| Constants |
| NONE |
"None" - Do nothing.
|
| SHOW |
"Show" - Shows object when term matches.
|
| HIDE |
"Hide" - Hides object when term matches.
|
| MARK |
"Mark" - Marks object when term matches.
|
| UNMARK |
"UnMark" - Removes mark from object when term matches.
|
| MARKREAD |
"MarkRead" - Marks object as read when term matches.
|
| MARKUNREAD |
"MarkUnRead" - Marks object as not read when term matches.
|
| MOVE |
"Move" - Moves object to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
| COPY |
"Copy" - Copies object to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
| DELETE |
"Delete" - Deletes object when term matches.
|
| LINK |
"Link" - Creates a link to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
| FORWARD |
"Forward" - Forwards object to Rule::Parameter when
term matches.
|
| Constants' Details |
NONE
const short NONE = 0;
- Description
- "None" - Do nothing.
|
|
SHOW
const short SHOW = 1;
- Description
- "Show" - Shows object when term matches.
|
|
HIDE
const short HIDE = 2;
- Description
- "Hide" - Hides object when term matches.
|
|
MARK
const short MARK = 3;
- Description
- "Mark" - Marks object when term matches.
|
|
UNMARK
const short UNMARK = 4;
- Description
- "UnMark" - Removes mark from object when term matches.
|
|
MARKREAD
const short MARKREAD = 5;
- Description
- "MarkRead" - Marks object as read when term matches.
|
|
MARKUNREAD
const short MARKUNREAD = 6;
- Description
- "MarkUnRead" - Marks object as not read when term matches.
|
|
MOVE
const short MOVE = 7;
- Description
- "Move" - Moves object to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
|
COPY
const short COPY = 8;
- Description
- "Copy" - Copies object to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
|
DELETE
const short DELETE = 9;
- Description
- "Delete" - Deletes object when term matches.
|
|
LINK
const short LINK = 10;
- Description
- "Link" - Creates a link to Rule::Parameter when term
matches.
|
|
FORWARD
const short FORWARD = 11;
- Description
- "Forward" - Forwards object to Rule::Parameter when
term matches.
|
|
Copyright © 2013, The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Apache, the Apache feather logo, Apache OpenOffice and OpenOffice.org are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.


Dear Friend, Do accept my sincere apologies if my mail does not meet your personal Ethics. I introduce myself as Mr. Andrew Gama staff in the accounts management Section of a well-known bank in South Africa. One of our accounts with holding balance of £15,000,000 (Fifteen Million British Pounds) has been dormant and last operated in the past 3 years. From my investigations and confirmations, the owner of this account is a Foreigner by name Gerald Stone died on the 4th of January 2002 on a planecrash in Birmingham UK. Since then nobody has done anything as regards the claiming of this money as he has no family Member who is aware of the existence of either the accountn or the Funds.Information from the National Immigration also states that he was single on entry into South Africa. I have confidentially discussed this issue with some of the bank officials and we have agreed to find a reliable foreign partner to deal with. We thus propose to do business with you, standing in as the next of kin of these funds from the deceased and funds released to you after due processes have been followed. This transaction is totally free of risk and troubles as the fund is Legitimate and does not originate from drug, money laundry, terrorism or any other Illegal act. On your interest, let me hear from you. Regards, MR ANDREW GAMA a.gama0@yahoo.com.hk


Weather update: Depression to bring heavy rains over parts of Oman
by Times News ServiceMuscat: A deep air depression that has been affecting weather over parts of the Sultanate has been named Haya. The Public Authority for Civil Aviation on Saturday warned that the depression would be accompanied by heavy rains and strong winds over certain parts.
Meanwhile, Muscat Municipality said in a statement, "Muscat Municipality in Al Seeb is making efforts to remove the fallen trees in North Al Hail due to winds.”


Rock nights and war of Bands/DJ’s are events that seem quite common in college fests.
Wisdom College Of Engineering provide us good campus placements.
The Place where books, Magazine and reading materials are kept is known as library.
Techfest is the annual science and technology festival of Wisdom College Of Engineering.
Games and sports are not only important for success in studio but it is important for success in every walks of our life.
Hostels in academic institutions are the epicenter of the dynamics of the campus life.


Pori Urundai
INGREDIENTS
- Puffed rice/Pori - 4 1/2 cups heaped
- Jaggery/paagu vellam - 1 cup
- Water - 1/2 cup
- Cardamom powder - a generous pinch (optional)
- Ghee - 1 tsp
PROCEDURE
- Heat 1/2 cup of water, add jaggery to it, after it melts, filter it to remove any impurities.
- In a heavy bottomed pan, add the filtered jaggery water, cardamom powder, a tsp of ghee and boil the jaggery water, until it reaches a hard ball consistency. (ie)when you pour a tsp of jaggery syrup into a cup of water, it should not dissolve, you must be able to make a hard ball out of it. This is the right consistency.
- At this stage, switch off the flame, add the puffed rice to it and mix well.
- Grease your hands with ghee and quickly make balls out of it, when the heat is bearable. Initially you can make roughly shaped balls. Then you can shape it nicely.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Register Success!{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Something fancy about. we ar eso happy you registered. Here have some feelgood words and now proceed to login.


