Hello and welcome to the website for Aaron Filson Ceramics. My artistic journey has been straight forward in some ways, and in others not so much. For more information on my background, read the Bio I have written for myself. You may be interested in learning more about the projects I have going. Check the progress here. There are a number of terms that are used by potters and ceramic artists, and which are not in common usage. I have written a short page of terms, explained in a way that you will better understand the rest of my website, and perhaps the ceramics world in general.
Perhaps my favorite part of the website is the gallery. I have a small collection of photographs posted there to show my prior work and art. The progress in my artistic sensibilities and thematic choices is highlighted in this gallery section.
A small page of contact info and other links are here at the contact page. At this point it is easiest to use the Facebook interface to contact me but I know that there are real people who are on the internet and not on Facebook.
A while ago, I changed hosting providers, and this website disappeared from the web. Now back, and newly improved, the website should give you a window into what I am working on, and some of the projects of the past. You will also want to visit the Facebook page I have set up: https://wwww.facebook.com/AaronFilsonCeramics .


Example of the
TextFill jQuery Plugin
Homepage
Source Code
What is the monkey thinking?
Maximal font size in pixels?
e=mc²
e=mc²


Gas mode
Handles AT&T assembler syntax (more specifically this handles
the GNU Assembler (gas) syntax.)
It takes a single optional configuration parameter:
architecture
, which can be one of "ARM"
,
"ARMv6"
or "x86"
.
Including the parameter adds syntax for the registers and special
directives for the supplied architecture.
MIME types defined: text/x-gas


Rare announces Everwild, its next big new IP
"A natural and magical world."
News by Tom Phillips, News Editor Updated on 14 November 2019
Sea of Thieves studio Rare has announced its next game, Everwild.
In a statement today, studio boss Craig Duncan said it felt "as big a moment" for the studio as when it first teased Sea of Thieves back in 2015.
Everwild will be the next "large" game from Rare, and it will co-exist with the ongoing development of Sea of Thieves - which will continue to live as a live game "for a long time to come".
It's currently in pre-production - there's no word yet on how far away it may be.
"While Everwild is still early in development, we are very excited about the unique potential of the game we are creating," Duncan said. "The Everwild team is focused on building an experience that allows for new ways to play in a natural and magical world.
"The development team, led by executive producer Louise O'Connor, is creating something truly original and incredibly special that aims to be more than just a new IP. Everwild will give you memorable, engaging and meaningful experiences for players everywhere to share. We cannot wait to share more with you in the future."


A Time Slot is a block of time in the day that you wish to allow visitors to book. A day can have as many time slots as you like.
The Appointment Booking component stores a booking with a start and end date and time. The time slot just allows you to specify a fixed start/end that is easy for your visitor to choose.
Note: Changing a time slot has no effect on previously created bookings.
Click on the ID link to open the edit screen.
Publish: Only Published time slots will appear in the dropdown list on the Resource Booking screen.
Unpublish: Hides a time slot.
Copy: Copy one or more time slots to a different day.
Remove: Deletes one or more time slots.
Edit: Opens the Time Slot edit screen to allow you to change the day, start time and/or end time.
New: Creates a new time slot, allowing you to set the day, start and end time.
Help: Opens this help screen.
Resource: Show only time slots for a selected resource. Resources with their 'time slots' set to 'Global' will NOT appear in this list. To set resource specific timeslots for a resource you must first set the 'timeslots' setting for the resource to 'Resource Specific'
Day: Show only time slots for a selected day.
ID: Unique ID for the time slot.
Day: Day the time slot applies to.
Start: Start time for the time slot.
End: end time for the time slot.
Click on the ID link to open the edit screen.
Click on the icon in the Published column to toggle the published state.


Hello, my name is . I am from Hanoi. I live in a 4-person-family.
I like my friends just like my parents
I love my pets just like my family
In my life, I have achieved many prizes and gifts Most of them are pretigous
In my life, I have achieved many prizes and gifts
Most of them are pretigous


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| I l@ve RuBoard |
5.4 Searching Directory TreesEngineers love to change things. As I was writing this book, I found it almost irresistible to move and rename directories, variables, and shared modules in the book examples tree, whenever I thought I'd stumbled on to a more coherent structure. That was fine early on, but as the tree became more intertwined, this became a maintenance nightmare. Things like program directory paths and module names were hardcoded all over the place -- in package import statements, program startup calls, text notes, configuration files, and more. One way to repair these references, of course, is to edit every file in the directory by hand, searching each for information that has changed. That's so tedious as to be utterly impossible in this book's examples tree, though; as I wrote these words, the example tree contained 118 directories and 1342 files! (To count for yourself, run a command-line python PyTools/visitor.py 1 in the PP2E examples root directory.) Clearly, I needed a way to automate updates after changes. 5.4.1 Greps and Globs in Shells and PythonThere is a standard way to search files for strings on Unix and Linux systems: the command-line program grep and its relatives list all lines in one or more files containing a string or string pattern.[7] Given that Unix shells expand (i.e., "glob") filename patterns automatically, a command such as grep popen *.py will search a single directory's Python files for string "popen". Here's such a command in action on Windows (I installed a commercial Unix-like fgrep program on my Windows 98 laptop because I missed it too much there):
C:\...\PP2E\System\Filetools>fgrep popen *.py diffall.py:# - we could also os.popen a diff (unix) or fc (dos) dirdiff.py:# - use os.popen('ls...') or glob.glob + os.path.split dirdiff6.py: files1 = os.popen('ls %s' % dir1).readlines( ) dirdiff6.py: files2 = os.popen('ls %s' % dir2).readlines( ) testdirdiff.py: expected = expected + os.popen(test % 'dirdiff').read( ) testdirdiff.py: output = output + os.popen(test % script).read( ) DOS has a command for searching files too -- find, not to be confused with the Unix find directory walker command: C:\...\PP2E\System\Filetools>find /N "popen" testdirdiff.py ---------- testdirdiff.py [8] expected = expected + os.popen(test % 'dirdiff').read( ) [15] output = output + os.popen(test % script).read( ) You can do the same within a Python script, by either running the previously mentioned shell command with os.system or os.popen, or combining the grep and glob built-in modules. We met the glob module in Chapter 2; it expands a filename pattern into a list of matching filename strings (much like a Unix shell). The standard library also includes a grep module, which acts like a Unix grep command: grep.grep prints lines containing a pattern string among a set of files. When used with glob, the effect is much like the fgrep command: >>> from grep import grep >>> from glob import glob >>> grep('popen', glob('*.py')) diffall.py: 16: # - we could also os.popen a diff (unix) or fc (dos) dirdiff.py: 12: # - use os.popen('ls...') or glob.glob + os.path.split dirdiff6.py: 19: files1 = os.popen('ls %s' % dir1).readlines( ) dirdiff6.py: 20: files2 = os.popen('ls %s' % dir2).readlines( ) testdirdiff.py: 8: expected = expected + os.popen(test % 'dirdiff')... testdirdiff.py: 15: output = output + os.popen(test % script).read( ) >>> import glob, grep >>> grep.grep('system', glob.glob('*.py')) dirdiff.py: 16: # - on unix systems we could do something similar by regtest.py: 18: os.system('%s < %s > %s.out 2>&1' % (program, ... regtest.py: 23: os.system('%s < %s > %s.out 2>&1' % (program, ... regtest.py: 24: os.system('diff %s.out %s.out.bkp > %s.diffs' ... The grep module is written in pure Python code (no shell commands are run), is completely portable, and accepts both simple strings and general regular expression patterns as the search key (regular expressions appear later in this text). Unfortunately, it is also limited in two major ways:
On Unix systems, we can work around the second of these limitations by running a grep shell command from within a find shell command. For instance, the following Unix command line: find . -name "*.py" -print -exec fgrep popen {} \; would pinpoint lines and files at and below the current directory that mention "popen". If you happen to have a Unix-like find command on every machine you will ever use, this is one way to process directories. <IP_ADDRESS> Cleaning up bytecode filesI used to run the script in Example 5-8 on some of my machines to remove all .pyc bytecode files in the examples tree before packaging or upgrading Pythons (it's not impossible that old binary bytecode files are not forward-compatible with newer Python releases). Example 5-8. PP2E\PyTools\cleanpyc.py########################################################### # find and delete all "*.pyc" bytecode files at and below # the directory where this script is run; this assumes a # Unix-like find command, and so is very non-portable; we # could instead use the Python find module, or just walk # the directry trees with portable Python code; the find # -exec option can apply a Python script to each file too; ########################################################### import os, sys if sys.platform[:3] == 'win': findcmd = r'c:\stuff\bin.mks\find . -name "*.pyc" -print' else: findcmd = 'find . -name "*.pyc" -print' print findcmd count = 0 for file in os.popen(findcmd).readlines( ): # for all file names count = count + 1 # have \n at the end print str(file[:-1]) os.remove(file[:-1]) print 'Removed %d .pyc files' % count This script uses os.popen to collect the output of a commercial package's find program installed on one of my Windows computers, or else the standard find tool on the Linux side. It's also completely nonportable to Windows machines that don't have the commercial find program installed, and that includes other computers in my house, and most of the world at large. Python scripts can reuse underlying shell tools with os.popen, but by so doing they lose much of the portability advantage of the Python language. The Unix find command is both not universally available, and is a complex tool by itself (in fact, too complex to cover in this book; see a Unix manpage for more details). As we saw in Chapter 2, spawning a shell command also incurs a performance hit, because it must start a new independent program on your computer. To avoid some of the portability and performance costs of spawning an underlying find command, I eventually recoded this script to use the find utilities we met and wrote Chapter 2. The new script is shown in Example 5-9. Example 5-9. PP2E\PyTools\cleanpyc-py.py########################################################### # find and delete all "*.pyc" bytecode files at and below # the directory where this script is run; this uses a # Python find call, and so is portable to most machines; # run this to delete .pyc's from an old Python release; # cd to the directory you want to clean before running; ########################################################### import os, sys, find # here, gets PyTools find count = 0 for file in find.find("*.pyc"): # for all file names count = count + 1 print file os.remove(file) print 'Removed %d .pyc files' % count This works portably, and avoids external program startup costs. But find is really just a tree-searcher that doesn't let you hook into the tree search -- if you need to do something unique while traversing a directory tree, you may be better off using a more manual approach. Moreover, find must collect all names before it returns; in very large directory trees, this may introduce significant performance and memory penalties. It's not an issue for my trees, but your trees may vary. 5.4.2 A Python Tree SearcherTo help ease the task of performing global searches on all platforms I might ever use, I coded a Python script to do most of the work for me. Example 5-10 employs standard Python tools we met in the preceding chapters:
Because it's pure Python code, though, it can be run the same way on both Linux and Windows. In fact, it should work on any computer where Python has been installed. Moreover, because it uses direct system calls, it will likely be faster than using op.popen to spawn a find command that spawns many grep commands. Example 5-10. PP2E\PyTools\search_all.py######################################################### # Use: "python ..\..\PyTools\search_all.py string". # search all files at and below current directory # for a string; uses the os.path.walk interface, # rather than doing a find to collect names first; ######################################################### import os, sys, string listonly = 0 skipexts = ['.gif', '.exe', '.pyc', '.o', '.a'] # ignore binary files def visitfile(fname, searchKey): # for each non-dir file global fcount, vcount # search for string print vcount+1, '=>', fname # skip protected files try: if not listonly: if os.path.splitext(fname)[1] in skipexts: print 'Skipping', fname elif string.find(open(fname).read( ), searchKey) != -1: raw_input('%s has %s' % (fname, searchKey)) fcount = fcount + 1 except: pass vcount = vcount + 1 def visitor(myData, directoryName, filesInDirectory): # called for each dir for fname in filesInDirectory: # do non-dir files here fpath = os.path.join(directoryName, fname) # fnames have no dirpath if not os.path.isdir(fpath): # myData is searchKey visitfile(fpath, myData) def searcher(startdir, searchkey): global fcount, vcount fcount = vcount = 0 os.path.walk(startdir, visitor, searchkey) if __name__ == '__main__': searcher('.', sys.argv[1]) print 'Found in %d files, visited %d' % (fcount, vcount) This file also uses the sys.argv command-line list and the __name__ trick for running in two modes. When run standalone, the search key is passed on the command line; when imported, clients call this module's searcher function directly. For example, to search (grep) for all appearances of directory name "Part2" in the examples tree (an old directory that really did go away!), run a command line like this in a DOS or Unix shell: C:\...\PP2E>python PyTools\search_all.py Part2 1 => .\autoexec.bat 2 => .\cleanall.csh 3 => .\echoEnvironment.pyw 4 => .\Launcher.py .\Launcher.py has Part2 5 => .\Launcher.pyc Skipping .\Launcher.pyc 6 => .\Launch_PyGadgets.py 7 => .\Launch_PyDemos.pyw 8 => .\LaunchBrowser.out.txt .\LaunchBrowser.out.txt has Part2 9 => .\LaunchBrowser.py .\LaunchBrowser.py has Part2 ... ...more lines deleted ... 1339 => .\old_Part2\Basics\unpack2b.py 1340 => .\old_Part2\Basics\unpack3.py 1341 => .\old_Part2\Basics\__init__.py Found in 74 files, visited 1341 The script lists each file it checks as it goes, tells you which files it is skipping (names that end in extensions listed in variable skipexts that imply binary data), and pauses for an Enter key press each time it announces a file containing the search string (bold lines). A solution based on find could not pause this way; although trivial in this example, find doesn't return until the entire tree traversal is finished. The search_all script works the same when imported instead of run, but there is no final statistics output line (fcount and vcount live in the module, and so would have to be imported to be inspected here): >>> from PP2E.PyTools.search_all import searcher >>> searcher('.', '-exec') # find files with string '-exec' 1 => .\autoexec.bat 2 => .\cleanall.csh 3 => .\echoEnvironment.pyw 4 => .\Launcher.py 5 => .\Launcher.pyc Skipping .\Launcher.pyc 6 => .\Launch_PyGadgets.py 7 => .\Launch_PyDemos.pyw 8 => .\LaunchBrowser.out.txt 9 => .\LaunchBrowser.py 10 => .\Launch_PyGadgets_bar.pyw 11 => .\makeall.csh 12 => .\package.csh .\package.csh has -exec ...more lines deleted... However launched, this script tracks down all references to a string in an entire directory tree -- a name of a changed book examples file, object, or directory, for instance.[9]
|
| I l@ve RuBoard |


