Quaternion
-
class
compas.geometry.
Quaternion
(w, x, y, z) Bases:
compas.geometry.Primitive
Creates a
Quaternion
object.- Parameters
w (float) – The scalar (real) part of a quaternion.
x, y, z (float) – Components of the vector (complex, imaginary) part of a quaternion.
- Attributes
wxyz (list of float, read-only) – Quaternion data listing the real part first.
xyzw (list of float, read-only) – Quaternion data listing the real part last.
norm (float, read-only) – The length of the quaternion.
is_unit (bool, read-only) – True if the quaternion has unit length.
Notes
The default convention to represent a quaternion \(q\) in this module is by four real values \(w\), \(x\), \(y\), \(z\). The first value \(w\) is the scalar (real) part, and \(x\), \(y\), \(z\) form the vector (complex, imaginary) part 1, so that:
\[q = w + xi + yj + zk\]where \(i, j, k\) are basis components with following multiplication rules 2:
\[\begin{split}\begin{align} ii &= jj = kk = ijk = -1 \\ ij &= k, \quad ji = -k \\ jk &= i, \quad kj = -i \\ ki &= j, \quad ik = -j \end{align}\end{split}\]Quaternions are associative but not commutative.
Quaternion as rotation.
A rotation through an angle \(\theta\) around an axis defined by a euclidean unit vector \(u = u_{x}i + u_{y}j + u_{z}k\) can be represented as a quaternion:
\[q = cos(\frac{\theta}{2}) + sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) [u_{x}i + u_{y}j + u_{z}k]\]i.e.:
\[\begin{align} w = cos(\frac{\theta}{2}) x = sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) u_{x} y = sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) u_{y} z = sin(\frac{\theta}{2}) u_{z}\]For a quaternion to represent a rotation or orientation, it must be unit-length. A quaternion representing a rotation \(p\) resulting from applying a rotation \(r\) to a rotation \(q\), i.e.: \(p = rq\), is also unit-length.
References
Examples
>>> Q = Quaternion(1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0).unitized() >>> R = Quaternion(0.0,-0.1, 0.2,-0.3).unitized() >>> P = R*Q >>> P.is_unit True
Methods
__init__
(w, x, y, z)Initialize self.
canonize
()Makes the quaternion canonic.
Returns a quaternion in canonic form.
Conjugate the quaternion.
Returns a conjugate quaternion.
copy
()Makes a copy of this primitive.
from_data
(data)Construct a primitive from its data representation.
from_frame
(frame)Creates a quaternion object from a frame.
to_data
()Returns the data dictionary that represents the primitive.
transform
(transformation)Transform the primitive.
transformed
(transformation)Returns a transformed copy of this primitive.
unitize
()Scales the quaternion to make it unit-length.
unitized
()Returns a quaternion with a unit-length.


Developer for Data Warehouse team at World Wide Technology in St. Louis with six years of data warehousing experience and seven overall years of IT experience. Helped in designing, developing, and producing World Wide Tech...
Teddy Tribute
This was my first attempt at ever building a webpage. Completed for 1st project on Free Code Camp.
This is the second project from Free Code Camp. This webpage calls an API that generates random quotes and displays them. You can also tweet any quotes you find interesting!


Campaigned and was elected as President of one of University of Liverpool's Residence Hall Committee for the 2017/18 academic year by ballot vote majority.
Main objective to represent and improve students experience, by using allocated budget to organise activities and events for all 270 accommodation’s residents.
Goals
Elected President of Hall Committee by ballot vote majority to represent 270 students.
Enhanced residents’ experience by taking charge and managing events throughout the year.
Responsible for formulating outline and implementation of vision for Hall’s community and life.
Led 10 member committee through generating team vision and chairing weekly meetings.
Maintained professional relationship with residence staff, guild of students, accommodation office and the university.


In 10 weeks, we explored the problem domain of travel, ultimately striving to create spontaneous, genuine travel experiences. Thus, O was born as an event discovering and sharing app for anyone exploring a new place.
In order to find pain points and learn more about traveler needs, Team Trability interviewed and observed travelers at SFO International Airport. We spoke with users such as international travelers, a family, a flight attendant, and a gate attendant to gain a complete picture of how people from a variety of backgrounds approach travel.
After collecting information from travelers, we began creating and refining key insights from our data. After a whirlwind of brainstorming, we developed three experience prototypes to begin testing user responses to our solutions. One of these prototypes, termed EventPOP, would eventually evolve into our final product O.
After settling on an event sharing app geared toward adding spontaneity to travel, Trability filmed a concept video illustrating how users would benefit from our app. Our video showcases three tasks users can complete through O and challenged us to view our app from a user’s perspective.
Our video won an award for Best Production Value.
After incorporating feedback from our low-fidelity tests, we re-sketched our interface design and translated our paper sketches into a medium fidelity prototype. We built our pages using Sketch and connected them using Marvel.
Peers tested our medium-fidelity prototype and provided feedback based on Nielsen’s Heuristic Standards. This provided expert feedback we could incorporate into our final prototype.
With experience and feedback from our previous prototypes, we began creating a final retest of O.
Over the course of ten weeks, O evolved from a vague exploration of the traveling experience to a concrete solution. Our final prototype is a product of intensive user research, testing, and rapid iteration, and provides spontaneity in travel to create authentic, genuine experiences.


Official documentation : http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Hub
- Lots of tutorials : http://elinux.org/RPi_Tutorials
- Troubleshooting commands : http://elinux.org/RPI_vcgencmd_usage
Projects and tips
Startup setup
- With the config tool: expand the disk size, set 16MB for the GPU, set the locale to something en_US.UTF8, change pi default password
- Minimal tools:
- sudo apt-get install emacs-nox
- Change machine name : see here
- Change SSH port: see here and here
- Router:
- IP reservation to the Pi mac
Install the OS image on SD card from Linux
Get it at [[https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/]] and then:
sudo dd bs=20M if=retropie-xxxxxxxxxxx.img of=/dev/sde conv=fsync
To **enable the SSH from first boot** (meaning working directly headless), do that:
* After copying, got to the /boot partition
* Create an empty file named 'ssh'
* Done, the file will be used as a flag for the first boot and enable ssh.
* Since release of 2022-04-04 the "pi" default user is gone so you have to add it yourself! [[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/configuration.html#configuring-a-user|RTFM here]].
To **setup wifi on first boot**, do that:
* In the SD card /boot
* Make a 'wpa_supplicant.conf' file with contents:
country=JP
ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
update_config=1
network={
ssid="//YOUR WIFI SSID//"
psk="//YOUR PASSWORD//"
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
}
Change hostname
Edit the 2 files /etc/hostname
and /etc/hosts
.
Raspi web server with Flask
* Use [[http://flask.pocoo.org/|Flask]]
* install with //sudo pip install flask//
* Very good manual http://mattrichardson.com/Raspberry-Pi-Flask/
Raspi as a cloud [DONE!]
Raspi as DLNA server [DONE!]
#edit
sudo vim /etc/minidlna.conf
#restart the service after changes
sudo service minidlna force-reload
Raspi file share SAMBA [DONE!]
* [[http://pihomeserver.wordpress.com/2012/12/09/raspberry-pi-home-server-etape-10-installer-samba/]] ← the one I used
* [[https://eltechs.com/raspberry-pi-nas-guide/]]
#edit
sudo vim /etc/samba/smb.conf
#restart the service after changes
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
Raspi mount a USB drive [DONE!]
Edit /etc/fstab
/dev/sda1 /media/usbhdd ntfs-3g rw,defaults,uid=smbuser,gid=smbuser 0 0
Or on the command line:
$ sudo mount -t ntfs-3g -o "rw,defaults,uid=smbuser,gid=smbuser" /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usbdrive02
Stop the HDD
Is used **hdparm** and it works though with my Japanese Buffalo 1TB USB HDD I get an error when running the command. So for the next time I check and I wonder (like today): it's normal, just ignore the error, it works.
** How to:**
* Install hdparm //sudo apt-get install hdparm//
* You can use 2 ways: ① change the spindown timeout with the -S xxx (with timeout = 5sec * xxx) or ② change the power management settings with -B 127 (or whatever value, just use man)
* For my part I use the //-S 180// to put the spindown timeout every 15 mins (more tricky than that but in my case), which so far is a good compromise for me
* Make it permanent by editing **/etc/rc.local**
#start the command to stop the USB drive after x-minutes
#-S 180 = 180 x 5sec = 15 min of inactivity and drive stops motor
#see man hdparm for that parameter, it's tricky
#AVI20170219 Juste un reminder: ca lance des erreurs mais ca marche quand meme
/sbin/hdparm -S 180 /dev/sda1
**Links:**
* [[http://info4admins.com/tips-to-spindown-your-hard-disk-in-debian-or-ubuntu/]]
* [[http://hd-idle.sourceforge.net/]]
Raspi as VLC server
Transform a Raspi in an arcade cabinet
Setup DNS cache service
See [[DNS server at home]].
Extend the SD life : use a /tmp in RAM
Plenty [[https://askubuntu.com/questions/173094/how-can-i-use-ram-storage-for-the-tmp-directory-and-how-to-set-a-maximum-amount|of]] [[http://www.zdnet.com/article/raspberry-pi-extending-the-life-of-the-sd-card/|sources]] but in a nutshell:
* In /etc/fstab
add the below ↓ line and reboot to get a maximum 150MB /tmp in RAM (only the really used amount of mem is consumed, not a reservation like a malloc):
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=1777,size=150M 0 0
Pygame and Graphics without X
Install with sudo apt-get install python-pygame
Cours:
* [[http://betteros.org/tut/graphics1.php]]
* [[http://inventwithpython.com/pygame/chapters/]]
Raspberry Pi Hardware
Hardware details
List of test points and usage
http://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=89522
PP1 5V from micro-USB
PP2 5V from micro-USB
PP3 GND
PP4 GND
PP5 GND
PP6 GND
PP7 5V after polyfuse
PP8 3V3
PP9 1V8
PP10 Goes from 3V3 to 2V on brownout
PP11 DAC_2V5 (for composite video DAC)
PP12 AUD_2V5 (for PWM audio drivers)
PP13 Goes from 3V3 to 2V on ACT activity
PP14 SD_CLK
PP15 SD_CMD
PP16 SD_DAT0
PP17 SD_DAT1
PP18 SD_DAT2
PP19 SD_DAT13
PP20 H5V
|
PP21 RUN signal (reset)
PP22 Goes from 3V3 to 2V on activity of green (link) ethernet jack LED
PP23 Goes from 3V3 to 2V on activity of yellow (speed) ethernet jack LED
PP24 COMPVID
PP25 AUDIO_L
PP26 AUDI_R
PP27 VBUS (USB 5V power)
PP28 ETH_CLK (25.000 MHz)
PP29 VC_TMS
PP30 VC_TRST_N
PP31 VC_CLK
PP32 VC_TDI
PP33 VC_TDO
PP34 GND
PP35 GPIO6 of LAN9514
PP36 GPIO7 of LAN9514
PP37 CAM_GPIO0
PP38 CAM_GPIO1
PP39 SCL0
PP40 SDA0
|
Raspberry Pi and a 3.5 Inch LCD screen
Setup of 3.5 Inch LCD
Ok all pages disappeared (June2020), so after a small seach it's a [[https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/3.5inch_RPi_LCD_(A)|Waveshare 3.5 inches]].
* git clone https://github.com/waveshare/LCD-show.git
* sudo ./LCD35-show
* Thats all (it might fail on the xinput calibrator but ignore this)
Things to remember
* Device is a Framebuffer at **/dev/fb1**
* "To change the blanking of the screen on console just append the line consoleblank=0 to the /boot/cmdline.txt and restart!" ([[https://forums.adafruit.com/viewtopic.php?f=50&t=86760|source]])
* **fbset** tool for getting details
* There's a python lib named [[https://pypi.python.org/pypi/fbpy|FbPy]], and she doesn't work from the start so:
* sudo apt-get install python-dev libffi-dev
* sudo pip install cython
* sudo pip install numpy
* export CFLAGS=-I/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include/
* sudo pip install cffi
* sudo pip install JACK-client
* pip install fbpy
Other resources
* One how to setup. Is it the good one? [[http://www.circuitbasics.com/setup-lcd-touchscreen-raspberry-pi/]]
* http://www.circuitbasics.com/setup-lcd-touchscreen-raspberry-pi/
* http://en.kedei.net/raspberry/raspberry.html
* Typical touchscreen chip that Raspi knows: **[[http://www.ti.com/product/ADS7846|ads7846]]**
* another driver that looks like the **official** in fact :/ : [[https://github.com/notro/fbtft]]
Raspberry Pi 3
Bought April 2016, here's the different steps I used to set it up.
* [[https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/raspi-config.md|sudo raspi-config]] : extand the disk space, change hostname, make graphic memory 16 (min), change local, wifi country
* sudo apt-get update
* sudo apt-get upgrade
* sudo apt-get install emacs-nox htop python-setuptools
⇒ install emacs without X modules, htop, python's //easy_install// so you can get //pip// tool
* sudo easy_install pip
⇒ install python's //pip// tool
* setup the wifi [[https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/wireless-cli.md]]
Turn a Raspi in a Jukebox
* [[http://lifehacker.com/how-to-build-a-raspberry-pi-jukebox-any-non-geek-can-us-1712107103]]


