Everyone wants superior performance for their product or service. However, unless you are methodical about it, it is easy to spend a lot of time optimizing your code and systems, with little actual improvement to show for the efforts. This chapter discuss some of aspects to consider when trying to improve the performance of the systems.
While having a good performance is, well, good, before you take up an optimization attempt, you should take a step back and think if you need better performance. Any time put in improving performance is time put in doing some other activity, and thus performnace improvement efforts need to justify themsleves relative to other activities that could be done.
This sounds obvious, but many times, engineers are driven by their insticts of aesthetics and problem solving, rather than pragmatism. The thrill of improving software may outweight the pragmatic consideration whether their improvemnt is required at all.
I was once walking and on the sidewalk and saw the pedestrian signal turn green at a distance. I committed to myself that I am going to cross the road before the signal turned red. I started running, and just managed to cross the road before the signal turned red. Only after this I realized that my destination was on the other side of the signal and I never needed to cross the road. I waited for another green signal to cross the road back. Indeed, sometimes, overcoming the challenges becomes more important than practical considerations.
Does it really matter if your nightly job takes 30 min instead of 1 hour? Does it matter if you reduce the memory consumption of program from 100 GB to 90GB? Would your users appreciate if the latency of requests goes down from 20ms to 19.8ms? In many situations, the answer is no, and you should move on to the next problem, which hopefully, matters.
Another factor to keep in mind while working on performance improvement is Amadahl's law. Amadahl's law, reworded as Gustafson's law --footnote-- Amadah's law and Gustafson's law are very simple facts. These guys were lucky that they coined their laws which became so famous. Gene Amadahl was an exciting fellow, who kept on founding companies till his sixties, and led a remarkable life. states that overall speedup of a program is dependent not only on the speed up by which you increase the latency of some portion of the program, but also on the portion of the program which you do not improve.
Consider an example. Suppose a program's execution time is 100s. Suppose its execution can be divided into two parts: A and B. Part A takes 20s and Part B takes 80s. Now, if you speed up part A by 90%, such that Part A takes only 2s, overall the program will take 82s, and thus there is a speed up of 12% in overall program execution time. However, if you speed up Part B by a more moderate 50%, Part B takes 40s, leading to an overall execution time of 60s, implying a speedup of 40%.
While you may see green pastures of optimization opportunities in parts of your system, do not jump to work on them unless the overall impact of those improvements justifies the efforts.
Say you are writing an HTTP server. Say it takes an average of 10ms for your server to respond to the request. You have figure out a way to reduce it by 20%, so that it will take only 8ms. 10ms vs 8ms sounds like a handsome improvement, and your end users will appreciate a faster website, won't they?
Well, not so fast. You need to consider that from end user's persepective, there is network latency too: San Francisco to New York network latency is like is ~50ms, cross continent network latency is even higher. So, you are reducing user preceived latency from 60ms to 58ms, which is not that impressive.
Note that if you are doing 10ms to 8ms change with code optimization, without introducing extra hardware (e.g., for caching), you may still justify your attempts if there is significant infrastructure cost reduction. You then need to check how much money you end up saving.
Perhaps, while reviewing the code you found that there is a linear search happening on an array, and using hash map can make search O(1). But before you implement improvement, consider the size of the array, and how many times that search is done. Will you be improving the performance sizeably?
Perhaps you found that a datbase table is being queried on a certain column and there is no index on that column. Before you create the index, consider how much does that buy you. Is the table size large enough for the index to matter at all?
"Premature optimization is the root of all evil" said Edgar Dijkstra. For him to come up with the quote, he himself would have wasted some time in premature optimization, or else seen others wasting their time. Indeed, premature optimization is an urge that is to be resisted continually.
 It is an optimization driven by measurement. You measure, make an educated guess about the efficacy of the improvement that you are undertaking, do the improvement, and measure again. Then you repeat the process.
The measurement consists of two parts: the metric and the profile.
The metric is usually a single number representing the performance of an entire sub system. It could be running time of a program. For an HTTP server, this could be response time. For a build system, this would be time to build a fresh build. In a throughput oriented system, it could be how many requests per second a server can support before CPU utilization of the server exceeds 70%. For a chat server, it could be the number of concurrent connections supported before the response times exceed, say 10ms. For a frontend app it could be page load time. For a caching server, it could be the hit rate.Sometimes, the metrics could be at high level: how many batch jobs are failing per day? How many open bug reports are there?
You often need to aggregate individual numbers to come up with a single metrics. In statistics, they are called "measures of central tendency". Typical mesures of central tendecy are mean, median and mode. For example, while calculating the overall latency of all the requests sent to an HTTP server over a day, you may take the average of individual latencies. While calculating aggregate metrics, while average sounds most natural, this may not always be the case: there are instances when 90%ile value may be better, or maximum may be better.
For metrics which do not affect the end user directly, arithmetic mean is usually a good idea. Let's say a program runs once every hour, and you want to have a metric for its performance. An arithmetic mean of the 24 run times over the day would be a good choice. Similarly, if you are tracking CPU utilization of a machine and taking a measurement every 5 minutes (like you see in AWS CPU utilization dashboard), taking an average over a desired period is a good idea. For example, if a job takes t1, t2, ..., t24 units of time, you can take (t1 + t2 + ... + t24) / 24 as a respresentative running time of the program.
For some metrics, an average is an unsatisfactory measure. Let's say that you have a machine with 4GB memory, and you run a memory heavy program on it. You measure the memory utilization of the program at important points in your program (when you expect the program to take locally maximum amount of memory). Say you measure the memory at 4 points in your program and find it to be 200MB, 600MB, 800MB and 3.2GB. Then the average (200 + 600 + 800 + 3200) / 4 = 1200MB = 1.2GB is not a good measure of aggregate memory utilization. You should watch for max value, since if this max gets close to 4GB, you have a problem in your hand: you either need to move to a bigger memory machine, or optimize your program to make it use a lesser amount of memory.
Similarly, some times, minimum rather than maximum can be appropriate value to use. For instance, if you are tracking free memory in the system, you need to know how close to 0 do you reach, and hence tracking the min free memory of a time period is appropriate
Suppose you have written a backend to generate some report based on user input. Depending on the user input, report generation may range from being extremely fast to extremely slow. You want a single number to denote the aggregate performance. In such a situaation, neither arithemetic mean nor maximum is a suitable measure of central tendency. Say, there are 100 requests, 99 of which took 1s while 1 request took 1000s. Now the average response time is (99 * 1 + 1000) / 100 = 10.99s, which is not representative since most requests are taking just 1s. Maximum is even worse. A good measure in this case is to take some percentile value, like 95 percentile, or 99 percentile. If 95 percentile response time is t, it means that only 5 perecent of the requests takes more than time t. So, you have an idea how many users are being pained by poor performance. In the above case, 95 perecentile response time would be 1s, which is a good measure of central tendency.
Percentile values are good to use in cases where a few abnormally large values may skew the aggregates like mean and cause it to become unrealistic. Remember that when Bill Gates walks in a room, the average net worth of a person in that room is north of a billion dollars.
While performnace improvements are quite application dependent, there are some general patterns which are useful to know.
Caching Caching is perhaps the most important idea for performance improvements. Caching refers to the practice of storing the result of some computation or operation in a quickly accessible location so that next access is faster.
Idea of caching is used pervasively in computer systems:
At times, you can couple the idea of incremental computation with caching. You may be able to perform a computation by using the cache and then doing an incremental calculations. If you want to find the set of users who have used an app in last 7 days, and you have cached the user list on a daily basis, you pick last 6 points (that is caching) and find out the users who have used the app today (that is incremental computation). [To be precise, you should also consider an interval of time which was 7 days ago, that too would be incremental computation]
Precomputation Precomputation is another big idea for optimization. Instead of computing when the need arises, we perform do the computation speculativel, and return the result immediately when requested. This too is used across computer science.
In processors, there is a "pipeline" which executes instructions one by one. When it encounters an "if" instruction, it needs to take one of the two paths, depending on which way the "if" condition turns out.
If for some reason, executing some instruction takes time (perhaps because they involve time taking mulitplication or division, or a fetch from memory), processor continues to execute next instructions, without waiting for previous instructions to finish (as long as input of those instructions are ready). This is called out of order processing. If they encounter an "if" instruction while executing out of order, the processor makes an educated guess (called branch prediction) about which way the branch will be resolved and continues exeucting down that path. In case the guess turns out to be wrong, the processor discards the results related to computation after the branch and restarts from that point. Branch prediction and out of order execution are two of the chief mechanisms for processors to get higher IPS (instructions per second) speed.
When a program requests the operating system to read a part of the file from hard disk to memory, some file systems perform what is called "speculative prefetching". They fetch bytes of the file from hard disk to memory in anticipation of requirements of the program. Speculative prefetching is also performed by browsers in that they speculatively fetch the pages which the expect the user to request.
Some databases implemente "materialized views", which is the result of a query computed periodically and kept aside for quick query response time.
Idea of precomputation may be applied in a myriad number of ways. At QGraph, we had a popular use case where our customers segmented their user on the basis of city: for example they found out all user the users whose city was, say, New Delhi or Bangalore. For each segmentation, querying the database was time consuming, so we ran a nightly job which performed this segmentation. When a user requested the segmentation, we could fetch the precomputed results, and add to it data which had since last night to output the final set of users.
BatchingAnother idea to improve the performance of computer systems is batching, where instead of invoking some service one by one, once for each request, you collect a bunch of requests and invoke the service just once.
Batching too is all pervasive in computer engineering. Let's have a look at some popular use cases.
Another optimization idea is compression. It can serve in two ways: Firstly you can store compressed data instead of raw to save disk space. Secondly, you can compress data before transferring it to reduce network bandwidth cost. Depending on how far the sender and receiver of the data are, it may take smaller time to compress the file, send it over the network and uncompress it at the receiver, rather than sending it uncompressed.
Databases often keep the contents compressed. Various database engines keep the data compressed. You can turn on compression in InnoDB engine of MySQL, and compression is an important feature for wired tiger storage enginer of MongoDB. Storing the data in compressed format is important for those NoSQL databases. In MongoDB, if there is record per user, it will look like:
{ "firstName": "John" "lastName": "Doe" "city": "London" "profilePic": "http://www.example.com/johndoe.jpg" }Each record contains the keys "firstName", "lastName" etc, which occupies a lot of space. Compression helps alleviate the extra disk storage that happens due to this.
For OLAP workloads, columnar databases like Vertica are very popular. Once of the main featurs that makes columnar databases so effective for OLAP queries is that columns can usually be compressed very effectively.
Another big idea to improve performance is indexing. Indexes are everywhere in real world. You find indexes in libraries, which are used to locate a particular book. You may say who goes to library in today's networked world. Well, internet is powered by a giant index called Domain Name Service!
File system is an index to the pieces of data lying around in the disk.
Creating suitable indexes for improved database performance is perhaps DB101, but its importance cannot be overemphasized. Indexes are particularly useful for searching by columns which have high specificity, i.e. given a column value, there are very few (ideally, only one) rows matching the column value. However, for the cases where there is low specificity, indexes are not that useful. For instance, each user may have a city, and you may wish to find all the users who belong to a specific city. In such cases, I have found the idea of precomputation (described earlier in this chapter) to be useful. At an abstract level, precomputation is like an index, except that index is updated not in real time but periodically.
Asyncrhonous operationIf you make a lot of requests to a server serially, you may consider firing the requests asyncrhonously: you do not wait for a request to finish before you fire another request.
Popular langauges all support asyncrhonous operation. Since Javascript is asyncrhonous from ground up, framework like nodeJS is very easy to write asyncrhonous programs in. However, I found it hard to control the fan out: the number of concurrent operations in progress. I found Java to be an excellent language in which I have been practically able to write non trivial asynchronous program. I have tried Python too, which support asyncrhonous programs since Python 3.5, but had lesser success in writing non trivial systems in Python.
Tradeoff accuracy for performanceMany engineers have an unspoken principle that they try write 100% correct programs. Like students who try to get 100% marks score low marks (because they get stuck in some topic and cannot even cover the whole syllabus), they disregard the fact that perfect is the enemy of good.
Often you can tradeoff a bit of accuracy for giant improvement in performance.
Consider the generation of a unique id. If you want to guarantee that the generated id is unique, you have a few choices. You can initialized a counter to 0. Each time an id is requested, you increment the counter and return the current value of counter. However, this requires you to maintain the current value of counter. You need to persist it too so that you do not lose the counter value if your program is restarted or crashes. You also need to worry about parallelism: what it two clients simultaneously request for an id, can they get teh same value of the id?
Alternatively, you can keep storing generated ids in a database, and, on each request, generate a random id, and check if it is already present. If yes, you store it in database and return. If no, you generated another random id and repeat.
However, the simplest solution would be to just generate a random id and return it. Very very likely it is going to be unique. Let's do some calculation. Say you are generating 64 bit integers as id. Then you generated one of 2^64 numbers, which is roughly 10^18. Suppose in the lifetime of your application, you will required to generate a billion ids. That is 10^9. The chances that two ids will match are less than 1 in 10^1000, and hence you should not worry about it. Infact, it is more likely that you may have an accident today, or even worse, a meteor may strike the earth.
There is a class of algorithms, called randomized algorithms which you can deploy to get solutions which are very good, but not perfect, and are simple to code in.
Sometimes, after months or years of working, one may tend to get jaded. One may think that no further performance improvement that matters is possible.
In such scenarios, you should start questioning your assumptions. Perhaps, given your assumptions, various incremental steps that could be taken, have been taken. But what if we remove the assumptions: is it possible to do drastically better, from the point of view of user? The important thing is not view your problem as technology problem, but try to improve a user visible metrics.
We had a program called "daily report", which used to run nightly and calculate some reports for our clients. It started off by taking a few minutes, but gradually started taking several hours. If it crashed in the night, we used to run in the morning (after fixing the cause of the crash), but in that case it used to be a little late, and our clients would complain about the unavailability of the report after checking it out in the morning.
We worked on the report and after a lot of effort, optimized it so that it started taking only a few minutes rather than a few hours. This improved our system signficantly: if it crashed, running it will take only a few minutes, and thus the reports were available soon.
Once we got running time to a few minutes, there was not point in getting it down further. It was very hard anyway. So, how could we improve the daily reports? Well, we could have tried to make it realtime, rather than nightly. Giving visibility to the client on a realtime basis is a vast improvement over giving it nightly. Perhaps we could have put in a place a system of anomaly detection, where an unsual data point would be caught and an alert thrown in (this is not a performance improvement though). The point is, an enthusiastic engineer always tries to make his systems more and more useful and responsive.
A final word on performance improvement: while your users will be initially thankful to the improvements you do, soon the new performance will be necessity, and expected.
My father grew up in a village, and while growing up, he did not have an idea that hair should be combed. There was no concept of a comb in the village. Then the comb got introduced, and it was initally used only by fashionable youth of the village. Then slowly, people started using a comb when attending festivals or marriages. Gradually, over tens of years, the comb became a necessity. If you do not comb your hair, you are perceived to be unclean, unkempt and generally careless.
What was a fashion statement yesterday became common place today.
We built a segmentation engine, where our customer could put in some conditions and find the users satifying the condition. For instance, he could try to find the people who viewed a product in last 10 days. More the number of days he inputted, more was the running time of program. We saw this use case and optimized for this use case. We brought down the running time of the program from minutes to seconds. As soon as the users accusomted to several minutes of running time noticed their jobs being finished in seconds, they simply increased the duration and the program continued to take several minutes.
Were our efforts useless? No, because were delivering more value to the clients.
Scaling of expectations happens not only with humans, but machines too. To improve the scalability of our data ingestion, we put several caches in the system. This helped us scale with increasing number of requests without increasing infrastructure cost signficantly. However, now the caches become indispensable. If they go down for whatever reasons, whole data ingestion pipeline gets clogged. Initially the caches were a luxury, but with time, they become an integral part of the system.