|
Spring Security Framework | |||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| AccessDecisionVoter | Indicates a class is responsible for voting on authorization decisions. |
| LabeledData | This interface indicates data objects that carry a label. |
| LabelParameterStrategy | This is a strategy interface for determining which parts of a method invocation are labeled. |
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| AbstractAccessDecisionManager | Abstract implementation of AccessDecisionManager . |
| AbstractAclVoter | Provides helper methods for writing domain object ACL voters. |
| AclEntryVoter |
Given a domain object instance passed as a method argument, ensures the principal has appropriate permission
as indicated by the AclService . |
| AffirmativeBased | Simple concrete implementation of AccessDecisionManager that grants access if any
AccessDecisionVoter returns an affirmative response. |
| AuthenticatedVoter | Votes if a ConfigAttribute.getAttribute() of IS_AUTHENTICATED_FULLY or
IS_AUTHENTICATED_REMEMBERED or IS_AUTHENTICATED_ANONYMOUSLY is present. |
| BasicAclEntryVoter | Deprecated. Use new spring-security-acl module instead |
| ConsensusBased | Simple concrete implementation of AccessDecisionManager that uses a consensus-based
approach. |
| InterfaceBasedLabelParameterStrategy | This is a very useful implementation of the LabelParameterStrategy. |
| LabelBasedAclVoter | Deprecated. Use new spring-security-acl module instead |
| RoleHierarchyVoter | Extended RoleVoter which uses a RoleHierarchy definition to determine the
roles allocated to the current user before voting. |
| RoleVoter | Votes if any ConfigAttribute.getAttribute() starts with a prefix
indicating that it is a role. |
| UnanimousBased | Simple concrete implementation of AccessDecisionManager that requires all voters to
abstain or grant access. |
Implements a vote-based approach to authorization decisions.
|
Spring Security Framework | |||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


Hello, as says the title, "Set repeat mode" hot key doesn't works. I've tried many combinations. Macbook Pro 2010. ML 10.8.5. iTunes 10.8.5. Thanks.
This topic is now closed.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/Zulip.20discipline.html ---
Although I have no time for doing Lean those days, I still try to roughly follow conversations here. I noticed that it becomes harder because we are returning to Gitter-like mess with interleaved conversations in one giant thread (mostly in "Fresh off the boat" for the last few days). I know I've also created some of this mess, but I think it would really help to try to be a tiny bit more disciplined.
do we care about having 10000 threads?
If each thread has only one message it's back to Gitter-mess
But if there are indeed roughly one topic per thread then it's fine
so too many threads is no good and too few threads is no good?
From the perspective of someone who only wants to quickly read after the battle, the goal is to be able to read topic by topic
Can I vote for a new stream "mathlib" (or "math" or "maffs") so that I can mute all those topics at once? :smiley:
that could do
Not only you can vote, I think you can DO it
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


Responsible for supervising fashion buyers and merchandise departments. Managed vendor relations, ensured consistent quality, developed buying teams and focused on making sure customers have received the value they expected and were paying for.


--- layout: default permalink: /404/ topic: four-o-four ---
Looks like that URL doesn't map to anything
Not quite sure who to blame on this one...
head on home


Variable Capture in Attribute Expressions
At any point in an attribute expression, the value of the current node can be captured in a Tcl variable for use later in the attribute expression (the handle is only valid for the duration of the expression, so it cannot be used outside the attribute expression). This facility makes it easier to describe more richly the context of an attribute expression.
The syntax for this is variable_name: [the variable name followed by a colon].
Variables may be referenced in attribute expressions by preceding the variable name with a dollar sign. This variable substitution syntax is similar to variable substitution in Tcl.
The following tree find expression finds assignments of a variable to itself (the results assume your code contains the statement d = ::d;):
tree find {assign_expr -> x: , $x} /
returns
1 assign_expr 291 5 ‘d = ::d’
Note: This attribute expression would only return this hit if the variables d and ::d are the same variable. If the unqualified d referred to a local variable, then this match would not succeed.
Variables are often useful in conjunction with find or search. The following attribute expression might be used to find unused local variables:
tree find {var_decl -> x: <- <- , ! search1($x)} /
This expression has a notable shortcoming: it finds most global variables. You can address this by using the global symbol attribute:
tree find {var_decl -> !s.global x: <- <- , ! search1($x)} /


{%extends "adm/admin_base.html" %} {%load humanize%} {%block title%}Refund exposure{%endblock%} {%block layoutblock %}
This view shows the refund exposure if upcoming conferences. Refund exposure is defined as any attendee invoices that have been paid but might need to be refunded in case the event is canceled. Note that partial invoice refunds are not counted, those invoices are counted at full value.
The calculation includes all upcoming conferences as well as any conference that finished in the past month.
| Conference | Payment provider | Invoices | Total exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Totals per payment provider | |||
| {%ifchanged d.confname%}{{d.confname|default:""}}{%endifchanged%} | {{d.internaldescription|default:"Total"}} | {{d.count}} | {{d.sum|default:"0"|intcomma}} |


{% extends "search_result.html" %} {% block content %}
by {{ author | title }}
Avg. {{ avg_rating }} / {{ total_rating }} rating. Goodread
Year of publication: {{ year }}
ISBN: {{ isbn }}
Please log in to write review. Log In
{% endif %}{{ review["posted_on"] }}
Rating: {{ review["rating"] }}
{{ review["comment"] }}