1-flex ordering property can only be applied to column not to the row
Actual order
Superman
Batman
Spiderman
2- get superman to last using flex-last
others: flex-first,flex-unordered
Superman
Batman
Spiderman
3-offset- pushing some spots (offset of 2 to batman)
4-
superman push-3 (i.e pushed towards right by 3 parts)
Batman pull-9 will pull towards left by 9 parts


Warehouse Freightman Chad:
Why are you carrying around all that extra stuff? We of the Iron Gate Guild will deliver the cargo to its destination warehouse promptly and safely!
Quest


Ruby Classes
How to Build Your Virtual Car
February 13, 2015
Have you ever wondered why a string or an integer has certain properties and methods that can be called on them? Who built them that way? As it turns out, objects in Ruby belong to classes, which define certain attributes that an object must have and which methods can be called on them. String and integer are examples of public classes, meaning that they can be used in any Ruby code. They were built by the creators of Ruby.
But an everyday user can create classes, too! It's just that these classes can only be used within that specific program. Imagine we want to create a class, car, that can rev the engine, drive, and use gasoline at a certain rate of miles per gallon.
Input:
class Car #A new class
def initialize(mpg) #A method within a class
@gas = 15.0 #An instance variable
@mpg = mpg
end
def rev
if @gas > 0.1
puts "Vrooooom!"
else
puts "Sputter, sputter, sputter..."
end
end
def drive(miles)
gas_required = (1.0/@mpg) * miles
if @gas - gas_required > 0
puts "You just drove #{miles} miles, what a fun trip!"
@gas -= gas_required
else
miles_driven = @mpg * @gas
@gas = 0
puts "You were #{miles_driven} miles into your trip when
your engine stopped running. Uh oh!"
end
end
def check_gas
puts "You have #{@gas} gallons of gas left."
end
end
Great! Now we have created the new class, Car. Probably the most important thing to notice in this example are the instance variables, which are created using the '@' symbol. Instance variables always work within an entire individual class. Now, let's try using our new class.
Input:
camry = Car.new(30) #Creating a new object, camry, of the class, Car
camry.check_gas
camry.drive(60)
camry.check_gas
Output:
You have 15.0 gallons of gas left.

You have 13.0 gallons of gas left.
Notice how the method check_gas uses the variable @gas, even though it is an entirely different method. If we had not included the '@' sign, @gas would not have been accessible in the initalize method.
Starting to understand why you might create a class of your own? Now, let's have some more fun with the class we created!
Input:
camry.rev
camry.drive(500)
camry.check_gas
camry.rev
Output:
Vrooooom!
You were 390.0 miles into your trip when your engine stopped running.
Uh oh!
You have 0 gallons of gas left.
Sputter, sputter, sputter...


---
layout: portfolio
---
{% for project in site.projects %}
{% if project.category != 'past' %}
{{ project.title}}
{{ project.client }}
{{ project.time }}
{% for tag in sector.tags %}{{ tag }} {% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}
Past Work
A sampling of projects completed by our team members before they joined of CivicMapper.
{% for project in site.projects %}
{% if project.category == 'past' %}
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}


--- layout: page title: Repository Connector - Setup your Code Repository ---
To configure your code repository to work with the Repository Connector you will need to create a translation configuration file in your repository.
This step must be completed before you will be able to push files from your repository to Smartling and to push translations back to your repository.
Create translation configuration file
Create a JSON file and commit it to the path defined in the repo-connector.conf
file. Default filename is smartling-config.json
. This file defines resource file that should be uploaded and how to save translated files that are downloaded from Smartling. The file must be valid JSON.
The Repository Connector Package contains an annotated example file called smartling-config-example.json
. You can use this file to build your config but make sure you rename the file to remove the -example
.
Parameters:
locales
- Locales has two functions. If automatically authorizing content that is uploaded to Smartling (default behavior), it determines which
locales content will be authorized for. It also serves as a mapping of locale codes from the Smartling API codes to the codes that are used in the
repository. Smartling locale code must be unique per configuration file. The file must list at least one locale. Note that if you add extra
languages to your project, you will need to update this file for the new languages to be handled by the Repository Connector.
smartling
- Smartling locale code. Codes for locales in your project can be copied from Project Settings>API in the dashboard.
application
- locale code that will be used when pushing translated files back to the repository. This can be any format
resourceSets
- defines an array of resource sets. Each set identifies a group of repository files that will be uploaded to Smartling with the same
settings.
type
- The Smartling API “fileType”. Possible values: "javaProperties", "ios", "android", "gettext", and so on. See Smartling’s Supported File Types documentation for the full list.
pathRegex
- Java 7 Regular expression defining which repository files to upload to Smartling. All files matching the expression will be
uploaded.
authorizeContent
(optional) - defines whether uploaded content will automatically be authorized for translation. Possible values: ‘true’
(default), ‘false’.
translationPathExpression
(optional) - Java 7 regular expression used to create a file path and name for translated files. If this value is not
defined, translated files in the Smartling dashboard will not be pushed to the repository. Predefined variables for the expression are:
locale
- project locale code value (as defined at locales.application)
originalFile
fullName
- full path and name of original file
path
- original file path only
name
- original file name with extension
baseName
- original file name without extension
extension
- original file extension
Groups defined in your pathRegex expression can also be used as variables.
translationCommitMessage
(optional) - Java 7 regular expression defining a translation commit message. If not defined, a default value
"Translation $originalFile.fullName to $locale" will be used. Predefined variables are the same as those for translationPathExpression, plus
translatedFile, which contains the translated file path and name, with the same attributes as the originalFile.
smartlingDirectives
- array of strings which have the format <directive name>=<value>
. File directives can be used to alter the way Smartling
handles your files. See our Supported File Types documentation for information on which directives are available for each file type.


