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Ablative, the Latin case of adverbial relation, typically expressing the notion "away from," or the source or place of an action.
Abnaki, Algonquian language of northern New England and eastern Canada. acc. Accusative, typically the case of the direct object, but also sometimes denoting "motion towards." Nouns and adjectives in French, Spanish, and Italian, languages from which English borrowed heavily, generally were formed from the accusative case of a Latin word. adj. Adjective adv. Adverb Afrikaans, Germanic language of South Africa, an offshoot of Dutch, also known as South African Dutch. agent noun, form expressing the notion "doer of action." Hunter is an agent noun, and -er is an agentive suffix. Akkadian, Semitic language group spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, including Babylon and Assyria. Algonquian, widespread group of North American native languages. American English, the English language as spoken and written in the United States of America. American Spanish, the Spanish language as spoken and written in the New World. Anglian, the Old English dialect of the Angles; the dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia. Anglo-French, the French written in England from the Norman Conquest (1066) through the Middle Ages; the administrative and legal language of England 12c.-17c. Derived from the French of Normandy, which was influenced by Germanic. Anglo-Latin, the form of Medieval Latin used in England during the Middle English period. Anglo-Norm. Anglo-Norman, the dialect of Anglo-French spoken by the Norman settlers (French-speaking descendants of Scandinavians who settled in Normandy in the 9c.) in England after the Conquest (1066). For purposes of this site, essentially the same as Anglo-French. aphetic, denoting a form of a word altered by loss of a short, unaccented vowel at the beginning (such as squire from esquire). Arabic, the Semitic language of the Arabs and the language of Islam. Aramaic, Semitic language of the Middle East. Aramaic became the lingua franca of the Assyrian empire and later for centuries was the official language of the Persian kingdom and the daily language of Israel at the time of Christ. Arawakan, native language family of northern South America and the West Indies. Armenian, the Indo-European language of Armenia. Assyrian, Akkadian dialect spoken in the empire that flourished on the Tigris River 7c. B.C.E. asterisk (*) Words beginning with an asterisk are not attested in any written source, but they have been reconstructed by etymological analysis, such as Indo-European *ped-, the root of words for "foot" in most of its daughter tongues. Attic, ancient Greek dialect of Athens and its region. back formation The process by which an apparently complex word is erroneously split up and a new, simple form produced from it (burgle is a back formation of burglar). base The unanalysable element which is the kernel of a word’s structure. Basque, non-Indo-European language of the Basque people. Breton, Celtic language of Brittany, the last surviving Celtic language in continental Europe. c. Century, when following a number (16c.); circa when preceding one (c.1500). Cantonese, type of Chinese spoken in the southeastern province of Canton (Guangzhou), where Europeans and Chinese often interacted in early modern times. Carib, South American native language spoken in northern South America and parts of Central America. Catalan, Romance language of Catalonia and some nearby places; closely related to Provencal. caus. Causative, a form of a verb expressing the notion "cause X to Y." The en- in enrich is a causative prefix. Caxton William Caxton (d.1491), the first English printer, responsible for a number of spelling changes. Celt. Celtic, Indo-European language branch that includes Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton. Also the language spoken by the ancestral group during the presumed period of unity. cf. abbreviation of L. confer "compare." In other words, "see this entry for more information." Cherokee, native Iroquoian language of the southern Appalachians. Chinook, native language of a North American people who lived along the Columbia River; also Chinook jargon, a lingua franca of the Pacific Northwest made up of English, French and native elements. Church Latin, Late Latin as used in Christian ritual, discipline, and theology. cognate Having the same ancestor. comb. Combining, the form of a word when it combines with other words. comp. Comparative, the second degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Longer is the comparative of long. Coptic, Hamitic language descended from ancient Egyptian, now confined to liturgical use. Cornish, Celtic language spoken until late 18c. in Cornwall. Coverdale Myles (or Miles) Coverdale (c.1488–1569), translator who produced the first complete printed translation of the Bible into English. Croatian, Serbo-Croatian as spoken in Croatia, and written in the Latin alphabet. Czech, West Slavic language of old Bohemia (modern Czech Republic). Danish, North Germanic language spoken in Denmark. DAS "Dictionary of American Slang," by Harold Wentworth and Stewart Berg Flexner, published 1960, revised four times since. dat. Dative, typically the case of the indirect object, but sometimes also denoting "motion toward." In old Germanic languages, the "fourth case," catch-all for I.E. dative, ablative, locative and other cases. Diminutive, a form of a word used to express smallness, as ringlet is the dim. of ring. dissimilation Process by which a word with a repeated sound changes one of the two; Latin peregrinus became Fr. pelerin ("pilgrim") by dissimilation. Dravidian, (non-Indo-European) language family centered in southern India, including Tamil, Telugu. Dutch, West Germanic language spoke in the Netherlands, descended from the Low German dialects of the Franks and Saxons. Ecclesiastical Greek, Greek as used by the early Christians. echoic A word that sounds like what it means. East Frisian, variant of Frisian spoke on the islands off the North Sea coast of Germany. e.g. abbreviation of L. exempli gratia "for the sake of example." Egypt. Egyptian, Afroasiatic (Hamitic) language spoken in ancient Egypt. English, West Germanic language spoken in England after c.450, heavily influenced by French and somewhat by Scandinavian. esp. Especially Estonian, Finno-Ugric (non-Indo-European) language of Estonia. etc. L. et cetera "and the others." Etruscan, language spoken by an ancient people of what is now Tuscany, neighbors of the early Romans; the origin of their language is uncertain. Faeroese, Scandinavian language of the Faeroe Islands. fem. Feminine, the grammatical gender in highly inflected Indo-European languages that denotes females and many other words to which no distinction of sex is apparent. Finnish, Finno-Ugric (non-Indo-European) language of Finland. Flemish, West Germanic dialect spoken in Flanders, generally regarded as the Belgian variant of Dutch rather than as a separate tongue. Frankish, West Germanic language of the Franks, inhabitants of northern Gaul 5c.-6c., their descendants ruled France, Germany, Italy in 9c., and the language contributed hundreds of words to French and strongly influenced the form of it that was brought to England as Anglo-French. French, Romanic language spoken chiefly in France. freq. Frequentative, case denoting recurring action. Frisian, West Germanic language spoken in Friesland, the lowland coast of the North Sea and nearby islands, closely related to Dutch and Old English. Fulani, language of northern Nigeria. fut. Future, the verb tense indicating time to come. English lacks a pure future tense, but Latin and other languages have it. Gallo-Romance or Gallo-Roman, the vernacular language of France c. 500-900 C.E.; intermediate between Vulgar Latin and Old French. Gaelic, Celtic language of Highland Scotland. Gaulish, Celtic language of ancient Gaul. Genitive, the case of the complement, typically expressing "possession" or "origin." German, West Germanic language spoken in Germany, Austria, parts of Switzerland, technically "New High German." A general rule when comparing English and German in their evolution from a common source is that English has been more conservative with its consonants, German with its vowels. ger. Gerund, a verbal noun, in English usually ending in -ing. Gothic, the East Germanic language of the Goths, extinct since 16c., but because of early missionary work among them we have Gothic texts 200 years earlier than those in any other Germanic language, which are crucial to reconstructing Proto-Germanic. Greek, Indo-European language spoken in Greece in the classical period, c. 8c. B.C.E.-4c. C.E. Among its dialects were Ionian-Attic (the language of Homer and the Athenian dramatists), Aeolic (used in Thessaly, Boeotia and Lesbos), and Dorian (the language of Sparta). Germanic, a branch of Indo-European, ancestral language of English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Scandinavian tongues and several extinct languages such as Gothic and Frankish. Guarani, native South American language of Paraguay, related to Tupi. Hawaiian, Polynesian (non-Indo-European) language of the Hawaiian Islands. Hebrew, classical Hebrew, ancient Semitic language of the Israelites. Hung. Hungarian, Finno-Ugric (non-Indo-European) language spoken in Hungary; Magyar. Ibo, Kwa language of Nigeria. I.E. Indo-European, the family of languages that includes most of the languages of modern Europe (English among them) and some current and extinct ones in western and southern Asia. All are presumed to share a common ancestor, PIE. imitative "a convenient term to include onomatopoeic and echoic" [Weekley]. imper. Imperative, the verbal category expressing commands or orders. imperfect Tense/aspect category indicating progressive aspect: I was saying is in the "past imperfect" tense. I-mutation, also known as "i-umlaut." inceptive see inchoative. inchoative Aspect expressing the notion "entering into an action, beginning." Latin verbs ending in -sco, -scere. Also sometimes inceptive. indic. Indicative, the mood expressing assertion. inf. Infinitive, the form of a verb that expresses existence or action. infl. Influenced. instrumental, case encoding the notion "means by which x is done." intens. Intensive, giving force or emphasis. intrans. Intransitive, of verbs, not taking a direct object. Irish, the Celtic language spoken in Ireland. Iran. Iranian, the branch of Indo-European languages spoken on and around the plateau of Iran, including modern Farsi and Kurdish. irreg. Irregular Iroquoian, North American native language family. Italian, the Romanic