Public | ||
| QState () | : Default constructor. (Create one qubit) | |
| QState (int size) | : Coefficients not specified. Set up Walsh-Hadamard state (1/sqrt(size)). | |
| QState (int size, const std::vector<Complex> &c) | : Constructor with initialization to complex amplitude array. | |
| _nQubits (size) | ||
| ~QState () | : Default destructor. | |
| void | SetState (const std::vector<Complex> &c) | : Set state to specified coefficients. |
| void | PrintSTD () const | : Display outcomes and coefficients [does not disturb state] |
| void | Print () const | : New version of above. (uses streams) [DOES NOT COLLAPSE] |
| void | Dump (char filename[]) const | : Dump state to file. (Oemer-like Format) [does not disturb state] |
| void | Read (char filename[]) | : Read state from file. [convenience function] |
| int | Outcomes () const | : Returns total number of outcomes. |
| int | Qubits () const | : Returns total number of bits. |
| operator | long () | : Implicit conversion operator causes destructive measure. |
| Complex& | operator[] (int index) | : Access to coefficients. |
Friends | ||
| friend ostream& | operator<< (ostream&, const QState&) | : Same as above. |
| friend void | Reset (QState &q) | : Reset to base state |00...0>. |
| friend long | Measure (QState &q) | : Destructive register measure. |
| friend short | Measure (QState &q, int i) | : Destructive bit measure. |
| friend int | MeasureSet (QState &q, unsigned long bits) | : Destructive measure of a set of bits. |
| friend double | norm (const QState &q) | : Sum of normalized amplitudes. |
Note that the collapsing functions do not return another
state, as suggested by Peter Belkner, but rather destroy
the *this state. This is more physically correct because
when we look at a quantum state in real life, we don't
get 'another' state, but rather the state we are looking
at collapses. After the collapse all the coefficients are
set to 0 except for that of the state that the register
collapsed to.


Salmon Cookies Sales
Home Page
Store
Store Submission Form
Store Location
Minimum Customers
Maximum Customers
Average Cookies Per Customers
Send It!


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public class Order
extends java.lang.Object
implements java.io.Serializable
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Order(Customer customer,
Restaurant restaurant)
creates a new Order object given a customer and a target restaurant
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
addDish(Dish dish)
add a dish to the list of dishes proposed on the menu
|
void |
addMeal(Meal meal)
add a meal to the list of meals proposed on the menu
|
double |
computePrice() |
boolean |
equals(java.lang.Object o) |
Position |
getAddressOfDelivery() |
Courier |
getCourier() |
Customer |
getCustomer() |
java.util.Calendar |
getDateOfOrder() |
java.util.ArrayList<Dish> |
getDishes() |
java.util.ArrayList<Meal> |
getMeals() |
double |
getPrice() |
Restaurant |
getRestaurant() |
int |
getUniqueID() |
void |
removeDish(Dish dish)
remove a dish to the list of dishes proposed on the menu
|
void |
removeMeal(Meal meal)
remove a meal to the list of meals proposed on the menu
|
void |
setAddressOfDelivery(Position addressOfDelivery) |
void |
setCourier(Courier courier) |
void |
setPrice(double price) |
void |
submit(boolean applyReduction,
MyFoodora myFoodora)
when the order is validated
we allocate a courier and put the order on his board
we increase the counter of the restaurant
we increase all the counters of the picked items
we compute the price of the order according to a eventual reduction
if necessary we add the fidelity points to the card of the customer
|
java.lang.String |
toString() |
void |
validateOrderByCourier(MyFoodora myFoodora)
indicate that the courier has accepted the delivery call of this order
the order is then completed
|
public Order(Customer customer, Restaurant restaurant)
customer
- : the customer making an orderrestaurant
- : the target restaurantpublic int getUniqueID()
public Customer getCustomer()
public Restaurant getRestaurant()
public java.util.Calendar getDateOfOrder()
public java.util.ArrayList<Dish> getDishes()
public void addDish(Dish dish)
dish
- : the dish to add to the menupublic void removeDish(Dish dish)
dish
- : the dish to remove from the menupublic java.util.ArrayList<Meal> getMeals()
public void addMeal(Meal meal)
meal
- : the meal to add to the menupublic void removeMeal(Meal meal)
meal
- : the meal to remove from the menupublic double getPrice()
public void setPrice(double price)
public double computePrice()
public Position getAddressOfDelivery()
public void setAddressOfDelivery(Position addressOfDelivery)
public Courier getCourier()
public void setCourier(Courier courier)
public void submit(boolean applyReduction, MyFoodora myFoodora)
applyReduction
- : "true" if the customer wants to apply a reduction using his fidelity cardmyFoodora
- : myFoodora corepublic void validateOrderByCourier(MyFoodora myFoodora)
myFoodora
- : my Foodora systempublic java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
public boolean equals(java.lang.Object o)
equals
in class java.lang.Object