◄
Leaflet JSON Layer
Example:
Show Bars in Rome
Using:
Overpass API
Service offer by
overpass-api.de
Data offer by
OpenStreetMap.org
Opengeo.tech
•
Stefano Cudini
Github


Sumon Network Service covers a wide area for Internet connectivity through its Optical Fiber backbone. The coverage area is rapidly increasing and moreover, Sumon Network has several branches and Partners to provide connectivity at other parts of Dhaka city. The coverage area below gives an idea of the direct coverage at present :


Enter a numbers separated with "," with no whitespace...
The array:
Display first number bigger than it's neigbours


RAHWAY RIVER WATERSHED ASSOCIATION NEWS
Just in time for World Wetlands Day 2018, we’ve got some of the coolest, wildest facts about these incredibly fertile and diversity-rich ecosystems. From the marshes of the Gulf to the Great Dismal Swamp, some of our most fascinating natural wonders may lie in some of the most unexpected places. While celebrating their importance to both human communities and those in nature, test your knowledge: how many of these nuggets of information do you know? More at this link – Wetlands
Click to view summary Click to view comments submitted by the RRWA to the ACE Click to view the U.U. Army Corps of Engineers Integrated Draft Feasibility Report (DFR) and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
People in downtown Summit can enjoy the beauty and benefits of three new rain gardens installed by Rutgers Cooperative Extension Water Resources Program, through a grant from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation - Hurricane Sandy Coastal Resiliency Competitive Grants Program. Click to see the whole process
A new map of the Rahway River Watershed has been created depicting the 4 branches of the Rahway River, the West, East, South and Robinsons's branches, the Nomahegan Brook, a tributary, plus town, county and state borders. You are free to use and share this map, however please credit the RRWA when doing so. Click to view and download map
The East Coast Greenway is a city-to-city route that runs from Key West, Florida to the Canadian border in Calais, Maine. The route traverses the Rahway River watershed in Middlesex and Union counties, on the way from New Brunswick to Elizabeth. The RRWA Olmsted Parks committee is exploring routes to connect the East Coast Greenway with other trail networks in the watershed, and recently presented a slide show at the NJ Land Conservation Conference: The Future of Land Conservation, The Next 20 Years. The group proposed several possible routes for suburban greenways along the Rahway River to connect trails in Lenape Park and Black Brook Park with the trail network in South Mountain Reservation. Crossing routes 22 and 78 present majors challenges, but pedestrian overpasses in other greenways along these routes have successfully met this challenge. The photo essay for the presentation can be found at the link below. See how many of these places along the Rahway River you can recognize! Contact RRWA President Marian Glenn at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for further information. Click to view presentaiton
Fanwood's new rain garden (rear) at Borough Hall was opened Tuesday, May 19, in a short ceremony as Mayor Colleen Mahr and 10-year-old Taylor Klein cut a yellow ribbon with clippers to make it official. Klein, a student at Park Middle School and winner of the recent Fanwood Earth Day poster contest, also unveiled the rain barrel she decorated that will be installed at Borough Hall. The rain garden is along the driveway at Borough Hall and catches rain runoff from the drive and parking areas near the front entrance. It was designed and planted by Margaret Chowdhury and Phyllis Sandrock of the Fanwood Environmental Commission. Funding for the garden was provided by the Rahway River Watershed Association using a grant from the Watershed Institute. In the photo, Mahr and Klein cut the ribbon to open the rain garden. Dave Schwartzberg, left, Sandy Redder, Sandrock and Chowdhury, right, of the Environmental Commission are joined by Bob Weldon of Weldon Materials, which contributed supplies for the construction of the garden.
FANWOOD, NJ -- The Fanwood Environmental Commission (FEC) has constructed a rain garden to help prevent pollutants from entering the Robinson's Branch of the Rahway River. Click here to read the whole story
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is partnering with the New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection to carry out a Feasibility Study to identify various flood risk management alternatives for communities along the Rahway River Basin, with a specific emphasis on the cities of Rahway and Cranford. Click here for more information on the Army Corps of Engineers Website.
A waste disposal project across the harbor from Staten Island that envisions using soil from other industrial sites to top off 2 million tons of cyanide sludge is causing concern among environmentalists and some New York lawmakers.
Thank you to the many volunteers from L'Oreal USA who helped remove trash from the Clark Reservoir and Milton Lake Park in Clark & Rahway
The Rahway River Association has been invited to provide input on the Rahway River Corridor Study that was recently ordered by the Maplewood Township Committee. The study examines the feasibility of creating a "green" corridor alongside the east branch of the Rahway River which flows through Maplewood. The study was prepared by Edgewater Design LLC and contains comprehensive historical and geological data. It take a while to download but is well worth the wait! Click to download study
On May 1, the RRA participated in the annual South Orange River Day Festival by leading a walk along a recently-restored section of the East Branch of the river in South Orange. In this photo, Dan Lipow explains how to make a "South Orange Salad" out of edible plants growing along the river. You'll never look at Japanese knotweed the same way again!
On October 2, 2010, approximately 30 volunteers joined RRA members to pick up over 20 bags of litter from Milton Lake Park in Rahway. The cleanup was sponsored by the RRA and the Rahway High School Social Action Club. Refreshments were provided by Saliga-Markey Real Estate and United Water Rahway. Equipment was provided by the City of Rahway Clean Communities Grant. Milton Lake Park is part of the Union County park system and is bisected by the Robinson's Branch of the Rahway River. The volunteers were joined by Union County Freeholder Rick Proctor and Rahway Councilmember Samson Steinman, as well as a television crew from News 12 NJ.
RRA members joined Union County Freeholder Bette Jane Kowalski, Union County Parks personnel and Union County Adopt-a-Park volunteers to begin an ambitious plan to remove invasive plants from the Red Hill section of Ash Brook Reservation in Scotch Plains. Red Hill is unique to Ash Brook and certainly to Union County as it contains a variety of native plants and animals usually found in the New Jersey Pinelands many miles to the south. In 2009 the RRA commissioned an extensive report on Red Hill that outlined plans for combating invasive plants. Click to view report. We plan our continued removal of non-native plants in 2010 and beyond, so please contact us if you would like to get involved.


This is your GIT-controlled web page...
This is Change #1.
For more information, please check on GitHub!


Certificate
Cisco Netacad - Network Essentials
February 2020
Certificate of Participant - Google Code-In 2019
January 2020
Baseline: Infrastructure - Qwiklabs
December 2019
GCP Essentials - Qwiklabs
December 2019
Kubernetes in the Google Cloud - Qwiklabs
December 2019
Belajar Dasar-Dasar Azure Cloud - Dicoding
Oktober 2019
Belajar Membuat Aplikasi Android untuk Pemula - Dicoding
Oktober 2019
MikroTik Certified Routing Engineer ( MTCRE )
July 2019
Mikrotik Certified Network Associate ( MTCNA
)
March 2019
Certificate of Participant - Google Code-In 2018
January 2019
SEAMOLEC SEAMEO Creative Camp Augmented
Reality
STEM 2018 Phase 2
2018
Cisco Netacad - IT Essentials
2018


const BaseModule = require('./basemodule.js');
First of all we require our BaseModule
const BaseModule = require('./basemodule.js');
Every module we build have to extend the basemodule to work properly
class ExampleModule extends BaseModule {
This static function describes our module options
static getOptions() {
return {
The trigger is the word which calls the module
trigger: 'example',
minArgs specify how many arguments our module needs at least to get called, for example a message like ‘example hey’ would not call our because there is only one argument(hey) but we need at least 2
minArgs: 2,
Active decides if this module should be active or not
active: false,
};
}
Everytime a user triggers a module it’s work function gets called, and the arguments get passed with parameter _args which is a string array We have to pass returning arguments and callback to pass function
work(_args, callback) {
const retArgs = [];
retArgs is a string array to which holds the arguments which our module returns, so if we want to reply to our users we have to push strings to retArgs and pass them with this.pass like in this example Fill array
retArgs.push('I am an example argument');
retArgs.push('I am another argument');
Pass array
this.pass(retArgs, callback);
}
}
Finally we have to export our module
module.exports = ExampleModule;


I’m a software developer! I can help you build a product , feature or website Look through some of my work and experience! If you like what you see and have a project you need coded, don’t hestiate to contact me.
LETS CONNECT
Hello I’m a software developer! I can help you build a product , feature or website Look through som e of my work and experience! If you like what you see an d have a project you need coded, don’ t hestiate to contact me.
LETS CONNECT
If you have an application you are interested in developing, a feature that you need built or a project that needs coding. I’d love to help with it


15 June 2004
WHO has received reports from the Ministry of Health of a total number of 2924 cases and 46 deaths in Cameroon from 1 January to 9 June 2004 in Littoral and West Regions. Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor has been laboratory confirmed.
The outbreak, which was under control in Douala town in the Littoral region in March (see previous report) has started again with the onset of the rainy season in early June.
The Ministry of Health is working with other ministries to carry out comprehensive control measures in response to the outbreak. Seventy physicians from Yaoundé have been sent to Douala to support case management in cholera treatment centres.
The Ministry of Health met with members of the donor community, nongovernmental organizations, and international agencies, including representatives from the WHO Country Office on 7 June to decide a common strategy to tackle the crisis.
The WHO Regional Office for Africa is providing specific technical support with a team comprising an epidemiologist and an expert in social mobilization. A water and sanitation engineer provided by the French Government will join this team.


@* * Copyright 2019 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import core.config.AppConfig @import core.views.html.templates.main_template @import core.views.html.helpers._ @import incometax.subscription.models.{IncomeSourceType, Both} @(journeyDuration: Int, incomeSource: IncomeSourceType)(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages, appConfig: AppConfig) @scripts = { } @main_template(title = Messages("confirmation.unauthorised.title"), scriptElem = scripts) {
@Messages("confirmation.unauthorised.whatHappensNext.para1")
@Messages("confirmation.unauthorised.whatHappensNext.para2")
@Messages("confirmation.unauthorised.whatHappensNext.para3")
@Messages("confirmation.whatHappensNext.para4")
}


EBD - Easton Bible DIctionary
Abishua
ABISHUA
"ABISHUA "father of welfare; i.e., “fortunate.” (1.) The grandson of Benjamin (
1 Chronicles 8:4
).
(2.) The son of Phinehas the high priest (
1 Chronicles 6:4,5,50
;
Ezra 7:5
).
"ABISHUA "father of welfare; i.e., “fortunate.” (1.) The grandson of Benjamin (1 Chronicles 8:4).
(2.) The son of Phinehas the high priest (1 Chronicles 6:4,5,50; Ezra 7:5).


