The Python Programming Language: Functions¶
x = 1
y = 2
x + y
x
`add_numbers` is a function that takes two numbers and adds them together.
def add_numbers(x, y):
return x + y
add_numbers(1, 2)
`add_numbers` updated to take an optional 3rd parameter. Using `print` allows printing of multiple expressions within a single cell.
def add_numbers(x,y,z=None):
if (z==None):
return x+y
else:
return x+y+z
print(add_numbers(1, 2))
print(add_numbers(1, 2, 3))
`add_numbers` updated to take an optional flag parameter.
def add_numbers(x, y, z=None, flag=False):
if (flag):
print('Flag is true!')
if (z==None):
return x + y
else:
return x + y + z
print(add_numbers(1, 2, flag=True))
Assign function `add_numbers` to variable `a`.
def add_numbers(x,y):
return x+y
a = add_numbers
a(1,2)
# The Python Programming Language: Types and Sequences
Use `type` to return the object's type.
type('This is a string')
type(None)
type(1)
type(1.0)
type(add_numbers)
Tuples are an immutable data structure (cannot be altered).
x = (1, 'a', 2, 'b')
type(x)
Lists are a mutable data structure.
x = [1, 'a', 2, 'b']
type(x)
Use `append` to append an object to a list.
x.append(3.3)
print(x)
This is an example of how to loop through each item in the list.
for item in x:
print(item)
Or using the indexing operator:
i=0
while( i != len(x) ):
print(x[i])
i = i + 1
Use `+` to concatenate lists.
[1,2] + [3,4]
Use `*` to repeat lists.
[1]*3
Use the `in` operator to check if something is inside a list.
1 in [1, 2, 3]
Now let's look at strings. Use bracket notation to slice a string.
x = 'This is a string'
print(x[0]) #first character
print(x[0:1]) #first character, but we have explicitly set the end character
print(x[0:2]) #first two characters
This will return the last element of the string.
x[-1]
This will return the slice starting from the 4th element from the end and stopping before the 2nd element from the end.
x[-4:-2]
This is a slice from the beginning of the string and stopping before the 3rd element.
x[:3]
And this is a slice starting from the 3rd element of the string and going all the way to the end.
x[3:]
firstname = 'Christopher'
lastname = 'Brooks'
print(firstname + ' ' + lastname)
print(firstname*3)
print('Chris' in firstname)
`split` returns a list of all the words in a string, or a list split on a specific character.
firstname = 'Christopher Arthur Hansen Brooks'.split(' ')[0] # [0] selects the first element of the list
lastname = 'Christopher Arthur Hansen Brooks'.split(' ')[-1] # [-1] selects the last element of the list
print(firstname)
print(lastname)
Make sure you convert objects to strings before concatenating.
'Chris' + 2
'Chris' + str(2)
Dictionaries associate keys with values.
x = {'Christopher Brooks'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>'Bill Gates'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>x['Christopher Brooks'] # Retrieve a value by using the indexing operator
x['Kevyn Collins-Thompson'] = None
x['Kevyn Collins-Thompson']
Iterate over all of the keys:
for name in x:
print(x[name])
Iterate over all of the values:
for email in x.values():
print(email)
Iterate over all of the items in the list:
for name, email in x.items():
print(name)
print(email)
You can unpack a sequence into different variables:
x = ('Christopher', 'Brooks'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>fname, lname, email = x
fname
lname
Make sure the number of values you are unpacking matches the number of variables being assigned.
x = ('Christopher', 'Brooks'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>'Ann Arbor')
fname, lname, email = x
# The Python Programming Language: More on Strings
print('Chris' + 2)
print('Chris' + str(2))
Python has a built in method for convenient string formatting.
sales_record = {
'price': 3.24,
'num_items': 4,
'person': 'Chris'}
sales_statement = '{} bought {} item(s) at a price of {} each for a total of {}'
print(sales_statement.format(sales_record['person'],
sales_record['num_items'],
sales_record['price'],
sales_record['num_items']*sales_record['price']))
# Reading and Writing CSV files
Let's import our datafile mpg.csv, which contains fuel economy data for 234 cars.
mpg : miles per gallon
class : car classification
cty : city mpg
cyl : # of cylinders
displ : engine displacement in liters
drv : f = front-wheel drive, r = rear wheel drive, 4 = 4wd
fl : fuel (e = ethanol E85, d = diesel, r = regular, p = premium, c = CNG)
hwy : highway mpg
manufacturer : automobile manufacturer
model : model of car
trans : type of transmission
year : model year
import csv
%precision 2
with open('mpg.csv') as csvfile:
mpg = list(csv.DictReader(csvfile))
mpg[:3] # The first three dictionaries in our list.
`csv.Dictreader` has read in each row of our csv file as a dictionary. `len` shows that our list is comprised of 234 dictionaries.
len(mpg)
`keys` gives us the column names of our csv.
mpg[0].keys()
This is how to find the average cty fuel economy across all cars. All values in the dictionaries are strings, so we need to convert to float.
sum(float(d['cty']) for d in mpg) / len(mpg)
Similarly this is how to find the average hwy fuel economy across all cars.
sum(float(d['hwy']) for d in mpg) / len(mpg)
Use `set` to return the unique values for the number of cylinders the cars in our dataset have.
cylinders = set(d['cyl'] for d in mpg)
cylinders
Here's a more complex example where we are grouping the cars by number of cylinder, and finding the average cty mpg for each group.
CtyMpgByCyl = []
for c in cylinders: # iterate over all the cylinder levels
summpg = 0
cyltypecount = 0
for d in mpg: # iterate over all dictionaries
if d['cyl'] == c: # if the cylinder level type matches,
summpg += float(d['cty']) # add the cty mpg
cyltypecount += 1 # increment the count
CtyMpgByCyl.append((c, summpg / cyltypecount)) # append the tuple ('cylinder', 'avg mpg')
CtyMpgByCyl.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
CtyMpgByCyl
Use `set` to return the unique values for the class types in our dataset.
vehicleclass = set(d['class'] for d in mpg) # what are the class types
vehicleclass
And here's an example of how to find the average hwy mpg for each class of vehicle in our dataset.
HwyMpgByClass = []
for t in vehicleclass: # iterate over all the vehicle classes
summpg = 0
vclasscount = 0
for d in mpg: # iterate over all dictionaries
if d['class'] == t: # if the cylinder amount type matches,
summpg += float(d['hwy']) # add the hwy mpg
vclasscount += 1 # increment the count
HwyMpgByClass.append((t, summpg / vclasscount)) # append the tuple ('class', 'avg mpg')
HwyMpgByClass.sort(key=lambda x: x[1])
HwyMpgByClass
# The Python Programming Language: Dates and Times
import datetime as dt
import time as tm
`time` returns the current time in seconds since the Epoch. (January 1st, 1970)
tm.time()
Convert the timestamp to datetime.
dtnow = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(tm.time())
dtnow
Handy datetime attributes:
dtnow.year, dtnow.month, dtnow.day, dtnow.hour, dtnow.minute, dtnow.second # get year, month, day, etc.from a datetime
`timedelta` is a duration expressing the difference between two dates.
delta = dt.timedelta(days = 100) # create a timedelta of 100 days
delta
`date.today` returns the current local date.
today = dt.date.today()
today - delta # the date 100 days ago
today > today-delta # compare dates
# The Python Programming Language: Objects and map()
An example of a class in python:
class Person:
department = 'School of Information' #a class variable
def set_name(self, new_name): #a method
self.name = new_name
def set_location(self, new_location):
self.location = new_location
person = Person()
person.set_name('Christopher Brooks')
person.set_location('Ann Arbor, MI, USA')
print('{} live in {} and works in the department {}'.format(person.name, person.location, person.department))
Here's an example of mapping the `min` function between two lists.
store1 = [10.00, 11.00, 12.34, 2.34]
store2 = [9.00, 11.10, 12.34, 2.01]
cheapest = map(min, store1, store2)
cheapest
Now let's iterate through the map object to see the values.
for item in cheapest:
print(item)
# The Python Programming Language: Lambda and List Comprehensions
Here's an example of lambda that takes in three parameters and adds the first two.
my_function = lambda a, b, c : a + b
my_function(1, 2, 3)
Let's iterate from 0 to 999 and return the even numbers.
my_list = []
for number in range(0, 1000):
if number % 2 == 0:
my_list.append(number)
my_list
Now the same thing but with list comprehension.
my_list = [number for number in range(0,1000) if number % 2 == 0]
my_list
# The Python Programming Language: Numerical Python (NumPy)
import numpy as np
## Creating Arrays
Create a list and convert it to a numpy array
mylist = [1, 2, 3]
x = np.array(mylist)
x
Or just pass in a list directly
y = np.array([4, 5, 6])
y
Pass in a list of lists to create a multidimensional array.
m = np.array([[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]])
m
Use the shape method to find the dimensions of the array. (rows, columns)
m.shape
`arange` returns evenly spaced values within a given interval.
n = np.arange(0, 30, 2) # start at 0 count up by 2, stop before 30
n
`reshape` returns an array with the same data with a new shape.
n = n.reshape(3, 5) # reshape array to be 3x5
n
`linspace` returns evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
o = np.linspace(0, 4, 9) # return 9 evenly spaced values from 0 to 4
o
`resize` changes the shape and size of array in-place.
o.resize(3, 3)
o
`ones` returns a new array of given shape and type, filled with ones.
np.ones((3, 2))
`zeros` returns a new array of given shape and type, filled with zeros.
np.zeros((2, 3))
`eye` returns a 2-D array with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
np.eye(3)
`diag` extracts a diagonal or constructs a diagonal array.
np.diag(y)
Create an array using repeating list (or see `np.tile`)
np.array([1, 2, 3] * 3)
Repeat elements of an array using `repeat`.
np.repeat([1, 2, 3], 3)
#### Combining Arrays
p = np.ones([2, 3], int)
p
Use `vstack` to stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
np.vstack([p, 2*p])
Use `hstack` to stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
np.hstack([p, 2*p])
## Operations
Use +
, -
, *
, /
and **
to perform element wise addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and power.
print(x + y) # elementwise addition [1 2 3] + [4 5 6] = [5 7 9]
print(x - y) # elementwise subtraction [1 2 3] - [4 5 6] = [-3 -3 -3]
print(x * y) # elementwise multiplication [1 2 3] * [4 5 6] = [4 10 18]
print(x / y) # elementwise divison [1 2 3] / [4 5 6] = [0.25 0.4 0.5]
print(x**2) # elementwise power [1 2 3] ^2 = [1 4 9]
**Dot Product:**
\( \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \ x_2 \ x_3\end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix}y_1 \\ y_2 \\ y_3\end{bmatrix} = x_1 y_1 + x_2 y_2 + x_3 y_3\)
x.dot(y) # dot product 1*4 + 2*5 + 3*6
z = np.array([y, y**2])
print(len(z)) # number of rows of array
Let's look at transposing arrays. Transposing permutes the dimensions of the array.
z = np.array([y, y**2])
z
The shape of array `z` is `(2,3)` before transposing.
z.shape
Use `.T` to get the transpose.
z.T
The number of rows has swapped with the number of columns.
z.T.shape
Use `.dtype` to see the data type of the elements in the array.
z.dtype
Use `.astype` to cast to a specific type.
z = z.astype('f')
z.dtype
## Math Functions
Numpy has many built in math functions that can be performed on arrays.
a = np.array([-4, -2, 1, 3, 5])
a.sum()
a.max()
a.min()
a.mean()
a.std()
`argmax` and `argmin` return the index of the maximum and minimum values in the array.
a.argmax()
a.argmin()
## Indexing / Slicing
s = np.arange(13)**2
s
Use bracket notation to get the value at a specific index. Remember that indexing starts at 0.
s[0], s[4], s[-1]
Use `:` to indicate a range. `array[start:stop]`
Leaving start
or stop
empty will default to the beginning/end of the array.
s[1:5]
Use negatives to count from the back.
s[-4:]
A second `:` can be used to indicate step-size. `array[start:stop:stepsize]`
Here we are starting 5th element from the end, and counting backwards by 2 until the beginning of the array is reached.
s[-5::-2]
Let's look at a multidimensional array.
r = np.arange(36)
r.resize((6, 6))
r
Use bracket notation to slice: `array[row, column]`
r[2, 2]
And use : to select a range of rows or columns
r[3, 3:6]
Here we are selecting all the rows up to (and not including) row 2, and all the columns up to (and not including) the last column.
r[:2, :-1]
This is a slice of the last row, and only every other element.
r[-1, ::2]
We can also perform conditional indexing. Here we are selecting values from the array that are greater than 30. (Also see `np.where`)
r[r > 30]
Here we are assigning all values in the array that are greater than 30 to the value of 30.
r[r > 30] = 30
r
## Copying Data
Be careful with copying and modifying arrays in NumPy!
r2
is a slice of r
r2 = r[:3,:3]
r2
Set this slice's values to zero ([:] selects the entire array)
r2[:] = 0
r2
`r` has also been changed!
r
To avoid this, use `r.copy` to create a copy that will not affect the original array
r_copy = r.copy()
r_copy
Now when r_copy is modified, r will not be changed.
r_copy[:] = 10
print(r_copy, '\n')
print(r)
### Iterating Over Arrays
Let’s create a new 4 by 3 array of random numbers 0-9.
test = np.random.randint(0, 10, (4,3))
test
Iterate by row:
for row in test:
print(row)
Iterate by index:
for i in range(len(test)):
print(test[i])
Iterate by row and index:
for i, row in enumerate(test):
print('row', i, 'is', row)
Use `zip` to iterate over multiple iterables.
test2 = test**2
test2
for i, j in zip(test, test2):
print(i,'+',j,'=',i+j)