First things first - Source Control
We've setup a source control app for all of your git needs during our event.
To start using our very own gogs app, follow these 2 steps:
That's it! You'll be all set to start using source control (git).
Ensure that when you commit your code, you use the HTTPS URL for your
project NOT SSH. The GOGS environment we've setup does not allow
connection via the SSH protocol.
If you need a Google account for your project work, also ensure that you use
a Google account that maps to your Alliance Data inbox.
Follow this link to setup a Google Account (sans GMail). At the link, be sure to select the
Use my current email address instead option.


You walk towards a shelf of books in the drive-thru area. You see little slips of paper in all the books. It feels like you've seen this before.
The librarian that was at the window walks over to the shelf. "Excuse me." They say, looking through some of the slips. Suddenly they grab a book and walk back to the window. Then you remember where you have seen this before.
They have a shelf like this up by the front desk.


Sujeet Pandit
I have recently done B.Tech(Computer Science) from Takshshila Institute engineering and technology Jabalpur. I have also done Programming with Python and Job Preparation and awareness . I sounded python3, Html5, JavaScript, CSS, Bootstrap. My forty are Proactive, time bounded, quick learner. My weakness is sensitive person (I can't say no without response). My hobbies are reading Technical blog , and watching technical videos. Also, want to learn new things from this job so that I can improve my technical skills more. Thank you


Business Directory Purchase Receipt
Purchase Receipt
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Customer
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{{bdReceipt.customer.fName}}
{{bdReceipt.customer.lName}}
{{bdReceipt.customer.address}}
{{bdReceipt.customer.city}},
{{bdReceipt.customer.state}}
{{bdReceipt.customer.zip}}
{{bdReceipt.customer.telephone}}
Order
Number: {{bdReceipt.order.id}}
Date: {{bdReceipt.order.creationTime}}
Amount: ${{bdReceipt.order.orderValue}}
Sales Person: {{bdReceipt.order.salesUser}}
Description: {{bdReceipt.order.description}}
Transaction: {{bdReceipt.order.ccTransactionId}}
Card Number: {{bdReceipt.order.ccNum}}
Order Notes: {{bdReceipt.order.orderNotes}}


Thank you for being one of the first alpha testers, helping to polish and improve the Open Modal software. Below you can find news, changes for new versions, and instructions on how to submit comments and issues.
Have a nice day!
You can send comments and bug reports to our email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>It helps if you include additional material, such as:
A first alpha version has been released and was sent to a group of testers.