// For inqiuries use this form, Or email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If it's regarding an elopement, Tell me a bit about the day you are planning. Can't wait to hear from you!


Dialog
extra
dismiss
confirm
Dialog
dismiss
confirm
Dialog
dismiss
confirm
Dialog
dismiss
confirm
Dialog
dismiss
confirm


| Product | Quality | Speed | Strength | Price |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Widget | Extremely High | 250,000 RPM | Withstands up to 2,000 tons per square inch | $10.00 |
| Wrench | Pretty Good | Dependent on operator | Better scratch resistance | $5.00 to $500.00 |
| 2009 Nissan Altima | 8.5 out of 10 | Up to 110 mph | No damage with collisions less than 1 mile per hour | $10,000 or more |
| Playbill | Cardstock | 0 | As strong as dry paper | Less than $0.50 |
| Brick | Good | Stationary | Holds up a building | $20.00 |
| Certificate of Deposit | Paper | 3 years | Dependent on the strength of the economy | As determined by the buyer |


{% macro render_waiting_list(waiting_list) -%}
| Player Name | Skating | Shooting | Checking |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ player.first_name }} {{ player.last_name }} | {{ player.skating|int }} | {{ player.shooting|int }} | {{ player.checking|int }} |
There are no players on the waiting list
{% endif %}


Numbers, characters and string constants have pretty much the same syntax in Cicada as they do in C: characters are flanked by single quotes ('C'), strings by double-quotes ("my_string"), and numbers are read as either integer or floating-point depending on how they are written. Likewise, numeric expressions look the same between C and Cicada, with the exception that Cicada provides an exponentiation operator ‘^’: for example 2^3 gives 8. In Cicada the standard six trig functions along with log(), floor() and ceil() can be used without including a math library.
The usual way to define variables in Cicada is to use the ‘::’ operator, as in:
x :: int
Here x was the variable and int was the type. The other possible allowed types are double, char, string and bool. All Cicada variables must be defined before they can be used.
In order to define an array, add the size of each dimension in square brackets just before the type definition. For example,
myTable :: [5] [7] double
defines a two-dimensional (5x7) array of floating-point numbers. The syntax for accessing an array element again uses square brackets, in the same way as in C:
print(myTable[2][3])
The only difference is that in Cicada array indexing begins at 1.
It’s usually convenient to define several variables or arrays of the same type together in one long command. For example:
x :: y :: z :: int
table1 :: table2 :: [5] double
This example script shows basic usage of variables and arrays. It’s easiest to type this into a file: say, ”pythagoras.cicada”..
| program to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle
sides :: [2] double
hypotenuse :: double
response :: string
print("Side 1: ")
response = input()
read_string(response, sides[1])
print("Side 2: ")
response = input()
read_string(response, sides[2])
hypotenuse = (sides[1]^2 + sides[2]^2)^0.5
print("The hypotenuse has length ", hypotenuse, ".\n")
(The first line in this example is a comment, because of the vertical bar |. print(), input() and read_string() are three of Cicada’s 30-odd built-in functions.) To run our script from Cicada’s command prompt we type
run("pythagoras")
If we want to define our own functions we again use the :: operator, but with curly braces containing the function code in place of a variable type. A standard Cicada function consists of three parts: 1) variable definitions; 2) a code command; 3) the executable code of the function. Unlike C functions, a Cicada function doesn’t predefine either its arguments or its return value. Its arguments are accessed through an args variable, and they can be overwritten by the function. The return command works the same way as in C. Finally, the basic syntax for calling a function is the same as in C, although in Cicada fancier kinds of function calls are also possible.
Here is a more elaborate version of our previous example that uses functions, as well as if statements and for loops whose syntax is a bit different from C.
| program to find the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle
GetSide :: {
response :: string
side_length :: double
code
side_length = 0
print("Side ", args[1], ": ")
response = input()
read_string(response, side_length)
if side_length > 0 then (
return side_length )
else (
print("Side length must be positive\n")
exit )
}
sides :: [2] double
hypotenuse :: double
counter :: int
for counter in <1, 2> (
sides[counter] = GetSide(counter) )
hypotenuse = (sides[1]^2 + sides[2]^2)^0.5
print("The hypotenuse has length ", hypotenuse, ".\n")
Cicada also has while and loop ... until loops. Notice that although the equality test ‘==’ is the same as in C, the not-equal test uses the symbol ‘/=’ which is different from C. There is no ‘goto’ statement.
To exit Cicada type “exit” at the command prompt. If there is no command prompt then Cicada is probably stuck (e.g. in an infinite loop), in which case we need to hit Ctrl-C (UNIX/Mac) or Ctrl-Alt-Delete (Windows).
Last update: July 25, 2021


High School Sport prediction website. Predicts game scores, conference positions, and calculates other team statistics. Predictions are made using Poisson Distribution Model
Visit websiteWritten in Python, machine learning algorithm for recognizing automobile kinds from a picture
View CodeWebsite that helps collect soccer statistics and display them in a meaningful manner
Visit websiteWritten in python, machine learning algorithm that uses players FIFA ratings and past results to predict future soccer results for English Premier League
View code


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It seems that your pokemon is dead. This is quite unfortunate. Usually they only faint, but yours straight up bit the dust. Well, I'm not really sure what to do in this situation to be honest... I guess just refresh the page?


Class that manages Coroutines.
More...
|
| | Coroutine () |
| | Create a new Coroutine manager. More...
|
| |
| int | Start (IEnumerator routine) |
| | Starts a new coroutine and returns an int id for that routine. More...
|
| |
| void | StopAll () |
| | Immediately clear and stop all Coroutines. More...
|
| |
| void | Stop (int routineId) |
| | Stop a routine from running based off its int id. More...
|
| |
| void | Update () |
| | Updates all the routines. The coroutine in the Game automatically runs this. More...
|
| |
| void | PublishEvent (string id) |
| | Publishes an event to the coroutine manager. Used for WaitForEvent. Events are cleared on every update. More...
|
| |
| void | PublishEvent (Enum id) |
| | Publishes an event to the coroutine manager. Used for WaitForEvent. Events are cleared on every update. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForEvent (string id) |
| | Waits until a specific event has been published. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForEvent (Enum id) |
| | Waits until a specific event has been published. More...
|
| |
| bool | HasEvent (string id) |
| | Check if an event has been published. More...
|
| |
| bool | HasEvent (Enum id) |
| | Check if an event has been published. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForSeconds (float seconds) |
| | Waits until an amount of time has passed. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForFrames (int frames) |
| | Waits until an amount of frames have passed. Don't use this with non-fixed framerates. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForTween (Tween tween) |
| | Waits for a Tween to complete. More...
|
| |
| IEnumerator | WaitForDelegate (Func< bool > func) |
| | Waits for an anonymous method that returns true or false. More...
|
| |
Class that manages Coroutines.
| Otter.Coroutine.Coroutine |
( |
| ) |
|
| bool Otter.Coroutine.HasEvent |
( |
string |
id | ) |
|
Check if an event has been published.
- Parameters
-
| id | The string id of the event. |
- Returns
- True if the event has been published.
| bool Otter.Coroutine.HasEvent |
( |
Enum |
id | ) |
|
Check if an event has been published.
- Parameters
-
| id | The enum id of the event. |
- Returns
- True if the event has been published.
| void Otter.Coroutine.PublishEvent |
( |
string |
id | ) |
|
Publishes an event to the coroutine manager. Used for WaitForEvent. Events are cleared on every update.
- Parameters
-
| id | The string id of the event. |
| void Otter.Coroutine.PublishEvent |
( |
Enum |
id | ) |
|
Publishes an event to the coroutine manager. Used for WaitForEvent. Events are cleared on every update.
- Parameters
-
| id | The enum id of the event. |
| int Otter.Coroutine.Start |
( |
IEnumerator |
routine | ) |
|
Starts a new coroutine and returns an int id for that routine.
- Parameters
-
| routine | The coroutine to start running. |
- Returns
- A unique int id for that routine.
| void Otter.Coroutine.Stop |
( |
int |
routineId | ) |
|
Stop a routine from running based off its int id.
- Parameters
-
| routineId | The id of the routine to stop. |
| void Otter.Coroutine.StopAll |
( |
| ) |
|
Immediately clear and stop all Coroutines.
| void Otter.Coroutine.Update |
( |
| ) |
|
Updates all the routines. The coroutine in the Game automatically runs this.
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForDelegate |
( |
Func< bool > |
func | ) |
|
Waits for an anonymous method that returns true or false.
- Parameters
-
| func | The method to run until it returns true. |
- Returns
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForEvent |
( |
string |
id | ) |
|
Waits until a specific event has been published.
- Parameters
-
| id | The string id of the event. |
- Returns
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForEvent |
( |
Enum |
id | ) |
|
Waits until a specific event has been published.
- Parameters
-
| id | The enum id of the event. |
- Returns
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForFrames |
( |
int |
frames | ) |
|
Waits until an amount of frames have passed. Don't use this with non-fixed framerates.
- Parameters
-
| frames | The number of frames to wait. |
- Returns
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForSeconds |
( |
float |
seconds | ) |
|
Waits until an amount of time has passed.
- Parameters
-
| seconds | The number of seconds to wait. |
- Returns
| IEnumerator Otter.Coroutine.WaitForTween |
( |
Tween |
tween | ) |
|
Waits for a Tween to complete.
- Parameters
-
| tween | The Tween to wait on. |
- Returns
| int Otter.Coroutine.Count |
|
get |
The current number of running routines.
| bool Otter.Coroutine.Running |
|
get |
If any routines are currently running.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- Otter/Utility/Coroutine.cs