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# Monitoring Math Getting more out of your graphs --- #Metric Aggregation --- # Timeseries Data * Metrics are stored as timeseries based on combinations of the metric name and tag combinations * Queries require an aggregation function (sum, min, max, avg) to aggregate over timeseries matching the query * Aggregation is applied at each point on the graph, bringing multiple timeseries value into one point on the graph --- # Aggregation Example * Start with a basic query “sum:system.disk.used{host:oracle-xe}” * Disk metrics are tagged by disk using the “device” tag, with an individual timeseries created on each host for every device reported ![](../../images/monitoringmath/aggexample.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> --- # Aggregation Example * Using “by {device}” break the graph down to show one stacked are per disk * Sum from previous graph is now broken down by individual disks making up the previous aggregate ![](../../images/monitoringmath/aggexample2.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> --- # Functions --- # Function Types * Arithmetic * Interpolation * Timeshift * Rate * Count * Smoothing * Time Aggregation * Ranking * Algorithm --- # Arithmetic ## Absolute Value * Always displays the absolute value of the metric. ## Log2/Log10 * The occasional spike may skew the scale of a graph. Log will smooth out the spike while not eliminating them. ## Cumulative Sum / Integral * Adds each value shown on the graph cumulatively. --- # Interpolation - .fill() * Not meant to fill in empty spaces, but to align multiple series together * Helpful for aggregation and arithmetic across multiple sources * Available options include linear interpolation or inserting 0’s or the most recent value * More on this in our KBs: http://dtdg.co/kb-fill --- # Timeshift ## Helpful for comparing metrics with previously reported values --- # hour_before() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/hour_before.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> --- # day_before() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/day_before.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> --- # week_before() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/week_before.png) --- # month_before() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/month_before.png) --- # Rate ## Compare metric values with their previous value --- # per_second() Compare the metric with the previous value, returning difference in value divided by the difference in time ![](../../images/monitoringmath/rate_per_second.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> --- # per_minute() Compare the metric with the previous value, returning difference in value divided by the difference in time ![](../../images/monitoringmath/rate_per_minute.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: 60 * the per_second() value --- # per_hour() Rate Compare the metric with the previous value, returning difference in value divided by the difference in time ![](../../images/monitoringmath/rate_per_hour.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: 3600 * the per_second() value --- # dt() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/dt.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: Time in seconds between the current and previous points --- # diff() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/diff.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: The difference in value between the current and previous points --- # derivative() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/derivative.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: 1st order derivative function applied to the graph: diff() / dt() --- # Count ## Keep track of the number of values reported in your graphs --- # count_nonzero() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/count_nonzero.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: Current track of all non-zero values graphed at a given moment in time --- # count_not_null() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/count_not_null.png)<!-- .element: style="background: none; box-shadow: none; width : 100%" --> Note: Current track of all non-null values graphed at a given moment in time --- # Smoothing ## Even out the values on your graph --- # ewma_3() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/ewma_3.png) Note: Exponentially weighted moving average spanning 3 points (previous, current, next) --- # ewma_5() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/ewma_5.png) Note: Exponentially weighted moving average spanning 5 points --- # ewma_10() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/ewma_10.png) Note: Exponentially weighted moving average spanning 10 points --- # ewma_20() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/ewma_20.png) Note: Exponentially weighted moving average spanning 20 points --- # median_3() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/median_3.png) Note: Median value spanning 3 points (median of the previous, current, and next point) --- # median_5() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/median_5.png) Note: Median value spanning 5 points --- # median_7() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/median_7.png) Note: Median value spanning 7 points --- # median_9() ![](../../images/monitoringmath/median_9.png) Note: Median value spanning 9 points --- # Time Aggregation ## Smooth out your graphs by aggregating timeseries data --- # .rollup($method, $time) * Apply aggregation $method to multiple values over $time in seconds * Available methods: sum, min, max, avg * Allows overriding the default rollup function used for smoothing graphs over larger timeframes * Various methods available can allow preservation of spikes/dips in graphs * More on our default rollups and the rollup function’s use in our KBs: http://dtdg.co/zoomsmooth --- # Ranking ## Avoid clutter by viewing only the most relevant timeseries --- # top() Avoid clutter by viewing only the most relevant timeseries ![](../../images/monitoringmath/top.png) Note: * Select the top series responsive to a given query, according to a provided ranking method * Parameters for the top function include * metric query itself * the number of series you’d like returned * a ranking function (one of 'max', 'min', 'last', 'l2norm', or 'area') * sort order (either 'desc' for descending order or 'asc' for ascending order) --- # top_offset() Avoid clutter by viewing only the most relevant timeseries ![](../../images/monitoringmath/topoffset.png) Note: Similar to top(), except with an additional offset parameter, which controls where in the ordered sequence of series the graphing starts. For example, an offset of 2 would start graphing at the number 3 ranked series, according to the chosen ranking metric. --- # Algorithm ## Analyze your metrics compared to concurrent or previous metric data --- # outliers() * Compare timeseries values with each other * Highlights individual timeseries based on ones that deviate too far from the norm at a given moment in time * More on the available DBSCAN and MAD functions used here: http://dtdg.co/outlierdetect --- # anomalies() * Compares historic metric data * Allows comparison of the current value with norms calculated across previous timeframes * Can alert on anomalous spikes/dips in metric values based on deviation from this norm
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Hands On Instruction


---
layout: default
---
I'm passionate about problem solving, TDD and nodeJS.
Hi! I'm Luiz!
Full Stack Engineer at Leads2b & Lecturer at Mater Dei
Currently working as a senior full stack at Leads2b.com and teaching at Mater Dei.
Since you're here, take a look at some of my working projects.
For more information, check out the 'about me' page.
{% include external-links.html %}


Excellent Compatibility
Suitable for mobile phone and most tablet.
For mobile phone:3.5~6inches
For tablet:7~9.7inches
Cable Managment
Back opening design allows you to manage charging cable easily.
Aluminum Alloy and Surface Techniques
Aluminum alloy material makes stand lighter but more stable.
Sand-shoting and anodizing surface treatment makes surface smoother and more shining.
Triangle Shape Design
Triangle shape design of stand makes stand firm and stable.
Bottom Non-slip Rubber Pads
4 non-slip rubber pads on the bottom enlarge the friction between desk and stand, makes more stable.
2 non-slip rubber pads on the front of stand hold your phone/tablet firmly.
Steady and Firm
The rubber pads and feet of desktop phone stand protect your device from scratches and sliding.

Specifications


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Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board and a software(INO)that runs the your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
It is relatively easy for beginners like me to operate Arduino because I just have to create an electric circuit on the board and alter the code to create variations on the operation.
The servo motor is my final project. I used the exemple"servo-sweep" on Arduino, but I changed the speed by decresing the "delay".
However, I changed the delay to 8 and the myservo.attach to 9. So the servo spinned faster and I have to plug the wire to pin 9.


Home | News | Books | Speeches | Places | Resources | Education | Timelines | Index | Search
Brooks also observed, "But chiefly memorable in the mind of those who saw that second inauguration must still remain the tall, pathetic, melancholy figure of the man who, then inducted into office in the midst of the glad acclaim of thousands of people, and illumined by the deceptive brilliance of a March sunburst, was already standing in the shadow of death." He was referring, of course, to Lincoln's sudden death by assassination only weeks after the speech.
Library of CongressSecond Inaugural Address
Washington, D.C.
March 4, 1865This theologically intense speech has been widely acknowledged as one of the most remarkable documents in American history. The London Spectator said of it, "We cannot read it without a renewed conviction that it is the noblest political document known to history, and should have for the nation and the statesmen he left behind him something of a sacred and almost prophetic character."
Journalist Noah Brooks, who witnessed the speech, said that as Lincoln advanced from his seat, "a roar of applause shook the air, and, again and again repeated, finally died away on the outer fringe of the throng, like a sweeping wave upon the shore. Just at that moment the sun, which had been obscured all day, burst forth in its unclouded meridian splendor, and flooded the spectacle with glory and with light." Brooks said Lincoln told him the next day, "Did you notice that sunburst? It made my heart jump."
According to Brooks, the audience received the speech in "profound silence," although some passages provoked cheers and applause. "Looking down into the faces of the people, illuminated by the bright rays of the sun, one could see moist eyes and even tearful faces."
At this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention, and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured.
On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it--all sought to avert it. While the inaugeral [sic] address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissole [sic] the Union, and divide effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came.
One eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war, the magnitude, or the duration, which it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God; and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces; but let us judge not that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered; that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has his own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offences! for it must needs be that offences come; but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh!" If we shall suppose that American Slavery is one of those offences which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both North and South, this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offence came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a Living God always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope--fervently do we pray--that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether"
With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.
Source: Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy P. Basler et al.Related Links
Abraham Lincoln's Second Inauguration
Inaugural Documents and Images (Library of Congress)
Lincoln's First Inauguration
Lincoln's Inaugurations
Ronald White -- The Meaning of the Second Inaugural Address (MPR)
Home | News | Education | Timelines | Places | Resources | Books | Speeches | Index | Search Lincoln's writings are in the public domain; this introduction copyright © 2018 Abraham Lincoln Online. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy


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Class RoutedEventArgs
Routed Event arguments class
Inheritance
System.Object
RoutedEventArgs
Inherited Members
System.Object.Equals(System.Object)
System.Object.Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.GetHashCode()
System.Object.GetType()
System.Object.MemberwiseClone()
System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.ToString()
Namespace: EmptyKeys.UserInterface
Assembly: EmptyKeys.UserInterface.dll
Syntax
public class RoutedEventArgs
Constructors
RoutedEventArgs()
Initializes a new instance of the RoutedEventArgs class.
Declaration
public RoutedEventArgs()
RoutedEventArgs(RoutedEvent)
Initializes a new instance of the RoutedEventArgs class.
Declaration
public RoutedEventArgs(RoutedEvent routedEvent)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RoutedEvent | routedEvent | The routed event. |
RoutedEventArgs(RoutedEvent, Object)
Initializes a new instance of the RoutedEventArgs class.
Declaration
public RoutedEventArgs(RoutedEvent routedEvent, object source)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RoutedEvent | routedEvent | The routed event. |
| System.Object | source | The source. |
Properties
Handled
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this RoutedEventArgs is handled.
Declaration
public bool Handled { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
|
RoutedEvent
Gets or sets the routed event.
Declaration
public RoutedEvent RoutedEvent { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| RoutedEvent | The routed event. |
Source
Gets or sets the source.
Declaration
public object Source { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Object | The source. |
Methods
InvokeEventHandler(Delegate, Object)
Invokes the event handler.
Declaration
protected virtual void InvokeEventHandler(Delegate handler, object target)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Delegate | handler | The handler. |
| System.Object | target | The target. |


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This select the first N rows of a query. If you are looking for the SELECT...LIMIT clause this is it.
Note that ROWNUM starts at 1 and not 0.
# the first 5 rows of the subquery curs.execute("""select * from ( select a,b from cxdemo_t1 order by a ) where rownum <= 5""") for r in curs: print r[0]


#include <dji_waypoint_v2.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| WaypointV2MissionOperator (Vehicle *vehiclePtr) | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | init (WayPointV2InitSettings *info, int timeout) |
| Init waypoint v2 mission settings. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | downloadInitSetting (WayPointV2InitSettingsInternal &info, int timeout) |
| Download the waypoint v2 init settings. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | start (int timeout) |
| Start execute waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | stop (int timeout) |
| Stop execute waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | pause (int timeout) |
| Pause waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | resume (int timeout) |
| Resume waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | uploadMission (int timeout) |
| Upload all the waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | downloadMission (std::vector< WaypointV2 > &mission, int timeout) |
| Download all the waypoint v2 mission. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | getGlobalCruiseSpeed (GlobalCruiseSpeed &cruiseSpeed, int timeout) |
| Get the global cruise speed setting from flight controller. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | setGlobalCruiseSpeed (const GlobalCruiseSpeed &cruiseSpeed, int timeout) |
| Set the global cruise speed to flight controller. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | uploadAction (std::vector< DJIWaypointV2Action > &actions, int timeout) |
| Upload all actions to flight controller. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | getActionRemainMemory (GetRemainRamAck &remainRamAck, int timeout) |
| Get action's remain memory. More... | |
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType | getWaypointIndexInList (GetWaypontStartEndIndexAck &startEndIndexAck, int timeout) |
| Get mission's waypoint start index and end index. More... | |
| DJIWaypointV2MissionState | getCurrentState () |
| Get current status of the mission executing process. More... | |
| DJIWaypointV2MissionState | getPrevState () |
| Get previous status of the mission executing process. More... | |
| void | setPrevState (DJIWaypointV2MissionState state) |
| Set previous status of the mission executing process. More... | |
| void | setCurrentState (DJIWaypointV2MissionState state) |
| Set current state of the waypoint V2 mission. More... | |
| float32_t | getTakeoffAltitude () |
| Get the take-off altitude of waypoint V2 mission. More... | |
| void | setTakeoffAltitude (float32_t altitude) |
| set the take-off altitude of waypoint V2 mission More... | |
| void | RegisterMissionEventCallback (void *userData, PushCallback cb=NULL) |
| Subscribe to waypointV2 event with a callback function. More... | |
| void | RegisterMissionStateCallback (void *userData, PushCallback cb=NULL) |
| Subscribe to waypointV2 mission state with a callback function. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| const uint16_t | MAX_WAYPOINT_NUM_SIGNAL_PUSH = 260 |
Detailed Description
The waypoint operator is the only object that controls, runs and monitors Waypoint v2 Missions.
Member Function Documentation
◆ downloadInitSetting()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::downloadInitSetting | ( | WayPointV2InitSettingsInternal & | info, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Download the waypoint v2 init settings.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
Info init settings struct DJI::OSDK::WayPointV2InitSettingsInternal timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ downloadMission()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::downloadMission | ( | std::vector< WaypointV2 > & | mission, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Download all the waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
mission vector contains of a series of WaypointV2, refer the definition of DJI::OSDK::WaypointV2 timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ getActionRemainMemory()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::getActionRemainMemory | ( | GetRemainRamAck & | remainRamAck, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Get action's remain memory.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
remainRamAck contains total memory and remain memory refer to the definition of DJI::OSDK::GetRemainRamAck timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ getCurrentState()
|
inline |
Get current status of the mission executing process.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Returns
- DJIWaypointV2MissionState state
◆ getGlobalCruiseSpeed()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::getGlobalCruiseSpeed | ( | GlobalCruiseSpeed & | cruiseSpeed, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Get the global cruise speed setting from flight controller.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
cruiseSpeed auto cruise speed refer to definition of DJI::OSDK::GlobalCruiseSpeed, timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code, 0: success, other: fail
◆ getPrevState()
|
inline |
Get previous status of the mission executing process.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Returns
- DJIWaypointV2MissionState state
◆ getTakeoffAltitude()
|
inline |
Get the take-off altitude of waypoint V2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Returns
- Waypoint Mission take-off altitude
◆ getWaypointIndexInList()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::getWaypointIndexInList | ( | GetWaypontStartEndIndexAck & | startEndIndexAck, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Get mission's waypoint start index and end index.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
startEndIndexAck contains start index and end index refer to the definition of DJI::OSDK::GetWaypontStartEndIndexAck timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ init()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::init | ( | WayPointV2InitSettings * | info, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Init waypoint v2 mission settings.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
Info init settings struct DJI::OSDK::WayPointV2InitSettings timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
Unit transform from m/s to cm/s
Set reference altitude is takeoff altitude
waiting for takeoff altitude subscription
◆ pause()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::pause | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Pause waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ RegisterMissionEventCallback()
| void WaypointV2MissionOperator::RegisterMissionEventCallback | ( | void * | userData, |
| PushCallback | cb = NULL |
||
| ) |
Subscribe to waypointV2 event with a callback function.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
cb callback function.default:null
◆ RegisterMissionStateCallback()
| void WaypointV2MissionOperator::RegisterMissionStateCallback | ( | void * | userData, |
| PushCallback | cb = NULL |
||
| ) |
Subscribe to waypointV2 mission state with a callback function.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
cb callback function.default:null
◆ resume()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::resume | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Resume waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ setCurrentState()
|
inline |
Set current state of the waypoint V2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
◆ setGlobalCruiseSpeed()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::setGlobalCruiseSpeed | ( | const GlobalCruiseSpeed & | cruiseSpeed, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Set the global cruise speed to flight controller.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
cruiseSpeed auto cruise speed refer to definition of DJI::OSDK::GlobalCruiseSpeed, cruiseSpeed must in the range of [0, WayPointV2InitSettings::maxFlightSpeed] timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code, 0: success, other: fail
◆ setPrevState()
|
inline |
Set previous status of the mission executing process.
- Supported Platforms : M300
◆ setTakeoffAltitude()
|
inline |
set the take-off altitude of waypoint V2 mission
- Supported Platforms : M300
◆ start()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::start | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Start execute waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ stop()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::stop | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Stop execute waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ uploadAction()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::uploadAction | ( | std::vector< DJIWaypointV2Action > & | actions, |
| int | timeout | ||
| ) |
Upload all actions to flight controller.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
actions vector contains of a series of action, refer for the definition of DJI::OSDK::DJIWaypointV2Action timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
◆ uploadMission()
| ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType WaypointV2MissionOperator::uploadMission | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Upload all the waypoint v2 mission.
- Supported Platforms : M300
- Parameters
-
mission vector contains of a series of WaypointV2, refer the definition of DJI::OSDK::WaypointV2 timeout blocking timeout in seconds
- Returns
- ErrorCode::ErrorCodeType error code
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- osdk-core/api/inc/dji_waypoint_v2.hpp
- osdk-core/api/src/dji_waypoint_v2.cpp


Md Ruhul Amin
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Jason Jones, Ruhul Amin, Jessica Kim, Steven Skiena
.
Stereotypical Gender Associations in Language Have Decreased Over Time
. submitted for publication, 2018.
Ruhul Amin, Pranav Garg, Baris Coskun
.
Anomaly Detection for High Cardinality Discrete Spaces using Noise-contrastive Estimation
. submitted for publication, 2018.
Ruhul Amin, Alisa Yurovsky, Yingtao Tian, Steven Skiena
.
DeepAnnotator: Genome Annotation with Deep Learning
. ACM-BCB, 2018.
PDF
Project
Ruhul Amin, Alisa Yurovsky, Yuping Chen, Steven Skiena, Bruce Futcher
.
Re-annotation of 12,495 prokaryotic 16S rRNA 3’ ends and analysis of Shine-Dalgarno and anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequences
. PLOS One, 2018.
PDF
Project
Alisa Yurovsky, Ruhul Amin, Justin Gardin, Yuping Chen, Steven Skiena, Bruce Futcher
.
Prokaryotic coding regions have little if any specific depletion of Shine-Dalgarno motifs
. PLOS One, 2018.
PDF
Project
Noushad Sojib, Saiful Islam, Mehedi Hasan Rupok, Sajid Hasan, Ruhul Amin, M. Zafar Iqbal
.
Design and development of the social humanoid robot named Ribo
. IEEE R10-HTC, 2017.
PDF
Sheikh Nabil Mohammad, Sakhawat Hossain, Md Mustafijur Rahman, Mithun Das, Ruhul Amin
.
Sachetan: A Crowdsource-Based Personal Safety Application
. Springer AISC, 2017.
PDF
Sunny Chowdhury, K. M. Sajjadul Islam, Sheikh Nabil Mohammad, Ruhul Amin, Choudhury Wahid
.
Analysis on Lightning News and Correlation with Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) Data
. Springer AISC, 2017.
PDF
Md. Mahfuzur Rahaman, Ruhul Amin
.
Language independent statistical approach for extracting keywords
. IEEE ICAEE, 2017.
PDF
Adnan Ahmad, Ruhul Amin
.
Bengali word embeddings and it's application in solving document classification problem
. IEEE ICCIT, 2016.
PDF
Ruhul Amin, Steven Skiena, Michael C. Schatz
.
NanoBLASTer: Fast alignment and characterization of Oxford Nanopore single molecule sequencing reads
. IEEE ICCABS, 2016.
PDF
Project
Arzuba Akter, Md Muzahidul Islam, Shakhinur Islam Mondal, Zabed Mahmud, Nurnabi Azad Jewel, Sabiha Ferdous, Ruhul Amin, Md Mahfuzur Rahman
.
Computational identification of miRNA and targets from expressed sequence tags of coffee (Coffea arabica)
. Elsevier SJBS, 2014.
PDF
Ruhul Amin, Bijan Paul, Faisal Ahamed Khan
.
Bi-lingual audio assistance supported screen reading software for the people with visual impairments
. IEEE IICT, 2013.
PDF
Md. Eamin Rahman, Rashedul Islam, Shahidul Islam, Shakhinur Islam Mondal, Ruhul Amin
.
MiRANN: A reliable approach for improved classification of precursor microRNA using Artificial Neural Network model
. Elsevier Genomics, 2012.
PDF
Ruhul Amin, Asif Mohammed Samir, Madhusodan Chakraborty, MM Rahman
.
An Efficient Unicode based Sorting Algorithm for Bengali Words
. IJCA, 2011.
PDF
Ruhul Amin, Asif Mohammed Samir, Madhusodan Chakraborty, MM Rahman
.
Implementation of Subachan: Bengali text to Speech Synthesis Software
. IEEE ICECE, 2010.
PDF
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--- layout: page title: "About" description: "This is what I do." header-img: "img/about-bg.jpg" ---
Launched in 2015 as a go-to place for development junkies, productivity masters, people who love great music of all sorts, Centaurius Blog is the place to find a curated list of some of the hottest industry projects and information. While young, this blog is finding its way across the globe with the help of people like you! We breed positivity, post about some of the great things to hit the tech world today and we believe that everything should be accessible to the common user. What are our other pillars?
In case you’re like, holy crap, Centaurius Blog sound like it was made just for me, then let’s be BFFLs. Down to tech? Simply subscribe to our email list and receive periodic updates about what’s going on in the world.
So who came up with this load of craziness anyway?
Glad you asked my newest internet pal. Founded and currently based in Rochester, NY, Centaurius Blog is the product of Hamilton White. All third person statements aside, I created this blog to be a cauldron where I could explore what was the newest and greatest pieces of tech today, share killer tunes and generally rock out from time to time.
It all started while creating a website to host one of my hackathon projects in 2015. I was using a template to market our newest creation, Plumber Person (a Pebble smartwatch app, see my github). After completing the project and winning the hackathon, I got on the HTML bandwagon and have been riding by the seat of my pants ever since.
In addition to blogging, I am a Biomedical Engineering student, participate in collegiate crew (rowing), and try to find any spare day I can to not wake up at 4am! Come join me on a journey of tech and cool music!


Franz Joseph Rogelez Carvajal
Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación
Universidad Piloto de Colombia
The purpose of this course is involve the students in all the life cycle of web applications development and give some analytics tools to the students, in order their has own criteria to take decisions on a software project in the real world with real needs and faced the client requirements with innovation, creativity and knowledge. This web applications will be satisface the particularly needs of clients and that needs will defined the quality attributes and functional requirements.
| Week | Content | Material | Assignments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Feb 4 | 1. Needs Analysis 2. Development Methodologies |
Brief Introduction to Web Development (slides)
Need Analysis (slides) Scrum Review (slides) User Story (format) |
Assignment 1 |
| Feb 11 | 3. User Experience 4. Internet and Web Concepts |
UX as standard Web Concepts |
|
| Feb 18 | 5. Architecture 6. FrontEnd - Development |
Architecture and Needs Clients Project Web, How it works 6.1 Angular |
Assignment 2 |
| Feb 25 | 6.1.4 TypeScript Document | MVC Architecture & Spring Framework | Test 1 |
| Mar 4* | 6.1.10 Consume HTTP Services Document | REST & SOAP - API Concepts | |
| Mar 11 | 6.1 Spring MVC FrontEnd Project | MVC Architecture & Spring Framework | Assignment 3 |
| Mar 18 | 7. BackEnd - Development | Best Practices and Back-End Develop | |
| Mar 25 | 7.1.4 Spring MVC Backend | Quality Requirements as Interoperability | Assignment 4 |
| Abr 1 | 7.1.6 JPA and DAO & 7.1.7 NoSQL | Comparative view of front end frameworks | Test 2, Videos |
| Abr 8 | 7.1.8 API REST | Project API, How it works | Assignment 5 |
| Abr 15 | 7.1.8 RabbitMQ & 7.1.0 JMS | Best Practices and Back-End Develop | |
| Abr 22 ** | 7.2.10 Node JS | API Concepts and Quality Requirements | Assignment 6 |
| Abr 29 | 8. Security | Standards and definitions | |
| May 6 | 8.2 HTTPS Security | Last Security Updates and Standards | Assignment 7 |
| May 13 | 8.3 OAuth 2.0 | Authorization Log Secure |
|
| May 20 | Improvement of Project | Check projects and finish financial rounds | Test 3 |
| May 27 (C) | Hacking Web Project | Review of Front and Back Vulnerabilities | |
| Jun 3 *** | Final Review and Close | Final Report Delivery Documents |


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You Need to host your code somewhere.Only submit code after hosting :)
You can simply host your code in github just follow steps in Githubpages . After Hosting the page
Go to Submit tab and submit URL to the website along with your name ,email and mobile number.
Free places to host static pages : FirebaseGithubZynact.com
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THE WINGS OF THE DOVE
RATING: ***1/2 (out of ****)
Miramax / 1:41 / 1997 / R (sex, brief nudity, adult themes) Cast: Helena Bonham Carter; Linus Roache; Alison Elliott; Charlotte Rampling; Elizabeth McGovern; Michael Gambon; Alex Jennings Director: Iain Softley Screenplay: Hossein Amini
Fast on the heels of October's "Washington Square" comes "The Wings of the Dove," another Henry James-based tale that glamorously showcases the 19th- and 20th-century author's brilliance in creating robust characters. "Square" and "Dove" are James' second and third adaptations to hit theaters in less than a year -- couple last December's opulent but uneven "The Portrait of a Lady" with these two dazzlers and you've got enough arty appeal to crown James as *the* dead literary author of the moment. (He takes the crown from Jane Austen, as 1995 through 1996 saw the hot streak of "Persuasion," "Clueless," "Sense and Sensibility" and "Emma.")
In bringing "Wings" to a contemporary screen, director Iain Softley and screenwriter Hossein Amine have changed a few details, like pushing the story's setting ahead a decade into 1910. But the film still boasts an anti-heroine for its lead role, spirited free-thinker Kate Croy (Helena Bonham Carter). Following the death of her mother, Kate moves in with her financially loaded Aunt Maude (Charlotte Rampling) and is quickly inducted into the upper rungs of high London society. But Kate is lustily involved with journalist Merton Densher ("Preist"'s Linus Roache), a commoner who doesn't comply with her aunt's elitist ideals. Kate wants to be with Merton, but requires the wealth of Maude's upscale offerings to care for her impoverished father.
Into this complicated picture comes American heiress Millie Theale (Alison Elliott), who fast becomes close friends with Kate and even accompanies her and Merton on a trip to Venice. But under Kate's civil exterior lies a diabolical scheme -- upon learning that Millie is stricken with an eventually terminal disease, Kate leads her to believe a relationship with Merton is possible. He'll seduce her, she'll die and leave her fortune to him. Millie's money will be able to solve all of Kate's problems, but the plan comes with a high price.
The narrative employs most of Henry James' usual focuses (wealth, social status, etc.), so anyone familiar with his literature or films or melodrama in general will probably be able to anticipate "The Wings of the Dove"'s downer of an outcome. The predictably tragic story arc, however, is overshadowed by superb technical credits. The production design and cinematography are tops. Director of photography Eduardo Serra's camera captures palazzos and gondolas in all of their old-time extravagance, and the steamy, rain-soaked clinches between Kate and Merton will induce swooning among more romantic audience members.
"The Wings of the Dove"'s cast and characters are its two most laudable assets. Carter, Roache and Elliott are never cheap enough to do one-note riffs on any of Amine's strongly-scripted roles. Period piece veteran Carter ("A Room With a View," "Howards End" and the Mel Gibson "Hamlet") plays Kate as both a manipulative and sympathetic force -- it's a difficult combination to bring to an already-difficult part, but she aces it. The other two leads aren't quite what they seem either; Roache's Merton is smarter and more passionate than his hesitant, easily-influenced guise, and Millie is far from brittle -- she's nobody's victim. As played by the feisty Elliott ("The Spitfire Grill"), the latter is also a sunny scene-stealer.
Director Jane Campion infused her Portrait of a Lady with surreal ostentation that occasionally doused its potency. Softley ("Hackers" and "Backbeat") renders "The Wings of the Dove" in a much more straightforward manner -- delivering his best film yet -- and although it's not as polished as "Washington Square," it's still beautiful and moving. And perhaps it's no coincidence that "Wings" and "Washington" are playing simultaneously -- they'd be quite a lovely afternoon double bill, and make one look forward to James' next screen venture with dizzy anticipation.
© 1997 Jamie Peck E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Visit the Reel Deal Online: http://www.gl.umbc.edu/~jpeck1/
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Report: Wisconsin taxes have dropped over past 2 decades
MADISON, Wis. - A new report shows that taxes paid by Wisconsin residents as a share of personal income have fallen by more than two percentage points over the past 20 years.
The Wisconsin Policy Forum report released Thursday shows that the drop in Wisconsin is one of the largest in the country. However, the state still ranks 19th highest in taxes, based on U.S. Census data for 2017. That is the most recent year available.
That is down from seventh highest in 1997. That year taxes accounted for 12.4% of personal income.
In 2017, taxes accounted for 10.3% of Wisconsin residents' income in 2017. That is up just slightly from 10.2% the year before.
Property tax levies by municipalities, schools, counties, and other local governments are the single largest tax in the state at 3.5% of personal income in 2017. The next highest is individual income tax at 2.8% followed by sales taxes at 2% of personal income.


index
Neon Demon
Wednesday 27th of December 2017 07:19:49 PM
December 27th at 7:19pm
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Vero laboriosam, at non debitis beatae, assumenda minima quia hic, quis quos eos aut qui totam fugit vel unde libero dolores reprehenderit!


{% extends "socialaccount/base.html" %} {% load socialaccount %} {% load i18n %} {% block head_title %}{% trans "Google Accounts" %}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
These Google accounts are currently connected:
{% else %}{% trans 'You currently have no Google accounts linked.' %}
Link new account {% endif %} {% include "socialaccount/snippets/login_extra.html" %}Account tokens are sent with Telegraf requests to auth and identify the Google account to use. One is automatically created when you link a new account.
{% endblock %}


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To begin, this add-on will need access to your Google Drive™. On your first backup it will create a new folder at the root of your My Drive where future backups will be stored. Once its created, you can move the folder wherever you want. After connecting with Google Drive, you'll be prompted to select your backup folder.
Change your settingssettings to alter the add-on's behavior if that isn't what you want.
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with Google Drive
Having trouble with this or looking to generate your own credentials without going through an external domain? Click here.
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Having trouble with this or looking to generate your own credentials without going through an external domain? Click here.
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consuming approach, but doesn't require you to authenticate yourself with an external domain.
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Always_Lyrics.txt When the world gets too heavy Put it on my back Ill be your levy You are taking me apart Like bad glue On a get well card It was always you Falling for me Now theres always time Calling for me Im the light blinking at the end of the road Blink back to let me know Im a fly thats trapped In a web But Im thinking that My spiders dead Lonely lonely little life I could kid myself In thinking that Im fine It was always you Falling for me Now theres always time Calling for me Im the light blinking at the end of the road Blink back to let me know That Im skin and bone Just a king and a rusty throne Oh the castles under siege But the sign outside says Leave me alone It was always you Falling for me Now theres always time Calling for me Im the light blinking at the end of the road Blink back to let me know It was always you Blink back to let me know It was always you run: Filename? always_lyrics.txt Words before the pass... | when| | the| | world| | gets| | too| | heavy| | put| | it| | on| | my| | back| | ill| | be| | your| | levy| | you| | are| | taking| | me| | apart| | like| | bad| | glue| | on| | a| | get| | well| | card| | it| | was| | always| | you| | falling| | for| | me| | now| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | blinking| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | road| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | im| | a| | fly| | thats| | trapped| | in| | a| | web| | but| | im| | thinking| | that| | my| | spiders| | dead| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | life| | i| | could| | kid| | myself| | in| | thinking| | that| | im| | fine| | it| | was| | always| | you| | falling| | for| | me| | now| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | blinking| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | road| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | that| | im| | skin| | and| | bone| | just| | a| | king| | and| | a| | rusty| | throne| | oh| | the| | castles| | under| | siege| | but| | the| | sign| | outside| | says| | leave| | me| | alone| | it| | was| | always| | you| | falling| | for| | me| | now| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | blinking| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | road| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | always| | you| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | always| | you| Contents of queues Queue #0 | my| | fly| | my| Queue #1 | when| | the| | world| | gets| | put| | it| | on| | back| | ill| | be| | levy| | me| | bad| | on| | a| | get| | well| | card| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | im| | a| | thats| | in| | a| | web| | but| | im| | that| | i| | kid| | myself| | in| | that| | im| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | that| | im| | skin| | and| | just| | a| | king| | and| | a| | rusty| | oh| | the| | but| | the| | sign| | says| | me| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| Queue #2 | too| | heavy| | your| | you| | are| | taking| | apart| | like| | glue| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | trapped| | thinking| | spiders| | dead| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | life| | could| | thinking| | fine| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | bone| | throne| | castles| | under| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | always| | you| | always| | you| Queue #3 | siege| | leave| | alone| Queue #4 | outside| Words after the pass... | my| | fly| | my| | when| | the| | world| | gets| | put| | it| | on| | back| | ill| | be| | levy| | me| | bad| | on| | a| | get| | well| | card| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | im| | a| | thats| | in| | a| | web| | but| | im| | that| | i| | kid| | myself| | in| | that| | im| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | that| | im| | skin| | and| | just| | a| | king| | and| | a| | rusty| | oh| | the| | but| | the| | sign| | says| | me| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | too| | heavy| | your| | you| | are| | taking| | apart| | like| | glue| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | trapped| | thinking| | spiders| | dead| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | life| | could| | thinking| | fine| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | bone| | throne| | castles| | under| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | always| | you| | always| | you| | siege| | leave| | alone| | outside| Words before the pass... | my| | fly| | my| | when| | the| | world| | gets| | put| | it| | on| | back| | ill| | be| | levy| | me| | bad| | on| | a| | get| | well| | card| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | im| | a| | thats| | in| | a| | web| | but| | im| | that| | i| | kid| | myself| | in| | that| | im| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | that| | im| | skin| | and| | just| | a| | king| | and| | a| | rusty| | oh| | the| | but| | the| | sign| | says| | me| | it| | was| | for| | me| | now| | for| | me| | im| | the| | light| | at| | the| | end| | of| | the| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | blink| | back| | to| | let| | me| | know| | it| | was| | too| | heavy| | your| | you| | are| | taking| | apart| | like| | glue| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | trapped| | thinking| | spiders| | dead| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | life| | could| | thinking| | fine| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | bone| | throne| | castles| | under| | always| | you| | falling| | theres| | always| | time| | calling| | blinking| | road| | always| | you| | always| | you| | siege| | leave| | alone| | outside| Contents of queues Queue #0 Queue #1 | a| | a| | a| | i| | a| | a| Queue #2 | my| | my| | it| | on| | be| | me| | on| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | im| | in| | im| | in| | im| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | im| | oh| | me| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | it| | to| | me| | it| Queue #3 | fly| | the| | put| | ill| | bad| | get| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | web| | but| | kid| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | and| | and| | the| | but| | the| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | was| | let| | was| | too| | you| | are| | you| | you| | you| | you| | you| Queue #4 | when| | gets| | back| | levy| | well| | card| | back| | know| | that| | that| | back| | know| | that| | skin| | just| | king| | sign| | says| | back| | know| | back| | know| | your| | like| | glue| | time| | road| | dead| | life| | fine| | time| | road| | bone| | time| | road| Queue #5 | world| | light| | blink| | thats| | light| | blink| | rusty| | light| | blink| | blink| | heavy| | apart| | could| | under| | siege| | leave| | alone| Queue #6 | myself| | taking| | always| | theres| | always| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | always| | theres| | always| | throne| | always| | theres| | always| | always| | always| Queue #7 | falling| | calling| | trapped| | spiders| | falling| | calling| | castles| | falling| | calling| | outside| Queue #8 | blinking| | thinking| | thinking| | blinking| | blinking| Queue #9 Queue #10 Words after the pass... | a| | a| | a| | i| | a| | a| | my| | my| | it| | on| | be| | me| | on| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | im| | in| | im| | in| | im| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | im| | oh| | me| | it| | me| | me| | im| | at| | of| | to| | me| | it| | to| | me| | it| | fly| | the| | put| | ill| | bad| | get| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | web| | but| | kid| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | and| | and| | the| | but| | the| | was| | for| | now| | for| | the| | the| | end| | the| | let| | was| | let| | was| | too| | you| | are| | you| | you| | you| | you| | you| | when| | gets| | back| | levy| | well| | card| | back| | know| | that| | that| | back| | know| | that| | skin| | just| | king| | sign| | says| | back| | know| | back| | know| | your| | like| | glue| | time| | road| | dead| | life| | fine| | time| | road| | bone| | time| | road| | world| | light| | blink| | thats| | light| | blink| | rusty| | light| | blink| | blink| | heavy| | apart| | could| | under| | siege| | leave| | alone| | myself| | taking| | always| | theres| | always| | lonely| | lonely| | little| | always| | theres| | always| | throne| | always| | theres| | always| | always| | always| | falling| | calling| | trapped| | spiders| | falling| | calling| | castles| | falling| | calling| | outside| | blinking| | thinking| | thinking| | blinking| | blinking| a a a i a a my my it on be me on it me me im at of to me im in im in im it me me im at of to me im oh me it me me im at of to me it to me it fly the put ill bad get was for now for the the end the let web but kid was for now for the the end the let and and the but the was for now for the the end the let was let was too you are you you you you you when gets back levy well card back know that that back know that skin just king sign says back know back know your like glue time road dead life fine time road bone time road world light blink thats light blink rusty light blink blink heavy apart could under siege leave alone myself taking always theres always lonely lonely little always theres always throne always theres always always always falling calling trapped spiders falling calling castles falling calling outside blinking thinking thinking blinking blinkingBUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 0 seconds) Success_is_Counted_Sweetest.txt Success is counted sweetest By those who ne er succeed To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need Not one of all the purple Host Who took the Flag Today Can tell the definition So clear of victory As he defeated dying On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Burst agonized and clear run: Filename? Success_is_Counted_Sweetest.txt Words before the pass... | success| | is| | counted| | sweetest| | by| | those| | who| | ne| | er| | succeed| | to| | comprehend| | a| | nectar| | requires| | sorest| | need| | not| | one| | of| | all| | the| | purple| | host| | who| | took| | the| | flag| | today| | can| | tell| | the| | definition| | so| | clear| | of| | victory| | as| | he| | defeated| | dying| | on| | whose| | forbidden| | ear| | the| | distant| | strains| | of| | triumph| | burst| | agonized| | and| | clear| Contents of queues Queue #0 | by| Queue #1 | is| | who| | ne| | er| | to| | a| | not| | of| | all| | the| | host| | who| | the| | flag| | can| | tell| | the| | so| | of| | as| | he| | dying| | on| | the| | of| | burst| | and| Queue #2 | success| | those| | nectar| | sorest| | need| | one| | purple| | took| | today| | clear| | victory| | whose| | ear| | distant| | strains| | triumph| | clear| Queue #3 | counted| | sweetest| | succeed| | comprehend| | forbidden| Queue #4 | requires| | defeated| | agonized| Queue #5 | definition| Queue #6 Queue #7 Words after the pass... | by| | is| | who| | ne| | er| | to| | a| | not| | of| | all| | the| | host| | who| | the| | flag| | can| | tell| | the| | so| | of| | as| | he| | dying| | on| | the| | of| | burst| | and| | success| | those| | nectar| | sorest| | need| | one| | purple| | took| | today| | clear| | victory| | whose| | ear| | distant| | strains| | triumph| | clear| | counted| | sweetest| | succeed| | comprehend| | forbidden| | requires| | defeated| | agonized| | definition| Words before the pass... | by| | is| | who| | ne| | er| | to| | a| | not| | of| | all| | the| | host| | who| | the| | flag| | can| | tell| | the| | so| | of| | as| | he| | dying| | on| | the| | of| | burst| | and| | success| | those| | nectar| | sorest| | need| | one| | purple| | took| | today| | clear| | victory| | whose| | ear| | distant| | strains| | triumph| | clear| | counted| | sweetest| | succeed| | comprehend| | forbidden| | requires| | defeated| | agonized| | definition| Contents of queues Queue #0 Queue #1 | a| Queue #2 | by| | is| | ne| | er| | to| | of| | so| | of| | as| | he| | on| | of| Queue #3 | who| | not| | all| | the| | who| | the| | can| | the| | the| | and| | one| | ear| Queue #4 | host| | flag| | tell| | need| | took| Queue #5 | dying| | burst| | those| | today| | clear| | whose| | clear| Queue #6 | nectar| | sorest| | purple| Queue #7 | success| | victory| | distant| | strains| | triumph| | counted| | succeed| Queue #8 | sweetest| | requires| | defeated| | agonized| Queue #9 | forbidden| Queue #10 | comprehend| | definition| Queue #11 Queue #12 Words after the pass... | a| | by| | is| | ne| | er| | to| | of| | so| | of| | as| | he| | on| | of| | who| | not| | all| | the| | who| | the| | can| | the| | the| | and| | one| | ear| | host| | flag| | tell| | need| | took| | dying| | burst| | those| | today| | clear| | whose| | clear| | nectar| | sorest| | purple| | success| | victory| | distant| | strains| | triumph| | counted| | succeed| | sweetest| | requires| | defeated| | agonized| | forbidden| | comprehend| | definition| a by is ne er to of so of as he on of who not all the who the can the the and one ear host flag tell need took dying burst those today clear whose clear nectar sorest purple success victory distant strains triumph counted succeed sweetest requires defeated agonized forbidden comprehend definitionBUILD SUCCESSFUL (total time: 0 seconds)


In addition to console abstraction layer Zend Framework 2 provides numerous convenience classes for interacting with the user in console environment. This chapter describes available Zend\Console\Prompt classes and their example usage.
All prompts can be instantiated as objects and provide show() method.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | use Zend\Console\Prompt;
$confirm = new Prompt\Confirm('Are you sure you want to continue?');
$result = $confirm->show();
if ($result) {
// the user chose to continue
}
|
There is also a shorter method of displaying prompts, using static prompt() method:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | use Zend\Console\Prompt;
$result = Prompt\Confirm::prompt('Are you sure you want to continue?');
if ($result) {
// the user chose to continue
}
|
Both of above examples will display something like this:
See also
Make sure to read about console MVC integration first, because it provides a convenient way for running modular console applications without directly writing to or reading from console window.
This prompt is best used for a yes / no type of choices.
Confirm( string $text, string $yesChar = 'y', string $noChar = 'n' )
Example usage:
use Zend\Console\Prompt\Confirm;
if ( Confirm::prompt('Is this the correct answer? [y/n]', 'y', 'n') ) {
$console->write("You chose YES");
} else {
$console->write("You chose NO");
}
This prompt asks for a line of text input.
Line(
string $text = 'Please enter value',
bool $allowEmpty = false,
bool $maxLength = 2048
)
Example usage:
use Zend\Console\Prompt\Line;
$name = Line::prompt(
'What is your name?',
false,
100
);
$console->write("Good day to you $name!");
This prompt reads a single keystroke and optionally validates it against a list o allowed characters.
Char(
string $text = 'Please hit a key',
string $allowedChars = 'abc',
bool $ignoreCase = true,
bool $allowEmpty = false,
bool $echo = true
)
Example usage:
use Zend\Console\Prompt\Char;
$answer = Char::prompt(
'What is the correct answer? [a,b,c,d,e]',
'abcde',
true,
false,
true
);
if ($answer == 'b') {
$console->write('Correct. This it the right answer');
} else {
$console->write('Wrong ! Try again.');
}
This prompt displays a number of choices and asks the user to pick one.
Select(
string $text = 'Please select one option',
array $options = array(),
bool $allowEmpty = false,
bool $echo = false
)
Example usage:
$options = array(
'a' => 'Apples',
'o' => 'Oranges',
'p' => 'Pears',
'b' => 'Bananas',
'n' => 'none of the above...'
);
$answer = Select::prompt(
'Which fruit do you like the best?',
$options,
false,
false
);
$console->write("You told me that you like " . $options[$answer]);
See also
To learn more about accessing console, writing to and reading from it, make sure to read the following chapter: Console adapters.
The source code of this file is hosted on GitHub. Everyone can update and fix errors in this document with few clicks - no downloads needed.


Arma
The popular series of computer games, Arma, from Bohemia Interactive has an extensive modding
community. For fun, I've worked on a number of projects.
- Arma2NetMySQL
is program for connecting to a MySQL or SQLite database from within the game.
- ArmaConnect
is a C# program for connecting to the game and using UDP heartbeats to look for a corresponding Android
application running on your phone or tablet. Once it finds a connection, it switches to TCP and shows
your position on a map of the game world, weather, time, and other information in real-time. This work involved
a lot of network negotiation and learning as well as coding across languages (C# and Java).
- ArmaBriefingConversion
is a Python script for converting missions from an older version of Arma to a newer version.
- PHPArma2ServerStatus
is a PHP script for querying an Arma server and showing information such as people connected, running mods, etc.
- ArmaScriptTrace
is Java program that utilizes GraphViz to trace the execution of scripts in a mission and show them in
a network diagram visually.


CIT 82 has been a great experience this semester, I had some expected outcomes but nothing like what we have learned. I expected to learn minor things here and there about web developing or coding more like learning from a book type of way. But this was a breath of fresh air compared to that. Being able to work using the internet for our work was a first for me. Learning to use web searches and reviews created a seamless transition from what we were learning to the work.


Grocer Denkus:
No need to go on standing there staring at me.


This application named "E-Voting system usng blockchain" is developed by Team Script Monks,
the students of Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore - 560098.
The project aims to attract more voters to the voting process and make the voting more transparent.
A voting system that uses electronic means take care of casting and counting votes makes the process more reliable as there is no human intervension.
The frontend is developed usind HTML, CSS, Javascript and Bootstrap. The Backend is designed with a a simple smart contract that forms the main framork for this Dapp.


Regular exercises reduce stress and anxiety, and the effects last longer than taking antidepressants.
This effect appears because exercises improve the activity of endorphins.
Endorphin helps relieve depression by improving immunity and reducing awareness of pain by reducing awareness of pain.
Norepinephrine, one of the neurotransmitters, is excreted through the exercise and eases symptoms of depression.
[Q1] I think the exercise is fun.
Yes->[Q2] No->[Q3]
[Q2] I have time to exercise regularly.
Yes->[Q4] No->[Q6]
[Q3] I think exercise is necessary.
Yes->[Q6] No->[type P]
[Q4] I have a good physical strength.
Yes->[type C] No->[Q5]
[Q5] I make friends with people quickly. (or want to be social.)
Yes->[type S] No->[type A]
[Q6] I like traveling or going out.
Yes->[type L] No->[type H]
type P - Prepare :Start any exercise! Experience shows the joy of exercise.
type H - Hikikomori : Even if you don't do anything special, try increasing your daily activity in your daily routine. Sometimes, taking a walk in the park is good as you can get warm sunshine.
type L - Leisure : Go outside to the nearest suburb where you can enjoy hiking or rafting. You don't know how to keep yourself healthy!
type A - Alone : Start outdoor running, swimming, and fitness! If you have an athletic partner, why don't you try challenging sports?
type S - Sociability : Join in your favorite sports clubs such as badminton, table tennis, volley ball clubs and so on.
type C - Challenge : Do exercises with a special goal. How about taking part in a marathon or swimming contest?


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--- layout: default title: Submission image: --- Share Something With Us First Name E-Mail Project Name Project Link Project Statement About You


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block scripts %}
Schedule Job:
Path to excel file:
Excel sheet name:
Databse name:
Table name:
Generated cron entry:


Toolbox Sparsity - A toolbox for sparse coding and sparse regularization
Copyright (c) 2008 Gabriel Peyre
Contents
- Overview
- Compressed sensing of exactely sparse signals with Fourier measurements.
- Compressed sensing of noisy approximately sparse signals with Gaussian measurements.
- Tomography inversion of an image with TV regularization.
- Sparse spikes deconvolution with L1 regularization and Matching Pursuit
- Image inpainting with sparse wavelets regularization
The toolbox can be downloaded from Matlab Central http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=16204&objectType=FILE
We first includes in the path some additional useful scripts.
path(path, 'toolbox/');
Overview
This toolbox implements several algorithms to compute sparse expansion in redundant dictionaries and to solve inverse problems with sparse regularization (and also TV regularization).
Sparse expansion of a signal f of size n in a redundant dictionary D (which is a matrix of size n x p with p>n, or an implicit operator) corresponds to the computation of coefficients x of size p such that f=D*x (or approximate equality norm(y-D*x)<epsilon). Since many x are possible, one can assume that x is sparse, for instance supposing that it as a small L1 norm sum(abs(x)). This can be achieved by Lagrangian optimization
min_x 1/2*norm(f-D*x)^2 + T*sum(abs(x)) (1)
where T is increased if epsilon is increased.
Sparse regularization for the resolution of y=U*f + noise (where U is a rank defficientis equivalent) corresponds to the computation of a solution f that is sparse in a dictionary D, thus being f=D*x with small L1 norm. This is performed by solving
min_x 1/2*norm(y-U*D*x)^2 + T*sum(abs(x)) (2)
And the solution is computed from the optimal coefficients x as f=D*x.
Problems (1) and (2) are equivalent if one replace the dictionary D of (1) by the transformed dictionary U*D in (2). One can thus use the same software to solve both (2) and (1)
TV regularization corresponds to replacing (2) by
min_f 1/2*norm(y-U*f)^2 + T*TV(f) (3)
where TV(f) is the discrete TV norm of the signal/image f. Intuitively, this corresponds to assuming that the gradient of f is sparse, so (3) is quite close to (2) if D is chosen a translation invariant Haar wavelet dictionary. But (3) and (2) necessitate slightly different algorithms.
- To solve (1) or (2) with epsilon=0 (no noise), which corresponds to the minimum L1 norm solution to f=D*x or y=U*D*x, this toolbox implements the Douglas-Rachford iterative algorithm.
- To solve (1) or (2), this toolbox implements the iterative soft thresholding algorithm. If T is not known but epsilon is known, then the implementation automatically computes the correct T during the iterations.
- To solve (3), this toolbox implements Chambolle's JMIV 2002 algorithm. If T is not known but epsilon is known, then the implementation automatically computes the correct T during the iterations.
Compressed sensing of exactely sparse signals with Fourier measurements.
First, we create an s-sparse signal with random spikes location and random coefficients values.
% dimensionality n = 1024; % sparsity s = 25; % generate random spikes x0 = compute_rand_sparse(n, s, 'uniform');
We select an operator U, which is a pre-defined implicit operator. This is done by filling in a structure options with the correct parameter. Many other measurement matrices are available for Compressive Sensing (Gaussian, Bernouilli, Fourier, Sinus, Hadamard, etc).
% number of measurements p = 100; % type of matrix clear options; options.cs_type = 'fourier'; options.n = n; options.p = p;
We perform the measurements (without noise) by applying the sensing operator.
y = callback_sensing_rand(x0, +1, options);
We can display the signal vector and the measurements
clf; subplot(2,1,1); plot_sparse_diracs(x); title('Signal x_0'); subplot(2,1,2); h = plot(real(y)); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Measurements y=U*x_0');
Since there is no noise, the recovery can be performed using Douglas-Rachford algorithm. Special thanks to Jalal Fadili for his help on this algorithm.
% set to 1 these options if you want cool displays options.verb = 0; options.draw_iter = 0; % parameter of the algorithm options.niter = 3000; options.x = zeros(n,1); [xlun,lun] = perform_douglas_rachford(@callback_sensing_rand, y, options); xlun = real(xlun);
We can display the result. This is a case of perfect recovery, xlun=x0! However, if you increase slightly the value of s, the the recovery fails ...
clf; options.title = {'Signal' 'Recovery'}; options.val = .01; % remove small residual plot_sparse_diracs({x0 xlun}, options);
We can also display the decrease of the L1 norm of the solution during the iterations, to check that the algorithm really does a good job.
clf; h = plot(lun); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); xlabel('#iteration'); ylabel('L_1 norm |x|_1');
Compressed sensing of noisy approximately sparse signals with Gaussian measurements.
To be more robust to noise, we need to decrease the number of measurements. Also, we are going to use Gaussian real measurements, which in fact performs twice less measurements than complex Fourier measurements.
% sparsity s = 20; % generate random spikes x0 = compute_rand_sparse(n, s, 'uniform');
A more realistic setting is to have some noise in the measurements. We also select an other kind of matrix, given in explicit form (an array of double). This is possible only for small size problems.
% Generate a matrix for sensing U = randn(p,n); % noiseless measurements y = U*x0; % make some noise sigma = .06*std(y(:)); % noise level y = y + sigma*randn(size(y));
Since there is some noise, we need to use iterative thresholding. The regularization parameter is adapted automatically to fit the noise level sigma
% amplification is >1 to further sparsify the solution amplification = 2; % norm of the noise |epsilon| options.etgt = amplification * sigma*sqrt(p); % initial regularization parameter options.T = 1; % perform iterative thresholding options.niter = 4000; [xlun,err,lun,lambda] = perform_iterative_thresholding( U,y,options);
We can display the evolution of the threshold lambda during the iteration and also display the decay of the Lagrangian to see what the algorithm is doing.
clf; subplot(2,1,1); h = plot(lambda); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Evolution of \lambda'); subplot(2,1,2); lagr = .5*err.^2 + lambda(end)*lun; h = plot(lagr); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Evolution of |y-U x|^2+\lambda |x|_1'); axis([1 options.niter min(lagr) min(lagr)*1.5]);
The solution of the L1 minimization is biased, because L1 tends to under-estimate the value of the true coefficients (this is very much similar to the issues with soft thresholding). To remediate to this issue, it is possible to "debiased" the solution by extracting the support and then performing an L2 best fit (which is not biased) of the measurements. Be aware that this might give very bad result if the support is baddly estimated.
% remove small amplitude coefficients because they are not very reliable xdeb = xlun .* (abs(xlun)>.05); % perform L2 regression xdeb = perform_debiasing(U,xdeb,y);
We can display the result. There is no more perfect recovery because of the noise, but the solution is close to the original signal.
clf; options.title = {'Signal' 'Recovery' 'Debiased'}; options.val = .01; % remove small residual plot_sparse_diracs({x0 xlun xdeb}, options);
Tomography inversion of an image with TV regularization.
We can recover from partial Fourier measurement using TV regularization. We add some noise to the measurement, and perform the recovery using Chambolle's algorithm for TV regularization.
First we load the image.
name = 'phantom';
n = 256;
M = load_image(name, n);
M = rescale(M,.05,.95);
Then we load the tomography mask.
nrays = 18; % Candes/Romberg/Tao set up mask = compute_tomography_mask(n,nrays); % number of measurements p = sum(mask(:)==1); % display imageplot({M mask}, {'Signal' 'Frequencies'});
We set up options for the tomography operator (sub-sampling of the frequencies) and perform measurements.
options.size = size(M);
options.mask = mask;
y = callback_tomography(M,+1,options);
% add some noise
sigma = .01*std(y(:));
y = y + sigma*randn(size(y));
We can perform L2 pseudo-inversion (zero padding in Fourier) by just applying the transpose operator.
M2 = callback_tomography(y,-1,options); M2 = real(M2); imageplot({M clamp(M2)}, {'Original' 'L2 inversion'});
We can perform inversion with TV regularization.
% set up parameter for the regularization options.TVoperator = @callback_tomography; options.TVrhs = y; options.etgt = 4*sigma*sqrt(p); % target noise level options.niter = 300; options.niter_inner = 30; % iteration for inner loop of Chambolle's algorithm. options.tol = 1e-4; options.display = 0; % set to 1 for sexy display options.verb = 0; options.tau = 1/8; % perform the regularization [Mtv,err,tv,lambda] = perform_tv_denoising(zeros(n),options);
We can display the results.
clf; imageplot({M clamp(Mtv)}, {'Original' 'Recovery'});
We can display the evolution of the regularization parameter and the TV energy.
clf; subplot(2,1,1); h = plot(lambda); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Evolution of \lambda'); subplot(2,1,2); lagr = .5*err.^2 + lambda(end)*tv; h = plot(lagr); axis tight; set(h, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Evolution of |y-U x|^2+\lambda |x|_1'); axis([1 options.niter min(lagr) min(lagr)*1.5]);
Sparse spikes deconvolution with L1 regularization and Matching Pursuit
sparse spikes deconvolution corresponds to inverting a band pass filter. This is very much used in seismic imaging where the filter is called a wavelet. Since the signal (reflecticity of the ground) is composed of isolated spikes, one uses L1 minimisation in the diract basis to recover the signal. This can also be performed by other sparse optimization technics such as greedy matching pursuit. Note that the operator U is equal to the dictionary D in this case, and is composed of translated copy of the filter. Since this results in a highly ill posed operator, one needs to sub-sample the dictionary a little.
First we load a filter which is a second derivative of a Gaussian
clear options; n = 1024; options.sigma = .02; h = compute_sparse_spike_filter('dergauss',n,options); h = h/max(h);
We can display the filter and its fourier transform (to see how much frequencies are removed by the filtering).
hf = real(fft(h)); hf = hf / max(hf); clf; subplot(2,1,1); hh = plot(fftshift(h)); axis tight; set(hh, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Filter'); subplot(2,1,2); hh = plot(fftshift(hf)); axis tight; set(hh, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Fourier Transform');
Then we build a dictionary of sub-sampled translated copies of h.
q = 2; % sub-sampling (distance between wavelets)
p = n/q;
[Y,X] = meshgrid(1:q:n,1:n);
D = h(mod(X-Y,n)+1);
We can display a sub-set of elements of the dictionary.
clf; sel = round( linspace(1,p,5) ); sel(end) = []; hh = plot(D(:,sel)); axis tight; set(hh, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Translated wavelets');
Joel Tropp and Jean-Jacques Fuchs have derived in several IEEE Tr. Info. Theory papers some powerfull bounds of the recovery of signals with L1 minimization. This includes the Fuchs, ERC and WERC criterions. We display here these three criterions to see wether a Dirac spikes train of spacing Delta between two consecutive spikes can be recovered stably by both matching pursuit and L1 minimization (basis pursuit). The dashed vertical lines display the critical spacing as detected by these three criterions.
options.display = 1; options.delta_max = 100; options.verb = 0; [minscale,crit,lgd] = compute_minimum_scale(D, options); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); xlabel('\Delta');
We create a sparse spikes train, with a default in the middle (two close spikes).
options.delta = 23; % regular spacing options.delta0 = 3; % create default that is not recovered by BP x = compute_rand_sparse(p, 0, 'seismic', options);
The signal is the convolution with the filters plus noise.
sigma = .03; y = D*x + randn(n,1)*sigma; % display clf; subplot(2,1,1); plot_sparse_diracs(x); title('Sparse spikes x'); subplot(2,1,2); hh = plot(y); axis tight; set(hh, 'LineWidth', 2); set(gca, 'FontSize', 20); title('Signal y=Dx+w');
We can recover the signal using L1 minimisation plus debiasing.
options.T = 1; options.niter = 1000; options.etgt = 5*sigma*sqrt(n); % noise level options.x = zeros(p,1); % initial solution [xlun,err,lun,Tlist] = perform_iterative_thresholding(D,y,options); % perform debiasins xlun(abs(xlun)<.08)=0; xdeb = perform_debiasing(D,xlun,y); % display options.title = {'Signal' 'L1' 'Debiased'}; plot_sparse_diracs({x xlun xdeb}, options);
Another way to solve the problem is using greedy matching pursuit procedure. Most of the time, it give result comparable or a little worse than basis pursuit, but it is faster. Here, we are in a critical set up where basis pursuit performs better than matching pursuit.
% parameters for the pursuits options.tol = 3*norm(w)/norm(y); options.nbr_max_atoms = 80; xmp = perform_mp(D,y,options); xomp = perform_omp(D,y,options); % display options.title = {'Signal' 'Matching pursuit' 'Orthogonal Matching Pursuit'}; plot_sparse_diracs({x xmp xomp}, options);
Image inpainting with sparse wavelets regularization
Image inpainting consists in filling missing pixels in an image. This correspond to a diagonal operator U with 0 and 1 on the diagonal (0 indicating missing pixels). This can be regularized using iterative thresholding. Since there is no noise, we want to use a very low threshold. This can be achieved by decaying the threshold during the iteration, and corresponds to the Morphological Component Analysis strategy of Jean-Luc Starck, Miki Elad and David Donoho.
First we load an image and a mask
clear options; n = 128; M = load_image('lena'); M = rescale( crop(M,n) ); options.rho = .7; % remove 80% of pixels mask = compute_inpainting_mask('rand',n,options); options.mask = mask;
Apply the operator to remove pixels
y = callback_inpainting(M, +1, options); imageplot({M y}, {'Image to inpaint' 'Data to inpaint'});
Perform the inpainting using sparse wavelet expansion
% set up decaying thresholding options.thresh = 'soft'; options.Tmax = .1; options.Tmin = 0; options.niter = 200; options.tau = 1; options.drawiter = 0; % set up the translation invariant wavelet dictionary options.Jmin = 4; options.wavelet_type = 'biorthogonal'; options.wavelet_vm = 3; options.D = @callback_atrou; % do the resolution [MW,err,lun,Tlist] = perform_iterative_thresholding(@callback_inpainting, y, options); % retrieve the image from its coefficients Mlun = callback_atrou(MW, +1, options);
[....................][*...................][**..................][***.................][****................][*****...............][******..............][*******.............][********............][*********...........][**********..........][***********.........][************........][*************.......][**************......][***************.....][****************....][*****************...][******************..][*******************.][********************]
Display the result
imageplot({M clamp(Mlun)},{'Original' 'Recovered'});


Keeping holiday pounds at bay
Fuelling Your Body
by FITZ-GEORGETHE holidays mean different things to different people.
For some, it's celebrating and partying, for others, it's gathering with friends and family, for others still, nothing at all. But, whatever your propensity, it is likely that one or more of the following is true about the holidays for you:
• There are increased opportunities for eating;
• Staying on a diet is challenging;
• There is increased stress;
• Sticking to your wellness routine is difficult;
• It's enjoyable, hopefully.
At face value, none of these outcomes is devastating. So, in spite of anecdotal evidence regarding weight gain, health issues and even increased death rates during the holidays, the health-related components of the merry season have gone largely unaddressed.
People become ill and pass year-round, so regardless of how many of us have heard, “They died during the holidays, so sad for the family”, not much had been done to address this issue, until recently.
Holiday pounds
Research reports the weight increase between November and January at an average of one pound for people of normal weight and five pounds for people with weight challenges. The real danger is in the insidious nature of weight gain, slight and unnoticed from college age upward, these numbers translate to 30 to 120 pounds of excess body fat.
Researchers have concluded that the holidays are indeed a risk in terms of weight gain for people of normal weight, and high risk for people with weight challenges.
Holiday illness and deaths
A recent New Zealand study of almost ¾ million deaths between 1988 and 2013, revealed a spike in cardiac-related deaths around the holidays. The New Zealand study is significant because it negated the potential of colder weather affecting the seasonal health outcomes, since New Zealand experiences summer during the holiday season, ruling out the cold weather hypothesis.
The study is observational and there remain questions, but other studies indicate that the spike is likely the result of reduced attention to health care, increased stress and dietary changes.
For some people, holiday eating is a matter of one large meal, but for most it is a season of office parties, friends and family gatherings, highlighted with alcohol, sweet drinks, sugary treats, energy-dense and low-fibre foods, and, of course, indulgence frequency, increased servings of larger quantities.
Reduce holiday health risks
If you intend to enjoy the festivities to the fullest, there are a few basic ways to reduce your risks for weight gain and illness.
1. Put vegetables on your plate first.
2. Eat in moderation.
3. Drink water, go easy on the alcohol and drinking your calories.
4. Be aware of how your body is feeling and see your physician, if needed.
5. Take part in a pre-holiday detoxing diet, do not starve yourself before and after functions, but take part in a gradual three- to four-week plan, designed to tap down your fat stores, strengthen your immune system and microbiome, and assist in managing cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Most of all, enjoy.
Fitz-George Rattray is the director of Intekai Academy, which is focused on helping people live a healthy lifestyle through nutrition and weight management. If you are interested in losing weight or living a healthier lifestyle, give them a call at 876-863- 5923, or visit their website at intekaiacademy.org.


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Section Two Music Support
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Section Three Image Support