Multiple separate StyleGuide topic snippets can be marked on a single class by combining individual @CodeStyle annotations together in a @CodeStyles annotation.
@CodeStyle
@CodeStyles


Writing any non trivial piece of software is hard. As the software becomes more complex, the rate at which you can modify it becomes slower, and the chances of introducing a bug in it become larger.
Software engineers and managers are well aware of this, and thus, in any reasonable sized company, there is an emphasis on testing. Large companies have large Quality Assurance departments. In behemoths like Microsoft, strength of testing team rivals the strengths of development teams: there is often 1 tester per developer. The code is frozen several months before the release, and only bug fixes are allowed after the freeze. This is so that the QA department can test the code thoroughly. This speaks volumes about how we much confidence we have in the software that we write.
The field of software engineering is not alone in being complex: any worthwhile human enterprise is complex: it takes months or years to devise experiments for Large Hydron Collider, and peer review for path breaking papers in Mathematics takes several months too. However, there is something unique about software engineering: at each stage we spend large amount of effort in debugging the software, and yet the quality of the software that comes out is often less than desirable:
Why is writing software so complex? Can't we be a little more careful and write correct code? The complexity of software arises from two fundamental reasons.
First, humans have a capability to hold a limited amount of state in their brains. In his paper "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information", George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist at Princeton University, posits that human beings are able to hold between five and nine pieces of information at a time. Give them more than that and things start falling apart.
In the game of chess, this is known as blunder. Novice players often see that their particular piece, say Queen, is under attack, and they are fully aware that they need to do something about it. However, when they start exploring various possible lines, they sometime tend to forget that their Queen is under attack, and make a silly move at the end. This is because we have a limited capacity to hold state in our head.
Computers are giant state machines. The content on the hard disk, the memory, various caches and the processor registers constitutes the state, and various instructions are rules to change the state from one to another.
To manipulate such a giant state machine is very hard, and thus, higher level programming languages provide us with a simple, abstracted out state machine. Variables and objects are the states and statements operate on those states.
It remains a state machine nonetheless and human capacity to hold a non trivial state information is just not there.
Were computer programming
So, software development is inherently complex. It is not that individual programmars are lazy or incomptent: software development is inherently hard for humans. Were it a stateless activity, like typing, we could become good at it. Were the number of states fewer, like in driving, we could have a much better accuracy. Humans are much better at driving compared to coding: There are only about 20 deaths per billion miles driven, while there are "15-50 errors per 1000 lines of delivered code": https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/185660/is-the-average-number-of-bugs-per-loc-the-same-for-different-programming-languag And in case you are getting complacent that driving safely is more important than writing bug free code, be aware that computer code is handling medical equipments, driving cars and controlling satellites. It is a wonder that the Earth is spinning on its axis despite so much bug ridden software floating around.
So, the question is: given that computer programming is not a natural activity for us humans, what do we do to still deliver a high quality software?
There is a three pronged strategy that software developers need to follow to deliver high quality software:
First, since software development is bug prone because it is complex, we strive to reduce the complexity of the software. Further since software is complex because of large state involved, we strive to reduce the number of states that we have to deal with.
The general principle of reducing the number of states that we deal with can be applied at various levels, from coding style to architecting the systems.
While coding, you should strive to have fewer variables in the function (each variable is a state), name each variable suitable (to enable better association in our brains). Use fewer conditions, because code inside the conditionals has more state information to be tracked compared to the code outside the conditionals. Nested ifs are even worse. We will consider several techniques to reduce complexity in one of the upcoming chapters.
At architectural level too, we try to reduce complexity by deduplicating information between components, and reusing code across components.
Secondly, however hard we may try, software that we write will always contain problems, ranging from silly mistakes to lack of understanding about the system should work. As we write our code, we also write test cases to protect against erroneous future modifications. Whenever we find a bug in the production, we add a test case so as to avoid the appearance of the same bug in future.
Lastly, even after thorough testing may not reveal problems related to the lack of foresight of developers about how the code will be actually used. The input provided to the program may be in a different format than assumed by the developers, network requests may time out or provide unreasonable responses and so on. Thus, it is important that we monitor the behavior of the code in production.


Meet the Team!
Jason
Manager
ID: 159
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Engineer
ID: 350
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<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub
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Intern
ID: 950
Email
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Angel Grove Community College


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@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import config.AppConfig @import views.html.templates.PrincipalMainTemplate @this( principalMainTemplate: PrincipalMainTemplate ) @()(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages, appConfig: AppConfig) @principalMainTemplate(title = messages("claim-enrolment.claim-already-signed-up.title")) {
@messages("claim-enrolment.claim-already-signed-up.content")
}


The momentum pattern examined throughout this tutorial has a greater Sharpe ratio than the SPY during the downfall of the 2020 stock market crash and has more a lower annual standard deviation of returns than the SPY over all the periods we tested. However, we conclude the strategy, which is loosely based on the research of Sapp (2010), does not consistently outperform our benchmark. To continue the development of this strategy, future areas of research include:


The library {{detectedLibrary}} version {{detectedVersion}} has known security issues.
For more information, visit those websites:
The vulnerability is affecting all versions prior {{belowVersion}} (between {{aboveVersion}} and {{belowVersion}})
Other considerationsThe vulnerability might be affecting a feature of the library that the website is not using. If the vulnerable feature is not used, this alert can be considered false positive.
The library name and its version are identified based on a Retire.js signature. If the library identification is not correct, the prior vulnerability does not apply.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}
Error: {{ error }}{% endif %}
This page will include cohort description/metadata as well as a metric selector


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
I'm a musician, writer, activist, and retired paralegal, learning to code because it seemed like a great idea for a variety of reasons.


zip
Package and compress (archive) files into zip file.
See also: `unzip`.
More information: home page
- Add files/directories to a specific archive:
zip -r path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...
- Remove files/directories from a specific archive:
zip --delete path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...
- Archive files/directories e[x]cluding specified ones:
zip path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ... --exclude path/to/excluded_files_or_directories
- Archive files/directories with a specific compression level (`0` - the lowest, `9` - the highest):
zip -r -0-9 path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...
- Create an encrypted archive with a specific password:
zip -r --encrypt path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...
- Archive files/directories to a multi-part [s]plit zip file (e.g. 3 GB parts):
zip -r -s 3g path/to/compressed.zip path/to/file_or_directory1 path/to/file_or_directory2 ...
- Print a specific archive contents:
zip -sf path/to/compressed.zip


Penrose.
Making personal data into useful data
- Seedcamp winners 2013
- Raised over £500,000
- Increased conversion on partner sites by 10%
We acted as CTRLio’s CTO and product team, providing the support, knowledge and skills they needed to get their company started.
Penrose acted as CTRLio’s CTO and product team, providing the support, knowledge and skills they needed to get their company started.
In agile cycles of learning and development, we helped them raise funding, demonstrate progress to investors and create an automated web app that enables people to use their mobile bills to find a better contract.
Gallery
Some additional pics & captions
More text blah blah blah etc. Penrose acted as CTRLio’s CTO and product team, providing the support, knowledge and skills they needed to get their company started.
In agile cycles of learning and development, we helped them raise funding, demonstrate progress to investors and create an automated web app that enables people to use their mobile bills to find a better contract.
Services provided by Penrose
- CTO as a service
- Microservice technical architecture
- Web App development
- Data scraping
- User Experience
- Information Architecture
- User Interface Design
- Product Design


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Audience Screen


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Fig 1. Brian Plimley (left) and Ali Hanks (right) discussing gamma-ray measurements of different areas around the Pinewood campus with Mrs. Abraham's AP Chemistry class. |
|
Fig 2. Students watch as gamma-ray data is collected next to a stream near Pinewood campus. |
|
Fig 3. Data is taken from the components of a smoke detector using our high purity germanium detector. |


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Handling Maps and all related aspects, hashing for login, content write-up, project documentation, website deployment
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Server side logic development, database definition and management, form and route handling
Email: vsrambhia@gmail.com


Inserting Files Into the File List
Selected from the Insert button in the file list dialog.
This button inserts all the currently selected files into the file list at the current caret position in the file list display.
Orphan files are inserted directly at the cursor position in the edit file list tab display. For files that already have entries in the file list, you will be asked whether you want to add a duplicate entry to the file list:
{bmlwd DUPLICAT.BMP}


--- author: zgxsin date: 2018-09-18 title: ETH Zurich ESF ---
Date: {{ page.date | date: "%b %d, %Y"}}


The Modern Business template by Start Bootstrap includes:
In today's ever changing job market, one can easily lose their sense of direction. Let the Workforce Development Center's team of experience personnel guide you along the way. Everything you need to look for a job, change a career, develop new skills or simply looking for the right school is at your disposal. Whether it is resources, information, career counseling, training or computer access, our professional and knowledgeable staff will work with you to help you achieve your goals.
The CalJOBSSM system is California's online resource to help job seekers and employers navigate the state's workforce services. The enhanced system allows users to easily search for jobs, build resumes, access career resources, find qualified candidates for employment, and gather information on education and training programs.
At Goodwill®, we believe everyone should have the opportunity to live independently, earn wages and achieve their dreams.
Indeed is the #1 job site in the world1 with over 250 million unique visitors2 every month. Indeed strives to put job seekers first, giving them free access to search for jobs, post resumes, and research companies. Every day, we connect millions of people to new opportunities.
The U.S. Federal Government relies on more than two million Americans and foreign nationals to work in the civil service. Citizens like you help the government fulfill its essential duties in service to the American people. USAJOBS is here to help you find ways to serve. The enhanced system allows users to easily search for jobs, build resumes, access career resources, find qualified candidates for employment, and gather information on education and training programs.
Federal Student Aid, a part of the U.S. Department of Education, is the largest provider of student financial aid in the nation. At the office of Federal Student Aid, our more than 1,300 employees help make college education possible for every dedicated mind by providing more than $120 billion in federal grants, loans, and work-study funds each year to more than 13 million students paying for college or career school. We are proud to sponsor millions of American minds pursuing their educational dreams.
Sharing ideas about workforce innovation at the statewide convening of SlingShot and Accelerator grantees. Put on by the California Workforce Development Board on June 28th and 29th 2016 in Sacramento, CA.
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Header one
header two
header three
Header four
cell one
cell two
cell three
cell four
row two cell one
row two cell two
row two cell three
row two cell four


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This use case details how the Dieter will use the system to edit their eating plan profile.
If at step 1.3 (Edit personal details) the Dieter chooses to select one or more medical conditions. The system displays the appropriate screen. The user selects one or more medical conditions [allergies, diabetic, lactose intolerants, coeliac].
If at step 1.3 (Edit personal details) the Dieter chooses to upload a photograph. The system displays the appropriate screen. The user chooses a photograph to upload, and selects the option to upload. The system uploads the photograph and adds it to the Dieter’s Eating Plan Profile. The use case continues at step 1.3 (Edit personal details).
If at step 1.3 (Edit personal details) the Dieter chooses to edit a weight loss target. The system displays the appropriate screen. The user edits the weight loss target. The use case continues at step 1.3 (Edit personal details).
If at step 1.3 (Edit personal details) the Dieter chooses to edit dietary needs. The system displays the appropriate screen. The user edits the dietary need. [Vegetarian, vegan, kosher, low fat, low salt, low sugar, high in fibre, high in iron, contains vitamin c]. The use case continues at step 1.3 (Edit personal details).
If at any time the Dieter chooses to cancel the activity, the system displays a warning message asking the Dieter to either continue with the cancel action or quit the cancel action. If the Dieter chooses to continue with the cancel action, the use case ends. If the Dieter chooses to quit the cancel action, the system closes the message and the use case continues from its current point.
If at step 1.7 (Save new personalised eating plan) the system establishes that the database is unavailable, the system displays a warning message. The Dieter acknowledges the warning message and the use case ends.
Aoife Murphy has a coeliac condition that she has managed since childhood. She needs to be able to cook for her family while maintaining a healthy weight. She wants to be able to cook tasty recipes that are gluten free and easy for her to source the ingredients.
The Dieter must have successfully logged in, and still be logged in.
Either the personalised eating plan has been amended and all data has been saved, or no data has been modified.