Package com.jme.shadow
Class BasicShadowRenderer
- java.lang.Object
-
- com.jme.shadow.BasicShadowRenderer
-
- All Implemented Interfaces:
SceneProcessor
@Deprecated public class BasicShadowRenderer extends java.lang.Object implements SceneProcessor
Deprecated.useDirectionalLightShadowRenderer
with one split.BasicShadowRenderer uses standard shadow mapping with one map it's useful to render shadows in a small scene, but edges might look a bit jagged.- Author:
- Kirill Vainer
-
-
Field Summary
Fields Modifier and Type Field Description protected Texture2D
dummyTex
Deprecated.protected GeometryList
lightReceivers
Deprecated.protected GeometryList
shadowOccluders
Deprecated.
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description BasicShadowRenderer(AssetManager manager, int size)
Deprecated.Creates a BasicShadowRenderer
-
Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Deprecated Methods Modifier and Type Method Description void
cleanup()
Deprecated.Called when the SP is removed from the RM.Vector3f
getDirection()
Deprecated.returns the light direction used for this processorPicture
getDisplayPicture()
Deprecated.debug onlyVector3f[]
getPoints()
Deprecated.debug onlyCamera
getShadowCamera()
Deprecated.debug only returns the shadow cameravoid
initialize(RenderManager rm, ViewPort vp)
Deprecated.Called in the render thread to initialize the scene processor.boolean
isInitialized()
Deprecated.void
postFrame(FrameBuffer out)
Deprecated.Called after a frame has been rendered and the queue flushed.void
postQueue(RenderQueue rq)
Deprecated.Called after the scene graph has been queued, but before it is flushed.void
preFrame(float tpf)
Deprecated.Called before a framevoid
reshape(ViewPort vp, int w, int h)
Deprecated.Called when the resolution of the viewport has been changed.void
setDirection(Vector3f direction)
Deprecated.sets the light direction to use to computs shadowsvoid
setProfiler(AppProfiler profiler)
Deprecated.Sets a profiler Instance for this processor.
-
-
-
Field Detail
-
dummyTex
protected Texture2D dummyTex
Deprecated.
-
lightReceivers
protected GeometryList lightReceivers
Deprecated.
-
shadowOccluders
protected GeometryList shadowOccluders
Deprecated.
-
-
Constructor Detail
-
BasicShadowRenderer
public BasicShadowRenderer(AssetManager manager, int size)
Deprecated.Creates a BasicShadowRenderer- Parameters:
manager
- the asset managersize
- the size of the shadow map (the map is square)
-
-
Method Detail
-
initialize
public void initialize(RenderManager rm, ViewPort vp)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called in the render thread to initialize the scene processor.- Specified by:
initialize
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Parameters:
rm
- The render manager to which the SP was added tovp
- The viewport to which the SP is assigned
-
isInitialized
public boolean isInitialized()
Deprecated.- Specified by:
isInitialized
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Returns:
- True if initialize() has been called on this SceneProcessor, false if otherwise.
-
getDirection
public Vector3f getDirection()
Deprecated.returns the light direction used for this processor- Returns:
- the pre-existing vector
-
setDirection
public void setDirection(Vector3f direction)
Deprecated.sets the light direction to use to computs shadows- Parameters:
direction
-
-
getPoints
public Vector3f[] getPoints()
Deprecated.debug only- Returns:
- the pre-existing array
-
getShadowCamera
public Camera getShadowCamera()
Deprecated.debug only returns the shadow camera- Returns:
- the pre-existing camera
-
postQueue
public void postQueue(RenderQueue rq)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called after the scene graph has been queued, but before it is flushed.- Specified by:
postQueue
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Parameters:
rq
- The render queue
-
getDisplayPicture
public Picture getDisplayPicture()
Deprecated.debug only- Returns:
- the pre-existing instance
-
postFrame
public void postFrame(FrameBuffer out)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called after a frame has been rendered and the queue flushed.- Specified by:
postFrame
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Parameters:
out
- The FB to which the scene was rendered.
-
preFrame
public void preFrame(float tpf)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called before a frame- Specified by:
preFrame
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Parameters:
tpf
- Time per frame
-
cleanup
public void cleanup()
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called when the SP is removed from the RM.- Specified by:
cleanup
in interfaceSceneProcessor
-
setProfiler
public void setProfiler(AppProfiler profiler)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Sets a profiler Instance for this processor.- Specified by:
setProfiler
in interfaceSceneProcessor
- Parameters:
profiler
- the profiler instance.
-
reshape
public void reshape(ViewPort vp, int w, int h)
Deprecated.Description copied from interface:SceneProcessor
Called when the resolution of the viewport has been changed.- Specified by:
reshape
in interfaceSceneProcessor
-
-


This is an element with some text in it.
Here are some more...
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.
Certain browsers return different results for top / left style properties generated by .getComputedStyle(). For example if you have an element without any specific position defined, $(element).style('top') will return the actual value ('8px') in Firefox, but ('auto') in Chrome.
Basic should have a .position() function to abstract this and .size() should probably be updated to use .getBoundingClientRect() as well.


The common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the nose. The throat, sinuses, and larynx may also be affected. Signs and symptoms may appear less than two days after exposure to the virus. These may include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, and fever. People usually recover in seven to ten days,[2] but some symptoms may last up to three weeks. Occasionally those with other health problems may develop pneumonia.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common, and very contagious, virus that infects the respiratory tract of most people. For the most of the population, the infection causes nothing more than a cold. But for a small percentage, infection with RSV can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening problems such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways of the lungs.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common, and very contagious, virus that infects the respiratory tract of most people. For the most of the population, the infection causes nothing more than a cold. But for a small percentage, infection with RSV can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening problems such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways of the lungs.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common, and very contagious, virus that infects the respiratory tract of most people. For the most of the population, the infection causes nothing more than a cold. But for a small percentage, infection with RSV can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening problems such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways of the lungs.
If you’re sick and coughing a lot, you may notice blood-tinged mucus. This can come from broken blood vessels in your nose or throat. In some cases, it can also be a sign of cancer. Your doctor can do tests to find out the cause.
If you’re sick and coughing a lot, you may notice blood-tinged mucus. This can come from broken blood vessels in your nose or throat. In some cases, it can also be a sign of cancer. Your doctor can do tests to find out the cause.
The most obvious symptom of acute bronchitis is a short-term dry hacking cough, which can become a productive cough that produces white or yellow sputum. Other symptoms may be wheezing and shortness of breath. As with any infection, there may also be associated fever, sore throat, chills, aches and pains, and a general feeling of tiredness and being unwell.
The most obvious symptom of acute bronchitis is a short-term dry hacking cough, which can become a productive cough that produces white or yellow sputum. Other symptoms may be wheezing and shortness of breath. As with any infection, there may also be associated fever, sore throat, chills, aches and pains, and a general feeling of tiredness and being unwell.
The most obvious symptom of acute bronchitis is a short-term dry hacking cough, which can become a productive cough that produces white or yellow sputum. Other symptoms may be wheezing and shortness of breath. As with any infection, there may also be associated fever, sore throat, chills, aches and pains, and a general feeling of tiredness and being unwell.
Symptoms of pneumonia depend on the severity of the disease (which is related to the cause, your age and your general health). Please consider in this period to do a COVID-19 testing, as the virus can cause a range of symptoms, from ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat and headaches.
Symptoms of pneumonia depend on the severity of the disease (which is related to the cause, your age and your general health). Please consider in this period to do a COVID-19 testing, as the virus can cause a range of symptoms, from ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat and headaches.
Symptoms of pneumonia depend on the severity of the disease (which is related to the cause, your age and your general health). Please consider in this period to do a COVID-19 testing, as the virus can cause a range of symptoms, from ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat and headaches.
The most common symptoms of chronic bronchitis are a recurrent or persistent productive cough, wheezing, and gradually worsening shortness of breath. Other symptoms include fatigue, sore throat, nasal congestion and headaches. Severe coughing may cause chest pain and cyanosis, which is a blue/grey colouration of the skin. Recurrent infection of the airways is also a sign of chronic bronchitis.
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March.
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March.
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.
Many viruses can lead to pneumonia, including the flu virus or RSV. These diseases don’t respond to antibiotics and treatment is usually helpful, although anti-virals may be required. Symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia but may also include headaches, extreme fatigue, or decreased appetite.


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{% extends 'music/base.html' %} {% block title %}Login{% endblock %} {% block navbar %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}
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{% extends "base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}Group Invitation{% endblock %} {% block content %}
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This is a modal window. You can do the following things with it:
• Read: modal windows will probably tell you something important so don't forget to read what they say.
• Look: a modal window enjoys a certain kind of attention; just look at it and appreciate its presence.
• Close: click on the button below to close the modal.


Installation¶
Download¶
Either download the source distribution directly or use:
git https://github.com/edager/platelib
Install¶
Go to directory where the platelib source file is (platelib/dist/
if git
was used) and run the following in the terminal:
pip install platelib-X.X.tar.gz
Where X.X
should be replaced by the version that was downloaded.
Upgrade¶
Go to directory where the platelib source file is (platelib/dist/
if git
was used) and run the following in the terminal:
pip install --upgrade platelib-X.X.tar.gz
Where X.X
should be replaced by the version that was downloaded.


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Leetcode Unique Binary Search Trees I I (python)
Requirement:
Given n, generate all structurally unique BST's (binary search trees) that store values 1...n.
For example,
Given n = 3, there are a total of 5 unique BST's.
1 3 3 2 1
\ / / / \ \
3 2 1 1 3 2
/ / \ \
2 1 2 3
Analysis:
This problem is a variant of Unique BST and it also can be solved by dynamic programming (memorization).
Since the inorder traversal of any BST in the answer will be the same 1...n, we only need to record the start value and end value a BST need to cover.
Suppose function buildTrees(start,end,memo) return the list of all distinct BSTs with value from start to end. Then the recursion can be expressed as:
For all t in [start, end], leftBranchSet = buildTrees(start, t-1, memo), rightBranchSet = buildTrees(t, end, memo), enumerate all combination of left and right subtrees, and output all these result.
Base case 1: start == end: return [TreeNode(start)]
Base case 2: start > end: return [None]
Code:
1 # Definition for a binary tree node
2 # class TreeNode:
3 # def __init__(self, x):
4 # self.val = x
5 # self.left = None
6 # self.right = None
7
8 class Solution:
9 # @return a list of tree node
10 def generateTrees(self, n):
11 # @return a list of tree nodes,
12 # which are root nodes of binary search tree
13 def buildTrees(start,end, memo={}):
14 if start > end:
15 return [None]
16 if (start, end) in memo:
17 return memo[(start, end)]
18 if start == end:
19 memo[(start, end)] = [TreeNode(start)]
20 return memo[(start, end)]
21 roots = []
22 for i in range(start, end+1):
23 leftCandidates = buildTrees(start, i-1, memo)
24 rightCandidates = buildTrees(i+1, end, memo)
25 for left in leftCandidates:
26 for right in rightCandidates:
27 root = TreeNode(i)
28 root.left = left
29 root.right = right
30 roots.append(root)
31 memo[(start, end)] = roots
32 return memo[(start, end)]
33 return buildTrees(1,n)
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shiny.Rmd
There are two main ways to use linne in shiny apps: 1) a convenient but inefficient one 2) an efficient but less flexible way.
In shiny the easiest way to add the CSS to an application is to use the include
method. Note however, that this is not advised in production, see the write
to improve performances.
You can generate the CSS using Linne
as per usual then inject it dynamically in the page with the inject
method. Note that for this you will need to place useLinne
in UI of shiny page.
library(linne) library(shiny) linne <- Linne$ new()$ rule( sel_id("change"), color = "white", backgroundColor = "black" ) ui <- fluidPage( useLinne(), # only required for inject method actionButton("change", "Change me!") ) server <- function(input, output){ observeEvent(input$change, { linne$inject() }) } shinyApp(ui, server)
The include
method will (by default) build the CSS every time it is called making it inefficient for prod. When deploying an app it is always better to save the generated CSS to a file then link that file in the shiny application.
Note that the CSS file has to be served in order to be accessible by the browser. RStudio defaults to the www
directory, if you wish to place it in another directory you will have to use shiny::addResourcePath
.
dir.create("www") # create static asset directory Linne$ new()$ rule( sel_tag("p"), color = "white", fontSize = 30 )$ write("www/style.css") # save
Then use the link
tag to link to the CSS file.


“The pages are still blank, but there is a miraculous feeling of the words being there, written in invisible ink and clamoring to become visible” ― Vladimir Nabokov


--- layout: post esbma_id: 1209 title: Followups on The .NET Abstraction Pile date: 2003-04-29 13:56:45 keywords: dev teaser: Near the bottom of my article on The .NET Abstraction Pile, I mention that we've had some bad experiences with Java here at SourceGear. Yesterday I was pleasantly surprised when Joel Spolsky linked my article (thanks Joel). Today my mailbox is filled with email from Java fans telling me my remarks were unfair and incorrect. ---
Near the bottom of my article on The .NET Abstraction Pile, I mention that we've had some bad experiences with Java here at SourceGear. Yesterday I was pleasantly surprised when Joel Spolsky linked my article (thanks Joel). Today my mailbox is filled with email from Java fans telling me my remarks were unfair and incorrect.
My opinions about Java were certainly not the real point of my article. I only mentioned our negative Java experiences as one example of how I have come to mistrust high-abstraction environments.  :-) I'm pretty much all about .NET now. I don't have the knowledge, the time or the desire to actually fight a .NET vs. Java war.
Yes, I know that .NET stands on the shoulders of Java. In fact, when I first saw C# presented at a DevelopMentor seminar, I was amazed at the similarities. It seems obvious that the C# team's kickoff meeting was very short: Hi everyone. Thanks for coming on such short notice. Go clone Java. Any questions?
Yes, I know that a comparison of Java and .NET is an "apples-to-oranges" issue. After all, Java aims to be cross-platform and .NET (so far) does not. I recognize this as a big issue. I like .NET a lot, but even now I envy Java folks because SWT looks like it might actually be a viable technology for cross-platform UI development.
Everyone wants to know about the "projects which completely failed because Java was chosen". Very briefly, here's the scoop:
So if you're a Java fan, you are breathing a sigh of relief right now.
"Oh good. Eric is clueless and his perspective on Java is years out of date. Nothing to worry about here."
No problem. :-) Like I said, slamming Java was not the point of my article. I've had some positive experience with C# and some negative experience with Java, but my experience is a pretty small dataset. Java today is probably a lot better than it was in 1997. Great.
Bottom line: The fact that my Java criticisms fall apart under close inspection does not invalidate the real points of my article:
By the way, not all of our Java experience has been negative. The SourceOffSite server is written in Java, and that product has been very successful for us.
Oh yeah, one more thing: Thanks to those who pointed out my mistake on UDP vs. IP. The article has been corrected. :-)


Workforce Toolkit
Additional Resources
A variety of terms may have meanings similar or related to “human resources”, “human resource management”, or “workforce.” These related terms include: “human capital management,” “talent management”, and “people management.”
Human Capital Management-This term likely was initially used to raise the perception of human resources as the equivalent of financial or building (capitol) management. However, for some, this term tends to demean people by equating them to money or buildings.
Talent Management-This terms views the workforce as talent to be recruited, developed, and rewarded. Many companies have developed sophisticated talent management software that can be very helpful in tracking many of the areas addressed elsewhere in this toolkit.
People Management-This term was intended to take the word “resources” out of “human resource management,” and appear more empowering to the workforce.
Society for Human Resource Management: www.shrm.org
International Public Management Association for Human Resources: www.ipma-hr.org
National Association of State Personnel Executives: www.naspe.net
Workforce Magazine: www.workforce.com
Glossary
All terms in the workforce toolkit are from the Society for Human Resource Management’s Glossary and can be found at the following link: Add link to glossary.doc ASSET ID ADR2.
Resources for Leaders
Leaders can obtain more information on the link to Tools for VR Directors with Human Resource Issues ASSET ID ADR14 as well as the link to the requested Broader Impact Strategies for VR Directors ASSET ID ADR15
.
[1]Per Wikipedia, micro-inequity is a theory that refers to hypothesized ways in which individuals are either singled out, overlooked, ignored, or otherwise discounted based on an unchangeable characteristic such as race or gender.


Directions
Main Title of the Activity
Click the
View
Solution
button to view the solution.
Statement
Some text
Statement
Some more text
Start Over


Verification is required for USD deposit,and USD withdrawal.Please enter your personal information and update the material needed for verification. After all the information is complete,the compliance team will begin to review,and you are able to monitor the progress towards verification.
Verification is required for USD deposit,and USD withdrawal.Please enter your personal information and update the material needed for verification.
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In this stage, we will add another property that is called a Spy number. A number is said to be Spy if the sum of all digits is equal to the product of all digits.
Our program calculates the properties of numbers, and also knows how to process a list of numbers. But what if we want to find numbers that have a certain property? For example, in case we want to find ten Buzz numbers starting from 1000. We need to add a new request feature for this. In addition, add a new property — Spy numbers. These numbers hide well, so beware. Your task is to modify the program so that it can search for these numbers.
Your program should process the user requests. In this stage, your program should:
In the current stage, the property names include even
, odd
, buzz
, duck
, palindromic
, gapful
, and spy
. The test won't check the order of properties, their indentation, and spaces. You may format numbers as you like. Please, add the information below:
Supported requests:
- enter a natural number to know its properties;
- enter two natural numbers to obtain the properties of the list:
* the first parameter represents a starting number;
* the second parameter shows how many consecutive numbers are to be printed;
- two natural numbers and a property to search for;
- separate the parameters with one space;
- enter 0 to exit.
The first parameter should be a natural number or zero.
The second parameter should be a natural number.
The property [SUN] is wrong.
Available properties: [EVEN, ODD, BUZZ, DUCK, PALINDROMIC, GAPFUL, SPY]
The greater-than symbol followed by a space (>
) represents the user input. Note that it's not part of the input.
Example 1:
Welcome to Amazing Numbers!
Supported requests:
- enter a natural number to know its properties;
- enter two natural numbers to obtain the properties of the list:
* the first parameter represents a starting number;
* the second parameters show how many consecutive numbers are to be processed;
- two natural numbers and a property to search for;
- separate the parameters with one space;
- enter 0 to exit.
Enter a request: 9
Properties of 9
buzz: false
duck: false
palindromic: true
gapful: false
spy: true
even: false
odd: true
Enter a request: 9 7
9 is palindromic, spy, odd
10 is duck, even
11 is palindromic, odd
12 is even
13 is odd
14 is buzz, even
15 is odd
Enter a request: 99 9 spy
123 is spy, odd
132 is gapful, spy, even
213 is spy, odd
231 is buzz, gapful, spy, odd
312 is spy, even
321 is spy, odd
1,124 is spy, even
1,142 is spy, even
1,214 is spy, even
Enter a request: 9 3 drake
The property [DRAKE] is wrong.
Available properties: [BUZZ, DUCK, PALINDROMIC, GAPFUL, SPY, EVEN, ODD]
Enter a request: 9 3 duck
10 is duck, even
20 is duck, even
30 is duck, even
Enter a request: bye
The first parameter should be a natural number or zero.
Enter a request: 0
Goodbye!
Process finished with exit code 0


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Select a Room to play!
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Ahsoka Tano Togruta a Togruta female, was the Padawan learner to Anakin Skywalker and a hero of the Clone Wars. Barriss Offee Leia Organa Luminara Unduli Sabine Wren Hera Syndulla: Work in progress.


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Chapter 1 Population Statistics
1.1 Populations
Almost every statistics text begins with the concept of a population. A population is the complete set of individuals to which you want to predict values. Let’s dwell on this concept, as it is something that did not hit home for me right away in my career. Again, the population is all of the individuals for which you are interested in making a prediction. What do we mean by individuals? Not just people – individuals can plants, insects, disease, livestock or, indeed, farmers.
Just as important as what individuals are in a population is its extent. What do you want the individuals to represent? If you are a farmer, do you want to apply the data from these individuals directly to themselves, or will you use them to make management decisions for the entire field, or all the fields in your farm? Will you use the results this season or to make predictions for future seasons? If you are an animal nutritionist, will you use rations data to support dairy Herefords, or beef Angus?
If you are a sales agronomist, will you use the data to support sales on one farm, a group of farms in one area, or across your entire sales territory? If you are in Extension, will the individuals you measure be applicable to your entire county, group of counties, or state? If you are in industry like me, will your results be applicable to several states?
This is a very, very critical question, as you design experiments – or as you read research conducted by others. To what do or will the results apply? Obviously, an Iowa farmer should not follow the optimum planting date determined for a grower in North Carolina, nor should an Ohio farmer assume our pale clays will be as forgiving as the dark, mellow loam of southern Minnesota.
Drilling down, you might further consider whether research was conducted in areas that have similar temperature or rainfall, how different the soil texture might be to the areas to which you want to apply results. At the farm level, you might ask how similar the crop rotation, tillage, or planting methods were to that operation. At the field level, you might wonder about planting date or the hybrid that was sown.
When you use the results from set of individuals to make predictions about other individuals, you are making inferences – you are using those data to make predictions, whether it be for that same field next month or next year, or for other locations (areas in a field, fields in a farm, counties, or states). When we speak of an inference space, then, that is the total group of individuals to which you will apply your results. Or, in another word, your population.
In summary, one of the most critical skills you can apply with data science has no formula and, indeed, little to do with math (at least in our application). It is to ask yourself, will my experiment represent the entire population in which I am interested? Indeed, one field trial likely will not address the entire population in which you are interested – it is up to you to determine the population to which you are comfortable applying those results.
In fact, statistics or data science done without this “domain” knowledge whether a dataset is useful or experimental results are reasonable can be disastrous. Just because a model fits one dataset very well or treatments are significantly different does not mean they should be used to make decisions. Your competency as an agronomic data scientist depends on everything you learn in your program of study. Soil science, crop physiology, and integrated pest management, to name just a few subjects, are as much a prerequisite as any math course you have taken.
In some cases all of the individuals in a population can be measured – in such case, we will use the basic statistics described in this unit. The yield map we will analyze in this unit is a loose example of a case where we can measure
In most cases, however, it is not physically or financially feasible to measure all individuals in a population. In that case, subsets of the population, called samples, are used to estimate the range of individuals in a population.
1.2 Case Study: Yield Map
For our first case study, we will use a situation where every individual in our population can be measured: a single soybean field in central Iowa. In this case, yield data were gathered using a combine monitor.  The moisture of the grain is also recorded. These data are combined with measures of the combine speed and knowledge of the number of rows harvested at once to calculate the yield per area of grain, adjusted to the market standard for grain moisture.
Almost all of you have seen a yield map somewhat like the one below. In this map, blue circles represent lower yields, while yellow and orange circles represent higher yields.
We will learn in the Exercises portion of this lesson how to create a map like this using just a few lines of code.
Each dataset has a structure – the way data are organized in columns and rows. To get a sense of the structure of our soybean dataset, we can examine the first 6 rows of the dataset using R.
##
## Attaching package: 'kableExtra'
## The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
##
## group_rows
| DISTANCE | SWATHWIDTH | VRYIELDVOL | Crop | WetMass | Moisture | Time | Heading | VARIETY | Elevation | IsoTime | yield_bu | geometry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.9202733 | 5 | 57.38461 | 174 | 3443.652 | 0.00 | 9/19/2016 4:45:46 PM | 300.1584 | 23A42 | 786.8470 | 2016-09-19T16:45:46.001Z | 65.97034 | POINT (-93.15026 41.66641) |
| 2.6919269 | 5 | 55.88097 | 174 | 3353.411 | 0.00 | 9/19/2016 4:45:48 PM | 303.6084 | 23A42 | 786.6140 | 2016-09-19T16:45:48.004Z | 64.24158 | POINT (-93.15028 41.66641) |
| 2.6263101 | 5 | 80.83788 | 174 | 4851.075 | 0.00 | 9/19/2016 4:45:49 PM | 304.3084 | 23A42 | 786.1416 | 2016-09-19T16:45:49.007Z | 92.93246 | POINT (-93.15028 41.66642) |
| 2.7575437 | 5 | 71.76773 | 174 | 4306.777 | 6.22 | 9/19/2016 4:45:51 PM | 306.2084 | 23A42 | 785.7381 | 2016-09-19T16:45:51.002Z | 77.37348 | POINT (-93.1503 41.66642) |
| 2.3966513 | 5 | 91.03274 | 174 | 5462.851 | 12.22 | 9/19/2016 4:45:54 PM | 309.2284 | 23A42 | 785.5937 | 2016-09-19T16:45:54.002Z | 91.86380 | POINT (-93.15032 41.66644) |
| 3.1840529 | 5 | 65.59037 | 174 | 3951.056 | 13.33 | 9/19/2016 4:45:55 PM | 309.7584 | 23A42 | 785.7512 | 2016-09-19T16:45:55.005Z | 65.60115 | POINT (-93.15033 41.66644) |
Each row in the above dataset is a case, sometimes called an instance. It is an single observation taken within a soybean field. That case may contain one or more variables: specific measurements or observations recorded for each case. In the dataset above, variables include DISTANCE, SWATHWIDTH, VRYIELDVOL, Crop, WetMass, and many others.
The two most important to us in this lesson are yield_bu and geometry. That this dataset has a column named geometry indicates it is a special kind of dataset called a shape file – a dataset in which the measures are geo-referenced. That is, we know where on Earth these measurements were taken. The geometry column in this case identifies a point with each observation.
1.3 Distributions
At this point, we have two options any time we want to know about soybean yield in this field. We can pull out this map or the complete dataset (which has over 6,500 observations) and look at try to intuitively understand the data. Or we can use statistics which, in a sense, provide us a formula for approximating the values in our dataset with just a few numbers.
A distribution describes the range of values that occur within a given variable. What is the range of values in our measured values? In this example, what are the highest and lowest yields we observed? What ranges of values occur more frequently? Many times, we want to see whether the distribution of one
1.3.1 Histograms
Before we get into the math required to generate these statistics, however, we should look at the shape of our data. What is the range of values in our measured values? In this example, what are the highest and lowest yields we observed? What ranges of values occur more frequently? Do the observed values make general sense?
One of the easiest and most informative things for us to do is to create a particular bar chart known as a histogram.
In the histogram above, each bar represents range of values. This range is often referred to as a bin. The lowest bin includes values from 50 to 59.0000. The next bin includes values from 60 to 69.9999. And so on. The height of each bar represents the frequency within each range: the number of individuals in that population that have values within that range.
Each bin can also be defined by its midpoint. The midpoint is the middle value in each range. For the bin that includes values from 50 to 50.9999, the midpoint is 55. For the bin that includes values from 60 to 60.9999, the midpoint is 65.
In the plot above, the midpoint for each bar is indicated by the orange bar beneath it.
There are many ways in which we can draw a histogram – and other
visualizations – in R. We will learn more in this course about an R
package called ggplot2
, which can create just about any plot you might
imagine. Here is a simple taste:
ggplot(data=yield, aes(x=yield_bu)) +
geom_histogram(breaks=seq(50, 110, 10), fill="tomato", color="black")
Varying the bin width provides us with different perspectives on our distribution. Wide bins, which each include a greater range of values, will provide more gross representations of the data, while narrower bins will provide greater detail. When bins are too narrow, however, there may be gaps in our histogram where no values occur within particular bins.
Throughout this course, I have created interactive exercises to help you better visualize statistical concepts. Often, they will allow you to observe how changing the variables or the number of observations can affect a statistical test or visualization.
These exercises are located outside of this textbook. To access them, please follow links like that below. The exercises may take several seconds to launch and run in your browser. I apologize for their slowness – this is the best platform I have found to date.
Please click on the link below to open an application where you can vary the bin width and see how it changes your perspective:
1.3.2 Percentiles
We can also use percentiles to describe the values of a variable more numerically. Percentiles describe how values the proportional spread of values, from lowest to highest, within a distribution. To identify percentiles, the data are numerically ordered (ranked) from lowest to highest. Each percentile is associated with a number; the percentile is the percentage of all data equal to or less than that number. We can quickly generate the 0th, 25th, 50th, and 75th, and 100th percentile in R:
summary(yield$yield_bu)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 55.12 74.96 80.62 80.09 85.44 104.95
This returns six numbers. The 0th percentile (alternatively referred to as the minimum) is 55.12 – this is the lowest yield measured in the field. The 25th percentile (also called the 1st Quartile) is 74.96. This means that 25% of all observations were equal to 74.96 bushels or less. The 50th percentile (also known as the median) was 80.62, meaning half of all observations were equal to 80.62 bushels or less. 75% of observations were less than 85.44, the 75th percentile (or 3rd quartile). Finally, the 100th percentile (or maximum yield) recorded for this field was 104.95.
