| Tag | Name | Req'd | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 296 | NoQuoteSets | Y | The number of sets of quotes in the message |
| 302 | QuoteSetID | Y | Unique id for the Quote Set. |
| UnderlyingInstrument | N | The UnderlyingInstrument component block, like the Instrument component block, contains all the fields commonly used to describe a security or instrument. In the case of the UnderlyingInstrument component block it describes an instrument which underlies the primary instrument Refer to the Instrument component block comments as this component block mirrors Instrument, except for the noted fields. |
|
| 311 | UnderlyingSymbol | N | Underlying security's Symbol. See Symbol (55) field for description |
| Component | UndSecAltIDGrp | N | |
| 457 | NoUnderlyingSecurityAltID | N | |
| 458 | UnderlyingSecurityAltID | N | Alternate Security identifier value for this underlying security of UnderlyingSecurityAltIDSource (459) type (e.g. CUSIP, SEDOL, ISIN, etc). Requires UnderlyingSecurityAltIDSource. |
| 367 | QuoteSetValidUntilTime | N | Indicates expiration time of this particular QuoteSet (always expressed in UTC (Universal Time Coordinated, also known as "GMT") |
| 304 | TotNoQuoteEntries | Y | Total number of quotes for the quote set. |
| QuotEntryGrp | Y | ||
| 295 | NoQuoteEntries | Y | The number of quotes for this Symbol (instrument) (QuoteSet) that follow in this message. |
| 299 | QuoteEntryID | Y | Unique identifier for a quote. The QuoteEntryID stays with the quote as a static identifier even if the quote is updated. |
| 132 | BidPx | N | Bid price/rate |
| 133 | OfferPx | N | Offer price/rate |
| 134 | BidSize | N | Quantity of bid (Prior to FIX 4.2 this field was of type int) |
| 135 | OfferSize | N | Quantity of offer (Prior to FIX 4.2 this field was of type int) |
| 60 | TransactTime | N | Timestamp when the business transaction represented by the message occurred. |
| 64 | SettlDate | N | Specific date of trade settlement (SettlementDate) in YYYYMMDD format.
If present, this field overrides SettlType (63). This field is required if the value of SettlType (63) is B (Broken Date). |
| 15 | Currency | N | Identifies currency used for Qty. Absence of this field is interpreted as the default (base or left side of the pair). It is recommended that systems provide this currency value to avoid confusion. Can be used to get all Currency Pairs including THIS currency. E.g. Currency (15) = JPY the response could be USD/JPY; BTC/JPY and ETH/JPY |
| 775 | BookingType | N | Method for booking out this order. Used when notifying a broker that an order to be settled by that broker is to be booked out as an OTC derivative (e.g. CFD or similar). |


Documentation
Fundme Crowdfunding Platform
Created: 05, October 2016 by Miguel Vasquez
Fundme Crowdfunding Platform It is a script for fundraising for various causes, the administrator can add volunteers who can create unlimited campaigns, this script is finished create a community where different people to help those in need either your community or different places.
Table of Contents
- Setting MySQL
- Uploading Files
- Installation
- Access to Admin Panel
- Social Login
- Customize
- Sources and Credits
Features:
- Built with Laravel 5.8
- Implemented GDPR
- reCAPTCHA
- Rewards
- Facebook Login
- Bootstrap
- Font Awesome
- IcoMoon
- Send mail to Organizer
- Members can create unlimited campaigns
- Updates campaigns
- Option Delete Account
- Members can change their name, email and password
- Members manage their campaigns and see donations
- Upload Avatar
- Change password
- Integration with PayPal
- Integration with Stripe (SCA implemented)
- Bank Transfer (Manual)
- XSS: Protection from cross site scripting
- Secure Bcrypt password hashing
- SMTP Support
- Share social
- Multiple currencies
- Easy translation
- Ajax pagination in Campaigns, Donations and Updates
- Admin Features:
- Template AdminLTE
- Change the site name
- Change the site title welcome
- Statistics
- Set keywords for the site. (SEO)
- Add a description (SEO)
- Create/Edit pages e.g.: Help, Privacy, etc.
- Payments Settings.
- See Donations
- Set up social accounts
- Manage members.
- Add / Edit members.
- Manage campaigns.
- Add / Edit Campaigns.
Requirements:
- PHP 7.1.3 or Greater
- MySQL 5.6
- OpenSSL PHP Extension
- PDO PHP Extension
- Mbstring PHP Extension
- Tokenizer PHP Extension
- XML PHP Extension
- Ctype PHP Extension
- JSON PHP Extension
- BCMath PHP Extension
- cURL
- GD Library or ImageMagick or Imagick.
- allow_url_fopen (PHP.INI) is ON
IMPORTANT:
Make sure your server has PHP 7.1.3 or higher and MySQL 5.6 as a minimum
Setting MySQL
- 1.) Create a database
- 2.) Create a user for database
- 3.) Import the Database
- Log into your phpMyAdmin and import the
fundme.sql
file located in the folderMysql
Uploading Files
- Upload the folder
"Script"
to the"public_html"
or"www"
folder on your server.
Installation
- After you have uploaded all files can start to setup the files.
- Database Connection
- Open the file
.env
located in your root folder, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPAD (IMPORTANT: You can not find the file and you are using cPanel click show hidden files) - change the following parameters, for theirs:
DB_DATABASE=YOU_DATABASE
DB_USERNAME=YOU_USERNAME
DB_PASSWORD="YOU_PASSWORD"
IMPORTANT:
Place all data without spaces
mail.php
located in the folder config
, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPAD'from' => [
'address' =><EMAIL_ADDRESS>'name' => 'Fundme',
],
'Fundme'
and<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.env
located in the root folder, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPADMAIL_DRIVER=mail
MAIL_HOST=smtp.mailtrap.io
MAIL_PORT=2525
MAIL_USERNAME=null
MAIL_PASSWORD=null
MAIL_ENCRYPTION=null
mail
and smtp
IMPORTANT:
Place all data without spaces
.env
located in the root folder, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPADINVISIBLE_RECAPTCHA_SITEKEY=YOU_KEY
INVISIBLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRETKEY=YOU_SCRETKEY
IMPORTANT:
choose reCAPTCHA v2 and Invisible reCAPTCHA
http://yousite.com/login
and enter the following credentials.User<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Pass: 123456
app.php
located in the folder config
, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPAD'timezone' => 'UTC',
Social Login
- Open the file
services.php
located in the folderconfig
, with any text editor, e.g: NOTEPAD
'facebook' => [
'client_id' => "APP_ID", // configure with your app id
'client_secret' => 'APP_SECRET', // your app secret
'redirect' => 'http://YOURSITE.COM/oauth/facebook/callback', // IMPORTANT NOT REMOVE /oauth/facebook/callback
],
Note:
If you want to disable Social Login, just delete the credentials (leave blank).
Customize
- Changing the logo
- Path
public / img / logo.png
- Changing logo footer
- Path:
public / img / watermark.png
- Change the favicon
- Path:
public / img / favicon.png
- Change the background header index page
- Path:
public / img / header.jpg
- Changing the avatar default
- Path:
public / avatar / default.jpg
- Changing the background bottom index page
- Path:
public / cover / cover.jpg
- Change image default in categories
- Path:
public / img-category / default.jpg
- Change the default link color
- Find this #f45302 in
public / css / main.css
and you replace it with the one you want
Make sure these folders have 755 or 777 permissions
Sources and Credits
- Laravel - http://laravel.com/
- jQuery - http://jquery.com/
- Bootstrap - http://getbootstrap.com/
- Font Awesome - http://fortawesome.github.io/Font-Awesome/
- IcoMoon - http://icomoon.io
- Flat UI - http://designmodo.github.io/Flat-UI/
- Placeholder Plugin jquery.placeholder.1.1.1.min.js // Mike Taylor, http://miketaylr.com
- Char Count count.js // Alen Grakalic
- jquery Form // malsup.com/jquery/form/
- jqueryTimeago.js // http://timeago.yarp.com/
- jquery.colorbox.js // Jack Moore - http://www.jacklmoore.com/colorbox
- Readmore - http://jedfoster.com/Readmore.js/
- Bootboxjs - http://bootboxjs.com/
- Images - unsplash - http://unsplash.com/ -- splitshire http://www.splitshire.com/
- Avatars - http://uifaces.com/
- Fonts - https://www.google.com/fonts
- http://www.tinymce.com/
- https://github.com/sliptree/bootstrap-tokenfield
- http://morrisjs.github.io/morris.js/
Any problem or doubt send me an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Do not forget to visit miguelvasquez.net
Thank you for purchasing my script 😉


CSS Ghost Buttons
Various ghost button styles and transition effects.
Basic Ghost Button
View Tutorial
Rounded Corners
View Tutorial
Simple Transition Effect
View Tutorial
Thick Border
View Tutorial
Semi-Transparent Fade
View Tutorial
Border Color Fade
View Tutorial
Full Color Fade
View Tutorial
Size Transition Effect
View Tutorial


About
EcoSML is part of the EcoSIS Toolkit, which is funded by NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office ESTO) through the Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) Program (Grant Number: 80NSSC17K0244).
The EcoSIS Toolkit is an extension of EcoSIS.org, which is online open-source database of ecologically oriented spectral measurements and associated metadata such as leaf or plant morphological and chemical measurements. EcoSIS is a repository to store your spectral data for distribution to the larger scientific community, as required by granting agencies and journals. EcoSIS enables data discovery and integration across datasets through a web-based search or an API. EcoSIS provides contributors with a DOI to enable long-term archiving and accessibility.
EcoSML.org is part of the EcoSIS Toolkit. EcoSML stand for the EcoSIS Spectral Model Library. One of the major uses of spectral data such as you might find in EcoSIS is the development of spectral models to predict vegetation traits such as leaf mass per area, chlorophyll content, water content or nitrogen concentration. EcoSML is meant to be a repository for the spectral models that people use to predict variables of interest from spectral data (spectral data can include image, canopy (proximal) or leaf level data). EcoSML provides both coefficients (e.g., for models built using partial least-squares regression, PLSR) and code needed by users to apply a spectral model to their data.
Researchers provide details and resources to create model packages that include coefficients, error parameters, demonstration data, and code. Users will be able to browse models, explore example code, and test outputs. Model packages will be installable via common package managers like Python's PyPI/pip, as well as R's CRAN.
EcoSML accommodates any model forms that can be imbedded in code. At present this includes PLSR and Gaussian Process Models, and will be expanded to accept other model formats.
- Serve as a widely-accessible online repository where researchers can offer spectroscopy-derived models to the science community
- Provide a robust API that allows direct links with EcoSIS.org, and various open-source software or desktop softwares users may have.
Personnel:
- PI Philip Townsend
- Project Manager Erin Wagner
- Lead Developer Justin Merz


Police determine package was not suspicious
They were called to a Cambridge business on Saturday
by KitchenerToday StaffA scare, that sparked the evacuation of several businesses in Cambridge over the weekend, turned out to be a false alarm.
Police were called to the area of Hespeler Road and Pinebush Road on Saturday for a report of a suspicious package.
Waterloo Regional Police Services Emergency Response Team responded and determined the package was not of a suspicious nature.
There are no concerns for public safety and the investigation is ongoing.