There is an eternal quest for strong yet memorable passwords, yet we are usually only told what we shouldn’t do.
Don’t use names.
Don’t use dates.
Don’t use something in any dictionary in any language.
Don’t use a short password.
Don’t reuse a password.
Don’t write it down.
It’s no small wonder why most people distain passwords, technical and “civilian” alike. This breeds the bending of the rules as much as possible. And that includes the “don’t do’s” listed above.
 There are a number of memorable methods online for strong passwords.
There are three critical requirements for a strong password:
Length is clear enough. But how long? The Wikipedia page on “Password Strength” provides some insight. The question is tied to the universe of characters the password contains, i.e., how many possible characters could be used. Quality and quantity go hand-in-hand.
The English alphabet contains 26 upper or lower-case characters. Using both is a universe of 52 characters.
Consider using “All ASCII printable characters” which means all the characters available on your particular locale’s keyboard. Create a large pool of possibilities for each character in your password by including upper and lower case letters and symbols. Notably, numbers, as in 0–9, has little significance in password strength.
“Diversity” of characters refers to avoiding common combinations. This means regular words should be avoided. Use an array of the regular characters available. In US English, the letters e, t, a, i, o, n are the most commonly used. But letters like f and z are not.
What then, is a decent method for a strong password?
Scrolling down from the above Wikipedia page, there is a chart entitled “Lengths L of truly randomly generated passwords required to achieve a desired password entropy H for symbol sets containing N symbols.” Quite a mouthful. Yet it does provide a useful guide.
In the column entitled “All ASCII printable characters”, password lengths (5, 7, 10, etc.) align with rows of bits. A password using numbers, upper and lower-case letters and symbols needs only 15 or 20 characters in length to be 96 or 128 bits in entropy, which is a fancy word for randomness.
A password length of 15 or 20 characters might seem exhausting and easily forgotten. With a little creativity, and decent touch-typing skills, it is a surmountable feat.
Yes, such a length prompts the usage of the term “passphrase,” and it’s only logical that a password of that length should be a phrase or a series of phrases.
To put the chart into perspective, a password composed only of Arabic numbers 0–9, requires about 39 digits in length to be 128 bits in strength. But that pass word only has to be 22 characters in length if composed of both upper and lower-case letters, plus numbers. Throw in some symbols and 128 bits is attainable with passwords only 20 characters in length.
Consider creating a phrase of horribly incorrectly spelled words. Are you a native US English speaker? Speak the phrase in a stereotypical Boston accent, or any other accent. The worse the accent, the easier this task becomes.
wae kun eya pahk mah kahr
Not a brilliant password in itself. But it’s certainly better than “where can I park my car.”
That ugly phrase can become the base of a strong password. It’s already 25 characters long, and exceeds the 96-bit criteria of strength, even though we are only using lower-case letters.
Adding entropy to this password, with a selection of different characters such as upper-case letters, numbers and symbols should be easy enough. Pick a standard list of symbols, such as \ @ % ^ and place each between each word. Capitalize letters that are exaggerated in speech, or make the whole phrase capitalized, doing to reverse for emphasis.
How does this password remain memorable? Can you remember the phrase “where can I park my car” in an exaggerated Boston accent?


{% extends 'base_template.html' %} {% block results %}
| # | Diagnosis | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| {{ i+1 }} | {{ data.predictions[i].get('label') }} | {{ data.predictions[i].get('probability') * 100|round(2, 'common') }}% |
It is likely that there is nothing wrong with the X-Ray presented. Please ensure that image presented is indeed a Frontal Chest X-Ray


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This screen lists all files contained in some package. For each file, the
following information is displayed :
- Path
- The absolute pathname to this package file. If this is a symbolic link,
the path will include the link target. Click on the path to view more
information about this file.
- Owner
- The Unix user who should own this file.
- Group
- This Unix group who should own this file.
- Type
- What type of file or directory this is.
- Size
- The size this file should be.
- Status
- Unless the file is supposed to be editable, this column will display any
discrepancies between the correct size, ownership and checksum of the file
and their current values.


Styled File Uploads
Published:
Last updated:
Cross-browser styling for the native HTML file input type.
Pattern Demo
Visual design note
If a file name is too long, the element that contains the file name or number of files will wrap to another line. This is different than a native file upload, but is done to provide better responsive behavior.
Pattern Details
Pattern Markup

Upload

<input type="file" id="file_upload">

<-- generated by JavaScript -->

...

The baseline markup for this component is a div
serves as an outer wrapper to the form control, and uses flexbox to position the label
, which is a parent to the visually hidden input, and selected file output span
.
Note: if using the accept
attribute, or multiple
attribute, it'd be good to provide context to the user that only certain file types, or that multiple files can be uploaded, respectively.
The JavaScript
The containing div[data-file-input]
provides the necessary selector hook for the JavaScript. An input[type="file"]
can't be styled directly, due to what makes up this component living in the Shadow DOM. Access to the Shadow DOM is still not widely supported at this time. Instead the JavaScript creates a span
, injects some classes, and listens for a change event to the file input.
If using the multiple
attribute, instead of the uploaded file name, the number of attached files will instead be visually printed on screen.
If the form control should be set to disabled
, the JavaScript will add a class to the wrapping element, to add a visual style to promote the disabled state. (The actual input
is hidden, so it can't be relied on to visually convey state, but it will announce it's state to screen reader users that happen upon it, when navigating with the virtual cursor, for example.)
If the data-file-input
attribute has a value of "compact", then the class .file-up--compact
will be added to the wrapper. This class will collapse the "no file selected" area until a user has selected a file or files to upload.
Affects on Screen Reader Announcements?
- JAWS 2018 + Internet Explorer 11
-
Native file uploads consist of two focusable elements in Internet Explorer 11, so for sighted users interacting with this pattern, there will be two focus stops.
Focusing the input (with tab key) announces:
[Accessible Name] file upload edit. Enter a name of a file to upload.
Focusing the browse button (with tab key) announces:
[Accessible Name] file upload edit. Browse...
.If using the virtual cursor to navigate, JAWS will announce "Upload an image" when focus is on the label, and File upload edit" and "Browse... button" when virtual cursor focus is on each element, respectively.
When an image, or images have been selected for upload, JAWS will append the file name or names to the announcements.
- JAWS 2018 + Firefox 63 (nightly)
-
Native file uploads have a single focus stop in tested, non-Microsoft browsers. Styled or unstyled, JAWS will announce the following:
[Accessible Name], browse. No file selected (dot) frame. Browse button
.When a file has been uploaded, JAWS will announce:
[Accessible Name], browse. [file name] frame. Browse button
.If multiple files have been uploaded JAWS will announce:
[Accessible Name], browse. [# files selected] (dot) frame. Browse button
. - JAWS 2018 or NVDA 2018.2.1 + Chrome (latest)
-
While Chrome has a visually similar native file upload style to Firefox, the announcement of the element differs. Styled or unstyled, JAWS and NVDA will announce the following:
[Accessible Name] button
.After uploading a file or files, JAWS and NVDA + Chrome will not announce the name or number of any selected files. To provide an experience that is similar to other browser announcements, this script will add an
aria-describedby
to the file uploadinput
and uniqueID
to thespan
the file name or number of files is printed in. Resulting in:[Accessible Name] button. [text contents of the output area]
. - NVDA 2018.2.1 + Firefox 63 (nightly)
-
File upload form controls have some serious issues with NVDA. The accessible name is not announced at all, nor is the default "no file selected" message. Firefox + NVDA announce the following when a styled or unstyled file upload is focued:
Clickable browse button
After uploading a file or files, tabbing to the control sill only produces the previous announcement. If using the virtual cursor, NVDA will announce the label and uploaded file name or number of files, if those text nodes are highlighted.
- VoiceOver + Safari 11.1.1 on macOS High Sierra
-
The ordering in which VoiceOver announces a file upload control differs from how JAWS or NVDA announce the control. Instead of starting with the accessible name, VoiceOver announces a styled or unstyled file upload control in the following order:
[No file announcement (or) file name/number] [Accessible Name], file upload button
.For the styled upload controls, if navigating with VO and left or right arrow keys, it will seem as if there are two focus stops on the control. However this is merely VoiceOver focusing the label and then the file upload control itself, and is only odd due to the fact that the styled control is visually conveyed as a single element.
- VoiceOver + Safari on iOS 11.3 & 11.4
-
It should be noted that, though they're named the same, VoiceOver for iOS should be treated as a different screen reader than it's desktop counterpart. Both styled and unstyled file upload controls have the following default state announcement:
[Accessible name], no file selected, button
Testing with photos and videos, regardless of whether it's a single or multi file upload control, after a user selects a file or files, VoiceOver will replace the "no file selected" announcement with "# Photo/video" or "# Photo and # Video" if both file types are chosen. The file name is not announced.
- TalkBack (Android Accessibility Suite 6.2) + Android Chrome
-
Like Chrome on desktop, regardless of if files are selected or not, native file upload controls are only announced as the following:
[Accessible Name] button. Double-tap to activate.
Due to sniffing for Chrome, the
aria-describedby
gets added to the file upload control, so the styled control adds the text from the outputspan
as an accessible description. This results in either "no file selected", or a file name being announced prior to the "Double-tap to activate" announcement.Interestingly, multi file uploading doesn't appear to work with Chrome on Android. Or at least when testing, I could determine how to do it as selecting the first file automatically selected and closed the choose file UI.
Usage note:
If using NVDA with mouse settings updated to "report role when mouse enters object" this component will announce itself as a "text frame" since the input is visually hidden on top of the visual 'button'.
Due to browsers exposing native file uploads in different ways (both visually and with what's announced), a single design for a file upload may be confusing for some users if the visual style doesn't match expected announcements. A more robust, custom, pattern may need to be considered.