language spoken in Italy, it evolved out of the Tuscan dialect in the Renaissance. iterative marking repetition; generally identical with frequentative. Kentish The dialect of Old English spoken by the Jutes who formed the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent. Japanese, the native language of Japan, with no known outside connections. Kurdish, Iranian (Indo-European) language of Kurdistan. Kwa, Niger-Congo language group spoken along the south coast of West Africa, which was a major supply region for American slavers. Latin, classical Latin, the Italic language of ancient Rome until about 4c. lit. Literally Lithuanian, the Baltic language spoken in Lithuania. Late Latin, the literary Latin language as spoken and written c.300-c.700. loan-transl. Loan-translation, a literal piece-by piece translation from one language to another. O.E. ymb-sniþan "around-cut" is a loan-translation of Latin circum-cidere. loc. Locative, the case denoting "location in." Low German, "plattdeutsch," the modern descendant of Old Saxon. Malay, Indonesian language of the Malay peninsula. Mandarin, the Beijing-area dialect of Chinese, now regarded as the standard form. Mandingo, Niger-Congo language group of West Africa. masc. Masculine, the grammatical gender in highly inflected Indo-European languages that denotes males and used with many other words to which no distinction of sex is apparent. Middle Dutch, the Dutch language as it was spoken and written c.1100-c.1500. Middle English, the English language as written and spoken c.1100-c.1500. Mercian The Anglian dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia. metathesis Inversion of segments within a word; Old English þridda became Modern English third through metathesis of -r- and -i. Mexican Spanish, Spanish as spoken in Mexico. Micmac, Algonquian language of the Canadian Maritimes. Middle French, the French language as written and spoken c. 1400-c.1600. Middle High German, the High German language as written and spoken c.1100-c.1500. Middle Irish, Irish as written and spoken in the high Middle Ages. Medieval Latin, Latin as written and spoken c.700-c.1500. Middle Low German, the Low German language as written and spoken c.1100-c.1500. |
Mod.Eng. Modern English, language of Britain and British America since mid-16c.
Modern Greek, language of Greece since c.1500. Modern Latin, Latin language in use since c.1500, chiefly scientific. Muskogean, North American native language family originally in the southeastern U.S. and including Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. Nahuatl, Uto-Aztecan language of native Mexico; the language of the Aztecs and their neighbors. n. Noun N.E. New English, same as Modern English (q.v.). neut. Neuter, the third grammatical gender in highly inflected Indo-European languages. North Germanic, the subgroup of Germanic comprising Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Old Norse, etc.; also the language spoken by the ancestral group during the presumed period of unity. nom. Nominative, the case that typically codes the grammatical function of the subject. North Sea Germanic the closely related languages of the Germanic tribes along the coastal and lowland regions of the North Sea coast of continental Europe before the period of the Anglo-Saxon migration, comprising Old Low Franconian, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, and Old English. Northumbrian The Anglian dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. N.T. New Testament. obj. Objective, designating or of the case of the object of a transitive verb or preposition. obs. Obsolete, a word or form of a word no longer in use. O.Celt. Old Celtic, ancestral language of modern Irish, Scottish, Welsh and related languages. OED "Oxford English Dictionary," the principal source for modern English etymologies, begun in 1879 (as the "New English Dictionary"); a second edition was published in the 1980s, and the work is ongoing. References to it on this site, unless otherwise noted, are to the 2nd print edition. O.Fr. Old French, the French language as written and spoken c. 900-1400. More than 90 percent of it was from Vulgar Latin, with a smattering of Celtic and Germanic, plus some Medieval Latin learned terms. Ojibwa, native Algonquian language of the people on either side of Lake Superior. Old Church Slavonic, the earliest attested Slavic language, known from 9c. C.E. Used by the Slavs of Macedonia and Bulgaria. Old Danish, the form of West Norse spoken in Denmark after c.1000 C.E. Old Dutch, also known as Old Low Franconian, the Germanic speech used on the North Sea coast of continental Europe c.700-c.1000. Old English, the English language as written and spoken c.450-c.1100. Old Frisian, language akin to English spoken on the North Sea coast of modern Netherlands and Germany before 1500. Old High German, the ancestor of the modern literary German language, spoken in the upland regions of Germany; German language as written and spoken from the earliest period to c.1100. Old Irish, the Irish language as written and spoken from earliest times to 11c. Old Italian, the Italian language as written and spoken before 16c. Old Low German, the Low German language as written and spoken from earliest times to 12c. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E., the relevant phase of it being "Viking Norse" (700-1100), the language spoken by the invaders and colonizers of northern and eastern England c.875-950. This was before the rapid divergence of West Norse (Norway and the colonies) and East Norse (Denmark and Sweden), so the language of the vikings in England was essentially the same, whether they came from Denmark or from Norway. Only a few of the loan words into English can be distinguished as being from one or the other group. Old North French, the dialect of northern France before the 1500s, especially that of coastal Normandy and Picardy. Old Persian, the Persian language as written and spoken from 7c. B.C.E. to 4c. B.C.E. Old Provençal, Romanic language of the troubadours, spoken in southern France before c.1500. Old Prussian, a West Baltic language similar to Lithuanian, extinct since 17c. Old Saxon, a West Germanic language, the earliest written form of Low German, spoken c.700-c.1100. optative A mood expressing wishing. The archaic Heaven forfend would be an example of optative, though unlike some I.E. languages English has no specific markers for this case. orig. Originally Osc. Oscan, the Italic language of the Samnites in middle and southern Italy in pre-Roman times; related to Umbrian and in the same family as Latin. O.Slav. Old Slavic, another name for Old Church Slavonic (q.v.). O.Sp. Old Spanish, the Spanish language as written and spoken c.1145-16c. Old Swedish, the Swedish language as written and spoken c.900-c.1500. O.T. Old Testament part. Participle, a verbal form having some functions of both verbs and adjectives (in English, usually ending in -ing.) Pashto, Iranian (Indo-European) language of Afghanistan. pass. Passive, the form of a verb which indicates that the subject is the recipient of the action. "The tree was struck by lightning" is a passive construction. Pennsylvania Dutch, also, and more properly, Pennsylvania German, High German and Low Franconian dialect mingled with English words and deformed in pronunciation, spoken in the German-settled counties of interior Southeastern Pennsylvania. perf. Perfective, the tense or formation expressing the notion of "completion."  Persian, also known as Farsi, modern Iranian language spoken in Iran and Afghanistan. pers. Person, the form a verb takes in indicating whether it refers to the person speaking, the person spoken to, or the person or thing spoken about. In Modern English I is the "first person singular;" you is the "second person singular," we is the "first person plural," etc. P.Gmc. Proto-Germanic, hypothetical prehistoric ancestor of all Germanic languages, including English. Phoenician, the extinct Semitic language of the Phoenicians, closely related to Hebrew. Phrygian, Indo-European language formerly spoken in Anatolia. PIE Proto-Indo-European, the hypothetical reconstructed ancestral language of the Indo-European family. The time scale is much debated, but the most recent date proposed for it is about 5,500 years ago. Piman, branch of Uto-Aztecan languages spoken in what is now southern Arizona and northern Mexico. pl. Plural, the form of a word that denotes it refers to more than one person or thing. Some languages have a dual number (there are relics of it in Old English), and in those the plural refers to more than two people or things. Polish, West Slavic language spoken in Poland. Portuguese, Romanic language spoken chiefly in Portugal and Brazil. Possessive form of a word designating possession or some similar relationship. Usually formed in English with an -s and an apostrophe; John's is possessive of John. pp. Past participle, a form of a verb that can be both a verb and an adjective, and which denotes action which has been completed. In Modern English, it commonly ends in -ed or -en. Thus, asked is the past participle of ask. French past participles commonly were adopted as finite verbs in Middle English. prep. Preposition, a word that connects a noun to another element of a sentence; in Modern English common prepositions include in, by, for, with, to. pres. Present tense pres.-pret. Present-preterite, a group of Germanic verbs (mostly auxiliaries such as may, shall, can) whose original pt. forms split off and became separate pres. tense verbs (might, should, could). pret. Preterite, the simple past tense. priv. Privative, indicating negation, absence, or loss, such as the prefix un- or the suffix -less. pron. Pronoun prop. Properly Proto-Italic hypothetical prehistoric ancestor of all Italic languages, including Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. Provençal, Romance language of several dialects in southern France. prp. Present participle, a form of a verb that can be a verb, an adverb, and even a noun (gerund), and which denotes action which is ongoing. In Modern English, most easily identified by its characteristic ending -ing. Thus, asking is the present participle of ask. Past tense, indicating an action completed or in progress at a former time. Quechua, South American native language spoken in the Andes; the language of the Inca Empire. q.v. abbreviation of L. quod vide "which see." redupl. Reduplicated, an inflectional device in which a syllable or part of a syllable is copied. Ancient Greek formed its perfect tenses by reduplication: leipo "I leave," le-loipa "I have left." It's rare in English, but examples would be tom-tom and chitchat. refl. Reflexive, form of a word which indicates the subject and object of a verb in a sentence are the same, so that a transitive verb is directed back on its subject. ("John hurt himself" is a reflexive sentence.) rhotacism The tendency in spoken language for "r" to take the place of other sounds, especially "s/z." Latin flos "flower" has genitive floris, an instance of rhotacism. root An historical term which refers to the etymological source of base elements in languages. Russian, East Slavic language of Russia. Sanskrit, the classical Indian literary language from 4c. B.C.E. Scand. Scandinavian, also known as North Germanic, sub-group of Germanic spoken in Scandinavia consisting of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish. Scot. Scottish, the variety of English spoken by the people of Scotland. Not to be confused with Gaelic (q.v.), which is Celtic. A number of French words entered English through Scotland because of the political alliance and connection of Scotland and France 13c.