Notebooks
Story: About the 'Toornan': the 'Bushman witchdoctor'
About the 'Toornan': the 'Bushman witchdoctor'
Title
About the 'Toornan': the 'Bushman witchdoctor'
Collection
Summary
The Bushman Doctor or Sorcerer (L II.-1. 273-275). An account of these people was also given in the Katkop dialect by Dia!kwáin (L V.-3. 4122-4131).  Once this has been done the man is comfortable and sits talking.
Comments
1) Note on the inside of the back cover of this notebook: 'Finished correcting Sept 15/71 from Jantje Toorm himself', 2) See also About sorcerers: when the sorcerer returns home after his work is done, 3) This story is found in Book II-1
Contributors
Date
14 –16 June 1871
Categories
Healing and ailing, Custom and daily life
Keywords
nose (and sorcerers or healers) , nose (a man who has his) , nose (and healing) , nose ('Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor) , lion (hair) , lion (hair on sorcerer's back) , lion (and the 'Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor) , sorcerer (the 'Toornan') , sorcerer (or healer) , sorcerer ('Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor) , sorcerer (treatment of) , sorcerer (rituals involving) , sorcerer (a man who beats and bites) , sorcerer (has lion hair growing on him) , sorcerer (has his nose) , sorcerer (trembles) , healing (about the sorcerer or healer) , healing ('Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor) , healing (an account of) , trembling (and healing) , trembling (by the 'Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor) , healer ('Toornan') , healer (sorcerer) , healer ('Bushman witchdoctor' or doctor)
Story Pages
273-275


My name is Gergana and I am a web developer. I graduated my Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science recently (July 2017) and I am currently looking for the right job to start my career. The technologies I am best at are: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, C#, ASP.NET, MySQL, Adobe Photoshop. I have basic knowledge of several others, like Java, PHP, Perl, XML, Prolog. My high school profile was “System programming”, but I wanted to become a web developer even before that.
I remember being 12 and programming, without actually knowing what programming is. I made a web forum for a German band I used to like. It was HTML-based and you could change everything about it, if you go through the code. I didn’t understand that code and I didn’t know what it was called, but simple logic led me to figuring things out on my own. I figured < b > corresponded to bold, “font size” was the size of the font (duh) and “img” should be the place to store your image. I had that forum for 2 years and changed the appearance of it very often. I played with new tags each day and soon I could understand the whole thing. Later I realized that I was programming in HTML before even knowing what HTML is. This was a very special moment for me, I decided I want to continue writing code.
Used technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, C++ (for the examples).
This is an educational website that teaches the basics of C++ structures, classes and stacks in Bulgarian. I made it in 2010, back when I was still in high school. The website has a hidden menu on the left of the page, examples and downloadable content (.cpp programs that I wrote), it also has some fun pictures that I made with Adobe Photoshop and smiley gifs to raise the good vibes.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/struct
Used technologies (for the developement of the website): HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, JavaScript, Adobe Photoshop.
This arcade game is a prototype I built for a subject at the university in 2015. The subject was called "Project management" and it was mostly learning about different project management methodologies, like Scrum and Kanban. I was required to build the foundation of an imaginary app or game, as an end course project, and then write the documentation for it. This documentation included project budget, methodology that I think will be best, milestones, risk management, a list of possible problems and complications, required skills and programmers and so on. The project got an Excellent score and the highest mark in the course. The concept is simillar to the game "SpongeBob SquarePants Dinner Dash" and the graphics I made with Adobe Photoshop and some Google images.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/jezve
Used technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Adobe Photoshop.
Stargate graphics is a blog-like website, dedicated to a hobby of mine - creating graphics, gifs, small videos and wallpapers with Adobe Photoshop. The graphics uploaded here are all about a military science-fiction TV show called "Stargate" that I used to like when I was in high school. I made the original website in 2010, but I went through it again and optimized it in 2017.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/stargate
Used technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap
A website for hotel Amigos, a project I made in 2017 as a test for a job interview for a company that was hiring programmers.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/hotelamigos
Used technologies: JavaScript mainly, HTML, CSS
This is a JavaScript Calculator that I made as an internship entering task for Fork Point in 2017. It only looks easy, that is until you start building, validating and fool-proofing it. The JavaScript Calculator uses Regular Expressions to check for numbers and special symbols and to exclude letters and other symbols. It has a clean but also festive design, because of my favourite holiday - Christmas.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/JavaScriptCalculator
Used technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript
A site about Norse mythology in Bulgarian that I made in 2009, when I was still in 11th grade in High School. I made the site for fun and because of my love for Norse mythology. It uses frames, which are no longer supported in HTML5. I pimped the site a little, adding some CSS to it.
Link to the website:
https://gerganakarabelyova.github.io/norse


The arity of a relation is the size of the tuples it defines. Another way of thinking of it is that an arity n relation is one that takes (n-1) arguments and pairs them with another element (this is the same style of thinking as for lambda calculus currying, if that helps). Of course, relations are not necessarily functions, so it might pair them with zero, one, or many elements (thus, thinking of the first (n-1) entries in the tuples as arguments can be misleading).
A higher order relation usually refers to one which is ternary or greater. For example, in the following Alloy fragment (from File System Lesson II), contents and parent are ternary relations.
sig FileSystem { root: Dir, objects: set FSObject, contents: Dir lone-> FSObject, parent: FSObject ->lone Dir }
Given a filesystem (FileSystem), you can ask for its contents field, which gets you a relation from directories (Dir) to file system objects (FSObject). That is, given a file system and a Directory, you get some set of file system objects. For now, don't worry about the "lone".


We redefine bitcoin!
- reintermediate cutting-edge communities
- integrate integrated methodologies
- facilitate virtual e-services
- transition global initiatives
- empower vertical web-readiness
- orchestrate dynamic experiences
- enable e-business markets
- synergize dot-com e-tailers
- empower turn-key channels
- whiteboard dynamic experiences


{% extends "bootstrap/base.html" %} {% block title %}Mirror Trading{% endblock %} {% block head %} {{ super() }} {% for jsfile_name in script_list %} {% endfor %} {% endblock %} {% block navbar %}
| Stock Name | Performance | Yield |
|---|---|---|
| FB | -2.64% | |
| GOOG | -3.83% | |
| EDIT | -3.16% | |
| TVIX | +24.93% | |
| CRSP | -0.12% |
| Name | Portfolio Overview | Amount ($) | Average Yield |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aaron Lu | Technology (40%)
Energy (20%) Consumer Cyclical (10%) Non-Consumer Cyclical (10%) Unclassified (20%) |
14,912 | +49.12% |


"Step by step" scheme of work
Before you will become our client we are ready to negotiate, answer all of your questions about your idea and as
result of consulting session we will find and propose you the best matching solution for your task.
After the way of realization is stated we need to complete 4 steps before you will receive your order successfully
finished.
-
Technical task.
We are kindly ask you to prepare well worded, formulated and detailed technical task, which will contain all
your ideas and requirements. You may prepare the technical task in a free wording form , but please include all
the details you can. Without detailed task our work will be useless.
-
Pre-payment.
We start the realization of your order only after at least 50% pre-payment.
The payment can be transferred via:
- Western Union
- Money Gram
- Web-money
-
Executing the order.
During the process of realization of your order we will show you different transitional and interim sketches and
variants and vary, change them in conformance with your opinion and wishes. The number of transitional variants
is the point of negotiation on the pre-consulting stage of working schedule. If you like the transitional
variant, then we will ask you to transfer the remain balance of the work cost, and then we will successfully
accomplish your order. In the case of 100% pre-payment the continuation of the working progress will start
immediately after the confirmation and proving of the intermediary variant.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}
Medieval catalogues > UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE > St John's College > Inventory, c. 1516
{% endif %}28 identified entries found.
All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
{% if not printing %}
A key to codes used in the List is available (opens in new tab).{% endif %}


TFT Helper
Riot
Never miss another champion or forget how to craft
Item Crafting
Win Tracker
Champion Notifier
Craftable Items
Win Tracker (Wins are defined as finishing top 4)
Wins:
Loses:
Winrate:
Average Position:
Position
Notes
Champion Notifier


Automatically Neutralizing Subjective Bias in Text
Adapting Sequence Models for Sentence Correction
I am not the author nor the owner of the content on this website. This is simple a proof of concept for reading some scientific papers on a mobile device.
This website is a way for me (Sam) to read papers from arxiv.org on my phone. I find it much too difficult to read PDFs.


while True:
status, im = capture.read()
if (status is False):
logger.warn("ERROR: Failure happened when reading frame")
counter += 1
if counter == interval:
logger.debug("Drop frames: {}".format(counter-1))
pass
else:
fail_counter += 1
logger.critical("ERROR: Failure //{} happened when reading frame".format(fail_counter))
// Re-create capture.
capture.release()


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load django_bootstrap_breadcrumbs %} {% block head_title %} Changelog {% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs %} {% breadcrumb "Home" "/" %} {% breadcrumb "Changelog" "changelog" %} {% render_breadcrumbs "breadcrumbs.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Note: Changes from before May 7th 2020 are not recorded on this page
|to_url
filter


Why did the programmer quit his job?
Because he didn't get arrays
Programming can get messy. Often times, you have to deal with large amounts of data. It is important to keep information organized to easily reference it when necessary. This is where arrays and hashes come in handy! Arrays and hashes make it easy to store and look up data.
Arrays are collections of objects (such as strings, numbers, hashes, arrays, classes, Booleans, etc.) that are ordered by index numbers. Each index points to a different object, and the numbering starts at 0. The end of an array numbering starts at -1. Arrays are more useful when the order is important.
To access a specfic object in an array, you refer to the object's index number.
Hashes are a list of objects that are sorted by key-value pairs. The key can be any object from a number to a string. For a hash, every key is unique; however, values can be reused multiple times. Hashes track the order in which key-value pairs are created. With hashes, you can quickly look up an object based on its key rather than its index. Hashes are typically more useful when dealing with unordered lists.
To access a specfic object in a hash, you refer to the object's key.