| 035:029 Khan | : |
Verily, those who recite the Book of Allah (this Qur'an), and perform As-Salat (Iqamat-as-Salat), and spend (in charity) out of what We have provided for them, secretly and openly, hope for a (sure) trade-gain that will never perish. |
| 035:029 Maulana | : |
Surely those who recite the Book of Allah and keep up prayer and spend out of what We have given them, secretly and openly, hope for a gain which perishes not -- |
| 035:029 Pickthal | : |
Lo! those who read the Scripture of Allah, and establish worship, and spend of that which We have bestowed on them secretly and openly, they look forward to imperishable gain, |
| 035:029 Rashad | : |
Surely, those who recite the book of GOD, observe the Contact Prayers (Salat), and from our provisions to them they spend - secretly and publicly - are engaged in an investment that never loses. |
| 035:029 Sarwar | : |
Those who recite the Book of God, who are steadfast in prayer and, who spend out of what We have given them for the cause of God, both in public and in private, have hope in an indestructible bargain |
| 035:029 Shakir | : |
Surely they who recite the Book of Allah and keep up prayer and spend out of what We have given them secretly and openly, hope for a gain which will not perish. |
| 035:029 Sherali | : |
Surely, only those who follow the Book of ALLAH and observe Prayer and spend out of what WE have provided for them, secretly and in public, look for a bargain which will never fail; |
| 035:029 Yusufali | : |
Those who rehearse the Book of Allah, establish regular Prayer, and spend (in Charity) out of what We have provided for them, secretly and openly, hope for a commerce that will never fail: |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > الصلاة > أداء الصلاة > الحض عليها Pillars of Islam> The Prayers>Performing the Prayers> The Incitement to Pray أركان الإسلام > الزكاة والصدقات Pillars of Islam> Due Alms and Charities القرآن الكريم > تلاوته > الأمر بتلاوته The Holy Quran> The Quran Recitation> The Command to Recit it القرآن الكريم > حقيقته وتصديقه للكتب الأوائل The Holy Quran> The Quran's Reality and its confirmation of the Previous Books تنظيم العلاقات المالية > اكتسابها Organizing Financial Relationships>Winning it تنظيم العلاقات المالية > إنفاقها Organizing Financial Relationships>Its Expenditure تنظيم العلاقات المالية > الزكاة Organizing Financial Relationships>Due Alms
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Release 2.3.0
The following changes were made in this release:
Significant changes:
ZAP ‘lite’ version
For this release we are providing a ‘lite’ version of ZAP in addition to the ‘full’ version.
This contains exactly the same core code, but it just includes fewer default add-ons.
Of course, you can download all of the ‘missing’ add-ons from the ZAP marketplace to ‘upgrade’ the lite version to a full one.
The ‘lite’ version is aimed at people new to security who need less initial functionality which will hopefully be easier to get started with. It will also be suitable for people looking for a smaller download or those wishing to customize exactly which add-ons they install.
Support for client-side (browser) events
You can now view, intercept, manipulate, resend and fuzz client-side events. This includes postMessages, so you can now detect DOM based XSS vulnerabilities in postMessages. This is the first phase in a series of planned changes to support the testing of AJAX and HTML5 applications even more effectively.
Enhanced authentication support
ZAP's support for authentication has been completely revamped to easily handle complex types of authentication methods and scenarios. Support has also been added for user-defined scripts which allow you to handle custom authentication schemes. In addition, now ZAP understands and allows you to configure web applications' Users so various actions throughout ZAP can be performed from the point of view of defined users. To get started, check out the new Πιστοποίηση and Users panels in the Session Properties for each of the defined Contexts.
Support for non standard apps
This release includes support for ‘single page’ applications and non standard key-value separators. You can now control these settings via the new Structure panel in the Session Properties.
New Input Vectors including user-defined scripts
ZAP supports new options for defining the input vectors i.e. the elements of a request that ZAP will attack. The new options are available in the Active Scan Input Vectors panel of the Options. Support has also been added for defining custom scripts that define new input vectors.
Scan policy - fine grained control
The scan policy now has a fine grained control, allowing you to tweak individual scanner rules. You can also define, load and save scan policies, allowing you to maintain a set of policies that work well in different circumstances.
In addition, by default ZAP will not now scan well-known service parameters (e.g. __VIEWSTATE) speeding up the overall scanning process. This is completely user configurable, allowing you to specify exactly which parameters ZAP should ignore.
Advanced Active Scan dialog
A new 'Advanced Active Scan' dialog allows you to specify exactly how you want the active scanner to function. It allows you to specify ‘custom vectors’ that explicitly define which strings you want to attack. It also supports the option to scan as any of the Users you have defined for the application under test. Start an Advanced Active Scan via the Εργαλεία menu or via the Επίθεση section of the right click popup menu.
Extended command line options
You can now run ZAP ‘inline’ i.e. without starting the ZAP UI or a daemon. In this mode you can run simple attacks or run scripts which can access all of the ZAP functionality. You can also now override any of the options defined in the configuration file via command line parameters.
More API support
The API has been extended to support even more of the ZAP functionality.
Internationalized help file
The help file has been internationalized and is in the process of being translated into many other languages via https://crowdin.com/project/owasp-zap-help. If you use ZAP in one of the many languages we support, then the help files will include all of the available translations for that language while defaulting back to English for phrases that have not yet been translated.
Languages with a significant amount of translated help pages include:
- Bosnian
- French
- Japanese
- Spanish
Keyboard shortcuts
All menu items can now be invoked via keyboard shortcuts. Defaults are defined for virtually all cases, but you can configure your own preferences in the Keyboard panel of the Options.
New UI options
There is a new option to change the display so that the selected tab takes up the full screen. This is useful when using ZAP on small screens.
There is also an option to toggle the visibility of the tab names on an off to further conserve space.
Most of the UI lists have also been converted to tables, which allow you to change column widths and define exactly which columns are displayed, and how the tables are sorted.
More functionality moved to add-ons
More of the core functionality has been moved into add-ons which allows us to deliver updates dynamically via the ZAP Marketplace rather than requiring new full releases.
This includes the language packs, so translations made to the ZAP UI via https://crowdin.com/project/owasp-zap can be downloaded within ZAP or even automatically installed.
New and improved active and passive scanning rules
Many of the release status active and passive scanning rules have been improved. There are new alpha and beta status rules and many rules have been promoted from alpha to beta and from beta to release status.
Other miscellaneous changes and additions
- A new option to stop individual scan rules without stopping the whole scan
- A new toolbar button that allows you to quickly and easily record Zest scripts.
- A new group for sharing ZAP scripts (https://groups.google.com/group/zaproxy-scripts) has been created.
- The ability to spider applications based on source control metadata (SVN and Git) exposed via a web server
- The ability to force breaks from within Proxy scripts
Full list of changes:
- Issue 122 : ProxyThread logging timeout readings with incorrect message (URL)
- Issue 207 : Enhancement: Hotkeys
- Issue 362 : Allow Alerts lists to be filtered by selection in Sites pane
- Issue 399 : zap.sh directory handling
- Issue 412 : Enable unsafe SSL/TLS renegotiation option not saved
- Issue 416 : Normalise how multiple related options are managed throughout ZAP and enhance the usability of some options Usability
- Issue 485 : Make language packs into add-ons
- Issue 503 : Change the footer tabs to display the data with tables instead of lists Usability
- Issue 572 : Change the generate_root_ca property to a function in the Python API
- Issue 575 : Return the list of alerts in the Python API instead of a dictionary with one entry
- Issue 585 : Proxy - "502 Bad Gateway" errors responded as "504 Gateway Timeout"
- Issue 589 : Move Reveal extension to ZAP extensions project
- Issue 590 : Forced Browse uses wrong scheme when "attacking" a site accessed over a secure connection (HTTPS) on a non-default port
- Issue 591 : Available sites/hosts (in the footer panels) disappear when mode changed to "Safe"
- Issue 595 : Spider fails to start (footer panel) with a site accessed over a secure connection (HTTPS) on a non-default port
- Issue 606 : Disable the "Start" scan button when the "--Select Site--" option is selected
- Issue 607 : Manual requested sites shown as scanned in the footer panels when selected in the "Sites" tab
- Issue 609 : Provide a common interface to query the state and access the data (HttpMessage and HistoryReference) displayed in the tabs
- Issue 613 : Move Save Raw HttpMessage extension to ZAP extensions project
- Issue 619 : Move Forced Browse extension to ZAP extensions project
- Issue 620 : Move Forced Browse files to ZAP extensions project
- Issue 783 : shutdown should be a method in the python zap.core api
- Issue 788 : Update Java for Mac release
- Issue 793 : Authentication / SessionManagement Methods dynamic loading in APIs not reliable
- Issue 799 : Add HttpAuthentication as an Authentication Method
- Issue 803 : Patch for /trunk/src/help/zaphelp/zaphelp/credits.html
- Issue 804 : Add Support for various types of Authentication for a Context
- Issue 805 : Add Support for various types of Session Management for a Context
- Issue 806 : Add Support for webapp Users
- Issue 807 : Error while loading ZAP when Quick Start Tab is closed
- Issue 816 : Add right-click Copy/Paste & Find options in the Encode/Decode/Hash dialog
- Issue 817 : Python API doesn't handle "other" operations correctly
- Issue 822 : Java API: ApiResponseSet.getAttributes() not working
- Issue 825 : Old version of Rhino included in lib directory
- Issue 827 : Default session tokens are not lower cased when added through options dialogue
- Issue 828 : NullPointerException while accessing HttpSessions API view "sessionTokens" when a site doesn't exist or doesn't have tokens
- Issue 829 : JSONException while calling an API view without the required parameter(s)
- Issue 830 : Java Client API doesn't encode query parameters when sending requests to ZAP API
- Issue 832 : Http Sessions tab should be cleared when a new session is created
- Issue 837 : Update, always, the HTTP request sent/forward by ZAP's proxy
- Issue 838 : Search API - Add search views that return HTTP messages
- Issue 839 : Search API - Add search views that return messages in HTTP Archive format
- Issue 840 : Core API - Allow to get the messages in HTTP Archive format
- Issue 841 : NullPointerException after sending a manual HTTP request with ExtensionHistory disabled
- Issue 842 : NullPointerException while active scanning with ExtensionAntiCSRF disabled
- Issue 843 : NullPointerException after sending/proxying a HTTP request with ExtensionAntiCSRF disabled
- Issue 844 : NullPointerException while invoking the "Scan policy" dialogue with ExtensionPassiveScan disabled
- Issue 845 : AbstractPanel added twice to TabbedPanel2 in ExtensionLoader#addTabPanel
- Issue 846 : NullPointerException while active scanning with ExtensionScript disabled
- Issue 849 : NullPointerException while authenticating with ExtensionHistory disabled
- Issue 852 : Search API - URL views return the same URL several times
- Issue 853 : Core API - Allow to get the number of alerts
- Issue 854 : Core API - Allow to get the number of messages
- Issue 855 : Core API - Allow to get a message by ID
- Issue 856 : Core API - Allow to get an alert by ID
- Issue 857 : Core API - "alerts" view might return unexpected alerts when pagination is used
- Issue 858 : Core API - "messages" view might return unexpected messages when pagination is used
- Issue 859 : PScan API - Allow to enable/disable the passive scan
- Issue 860 : PScan API - Allow to list/get the passive scanners
- Issue 861 : PScan API - Allow to enable/disable all the passive scanners
- Issue 862 : PScan API - Allow to enable/disable a given passive scanner
- Issue 863 : AScan API - Allow to list/get the active scanners
- Issue 864 : AScan API - Allow to enable/disable all the active scanners