Hong Kong District Council election: Student shot by police at pointblank range urges voter turnout
by AFPA 21-year-old Hong Kong student shot by police during street protests called Saturday on voters to come out in force to cast their ballots in weekend elections to “earn more democracy”.
The semi-autonomous city of 7.5 million votes on Sunday in district-level polls seen as a gauge of the popularity of the pro-Beijing government, which has refused to yield during nearly six months of pro-democracy protests and is accused of failing to stop police brutality.
“I hope Hong Kong people can cast their votes to earn more democracy in a peaceful way,” Chow Pak-kwan, masked and dressed in the black colours of the city’s pro-democracy movement, told reporters.
Chow was shot two weeks ago, one of three people hit with live rounds during protests. He is the first of the shooting victims to speak publicly.
Chow was discharged from hospital on Wednesday after having one of his kidneys and part of his liver removed as a result of his wound.
Walking with a cane, Chow said he would vote near his home on Sunday.
“One more vote means a lot and every vote matters,” he said.
The vocational-school student was shot in the abdomen by a traffic police officer on November 11, when protesters blocked roads across the city to push for a de facto general strike.
“I didn’t feel any pain the moment I got shot. It felt like being hit by something with great force,” Chow recalled.
“The strong pain only came after the surgery.”
Hong Kong’s protest movement was sparked by a now-shelved bill to allow extraditions to mainland China, which revived fears that Beijing was restricting the city’s freedoms.
The movement has widened to include calls for direct elections and an inquiry into alleged police brutality.
Chow criticised the use of live rounds, saying he suffers from nightmares.
“I woke up at 2 am, 4 am and 5 am when I was in hospital, from dreams where I saw the officer pointing his gun at me and pulling the trigger,” Chow said.
Police at first claimed the shooting was justified, alleging that Chow was attempting to snatch the officer’s gun.
Chow was arrested for unlawful assembly, and on Friday the commissioner of police said he might be charged with other offences following an in-depth investigation.
But his lawyer Cheng Kar-foo, who was present with Chow on Saturday, said authorities were yet to file charges.
“A human can be killed by a bullet, but his beliefs can’t,” Chow said.
Hong Kong Free Press relies on direct reader support. Help safeguard independent journalism and press freedom as we invest more in freelancers, overtime, safety gear & insurance during this summer’s protests. 10 ways to support us.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 6
Dietary
This recipe looks spectacular but is very cheap and easy to prepare and cook. Like a pizza, any toppings to the pastry can be added depending on what you happen to have in your fridge.
Preheat the oven to 190C/375F/Gas 5.
Add the spinach to the pan and cook for 2-3 minutes, then dry with kitchen roll.
Take a pre-rolled sheet of puff pastry (rolled out 2cm/¾in thick), take a side plate and use it as a template by placing it on the pastry and cutting around it. Brush the pastry circle lightly with beaten egg yolk.
Place the spinach on the pastry.
Add the slices of tomato in a crescent spiral and season
Sli the goats' cheese log and arrange in a spiral on top of the tomatoes.
Drizzle over olive oil, salt, pepper and dried thyme (optional).
Bake in oven for 15 to 20 minutes. Serve with a rocket salad.


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Black Mirror
Episode: 22
Seasons: 5
Genre: Sci-Fi
Available to Stream at: NetFlix
Description:
An anthology series exploring a twisted, high-tech multiverse where humanity's greatest innovations and darkest instincts collide.
Remove from Watchlist


| 058:006 Khan | : |
On the Day when Allah will resurrect them all together (i.e. the Day of Resurrection) and inform them of what they did. Allah has kept account of it, while they have forgotten it. And Allah is Witness over all things. |
| 058:006 Maulana | : |
On the day when Allah will raise them all together, then inform them of what they did. Allah records it, while they forget it. And Allah is Witness over all things. |
| 058:006 Pickthal | : |
On the day when Allah will raise them all together and inform them of what they did. Allah hath kept account of it while they forgot it. And Allah is Witness over all things. |
| 058:006 Rashad | : |
The day will come when GOD will resurrect them all, then inform them of everything they had done. GOD has recorded everything, while they have forgotten it. GOD witnesses all things. |
| 058:006 Sarwar | : |
On the day when everyone will be resurrected, God will tell them about their deeds which He has recorded in their entirety - while they themselves have forgotten them. God is the witness over all things. |
| 058:006 Shakir | : |
On the day when Allah will raise them up all together, then inform them of what they did: Allah has recorded it while they have forgotten it; and Allah is a witness of all things. |
| 058:006 Sherali | : |
On the day when ALLAH will raise them all together. And HE will inform them of what they did. ALLAH has kept account of it, while they have forgotten it. And ALLAH is Witness over all things. |
| 058:006 Yusufali | : |
On the Day that Allah will raise them all up (again) and show them the Truth (and meaning) of their conduct. Allah has reckoned its (value), though they may have forgotten it, for Allah is Witness to all things. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > المحصي Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The One Who Keep Accounts أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الكافرون > وعيدهم Pillars of Islam> Islamic> The Disbelievers> Being Threatened الإيمان > اليوم الآخر > البعث Faith> The Hereafter> The Resurrection الإيمان > اليوم الآخر > الحشر Faith> The Hereafter> The Day of Resurrection الإيمان > اليوم الآخر > العرض على الميزان واستلام الكتاب Faith> The Hereafter> The Exposure on the Balance (of Justice) and the Reception of the Record العمل > العمل الطالح > مشاقة الله Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>Defy and Disobeying Allah العلوم والفنون > الحقائق العلمية و الإشاة إلى وقائع أيدتهاالإكتشافات العلمية > الإنسان في الكون Science and Art> The Scientific Facts and the Indication to Facts which have been supported by the Scientific Discoveries>Man in Universe
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


This is a example of a working DHCP server, A dynamic host configuration protocol server is a device or system which controls DHCP, it assigns IP addresses to client computers that connect to it in order for those clients to become part of the network


...and:
I have limited brain power and I waste it thinking about control of program flow and basic result construction mechanisms
// I want to find out which sandwiches are dairy free
foreach piece in sandwiches:
if piece.has_dairy is false:
my_menu.add (piece)
Declarative Programming languages and techniques focus on
Subparadigm where we get results through application of rules about a problem domain
Our only concern as developers is to write rules and their outcomes
Tile based game engine using a rules based DSL to define game logic
[ > Player | Crate ] -> [ > Player | > Crate ]
======
RULES
======
[ > Player | Crate ] -> [ > Player | > Crate ]
[ Crate | Lava ] -> [ DOWN Crate | Lava]
[ Crate Lava ] [ Player ] -> [ Crate Lava ] [ HappyPlayer ]
Higher level abstractions and different approaches help us focus on solving problems
Lower level artifacts like IF are important but too widely present in our code
SQL
LINQ in C#
Google: declarative programming [your language]


{% extends "layouts/base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
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| Customer Name: Leyooo | Transaction Code: T001 |
| Date: July 31, 2016 |
| Transfer Deceased Details: | Total Amount to Pay: | Payment Details: |
|---|---|---|
| Service: Transfer | Service Fee: P 5,000.00 | Total Amount to Pay: P 5,000.00 |
| Service Fee: P 5,000.00 | Quantity: 1 |
Amount Paid: P 6,000.00 |
| Storage Type: Urn | Total Amount to Pay: P 5,000.00 | Change: P 1,000.00 |
| Deceased Name | From Unit | To Unit | Death of Death |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juan Dela Cruz | 2 | 3 | July 3, 2016 |
| Juan Dela Cruz | 2 | 3 | July 3, 2016 |
| Juan Dela Cruz | 2 | 3 | July 3, 2016 |


| |
1. |
Overall Typology Questions |
Select all of the outputs you want by checking the box before each one. Please note that at least one writer output must be present. The writer which produces a grammar in the national language of the country where the language is spoken, if available, will be most useful to the language community. The default writer is the English one.
Setting up a parser:
- Click here to see how to use FieldWorks Language Explorer (aka FLEx) with a PC-PATR grammar.
- Click here to see how to modify a CARLAStudio setup to use a PC-PATR grammar.
For each section:
- Think of relevant data for your language,
concentrating on straightforward data with no special language-specific
constructions unless they are asked about in the questions (those will have to be dealt with after completion of the
starter kit).
- Fill in the answer to each question, based on the data. The questions are either in the form of radio buttons, where you can only choose one of the options, or check boxes, where you should check all options that are used in your language. Most of the questions with check boxes include an Other option where you can describe any other way that your language handles that question.
- Add the feature names to the appropriate entries in the lexicon, as directed.
- Key relevant data into the text box, as directed, with a new line after each example. (If you are completing PAWS for the grammar writer only, you can add a free translation or a source page in parentheses after the examples to make it easier to fill in the glosses when editing the output later.)
- At the end of each section, save the results so that the output files will be generated.
- At the end of each section, save the results so that the output files will be generated. Then run the parser on the test file indicated and check the output.
- Make any changes to the starter kit questions
(to change the phrase structure) or to the lexicon feature names needed,
then save and re-run. Note any details the starter kit is not able to handle, so
that they can be dealt with later.
- Check off that you have completed that section, then go on to the next. (To check off a section, click on the white box to the left of it.) You may also exit the starter kit at any time and return to it later.
|


Kokua Line: Rental pact can be verbal, but details must be clear to both parties | Honolulu Star-Advertiser
An oral agreement normally creates a month-to-month tenancy; an oral agreement for a fixed term may not exceed one year in duration, the guide says. Read more
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Google Doodle
Info
Close
This is a Very basic Google Doodle App.
Swipe left or right to see more doodles.
Created By:
Rushi


{{template "Header" .}}
{{template "Topbar" .}}
Renfish provides hosting and support for Gophish. It's developed by Bryan JW Bell.
I've a decade of experience and have found bugs in Go (issue#13010) and Docker (issue#31711).
|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| |
| 2556 Zinfandel Dr, Rancho Cordova, CA | |
| Phone | +1<PHONE_NUMBER> |