We are now gaining a better sense of the range of observations that were most common. But we can describe this distribution with even fewer numbers.
1.3.3 Normal Distribution Model
Let’s overlay a curve, representing the normal distribution, on our histogram. You have probably seen or heard of this curve before. Often it is called a bell curve; in school, it is the Curve that many students count on to bring up their grades. We will learn more about this distribution in Lesson 2.
In a perfect scenario, our curve would pass through the midpoint of each bar. This rarely happens with real-world data, and especially in agriculture. The data may be slightly skewed, meaning there are more individuals that measure above the mean than below, or vice versa.
In this example, our data do not appear skewed. Our curve seems a little too short and wide to exactly fit the data. This is a condition called kurtosis. No, kurtosis doesn’t mean that our data stink; they are just more spread out or compressed than in a “perfect” situation.
No problem. We can – and should – conclude it is appropriate to fit these data with a normal distribution. If we had even more data, the curve would likely fit them even better.
Many populations can be handily summarized with the normal distribution curve, but we need to know a couple of statistics about the data. First, we need to know where the center of the curve should be. Second, we need to know the width or dispersion of the curve.
1.3.4 Measures of Center
To mathamatically describe our distribution, we first need a measure of center. The two most common measures of center are the arithmetic mean and median. The mean is the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations.
\[\displaystyle \mu = \frac{\sum x_i}{n}\] The \(\mu\) symbol (a u with a tail) signifies the true mean of a population. The \(\sum\) symbol (the character next to \(x_i\) which looks like the angry insect alien from A Quiet Place) means “sum.” Thus, anytime you see the \(\sum\) symbol, we are summing the variable(s) to its right. \(x_i\) is the value \(x\) of the ith individual in the population. Finally, n is the number of individuals in the population.
For example, if we have a set of number from 1:5, their mean can be calculated as:
\[ \frac{1+2+3+4+5}{5} = 3 \] The mean yield for our field is about 80.09 bushels per acre. This isrepresented by the red line in the histogram below.
Earlier, you were introduced to the median. As discussed, the median is a number such that half of the individuals in the population are greater and half are less. If we have an odd number of individuals, the median is the “middle” number as the individuals are ranked from greatest to least.
\[ \{1,2,3,4,5\} \\ median = 3 \]
If we have an even number of measures, the median is the average of the middle two individuals in the ranking:
\[\{1,2,3,4,5,6\} \\ median = 3.5 \]
Let’s add a blue line to our histogram to represent the median.
As you can see, they are practically identical. When the mean and median are similar, the number of individuals measuring greater and less than the mean are roughly equivalent. In this case, our data can be represented using the normal distribution.
We also need a statistic that tells us how wide to draw the curve. That statistic is called a measure of dispersion, and we will learn about it next.
1.3.5 Measures of Dispersion
To describe the spread of a population, we use one of three related measures of disperson: sum of squares, variance, and standard deviation. Although there is a little math involved in these three statistics, please make yourself comfortable with their concepts because they are very important in this course. Almost every statistical test we will learn during this course is rooted in these measures of population width.
<IP_ADDRESS> Sum of Squares
The first measure of population width is the sum of squares. This is the sum of the squared differences between each observation and the mean. The sum of squares of a measurement x is:
\[\displaystyle S_{xx} = (x_i - \mu)^2\]
Where again \(x_i\) is the value \(x\) of the \(ith\) individual in the population and \(\mu\) is the true mean of a population.
Why do we square the differences between the observations and means? Simply, if we were to add the unsquared differences they would add to exactly zero. Let’s prove this to ourselves. Let’s again use the set of numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). We can measure the distance of each individual from the mean by subtracting the mean from it. This difference is called the residual.
= data.frame(individuals = c(1,2,3,4,5))
sample_data
library(janitor)
##
## Attaching package: 'janitor'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## chisq.test, fisher.test
= sample_data %>%
first_resid_table mutate(mean = 3) %>%
mutate(residual = individuals - mean) %>%
mutate(mean = as.character(mean))
= data.frame(individuals = "Total",
first_resid_totals mean = "",
residual = sum(first_resid_table$residual))
%>%
first_resid_table rbind(first_resid_totals) %>%
kbl()
| individuals | mean | residual |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | -2 |
| 2 | 3 | -1 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
| 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Total | 0 |
The first column of the above dataset contains the individual observations. The second column contains the population mean, repeated for each observation. The third column is the residuals, which are calculated by subtracting each observed value from the population mean.
And if we sum these residuals we get zero.
\[ (-2) + (-1) + (0) + (+1) + (+2) = 0 \]
Let’s now do this with our field data. The number of residuals (almost 6800) is too many to visualize at once, so we will pick 20 at random.
set.seed(080921)
= data.frame(yield = sample(yield$yield_bu, 10))
yield_sample
= yield_sample %>%
second_resid_table mutate(yield = round(yield,2),
mean = round(mean(yield),2),
residual = yield-mean)
= data.frame(yield = "Total",
second_resid_totals mean = "",
residual = sum(second_resid_table$residual))
%>%
second_resid_table rbind(second_resid_totals) %>%
kbl()
| yield | mean | residual |
|---|---|---|
| 83.61 | 76.52 | 7.09 |
| 86.82 | 76.52 | 10.30 |
| 68.39 | 76.52 | -8.13 |
| 81.91 | 76.52 | 5.39 |
| 80.75 | 76.52 | 4.23 |
| 57.06 | 76.52 | -19.46 |
| 62.58 | 76.52 | -13.94 |
| 86.6 | 76.52 | 10.08 |
| 80.05 | 76.52 | 3.53 |
| 77.42 | 76.52 | 0.90 |
| Total | -0.01 |
If we sum up all the yield residuals, we get -0.04. Not exactly zero, but close. The difference from zero is the result of rounding errors during the calculation.
The sum of squares is calculated by squaring each residual and then summing the residuals. For our example using the set (1, 2, 3, 4, 5):
= first_resid_table %>%
first_squares_table mutate(square = residual^2)
= data.frame(individuals = "Total",
first_squares_totals mean = "",
residual = "",
square = sum(first_squares_table$square))
%>%
first_squares_table rbind(first_squares_totals) %>%
kbl()
| individuals | mean | residual | square |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | -2 | 4 |
| 2 | 3 | -1 | 1 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Total | 10 |
And for our yield data:
= second_resid_table %>%
second_squares_table mutate(square = round(residual^2,2)) %>%
mutate(residual = round(residual, 2))
= data.frame(yield = "Total",
second_squares_totals mean = "",
residual = "",
square = sum(second_squares_table$square))
%>%
second_squares_table rbind(second_squares_totals) %>%
kbl()
| yield | mean | residual | square |
|---|---|---|---|
| 83.61 | 76.52 | 7.09 | 50.27 |
| 86.82 | 76.52 | 10.3 | 106.09 |
| 68.39 | 76.52 | -8.13 | 66.10 |
| 81.91 | 76.52 | 5.39 | 29.05 |
| 80.75 | 76.52 | 4.23 | 17.89 |
| 57.06 | 76.52 | -19.46 | 378.69 |
| 62.58 | 76.52 | -13.94 | 194.32 |
| 86.6 | 76.52 | 10.08 | 101.61 |
| 80.05 | 76.52 | 3.53 | 12.46 |
| 77.42 | 76.52 | 0.9 | 0.81 |
| Total | 957.29 |
<IP_ADDRESS> Variance
The sum of squares helps quantify spread: the larger the sum of squares, the greater the spread of observations around the population mean. There is one issue with the sum of squares, though: since the sum of square is derived from the differences between each observation and the mean, it is also related to the number of individuals overall in our population. In our example above, the sum of squares was 10.
Now, let’s generate a dataset with two 1s, two 2s, two 3s, two 4s, and two 5s:
= first_resid_table %>%
first_squares_table mutate(square = residual^2)
= first_squares_table %>%
double_squares_table rbind(first_squares_table)
= data.frame(individuals = "Total",
double_squares_totals mean = "",
residual = "",
square = sum(double_squares_table$square))
%>%
double_squares_table rbind(double_squares_totals) %>%
kbl()
| individuals | mean | residual | square |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 3 | -2 | 4 |
| 2 | 3 | -1 | 1 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| 1 | 3 | -2 | 4 |
| 2 | 3 | -1 | 1 |
| 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Total | 20 |
You will notice the sum of squares increases to 20. The spread of the data did not change: we recorded the same five values. The only difference is that we observed each value twice.
The moral of this story is this: given any distribution, the sum of squares will always increase with the number of observations. Thus, if we want to compare the spread of two different populations with different numbers of individuals, we need to adjust our interpretation to allow for the number of observations.
We do this by dividing the sum of squares, \(S_{xx}\) by the number of observations, \(n\). In essence, we are calculating an “average” of the sum of squares. This value is the variance, \(\sigma^2\).
\[\sigma^2 = \frac{S_{xx}}{n}\] We can calculate the variance as follows.
In our first example, the set {1,2,3,4,5} had a sum of squares of 10. in that case, the variance would be:
\[\frac{10}{5} = 2 \]
In our second example, the set {1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5} had a sum of squares of 20. In that example, the variance would be
\[ \frac{20}{10} = 2 \]
As you can see, the variance is not affected by the size of the dataset, only by the distribution of its values.
Later on in this course, we will calculate the variance a little differently:
\[\sigma^2 = \frac{S_{xx}}{n-1}\] n-1 is referred to as the degrees of freedom. We use degrees of freedom when we work with samples (subsets) of a population. In this unit, however, we are working with populations, so we will not worry about those.
<IP_ADDRESS> Standard Deviation
Our challenge in using the variance to describe population spread is it’s units are not intuitive. When we square the measure we also square the units of measure. For example the variance of our yield is measured in units of bushels2.  Our solution is to report our final estimate of population spread in the original units of measure. To do this, we calculate the square root of the variance. This statistic is called the standard deviation, \(\sigma\).
\[\sigma = \sqrt{(\sigma^2)}\]
For the dataset {1,2,3,4,5}, the sum of squares is 10, the variance 2, and the standard deviation is:
\[\sigma = \sqrt{2} = 1.4 \]
For our yield dataset, the sum of squares is 957.29, and based on 10 observations. Our variance is therefore:
\[\sigma^2 = \frac{957.29}{10} = 9.57 \text{ bushels}^2 \text{ / acre}^2\]
Our sum of squares is :
$ = 3.09 $$
That is enough theory for this first week of class. The remainder of this lesson will focus on introducing you to RStudioCloud.


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