- Issue 865 : AScan API - Allow to enable/disable a given active scanner
- Issue 866 : Alert keeps HttpMessage longer than needed when HistoryReference is set/available
- Issue 867 : HttpMessage#getFormParams should return an empty TreeSet if the request body is not "x-www-form-urlencoded"
- Issue 868 : Core API - "messages" view shouldn't return internal/temporary messages
- Issue 869 : Differentiate proxied requests from (ZAP) user requests
- Issue 870 : Change the MainToolbarPanel's expand buttons to use ButtonGroup and Action
- Issue 871 : Title not updated when session name is changed through the main tool bar button "Session Properties..."
- Issue 872 : Core API - Allow to send a manual request
- Issue 873 : Core API - Allow to send a manual request in HAR format
- Issue 874 : Change BreakPanelToolbarFactory to use Actions
- Issue 875 : Remove i18n directory
- Issue 876 : Deprecate FuzzerPanel#PANEL_NAME
- Issue 877 : ExtensionPopupMenuItem#isEnableForComponent called twice on some pop up menus each time is shown using the MainPopupMenu
- Issue 878 : ExtensionPopupMenuItem#getMenuIndex() as no effect in MainPopupMenu
- Issue 879 : Pop up menu "Spider Context..." is enabled even if ExtensionSpider is disabled
- Issue 880 : Remember last selected directory when adding custom fuzz files
- Issue 881 : Fail immediately if zapdb.script file is not found
- Issue 882 : Remove "Copy" pop up menu item shown in the "Forced Browse" tab
- Issue 884 : Plug-n-Hack phase 2
- Issue 885 : API - Actions' response not shown when using HTML format
- Issue 886 : Main pop up menu invoked twice on some components
- Issue 887 : Scanners' pause button with inconsistent selection/enabled state
- Issue 888 : Search API - URL views might return unexpected URLs when pagination is used
- Issue 889 : JSONException while calling an API "other" without the required parameter(s)
- Issue 890 : Allow to clear "Output" tab
- Issue 891 : Target build "generate-javadocs" should apply SVN mime-type property to all generated files
- Issue 892 : Cache of response body length in HistoryReference might not be correct
- Issue 896 : PnH: Flag any fuzz attacks that hit the DOM XSS oracle
- Issue 897 : Add a JToggleButton that allows to set a tool tip text based on button's state
- Issue 898 : Replace all toggle buttons that set a tool tip text based on button's state with ZapToggleButton
- Issue 899 : Remove "manual" update of toggle buttons' icon based on button's state
- Issue 900 : IllegalArgumentException when invoking the main pop up menu with menus or super menus with high menu index
- Issue 901 : Pop up menu "succeed" separator is not added when using sub-menu in MainPopupMenu
- Issue 902 : Change all ExtensionAdaptor#hook(ExtensionHook) overriding methods to call the base implementation
- Issue 903 : Change options' thread sliders to use the same component
- Issue 904 : Add a button group that allows to deselect the selected button
- Issue 905 : Incorrect link in "Break tab" help pages
- Issue 910 : Forced User cannot be changed
- Issue 911 : AScan API - Change the "scanners" view to include the state of the active scanner
- Issue 912 : PScan API - Change the "scanners" view to include the state of the passive scanner
- Issue 913 : AScan API - Allow to list/get the active scanner policies
- Issue 914 : AScan API - Allow to set the active scanner policies enabled
- Issue 915 : Dynamically filter history based on selection in the sites window
- Issue 919 : Allow vulnerabilities.xml to be localized IdealFirstBug
- Issue 920 : Add include/exclude url patterns to history filter
- Issue 921 : PnH2: open as monitored url
- Issue 923 : Allow individual rule thresholds and strengths to be set via GUI
- Issue 925 : HTML report issues
- Issue 929 : AScan API - Allow to set the attack strength and alert threshold of active scanner policies and active scanners
- Issue 930 : AScan API - Allow to list/get the active scanners by policy ID
- Issue 931 : Allow extensions to pick up command line args in GUI mode
- Issue 932 : Allow scripts to be specified on the command line
- Issue 933 : Automatically determine install dir
- Issue 934 : Handle files on the command line via extension
- Issue 935 : Improve the identification of Java version
- Issue 939 : ZAP should accept SSL connections on non-standard ports automatically
- Issue 947 : Spider fails on URLs with illegal characters
- Issue 950 : Cope with add-ons containing files copied directly into the plugins directory
- Issue 951 : TLS' versions 1.1 and 1.2 not enabled by default
- Issue 954 : Changes to certain fields in the GUI are not saved after clicking OK/Proceed
- Issue 955 : keyboard focus lost when large body found
- Issue 956 : Copy URLs doesn't copy multiple
- Issue 957 : Reference for alert "X-Content-Type-Options header missing"
- Issue 963 : Add-on added to blocklist if it cant be deleted on update
- Issue 965 : Support 'single page' apps and 'non standard' parameter separators
- Issue 966 : Quickstart command line option
- Issue 967 : InvalidParameterException while updating the "Script Console" add-on
- Issue 968 : Allow to choose the enabled SSL/TLS protocols
- Issue 969 : Proxy - Do not include the response body when answering unsuccessful HEAD requests
- Issue 970 : Body of DELETE requests should be sent/forward
- Issue 974 : Scan URL path elements
- Issue 975 : Inverse Search Fuzz Results Buggy
- Issue 976 : Spider Context Attack causes spidering outside of context
- Issue 979 : Sites and Alerts trees can get corrupted
- Issue 981 : Internationalize help file
- Issue 982 : API key
- Issue 986 : New ScanProgress dialog implementation and plugin skipping functionality
- Issue 987 : Allow arbitrary config file values to be set via the command line
- Issue 988 : ZAP Help crashes before starting
- Issue 989 : Add a right click option "Add user" on an HTTP session
- Issue 991 : Add-on/Scan rule review request - Persistent XSS
- Issue 996 : Ensure all dialogs close when the escape key is pressed
- Issue 997 : Session.open complains about improper use of addPath
- Issue 998 : Silly regexp search kills ZAP
- Issue 999 : History loaded in wrong order
- Issue 1002 : Add support for Authentication via Scripts
- Issue 1003 : XXE Vulnerability Testing Plugin
- Issue 1004 : Source Code disclosure using Git meta-data
- Issue 1005 : Source Code disclosure using Subversion meta-data
- Issue 1006 : Spidering of web applications using using Git meta-data
- Issue 1007 : Spidering of web applications using using Subversion (SVN) meta-data
- Issue 1010 : Allow to sort fuzz results
- Issue 1012 : Encode / Decode dialog - support HTML and JavaScript encoding IdealFirstBug
- Issue 1016 : HTML encoding display issue in credits.html
- Issue 1017 : Proxy set to <IP_ADDRESS> causes incorrect PAC file to be generated
- Issue 1018 : Give AbstractAppParamPlugin implementations access to the parameter type
- Issue 1019 : ZAP startup with bad JAVA_HOME shows confusing error message
- Issue 1020 : Duplicate "Body: Table" plug-able view on Request/Break tabs
- Issue 1021 : OutOutOfMemoryError while running the active scanner
- Issue 1022 : Proxy - Allow to override a proxied message
- Issue 1023 : Script Console - Run/Stop buttons with inconsistent state
- Issue 1024 : Large Response view is shown even if a response body is not present
- Issue 1025 : NullPointerException while pressing a key with "Script Console" text areas selected
- Issue 1030 : Load and save scan policies
- Issue 1031 : Adding Parameter Exclusion capabilities to the Active Scanner
- Issue 1032 : Add API support for Script Based Authentication
- Issue 1033 : org.zaproxy.clientapi.core.Alert does not override equals() method
- Issue 1037 : JSON RPC parameters are not set correctly
- Issue 1039 : Improve External Redirect plugin Accuracy
- Issue 1041 : Active Scan plugins don't start if the site is local to <IP_ADDRESS>
- Issue 1042 : Having significant issues opening a previous session
- Issue 1043 : Custom active scan dialog
- Issue 1044 : Forced User Mode is not persisted across Session saves/loads
- Issue 1046 : The getHttpCookies() method in the HttpResponseHeader does not properly set the domain
- Issue 1047 : Backup Files not detected by Zap
- Issue 1049 : Fast multiple pattern search component
- Issue 1050 : Scripting based Input Vectors
- Issue 1051 : Zap can bound services to all network interfaces
- Issue 1052 : Callback API for active scan plugins
- Issue 1053 : String similarity and LCS algorithm component
- Issue 1055 : Load extensions before plugins
- Issue 1057 : Add a Extension.postInstall() method for post install actions
- Issue 1059 : Add Jython support for Script-Based Authentication
- Issue 1060 : Add JRuby support for Script-Based Authentication
- Issue 1061 : Select proper Script Type, Engine and Template when creating new script
- Issue 1063 : Option to decode add gzipped content (was handle compression for scripts)
- Issue 1065 : Rename ExtensionScripts to ExtensionScriptsConsole Maintainability
- Issue 1066 : Add support for quickly setting Script Based Authentication from scripts UI
- Issue 1068 : Zap does not detect source code in responses
- Issue 1069 : Support .-: in Zest variable names
- Issue 1071 : Using Zest-Script "Replace in response-body" delivers wrong Content-Length header.
- Issue 1072 : SQLDataException: data exception: string data, right truncation
- Issue 1074 : Add option to only display output from the displayed script
- Issue 1075 : Change TableHistory to delete records in batches Performance
- Issue 1076 : Change active scanner to not delete the temporary messages generated Performance
- Issue 1077 : Change (HTTP) fuzzer to not delete the temporary messages generated Performance
- Issue 1078 : Change ExtensionBreak to fallback to base message type breakpoint manager implementation
- Issue 1079 : Remove misplaced main pop up menu separators
- Issue 1080 : User Guide HTML pages incorrectly relying on the platform default encoding
- Issue 1081 : ExtensionPopupMenu should "notify" child ExtensionPopupMenu (and ExtensionPopupMenuItem) when the pop up is invoked
- Issue 1082 : Search URL matches highlighted in incorrect position
- Issue 1083 : Deprecate the method ExtensionPopupMenuItem#isSuperMenu()
- Issue 1084 : NullPointerException while selecting a node in the "Sites" tab
- Issue 1085 : Do not add/remove pop up menu items through the method View#getPopupMenu()
- Issue 1086 : Allow to dynamically add/remove passive scanners
- Issue 1087 : Change extensions to dynamically add passive scanners
- Issue 1088 : Deprecate the method ExtensionPopupMenu#prepareShow
- Issue 1089 : Change ExtensionPopupMenu to honour the extension pop up methods
- Issue 1090 : Do not add pop up menus if target extension is not enabled
- Issue 1091 : CoreAPI - Do not get the IDs of temporary history records
- Issue 1092 : SearchThread - Do not get the IDs of discarded messages
- Issue 1093 : Add an HTTP request body view that warns of large body
- Issue 1094 : Change ExtensionManualRequestEditor to only add view components if in GUI mode
- Issue 1095 : Replace main pop up sub menus with ExtensionPopupMenu when appropriate
- Issue 1096 : AddOnLoader calls incorrect notify method after uninstalling add-on files
- Issue 1097 : Move "Run applications" (invoke) extension to zap-extensions project
- Issue 1098 : Move AJAX Spider help pages to "Ajax Spider" add-on (and update them)
- Issue 1099 : Allow to annotate option methods as ignored for ZAP API
- Issue 1100 : Annotate option methods that shouldn't be exposed in the ZAP API
- Issue 1101 : Change passive scanners to expose its IDs
- Issue 1102 : Ajax Spider - Replace ajax spider proxy with core proxy
- Issue 1103 : Script Console - Allow to clear output even if "clear on run" is enabled
- Issue 1104 : Replace all toggle buttons that set a tool tip text based on button's state with ZapToggleButton (add-ons)
- Issue 1105 : Remove "manual" update of toggle buttons' icon based on button's state (add-ons)
- Issue 1106 : HistoryList's mapping of history ID to list indexes not updated when history entry is deleted
- Issue 1110 : Spider API - Unable to set how parameters are handled using API
- Issue 1111 : Check for Updates on startup gets (automatically) disabled when accessing the "Options" dialogue
- Issue 1112 : Change ZAP (core) to support new add-on dir structure
- Issue 1113 : Change add-on dir structure (help and resources)
- Issue 1118 : Alerts Tab can get out of sync
- Issue 1119 : Spider doesn't detect multiple forms on the same URL
- Issue 1120 : Uninstall add-on fails if rules use message bundle in uninstall
- Issue 1121 : Scan progress dialog can cause UI freezes
- Issue 1122 : Add-on additional info
- Issue 1125 : Can't re-import jython script as a proxy script
- Issue 1126 : Bugs in breakpoint filters
- Issue 1127 : Feature request: Allow scripts to generate breaks
- Issue 1131 : Support Zest Intercept actions in add-on
- Issue 1132 : HttpSender ignores the "Send single cookie request header" option
- Issue 1134 : Passive Scan Rule regexes not validated
- Issue 1135 : Marketplace tab cant be updated if cfu runs on start
- Issue 1137 : ZAP locks up when deleting nodes
- Issue 1138 : Passive Scan Rule changes not saved
- Issue 1145 : Cookie parsing error if a comma is used
See also