All Classes
Builder
CloudWatchAsyncClient
CloudWatchClient
CloudWatchContextBuilder
CloudWatchPropertiesBuilder
CloudWatchRestClientModule
Datapoint
DatapointHandler
GetMetricStatisticsOptions
GetMetricStatisticsResponseHandler
ISO8601Format
Statistics
Unit


---
#layout: post
title: 'HQL correlated subquerries '
date: '2013-12-16T19:04:00.001+02:00'
author: Paul Lysak
tags:
- Java
- Hibernate
- HQL
modified_time: '2014-12-29T16:01:46.336+02:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5849718801312198988.post-7591657274638597914
blogger_orig_url: http://paullysak.blogspot.com/2013/12/hql-correlated-subquerries.html
---
Peculiar thing about HQL subquerries - at least in Hibernate 4.1: if you use alias in subquery, it refers to the whole table, not just to its subset that is related with main query. For example - suppose that entity Bar
has integer field idx
and we'd like to get Bar
with minimal idx
for each Foo
. This query will produce WRONG result:
SELECT Foo FROM Foo f JOIN f.bar b
WHERE b.idx = (SELECT MIN(b.idx) FROM b)
Subquery will refer to globally minimal idx
To get what we wanted use following query: SELECT Foo FROM Foo f JOIN f.bar b
WHERE b.idx = (SELECT MIN(fb.idx) FROM f.bar fb)
Here subquery indeed refers to Bar
connected with current Foo


Encryption Algorithms
- Vernam Cipher:
- It is a symmetric stream cipher.
- In this method, each character of plaintext is logically XORed with the key.
- If the key is smaller in length than the plaintext, it is repeated again.
- If the key is longer than the plaintext, the extra bits are discarded.


ATLAS Open Data C++ framework for 13 TeV analyses
GitLab repository
About
This is the C++ analysis code that may be used to analyse the data of the ATLAS published dataset.
More information in the 8 TeV ATLAS Open Data PUB notes:
- https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203649/files/ATL-OREACH-PUB-2016-001.pdf
- https://cds.cern.ch/record/2624572/files/ATL-OREACH-PUB-2018-001.pdf
This code is made of two parts of codes: analysis codes and plotting codes.
Setup
After checking out the repository, you need to setup ROOT framework and gcc compiler. The current version was compiled using gcc v6.20 and root v6.10.04
Samples
For now, the analysis code can be run using samples located in eos:
/eos/project/a/atlas-outreach/projects/open-data/OpenDataTuples/
Analysis Code
The analysis code is located in the Analysis folder. It will be used to write out histograms for the individual input files which will be used for plotting purposes later.
There are currently 7 available analyses stored as "NNAnalysis
", where NN = WBoson, ZBoson, TTbar, WZDiBoson, ZZDiBoson, HWW, ZPrime
Each analysis code contains
- the analysis header (NNAnalysis.h
) which defines the histograms and gives access to the variables stored in the input samples
- the histogram header (NNAnalysisHistograms.h
) which defines the name of output histograms
- the analysis code (NNAnalysis.C
) which makes all the selection and stores the output histograms
- the analysis main (main_NNAnalysis.C
) controls which samples are being used
- the output directory (Output_NNAnalysis
) is where the output histograms (one per each input sample) will be stored
First setup the code using:
./welcome.sh
or
source welcome.sh
To run the code:
./run.sh
or
source run.sh
Shared libraries will be created and the analysis will run over each input sample. Estimated time it takes to run an analysis code: 15 seconds per 1M events
To clean all shared libraries:
./clean.sh
or
source clean.sh
Plotting
The plotting code is located in the Plotting folder. Compile the plotting code with: make
- Run the code with:
./plot [WBosonAnalysis, ZBosonAnalysis, TTbarAnalysis, DiBosonAnalysis, HWWAnalysis, ZPrimeAnalysis] [location of OutputDir_AnalysisName]
Here you have to choose 1.) which analysis you will run and 2.) where is the output of the analysis code you produced
-
The plots are saved inside the directory "histograms", don't forget to rename in case you run over several analyses
-
Which histograms are being produced? This is controlled by the input file "HistoList_ANALYSISNAME.txt" inside list_histos
-
Do you want to add a new plot? just add the name of it in this file (of course it has to exist in the output from the analysis code)
-
In case you changed the Plotting code, clean first: make clean; make
-
Auxiliary: Files.txt contains the name, cross-section, sum of weights and efficiency for each of the MC samples. DO NOT CHANGE!
How to add a new variable and plot it
- Add in the header (NNAnalysis.h) the new histogram:
TH1F *h_new = 0;
- Add in the main analysis code (NNAnalysis.C) the calculation of the new variable:
float new_variable = jet_n;
- Add in NNAnalysisHistograms.h
- in define_histograms():
h_new = new TH1F("h_new", "Description of the new variable; X axis name ; Y axis name ", number of bins , min bin , max bin);
- in FillOutputList()
GetOutputList()->Add(h_new);
- in WriteHistograms()
h_new->Write();
- in FillHistograms()
if (s.Contains("h_new")) h_new->Fill(m,w);
- Now finally add in
NNAnalysis.C
the connection between the new variable and the new histogram
FillHistograms( new_variable, weight, "h_new");
where "new_variable" is the new variable you calculated in 2.
-
now run the code again over all the samples
-
Go to
PlottingCode/list_histos
- in
HistoList_NNAnalysis.txt
add one new line:
h_new
- run the plotting code and you will find the new histogram in
histograms/h_new.png
!


Created by Dani Budinova-Spahieva
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The culture of an organization is a critical success factor in its process improvement ef- forts. "Culture" includes a set of shared values and principles that guide the behaviors, activities, priorities, and decisions of a group of people working in the same area. When coworkers align along common beliefs, it is easier to induce changes that will increase the group's effectiveness and its probability of survival. A shared culture is one difference between a "team" and a "bunch of bozos on a bus.
Any successful enterprise requires that you both do the right thing, and do the thing right. We ex- pect that professional software developers know how to do the "thing" right. Doing the right thing, though, requires an unambiguous understanding of what your customer expects. To this end, we strive to maximize participation of our customers in our development activities.
The classic failure of software development is that the product delivered only vaguely matches the expectations of the customer. Every project, even small ones developing internally reusable software components, goes through a formal, written requirements specification process If you don't have time to do it right, when will you have time to do it over?
You can't buy a culture in shrink-wrap; you must roll your own. Every software team works in a different context of expectations, pressures, application domains, and technolo- gies. The process of agreeing upon principles and values provides many opportunities for im- proving both the work environment and the work results. A shared culture is essential to progress through the software process maturity sequence to the discipline of repeatable and measurable software development processes.
Associated with providing poor quality products or services. Categories:
is a methodology that allows an organization to determine the extent to which its resources are used for activities that prevent poor quality, that appraise the quality of the organization's products or services, and that result from internal and external failures. Having such information allows an organization to determine the potential savings to be gained by implementing process improvements.
Quality-related activities that incur costs may be divided into:
Incurred to prevent or avoid quality problems. Associated with the design, implementation, and maintenance of the quality management system. Planned and incurred before actual operation, and they could include:
Associated with measuring and monitoring activities related to quality. These costs are associated with the suppliers' and customers' evaluation of purchased materials, processes, products, and services to ensure that they conform to specifications. They could include:
Incurred to remedy defects discovered before the product or service is delivered to the customer. These costs occur when the results of work fail to reach design quality standards and are detected before they are transferred to the customer. They could include:
Incurred to remedy defects discovered by customers. These costs occur when products or services that fail to reach design quality standards are not detected until after transfer to the customer. They could include:
The costs of doing a quality job, conducting quality improvements, and achieving goals must be carefully managed so that the long-term effect of quality on the organization is a desirable one. The quality cost system, once established, should become dynamic and have a positive impact on the achievement of the organization's mission, goals, and objectives.
The official ISO 9126 documentation software quality model identifies 6 main quality characteristics, namely:
Testing does not exist in isolation, test activities are related to software development activities. Different development life cycle models need different approaches to testing. There are various Software development models or methodologies. https://istqbexamcertification.com/what-are-the-software-development-models/
Software Development Models:
Software underpins nearly every business process. Therefore it's essential to lower the cost of testing and improve the quality of your software. These four pointers will help you improve software quality and improve testing efficiency.
By testing earlier you will be able to detect and solve defects rather than having to resolve them at the end of the process. The later software bugs are detected, the longer and more expensive they are to resolve. Fixing bugs early can be a game-changer. The firm cut development time by 25 percent and bug fixing costs by 31 percent. Get testers involved during the requirements and design stage so they can help formulate a more effective test framework. More than 70 percent of software issues in a live environment can be traced back to poor requirements. Implement Static testing early in the life cycle to give immediate reactions on quality issues regarding your software development.
Be professional in your testing or risk harming your business. Implement specific policies to direct a consistent approach like using repeatable industry standard testing processes and training testers within this framework. Remember: Use metrics. This helps keep track of where you are ensuring that you don't start before you're ready, and you finish when you're done to prevent wasted bandwidth.
Write automated tests wherever possible to make your testing process more efficient. Make sure that your testing is targeted too. By using test design techniques and risk-based testing you can make sure that you will be using fewer, but more worthwhile tests.
You can have too much of a good thing. Just because certain methods have worked in the past doesn't mean they always will. Processes of evaluation and refactoring allow your testing team to maximise efficiency by reviewing what worked well. Implement a Root cause analysis process which distinguishes whether issues were a 'testing miss', a 'development miss' or a 'requirements or design miss'. This will help to identify areas for improvement throughout the whole software development process.
In software engineering, software system safety optimizes system safety in the design, development, use, and maintenance of software systems and their integration with safety-critical hardware systems in an operational environment. There are three major types of software failure. Not all of these can be rectified by the programmers. The three types are:
https://www.fmeainfocentre.com/handbooks/2005-01-0785.pdf - Main source for techniques
https://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~johnson/teaching/safety/reports/Clif_Ericson1.htm
https://www.msha.gov/TECHSUPP/ACC/sysafety/softsafe32.pdf
https://satc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assure/distasst.pdf
https://www.embedded.com/columns/technicalinsights/19201765?_requestid=471140
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis
Cross-Site Scripting (safe XSS).html
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).html


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Spin Box Delegate Example
The model/view framework provides a standard delegate that is used by default with the standard view classes. For most purposes, the selection of editor widgets available through this delegate is sufficient for editing text, boolean values, and other simple data types. However, for specific data types, it is sometimes necessary to use a custom delegate to either display the data in a specific way, or allow the user to edit it with a custom control.
This concepts behind this example are covered in the Delegate Classes chapter of the Model/View Programming overview.
SpinBoxDelegate Class Definition
The definition of the delegate is as follows:
class SpinBoxDelegate : public QStyledItemDelegate { Q_OBJECT public: SpinBoxDelegate(QObject *parent = 0); QWidget *createEditor(QWidget *parent, const QStyleOptionViewItem &option, const QModelIndex &index) const override; void setEditorData(QWidget *editor, const QModelIndex &index) const override; void setModelData(QWidget *editor, QAbstractItemModel *model, const QModelIndex &index) const override; void updateEditorGeometry(QWidget *editor, const QStyleOptionViewItem &option, const QModelIndex &index) const override; };
The delegate class declares only those functions that are needed to create an editor widget, display it at the correct location in a view, and communicate with a model. Custom delegates can also provide their own painting code by reimplementing the paintEvent()
function. Furthermore it is also possible to reuse (and avoid deleting) the editor widget by reimplementing the destroyEditor() function. A reused widget could be a mutable member created in the constructor and deleted in the destructor.
SpinBoxDelegate Class Implementation
Delegates are often stateless. The constructor only needs to call the base class's constructor with the parent QObject as its argument:
SpinBoxDelegate::SpinBoxDelegate(QObject *parent) : QStyledItemDelegate(parent) { }
Since the delegate is a subclass of QStyledItemDelegate, the data it retrieves from the model is displayed in a default style, and we do not need to provide a custom paintEvent()
.
The createEditor()
function returns an editor widget, in this case a spin box that restricts values from the model to integers from 0 to 100 inclusive.
QWidget *SpinBoxDelegate::createEditor(QWidget *parent, const QStyleOptionViewItem &/* option */, const QModelIndex &/* index */) const { QSpinBox *editor = new QSpinBox(parent); editor->setFrame(false); editor->setMinimum(0); editor->setMaximum(100); return editor; }
We install an event filter on the spin box to ensure that it behaves in a way that is consistent with other delegates. The implementation for the event filter is provided by the base class.
The setEditorData()
function reads data from the model, converts it to an integer value, and writes it to the editor widget.
void SpinBoxDelegate::setEditorData(QWidget *editor, const QModelIndex &index) const { int value = index.model()->data(index, Qt::EditRole).toInt(); QSpinBox *spinBox = static_cast<QSpinBox*>(editor); spinBox->setValue(value); }
Since the view treats delegates as ordinary QWidget instances, we have to use a static cast before we can set the value in the spin box.
The setModelData()
function reads the contents of the spin box, and writes it to the model.
void SpinBoxDelegate::setModelData(QWidget *editor, QAbstractItemModel *model, const QModelIndex &index) const { QSpinBox *spinBox = static_cast<QSpinBox*>(editor); spinBox->interpretText(); int value = spinBox->value(); model->setData(index, value, Qt::EditRole); }
We call interpretText() to make sure that we obtain the most up-to-date value in the spin box.
The updateEditorGeometry()
function updates the editor widget's geometry using the information supplied in the style option. This is the minimum that the delegate must do in this case.
void SpinBoxDelegate::updateEditorGeometry(QWidget *editor, const QStyleOptionViewItem &option, const QModelIndex &/* index */) const { editor->setGeometry(option.rect); }
More complex editor widgets may divide the rectangle available in option.rect
between different child widgets if required.
The Main Function
This example is written in a slightly different way to many of the other examples supplied with Qt. To demonstrate the use of a custom editor widget in a standard view, it is necessary to set up a model containing some arbitrary data and a view to display it.
We set up the application in the normal way, construct a standard item model to hold some data, set up a table view to use the data in the model, and construct a custom delegate to use for editing:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { QApplication app(argc, argv); QStandardItemModel model(4, 2); QTableView tableView; tableView.setModel(&model); SpinBoxDelegate delegate; tableView.setItemDelegate(&delegate);
The table view is informed about the delegate, and will use it to display each of the items. Since the delegate is a subclass of QStyledItemDelegate, each cell in the table will be rendered using standard painting operations.
We insert some arbitrary data into the model for demonstration purposes:
for (int row = 0; row < 4; ++row) { for (int column = 0; column < 2; ++column) { QModelIndex index = model.index(row, column, QModelIndex()); model.setData(index, QVariant((row + 1) * (column + 1))); } }
Finally, the table view is displayed with a window title, and we start the application's event loop:
tableView.setWindowTitle(QObject::tr("Spin Box Delegate")); tableView.show(); return app.exec(); }
Each of the cells in the table can now be edited in the usual way, but the spin box ensures that the data returned to the model is always constrained by the values allowed by the spin box delegate.
Files:


While the documents annexed to the Writ Petition reflect some teachers being transferred within the present 31 Districts, the petitioners allege that such transfers were for extraneous reasons. While transfer of a select few teachers, just on the eve of the 2018 Rules being made and notified on 06.06.2018, does create doubts on the legitimacy of such transfers, it is only if those, who were extended the benefit of such transfers, are arrayed as respondents in the Writ Petition, and are afforded an opportunity of filing their counter-affidavits, can this question be examined.
As elaborate arguments were advanced in these Writ Petitions, on several other issues, we had asked the Learned Senior Counsel and the Learned Counsel for the petitioners, and the Learned Additional Advocate-General appearing on behalf of the respondents, whether these Writ Petitions could be finally disposed of at the stage of admission itself. We had also pointed out that, while the legal contentions urged by Learned Senior Counsel and Learned Counsel on either side could be examined without the respondents being called upon to file their counter-affidavit, this contention, of transfers being effected for extraneous reasons, could only be examined after counter-affidavits are filed by them.
Both Sri S. Ramachander Rao and Sri M. Surender Rao, Learned Senior Counsel, fairly stated that, with a view to enable the Court to finally decide the Writ Petitions even in the absence of counter-affidavits being filed by the respondents, they did not press for an adjudication on this issue. Learned Additional Advocate-General, appearing for the State of Telangana, also agreed that these Writ Petitions could be finally decided even though no counter-affidavit has been filed on behalf of the respondents. We, therefore, refrain from adjudicating the contentions urged under this head. Suffice it to leave these questions open for consideration in independent legal proceedings, if any, instituted by the petitioners herein later. XIII: OTHER CONTENTIONS:
(A). IS RESORT TO WEB-COUNSELLING, FOR EFFECTING TRANSFERS, ILLEGAL?
It is contended, on behalf of the petitioners, that Rule 2 of the 2018 Rules mandates that transfers shall be made by way of online/web counselling, though none of the teachers have knowledge of web counselling; if on-line/web counselling is allowed, almost all teachers would be required to opt for more than 3000 schools which is an impossible task; as this on-line/web counselling failed in the State of A.P, it had reverted to off-line counselling; yet the respondents are insisting on web counselling; and their action is arbitrary and illegal.
Regarding the petitioners complaint of lack of knowledge of web counseling, on the basis of which transfers are sought to be effected, it can justifiably be contended that it would be difficult for those, ignorant of its nuances, to exercise their option through this process. Learned Additional Advocate-General would submit that the process of web counseling has been resorted to only with a view to avoid the possibility of officials being influenced, by those who are now subjected to transfer, to transfer them to a place of their choice. It is unnecessary for us to dwell on this issue since difficulties, if any, faced by a section of the teachers would not, by itself, justify the 2018 Rules being struck down. Suffice it to observe that if those, who are unfamiliar with the web counseling process, seek assistance, the State Government should provide them necessary guidance to enable them to exercise their option through the web counseling process. As resort to web counseling cannot, by itself, be said to violate Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, we find it difficult to agree with the submission, urged on behalf of the petitioners, that resort to the web counseling process, for effecting transfers, is illegal and unconstitutional.
(B). IS FAILURE TO GIVE SPOUSE CASES TOP PRIORITY, IN THE 2018 RULES, FATAL?
It is contended, on behalf of the petitioners, that, while effecting transfers in all departments, spouse cases are being given first priority; strangely, in the impugned rules, instead of giving first priority to spouse cases, the respondents are giving only ten points which is nothing but class discrimination.
While statutory Rules, or Rules made under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India, can be struck down if it is contrary to the provisions of the Constitution, including Part-III thereof, what the petitioners, in effect, seek from this Court is to include spouse cases as the first priority in the 2018 Rules. It would be wholly impermissible for this Court to undertake any such exercise, since that would not only result in judicial legislation, but would also amount to the Court usurping the Rule making power of the Government regarding which category should be given top priority. These are all matters for the Rule making authority to decide, and not for this Court to impose. It is only if persons similarly situated are treated differently can the plea of discrimination be sustained. Whether spouse cases should be given first priority, or whether such category of teachers should be given 10 points instead, are matters for the Government, in its wisdom, to prescribe and, save violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, no interference is called for. (C). ARE PROMOTIONS REQUIRED TO BE MADE BEFORE EFFECTING TRANSFERS?
It is contended, on behalf of the petitioners, that it is the practice in vogue, for the last several years, that, before effecting transfers, promotions are made; as per G.O.Ms. No.32 dated 12.09.2016, the respondents are required to effect promotions every year; the respondents had effected promotions before transfers in 2015; though the petitioners were awaiting promotions for the last three years, and though there are vacancies, the respondents, without giving promotions, are seeking to effect transfers at the cost of students.
No Rule, either under Article 309 of the Constitution of India or under any Statute, has been brought to our notice which obligates the State Government to always make promotions before effecting transfers. The mere fact that such a practice is said to have existed earlier cannot, in the absence of any such statutory obligation on the Government to do so, be said to have violated any of the petitioners rights. This contention is only to be noted to be rejected.
XIV. IS RULE 4 OF THE 2018 RULES, IN MAKING THE DISTRICT EDUCATIONAL OFFICER OF THE ERSTWHILE 10 DISTRICTS, AS THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY, ULTRA-VIRES ARTICLES 14 AND 16 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA?
It is contended on behalf of teachers, appointed and working in Zilla Parishad schools, that the petitioners cannot be subjected to the control of the erstwhile District Educational Officers; and it is the existing District Educational Officers, of the newly constituted 31 districts, who are alone the competent authority; the DEOs of the erstwhile revenue districts should not have been named as the competent authority for issue of transfer and posting orders; and though the post of District Educational Officers, of the erstwhile ten districts, are not in existence, strangely Rule 4 states that, for effecting transfers, the District Educational Officers of the erstwhile ten districts shall consult the District Educational Officer of the newly formed 31 districts.
Learned Additional Advocate-General, appearing on behalf of the respondents, would submit that, in the place of the erstwhile District Educational Officers, the Regional Joint Director of School Education will be asked to issue transfer and posting orders duly effecting transfers on the basis of the erstwhile district as a Unit, and management wise.
Rule 4 of the 2018 Rules relates to the competent authority for issue of transfer and posting orders and, thereunder, the District Educational Officer of the erstwhile Revenue District shall consult the District Educational Officers of the newly formed 31 Districts in effecting transfers. It is not in dispute that, consequent on the formation of 31 new revenue Districts, District Educational Officers have been appointed in each of these 31 Districts of the State of Telangana, and there is no post of District Educational Officer now in existence in relation to the erstwhile ten Districts. Since the State Government has chosen to appoint District Educational Officers in each of the new 31 Districts, and these officers no longer exercise jurisdiction over the erstwhile ten Districts, Rule 4, whereunder the District Educational Officer of the erstwhile ten Revenue Districts are designated as the competent authority to effect transfer of School Assistants/SGTs and equivalent cadres, is irrational, since a non-existent authority has been made the competent authority for issuing transfer and posting orders.
The 1975 Presidential Order does not prescribe who should be the competent authority for appointment, promotion, transfers etc. It only requires a District to be treated as a unit for the organisation of certain local cadres, and as a local area in certain contingencies, and stipulates the erstwhile ten Districts as such Units. As the 1975 Presidential Order has no application, in the context of Rule 4 of 2018 Rules, the State Government was not obligated to prescribe that the DEOs of the erstwhile ten Districts should be the competent authority when there is no longer such a post in existence. Prescription of a non-existent competent authority, as the person to effect transfers, is irrational and unreasonable, and is in violation of Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. Rule 4 of the 2018 Rules is therefore ultravires Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India, and is liable to be struck down.
XV. CONCLUSION:
While we find no merit in the submissions put forth on behalf of the petitioners, on all other contentions, as indicated hereinabove, we are satisfied that Rule 4 of the 2018 Rules, which prescribes the District Educational Officers of the erstwhile Districts as the competent authority to effect transfers of teachers in local body schools, (which post is no longer in existence consequent on 31 District Educational Officers being appointed to the newly formed 31 Districts), is ultravires Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. Rule 4 of the Rules, notified in G.O.Ms. No.16 dated 06.06.2018, is therefore declared unconstitutional. All the Writ Petitions are, accordingly, disposed of. The miscellaneous petitions pending, if any, shall stand closed. No costs.
_________________________________ (RAMESH RANGANATHAN, ACJ) _________________ (J. UMA DEVI, J) Date: 02.07.2018.