- Ysaiah Ross (formerly Stan Ross) is an academic barrister who has
- published a number of books on the legal profession and ethics. Most recent
- are 'The Joke's on ...Lawyers' (Federation Press, 1996) and 'Ethics in Law, 2nd
ed' (Butterworths 1998)
- "
- Besides the preoccupation with the mammary glands the reviews were very favorable and the film was well received.
Many of the reviewers came away with the same wonderful sense of justice I felt after seeing the film.
-
- "
- "
- Thus, in Australia, a highly risky and technically challenging toxic tort case like the one in Erin Brockovich would
probably never be brought at all.
-
- "
-
-
-
|
|
Erin
Brockovich in Australia
by Ysaiah Ross
Erin Brockovich was just released in Australia accompanied by a very
large advertising campaign. The media emphasized Erins tits. The social and
political aspects of the film were discussed but there seemed to be a preoccupation with
low cut dresses. There was even a discussion about the fact that Julia Roberts
breasts had been made to appear larger so as to match up to the real Erin Brockovich.
Besides the preoccupation with the mammary glands the reviews were very favorable and the
film was well received. Many of the reviewers came away with the same wonderful sense of
justice I felt after seeing the film.
For many Australians
Erins role as an investigator (paralegal) for a law firm would be a strange role.
This does not mean that Australians cannot accept the concept. There are so many American
lawyer TV programs and films that Australian audiences are used to the different American
methods of legal work. Instead of
having an Erin, Australian firms would have young lawyers doing some of this work.
Investigation in Australian law cases is far less extensive than that done in America. In
New South Wales (Sydney) and Queensland, there are still some law clerks, many of whom are
doing part time law studies, who will help marshal and follow up on evidence for cases.
Most of this work would be done for the large corporations, the defendants in these
actions, who are the clients of these firms. The vast majority of large firms would not
want to take on a tort action against a large corporation for fear of losing their
established clients. There have developed in recent years a few class action
firms in Sydney and Melbourne that concentrate on bringing mass tort actions. Two of the
most famous actions brought by these firms have been the Australian Dalkon Shield action
and a case against BHP (the largest Australian resource company) for environmental damage
in Papua/New Guinea. A recent action against the tobacco industry was unsuccessful, but
this may change as the state governments get involved.
Australia has no central
body that can act to bring separate plaintiffs together in mass tort cases. A few
class action firms, such as Maurice Blackburn Cashman or Slater & Gordon
perform this role. These firms have staff to follow up and help the individual clients,
but they frequently work on a co-operative model - the client helps in the gathering of
the information and evidence. The clients are also asked for contributions to help towards
the costs of suit.
In Erin Brockovich, the
law firm takes the case only because, if it wins, it earns a very large contingent fee
(40% was the figure mentioned in the film). In Australia, the economics of mass tort
litigation are entirely different. 'In Australia, unlike the United States, percentage
contingent fee contracts are illegal and may be unethical. All Australian jurisdictions
prohibit attorney-client agreements based on a percentage of the award or settlement of
the action. On the other hand, all Australian jurisdictions allow by common law or by
statute speculative actions where a fee is collected only on a successful outcome of the
action. Victoria allows conditional cost agreements with a premium of up to 25% of the
costs otherwise payable except for criminal and family law. New South Wales is similar
except it prohibits such agreements only in criminal law. South Australia allows up to a
100% uplift fee while in Queensland barristers are allowed up to 50%. Tasmania prohibits
an uplift fee for barristers and other jurisdictions have no specific rules on uplift
fees.
Another important difference
between Australian and American law is that in Australia the losing party can be required
to pay the costs of the defendants, including attorneys' fees. In America, on the
other hand, ordinarily each side pays its own fees. The fee-shifting rule in Australia
strongly discourages plaintiffs from attempting risky and costly tort cases. The
combination of the absence of contingent fees together with the attorney fee shifting rule
would probably prevent a case like the one dramatized in Erin Brockovich from ever
being brought at all.
Recently the Queensland
Government asked for submissions on reform of the legal profession. A number of
practitioners requested that the prohibition on percentage contingency fees be removed.
The arguments were that its removal would enhance access to justice by increasing the
willingness of practitioners to take matters on a speculative basis. The Governments
Green Paper: Legal Profession Reform was released in June 1999 on p 21 rejects this
argument. It states:
It is recognized that the conduct of
legal actions in exchange for a share in the proceeds of the litigation may seem
attractive to some potential litigants. However, the public policy considerations make
contingency fees an unacceptable option. One issue is the absence of a compelling case for
legal practitioners to share in the proceeds from an action rather than to be fairly paid
for their time and costs. There would be particular concern if charging on a share of the
proceeds basis were to become the norm. The practitioners interest in the
proceedings could be in conflict with practitioners duty to the court. It might
encourage litigation with limited prospects of success motivated by the potential returns
for the practitioners should they be successful or reach a settlement. This would have the
potential to increase the cost of the justice system to the community as a whole and the
implications for the opposing parties would also need to be considered.
These views would have
greater validity if there were adequate legal aid in Australia for bringing speculative
actions. This is not the case and thus many people are denied access to the legal system.
This situation
can be contrasted to the situation in England concerning mass claims. The English system
is similar to the Australian one concerning the prohibition on percentage contingency fee
contracts and allowing plaintiffs to be subject to possible costs if they lose. However,
the English have provided extensive legal aid for mass tort actions. The have developed
what is called lead actions (test cases). Those who decide to register in one
of these cases will be part of the large group getting legal aid. Plaintiffs who refuses
to register can conduct their own case. The disadvantage is that the lead
action will be listed and heard first and the individual plaintiff will not receive
legal aid.
The English have also
developed a policy of cooperation for all the various principal agencies, private and
public, that are involved in these cases. The Supreme Court Procedure Committee produced
in 1991 a Guide for Use in Group Action. The guide helps with the managerial
problems that arise in these actions. These include the identification of plaintiff groups
and sub-groups, the transfer of cases from various registries to the registry of the judge
who will be assigned to do little else but look after the particular litigation, the
identification of lead plaintiffs, and lead solicitors for certain issues (one firm, for
example, might handle only the scientific issues flowing from documentary discovery), the
establishment of action committees to communicate with the solicitors and coordinating
Legal Aid and special billing procedures for the solicitors and their groups. [See Aronson
& Hunter, Litigation, 6th ed. 1998]
The Pacific Gas &
Electric case in Erin Brockovich highlights the best aspects of the American
contingency fee system. The Australian media have reported numerous American cases where
lawyers have received outrageous fees from this system, while plaintiffs have been left
with insufficient recoveries. Australian lawyers frequently shake their heads over the
fees earned in these cases and either comment how they have missed out or that these kind
of fees are unconscionable and bring the legal profession throughout the world into
disrepute.
______________
- Ysaiah Ross (formerly Stan Ross) is an
academic barrister who has
- published a number of books on the legal
profession and ethics. Most recent
- are 'The Joke's on ...Lawyers' (Federation
Press, 1996) and 'Ethics in Law,
- 2nd ed' (Butterworths 1998)
|


Join the Dark side. Or the Light side. It doesn't matter.Either way, you can do it with just one click.
...or try it right here:


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block useractions %}{% include "courses/include.useractions.html" %}{% endblock %} {% block content %}


Street
This page contains an index of all the individuals in the database with the surname of Street. Selecting the person’s name will take you to that person’s individual page.
| Given Name | Birth | Death | Partner | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert Victor | 1891-01-07 | 1971-05-05 | Dixon, Vera Lillian Burdett | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor |
| Charles Coward | 1881-05-29 | 1903-03-28 | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor | |
| Charles D | 1807-07-04 | 1887-04-28 | Foster, Susannah | |
| Cleveland Snelling | 1885-07-04 | 1948-08-08 | Jenkins, Gladys Letitia | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor |
| Colin Stafford | 1889-01-25 | 1972-01-20 | Smith, Edith Florence | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor |
| Mary Jane | 1883-05-03 | 1883-05-27 | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor | |
| Robert Francis | 1924-06-01 | 2010-05-23 | Vaux, Betty Jean | Street, Albert Victor Dixon, Vera Lillian Burdett |
| Robert John | 1893-06-25 | 1915-08-07 | Street, Snelling Francis Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor | |
| Snelling Francis | 1848-10-11 | 1932-08-18 | Stafford, Mary Jane McGregor | Street, Charles D Foster, Susannah |
| [Living] | Barnes, [Living] | Street, Albert Victor Dixon, Vera Lillian Burdett | ||
| [Living] | Schofield, [Living], Grant, [Living] | Street, [Living] Barnes, [Living] | ||
| [Living] | Kitchen, [Living], Berryman, [Living] | Street, Albert Victor Dixon, Vera Lillian Burdett | ||
| [Living] | Sappy, [Living] | Street, Albert Victor Dixon, Vera Lillian Burdett | ||
| [Living] | ??, [Living] | Street, [Living] Barnes, [Living] | ||
| [Living] | Street, Robert Francis Vaux, Betty Jean | |||
| [Living] | Street, Robert Francis Vaux, Betty Jean | |||
| [Living] | Randall, [Living] | Street, Colin Stafford Smith, Edith Florence | ||
| [Living] | Street, [Living] Kitchen, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Street, [Living] Kitchen, [Living] |


Shogi Playground is developed by Yosuke Mizutani. This website collects some Personal Data from its User.
Purpose: Analytics
Personal Data: Cookies; Usage Data
Purpose: Hosting and backend infrastructure
Personal Data: various types of Data as specified in the privacy policy of the service
Purpose: Traffic optimization and distribution
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We do not use cookies in the Shogi Playground application. Settings and caches are stored in the localStorage of your browser.
We do not sell your personal information. We do not share your information with third parties, unless it is required by law.
Last update: May 9, 2019


Achim is a small project I did for my college. The assignment was to create a nation within a world and make its inhabitants and their weapons and lifestyles. Achim is all about functional ecosystems. The top predator is a species of parasitic humanoid fungus that have reached sentiency. I wanted to give fairies a darker twist.