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Weather Example Data Set¶
In this manual, we use a weather data set to illustrate model creation and DAC in general. The weather dataset is not an ensemble of simulation outputs. Instead it is a set of measured values of various temporally-changing weather-related quantities, such as temperature, dew point, humidity, sea level pressure, visibility, wind speed, precipitation, cloud cover, and wind direction collected during 2014 for 100 cities in the United States from Weather Underground. The number of samples in each of the time series are all identical, each consisting of a value per day for a little more than a year. In addition to the temporal variables, each city has associated meta data, including city name, state, time zone, population, latitude, longitude, average temperature, average humidity, annual precipitation, average wind speed, average visibility, and average cloud cover.


"Programs must be written for people to read, and only incidentally for machines to execute."
—Hal Abelson
What about it? As my thesis advisor said "understanding mathematics is not about complex abstract ideas, but about understanding simple things well." If you worry the size of your data is the problem, you are probably not taking the correct approach to a solution. At Avant, we regularly use Syberia to turn our problems into embarrassingly parallel work units or use Syberia to call out to distributed C++ code that has already solved the problem.
Syberia acts as a rapid syntactic scaffolding tool to avoid being slowed down by compiling JAR files or submitting DAGs to distributed job runners: debugging those things will be pretty painful even with a stack trace. It's much nicer staying in a responsive REPL that keeps you feeling fresh and iterating quickly.
While we are not ready to share our solutions to these problems, we promise that putting syntax first, like a mathematician, will lead to great things. There is a good reason why the definitions are hard and the theorems are easy. Solve the problem of fitting and daily re-deploying thousands of feature engineering pipelines and ML models in response to radically different academic and business questions with a succint high-level parametrization of the full modeling process while maintaining full end-to-end testability, modularity, continuous integration, and zero-code deployment over every model you have ever experimentally created whilst avoiding nasty feedback loops over your customer distribution due to lack of consideration of IID violation and systematic biasing, and we promise that ♫Big Data♫ will be an easy final step.
Otherwise we'll give you your money back.
This is a question for your devops engineer. While we are not ready to share our solutions to these problems, there are plenty of approaches already. The Syberia modeling engine builds you a model object that is easily serializable. If you can park it on some persistent storage and read it in dynamically, just write a 10-line web server that takes a JSON hash of the rawest, messiest production data you can give it, turns it into a 1-row data.frame (don't forget to let mungebits do all the hard munging work to avoid hardcoding in aspects of the feature engineering process), and calls
send_back_json_response(list(score = model$predict(one_row_of_data)))
You can use microserver, Rserve, or bake the R run-time into a simple C server. The sky is the limit. Docker might help.
That's not a question. Syberia's original use case was to deploy very complicated topologies of models, with one feeding into another which ensembles with a third which finally feeds into a fourth, and deploying the solution without having to write a single extra line of code. If you can't tolerate a couple dozen milliseconds of latency, or a couple hundred for the more complex data science products, then I guess you have no recourse but to re-write your hard work in C.
Alternatively, you could transpile the current modeling engine DSL to C just-in-time. You'll get to keep your fast iteration speed but the recipe requires a few C gurus to maintain the mapping.