-16c. Serbo-Croatian, South Slavic language or group of dialects spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Official standard language of the former Yugoslavia. Semitic, major subgroup of Afroasiatic language family, including Hebrew, Aramaic, Akkadian. Serb. Serbian, eastern variant of Serbo-Croatian, a Slavic language, generally written in Cyrillic. sing. Singular, the form of a word that denotes it refers to only one person or thing. Sinhalese, Indic language of Sri Lanka. Siouan, North American native language group of the U.S. upper Midwest, including the language of the Sioux, Crow, Omaha and Osage peoples. Slav. Slavic, a principal branch of the Indo-European language family spoken in Eastern Europe. Includes Russian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian. Slovak, West Slavic language of Slovakia. Spanish, also known as Castilian, Romanic language spoken in Spain and Spanish America. subjunctive The mood typically denoting notions like unreality, doubt. superl. superlative, the third degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb. Longest is the superlative of long. Sumerian, non-Indo-European, non-Semitic language of ancient Sumer. Swedish, North Germanic language spoken in Sweden. transl. translation Tagalog, Indonesian language of the Philippines. Tamil, Dravidian (non-Indo-European) language of southern India and Sri Lanka. Telugu, Dravidian (non-Indo-European) language of southern India. Thai, Sino-Tibetan language of the Tai group spoken in Thailand. Tibetan, Sino-Tibetan language of Tibet. trans. Transitive, of verbs, taking a direct object. Tupi, native South American language of the Amazon basin; the northern branch of Tupi-Guarani. Turk. Turkish, Turkic (non-Indo-European) language spoken in Turkey. Turkic, branch of the Altaic language family spoken in Turkey and parts of south-central Asia. It includes Turkish, Uzbek, Kirghiz. Twi, Kwa language of Ghana. Ukrainian, East Slavic language spoken in Ukraine. ult. Ultimately or ultimate. Urdu Language of the Muslim conquerors of India; originally a dialect of Hindi with a large admixture of Arabic and Persian. From zaban-i-urdu "language of the camp." U.S. United States Uto-Aztecan, native North American language family of the southwestern U.S. and Mexico. v. Verb Vulgar Latin, the everyday speech of the Roman people, as opposed to literary Latin. voc. Vocative, the case or expression of "direct address." In English it long ago merged with the nominative. W.Afr. West African, languages of the Guinea coast and inland regions of Africa, the principal source of slaves for the European colonies in the New World. West Frisian, dialect variant of Frisian spoken in the Netherlands. West Germanic, the subgroup of Germanic comprising English, Dutch, German, Yiddish, Frisian, etc.; also the language spoken by the ancestral group during the presumed period of unity. You can see a family tree of the W.Gmc. languages here. Wolof Niger-Congo language of Senegal and Gambia. West Saxon, the dialect of Old English spoken in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex. Xhosa, Bantu language of South Africa. Yoruba, West African tonal language of the Kwa group, spoken in Nigeria. |
This is the creation of an amateur. Great care has been taken and it's as accurate as I can make it. But if you're a professional linguist or a serious student of linguistics, you shouldn't be doing your homework here. This is for the rest of us.
Etymonline is compiled from published sources and in some points from original material made available on the Internet. The first step was to draw up a list of English words out of an ordinary dictionary and seek their etymologies.
To compile an entry, I look up the word in my major sources: the Oxford English Dictionary (second edition), the Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology (1988), Weekley’s "Etymological Dictionary of Modern English" (1921), and Ernest Klein's “Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language” (1971).
In most cases, all of these offered substantially the same derivations. My work was to merge them and put them into a consistent and accessible format. In some cases, one text offered information where others were silent. I’ve erred on the side of inclusion. In a few cases, they differed significantly in their derivations. I’ve tried to indicate that. In some cases they varied in their descriptions of the precise path a word took through Latin and French to English. I have not always indicated these differences.
The next step was to take the draft entry to my secondary shelf of sources: principally dictionaries of Old English, Middle English, Latin, Greek, French, and etymology dictionaries for French (Gamillscheg), German (Kluge) and Latin (Tucker). From these I attempted to flesh out the entries and give them some nuance and answer some questions I had about words that the big books did not notice.
For slang and colloquial usage, I consult the Kipfer/Chapman "Dictionary of American Slang" (which despite its title embraces many Britishisms), DARE, and Farmer. And for navigating the back alleys of English I had as a lantern the always delightful "Dictionary of Buckish Slang, University Wit and Pickpocket Eloquence. "
The list of books on the secondary shelf has changed somewhat since the work began. At the start, I made use of a couple of books which seemed authoritative but eventually revealed themselves to be whimsical or worse. One was so deadly it became the only book I’ve ever destroyed as a menace to society. I’ve tried to weed out the bad seeds they left in this work. It’s possible a few remain.
Originally I did not intend to include Proto-Indo-European roots, in part because there was such wide disagreement among the sources I consulted, in part because the whole field seems so speculative. But users wrote to me seeking them, so I’ve added them to the best of my ability, mainly based on the Watkins “American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots” but also by consulting Pokorny.
With many words, root meanings or sense evolutions remain obscure. I would be content to leave them as such, but readers are curious to know what guesses have been made (or dismissed) by the experts, as well as what facts have been settled. So I’ve included such speculations that have appeared in the sources I consulted. They ought to be prefaced by “perhaps” in this text, even where the sources say “probably.”
My tendency at first was to “clump” the words -- have, say, sleep, sleeper, sleepwalking, sleepy, slept all under one head. But the tyranny of search engines has tended to turn me into a “splitter.”
In many cases my want of education in this field has led me astray in understanding or interpreting the sources, and in others I’ve simply bungled my notes, or typed things amiss. Many readers, including many academics, have been kind enough to point these out, as they find them, and set me right. Whatever indignation they might feel at my trespass on their demesne, they appreciate the usefulness of a free, ready online resource and have contributed much to make it better than I could.
A NOTE ON DATES: Old English manuscripts are too few and of too uncertain origin for dates to have any meaning. In Middle English, this site generally makes use of the dates in the Barnhart dictionary, whose compilers gave especial attention to this period, and the online version of the University of Michigan's exhaustive Middle English Dictionary. The Oxford English Dictionary is the principal source of dates in modern English up to about 1800.
For the 19th and 20th centuries, the OED print edition's inattention to American sources begins to tell: As recently as the 2001 printing of the hardcover 2nd edition, there was no entry for a good American word like "bloviate," "dribble" was recognized as a term in soccer but not in basketball, and the earliest citation for Dixieland music was from "Punch." The OED is a monumental work, rightly revered, but a suspicion arises that there might be more to the language than what is in it. The OED's editors and stringers are constantly revising and updating their text.
The recent availability of newspaper and magazine archives in computer files, and the flood of material presented in the searchable Google books project, opens a vast field for careful research -- careful because the Google publications too often are misdated on the Google introduction pages. The bulk of the 19th and 20th century dates in this work have been found, or confirmed, in such sources.
The availability of Internet newsgroups archives -- again, used judiciously -- is a convenient way to find rough early dates for the most contemporary words.
One of my chief sources for this work is Ernest Klein's dictionary. Klein, Rabbi of Nové Zámky in Czechoslovakia from 1931-44, was deported to Dachau and returned home after liberation to find "that my father, my wife, my only child Joseph, and two of my three sisters had suffered martyrdom in Auschwitz." He moved to Canada, and out of his sorrow and urged on by his surviving sister he set down his lifelong love of etymology into a book, and in its introduction he wrote:
May this dictionary, which plastically shows the affinity and interrelationship of the nations of the world in the way in which their languages developed, contribute to bringing them nearer to one another in the sincere pursuit of peace on earth -- which was one of my cardinal aims in writing this dictionary.
This work is dedicated to all those who seek the old paths,
the well-worn, unpaved hill-ways;
and especially to those who honor the elder teachers;
and in particular to one priestess.
Beannachtaí Dé Brighid oraibh agus orainn


IDF to arrange Shabbat parental visits to bases
Committee established to examine issue, following complaints from parents who were not allowed to visit several large bases on weekends.
by Mordechai SonesThe IDF has set up a commission headed by a brigadier general, who for the first time will arrange the issue of parental visits for soldiers spending Shabbat on base.
Channel 13 News reports the committee was formed following complaints received from the Secular Forum and the Hadash Association about prevented visits to several division level training bases of the Givati, Golani and Kfir divisions.
Secular Forum Chairman Ram Froman said "Every soldier and every parent knows how important parental visits are on Saturday. The IDF also understood this, and therefore enacted an ordinance that encouraged the visits. But, then, the religious came and changed the rules of the game. We demand the IDF bring back parents' visits on Saturdays at all bases."
The IDF Spokesman responded: "IDF commanders may allow visits to IDF bases during weekends, subject to operational circumstances and existing arrangements in IDF commands. Following the decision, an internal team has been appointed to review policy on visits to IDF training bases. The team has not yet drawn up its conclusions on the issue."


For the duration, each creature you choose within 30 feet of you (including you) has a +10 bonus to Dexterity (Stealth) checks and can't be tracked except by m agical means. A creature that receives this bonus leaves behind no tracks or other traces of its passage.


How to view and update virtual machine settings
Viewing and updating VM settings
After you've deployed a virtual machine (VM), you can view and update its configuration.
In vCloud Director, select the My Cloud tab.
Right-click the vApp that contains the VM that you want to view and select Open.
Select the Virtual Machines tab.
Right-click the VM for which you want to view configuration information and select Properties.
In the Virtual Machine Properties dialog box, you can select each tab to view the settings for the VM and change them if required.
When you're done, click OK to save any changes you've made, or Cancel to close the dialog box without saving.
General tab
On the General tab of the Virtual Machine Properties dialog box, you can view and changes properties such as the VM/host name, OS type and version. You can also see if VMware Tools is installed on the VM and change the storage policy for the VM. For more information on storage policies, see Storage policies.
Hardware tab
On the Hardware tab, you can:
See and change the number of virtual CPUs and the amount of RAM associated with the VM.
Specify the number of cores per socket and number of vCPUs you require, and then set the number of cores per socket.
Run virtualisation servers as a VM. For example, run a Windows 2008 or 2012 server with Hyper-V, or a VMware ESX host. Select the Expose hardware-assisted CPU virtualization check box in these cases.
Add or remove hard disks and network adapters.
Warning
If you remove a hard disk, make sure you have a backup of the data. Removal of a hard disk is not reversible, and will result in the deletion of the hard disk and its data.
Guest OS Customization tab
By default, a password is randomly generated and assigned when the VM is first booted. You can use this tab to determine the login password, or to specify the password that will be assigned to the administrator/root user for the VM.
The password must meet the OS password complexity requirements (at least eight characters long, and including upper and lowercase letters and numbers).
For guest customisation to work, VMware Tools must be installed and running in the VM.
For Windows VMs, there is an option for guest customisation to change the SID of the operating system. Bear in mind that changing the SID can corrupt VMs running applications, such as Active Directory, that rely on a known SID.
Feedback
If you have any comments on this document or any other aspect of your UKCloud experience, send them to products@ukcloud.com.


{% verbatim %}
A Channel is a data structure that allows for synchronous interprocess communication via message passing. It is a fundemental component of CSP (communicating sequential processes), and allows for users to pass data between threads without having to worry about synchronization.
Paddle offers python APIs to open and close channels, along with sending and receiving data to/from a channel.
Creates a new channel that takes in variables of a specific dtype.
ch = fluid.make_channel(dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.LOD_TENSOR, 10)
Closes a channel. Any pending senders and receivers will be awoken during this time. Receivers can still receive from a closed channel, but senders are not allowed to send any additional data to the channel (Paddle will raise an exception if users try to send to a closed channel.)
fluid.channel_close(ch)
Sends a variable to a channel. Currently, variables of dtype LoDTensor
,
LoDRankTable
, LoDTensorArray
, SelectedRows
, ReaderHolder
, and
ChannelHolder
are supported.
By default, the data of the Variable is moved from the sender to the receiver, however the user can optionally copy the data before performing the send.
ch = fluid.make_channel(dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.LOD_TENSOR)
var = fill_constant(shape=[1],dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.INT32, value=100)
fluid.channel_send(ch, var, True)
Receives a variable from a channel. The data of the variable is moved to the receiving variable.
ch = fluid.make_channel(dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.LOD_TENSOR)
var = fill_constant(shape=[1],dtype=core.VarDesc.VarType.INT32, value=-1)
fluid.channel_recv(ch, var)
Channels provides a simple interface for different threads to share data. To support the synchronization requirements, channels utilizes a series of internal queues, locks, and conditional variables.
QueueMessage encapsulates the state of the channel send/receive operation to be put in the sendq/recvq. It contains a condition variable used to lock the thread (when there are no available sends/receives). In addition, it contains a callback function to notify a thread when the QueueMessage is being processed by the channel.
buff_: This queue holds the data buffer in a buffered channel. The capacity is set to the capacity of the channel. This data buffer is not used in an unbuffered channel.
sendq: This queue holds the QueueMessage of any pending senders of a channel. When a thread performs a channel_send operation on the channel, the channel_send operation will put a new QueueMessage on the sendq and block the current thread under two conditions:
The channel is unbuffered and does not have a receiver
recvq: This queue holds the QueueMessage of any pending receivers of a channel. When a thread performs a channel_recv operation on the channel, the channel_recv operation will put a new QueueMessage on the recvq and block the current thread under two conditions:
In golang, variables in channels are copied from the sender to the receiver. In Paddle, the data from our variables are moved from sender to receiver. As a result, these variables should not be used after they are sent. We provide a flag in channel_send method to allow users to copy the variable to be sent before it is sent.
Please note that this is acheived by adding an assign operator and creating a temporary variable that is sent in place of the original variable. Please note that assign operator has limited support for only certain variables datatypes.
{% endverbatim %}


"CUSHAN "probably a poetic or prolonged name of the land of Cush, the Arabian Cush (Habakkuk 3:7). Some have, however, supposed this to be the same as Chushan-rishathaim (Judges 3:8, 10), i.e., taking the latter part of the name as a title or local appellation, Chushan “of the two iniquities”(= oppressing Israel, and provoking them to idolatry), a Mesopotamian king, identified by Rawlinson with Asshur-ris-ilim (the father of Tiglathpileser I.); but incorrectly, for the empire of Assyria was not yet founded. He held Israel in bondage for eight years.
"CUSHAN "probably a poetic or prolonged name of the land of Cush, the Arabian Cush (Habakkuk 3:7). Some have, however, supposed this to be the same as Chushan-rishathaim (Judges 3:8, 10), i.e., taking the latter part of the name as a title or local appellation, Chushan “of the two iniquities”(= oppressing Israel, and provoking them to idolatry), a Mesopotamian king, identified by Rawlinson with Asshur-ris-ilim (the father of Tiglathpileser I.); but incorrectly, for the empire of Assyria was not yet founded. He held Israel in bondage for eight years.


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Download
About
Tested on ie 9, chrome, firefox and safari. Download from
github
.
Robert Tessler Oct-2013
ListBox
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>>> import _dictinfo >>> from timeit import timeit >>> def bits(n): ... n += 2**32 ... return bin(n)[-32:] # remove '0b' ... >>> print bits(1)<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000000000001 >>> print bits(-1)<PHONE_NUMBER>1111111111111111111111 # All timeit() metrics were performed with # Python 2.6 as packaged on Ubuntu 9.10, and # run on my 2GHz Dell Latitude D630. |
The Mighty DictionaryBrandon Craig Rhodes
PyCon 2010 Atlanta
|
|
Q: How can Python lists access
every one of their items
with equal speed?
timeit('mylist[0]', 'mylist = [1] * 9000') # --> 0.053692102432250977 # ~50 ns per getitem timeit('mylist[7000]', 'mylist = [1] * 9000') # --> 0.051460027694702148 # ~50 ns per getitem |
|
A: Python lists use segments of RAM
and RAM acts like a Python list (!)
|
The DictionaryUses keys instead of indexes
and keys can be almost anything
>>> d = { ... 'Brandon': 35, ... 3.1415: 'pi', ... 'flickr.com': '<IP_ADDRESS>', ... (2, 6, 4): 'Python version', ... } |
|
How can we turn
the keys dictionaries use
into indexes that reach memory quickly?
|
The Three Rules#1 A dictionary is really a list
|
>>> # An empty dictionary is an 8-element list! >>> d = {} |
>>> # This “list” of “items” is managed >>> # as a “hash table” containing “slots” |
The Three Rules
#1 A dictionary is really a list
#2 Keys are hashed to produce indexes
|
|
Python lets you see hashing
in action through the hash() builtin
>>> for key in 'Monty', 3.1415, (2, 6, 4): ... print bits(hash(key)), key<PHONE_NUMBER>0110010110110011111110 Monty<PHONE_NUMBER>1011010000100100000010 3.1415<PHONE_NUMBER>0110111010001100110111 (2, 6, 4) |
|
Quite similar values often have
very different hashes
>>> k1 = bits(hash('Monty')) >>> k2 = bits(hash('Money')) >>> diff = ('^ '[a==b] for a,b in zip(k1, k2)) >>> print k1; print k2; print ''.join(diff)<PHONE_NUMBER>0110010110110011111110<PHONE_NUMBER>1101001000101011101001 ^ ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ |
|
Hashes look crazy, but the same value
always returns the same hash!
>>> for key in 3.1415, 3.1415, 3.1415: ... print bits(hash(key)), key<PHONE_NUMBER>1011010000100100000010 3.1415<PHONE_NUMBER>1011010000100100000010 3.1415<PHONE_NUMBER>1011010000100100000010 3.1415 |
Keys and IndexesTo build an index, Python uses
the bottom n bits of the hash
|
>>> d['ftp'] = 21 >>> b = bits(hash('ftp')) >>> print b<PHONE_NUMBER>1111111001001010100001 >>> print b[-3:] # last 3 bits = 8 combinations 001 |
>>> d['ftp'] = 21 >>> b = bits(hash('ftp')) >>> print b<PHONE_NUMBER>1111111001001010100001 >>> print b[-3:] # last 3 bits = 8 combinations 001 |
>>> d['ssh'] = 22 >>> print bits(hash('ssh'))[-3:] 101 |
>>> d['ssh'] = 22 >>> print bits(hash('ssh'))[-3:] 101 |
>>> d['smtp'] = 25 >>> print bits(hash('smtp'))[-3:] 100 |
>>> d['smtp'] = 25 >>> print bits(hash('smtp'))[-3:] 100 |
>>> d['time'] = 37 >>> print bits(hash('time'))[-3:] 111 |
>>> d['time'] = 37 >>> print bits(hash('time'))[-3:] 111 |
>>> d['www'] = 80 >>> print bits(hash('www'))[-3:] 010 |
>>> d['www'] = 80 >>> print bits(hash('www'))[-3:] 010 |
d = {'ftp': 21, 'ssh': 22, 'smtp': 25, 'time': 37, 'www': 80} |
Lookup: same 3 steps
|
>>> print d['smtp'] 25 >>> print bits(hash('smtp'))[-3:] 100 |
Consequence #1Dictionaries tend to return their
contents in a crazy order
|
>>> # Different than our insertion order: >>> print d {'ftp': 21, 'www': 80, 'smtp': 25, 'ssh': 22, 'time': 37} >>> # But same order as in the hash table! |
>>> # keys and values also in table order >>> d.keys() ['ftp', 'www', 'smtp', 'ssh', 'time'] >>> d.values() [21, 80, 25, 22, 37] |
The Three Rules
#1 A dictionary is really a list
#2 Keys are hashed to produce indexes
#3 If at first you don't
succeed, try, try again
|
“Collision”When two keys in a dictionary
want the same slot
|
>>> # start over with a new dictionary >>> d = {} |
>>> # first item inserts fine >>> d['smtp'] = 21 |
>>> # first item inserts fine >>> d['smtp'] = 21 |
>>> # second item collides! >>> d['dict'] = 2628 |
>>> # second item collides! >>> d['dict'] = 2628 |
>>> # third item also finds empty slot >>> d['svn'] = 3690 |
>>> # third item also finds empty slot >>> d['svn'] = 3690 |
>>> # fourth item has multiple collisions >>> d['ircd'] = 6667 |
>>> # fourth item has multiple collisions >>> d['ircd'] = 6667 |
>>> # fifth item collides, but less deeply >>> d['zope'] = 9673 |
>>> # fifth item collides, but less deeply >>> d['zope'] = 9673 |
# Only ⅖ of the keys in this dictionary # can be found in the right slot |
Consequence #2Because collisions move keys
away from their natural hash values,
key order is quite sensitive
to dictionary history
|
>>> d = {'smtp': 21, 'dict': 2628, ... 'svn': 3690, 'ircd': 6667, 'zope': 9673} >>> d.keys() ['svn', 'dict', 'zope', 'smtp', 'ircd'] |
>>> e = {'ircd': 6667, 'zope': 9673, ... 'smtp': 21, 'dict': 2628, 'svn': 3690} >>> e.keys() ['ircd', 'zope', 'smtp', 'svn', 'dict'] |
The same yet differentAlthough these two dictionaries
are considered equal, their different
histories put their keys
in a different order
>>> d == e True >>> d.keys() ['svn', 'dict', 'zope', 'smtp', 'ircd'] >>> e.keys() ['ircd', 'zope', 'smtp', 'svn', 'dict'] |
Consequence #3The lookup algorithm is actually
more complicated than
“hash, truncate, look”
|
Consequence #3It's more like “until you find
an empty slot, keep looking,
it could be here somewhere!”
|
>>> # Successful lookup, length 1 >>> # Compares HASHES then compares VALUES >>> d['svn'] 3690 |
>>> # Successful lookup, length 4 >>> d['ircd'] 6667 |
>>> # Unsuccessful lookup, length 1 >>> d['nsca'] Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError: 'nsca' |
>>> # Unsuccessful lookup, length 4 >>> d['netstat'] Traceback (most recent call last): ... KeyError: 'netstat' |
Consequence #4Not all lookups are created equal.
Some finish at their first slot
Some loop over several slots
|
Stupid Dictionary Trick #1# Because integers hash as themselves, # we can create unlimited collisions! threes = {3: 1, 3+8: 2, 3+16: 3, 3+24: 4, 3+32: 5} |
Stupid Dictionary Trick #1# Thanks to piling collisions atop each # other, we can make lookup more expensive timeit('d[3]', 'd=%r' % threes) # -> 0.078 timeit('d[3+32]', 'd=%r' % threes) # -> 0.082 |
Consequence #5When deleting a key,
you need to leave
“dummy” keys
|
del d['smtp'] # Can we simply make its slot empty? |
del d['smtp'] # But what would happen to d['ircd']? |
|
When a key is deleted,
its slot cannot simply
be marked as empty
Otherwise, any keys
that collided with it would
now be impossible to find!
So we create a dummy key instead
|
>>> # Creates a <dummy> slot that >>> # can be re-used as storage >>> del d['smtp'] |
>>> # That way, we can still find d['ircd'] >>> d['ircd'] 6667 |
Stupid Dictionary Trick #2>>> del d['svn'], d['dict'], d['zope'] >>> d['ircd'] 6667 >>> # Still requires 4 steps! |
Dicts refuse to get fullTo keep collisions rare,
dicts resize when only ⅔ full
When < 50k entries, size ×4
When > 50k entries, size ×2
|
|
Let's watch a dictionary in action
against words pulled from the standard
dictionary on my Ubuntu box
>>> wordfile = open('/usr/share/dict/words') >>> text = wordfile.read().decode('utf-8') >>> words = [ w for w in text.split() ... if w == w.lower() and len(w) < 6 ] >>> words [u'a', u'abaci', u'aback', u'abaft', u'abase', ..., u'zoom', u'zooms', u'zoos', ...] |
d = {} # Again, an empty dict has 8 slots # Let's start filling it with keys |
d = dict.fromkeys(words[:5]) # collision rate 40% # but now ⅔ full — on verge of resizing! |
d['abash'] = None # Resizes ×4 to 32, collision rate drops to 0% |
d = dict.fromkeys(words[:21]) # ⅔ full again — collision rate 29% |
d['abode'] = None # Resizes ×4 to 128, collision rate drops to 9% |
d = dict.fromkeys(words[:85]) # ⅔ full again — collision rate 33% |
|
Life cycle as dictionary fills:
Gradually more crowded as keys are added
Then suddenly less as dict resizes
|
Consequence #6Average dictionary
performance is excellent
|
Real-life collisionsA dictionary of common words: >>> wfile = open('/usr/share/dict/words') >>> words = wfile.read().split()[:1365] >>> print words ['A', "A's", ..., "Backus's", 'Bacon', "Bacon's"] We can examine which keys collide: >>> pmap = _dictinfo.probe_all_steps(words) |
|
Some keys are in the first slot probed: >>> pmap['Ajax'] [1330] >>> pmap['Agamemnon'] [2020] While some keys collided several times: >>> pmap['Aristarchus'] # requires 5 probes [864, 1089, 801, 1108, 74] >>> pmap['Baal'] # requires 16 probes! [916, 1401, 250, 1359, 399, 1156, 1722, 420, 53, 266, 1331, 512, 513, 518, 543, 668] |
|
But probes are very fast >>> setup = "d=dict.fromkeys(%r)" % words >>> fast = timeit("d['Ajax']", setup) >>> slow = timeit("d['Baal']", setup) >>> '%.1f' % (slow/fast) '1.7' |
Consequence #7Because of resizing,
a dictionary can completely reorder
during an otherwise innocent insert
>>> d = {'Double': 1, 'double': 2, 'toil': 3, ... 'and': 4, 'trouble': 5} >>> d.keys() ['toil', 'Double', 'and', 'trouble', 'double'] >>> d['fire'] = 6 >>> d.keys() ['and', 'fire', 'Double', 'double', 'toil', 'trouble'] |
Consequence #8Because an insert can radically
reorder a dictionary, key insertion
is prohibited during iteration
>>> d = {'Double': 1, 'double': 2, 'toil': 3, ... 'and': 4, 'trouble': 5} >>> for key in d: ... d['fire'] = 6 Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: dictionary changed size during iteration |
Take-away #1Hopefully “the rules”
now make a bit more sense
and seem less arbitrary
|
Take-away #2Dictionaries trade space for time
If you need more space,
there are alternatives
|
Take-away #3If your class needs its own __hash__()
method you now know how hashes
should behave
(You can often get away with ^ xor'ing
the hashes of your instance variables)
|
Hashing your own classesclass Point(object): def __init__(self, x, y): self.x, self.y = x, y def __eq__(self, p): return self.x == p.x and self.y == p.y def __hash__(self): return hash(self.x) ^ hash(self.y) |
Take-away #4Equal values
should have equal hashes
regardless of their type!
>>> hash(9) 9 >>> hash(9.0) 9 >>> hash(complex(9, 0)) 9 |
The EndMay your hashes be unique,
Your hash tables never full,
And may your keys rarely collide
|
Other materialThese did not make it into the talk:
|


We're sorry but vant-tpl doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. Please enable it to continue.
ZehuiChan_ Design.


Open Solutions' OSS_SNMP Project
This is just a holding page, please see:
The
GitHub Project Page
.
The
phpDoc Documentation
.


@ nectd : team
This is the team of nectd. We are cool guys, get in touch if you want to know what we are doing.
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Introducing the most elegant way to get in touch with people that matters, sharing contact details with your friends, team or the world, and be always reachable.
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Hi, I am Mario and I am a designer. I am freelancing, drop me a line if you want to work with me!
This is the public listing of startups of the city of Bologna. If you are a new, request to join the list to be publically available.


Overview
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Tree
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Index
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R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
O
Omega
- Variable in class jml.recovery.
MatrixCompletion
a sparse or dense logical matrix indicating the indices of samples
ones(int, int)
- Static method in class jml.matlab.
Matlab
Generate an all one matrix with nRow rows and nCol columns.
ones(int[])
- Static method in class jml.matlab.
Matlab
Generate an all one matrix with its size specified by a two dimensional integer array.
ones(int)
- Static method in class jml.matlab.
Matlab
Generate an n by n all one matrix.
OnlineBinaryClassifier
- Class in
jml.online.classification
OnlineBinaryClassifier()
- Constructor for class jml.online.classification.
OnlineBinaryClassifier
operate(double[], double[][], double[])
- Static method in class jml.operation.
ArrayOperation
V1 = A * V2.
operate(double[], RealMatrix, double[])
- Static method in class jml.operation.
ArrayOperation
V1 = A * V2.
operate(double[], double[], double[][])
- Static method in class jml.operation.
ArrayOperation
V1' = V2' * A.
operate(double[], double[], RealMatrix)
- Static method in class jml.operation.
ArrayOperation
V1' = V2' * A.
optimizer
- Variable in class jml.optimization.
PhaseIResult
optimizer
- Variable in class jml.optimization.
QPSolution
optimum
- Variable in class jml.optimization.
PhaseIResult
optimum
- Variable in class jml.optimization.
QPSolution
options
- Variable in class jml.clustering.
KMeans
options
- Variable in class jml.clustering.
SpectralClustering
Options
- Class in
jml.options
Options(Options)
- Constructor for class jml.options.
Options
Options()
- Constructor for class jml.options.
Options
or(RealMatrix, RealMatrix)
- Static method in class jml.matlab.
Matlab
Do element by element comparisons between X and Y and returns a matrix of the same size with elements set to 1 where the relation is true and elements set to 0 where it is not.
Os
- Variable in class jml.sequence.
HMM
Observation sequences for training.
Overview
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Default Street Dimension
Width:
Corner Rounding
Corner Radius:
Angle Threshold:
°
When the corner angle is above this threshold it will be rounded.
Post Processing
Create Blocks:
Creates a group with faces of the blocks between the streets.


The Objects365 dataset is available for the academic purpose only. Any researcher who uses the Objects365 dataset should obey the license as below:
Annotations & Website
The annotations in this dataset along with this website belong to the Objects365 Consortium and are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Images
The Objects365 Consortium does not own the copyright of the images. Use of images must abide by the Flickr Terms of Use. The users of the images accept full responsibility for the use of the dataset, including but not limited to the use of any copies of copyrighted images that they may create from the dataset. You will NOT distribute the above images. We will delete the images immediately if the copyright of images are violated.
Software
Copyright © 2019 Objects365 Consortium
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
The Objects365 dataset is now avaliable at Biendata platform. Please make the registration before downloading.


Used to get the playlist of music
Assumptions
- The music files are audio files
- the music files are in the src
- Version:
- 1.0
- Source:
Members
(inner) fs :String
File system library
Type:
- String
- Source:
(inner) path :String
Path library
Type:
- String
- Source:
(inner) verbose :boolean
determines if verbose logging is enabled
Type:
- boolean
- Source:
Methods
(inner) clearAlbumArt(done)
Clear all the album art that is currently located in the public folder
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
|
||
done |
callback | callback function |
- Source:
(inner) getSongs((String))
Return the next n song choices (the number n of song choices is set in server.js)
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
(String) |
the pathname of where the music is |
- Source:
Returns:
(Array) a list of n songs that will be the new voting options
(inner) saveAlbumArt(metadata)
Save all the album art data in the public folder so that the client can
load and display them
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
metadata |
array | List of metadata items of the form: [ {picture, fileName}, {picture, fileName} ] |
- Source:
(inner) setVerbose(value)
Set the verbose flag
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
value |
boolean | verbose value |
- Source:


Node.js and Nginx on Ubuntu
In this tutorial I will show how to install and configure Node.js and Nginx on you Ubuntu server.
Installing Dependencies
The only dependency we really need is the build-essential
package in order to be able to compile the Node.js source code.
# Make sure to download the latest repos.
sudo apt-get update
# Required to run `make` command.
sudo apt-get install build-essential
# If you need to use https.
sudo apt-get install libssl-dev
# My favorite text editor.
sudo apt-get install vim
# Git to manage your repos.
sudo apt-get install git
Installing Node.js
Head over to the Node.js Downloads page and copy the link to the source code tarball (node-<version>.tar.gz).
# Create and change into directory.
sudo mkdir /opt/node/
cd /opt/node/
# Download the Node.js tarball.
sudo wget http://nodejs.org/dist/v0.10.19/node-v0.10.19.tar.gz
# Extract the tarball.
sudo tar xvzf node-v0.10.19.tar.gz
# Do some cleaning up.
sudo mv node-v0.10.19/* .
sudo rm node-v0.10.19.tar.gz
sudo rm -r node-v0.10.19/
# Run `make` and `make install`.
# Be patient. Compiling from source takes a few minutes.
sudo make
sudo make install
# Running `make test` is a good idea.
sudo make test
# Check the version to see if it was properly installed.
node -v
If you get a version number then you’re good to go.
Setting up a Node.js webserver
# Create the directory to hold the sites.
sudo mkdir /var/www/
cd /var/www/
# Create our Hello World site.
sudo mkdir helloworld/
cd helloworld/
# Create a server file.
vim server.js
Paste in the simple code into server.js
var http = require('http');
http.createServer(function (req, res) {
res.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'});
res.end('Hello World\n');
}).listen(3000);
console.log('Server running at http://<your server ip address>:3000/');
Hit the ESC key then type in :wq
to save and exit. Then run the webserver with:
# Run webserver.
node server.js
To always run in the background, check out the Forever node module.
# Install Forever module globally.
sudo npm install -g forever
# Start webserver.
# To view options, run: forever --help
forever start -l hello-world.log server.js
# View log file.
tail -f ~/.forever/hello-world.log
Open up a browser window and go to:
http://<your server ip address>:3000/
You should see the “Hello World” message.
If for whatever reason you don’t know your server’s IP address, run:
# Find server IP address
ifconfig eth0 | grep inet | awk '{ print $2 }'
Installing Nginx
Nginx is good for serving static files, as well as a being a load balancer. And you can route multiple domains to your Node.js webserver. Let’s install it now.
# Installing Nginx is a breeze.
sudo apt-get install nginx
Here are some useful Nginx commands.
# Self explanatory.
sudo service nginx {stop|start|restart|reload}
# Alternatively, you also do:
/etc/init.d/nginx {stop|start|restart|reload}
The default nginx configuation file is located under:
# Default nginx config file.
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
Take note of the default log file locations, which you can view by using the tail
command.
# View access logs.
tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
# View error logs.
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
Configuring Nginx server
To proxy the Node.js server to Nginx, a new webserver config needs to be created.
# Backup default config.
mv /etc/nginx/sites-available/default /etc/nginx/sites-available/default.bak
# Create new config.
vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
In the empty config file add the following settings (gist):
# The upstream module is the link between Node.js and Nginx.
# Upstream is used for proxying requests to other servers.
# All requests for / get distributed between any of the servers listed.
upstream helloworld {
# Set up multiple Node.js webservers for load balancing.
# max_fails refers to number of failed attempts
# before server is considered inactive.
# weight priorities traffic to server. Ex. weight=2 will recieve
# twice as much traffic as server with weight=1
server <your server ip>:3000 max_fails=0 fail_timeout=10s weight=1;
# server <your server ip>:3001 max_fails=0 fail_timeout=10s weight=1;
# server <your server ip>:3002 max_fails=0 fail_timeout=10s weight=1;
# server <your server ip>:3003 max_fails=0 fail_timeout=10s weight=1;
# Send visitors back to the same server each time.
ip_hash;
# Enable number of keep-alive connections.
keepalive 512;
}
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80 default_server ipv6only=on;
# Index files.
index index.html;
# Domain names.
# Make sure to set the A Record on your domain's DNS settings to your server's IP address.
# You can test if was set properly by using the `dig` command: dig yourdomain.com
server_name yourdomain.com www.yourdomain.com;
# Timeout for closing keep-alive connections.
keepalive_timeout 10;
# Enable gzip compression.
gzip on;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_vary on;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_buffers 16 8k;
gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.(?!.*SV1)";
# Max upload size.
# client_max_body_size 16M;
# Change access and error log files.
# access_log /var/log/nginx/yourdomain.com/access.log;
# error_log /var/log/nginx/yourdomain.com/error.log;
# Custom error page.
# error_page 404 maintenance.html;
# error_page 500 502 503 504 maintenance.html;
# location /maintenance.html {
# root /var/www;
# }
location / {
# Set this to your upstream module.
proxy_pass http://helloworld;
# Headers to pass to proxy server.
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-NginX-Proxy true;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_redirect off;
# Go to next upstream after if server down.
proxy_next_upstream error timeout http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504;
proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
# Gateway timeout.
proxy_read_timeout 20s;
proxy_send_timeout 20s;
# Buffer settings.
proxy_buffers 8 32k;
proxy_buffer_size 64k;
}
# Enable caching of static files.
# location ~* \.(css|js|ico|gif|jpe?g|png|svg)$ {
# expires 168h;
# add_header Pragma public;
# add_header Cache-Control "public, must-revalidate, proxy-revalidate";
# }
# Don't cache html files.
# location ~* \.html$ {
# expires -1;
# }
# Serve static files without going through upstreams
location ~ ^/(images/|img/|javascript/|js/|css/|stylesheets/|flash/|media/|static/|robots.txt|humans.txt|favicon.ico) {
root /var/www/helloworld;
access_log off;
expires 1h;
}
}
After you have saved the file and exited, test for any Nginx errors and then reload the config.
nginx -t
sudo service nginx reload
Nginx will let you know if you have any errors in your config. Fix them and reload once again.
If you’re trying to reference multiple domains and got the following error:
Reloading nginx configuration: nginx: [emerg] could not build the server_names_hash, you should increase server_names_hash_bucket_size: 32
Uncomment this line in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
.
server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
To test that gzip is working, execute:
curl --header "Accept-Encoding: gzip" -I http://yourdomain.com
You should see the line:
Content-Encoding: gzip
Conclusion
If everything went smoothly, going to your domain will bring up the “Hello World” message. If not then let us know in the comments where you got stuck and I will try to help you out.


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'3BlackChicks Review...'
MEN OF HONOR (2000) Rated R; running time 125 minutes Genre: Drama Seen at: Celebration Cinema (Lansing, Michigan) Official site: http://www.foxmovies.com/navydivercs.html IMDB site: http://us.imdb.com/Details?0203019 Written by: Scott Marshall Smith Directed by: George Tillman Jr. Cast: Robert De Niro, Cuba Gooding Jr. Aunjanue Ellis (Jo), Charlize Theron (Gwen Sunday), David Conrad (Hanks), Michael Rapaport, Hal Holbrook, Powers Boothe, Holt McCallany, Joshua Leonard, Glynn Turman, Carl Lumbly, Lonette McKee, David Keith (Capt. Hartigan)
Review Copyright Rose Cooper, 2000 Review URL: http://www.3blackchicks.com/bamshonor.html
I only regret that I didn't finish this review yesterday as I had planned to; I wanted this to be a salute to son and my father - both of whom served their military time in Korea - on Veterans Day. I'm proud of them both for having done what they did, and am very happy that they both came home from their individual tours. And though my son was an Army Man, he - and countless Black military men and women - owes a debt of gratitude to Carl Brashear, the U.S. Navy's first Black Diver.
The Story (WARNING: **spoilers contained below**): Sonora, Kentucky in the 1940s saw Mac and Ella Brashear (Carl Lumbly and Lonette McKee) living off the land as sharecroppers. As hard a life as it was for them, they wanted much more for their son; Mac insisted that his boy stay in school, not stay home and work the land with them. But when times got hard, the son had no choice but to quit school and help his father. When their son Carl (Cuba Gooding Jr.) grew up, he enlisted in the Navy, hoping to do the thing he loved best - dive - and make his father proud of him. As Carl left home, Mac admonished him out of love to never come back to Sonora, and to keep his eyes on the prize. The memory of his father's words, and his own determination, stayed deep in Carl's heart.
But the sixties weren't much better for a young Black man in the minimally desegregated military. Brashear soon realized that while President Truman ordered the Navy to let Blacks *in*, the Navy didn't have to *like* it - nor did they have to allow Blacks to do anything but, in the words of Chief Floyd (Glynn Turman), "be a Navy cook, a White Officer's valet, or leave the Navy". Brashear, though, had other plans. Chafing against rules that applied unfairly to Blacks, Brashear's brash actions impressed Captain Pullman (Powers Boothe) of the U.S.S. Hoist enough that he was allowed to serve as a Search And Rescue swimmer - though Brashear quickly learned that he still wouldn't be fully accepted by his fellow seamen, nor by the Navy, for some time to come.
This point was driven home after he convinced Pullman to transfer him to Navy Diving School, under the command of Master Chief Billy Sunday (Robert De Niro), a hard-drinking, tough S.O.B. who Brashear first learned of during his time on the Hoist. Sunday, like the rest of the military, had no love for "uppity" Blacks, and like fellow Diving School students Rourke (Holt McCallany) and Isert (Joshua Leonard), Sunday and his commanding officer, the very strange Mister Pappy (Hal Holbrook), did everything they could to convince Brashear to give up on becoming a Navy Diver. But again, Brashear, befriended by fellow student Snowhill (Michael Rapaport), had other plans...
The Upshot: Past the story itself, past the history, past the drama of it all, MEN OF HONOR is a beautifully shot and acted film, showcasing the many talents of its director, George Tillman Jr., and stars Cuba Gooding Jr. and Robert De Niro (my lord, can that man act his butt off!). It stands up there with the likes of REMEMBER THE TITANS as one of the best films of the year, if only on the merits of those three alone.
Gooding first caught my eye in his introductory role in John Singleton's BOYZ IN THE HOOD. His Denzel Washington impersonation in "Boyz" only hinted at his ability to strike at the heart of his movie characters, but Loud tripe like CHILL FACTOR left a bad taste in my mouth for Cuba; good to see that he's back on the right track in "Honor", playing a heroic figure with enough personal ambition to keep his Carl Brashear, human. And though Billy Sunday is an amalgamation of many of the men the real Carl Brashear served under, De Niro plays Sunday with a fierceness I'm starting to think only De Niro is capable of; not too melodramatic nor over-the-top, De Niro's Sunday was a character you could love to hate, and hate to love, all at the same time. Director Tillman brought out the best in Gooding and De Niro, entertaining the audience while we were being educated; and all the while, remembering that while Brashear's story had an epic sweep, it had to remain a personal story about what drove Carl to be the best.
Fortunately for "Honor", it had much more going for it than just the talents of three good men. Of the supporting cast, actor Michael Rapaport must again be noted in my reviews. Like fellow actor David Morse, Rapaport's talent has been unsung for far too long. This is the third film I've seen him in in the last two months (the other two being BAMBOOZLED and the otherwise-unmentionable LUCKY NUMBERS), and each time, he's stood out among the crowd in noteworthy performances. His solid turn in "Honor", then, was expected, but nonetheless appreciated. Somebody get this man a leading role! (Yeah, I know; but ZEBRAHEAD was a long time ago...)
But the story itself, the history, the drama of it all, cannot be ignored. It's "easy" to make a movie about the Black struggle for equality in America, and simply point at the racist White people and institutions and say "Bad, Bad people! Bad, Bad institutions!". That "Honor" went deeper than that, went further past Brashear's struggles with racism and told a more full story about Brashear's struggles with *himself*, truly elevated this movie above the pack. The shame of it all is that it takes movies like MEN OF HONOR and HBO's TUSKEEGEE AIRMEN to teach some of us - me included - about many of Our Firsts; notably, Our non-sporting and non-entertainment Firsts. Sure, I was told of Jackie Robinson in grade school, as I'm sure many of today's schoolkids are being taught about him. But what about pioneering Black cowboys, and Black doctors, and Black airmen, and Black divers? Are *these* heroes being taught? If not, shame on America's schools for "forgetting". And, shame on America's parents - me included - for not making sure our children have a more balanced education.
For students of American history, for those who knew but forgot, for those who are deluded into thinking It's All In The Distant Past, for those who want to remember American war heroes - or even for those who just want to see a damn good movie, MEN OF HONOR is a must-see.
The "Black Factor" [ObDisclaimer: We Are Not A Monolith]: I grouse a lot about the state of mainstream Black Cinema in the States; and though it still walks on wobbly legs, looking back at this year alone, I recall many good projects starring, and helmed by, talented Black actors, actresses, writers and directors. George Tillman Jr, director of "Honor" and SOUL FOOD, can certainly be counted amongst those talented folks; and with MEN OF HONOR, he raises the stakes significantly. The question is not "Will Tillman's name be added to the list of America's most talented *Black* directors?"; the question is "Will Tillman's name be added to the list of America's most talented *directors*?" Period.
To read what The Man Himself has to say on the subject of Black directors making movies these days, check out the interview with George Tillman Jr. in the online edition of the "Atlanta Journal & Constitution" at <http://www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/epaper/editions/friday/preview _a3b0456cf394f13f00ab.html> (my thanks go to 3BC "Viewer Voices" webboard regular "Los2" for the link).
Bammer's Bottom Line: On a personal level, MEN OF HONOR was a inspiring tale of one man's triumph over adversity; and on the larger scale, a wonderful way to honor our nation's war heroes on Veterans Day. Even those who had to be dragged, kicking and screaming, toward a truly integrated military.
MEN OF HONOR (rating: greenlight): Jumbe, Daddy - thanks for serving your Country as you did.
Rose "Bams" Cooper Webchick and Editor, 3BlackChicks Review Movie Reviews With Flava! Copyright Rose Cooper, 2000 EMAIL<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://www.3blackchicks.com/
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as access to each locked field in any object instance will prevent simultaneous access to that field in every object instance.


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