Overview
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Tree
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R
rb
- Variable in class codeblocks.
BlockShape
The RenderableBlock associated to this BlockShape
RBHighlightHandler
- Class in
renderable
The RBHighlightHandler class is responsible for maintaining the highlight state of a RenderableBlock and rendering the highlight properly.
RBHighlightHandler(RenderableBlock)
- Constructor for class renderable.
RBHighlightHandler
RBParent
- Interface in
workspace
RBParents have methods for adding any Component to either the BlockLayer or HighlightLayer.
readExternal(ObjectInput)
- Method in class workspace.
NetworkEvent
readFromFile(JComponent, int)
- Static method in class codeblockutil.
CFileHandler
recycleGCCompatibleImage(BufferedImage)
- Static method in class codeblockutil.
GraphicsManager
Add an image to the recycled images list (or if img = null, does nothing).
redo()
- Method in class workspace.
ReundoManager
redo()
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
redrawFromTop()
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
Redraws this RenderableBlock along with the RenderableBlocks after it, which include after and socket blocks.
reformArea()
- Method in class codeblocks.
BlockShape
Reform the BlockShape area.
reformBlockCanvas()
- Method in class workspace.
BlockCanvas
reformBlockOrdering()
- Method in class workspace.
Page
reformBlockPosition(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
Page
reformBlueprint(SliderBlueprint, int, int, int, int)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
Sets the values in the class SliderBlueprint
reformBounds(double)
- Method in class workspace.
Page
reformComment()
- Method in class renderable.
Comment
Recalculate the shape of this comment
reformDrawer(Rectangle, Rectangle)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
StackCard
reassigns the source bounds and the destination bounds of this this StackCard.
reformLeadingTrack(SliderBlueprint)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
creates the shape of the track on the left side of the thumb
reformMinimumPixelWidth()
- Method in class workspace.
Page
reformThumb(SliderBlueprint, int)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
creates the shape of the thumb
reformTicks(SliderBlueprint)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
creates the shape of the ticks
reformTrailingTrack(SliderBlueprint)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
creates the shape of the track on the right side of the thumb
reformView()
- Method in interface codeblockutil.
Explorer
Reforms this explorer based on the new size or location of this explorer.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
GlassExplorer
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
MagicExplorer
Reforms this explorer based on the new size or location of this explorer.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
Navigator
redraws and revalidates the size and preferred size of the viewport and scroll pane to reflect the current collection of explorers.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
PopupExplorer
Reforms this explorer based on the new size or location of this explorer.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
StackExplorer
reforms the location of each canvas's origin and destination based on the current size of this explorer.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
TabbedExplorer
Reforms this explorer based on the new size or location of this explorer.
reformView()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
WindowExplorer
Reforms this explorer based on the new size or location of this explorer.
relayoutBlocks()
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
Relayout all the drawers
removeBeforeAndAfter()
- Method in class codeblocks.
Block
Removes the before and after connectors.
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryCanvas
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
MiniMap
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
Page
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in class workspace.
TrashCan
removeBlock(RenderableBlock)
- Method in interface workspace.
WorkspaceWidget
Used by RenderableBlocks to tell their originating Widgets that they're moving somewhere else and so should be removed.
removeComment()
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
remove this comment from this parent Container and modify such that this.hasComment returns false.
removeDynamicBlock(RenderableBlock, String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
removeDynamicDrawer(String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
removeExplorer(String)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
Navigator
Removes the explorer with the specified name.
removeFromParent()
- Method in class renderable.
RBHighlightHandler
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in interface codeblockutil.
Explorer
Removes listener from the explorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
GlassExplorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
MagicExplorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
PopupExplorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
StackExplorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
TabbedExplorer
removeListener(ExplorerListener)
- Method in class codeblockutil.
WindowExplorer
removePage(Page)
- Method in class workspace.
BlockCanvas
removePage(int)
- Method in class workspace.
BlockCanvas
removePage(Page)
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Removes the specified page from the Workspace
removePageAt(int)
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Removes the specified page from the Workspace at the specified position, where position 0 is the left most page
removePlug()
- Method in class codeblocks.
Block
Removes the plug.
removeRule(LinkRule)
- Static method in class codeblocks.
BlockLinkChecker
Removes the specified rule from the rule list
removeSearchableContainer(SearchableContainer)
- Method in class workspace.
SearchBar
Removes a searchable container from the set of searchables queried by this search bar.
removeSocket(int)
- Method in class codeblocks.
Block
Removes the socket at the specified index
removeSocket(BlockConnector)
- Method in class codeblocks.
Block
Removes specified socket
removeStaticBlock(RenderableBlock, String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
Removes block from specified drawer.
removeStaticDrawer(String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
removes drawer with specified name.
removeWidget(WorkspaceWidget)
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Removes the specified widget from this Workspace
removeWorkspaceListener(WorkspaceListener)
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Removes the specified WorkspaceListener
renameDynamicDrawer(String, String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
renamePage(String, String)
- Method in class workspace.
BlockCanvas
renamePage(String, String)
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Renames the page with the specified oldName to the specified newName.
renameStaticDrawer(String, String)
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
Renames drawer from oldName to newName.
renderable
- package renderable
RenderableBlock
- Class in
renderable
RenderableBlock is responsible for all graphical rendering of a code Block.
RenderableBlock(WorkspaceWidget, Long)
- Constructor for class renderable.
RenderableBlock
Constructs a new RenderableBlock instance with the specified parent WorkspaceWidget and Long blockID of its associated Block
renderingHints
- Static variable in class codeblockutil.
CSlider
Rendering Hints of this
repaint()
- Method in class renderable.
RBHighlightHandler
repaintBlock()
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
Clears the BufferedImage of this and repaint this entirely
repositionComponents()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CGlassScrollPane
repositionComponents()
- Method in class codeblockutil.
CHoverScrollPane
repositionMiniMap()
- Method in class workspace.
MiniMap
rescale(int)
- Method in class renderable.
BlockLabel
rescale(double)
- Method in class renderable.
BlockLabel
rescale(int)
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
returns a new int x based on the current zoom
rescale(double)
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
returns a new double x position based on the current zoom
reset()
- Static method in class codeblocks.
Block
Clears all block instances and resets id assigment.
reset()
- Static method in class codeblocks.
BlockLinkChecker
Clears all the rules within this.
reset()
- Static method in class codeblocks.
BlockStub
Clears all the mappings between parents and stubs.
reset()
- Static method in class renderable.
BlockUtilities
reset()
- Static method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
Clears all renderable block instances and all block instances
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
BlockCanvas
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
FactoryManager
Resets FactoryManager
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
Page
TODO: THIS METHOD NOT YET DOCUMENTED OR IMPLEMENTED Removes all the RenderableBlock content of this.
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
ReundoManager
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
SearchBar
Clears all the internal data of this.
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
Workspace
Clears the Workspace of: - all the live blocks in the BlockCanvas.
reset()
- Method in class workspace.
ZoomSlider
resetAllGenuses()
- Static method in class codeblocks.
BlockGenus
Resets all the Block Genuses of current language.
resetBeforeAndAfter()
- Method in class codeblocks.
Block
Resets the before and after connectors to their initial kinds.
resetConnectorShapeMappings()
- Static method in class codeblocks.
BlockConnectorShape
Resets all the connector shape names to connector shape mappings.
resetHighlight()
- Method in class renderable.
RBHighlightHandler
resetHighlight()
- Method in class renderable.
RenderableBlock
Hides highlighting for this block.
resetLanguage()
- Method in class controller.
WorkspaceController
Resets the current language within the active Workspace.
resetWorkspace()
- Method in class controller.
WorkspaceController
Resets the entire workspace.
ReundoManager
- Class in
workspace
RedoUndoManager manges the redoing and undoing for the WorkspaceController.
ReundoManager(ISupportMemento)
- Constructor for class workspace.
ReundoManager
run()
- Method in class workspace.
NetworkConnection
Continually read from the input stream.
run()
- Method in class workspace.
NetworkServer
Overview
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Get even more productive - Smartsheet works with some of the most popular apps you already use.
All Apps:
{{item.shortdescription}}
Get your app out to the smartest people in the world - Smartsheeters!
Developers click here


Age
Age segementation
Kids of different age group
Filter Settings
cleanData
- AGE_DESC: (19-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+)
- MARITAL_STATUS_CODE: (A, B, U)
- HOUSEHOLD_SIZE_DESC: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+)
householdData
- AGE_DESC: (19-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+)
- HOMEOWNER_DESC: (Homeowner, NA, Probable Owner, Probable Renter, Renter)
- HOUSEHOLD_SIZE_DESC: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+)
- KID_CATEGORY_DESC: (1, 2, 3+)
savings
NET_SPEND_AMT per AGE_DESC
coupon vs age
card vs age
Filter Settings
cleanData
- AGE_DESC: (19-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+)
- MARITAL_STATUS_CODE: (A, B, U)
- HOUSEHOLD_SIZE_DESC: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+)
householdData
- AGE_DESC: (19-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65+)
- HOMEOWNER_DESC: (Homeowner, NA, Probable Owner, Probable Renter, Renter)
- HOUSEHOLD_SIZE_DESC: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5+)
- KID_CATEGORY_DESC: (1, 2, 3+)