maximize
package and the Modelbase
class.
ψ
of length N
.ƒ: ℜN → ℜ
to maximize. The objective is by default a sum of ƒ.M‾ component functions:
ƒ(ψ) = ∑i=0,…,ƒ.M‾ ƒi (ψ),where M‾ is shorthand for M-1. This means the user can code, say, the sample log-likelihood vector or moment conditions vector. FiveO adds up the vector and in turn can compute the so-called gradient matrix while implementing the BHHH algorithm.
squarenon-linear system,
ƒ: ℜN → ℜM
, to find a solution/root for.
ƒ(ψ) = [ ƒi(ψ) ] i=0,…,ƒ.M‾ .Note that the system does not look square because the only requirement is N ≥ M. However, this is because
ψ
may, from the user's point of view, contain parameters that are not varying while finding the solution. It must be the case that the variable components of ψ
must number ƒ.M.
MyObjective
.MyObjective
is an Ox class
derived from one of the built-in classes derived from the base Objective.ƒ()
is the column sum of MyObjective::vfunc()
, a user-provided function (method). The system would be the column itself, not the sum.ψ
is not represented (simply) as a vector of real numbers.MyObjective
and are assigned as objects derived from the Parameter class.ψ
is internally stored as a list (an OxArray
) of parameters, but in MyObjective
each parameter is simply a variable, like x or y.MyModel
is denoted Alg
(to avoid repeatedly writing the algorithm applied to the objective/system ...).
MyObject
or completely different problems).new
object. (On the other hand, DDP is designed to represent very large state spaces so as many members of that class are declared static as possible.Alg
begins, is denoted x.0
. Thus the first element of ψ
is initially set to x0.0
.x.v
.x.I
, where x.I
⊆ ℜ. For example, if x is a Free parameter it can take on values in the range x.I = (-∞,+∞)
. A Positive parameter has interval (0,∞)
. x.I
can be dynamic: they can depend on the current values of other elements of ψ
. This dependence must be forward: the range of a parameter can only depend on elements that come before it in ψ
. That is, for i > 0
, the interval can be written explicitly as xi.I(x0.v, …, xi‾.v). Using x0.v emphasizes that the interval can depend on the current values of preceding values, and then xi.v ∈ xi.I.x.I = [d,d].
. d
is determined by something else, usually a fixed constant or a function of other parameters in ψ
. For example, a determined parameter could be set equal to the average of two other parameters, z = (x+y)/2
. FiveO would ensure that restriction on z holds. The algorithm knows only about x and y.MyModel
to refer to a single variable which is a vector not a scalar. ψ
, generically takes the form ψ = (x0 x1 ··· xN‾)where N‾ is shorthand for N-1.
Ψ
, is the Cartesian product of the intervals for the elements of ψ
Ψ ≡ × n=0N‾ ψn.I
MyObject
may tell Alg
not to vary some parameters in ψ directly.Ψ ≡ { ψ = (x0 ··· xN‾) : x0∈x0.I, x1∈ x1.I(x0), …,xN‾ ∈ xN‾.I(x0,…,xN-2) }
MyModel
.
Alg
, as a sequential algorithm, can be thought of as a function S: ℜN → ℜN.ƒ : ℜN → ℜ ψ* = argmax ƒ(ψ) ψ ∈ Ψ S(ψ.O) → ψS ≈ ψ*.
ƒ : ℜN → ℜM, N ≥ M
ψ* ∈ Ψ & ƒ(ψ*) = O.
S(ψ.O) → ψS ≈ ψ*.
and O is a vector of zeros of length M.MyObject
should include these elements
compilationstage)
MyObject
as derived from the Objective classvfunc
new
objects derived from Parameter to the data members for ψ elementsL.optobj
, where L is the string label assigned to the objective (L). This means execution can be stopped without losing the progress made so far.MyObject
can save the current vector (whether best or not) using Save().
.optobj
file is designed to be loaded back into FiveO using Load().Load()
will check some aspects of the file for consistency, read in starting values, ψ.O and ignore the other information.MyObject
will always hard codestarting values for parameters when they are created. The code can be written so that these hard values are only used if the person wants to complete restart. Otherwise, the starting vector, ψ.O, will be loaded from a file:
if (!Load(fn)) Encode();If
fn=-1
then Load()
will return FALSE and do nothing. Then Encode(0)
will use the hard-coded values for ψ.0. On the other hand, if fn = "hello"
, Load() will try to load values from hello.oxobj
, returning TRUE if successful. Finally, if fn=0
it will do the same but using the default file name, L.optobj
.
maximize
already.| Item | In Ox::maximize | In FiveO |
|---|---|---|
| The objective ƒ() : ℜN→ℜ |
MyObj(const x,const v,const G,const H){ ··· } |
class MyObj : BlackBox { ··· vfunc(); } MyObj::vfunc() {···} method with a particular name of a class derived from Objective. |
The parameter vector
ψ ≡ 〈x0 q1 … qN‾〉A single parameter x Initial value x0. Current value: x |
psi = new matrix(N,1);A position in psi
Starting values sent to a function. Extracted by the user: |
x = new Parameter("x",0.0); Parameters(x); ⋮ CV(x); x.v |
| Related Parameters (e.g. Coefficients β) |
beta = x[2:8]; yhat = x*beta; |
beta = new Coefficients("beta",7,0); ⋮ yhat = x*CV(beta); beta.v or CV(q) |
| Open interval constraints For example, 0< q < 1 |
|
prob = new Probability("p",0.3); |
| Restrictions Across Parameters |
p = x[0:4] | 1-sumc(x[0:4]); |
p = new Simplex("p",6); |
| Algorithms | MaxBFGS(f,…) |
obj -> Quasi(BFGS,0,0); |
| Objectives that are not a BlackBox f = ∑ fi(ψi) | Up to the user to program | Efficient and simple handling of Separable and Mixture objectives. |
| Long execution times | Current best vector not saved automatically. | Automatic Save of current best, which can be Loaded to restart. |
Modelbase
already.maximize
are low level ones that leave a great deal of work for the user. However, Ox provides a class that provides a higher level function, Modelbase
. It would often be a better and more convenient way to develop an econometric application than a direct use of maximize
. And its approach can be better than FiveO for coding econometric models to account for variable selection, parameter definitions that are primarily coefficients on variables.
FiveO is not concerned with variables, observations and coefficients. Rather, it is concerned with parameterizing a model that involves optimization in a much more general sense than something related to linear econometric models. The fact that the objective may be related to data as well is not primary to FiveO.
In Modelbase
aspects of parameters are stored separately, at least from the user's perspective. Parameters can be fixed or free, but other kinds of constraints and relationships between parameters are left to the user. A key difference with FiveO is that parameters are represented as objects derived from built-in parameter types. Parameters are created using a class that captures the constraints on the parameter and its relation to other parameters. For example, with one line of code a user can add a vector of parameters that are guaranteed to be Increasing during optimization: x1 >x2 > ··· > xM.


ProjectEval is an engaging new way to learn coding. Complete a series of fun coding challenges that leave you with an actual working application. After that, you can see other coders’ solutions and see how they did it!
Nervous? Don’t be. This should be fun! We encourage you to share your solutions with the community, but if you’ve got cold feet, we let you hide your solutions.
Happy with your work? Push that sucker straight to your GitHub account with a single click. BOOM.


- What does the following statement print?
int w = -3;
double z = 6.0;
a = w * z + 3.4;
- What does the following statement print?
int w = 5;
int x = 14;
double y = 10.3;
a = x % w + 2 * y;
- What does the following statement print?
int w = 4;
double z = 2.0;
a = ((int)5.8 % (int)7.9 + w) / z;
- What does the following statement print?
int w = 12;
int x = 9;
double y = 2.3;
a = 5 * (w - x) - (int)5.2 % (int)y;
- What does the following statement print?
double y = 10.6;
double z = 13.3;
a = 6.8 / (2 + (int)y * (int)z % (int)y);


Since 2009, I have been supporting projects, preferably from the financial sector, as a self-determined goal. This involves the acquisition of specialist and technical knowledge in order to implement high-performance and secure applications in a banking environment.
In addition to my professional career, I have successfully completed a very good master’s degree in computer science with a focus on IT management. It goes without saying that further training and certification measures will be undertaken in order to keep up to date of the latest developments at all levels.


Get in touch
Got a project question you want to talk about? Wanna hire me to help you plan? Or just want to say hello? Don't stay there looking to me! Making new connections is always great!
Got a project question you want to talk about? Wanna hire me to help you plan? Or just want to say hello? Don't stay there looking to me! Making new connections is always great!


First Ones
First Ones
Second Ones
Second Ones
Third Ones
Third Ones
Third Ones
Third Ones
Third Ones
Third Ones


This is the offline version of the documentation. We recommend you to use the online documentation.
Import CAD Data based on PIXY
PIXYZ is a commercial add on solution for Unity which can import almost all CAD formats https://www.pixyz-software.com/. Game4Automation Professional is including an advanced PIXYZ import and update mechanism.
You need to use the latest PIXYZ 2018 Version (PiXYZ4Unity-2018.3.2.r3) together with Game4Automation. PIXYZ is not included in Game4Automation, you need to purchase it directly from PIXYZ.PIXYZ is providing a 7-day trial license.
We published a video tutorial which explains the update process based on PIXYZ: https://youtu.be/1IC12iZzL0w
Pixyz Importer
The Pixyz Importer script lets you import CAD data into the current scene. It is important, that PIXYZ is installed in your project and that PIXYZ is enabled in the Game4Automation menu:
You can define PIXYZ Import settings and set them under Import Settings. For importing, select a File with Select CAD file and press Import. The newly imported data will be imported as children of the component where Pixyz Importer is attached to with the name Imported Name.
For a first import unselect Update Import. For a second update import please select Update Import (see section CADUpdater).
© 2019 in2Sight GmbH https://game4automation.com - All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including printing, saving, photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher.