-clockwise direction as radians
- translation: tuple(trans_rows, trans_cols)
- flip: bool, flip an image
Returns
augment tranform instance
Random perturbation
tefla.da.data.random_perturbation_transform (zoom_range, rotation_range, shear_range, translation_range, do_flip=True, allow_stretch=False, rng=
It perturbs the image randomly
Args
- zoom_range: a tuple(min_zoom, max_zoom) e.g.: (1/1.15, 1.15)
- rotation_range: a tuple(min_angle, max_angle) e.g.: (0. 360)
- shear_range: a tuple(min_shear, max_shear) e.g.: (0, 15)
- translation_range: a tuple(min_shift, max_shift) e.g.: (-15, 15)
- do_flip: bool, flip an image
- allow_stretch: bool, stretch an image
- rng: an instance
Returns
augment transform instance
crop an image
tefla.da.data.definite_crop (img, bbox)
Args
- img:
ndarray
, input image - bbox: list, with crop co-ordinates and width and height e.g.: [x, y, width, height]
Returns
returns cropped image
Perturb image
tefla.da.data.perturb (img, augmentation_params, target_shape, rng=
It perturbs an image with augmentation transform
Args
- img: a
ndarray
, input image - augmentation_paras: a dict, with augmentation name as keys and values as params
- target_shape: a tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
- rng: an instance for random number generation
- mode: mode for transformation
available modes: {
constant
,edge
,symmetric
,reflect
,wrap
} - mode_cval: float, Used in conjunction with mode
constant
, the value outside the image boundaries
Returns
a ndarray
of transformed image
Perturb image rescaled
tefla.da.data.perturb_rescaled (img, scale, augmentation_params, target_shape= (224, 224), rng=
It perturbs an image with augmentation transform
Args
- img: a
ndarray
, input image - scale: float, >1, downscaling factor.
- augmentation_paras: a dict, with augmentation name as keys and values as params
- target_shape: a tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
- rng: an instance for random number generation
- mode: mode for transformation
available modes: {
constant
,edge
,symmetric
,reflect
,wrap
} - mode_cval: float, Used in conjunction with mode
constant
, the value outside the image boundaries
Returns
a ndarray
of transformed image
Perturb image Determinastic
tefla.da.data.perturb_fixed (img, tform_augment, target_shape= (50, 50), mode='constant', mode_cval=0)
It perturbs an image with augmentation transform with determinastic params used for validation/testing data
Args
- img: a
ndarray
, input image - augmentation_paras: a dict, with augmentation name as keys and values as params
- target_shape: a tuple(rows, cols), output image shape
- mode: mode for transformation
available modes: {
constant
,edge
,symmetric
,reflect
,wrap
} - mode_cval: float, Used in conjunction with mode
constant
, the value outside the image boundaries
Returns
a ndarray
of transformed image
Load augmented image with output shape (w, h)
tefla.da.data.load_augment (fname, preprocessor, w, h, is_training, aug_params={'zoom_range':(1.0, 1.0), 'translation_range':(0, 0), 'shear_range':(0, 0), 'do_flip': False, 'allow_stretch': False, 'rotation_range':(0, 0)}, transform=None, bbox=None, fill_mode='constant', fill_mode_cval=0, standardizer=None, save_to_dir=None)
Default arguments return non augmented image of shape (w, h). To apply a fixed transform (color augmentation) specify transform (color_vec). To generate a random augmentation specify aug_params and sigma.
Args
- fname: string, image filename
- preprocessor: real-time image processing/crop
- w: int, width of target image
- h: int, height of target image
- is_training: bool, if True then training else validation
- aug_params: a dict, augmentation params
- transform: transform instance
- bbox: object bounding box
- fll_mode: mode for transformation
available modes: {
constant
,edge
,symmetric
,reflect
,wrap
} - fill_mode_cval: float, Used in conjunction with mode
constant
, the value outside the image boundaries - standardizer: image standardizer, zero mean, unit variance image e.g.: samplewise standardized each image based on its own value
- save_to_dir: a string, path to save image, save output image to a dir
Returns
augmented image
Open Image
tefla.da.data.image_no_preprocessing (fname)
Args
- fname: Image filename
Returns
PIL formatted image
Load batch of images
tefla.da.data.load_images (imgs, preprocessor=
Args
- imgs: a list of image filenames
- preprocessor: image processing function
Returns
a ndarray
with a batch of images
Load image
tefla.da.data.load_image (img, preprocessor=
Args
- img: a image filename
- preprocessor: image processing function
Returns
a processed image
Save image
tefla.da.data.save_image (x, fname)
Args
- x: input array
- fname: filename of the output image
Data balancing utility
tefla.da.data.balance_per_class_indices (y, weights)
Args
- y: class labels
- weights: sampling weights per class
Returns
balanced batch as per weights


Get to know me a little bit better about my passions, hobbies and study
How did I first stumble into chess? And why it is a human pilar?
Learn where it all began and why it continues to fuel my grit


Preparation time
over 2 hours
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 8
Dietary
Equipment and preparation: You will need a spring-form cake tin, 23cm/9in in diameter.
Preheat the oven to 190C/375F/Gas 5. First of all make the base of the cheesecake by mixing the breadcrumbs and Pecorino Romano cheese together, then pour in the butter, adding a good grinding of pepper.
Press the crumb mixture firmly down all over the base of the tin, then bake in the preheated oven for 10-15 minutes. (This time will vary slightly, so it does need careful watching - the aim is for the base to be crisp and toasted. If it is undercooked it does not have the lovely crunchy texture so necessary to the finished cheesecake.) Then remove it from the oven and turn the heat down to 180C/350F/Gas 4.
Now make the filling. First beat together the eggs and curd cheese in a bowl, then stir in the fromage frais and seasoning. After that crumble the Roquefort fairly coarsely and stir it in, together with the chives. Pour the mixture into the tin and scatter the diced spring onion over the top, then place it on the high shelf of the oven and bake for 30-40 minutes or until the centre feels springy to the touch. Allow the cheesecake to cool and settle for about 20 minutes before serving cut into slices.
The pears in balsamic vinaigrette can be prepared up to two hours before serving. Thinly pare off the skins of the pears using a potato peeler and being careful to leave the stalks intact. Now lay each pear on its side with the stalk flat on a board, then take a very sharp knife and make an incision through the tip of the stalk. Turn the pear the right way up and gently cut it in half, first sliding the knife through the stalk and then through the pear.
Now remove the central core of each half, then, with the pear core side downwards, slice it thinly but leave the slices joined at the top. Press gently and the slices will fan out.
Make up the vinaigrette by crushing the clove of garlic and sea salt together with a pestle and mortar until it becomes a creamy paste. Now add the mustard and several grinds of black pepper. Work these into the garlic, then, using a small whisk, add the balsamic vinegar and then the oil - whisking all the time to amalgamate. Serve one pear half with each portion of the cheesecake, with a little of the vinaigrette spooned over.


ARTICLE III
THE LEGISLATURE
LEGISLATIVE POWER
Section 1. The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a legislature, which shall consist of two houses, a senate and a house of representatives. Such power shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation not inconsistent with this constitution or the Constitution of the United States.
Attorney General Opinions
Referendum not authorized, but local option law permissible. Advisory referendum also permissible. Att. Gen. Op. 63-11.
A legislature though elected under an improper apportionment scheme, is empowered to reapportion itself without constitutional amendment. Att. Gen. Op. 64-33.
Utilization of single-member districts, multi-member districts or combination thereof held proper so long as equality of representation is attained. Att. Gen. Op. 64-36.
This section grants the legislature the power to consider and enact the marriage equality bill. Att. Gen. Op. 13-1.
Cited, in determining that the ten per cent deduction of the county surcharge for the costs of assessment, collection, and disposition of the county surcharge on state general excise tax into the state general fund is neither unconstitutional nor illegal. Att. Gen. Op. 15-1.
Law Journals and Reviews
How to Transfer Venue When You Only Have One: The Problem of High Profile Criminal Jury Trials in American Samoa. 29 UH L. Rev. 325.
Case Notes
Question of delegation of state power to federal agency discussed. 44 H. 651, 361 P.2d 390.
Penal sanctions, effect on requirement of legislative standards for administrative agencies in adoption of regulations. 49 H. 651, 657-58, 426 P.2d 626.
Question of unconstitutional delegation of legislative power considered. 49 H. 651, 426 P.2d 626.
Legislature has power to establish the subject matter jurisdiction of state court system. 63 H. 55, 621 P.2d 346.


Getting Started¶
This chapter shows the setup and usage of Valdi.
Usage¶
The usage is simple.
Rules¶
Then you have to create some validation rules your data has to fulfill. Here, we assume you have a required name field, a zip code and an optional e-mail address:
$rules = RulesBuilder::create()
->field('name', 'required')
->field('zipcode', 'required')
->field('zipcode', 'between', 9999, 100000)
->field('email', 'email')
->build()
;
The rules builder is a convenience class to create rules. You get an instance of it via the create() function and add rules as long as you like in a chained style via the addRule() function. It takes as first parameter the name of the field to apply the rule on, then the rule name and depending on the rule, some additional parameters. When you are done with adding rules, you get your rules set via calling getRules().
Note that you can apply multiple rules on your fields like in the zip code field above.
In the chapter “Extended Features”, you might learn more about the rules data structure.
Validation¶
First, create a Validator instance:
$validator = new Valdi\Validator();
Now you can validate your data. Here, we validate directly the HTTP POST input:
$validation = $validator->isValid($rules, $_POST);
You get back an array with your validation result. First of all, you can check if something went wrong via the key ‘valid’. It is either “true” (everything valid) or “false” (something in your data is invalid).
In case of invalid data, you can find out what’s wrong via the second key “errors”. It maps to an array with the fields as keys and arrays of failed rules as values. For example, here was the name missing and the e-mail in the wrong format:
$validation == [
'valid' => false
'errors' => [
'name' => ['required'],
'email' => ['email']
]
]
That’s it for getting started with this library. In the next chapter, all available rules with their parameters are listed and in the last chapter, some more extended features are shown and how to extend Valdi with own rules.


W
H
O
A
M
I
Front End Development Student, highly motivated to learn and develop.


{{!< layout/default}}
Go back to Nylas Mail to finish linking your account and configuring the app.
Did you know Nylas Mail is open source? Show your support by starring us on GitHub!


| standard taglib implementation of the JSP Standard Tag Library |
| Examples Introduction General Purpose Conditionals Iterators Import I18N & Formatting XML SQL Functions TLV |
Customers from the USA will be printed in blue, those from Canada in red, and others in green.
JSTL exposes in its API the abstract class ConditionalTagSupport to facilitate the implementation of custom conditional tags that leverage the standard conditional behavior defined in JSTL. This example shows custom tag <usCustomer> that returns true if its customer attribute value points to a US customer. It can be used both in the context of a simple conditional execution, as well as in the context of a mutually conditional execution by exposing the result of the conditional execution in a JSP page attribute via the tag attribute 'var'.
| standard taglib implementation of the JSP Standard Tag Library |


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Inspired to change careers during the pandemic.


My name is Meenakshi Sundaram, I am from India. I was first introduced to computers and web somewhere in 1998 by my brother and I am very excited about computers and internet since then.
Now I work as a programmer with the same excitement as I started with. Some of my interests include Linux, large scale web applications, web security and databases. I am interested in creating large scale web applications which have positive impact on people life. I am largely inspired by Steve Jobs, Linus Torvalds and Google.
I love running, hiking in my free time. I like listening to Ilaiaraaja and Yanni music.
Languages: Java, Javascript, Python, Haskell, Scala (Learning).
Quotes I like:
> "We're all capable if we have faith and passion." - Yanni
> "If there's magic in boxing, it's the magic of fighting battles beyond endurance, beyond cracked ribs, ruptured kidneys and detached retinas. It's the magic of risking everything for a dream that nobody sees but you." - Million dollar baby
Toys: HTML5 Canvas
game . Github link is
here.


Every social media user has possibly noticed how content is often driven by very strong emotions. Many posts range from extreme cute kittens to drama stories, but above all emotions it seems like online content is especially fueled by anger [1] [2].
This might be specifically true for political driven content [3], but how people came from coming together to comment Eurovision [4] to insult each others during political campaigns?
To understand how we got here, we cannot ignore everything that happen with facebook and Cambridge Analytica [5]. Between 2013 and 2018 the company combined aggregation of Facebook data (later proved illegal), data mining and analysis, with communication campaigns during the electoral processes around the world with the goal to influence their outcome in favour of their clients [6].
If we take a look how any controversial or political topic on twitter we get a glimpse of how companies like Cambridge Analytica operate.
At its core misinformation campaigns are built to spread a certain political agenda using specific language and amplifying only certain sources.
In the last week I have been analyse topics spanning from the #covid-19 crisis to Spanish political propaganda. Here is what I found.
A few accounts and news sources spread the main messages, then a network of automated accounts make sure to retweet, highlight and reply to these messages.
We have been observing a number of accounts following this similar pattern. Here is an example:
User: @alvisepf
We have chosen this user because it is one of the "top talkers" in the spanish Far right accounts.
For this user we extracted a subset of users that are retweeting their posts. For this subset of users we extracted a subset of their timelines.
This is the archive.
We were interesting in finding out what other accounts these users were tweeting. We found out most of the tweets are actually retweets to accounts in the spanish far right political spectrum. In other words these accounts are part of an amplification machine of the same group of top talkers for the spanish far right.
Hence we counted the number of retweets for account with the idea of extracting a distribution.
Again here is the result.
And here is a distribution per account:
This archive contains approximately 400 tweets from a single user, that coincidentally never sleeps ;).
Here is a list of identified news sources:
We noticed that all these accounts always retweet the same news source. So here we compiled a list of tweets to these recurrent news sources from accounts that retweeted @alvisepf.
Finally here is a complete archive of a set of tweets linking articles from these news source: archive.
The patterns observed are pretty simple and repeated across countries and issues. Accounts like these are exposed every other day by researchers, but also by the social networks operators [7].
Why are operators not taking a stand against automated accounts? Patterns are not sophisticated, nor difficult to spot, different network and traffic metadata could be easily identified. More importantly these accounts exceed well the average frequency of tweets per hour of a normal user. A simple Proof of Work (PoW) [8] mechanism could well increase the cost of automating a large amount of highlights and retweets.
A PoW is a mathematical mechanism asking a client to perform a certain operation whose calculation difficulty is increased as the client makes more requests to a certain service. PoWs deters denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses, such as spam on a network.
You can run your own research. I use a mix of own scripts calling twitter APIs and I also use twint. For visualizations I use metabase.
If you are a researcher or a journalist please get in touch. I'd be happy to collaborate with you monitoring different political scenarios around the world. I'd also be happy to share access to my DB and give you full access to the data.
REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.wired.com/story/this-big-beef-exposes-the-ugly-underbelly-of-vegan-vlogging/
[2] https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/may/16/living-in-an-age-of-anger-50-year-rage-cycle
[3] https://time.com/4838673/anger-and-partisanship-as-a-virus/
[4] https://blog.twitter.com/en_gb/topics/marketing/2017/eurovision-2017.html
[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica
[7] https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/io/news/april-2020-twitter-takedown
The architecture of the web is based on the client/server paradigm where the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) occupies a predominant role [1]. HTTP was designed to transfer resource representations, to abstract over lower-layered transport protocols, such as TCP or UDP, and to act as the primary application-level protocol.
Representational State Transfer (REST) architectures are a generalization of the Web based on the HTTP protocol. In this sense the World Wide Web represent an Internet-scale implementation of the RESTful architectural style.
RESTful architecture identify three main foundation blocks: – The identification mechanism, or a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) – The communication process between agents – The representation of data being exchanged
We used to think of the web as hypertext documents linked to one another, but nowadays web documents are more like data objects linked to other objects, or in other words: hyperdata. The constraints imposed by the RESTful architectural style make the Web's architecture particularly malleable. The components making the web are continually changing and providing new capabilities, adding new resources in the form of novel websites and web services, supporting new representations for resources, etc [2].
The web architecture is hence inherently decentralized, but the data shared on the Internet and the services used to store this data are completely centralized [3]. These means that access to those data is controlled by the service owner, which is often different from the entity that produced the data. This approach might be considered extremely pragmatic and in most cases also cheaper and easier to manage than in-house data storage services. This process of centralizing data in a handful of location has been described as dataveillance [4], or a form of surveillance using the massive collection and storage of vast quantities of personal data. While users lose control over their data, they also lose control over their privacy.
Personal data store approaches have been proposed to over come these issues [5] and allow users to regain control over who can access their data. But decentralized access to data is only one part of the problems associated with web privacy.
Tor is an important tool providing privacy and anonymity online. The Tor network itself is only a part of what Tor is. Tor also provides privacy at the application level through the Tor Browser. The Tor Browser was designed to provide privacy while surfing the web and defend users against both network and local forensic adversaries. The same properties can be adopted by applications and services wishing to integrate the tor network in their architecture. Furthermore, onion services provide better authentication and assurance of who you are talking to. With onion services Tor can provide bi-directional anonymity by making it possible for users to hide their locations while offering various kinds of services, such as web publishing or an instant messaging server.
An .onion service needs to advertise its existence in the Tor network before clients will be able to contact it. Therefore, the service randomly picks some relays, builds circuits to them, and asks them to act as introduction points by telling them its public key. An onion service lives on the Tor network and its name is its long term master identity key. This is encoded as a hostname by encoding the entire key in Base 32, including a version byte and a checksum, and then appending the string “.onion” at the end. The result is a 56-character domain name.
This means that onion service operators do not need a public IP address to publish an onion service, but only it's onion service address (URI) making the protocol ideal for p2p applications.
While the introduction points and others are told the onion service's identity (public key), we don't want them to learn about the onion server's location (IP address). By using a full Tor circuit, it's hard for anyone to associate an introduction point with the .onion server's IP address. Because .onion services are only accessible via the Tor network, users do not need hosting or a public ip address to offer some service via .onion address. This means .onion services are a gateway to a decentralized, peer-to-peer internet, where users regain control on the content they create and who they are sharing it with.
Access control for an onion service is imposed at multiple points. The first stage of access control happens when downloading HS descriptors. Specifically, in order to download a descriptor, clients must know the public key of the service. Also, if optional client authorization is enabled, onion service descriptors are super-encrypted using each authorized user's identity x25519 key, to further ensure that unauthorized entities cannot decrypt it. The final level of access control happens at the server itself, which may decide to respond or not respond to the client's request depending on the contents of the request.
By using the Tor Browsers (or any web browser supporting the Tor protocol) clients can interact with onion service applications following the same RESTful paradigms. Users can still interact with applications via hyperlinks and the browser will render accessed resource representation in a similar way to how it renders the content of a website. In fact a website shared via .onion is still a website. In fact for a set of web services, the onion service protocol is just another way that they can be reached, i.e. via the Tor network. For p2p applications instead it is a way to take advantage of the flexibility, far-reach and ease of use of web technologies to create decentralized, privacy-friendly services. Furthermore because .onions can be hosted locally, on someone personal computer, we can start imaging services that are available for the time the user desire, and disappear when the .onion operator wishes to shutdown the server.
There are a number of applications that are using the onion service protocol in a p2p fashion. One of this is onionshare [6] that allow user to share files or publishing a website without using a centralized server. Another is Haven [7] that transform an Android phone into a physical security device and use an onion service to check logs of the phone sensors remotely. We can envision apps allowing people to communicate between one another or developing their own social network. Hopefully more applications will be developed in the near future, creating a dynamic onion service app ecosystem and fostering a more privacy friendly decentralized web.
REFERENCES:
[1] Berners‐Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Groff, J.F. and Pollermann, B., 1992. World‐Wide Web: the information universe. Internet Research. https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/backfiles/pdf/backfiles_sample_5.pdf
[2] Fielding, R.T., Taylor, R.N., Erenkrantz, J.R., Gorlick, M.M., Whitehead, J., Khare, R. and Oreizy, P., 2017, August. Reflections on the REST architectural style and” principled design of the modern web architecture”(impact paper award). In Proceedings of the 2017 11th Joint Meeting on Foundations of Software Engineering (pp. 4-14). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1942/68d1965a7704d1361e440c3ebf599249a005.pdf
[3] Robinson, D.C., Hand, J.A., Madsen, M.B. and McKelvey, K.R., 2018. The Dat Project, an open and decentralized research data tool. Scientific data, 5. https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018221
[4] Solove, D.J., 2004. The digital person: Technology and privacy in the information age (Vol. 1). NyU Press. https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2501&context=faculty_publications
[5] Mansour, E., Sambra, A.V., Hawke, S., Zereba, M., Capadisli, S., Ghanem, A., Aboulnaga, A. and Berners-Lee, T., 2016, April. A demonstration of the solid platform for social web applications. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web (pp. 223-226). https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ac9/3548fd0628f7ff8ff65b5878d04c79c513c4.pdf
[7] https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.havenapp.main&hl=en
When we talk about things like internet censorship and surveillance, these might appear as abstract concepts to some people, especially in global north countries. This post will tries to explain the effects of these activities, and what can be done to help people subjected to both.
Internet censorship can take many different forms.  Usually, in democratic settings, internet blocking is regulated by the state and it takes more the shape of content restrictions based on various constitutional rights and principles, and it is enacted both through the democratic process and formal legislation.
Generally speaking a network can be censored by blocking or slowing down access to certain websites, services, protocols. The ooni project [1] has been developing tests to find out when and how is censorship happening in a network [2]. How blocking is implementing varies widely from country to country and even by specific political situations or events. Measures that can be adopted to circumnvent censorship at a certain moment might not work after a while. It is said that censorship circumnvention is a arms race. As censorship circunvention measures become more sophisticated so does censorship technology. Eventually the right for freedom and democracy is won at the political level.
Ooni keeps a blog [3] where they present each internet censorship events and describe both the political background and the technical details of how the blocking is performed.
While interent censorship might seems secondary it is important to point out that autoritarian regimes use communication control and blocking to shutdown or reduce people ability to organize and protest. There is evidence that as digitalr rights are restricted human rights are violated [4] [5].
Internet censorship doesn't affect everyone equally either. Marginalized groups and people living in the global south are the ones that summer digital rights violation the most [6] [7].
When communication networks are controlled and blocked, citizens are surveilled [8][9]. Controlling dissent by targeting certain groups and dissidents is a common practice for many authoritarian governments [10]. In certain cases these governments prefer to engage themeselves online or partern with online media companies to control content and who has access to it [11]. In other cases the technics are more sophisticated. In certain cases even, having a state actor surveil their citizens affects users and business outside that country. This is the example of China weaponizing ligitimate requests to attack certain websites outside the Great Firewall (GFW) and even target the global chinese community [10].
The global investigative journalism network advises journalist to protect themselves and their sources from possible threats [13]. The first step is usually try to protect communications [14] by using end-to-end encrypted services, followed by taking necessary measures to protect access to personal accounts and using secure and encrypted tools and services to store and share documents.
The ability to interact with sources is strategically important for journalist. This is why tools like Secure Drop [16] are used in newsrooms around the globe. Often journalists rely on more lightweight applications. One of this is OnionShare [17]. Onionshare allows users to share or receive files, or to publish a website, directly from their computer. Because OnionShare uses the Onion Service protocol [19] and expose the service on the Tor network only. The Onion Service protocol allows for bi-directional anonymity, meaning both the party offering the service and the party receiving the service are anonymous and protected by a 3-hops tor circuit.
The Onion Service protocol also allows news organizations to reach surveilled and censored individuals [21] by offering their website on the Tor network. These website addresses end in the TLD .onion. Similar to how the https:// protocol of a website provides more security than the http:// protocol, an onion address also appears to be the same site but gives a visitor more privacy and security through end-to-end encryption and improved authentication. Visiting an onion address is easy. All that’s needed is Tor Browser (Tor Browser is built from Firefox and is similar to use); you visit the onion address in Tor Browser like you visit any web address.
Because journalists and activists often have a public profile, both in real life and on social media, they need to take extra care to protect themselves from phishing attacks [15]. To understand the magnitude of phishing operations we just have to consider that the NSO's spyware Pegasus was targeting people in 45 countries [18].
In other situation activists and journalist need to protect themselves by remaining anonymous. Tools like Tor [20] allow activists to safely browse the internet, do research, publish articles, and plan actions. All without being tracked.
[1] https://ooni.org
[4] https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/27/iran-shut-down-internet-stop-protests-how-long/
[7] https://ooni.org/post/2019-blocking-abortion-rights-websites-women-on-waves-web/
[8] https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/mar/02/censorship-inseperable-from-surveillance
[10] https://www.wired.com/2017/04/internet-censorship-is-advancing-under-trump/
[13] https://gijn.org/digital-security/
[14] https://www.icij.org/blog/2018/01/five-digital-security-tools-to-protect-your-work-and-sources/
[15] https://cpj.org/2019/07/digital-safety-kit-journalists.php
[19] https://2019.www.torproject.org/docs/onion-services.html.en
[21] https://blog.torproject.org/news-orgs-activists-onionize-your-sites-against-censorship
Silvia Puglisi [Hiro]
Email: hey at sifr dot tech
Twitter: @nopressure
Code: 0xacab/hiro


You may want to edit the markdown code:
You may want to paste here the short URL from
goo.gl
and get the shortcut:


--- layout: example categories: example/v1.0.0 version: v1.0.0 title: Toggle marker color on click description: Set an active marker color depending on the one selected. tags: - markers ---


Ex-PBOC Governor Zhou: China still has room for further rate cuts but …
by Dhwani MehtaReuters reports the latest comments from the former People’s Bank of China (PBOC) Governor Zhou Xiaochuan, as he says that China still has room for further rate cuts.
However, he adds that he is unclear whether that can effectively avert a potential financial crisis.
The headlines failed to impress the Yuan markets, as the Chinese currency remains under pressure vs, the US dollar near three-week lows. USD/CNY hit multi-week highs of 7.0450 in the opening trades before receding to now trade near 7.0390, still up 0.10% on the day.


address_specs = AddressSpecs([SiblingAddresses("root")], exclude_patterns=tuple([".exclude*"]))
address_family = AddressFamily(
"root",
{"exclude_me": ("root/BUILD", TargetAdaptor()), "not_me": ("root/BUILD", TargetAdaptor()),},
)
addresses_with_origins = resolve_addresses_with_origins_from_address_specs(
"root",
{
"exclude_me": ("root/BUILD", TargetAdaptor(type_alias="", name="exclude_me")),
"not_me": ("root/BUILD", TargetAdaptor(type_alias="", name="not_me")),
},
)


Computational Algorithms Frame for Fluid Equations (CAFFE) is open source software I developed for my PhD project, designed to provide a flexible framework for solving coupled transport equations using a finite-volume approach. The software supports arbitrarily shaped hexahedral meshes, MPI block-based parallelization, and a fully implicit solution method. A Git repository for the source code can be found here. The code is still in early development, but is already able to solve a variety of incompressible fluid mechanics problems.
At the present moment, development of CAFFE is focused on implementing a direct forcing immersed boundary method for the simulation of particles interacting with fluid interfaces.
CAFFE depends on the following third-party development libaries:
The most recent version can be found here. To clone this repository, open a terminal and type the commmand:
> git clone https://www.github.com/obrienadam/CAFFE
Then, assuming that the repository was cloned into the home directory, navigate to the project directory:
> cd ~/CAFFE
and run the command
> cmake CMakeLists.txt -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
to generate the make files. Then, build the project with
> make all
The solver binaries will be placed into $HOME/CAFFE/Modules. In order to run a case, such as the 3D lid driven cavity case, navigate to the case directory:
> cd ~/CAFFE/ExampleCases/Cavity3D
and execute the desired solver from the case directory; for example:
> ~/CAFFE/Modules/caffePiso
The following video demonstrates unsteady flow over a sphere placed within a walled channel.


Magnetic circuits under steady-state conditions, i.e., with stationary magnetic fields (change of magnetic flux dΦ/dt = 0) can be described with constant sources of a magnetic potential difference or magnetomotive force (mmf). Constant magnetic potential differences are imposed by
For modelling of reluctance actuators with this source component it is assumed that the armature is fixed so that no motion-induced flux change dΦ/dt can occur.


Shadan College of Engineering & Technology is one of the premier Engineering College Founded in 1995 by Shadan Educational society.The institution, ever since its foundation is in the constant pursuit of keeping high the self imposed standards of excellence. QUALITY, MODERNITY AND HIGH DEGREE OF SCIENTIFIC TEMPERAMENT pervade every facet of the institution, be it technical education, laboratories or infrastructure facilities. The campus is the abode of discipline, harmony and intellectual pursuit and abuzz with intense academic activity The College offers 6 Under Graduate (B.Tech) courses in CSE, ECE, EEE, MECH, Civil and IT branches.The College also offers 7 Post Graduate (M.Tech) Programme in C.S.E, C.S., C.N., CN & IS, V.L.S.I, Embedded Systems, CAD/CAM and M.B.A. with a total intake of 792.
*** Circular of Regular Exams Fee Date Extended for first year R18.
*** Circular of holidays due to COVID-19 Jntuh has extended till 14th april.
*Access of Textbooks via libgen.


CoolWebDev is an informational site with a collection of cool HTML, CSS, and JavaScript tips and tricks. Frameworks not included.


A Javascript library for making randomly generated C-style code snippets
Use cases:
You can find a distribution of this project located at build/jargon.js
Run tsc
to compile then run post.py
to do additional bundling and post-processing steps.
The raw build output from tsc
will be located at build/_jargon.js
Generated using TypeDoc


Presidents
As implemented, you need to refresh after selecting buttons. I'll update.
Add John Quincy
Delete John Quincy
{{president.presidentName}}


It is straightforward to plot variables in the data.frame using standard R functions. For example, the following code plots the altitude vs. time using the data.frame loaded previously:
Many of the Ranadu tools are aimed at making construction of such
plots straightforward while supporting various manipulations of the
style and content of the plots. Many of these are discussed in later
chapters. However, at this point you will be able to conduct extensive
data-analysis projects using only the standard tools provided by R.


Well, before I submit the webpage for 7/27 due date, I decided to do a walk through of what I'm supposed to be doing, and where I'm supposed to be going. I decided to make note of the first bit:
In this Nanodegree you will get over the first hump that prevents many from entering the world of tech and programming. By the end of this program, you will have created dozens of impressive programs. For example, you'll have:
After doing these things, you'll be able to:
(this one seems like a really tall order!)
 Computers think in binary and cannot function without explicit instructions.
Item below was shamelessly stolen from instructor notes.
"HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them.
Whereas inline makes use of formatting within a line.O I suspect that practice and individual preference dictate which one(s) or how many of these you would use."
example:
div -> h2 -> span -> text
div -> p -> text
div -> a ->text
So, the tree like structure has boxes nested within boxes. Just like Russian nesting dolls!
HTML is truly the substance of the document. The core of the document. Cascading Style Sheets, is just that, how the document looks. I like to think of it as the CSS being the wardrobe if you will. And finally, DOM, Document Object Model. The DOM takes the HTML elements, tags, etc. and creates the tree "structure" I like to think of this as the skeleton of the document. It's not the substance, but what you hang or attach the substance to.
| computer program precise sequence of steps computation highlevel language input interpreter |
| A computer is a universal computation machine. A program is a precise sequence of steps for a computer. A high level language, ie python, interpreter runs programs using inputs. |
name = "Ada"
print ='Hello" + name + '!' + '!'
Hello Ada!!!
[string][
udacity[0] -> 'u'
udacity
[]-> one character string
[start expression: stop expression]
-> string that is a sub-sequence of the characters in string starting from position start and ending in stop.
| word = 'assume' | |
| print word[3] | u |
| print word[4:6] | me |
| print word[4:] | me |
| print word[:2] | as |
| print word[3:3] | 0 |
| print word[3:4] | u |
A procedure or function takes input and produces an output.
A "def" defines the function and "return", returns the value of the function.
def sum(a,b):
>>>>>a = a + b
>>>>>return a
print sum(2,3)
>>>>>5
How do functions help programmers avoid repetition? Functions are tools that programmers can create and reuse forever! Once you've defined a function once, you never have to define it again.
A variable allows you to assign a name to a value.
my_variable = 2 so the code
print my_variable + my_variable would return 22.
Variables can be useful to programmers in many ways:
In Python, 2 is a number while "2" is a string.
A list can hold anything we want and a string can only hold characters. A list can be mutated. We can create a string, we can store it in a variable, we can change the value of the variable by creating a new string.
I should be ashamed of myself, but, I'm not, not too much anyway. Andy's notes were so concise that I, well, stole them.
A note about the "while loop" Luke said that we should only use the "while loop" as a last resort as it is too easy to get into an endless infinity loop. You should attempt to run this logic as using "for" where possible.
"OOP is a programming language model organized around objects rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data. http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/object-oriented-programming, retrieved 12/15/2015 In object-oriented programming (OOP), objects are the things you think about first in designing a program and they are also the units of code that are eventually derived from the process. In between, each object is made into a generic class of object and even more generic classes are defined so that objects can share models and reuse the class definitions in their code. Each object is an instance of a particular class or subclass with the class's own methods or procedures and data variables. An object is what actually runs in the computer." http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/object, retrieved 12/15/2015
"Class is a template definition of the method s and variable s in a particular kind of object . Thus, an object is a specific instance of a class; it contains real values instead of variables." http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/class, retrieved 12/15/2015
The Udacity course refers to the "Class" as a blueprint and an "Instance" as an example or expression of the blueprint.
A constructor is a special kind of method that Python calls when it instantiates an object using the definitions found in your class. Python relies on the constructor to perform tasks such as initializing (assigning values to) any instance variables
that the object will need when it starts. Constructors can also verify that there are enough resources for the object and perform any other start-up task you can think of.http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-create-a-constructor-in-python.html,retrieved on 12/16/2015
Often, the first argument of a method is called self. This is nothing more than a convention: the name self has absolutely no special meaning to Python. Note, however, that by not following the convention your code may be less readable to other Python programmers, and it is also conceivable that a class browser program might be written that relies upon such a convention. https://docs.python.org/2.7/tutorial/classes.html#random-remarks, retrieved on 12/16/2015
The __init__ method is special. It is a constructor. Init receives parameters and assigns fields to the new class instance. It can validate arguments, do computations, call methods. http://www.dotnetperls.com/class-python, retrieved 12/16/2015
(number)/(modulus) - > remainder
works like a clock so in this example:
14 % 2 = 2
A set of key-value pairs. For example: {'hydrogen':1, 'helium':2} Dictionaries are mutable and you can access the index by d[k], where k is the key value.
Well, I need practice on this. Understanding the Inputs, Understanding the Outputs and puzzling out the bridge between the two. Flow diagrams can help. Sometimes writing the problem out with words helps.
Abstraction and libraries; In python and other languages, you can download different modules from the library. These modules have functions that you can use within your code by simply importing these modules from the library. The programmer is not required to know how these modules work only how to access them by importing them from the library.
A template library is a library to build complicated strings.
For this class jinja2 would be imported into the python file and referenced in the *.yaml file. Advantages of templates:
HTML templates allow you to put all of the action items in one place. Sortof like a toolkit. This way you can call the tools as you need them instead of re-writing the scripts for them over and over again within the main code. I look at it similar to having a sewing pattern. You can make the same garment over and over again using the same pattern but using different materials in different colors with different alterations. In programming, once you have the template designed and running smoothly, you can apply it to different code pieces and when you go to debug, you *know* that the template portion is clean and you only have to focus on the new code pieces.
Note that the query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the URL of a GET request:
/test/demo_form.asp?name1=value1&name2=value2
Note that the query string (name/value pairs) is sent in the HTTP message body of a POST request:
POST /test/demo_form.asp HTTP/1.1
Host: w3schools.com
name1=value1&name2=value2
Under the Guestbook class, used in these notes, we are posting data to the server by way of the guestbook form. We are also validating/retrieving data from the database.
It is important to validate the user. In this exercise, it is only a very high level validation. Truth is, anyone can sign this log book. To make it more secure you would have to confirm that the user met certain criteria before even accessing the guestbook. otherwise the database can be accessed, corrupted and data stolen.
Form validation is the process where a web-form checks to see if the information that's been entered into it is correct. In this exercise, we only checked to make sure that the user is notified that they've either entered *real* information versus blanks and displays a message confirming that. Ideally, the web form would interact with the end user in a way that made the user feel like the form was responding to her. The validation would also require, where necessary, that information is entered in the correct format, for example, an email would be required to follow this format<EMAIL_ADDRESS>A group of entities that can communicate, even though they're not all directly connected.
<label> Month <input type="text" name="month" value="%(month)s"> <label>
Not sure if forms should be part of validation or if validation should be part of forms. Validation is necessary for data integrity as well as security when accessing a database. You don't want the wrong person in your network and you don't want the wrong data in your network.
Mile long and inch high coverage here of new ideas.
JavaScript is "the language" of the internet. It is crucial to making web pages responsive and to come alive. As with the other components that we've touched upon in this class it is best to put JavaScript in a separate file so that the script(s)
themselves can be edited autonomously of the main file. JavaScript runs natively in the browser so you can see immediate results. The examples below are typed into a play.js file and viewed in the browser console.
{% raw %}
var {{some variable name}} = var{{some value}}
var firstName = MarthaV;
var age = 35;
{% endraw %}
other examples:
var myArray = [];
var myFunc = func(){};
var myObj = {};
back to playing in the play.js file...
var email =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>var newEmail = email.replace("udacity", "gmail");
console.log(email);
console.log(newEmail);
Another key concept in JavaScript is Truthy/Falsey which really sounds to me like a term made up by five year olds. In JavaScript there are only six Falsey values:
Dot and Bracket Notation:
Dot notation allows us to declare an object and then define it outside of the curly braces. "Dot notation is faster to write and clearer to read. Square bracket notation allows access to properties containing special characters and selection
of properties using variables."http://www.dev-archive.net/articles/js-dot-notation/, retrieved on 12/20/2015.
What is JSON?
"JavaScript Object Notation. JSON is a popular and simple format for storing and transferring nested or hierarchal data. It's so popular that most other programming languages have libraries capable of parsing and writing JSON (like Python's JSON
library). Internet GET and POST requests frequently pass data in JSON format. JSON allows for objects (or data of other types) to be easily encapsulated within other objects. See the MDN or JSON.org for more details.
...If you're generating JSON by hand, you should copy and paste your code into a linter like jsonlint.com to quickly and easily find syntax errors." https://www.udacity.com/course/viewer#!/c-nd000/l-4128098911/m-3095768545, retrieved on 12/20/2015
Ok, I have watched this lesson a couple of times and I plan on watching it again... that said taking notes on this activity is daunting. This portion of the class works through a problem and gives an example of that - solving the biggest word score that you can get in a word game like scrabble.
This last piece is FUN! I made a little website in Dash, https://dash.generalassemb.ly/MarthaV/build-your-own-personal-website . And although the web background distracts from the web message, I just had fun throwing that web image up there. I culled through the links that were provided at the very end of the class for further Udacity study and the truth is, I want to take them all.
What I really need now is intensive practice, practice, practice. I can start on this page by splitting out all of the html and using templates. I need to practice working with arrays and dictionaries as well as breaking down problems. I do feel that this was quite the comprehensive overview.
{{ greeting.content }}{% endfor %} {{ alert }}