TCP
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)
Updated: 2014-03-31
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
tcp - TCP protocol
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
tcp_socket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
DESCRIPTION
This is an implementation of the TCP protocol defined in
RFC 793, RFC 1122 and RFC 2001 with the NewReno and SACK
extensions.
It provides a reliable, stream-oriented,
full-duplex connection between two sockets on top of
ip(7),
for both v4 and v6 versions.
TCP guarantees that the data arrives in order and
retransmits lost packets.
It generates and checks a per-packet checksum to catch
transmission errors.
TCP does not preserve record boundaries.
A newly created TCP socket has no remote or local address and is not
fully specified.
To create an outgoing TCP connection use
connect(2)
to establish a connection to another TCP socket.
To receive new incoming connections, first
bind(2)
the socket to a local address and port and then call
listen(2)
to put the socket into the listening state.
After that a new socket for each incoming connection can be accepted using
accept(2).
A socket which has had
accept(2)
or
connect(2)
successfully called on it is fully specified and may transmit data.
Data cannot be transmitted on listening or not yet connected sockets.
Linux supports RFC 1323 TCP high performance
extensions.
These include Protection Against Wrapped
Sequence Numbers (PAWS), Window Scaling and Timestamps.
Window scaling allows the use
of large (> 64K) TCP windows in order to support links with high
latency or bandwidth.
To make use of them, the send and receive buffer sizes must be increased.
They can be set globally with the
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem
and
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_rmem
files, or on individual sockets by using the
SO_SNDBUF
and
SO_RCVBUF
socket options with the
setsockopt(2)
call.
The maximum sizes for socket buffers declared via the
SO_SNDBUF
and
SO_RCVBUF
mechanisms are limited by the values in the
/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max
and
/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max
files.
Note that TCP actually allocates twice the size of
the buffer requested in the
setsockopt(2)
call, and so a succeeding
getsockopt(2)
call will not return the same size of buffer as requested in the
setsockopt(2)
call.
TCP uses the extra space for administrative purposes and internal
kernel structures, and the
/proc
file values reflect the
larger sizes compared to the actual TCP windows.
On individual connections, the socket buffer size must be set prior to the
listen(2)
or
connect(2)
calls in order to have it take effect.
See
socket(7)
for more information.
TCP supports urgent data.
Urgent data is used to signal the
receiver that some important message is part of the data
stream and that it should be processed as soon as possible.
To send urgent data specify the
MSG_OOB
option to
send(2).
When urgent data is received, the kernel sends a
SIGURG
signal to the process or process group that has been set as the
socket "owner" using the
SIOCSPGRP
or
FIOSETOWN
ioctls (or the POSIX.1-2001-specified
fcntl(2)
F_SETOWN
operation).
When the
SO_OOBINLINE
socket option is enabled, urgent data is put into the normal
data stream (a program can test for its location using the
SIOCATMARK
ioctl described below),
otherwise it can be received only when the
MSG_OOB
flag is set for
recv(2)
or
recvmsg(2).
Linux 2.4 introduced a number of changes for improved
throughput and scaling, as well as enhanced functionality.
Some of these features include support for zero-copy
sendfile(2),
Explicit Congestion Notification, new
management of TIME_WAIT sockets, keep-alive socket options
and support for Duplicate SACK extensions.
Address formats
TCP is built on top of IP (see
ip(7)).
The address formats defined by
ip(7)
apply to TCP.
TCP supports point-to-point communication only;
broadcasting and multicasting are not
supported.
/proc interfaces
System-wide TCP parameter settings can be accessed by files in the directory
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/.
In addition, most IP
/proc
interfaces also apply to TCP; see
ip(7).
Variables described as
Boolean
take an integer value, with a nonzero value ("true") meaning that
the corresponding option is enabled, and a zero value ("false")
meaning that the option is disabled.
- tcp_abc (Integer; default: 0; since Linux 2.6.15)
-
Control the Appropriate Byte Count (ABC), defined in RFC 3465.
ABC is a way of increasing the congestion window
(cwnd)
more slowly in response to partial acknowledgments.
Possible values are:
-
- 0
-
increase
cwnd
once per acknowledgment (no ABC)
- 1
-
increase
cwnd
once per acknowledgment of full sized segment
- 2
-
allow increase
cwnd
by two if acknowledgment is
of two segments to compensate for delayed acknowledgments.
- tcp_abort_on_overflow (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.4)
-
Enable resetting connections if the listening service is too
slow and unable to keep up and accept them.
It means that if overflow occurred due
to a burst, the connection will recover.
Enable this option
only
if you are really sure that the listening daemon
cannot be tuned to accept connections faster.
Enabling this option can harm the clients of your server.
- tcp_adv_win_scale (integer; default: 2; since Linux 2.4)
-
Count buffering overhead as
bytes/2^tcp_adv_win_scale,
if
tcp_adv_win_scale
is greater than 0; or
bytes-bytes/2^(-tcp_adv_win_scale),
if
tcp_adv_win_scale
is less than or equal to zero.
The socket receive buffer space is shared between the
application and kernel.
TCP maintains part of the buffer as
the TCP window, this is the size of the receive window
advertised to the other end.
The rest of the space is used
as the "application" buffer, used to isolate the network
from scheduling and application latencies.
The
tcp_adv_win_scale
default value of 2 implies that the space
used for the application buffer is one fourth that of the total.
- tcp_allowed_congestion_control (String; default: see text; since Linux 2.4.20)
-
Show/set the congestion control algorithm choices available to unprivileged
processes (see the description of the
TCP_CONGESTION
socket option).
The items in the list are separated by white space and
terminated by a newline character.
The list is a subset of those listed in
tcp_available_congestion_control.
The default value for this list is "reno" plus the default setting of
tcp_congestion_control.
- tcp_autocorking (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 3.14)
-
If this option is enabled, the kernel tries to coalesce small writes
(from consecutive
write(2)
and
sendmsg(2)
calls) as much as possible,
in order to decrease the total number of sent packets.
Coalescing is done if at least one prior packet for the flow
is waiting in Qdisc queues or device transmit queue.
Applications can still use the
TCP_CORK
socket option to obtain optimal behavior
when they know how/when to uncork their sockets.
- tcp_available_congestion_control (String; read-only; since Linux 2.4.20)
-
Show a list of the congestion-control algorithms
that are registered.
The items in the list are separated by white space and
terminated by a newline character.
This list is a limiting set for the list in
tcp_allowed_congestion_control.
More congestion-control algorithms may be available as modules,
but not loaded.
- tcp_app_win (integer; default: 31; since Linux 2.4)
-
This variable defines how many
bytes of the TCP window are reserved for buffering overhead.
A maximum of (window/2^tcp_app_win, mss) bytes in the window
are reserved for the application buffer.
A value of 0 implies that no amount is reserved.
- tcp_base_mss (Integer; default: 512; since Linux 2.6.17)
-
The initial value of
search_low
to be used by the packetization layer Path MTU discovery (MTU probing).
If MTU probing is enabled,
this is the initial MSS used by the connection.
- tcp_bic (Boolean; default: disabled; Linux 2.4.27/2.6.6 to 2.6.13)
-
Enable BIC TCP congestion control algorithm.
BIC-TCP is a sender-side only change that ensures a linear RTT
fairness under large windows while offering both scalability and
bounded TCP-friendliness.
The protocol combines two schemes
called additive increase and binary search increase.
When the congestion window is large, additive increase with a large
increment ensures linear RTT fairness as well as good scalability.
Under small congestion windows, binary search
increase provides TCP friendliness.
- tcp_bic_low_window (integer; default: 14; Linux 2.4.27/2.6.6 to 2.6.13)
-
Set the threshold window (in packets) where BIC TCP starts to
adjust the congestion window.
Below this threshold BIC TCP behaves the same as the default TCP Reno.
- tcp_bic_fast_convergence (Boolean; default: enabled; Linux 2.4.27/2.6.6 to 2.6.13)
-
Force BIC TCP to more quickly respond to changes in congestion window.
Allows two flows sharing the same connection to converge more rapidly.
- tcp_congestion_control (String; default: see text; since Linux 2.4.13)
-
Set the default congestion-control algorithm to be used for new connections.
The algorithm "reno" is always available,
but additional choices may be available depending on kernel configuration.
The default value for this file is set as part of kernel configuration.
- tcp_dma_copybreak (integer; default: 4096; since Linux 2.6.24)
-
Lower limit, in bytes, of the size of socket reads that will be
offloaded to a DMA copy engine, if one is present in the system
and the kernel was configured with the
CONFIG_NET_DMA
option.
- tcp_dsack (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.4)
-
Enable RFC 2883 TCP Duplicate SACK support.
- tcp_ecn (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.4)
-
Enable RFC 2884 Explicit Congestion Notification.
When enabled, connectivity to some
destinations could be affected due to older, misbehaving
routers along the path causing connections to be dropped.
- tcp_fack (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable TCP Forward Acknowledgement support.
- tcp_fin_timeout (integer; default: 60; since Linux 2.2)
-
This specifies how many seconds to wait for a final FIN packet before the
socket is forcibly closed.
This is strictly a violation of the TCP specification,
but required to prevent denial-of-service attacks.
In Linux 2.2, the default value was 180.
- tcp_frto (integer; default: 0; since Linux 2.4.21/2.6)
-
Enable F-RTO, an enhanced recovery algorithm for TCP retransmission
timeouts (RTOs).
It is particularly beneficial in wireless environments
where packet loss is typically due to random radio interference
rather than intermediate router congestion.
See RFC 4138 for more details.
This file can have one of the following values:
-
- 0
-
Disabled.
- 1
-
The basic version F-RTO algorithm is enabled.
- 2
-
Enable SACK-enhanced F-RTO if flow uses SACK.
The basic version can be used also when
SACK is in use though in that case scenario(s) exists where F-RTO
interacts badly with the packet counting of the SACK-enabled TCP flow.
-
Before Linux 2.6.22, this parameter was a Boolean value,
supporting just values 0 and 1 above.
- tcp_frto_response (integer; default: 0; since Linux 2.6.22)
-
When F-RTO has detected that a TCP retransmission timeout was spurious
(i.e, the timeout would have been avoided had TCP set a
longer retransmission timeout),
TCP has several options concerning what to do next.
Possible values are:
-
- 0
-
Rate halving based; a smooth and conservative response,
results in halved congestion window
(cwnd)
and slow-start threshold
(ssthresh)
after one RTT.
- 1
-
Very conservative response; not recommended because even
though being valid, it interacts poorly with the rest of Linux TCP; halves
cwnd
and
ssthresh
immediately.
- 2
-
Aggressive response; undoes congestion-control measures
that are now known to be unnecessary
(ignoring the possibility of a lost retransmission that would require
TCP to be more cautious);
cwnd
and
ssthresh
are restored to the values prior to timeout.
- tcp_keepalive_intvl (integer; default: 75; since Linux 2.4)
-
The number of seconds between TCP keep-alive probes.
- tcp_keepalive_probes (integer; default: 9; since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of TCP keep-alive probes to send
before giving up and killing the connection if
no response is obtained from the other end.