Typed Drag'n'drop. Some nodes from firstTree have disabled actions.
firstTree. Between Dnd mode. Accepts firstTree only.
MyTree


The edit... Colourful winter jumpers – in pictures
by Jo JonesBrighten up these short, dark days with vibrant knitwear in bold patterns
Argyle, £195, Pringle Reissued at pringlescotland.com
This article contains affiliate links, which means we may earn a small commission if a reader clicks through and makes a purchase. All our journalism is independent and is in no way influenced by any advertiser or commercial initiative. By clicking on an affiliate link, you accept that third-party cookies will be set. More information.
Red animal print turtleneck, £115, arket.com
Mohair and wool, £25.99, zara.com
Puff sleeve, £370, ganni.com
Wave pattern, £95, stories.com
Star print, £36.96, gap.co.uk
Brown geometric, £189, whistles.com
Leopard print, £19.99, hm.com
Mohair blend, £510, Isabel Marant at net-a-porter.com
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Brown cable knit, £35, marksandspencer.com
Red leopard and zebra print, £210, essentiel-antwerp.com


The mission of the website is to showcase the hobbies, interest, and talent of us - the web designers. The focus of this website is mostly to show our artworks and the games we play. We decided to pick something quite unique yet inspiring which is to focus on combining two concepts or art which is gaming and traditional art with slight interest of animation.
Many people don’t take art into their consideration as something that can hold up a business. This is a disaster for every artist. They assume it to be a waste of time, money and materials. People often expect their work to be free which can be an insult or something discouraging. Knowing that what medium they use to accomplish the final output can actually be quite expensive.
This is why they do deserve something in return as well. People must understand how much work they put in finishing on piece. Everything required time and especially patience. In other words, the main mission is to spread awareness that art is definitely worth the time and effort.
I'm 18 years old. The first two in the portfolio is my work. I love watching anime and making arts. You can know more about me in my Facebook profile. Just click the link below.
FacebookI'm 19 years old. I'm half Filipino and half Pakistani. The next two artwork in the portfolio is my work. You can know more about me in my Facebook profile. Just click the link below.
FacebookI'm from South Korea. Among us, I'm the one who likes gaming the most. You can know more about me in my Facebook profile. Just click the link below.
Facebook


An enum type (enumeration) is a special kind of Java class that enables for a variable to be a set of the predefined constant. The variable of an enum type is equal to one of the predefined constants.
According to the Java Code Convention, constants in an enum are written in uppercase letters.
Here is an example:
public enum Season {
SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER
}
The keyword enum
is needed to declare a new enum type. Inside the body, all season constants are enumerated.
Here are a few other samples of enums:
Season
type:Season summer = Season.SUMMER; // SUMMER
Season autumn = Season.AUTUMN; // AUTUMN
equals
and the operator ==
.System.out.println(summer.equals(Season.SUMMER)); // true
System.out.println(summer == Season.SUMMER); // true
System.out.println(autumn.equals(Season.AUTUMN)); // true
System.out.println(autumn == Season.AUTUMN); // true
System.out.println(summer.equals(autumn)); // false
System.out.println(summer == autumn); // false
Season[] seasons = Season.values(); // [SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER]
Season season = Season.valueOf("AUTUMN"); // AUTUMN
Season winter = Season.valueOf("winter"); // IllegalArgumentException, valueOf is case-sensitive
toString
or name
:String winter = Season.WINTER.name(); // WINTER
String autumn = Season.AUTUMN.toString(); // AUTUMN
An enum type can be used in the switch statement.
For example, here is an enum with three possible user statuses:
public enum UserStatus {
PENDING, ACTIVE, BLOCKED
}
Depending on the status, it is possible to perform different logic using the switch statement.
See the example below.
UserStatus status = ... // some status
switch (status) {
case PENDING:
System.out.println("You need to wait a little.");
break;
case ACTIVE:
System.out.println("No problems, you may pass here.");
break;
case BLOCKED:
System.out.println("Stop! You can't pass here.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Unsupported enum constant.");
}
Depending on a value of the variable status this code outputs different message.
Enumerated types can include fields and methods.
Let's see an example. In a payment service, there are transactions exist. Each transaction has a status:
WAITING
- a transaction is created and waits for processing;PROCESSING
- a transaction is still in processing;COMPLETED
- a transaction is completed;ERROR
- an error happens during processing.Two statuses COMPLETED
and ERROR
are final for a transaction. It's done and won't be processed anymore.
public enum TransactionStatus {
WAITING(false),
PROCESSING(false),
COMPLETED(true),
ERROR(true);
private boolean done;
TransactionStatus(boolean done) {
this.done = done;
}
public boolean isDone() {
return done;
}
}
done
, a single constructor that takes a boolean variable and the method
isDone
. Each enum constant is declared with a boolean value (done or not). The value is passed to the constructor when the constant is created.
Java requires that the constants be defined first, prior to any fields or methods. Also, when there are fields and methods, the list of enum constants must end with a semicolon.
public class TransactionStatusDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
printFullStatus(TransactionStatus.WAITING);
printFullStatus(TransactionStatus.PROCESSING);
printFullStatus(TransactionStatus.COMPLETED);
printFullStatus(TransactionStatus.ERROR);
}
private static void printFullStatus(TransactionStatus status) {
System.out.println("Status: " + status + ", is finished: " + status.isDone());
}
}
Status: WAITING, is finished: false
Status: PROCESSING, is finished: false
Status: COMPLETED, is finished: true
Status: ERROR, is finished: true
AN_ENUM_CONSTANT(value1, value2, ... valueN)


Rules
Click on a card to reveal the number on the other side. Click on a second card to try and find a match to the first. If you succeed, the pair will be removed from play. If not, try again!
How to win
You win when all pairs have been found.


|
SUKKUR IBA UNIVERSITY Merit-Quality-Excellence DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING |
|
PID Tuning: |
PID tuning is the last and an essential part of this project. PID is basically an acronym for proportional-integral-derivative which is a control loop mechanism mostly used in industrial control systems. As its name implies, it combines proportional control with additional integral and derivative adjustments which helps a system to automatically compensate any changes that occur. As stabilization is very important for any drone because it is inherently unstable due to its six degrees of freedom. So we need to use a mechanism, like PID control, to adjust the moments of the drone. Due to an issue in one of the motors of our designed quadcopter we were unable to perform PID in a proper way, however we understood the PID control mechanism. Here we present the steps on how PID tuning can be done through the GUI interface of the Multiwii platform. |
|
Step 1: |
First of all we need to hang our quadcopter in the air using rubber bands or threads in such a way that it can move in all three-axis so that we can check its pitch,yaw, and roll controls. In our case we used threads and hung it between four sticks. We kept the threads a little loose so that the quadcopter can easily move according to the control signals. |
|
Step 2: |
Second step includes connecting the flight controller with the computer. We connected our flight controller through FTDI cable. One thing important to note here is that before connecting FTDI or any other USB cable with PC, battery from quadcopter should be removed, otherwise it will cause severe damage to PC. |
|
Step 3: |
Next step is to open the config GUI interface and choose the right port through which the flight controller is connected. Once connection is done, ‘select port’ option will turn into green. |
|
|
|
Step 4: |
After done with connection, we need to first change the P values from GUI. In most of the cases we only change roll, pitch and yaw values from P settings. To change the values we need to click on a label, like roll, and slide the courser to the right or left to increase or decrease the values. At this moment we need to keep other parameters, I and D , at zero. When we kept the value of P very low, the quadcopter started to wobble, so we increased the P values to a point where it seems to be pretty stable. But when we increased the P values too much, the drone started shaking very quickly. By analyzing these moments we found the correct P values for our quadcopter and by pressing the write button, which is located at the bottom left of PID settings, we uploaded new PID values to our flight controller. |
|
Step 5: |
Next is to change I parameters. For this we need to keep I peramenters at a certain value and then apply an external force. If I values are correct, the drone will try to compensate for any change and try to recover its position. In our case we kept P parameter values greater than I parameter values so that P gain should be a little greater than I gain. If values are not set according to this condition, then the quadcopter overcorrects the angle and rather than being stable horizontally, it moves a little to the right side or left while recovering to its original position. After finding correct values we again pressed write button to save the new PID values. |
|
Step 6: |
Last step is to change D parameters. D settings are important if we want to make a quadcopter that performs complex maneuvers like very quick turns to left or right. If we can not adjust D parameters correctly than, while taking turns, our quadcopter will shake rather than being solid. For this we constantly monitored the behaviour of the quadcopter and adjusted D parameters. After this we again press the write button to save the new PID values. |
Here is a video on how to change PID values from config GUI and how to load updated PID values on flight controller. |
| Prev | Next |


|
2001-2002
Season Team Awards Team Ringo, 3rd Place, National Championship Tournament Team John, 6th Place, Joliet Regional Team John, Bid to National Tournament Team Paul, 4th Place, South Bend Regional Team Paul, Bid to National Tournament Team Ringo, 1st Place, South Bend Regional Team Ringo, Bid to National Championship Tournament Team John, 1st Place, EIU Invitational Team Ringo, 5th Place, Iowa Invitational Individual Awards Carter Stewart, Outstanding Attorney, Joliet Regional Nick Tarasen, Outstanding Attorney, Joliet Regional Nick Tarasen, Outstanding Witness, Joliet Regional Tim Schwarz, Outstanding Witness, Joliet Regional Elizabeth Hamlin, Outstanding Attorney, South Bend Regional Kevin Curran, Outstanding Attorney, South Bend Regional Nicky Neulist, Outstanding Witness, South Bend Regional Kevin Curran, Outstanding Attorney, Northwestern Invitational Nicole Chaudhari, Outstanding Witness, Northwestern Invitational Elizabeth Hamlin, Outstanding Attorney, Miami of Ohio Invitational Nicky Neulist, Outstanding Witness, Iowa Invitational |


DECONSTRUCTING HARRY A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1997 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
"Six shrinks later, three wives down the line, and I still can't get my life together," Harry Block tells his psychiatrist in DECONSTRUCTING HARRY. Woody Allen, playing Harry as a parody of himself, is back. With his usual self-deprecating humor, he spends copious time with his shrink, and, as always, he obsesses over sex. At his son's grade school, Harry advises his little boy, "The two most important things are the work that you choose and sex."
Woody surrounds himself with a cornucopia of friends (Kirstie Alley, Richard Benjamin, Eric Bogosian, Billy Crystal, Judy Davis, Mariel Hemingway, Amy Irving, Julie Kavner, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Demi Moore, Elisabeth Shue, Stanley Tucci and Robin Williams among others),creating too much of a distraction as these excellent actors parade through the movie. The jumbled result is a frequently humorous show -- although there are not as many big laughs as in most Allen films -- that disappoints as often as it surprises. Still, a mediocre Woody Allen comedy is better than the best films of some directors.
As in THE PURPLE ROSE OF CAIRO, Allen plays games with reality and fiction and upsets the time-space continuum. Harry Block is a writer of semi-autobiographical tales. In one of the more interesting twists, most of the roles in the picture are played by two characters. There are the movie's main characters and the ones from Harry's book and short stories, who in turn are modeled on the main characters.
To complicate things further, Harry's stories constantly mock Woody Allen's recent troubles. Harry describes himself, for example, as "a guy who can't function well in life but can in art." Or as his psychiatrist tells him, "You expect the world to adapt to the distortion you've become."
DECONSTRUCTING HARRY is filled with vignettes of comedic anger, and, like most of Allen's works, it pokes fun at his fellow Jews. After several dozen movies, most of Allen's characters seem to be repeats from his previous movies. The two fresh ones this time are newcomer Hazelle Goodman's black hooker role and Robin Williams's fuzzy part.
Robin Williams plays a actor named Mel, who gets "soft" during the filming of a movie. He gets out of focus, and there is nothing they can do to sharpen him up again. ("Daddy's out of focus, Daddy's out of focus," his son taunts him.)
Woody looks older and more tired than ever in DECONSTRUCTING HARRY, but he can still turn a phrase and create an unforgettable image. Although his recreation of hell with Billy Crystal as the devil shows no spark of creativity, his rendering of a Bar Mitzvah with a STAR WARS theme does.
The lightweight story eventually runs out of gas and stops, but it provides little to take away other than some fleeting humor. Just a year ago, Woody's EVERYONE SAYS I LOVE YOU proved that Woody still possesses his genius. Let's hope for better things next time from Woody than DECONSTRUCTING HARRY.
DECONSTRUCTING HARRY runs 1:35. The film is rated R for profanity, sex, brief nudity and some dope smoking. It would be fine for older teenagers.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
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Joseph Sheedy
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Git repository: https://github.com/UWPCE-PythonCert/Python300-SystemDevelopmentWithPython-Spring-2014
Python is an evolving language. As of Python 2.2, we have old-style and new-style classes. The distinction disappears in Python 3.
New-style classes were introduced to unify user defined classes and built-in types.
This allows the extension of built-in types, for instance
To make a new-style class, derive from any other new-style class, or object
class C(object):
def __init__(self):
# wham, new style class
pass
You almost always want new-style classes.
properties, super(), etc. do not work with old-style classes.
The class of Class is a metaclass
a metaclass can be used to dynamically create a class
the metaclass, being a class, has a metaclass
The base metaclass is type
Fancy word, but you can think of it this way:
type? Type: type String Form:Namespace: Python builtin Docstring: type(object) -> the object's type type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type
So what type is type?
Hold on...
type(type) Out[1]: type
With one argument, type()
returns the type of the argument
With 3 arguments, type()
returns a new class
type(name_of_the_class, tuple_of_the_parent_classes # (for inheritance, can be empty), dict_containing_attribute_names_and_values)
using the class keyword is more syntactic sugar, we can get by without it
class MyClass(object):
x = 1
OR
MyClass = type('MyClass', (), {'x': 1})
(object
is automatically a superclass)
type()
Just define a function with the correct signature and add it to the attr dictionary
def my_method(self):
print "called my_method, x = %s" % self.x
MyClass = type('MyClass',(), {'x': 1, 'my_method': my_method})
o = MyClass()
o.my_method()
Consider wanting a metaclass which mangles all attribute names to provide uppercase and lower case attributes
class Foo(object):
__metaclass__ = NameMangler
x = 1
f = Foo()
print f.X
print f.x
class NameMangler(type):
def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, dct):
uppercase_attr = {}
for name, val in dct.items():
if not name.startswith('__'):
uppercase_attr[name.upper()] = val
uppercase_attr[name] = val
else:
uppercase_attr[name] = val
return super(NameMangler, cls).__new__(cls, clsname, bases, uppercase_attr)
class Foo(object):
__metaclass__ = NameMangler
x = 1
In the repository, find and run week-03/metaclasses/examples/mangler.py
Do you understand what's happening?
Modify the NameMangler metaclass such that setting an attribute f.x also sets f.xx
This is complex stuff
It can be helpful to read other's explaination of all this
Here are a few good ones:
/


| Home | Libraries | People | FAQ | More |
This section illustrates how to setup a system to use this library.
Programmers should be able to start using this library after reading Introduction, Getting Started, and Tutorial. Other sections of this documentation (e.g., Advanced and Extras) can be consulted at a later point to gain a more in-depth knowledge of the library. Contract Programming Overview can be skipped by programmers that are already well familiar with the contract programming methodology.
Some of the source code of the examples linked by this documentation contain
special code comments of the form //[...
and //]
. These mark sections
of the code that are automatically extracted from the source and presented
as part of this documentation. [6] Also the purpose of all examples in this documentation is to
illustrate how to use this library and not to represent real product code.
Some footnotes are marked by the word "Rationale". These explain reasons behind decisions made during the design and implementation of this library.
In general, this library requires a C++ compiler with support for SFINAE and other template meta-programming techniques part of the C++03 standard. This library requires Boost (Boost.Optional, Boost.Thread, Boost.FunctionTypes, Boost.Traits, Boost.MPL, etc.).
It is possible to use this library without C++11 lambda functions but a large amount of boiler-plate code is required to manually program separate functor to specify preconditions, postconditions, etc. (so using this library without C++11 lambda functions is possible but not recommended, see No Lambda Functions). It is also possible to use this library without variadic macros by manually programming a small amount of boiler-plate code (but most if not all modern C++ compilers support variadic macros even before C++99 and C++11 so this should never be needed in practice, see No Macros).
Some parts of this documentation use an operator type-of(...)
to indicate an operator logically equivalent to C++11 decltype(...)
. However, this library implementation
does not actually use type deduction in these cases (because the library
already knows the types in question) so support for C++11 decltype
and other type-of implementations are not actually required by this library
(that is why type-of
and not the
real decltype
operator is used
in this documentation).
This library has been developed and tested using:
cl
version 19.00.24215.1).
-std=c++11
).
-std=c++11
).
Let lib-root
be the directory under
which this library source files have been installed. This library flies are
organized as follows:
lib-root/ # Directory where this library files were installed.
build/ # Build files (using Boost.Jam).
doc/ # Documentation (using Boost.QuickBook).
html/ # This documentation (HTML).
example/ # Examples (including those listed in this documentation).
include/
boost/
contract.hpp # Include all headers at once.
contract/ # Header files to be included one-by-one.
core/ # Fundamental headers (usually indirectly included by other headers).
detail/ # Implementation code (should never be included or used directly).
src/ # Library source code to be compiled.
test/ # Tests.
All headers required by this library can be included at once by:
#include <boost/contract.hpp>
Alternatively, all boost/contract/*.hpp
headers are independent
from one another and they can be selectively included one-by-one based on
the specific functionality of this library being used (this might somewhat
reduce compilation time). The boost/contract/core/*.hpp
headers are not independent from other headers and they do not need to be
directly included in user code when boost/contract.hpp
or boost/contract/*.hpp
headers are included already.
Files in boost/contract/detail/
, names in the boost::contract::detail
namespace, macros starting with
BOOST_CONTRACT_DETAIL...
,
and all names starting with boost_contract_detail...
(in any namespace, including user-defined
namespaces) are part of this library implementation and should never be used
directly in user code.
Names starting with BOOST_CONTRACT_ERROR...
are used by this library to report some
compile-time errors (so spotting these names in compiler error messages might
help troubleshooting).
Let lib-root
be the directory under
which this library source files have been installed. Let boost-root
be the directory under which Boost source code has been installed and compiled
following Boost's documentation (if pre-compiled Boost distributions are
used instead, the lib-boost/include
and lib-boost/stage/lib
directories
below might be replaced by /usr/include
and /usr/lib
or similar directories depending on the specific Boost distribution, OS,
etc.).
The steps below show how to compile this library as a shared library (a.k.a.,
Dynamically Linked Library or DLL) and then compile and run a sample program
that uses this library (the introduction.cpp
program shown in Introduction
is used as an example).
| Warning | |
|---|---|
|
By default, this library is compiled as a shared library (in which case
this library automatically defines the
The use of |
Using MSVC on Windows (from a developer command prompt that automatically
invokes the correct vcvarsall.bat
):
> cd lib-root\build > cl lib-root\src\contract.cpp /MDd /EHs -I lib-root\include -I boost-root /link /DLL /LIBPATH:boost-root\stage\lib /out:boost_contract.dll
> cd lib-root\example\features > cl introduction.cpp /MDd /EHs -I lib-root\include -I boost-root /link /LIBPATH:boost-root\stage\lib lib-root\build\boost_contract.lib
> set PATH=%PATH%;lib-root\build
> introduction
Using GCC on Cygwin (or some Linux-like OS):
$ cd lib-root/build $ g++ lib-root/src/contract.cpp -std=c++11 -shared -I lib-root/include -I boost-root boost-root/stage/lib/libboost_system.a -o boost_contract.dll
$ cd lib-root/example/features $ g++ introduction.cpp -std=c++11 -I lib-root/include -I boost-root lib-root/build/boost_contract.dll -o introduction
$ export PATH=$PATH:lib-root/build
$ ./introduction
The above steps also work for Clang replacing g++
with
clang++
.
Alternatively, programmers can setup their build environments (BJam, Make,
CMake, MSBuild, etc.) to compile this library source code into a shared library
and then compile and link user code against it (if that is preferred instead
of manually running the compiler as indicated by the steps above). For example,
this library source comes with a complete set of BJam files that can be used
to build the library, build and run its tests and examples (see example/Jamfile.v2
,
test/Jamfile.v2
,
build/Jamfile.v2
,
Jammroot
, build/boost_contract_no.jam
,
etc.).
Prior to running BJam, it is necessary to install and configure Boost from source. That can be done following these instructions for Windows (and similarly for Linux, see the Boost website):
boost_version.zip
and unzip it to some directory boost-root
.
vcvarsall.bat
):
> cd boost-root
> bootstrap.bat
> b2
BOOST_ROOT
and set it to the boost-root
directory path.
PATH
environment variable (so bjam
and other Boost tools can be found).
Boost and BJam are now ready to build this library. For example, the following
uses BJam to build and run the lib-root/example/features/introduction.cpp
program and also to automatically build this library if necessary (from a
developer command prompt that automatically invokes the correct vcvarsall.bat
):
> cd lib-root\example
> bjam features-introduction
In addition, the following commands build this library, build and run all
the examples and tests (from a developer command prompt that automatically
invokes the correct vcvarsall.bat
):
> cd lib-root\build # Build just the library (as a shared library by default). > bjam > cd lib-root\example # Build and run all examples (also automatically build the library if needed). > bjam > cd lib-root\test # Build and run all tests (also automatically build the library if needed). > bjam
From the example and test directories bjam help
gives
a list of options to build and run examples and tests individually, with
some contracts turned off, using different compilers, with this library as
a static or header-only library, etc.
In general users will not need to rebuild this document so they can skip this section.
Prior to running BJam to rebuild this documentation and regenerate its HTML
pages, it is necessary to install and configure Boost from source as explained
in the section above. In addition, it is necessary to download and configure
tools required by Boost.QuickBook as explained on the Boost.QuickBook
website. Finally, it is necessary to install Doxygen
to some directory doxygen-root
and
add the following to the user-config.jam
file in your
home directory (for example for Windows, but similarly for Linux, etc.):
using doxygen : "doxygen-root/bin/doxygen.exe" ;
Boost.QuickBook and BJam are now ready to rebuild this documentation and
generate its HTML pages under the directory lib-root\doc\html
:
[8]
> cd lib-root\doc # Build this documentation.
> bjam
[6] Rationale: This allows to make sure that most of the example code presented in this documentation is always up-to-date, builds and runs with the latest implementation of the library.
[7]
Rationale: BOOST_CONTRACT_DYN_LINK
,
BOOST_CONTRACT_STATIC_LINK
,
and BOOST_CONTRACT_HEADER_ONLY
are named after BOOST_ALL_DYN_LINK
,
BOOST_ALL_DYN_LINK
, and
BOOST_CHRONO_HEADER_ONLY
respectively.
[8]
In theory, it is possible to use Boost.QuickBook to build this documentation
into a single PDF file instead of HTML pages, running bjam pdf
from within the lib-root\doc
directory.
For that, Apache FOP and Java need to be installed as explained on the
Boost.Book
website and a command similar to using fop : "C:/PROGRA~1/RenderX/XEP/xep.bat
-valid" : "C:/PROGRA~1/Java/jre7/bin" ;
needs
to be added to user-config.jam
(actual paths might different
on specific installations). However, this is not configured by default
and it might require extra effort to ensure that all links, code listings,
tables, images, etc. correctly show in the generated PDF file.


This page is under construction.
If you'd like to see this project when it's ready, fill in your contact details below and you'll be notified when the official launch is about.


WAITING FOR GUFFMAN
A Film Review by Brian Takeshita
Rating: *** out of ****
"You know that saying about how if you don't like the weather, just wait five minutes? Well, with some hard work and determination, I believe we can get that down to three or four." So says the mayor of the small town of Blaine, Missouri, the setting for Christopher Guest's WAITING FOR GUFFMAN. This line, delivered absolutely deadpan by comedian/actor Larry Miller, sets the tone for the film: Ridiculous lines delivered by characters who are totally serious. The film is presented as a documentary which opens up as the Blaine City Council prepares for the town's sesquicentennial celebration. They stand around a sandtable mock-up of the town square and position little figurines as one security-minded councilmember suggests putting snipers on the rooftops just in case things get "out of hand".
Soon afterwards, we are introduced to Corky St. Claire (Christopher Guest), a stereotypically effeminate musical theater director who, after finding only limited success in The Big Apple, moved to Blaine to produce community plays featuring local talent. For Blaine's celebration, Corky is putting together a production which depicts the history of the town, from it's founding by westward-bound settlers who thought the Missouri River was the Pacific Ocean, to its boomtown days of footstool production (earning Blaine the title of "Stool Capitol of the United States"), to its purported visit by aliens prior to Roswell, New Mexico.
We are introduced to a number of remarkably funny characters through the audition held for Corky's big musical. There's Ron and Sheila Albertson (Fred Willard and Catherine O'Hara), who run a local travel agency, but have never been outside Blaine (well, except once when Ron had to go to the next town for surgery). They've caught the acting bug and have appeared in Corky's previous efforts, including a musical version of BACKDRAFT, where the audience had to be evacuated because of the smoke. There's also dentist Alan Pearl (Eugene Levy, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Guest), whose singing audition is one of the funniest moments in the film. Finally, there's Libby Mae Brown (Parker Posey), a Dairy Queen employee who is trying to create a soft serve concoction to top the Blizzard. Each displays a severe lack of talent, but Corky sits there watching and smiling like Ed Wood, believing that he's found diamonds in the rough.
Guest and Levy have created characters who are not outrageously comical, but instead are just left of center. They are normal enough so that you might know these characters in real life, but odd enough so that they make us laugh. Indeed, their behavior is so regular-life natural that it adds to the documentary feel, and it is exactly this documentary style that makes WAITING FOR GUFFMAN so funny. As an audience, we're used to seeing documentaries made about serious or interesting subjects, but we're not used to finding them humorous. Additionally, what's played out for the camera is by all means supposed to be serious; the documentary premise sets up a gritty view of people who are basically living their lives. The fact that their actions are laughable is lost on them, but is totally our gain. It's as if we're in on some kind of joke that they're not privy to, and in the crudest sense, we're laughing at them, not with them. Sounds terrible, but it's a wonderful vehicle for comedy.
There's no character development in this movie, and there really doesn't need to be, since the paper-thin quality of the characters is what makes their inclusion in a documentary so laughable. We watch as they try to learn the dance steps, lines, and lyrics and we can't help but be amazed at how inept they are. We watch open-mouthed as they fantasize about taking the show to Broadway when they learn a talent scout from a New York production company will be attending the performance (his name is Guffman, and if you're familiar with Beckett, you already know what will happen). They end up pretty much on a continuation of the paths they started before the entire Blaine musical experience, not seeming to have learned a damn thing. And we love it.
Christopher Guest was one of the stars of Rob Reiner's THIS IS SPINAL TAP, a hilariously innovative "documentary" about a fictional heavy metal rock group, and there is no doubt where Guest learned the craft for directing WAITING FOR GUFFMAN. While Guest uses a tamer group of subjects for his film, and stylistically differs somewhat by his choices to utilize longer scenes and leave the film unnarrated, for example, one can definitely see the influences from his experience with Reiner 12 years previously (has it really been that long?). It is a credit to Guest that he learned well and used his knowledge to produce a film that is as original as it is an homage to the film which broke new ground for comedy.
Review posted August 3, 1998
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


In the last lecture, we saw some algorithms that, while simple and appealing, were somewhat unmotivated. We now try to derive them from general principles, and in a setting that will allow us to attack other problems in competitive analysis.
Gradient descent: The proximal view
Let us first recall the upper bound we derived for the regret in the last lecture:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:regret} R_T \leq \sum_{t=1}^T \left[ \|p_t-p_{t+1}\|_1 + \left\langle p_{t+1}, \ell_t - \ell_t(x_T^*) \right\rangle\right]. \end{equation}
Trying to minimize this expression leads to the question of how we should update our probability distribution $p_t \to p_{t+1}$ to simultaneously be stable (control the first term) and competitive (the second term).
A very natural algorithm in this setting is gradient descent. Indeed, suppose that $\ell : \R^n \to \R$ is differentiable, and consider the optimization
\[ \min \left\{ \frac12 \|x-x_0\|^2 + \eta \ell(x) : x \in \R^n \right\}, \]
where $\eta > 0$ is a small constant and $\|\cdot\|$ denotes the Euclidean norm. Then first-order optimality conditions dictate that the optimizer satisfies [ x^* = x_0 - \eta \nabla \ell(x_0) + O(\eta^2)\,. ]
Two questions immediately arise: Why do we use the Euclidean norm when our reference problem \eqref{eq:regret} refers to the $\ell_1$ norm, and if $x$ is meant to encode a probability distribution, how do we maintain this constraint for $x^*$?
Projected gradient descent
Let’s address the feasibility problem first. Suppose $\K \subseteq \R^n$ is a closed convex set and $F : \R^n \to \R^n$ is a sufficiently smooth vector field (think of $F = \nabla \ell$). How should we move in the direction of $F$ while simultaneously remaining inside $\K$?
The unconstrained flow along $F$ can be described as a trajectory $x : [0,\infty) \to \R^n$ given by [ x’(t) = F(x(t))\,. ] The most natural way to keep this flow inside $\K$ is to project back into the body whenever we leave. Define the Euclidean projection
\[ P_{\K}(y) \seteq \argmin \left\{ \|y-z\|^2 : z \in \K \right\}, \]
and the result of taking an infinitesimal step in direction $v$ and and then projecting: [ \Pi_{\K}(x,v) \seteq \lim_{\e \to 0} \frac{P_{\K}(x+\e v) -x}{\e}\,. ] Then the projected dynamics looks like [ x’(t) = \Pi_{\K} \left(x(t), F(x(t))\right)\,. ] This is an example of a projected dynamical system. Having now addressed feasibility, we are left to consider the role of the Euclidean norm.
A Riemannian version
One can view $\Pi_{\K}(x, \cdot)$ as a function on the tangent space at $x$. To specify such a projection, we only need a local Euclidean structure. An inner product $\langle \cdot,\cdot\rangle_x$ that varies smoothly over $x \in \K$ is precisely a Riemannian metric.
Equivalently, we specify at every point $x \in \K$, a smoothly varying positive-definite matrix $M(x)$ so that
\begin{align*} \langle u,v\rangle_{M,x} &= \langle u, M(x) v\rangle \\ \|u\|^2_{M,x} &= \langle u,u\rangle_{M,x}. \end{align*}
The associated projection operator is then given by
\begin{align*} P_{\K}^M(y; x) &\seteq \argmin \left\{ \left\|y-z\right\|_{M,x}^2 : z \in \K \right\} \\ \Pi_{\K}^M(x,v) &\seteq \lim_{\e \to 0} \frac{P_{\K}^M(x+\e v,x)-x}{\e}\,. \end{align*}
This leads to the dynamical system:
\begin{align*} x'(t) &= \Pi^M_{\K}\left(x(t),F(x(t))\right) \\ x(0) &= x_0 \in \K\,. \end{align*}
Lyapunov functions
The problem with stating things at this level of generality is that even when $F = \nabla \ell$ is the gradient of a convex function $\ell : \R^n \to \R$, we don’t have a global way of controlling convergence of $F(x(t))$ to $\min \{ F(x) : x \in \K \}$. In the Euclidean setting ($M(x) \equiv \mathrm{Id}$), there is a natural Lyapunov function: If $\ell$ is convex and $\ell(x^*) = \min \{ \ell(x) : x \in \K \}$, then for every $x \in \K$:
\[ \langle - \nabla \ell(x), x^* - x\rangle \geq 0\,. \]
In other words, gradient descent always makes progress toward $x^*$.
If $x’(t) = \Pi_{\K}\left(x(t), \nabla \ell(x(t))\right)$, then in the language of competitive analysis, the quantity $\frac12 \|x(t)-x^*\|^2$ acts a potential function (a global measure of progress).
We will consider geometries that come equipped with such a Lyapunov function. In a sense that can be formalized in various ways, these are the Hessian structures on $\R^n$, i.e., those arising when $M(x) = \nabla^2 \Phi(x)$ for some strictly convex function $\Phi : \K \to \R$.
Mirror descent dynamics
Consider now a compact, convex set $\K \subseteq \R^n$, a strictly convex function $\Phi : \K \to \R$, and a continuous time-varying vector field $F : [0,\infty) \times \K \to \R^n$. We will refer to continuous-time mirror descent as the dynamics specified by
\begin{align*} x'(t) &= \Pi_{\K}^{\nabla^2 \Phi}\left(\vphantom{\bigoplus} x(t), F(t, x(t))\right) \\ x(0) &= x_0 \in \K. \end{align*}
We will sometimes refer to $\Phi$ as the mirror map.
As one might expect, we can decompose $x’(t)$ into two components: One flowing in the direction $F(t,x(t))$, and the other component arising from the normal forces that are keeping $x(t)$ inside $\K$. We recall the normal cone to $\K$ at $x$ is given by
\[ N_{\K}(x) = \left\{ p \in \R^n : \langle p,y -x \rangle \leq 0 \textrm{ for all } y \in \K \right\}. \]
This is the set of directions that point out of the body $\K$. The next theorem is proved in the paper k-server via multiscale entropic regularization.
If $\nabla^2 \Phi(x)^{-1}$ is continuous on $\K$, then for any $x_0 \in \K$, there is an absolutely continuous trajectory $x : [0,\infty) \to \K$ satisfying \begin{align} \nabla^2 \Phi(x(t)) x'(t) &\in F(t,x(t)) - N_{\K}(x(t)), \label{eq:inclusion}\\ x(0) &= x_0.\nonumber \end{align} Moreover, if $\nabla^2 \Phi(x)$ is Lipschitz on $\K$ and $F$ is locally Lipschitz, then the solution is unique.
Note that \eqref{eq:inclusion} is a differential inclusion: We only require that the derivative lies in the specified set.
Lagrangian multipliers
If $\K$ is a polyhedron, the one can write
\begin{equation}\label{eq:polyhedron} \K = \{ x \in \R^n : Ax \leq b \}, \qquad A \in \R^{m \times n}, b \in \R^m\,. \end{equation}
In this case, the normal cone at $x$ is the cone spanned by the normals of the tight constraints at $x$:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:cone-poly} N_{\K}(x) = \left\{ A^T y : y \geq 0 \textrm{ and } y^T(b-Ax)=0 \right\}. \end{equation}
Consider now the application of Theorem MD to a polyhedron and a solution $x : [0,\infty) \to \K$, $\lambda : [0,\infty) \to \R^n$ such that
\begin{equation}\label{eq:traj} \nabla^2 \Phi(x(t)) x'(t) = F(t,x(t)) - \lambda(t), \end{equation}
and $\lambda(t) \in N_{\K}(x(t))$ for $t \geq 0$.
Let us consider the dual variables to the constraints \eqref{eq:polyhedron}: We can fix a measurable $\hat{\lambda} : [0,\infty) \to \R^m_+$ such that [ A^T \hat{\lambda}(t) = \lambda(t), \quad t \geq 0. ] Now \eqref{eq:cone-poly} and $\lambda(t) \in N_{\K}(x(t))$ yield the complementary-slackness conditions: For all $i=1,2,\ldots,m$ and $t \geq 0$: [ \hat{\lambda}_i(t) > 0 \implies \langle A_i,x(t)\rangle = b_i, ] where $A_i$ is the $i$th row of $A$.
The Bregman divergence as a Lyapunov function
We promised earlier the existence of a functional to control the dynamics, and this is provided by the Bregman divergence associated to $\Phi$:
\[ D_{\Phi}(y; x) \seteq \Phi(y) - \Phi(x) - \langle \nabla \Phi(x), y-x\rangle\,. \]
Let $x(t)$ be a trajectory satisfying \eqref{eq:traj}. Then for any $y \in \K$:
\begin{align} \partial_t D_{\Phi}(y; x(t)) &= - \langle \nabla \Phi(x(t)), x'(t)\rangle + \langle \nabla \Phi(x(t)), x'(t) \rangle -\langle \partial_t \Phi(x(t)), y-x(t)\rangle \nonumber \\ &= - \langle \nabla^2 \Phi(x(t)) x'(t), y - x(t) \rangle \nonumber \\ &= - \langle F(t,x(t)) - \lambda(t), y-x(t)\rangle \nonumber \\ &\leq - \langle F(t,x(t)), y-x(t)\rangle \label{eq:div}\,, \end{align}
where the last inequality used that $y \in \K$ and $\lambda(t) \in N_{\K}(x(t))$.
If $F(t,x(t)) = - c(t)$ is a cost function, say, then this inequality aligns with a goal stated at the beginning of the first lecture: As long as the algorithm $x(t)$ is suffering more cost than some feasible point $y \in \K$, we would like to be “learning” about $y$.
The algorithm from last time
In the next lecture, we will use this framework to derive and analyze algorithms for metrical task systems (MTS) and the $k$-server problem. For now, let us show that the algorithm and analysis from last time (for MTS on uniform metrics) fit precisely into our framework.
Suppose that $\K = \{ x \in \R_+^n : \sum_{i=1}^n x_i = 1 \}$ is the probability simplex and
\[ \Phi(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i+\delta) \log (x_i+\delta) \]
is the (negative) entropy with some shift by $\delta > 0$. In the next lecture, we will see why the negative entropy arises naturally as a mirror map.
Then $\nabla^2 \Phi(x)$ is a diagonal matrix with $\left(\nabla^2 \Phi(x)\right)_{ii} = \frac{1}{x_i+\delta}$. Let $F(t,\cdot) = -c(t)$ be a time-varying cost vector with $c(t) \geq 0$.
Therefore \eqref{eq:traj} gives
\begin{equation}\label{eq:shifted} x_i'(t) = (x_i(t)+\delta) \left(-c_i(t) + \hat{\mu}(t) - \hat{\lambda}_i(t)\right). \end{equation} Here, $\hat{\lambda}_i(t)$ is the Lagrangian multiplier corresponding to the constraint $x_i \geq 0$, and $\hat{\mu}(t)$ is the multiplier corresponding to $\sum_{i=1}^n x_i = 1$.
This is precisley the algorithm described before (as an exercise, one might try rewriting it to match exactly), and \eqref{eq:div} constitutes half of the analysis. In the next lecture, we will discuss some general methods for the other half: Tracking the movement cost.


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Starlette SRT Dashboard
Starlette Admin with SRT Dashboard
This project is to serve as an experiment to learn starlette and a basic template for other projects. It is built with the SRT Dashboard template.
Currently running at SRTDash.DevSetGo.com
Would love to have help to build a great example for others to use.
How to Use
- See project README.md for up-to-date documentatione
Use it
- git clone https://github.com/devsetgo/starlette-SRTDashboard
- create a virtualenv on linux or Windows Subsystem Linux
Run it
UVICORN Development: uvicorn main:app --port 5000 --reload Production: uvicorn main:app --workers 2 gunicorn -c gunicorn_cfg.py main:app # Note: gunicorn is the config for the dockerfile Docker Docker: docker pull mikeryan56/srtdash:latest (unreleased)
Issues/Bugs
TODO
[ ] Configuration Scripts
Access Controls
Add Access controls Signup functionality
[x] Gunicorn/Uvicorn configuration
[x] Logging (using Loguru)
[ ] Setup CI/CD Pipeline for test and deployment
[ ] Make Twelve Factor App ready
[ ] Build a cookiecutter template for
[ ] Add code comments
[ ] Websocket example
Docker
Docker-Compose Docker Swarm settings Kubernetes Kompose
Tutorials/Documentation
Basic Overview Explantion of Functions Explantion of Configuration