XNAT Wrapper Documentation¶
Introduction¶
xnat_wrapper
is designed to be a wrapper that streamlines the functionality of pyxnat, allowing the user to easily create, edit, and run analysis functions on XNAT projects, sessions, and scans.
Installation¶
As the package has not been published on PyPi yet, it CANNOT be install using pip.
The only Python package that must be installed prior to running the example(s) is pyxnat, which can be installed by running python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
or directly from PyPi using python3 -m pip install pyxnat
.
Once the required packages are installed, the wrapper must be imported to your script/project by importing the wrapper’s Connector
class. For more detailed instructions on usage and classes, see the documentation.
Usage¶
xnat_wrapper
consists of three classes:
Connector (
xnat_wrapper.Connector
)UIDImporter (
Connector.importer
)CommandUtility (
Connector.commands
)
To start an XNAT connection, initialize the connector class using either of these options (optionally including a project name): By supplying the server, username, and password:
from xnat_wrapper import Connector
xnat = Connector(server='your.xnat.instance.ip.address',
user='username',
password='password',
project='project_name')
or by supplying a configuration file containing all three (in JSON format):
xnat = Connector(config='xnat_login.cfg',
project='project_name')
Access the importer utility to set a list of UIDs, find them, and import them into your project:
xnat.importer.set_uids(uid_list)
xnat.importer.find_studies()
import_success = xnat.importer.import_studies()
After successfully importing your studies, you can monitor the import queue using:
if import_success:
xnat.importer.monitor_import_queue()
Once the studies have been imported and downloaded, they can be accessed by using:
project_studies = xnat.importer.get_studies()
Once that process is complete, you will need to close the XNAT session before exiting the program using:
xnat.close_session()
TODO¶
Add function to create new project
Add function to pull headers from DICOM metadata
Add function to convert MRIQC data from CSV/table to “box and whisker” plots
Examples and APIs¶
For a more in-depth example of functionality, see:


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