- tcp_keepalive_time (integer; default: 7200; since Linux 2.2)
-
The number of seconds a connection needs to be idle
before TCP begins sending out keep-alive probes.
Keep-alives are sent only when the
SO_KEEPALIVE
socket option is enabled.
The default value is 7200 seconds (2 hours).
An idle connection is terminated after
approximately an additional 11 minutes (9 probes an interval
of 75 seconds apart) when keep-alive is enabled.
Note that underlying connection tracking mechanisms and
application timeouts may be much shorter.
- tcp_low_latency (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.4.21/2.6)
-
If enabled, the TCP stack makes decisions that prefer lower
latency as opposed to higher throughput.
It this option is disabled, then higher throughput is preferred.
An example of an application where this default should be
changed would be a Beowulf compute cluster.
- tcp_max_orphans (integer; default: see below; since Linux 2.4)
-
The maximum number of orphaned (not attached to any user file
handle) TCP sockets allowed in the system.
When this number is exceeded,
the orphaned connection is reset and a warning is printed.
This limit exists only to prevent simple denial-of-service attacks.
Lowering this limit is not recommended.
Network conditions might require you to increase the number of
orphans allowed, but note that each orphan can eat up to ~64K
of unswappable memory.
The default initial value is set equal to the kernel parameter NR_FILE.
This initial default is adjusted depending on the memory in the system.
- tcp_max_syn_backlog (integer; default: see below; since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of queued connection requests which have
still not received an acknowledgement from the connecting client.
If this number is exceeded, the kernel will begin
dropping requests.
The default value of 256 is increased to
1024 when the memory present in the system is adequate or
greater (>= 128Mb), and reduced to 128 for those systems with
very low memory (<= 32Mb).
It is recommended that if this
needs to be increased above 1024, TCP_SYNQ_HSIZE in
include/net/tcp.h
be modified to keep
TCP_SYNQ_HSIZE*16<=tcp_max_syn_backlog, and the kernel be
recompiled.
- tcp_max_tw_buckets (integer; default: see below; since Linux 2.4)
-
The maximum number of sockets in TIME_WAIT state allowed in
the system.
This limit exists only to prevent simple denial-of-service attacks.
The default value of NR_FILE*2 is adjusted
depending on the memory in the system.
If this number is
exceeded, the socket is closed and a warning is printed.
- tcp_moderate_rcvbuf (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.4.17/2.6.7)
-
If enabled, TCP performs receive buffer auto-tuning,
attempting to automatically size the buffer (no greater than
tcp_rmem[2])
to match the size required by the path for full throughput.
- tcp_mem (since Linux 2.4)
-
This is a vector of 3 integers: [low, pressure, high].
These bounds, measured in units of the system page size,
are used by TCP to track its memory usage.
The defaults are calculated at boot time from the amount of
available memory.
(TCP can only use
low memory
for this, which is limited to around 900 megabytes on 32-bit systems.
64-bit systems do not suffer this limitation.)
-
- low
-
TCP doesn't regulate its memory allocation when the number
of pages it has allocated globally is below this number.
- pressure
-
When the amount of memory allocated by TCP
exceeds this number of pages, TCP moderates its memory consumption.
This memory pressure state is exited
once the number of pages allocated falls below
the
low
mark.
- high
-
The maximum number of pages, globally, that TCP will allocate.
This value overrides any other limits imposed by the kernel.
- tcp_mtu_probing (integer; default: 0; since Linux 2.6.17)
-
This parameter controls TCP Packetization-Layer Path MTU Discovery.
The following values may be assigned to the file:
-
- 0
-
Disabled
- 1
-
Disabled by default, enabled when an ICMP black hole detected
- 2
-
Always enabled, use initial MSS of
tcp_base_mss.
- tcp_no_metrics_save (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.6.6)
-
By default, TCP saves various connection metrics in the route cache
when the connection closes, so that connections established in the
near future can use these to set initial conditions.
Usually, this increases overall performance,
but it may sometimes cause performance degradation.
If
tcp_no_metrics_save
is enabled, TCP will not cache metrics on closing connections.
- tcp_orphan_retries (integer; default: 8; since Linux 2.4)
-
The maximum number of attempts made to probe the other
end of a connection which has been closed by our end.
- tcp_reordering (integer; default: 3; since Linux 2.4)
-
The maximum a packet can be reordered in a TCP packet stream
without TCP assuming packet loss and going into slow start.
It is not advisable to change this number.
This is a packet reordering detection metric designed to
minimize unnecessary back off and retransmits provoked by
reordering of packets on a connection.
- tcp_retrans_collapse (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Try to send full-sized packets during retransmit.
- tcp_retries1 (integer; default: 3; since Linux 2.2)
-
The number of times TCP will attempt to retransmit a
packet on an established connection normally,
without the extra effort of getting the network layers involved.
Once we exceed this number of
retransmits, we first have the network layer
update the route if possible before each new retransmit.
The default is the RFC specified minimum of 3.
- tcp_retries2 (integer; default: 15; since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of times a TCP packet is retransmitted
in established state before giving up.
The default value is 15, which corresponds to a duration of
approximately between 13 to 30 minutes, depending
on the retransmission timeout.
The RFC 1122 specified
minimum limit of 100 seconds is typically deemed too short.
- tcp_rfc1337 (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable TCP behavior conformant with RFC 1337.
When disabled,
if a RST is received in TIME_WAIT state, we close
the socket immediately without waiting for the end
of the TIME_WAIT period.
- tcp_rmem (since Linux 2.4)
-
This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default, max].
These parameters are used by TCP to regulate receive buffer sizes.
TCP dynamically adjusts the size of the
receive buffer from the defaults listed below, in the range
of these values, depending on memory available in the system.
-
- min
-
minimum size of the receive buffer used by each TCP socket.
The default value is the system page size.
(On Linux 2.4, the default value is 4K, lowered to
PAGE_SIZE
bytes in low-memory systems.)
This value
is used to ensure that in memory pressure mode,
allocations below this size will still succeed.
This is not
used to bound the size of the receive buffer declared
using
SO_RCVBUF
on a socket.
- default
-
the default size of the receive buffer for a TCP socket.
This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from
the generic global
net.core.rmem_default
defined for all protocols.
The default value is 87380 bytes.
(On Linux 2.4, this will be lowered to 43689 in low-memory systems.)
If larger receive buffer sizes are desired, this value should
be increased (to affect all sockets).
To employ large TCP windows, the
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling
must be enabled (default).
- max
-
the maximum size of the receive buffer used by each TCP socket.
This value does not override the global
net.core.rmem_max.
This is not used to limit the size of the receive buffer declared using
SO_RCVBUF
on a socket.
The default value is calculated using the formula
max(87380, min(4MB, tcp_mem[1]*PAGE_SIZE/128))
(On Linux 2.4, the default is 87380*2 bytes,
lowered to 87380 in low-memory systems).
- tcp_sack (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable RFC 2018 TCP Selective Acknowledgements.
- tcp_slow_start_after_idle (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.6.18)
-
If enabled, provide RFC 2861 behavior and time out the congestion
window after an idle period.
An idle period is defined as the current RTO (retransmission timeout).
If disabled, the congestion window will not
be timed out after an idle period.
- tcp_stdurg (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
If this option is enabled, then use the RFC 1122 interpretation
of the TCP urgent-pointer field.
According to this interpretation, the urgent pointer points
to the last byte of urgent data.
If this option is disabled, then use the BSD-compatible interpretation of
the urgent pointer:
the urgent pointer points to the first byte after the urgent data.
Enabling this option may lead to interoperability problems.
- tcp_syn_retries (integer; default: 5; since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of times initial SYNs for an active TCP
connection attempt will be retransmitted.
This value should not be higher than 255.
The default value is 5, which corresponds to approximately 180 seconds.
- tcp_synack_retries (integer; default: 5; since Linux 2.2)
-
The maximum number of times a SYN/ACK segment
for a passive TCP connection will be retransmitted.
This number should not be higher than 255.
- tcp_syncookies (Boolean; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable TCP syncookies.
The kernel must be compiled with
CONFIG_SYN_COOKIES.
Send out syncookies when the syn backlog queue of a socket overflows.
The syncookies feature attempts to protect a
socket from a SYN flood attack.
This should be used as a last resort, if at all.
This is a violation of the TCP protocol,
and conflicts with other areas of TCP such as TCP extensions.
It can cause problems for clients and relays.
It is not recommended as a tuning mechanism for heavily
loaded servers to help with overloaded or misconfigured conditions.
For recommended alternatives see
tcp_max_syn_backlog,
tcp_synack_retries,
and
tcp_abort_on_overflow.
- tcp_timestamps (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable RFC 1323 TCP timestamps.
- tcp_tso_win_divisor (integer; default: 3; since Linux 2.6.9)
-
This parameter controls what percentage of the congestion window
can be consumed by a single TCP Segmentation Offload (TSO) frame.
The setting of this parameter is a tradeoff between burstiness and
building larger TSO frames.
- tcp_tw_recycle (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.4)
-
Enable fast recycling of TIME_WAIT sockets.
Enabling this option is not
recommended since this causes problems when working
with NAT (Network Address Translation).
- tcp_tw_reuse (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.4.19/2.6)
-
Allow to reuse TIME_WAIT sockets for new connections when it is
safe from protocol viewpoint.
It should not be changed without advice/request of technical experts.
- tcp_vegas_cong_avoid (Boolean; default: disabled; Linux 2.2 to 2.6.13)
-
Enable TCP Vegas congestion avoidance algorithm.
TCP Vegas is a sender-side only change to TCP that anticipates
the onset of congestion by estimating the bandwidth.
TCP Vegas adjusts the sending rate by modifying the congestion window.
TCP Vegas should provide less packet loss, but it is
not as aggressive as TCP Reno.
- tcp_westwood (Boolean; default: disabled; Linux 2.4.26/2.6.3 to 2.6.13)
-
Enable TCP Westwood+ congestion control algorithm.
TCP Westwood+ is a sender-side only modification of the TCP Reno
protocol stack that optimizes the performance of TCP congestion control.
It is based on end-to-end bandwidth estimation to set
congestion window and slow start threshold after a congestion episode.
Using this estimation, TCP Westwood+ adaptively sets a
slow start threshold and a congestion window which takes into
account the bandwidth used at the time congestion is experienced.
TCP Westwood+ significantly increases fairness with respect to
TCP Reno in wired networks and throughput over wireless links.
- tcp_window_scaling (Boolean; default: enabled; since Linux 2.2)
-
Enable RFC 1323 TCP window scaling.
This feature allows the use of a large window
(> 64K) on a TCP connection, should the other end support it.
Normally, the 16 bit window length field in the TCP header
limits the window size to less than 64K bytes.
If larger windows are desired, applications can increase the size of
their socket buffers and the window scaling option will be employed.
If
tcp_window_scaling
is disabled, TCP will not negotiate the use of window
scaling with the other end during connection setup.
- tcp_wmem (since Linux 2.4)
-
This is a vector of 3 integers: [min, default, max].
These parameters are used by TCP to regulate send buffer sizes.
TCP dynamically adjusts the size of the send buffer from the
default values listed below, in the range of these values,
depending on memory available.
-
- min
-
Minimum size of the send buffer used by each TCP socket.
The default value is the system page size.
(On Linux 2.4, the default value is 4K bytes.)
This value is used to ensure that in memory pressure mode,
allocations below this size will still succeed.
This is not used to bound the size of the send buffer declared using
SO_SNDBUF
on a socket.
- default
-
The default size of the send buffer for a TCP socket.
This value overwrites the initial default buffer size from
the generic global
/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_default
defined for all protocols.
The default value is 16K bytes.
If larger send buffer sizes are desired, this value
should be increased (to affect all sockets).
To employ large TCP windows, the
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_window_scaling
must be set to a nonzero value (default).
- max
-
The maximum size of the send buffer used by each TCP socket.
This value does not override the value in
/proc/sys/net/core/wmem_max.
This is not used to limit the size of the send buffer declared using
SO_SNDBUF
on a socket.
The default value is calculated using the formula
max(65536, min(4MB, tcp_mem[1]*PAGE_SIZE/128))
(On Linux 2.4, the default value is 128K bytes,
lowered 64K depending on low-memory systems.)
- tcp_workaround_signed_windows (Boolean; default: disabled; since Linux 2.6.26)
-
If enabled, assume that no receipt of a window-scaling option means that the
remote TCP is broken and treats the window as a signed quantity.
If disabled, assume that the remote TCP is not broken even if we do
not receive a window scaling option from it.
Socket options
To set or get a TCP socket option, call
getsockopt(2)
to read or
setsockopt(2)
to write the option with the option level argument set to
IPPROTO_TCP.
Unless otherwise noted,
optval
is a pointer to an
int.
In addition,
most
IPPROTO_IP
socket options are valid on TCP sockets.
For more information see
ip(7).
- TCP_CONGESTION (since Linux 2.6.13)
-
The argument for this option is a string.
This option allows the caller to set the TCP congestion control
algorithm to be used, on a per-socket basis.
Unprivileged processes are restricted to choosing one of the algorithms in
tcp_allowed_congestion_control
(described above).
Privileged processes
(CAP_NET_ADMIN)
can choose from any of the available congestion-control algorithms
(see the description of
tcp_available_congestion_control
above).
- TCP_CORK (since Linux 2.2)
-
If set, don't send out partial frames.
All queued partial frames are sent when the option is cleared again.
This is useful for prepending headers before calling
sendfile(2),
or for throughput optimization.
As currently implemented, there is a 200 millisecond ceiling on the time
for which output is corked by
TCP_CORK.
If this ceiling is reached, then queued data is automatically transmitted.
This option can be combined with
TCP_NODELAY
only since Linux 2.5.71.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT (since Linux 2.4)
-
Allow a listener to be awakened only when data arrives on the socket.
Takes an integer value (seconds), this can
bound the maximum number of attempts TCP will make to
complete the connection.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_INFO (since Linux 2.4)
-
Used to collect information about this socket.
The kernel returns a struct tcp_info as defined in the file
/usr/include/linux/tcp.h.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_KEEPCNT (since Linux 2.4)
-
The maximum number of keepalive probes TCP should send
before dropping the connection.
This option should not be
used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_KEEPIDLE (since Linux 2.4)
-
The time (in seconds) the connection needs to remain idle
before TCP starts sending keepalive probes, if the socket
option
SO_KEEPALIVE
has been set on this socket.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_KEEPINTVL (since Linux 2.4)
-
The time (in seconds) between individual keepalive probes.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_LINGER2 (since Linux 2.4)
-
The lifetime of orphaned FIN_WAIT2 state sockets.
This option can be used to override the system-wide setting in the file
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout
for this socket.
This is not to be confused with the
socket(7)
level option
SO_LINGER.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_MAXSEG
-
The maximum segment size for outgoing TCP packets.
In Linux 2.2 and earlier, and in Linux 2.6.28 and later,
if this option is set before connection establishment, it also
changes the MSS value announced to the other end in the initial packet.
Values greater than the (eventual) interface MTU have no effect.
TCP will also impose
its minimum and maximum bounds over the value provided.
- TCP_NODELAY
-
If set, disable the Nagle algorithm.
This means that segments
are always sent as soon as possible, even if there is only a
small amount of data.
When not set, data is buffered until there
is a sufficient amount to send out, thereby avoiding the
frequent sending of small packets, which results in poor
utilization of the network.
This option is overridden by
TCP_CORK;
however, setting this option forces an explicit flush of
pending output, even if
TCP_CORK
is currently set.
- TCP_QUICKACK (since Linux 2.4.4)
-
Enable quickack mode if set or disable quickack
mode if cleared.
In quickack mode, acks are sent
immediately, rather than delayed if needed in accordance
to normal TCP operation.
This flag is not permanent,
it only enables a switch to or from quickack mode.
Subsequent operation of the TCP protocol will
once again enter/leave quickack mode depending on
internal protocol processing and factors such as
delayed ack timeouts occurring and data transfer.
This option should not be used in code intended to be
portable.
- TCP_SYNCNT (since Linux 2.4)
-
Set the number of SYN retransmits that TCP should send before
aborting the attempt to connect.
It cannot exceed 255.
This option should not be used in code intended to be portable.
- TCP_USER_TIMEOUT (since Linux 2.6.37)
-
This option takes an
unsigned int
as an argument.
When the value is greater than 0,
it specifies the maximum amount of time in milliseconds that transmitted
data may remain unacknowledged before TCP will forcibly close the
corresponding connection and return
ETIMEDOUT
to the application.
If the option value is specified as 0,
TCP will to use the system default.
Increasing user timeouts allows a TCP connection to survive extended
periods without end-to-end connectivity.
Decreasing user timeouts
allows applications to "fail fast", if so desired.
Otherwise, failure may take up to 20 minutes with
the current system defaults in a normal WAN environment.
This option can be set during any state of a TCP connection,
but is only effective during the synchronized states of a connection
(ESTABLISHED, FIN-WAIT-1, FIN-WAIT-2, CLOSE-WAIT, CLOSING, and LAST-ACK).
Moreover, when used with the TCP keepalive
(SO_KEEPALIVE)
option,
TCP_USER_TIMEOUT
will override keepalive to determine when to close a
connection due to keepalive failure.
The option has no effect on when TCP retransmits a packet,
nor when a keepalive probe is sent.
This option, like many others, will be inherited by the socket returned by
accept(2),
if it was set on the listening socket.
Further details on the user timeout feature can be found in
RFC 793 and RFC 5482 ("TCP User Timeout Option").
- TCP_WINDOW_CLAMP (since Linux 2.4)
-
Bound the size of the advertised window to this value.
The kernel imposes a minimum size of SOCK_MIN_RCVBUF/2.
This option should not be used in code intended to be
portable.
Sockets API
TCP provides limited support for out-of-band data,
in the form of (a single byte of) urgent data.
In Linux this means if the other end sends newer out-of-band
data the older urgent data is inserted as normal data into
the stream (even when
SO_OOBINLINE
is not set).
This differs from BSD-based stacks.
Linux uses the BSD compatible interpretation of the urgent
pointer field by default.
This violates RFC 1122, but is
required for interoperability with other stacks.
It can be changed via
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_stdurg.
It is possible to peek at out-of-band data using the
recv(2)
MSG_PEEK
flag.
Since version 2.4, Linux supports the use of
MSG_TRUNC
in the
flags
argument of
recv(2)
(and
recvmsg(2)).
This flag causes the received bytes of data to be discarded,
rather than passed back in a caller-supplied buffer.
Since Linux 2.4.4,
MSG_TRUNC
also has this effect when used in conjunction with
MSG_OOB
to receive out-of-band data.
Ioctls
The following
ioctl(2)
calls return information in
value.
The correct syntax is:
-
int value;
error = ioctl(tcp_socket, ioctl_type, &value);
ioctl_type
is one of the following:
- SIOCINQ
-
Returns the amount of queued unread data in the receive buffer.
The socket must not be in LISTEN state, otherwise an error
(EINVAL)
is returned.
SIOCINQ
is defined in
<linux/sockios.h>.
Alternatively,
you can use the synonymous
FIONREAD,
defined in
<sys/ioctl.h>.
- SIOCATMARK
-
Returns true (i.e.,
value
is nonzero) if the inbound data stream is at the urgent mark.
If the
SO_OOBINLINE
socket option is set, and
SIOCATMARK
returns true, then the
next read from the socket will return the urgent data.
If the
SO_OOBINLINE
socket option is not set, and
SIOCATMARK
returns true, then the
next read from the socket will return the bytes following
the urgent data (to actually read the urgent data requires the
recv(MSG_OOB)
flag).
Note that a read never reads across the urgent mark.
If an application is informed of the presence of urgent data via
select(2)
(using the
exceptfds
argument) or through delivery of a
SIGURG
signal,
then it can advance up to the mark using a loop which repeatedly tests
SIOCATMARK
and performs a read (requesting any number of bytes) as long as
SIOCATMARK
returns false.
- SIOCOUTQ
-
Returns the amount of unsent data in the socket send queue.
The socket must not be in LISTEN state, otherwise an error
(EINVAL)
is returned.
SIOCOUTQ
is defined in
<linux/sockios.h>.
Alternatively,
you can use the synonymous
TIOCOUTQ,
defined in
<sys/ioctl.h>.
Error handling
When a network error occurs, TCP tries to resend the packet.
If it doesn't succeed after some time, either
ETIMEDOUT
or the last received error on this connection is reported.
Some applications require a quicker error notification.
This can be enabled with the
IPPROTO_IP
level
IP_RECVERR
socket option.
When this option is enabled, all incoming
errors are immediately passed to the user program.
Use this option with care --- it makes TCP less tolerant to routing
changes and other normal network conditions.
ERRORS
- EAFNOTSUPPORT
-
Passed socket address type in
sin_family
was not
AF_INET.
- EPIPE
-
The other end closed the socket unexpectedly or a read is
executed on a shut down socket.
- ETIMEDOUT
-
The other end didn't acknowledge retransmitted data after some time.
Any errors defined for
ip(7)
or the generic socket layer may also be returned for TCP.
VERSIONS
Support for Explicit Congestion Notification, zero-copy
sendfile(2),
reordering support and some SACK extensions
(DSACK) were introduced in 2.4.
Support for forward acknowledgement (FACK), TIME_WAIT recycling,
and per-connection keepalive socket options were introduced in 2.3.
BUGS
Not all errors are documented.
IPv6 is not described.
SEE ALSO
accept(2),
bind(2),
connect(2),
getsockopt(2),
listen(2),
recvmsg(2),
sendfile(2),
sendmsg(2),
socket(2),
ip(7),
socket(7)
RFC 793 for the TCP specification.
RFC 1122 for the TCP requirements and a description of the Nagle algorithm.
RFC 1323 for TCP timestamp and window scaling options.
RFC 1337 for a description of TIME_WAIT assassination hazards.
RFC 3168 for a description of Explicit Congestion Notification.
RFC 2581 for TCP congestion control algorithms.
RFC 2018 and RFC 2883 for SACK and extensions to SACK.

Time: 02:55:20 GMT, September 18, 2014


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