Decorative Items
$12
Hanging bell.
Chinese traditional outdoor hanging decorative bell.
$15
Multi colour Clay Planter
Colourful flower pots from great selection for outdoor area with beautiful finish.
$20
Bottle flask
Transperant Bottle Flask with artificial flowers made of plastic material
$27
White Tea Pot With Cup
Beautiful tea pot set made of ceramic with hand painted
$20
Vintage Tea pot
Traditional tea pot with beautiful brown finish and texture


‘Once Upon a Time in Hollywood’ Extended Scene Wants to Know What’s Behind the Green Door
by Chris EvangelistaWhat better way to celebrate both the weekend and the digital release of Once Upon a Time in Hollywood than by watching an extended clip of Leonardo DiCaprio singing off-key and dancing around? The Once Upon a Time in Hollywood extended clip below includes a longer version of the “Green Door” scene from the movie, where DiCaprio’s Rick Dalton performs on the show Hullabaloo.
Once Upon a Time In Hollywood Extended Scene
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is one of my favorite films of the year, and I can’t wait to pick it up…on Blu-ray. I am a stickler for physical media, and don’t like to partake in digital releases. You, however, might be fine with digital releases, in which case today is your lucky day – the latest Quentin Tarantino movie is now available on digital.
The digital (and Blu-ray) release comes packed with these special features:
4K ULTRA HD, BLU-RAY AND DIGITAL BONUS MATERIALS
- Over Twenty Minutes of Additional Scenes
- Five exclusive behind the scenes pieces including: Quentin Tarantino’s Love Letter to Hollywood Bob Richardson – For the Love of Film Shop Talk – The Cars of 1969 Restoring Hollywood – The Production Design of Once Upon a Time…in Hollywood The Fashion of 1969
Those “twenty minutes of additional scenes” include the extended clip above, which has a longer version of Leonardo DiCaprio’s Rick Dalton performing the song “Green Door.” In the final cut of the film, this scene goes by rather quickly – it’s a blink-and-you’ll-miss-it moment. It also didn’t include an image that was included in all of the trailers: DiCaprio booging down by swinging his elbows up and down while biting his lower lip. Thankfully, that image is here, so you can watch it again, and again, and again. What else are you going to do? Something productive? Pfft, no thanks.
Once Upon a Time in Hollywood arrives on Blu-ray December 10.


<% layout ‘error_layout’, :title => “#{@app_name} application could not be started” do %>
<%= @app_name %> application could not be started
These are the possible causes:

 There may be a syntax error in the application's code. Please check for such errors and fix them.

 A required library may not installed. Please install all libraries that this application requires.

 The application may not be properly configured. Please check whether all configuration files are written correctly, fix any incorrect configurations, and restart this application.

 A service that the application relies on (such as the database server or the Ferret search engine server) may not have been started. Please start that service.

 Further information about the error may have been written to the application's log file. Please check it in order to analyse the problem.

Error message:

<%=h @error.child_exception.message %>

Exception class:

<%=h @error.child_exception.class %>

Application root:

 <tt class="filename"><%=h @app_root %></tt>

Backtrace:

 <%=<EMAIL_ADDRESS>%>


A responsive site means the contents in the webpage are flexible in size depending on the screen size. contents like texts and images become smaller in small screen and become bigger in large screen. It is important to have responsive site because these days, people access internet with many different electronic devices from desktop to mobile phone.
Mobile first design is designing of mobile screen webpage first, and then larger screen sizes. Now people use their smart phone more often to access website. Also mobile phone screen is the smallest screen so it is easy to design to show contents and they can go into certain layout for bigger screens.
Framework is a basic structure of the website that is already made and can be provided for any other designs. It makes building the website easier and faster than doing it from the scratch. However, using the framework without understanding it might not help improving the programming skills.
Wireframe is used when planning for webpage layout. It can be simple drawing of the boxes of different contents. We need wireframe to explain and represent the design before we make it.
I found it difficult when I tried to make mobile screen to desktop screen because I was not sure if the contents and the layout on mobile screen will fit to desktop screen and changing it to make a good desktop screen layout without changing too much.


Home
(current)
Products
ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS
CHLORINATED PARAFFIN
POLY ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE
(LIQUID/POWDER)
SOIDUM HYDROXIDE
Contact
Vision
Our ambition at
Sunrise Exporter
is to be the best merchant exporting company in the world, known for its products, people, partnerships, and performance.


@
Connect
Create Game
Start Game
Connected Players
Player One Name
:
0
Player Two Name
:
0
Category
Category
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{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load input_field %} {% load step_order %} {% block title %}{{ block.super }}: Other Orders{% endblock %} {% block progress %}{% include "partials/progress.html" %}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
If you took on your spouse’s surname (last name) after marriage and now you decide to go back to using your own surname, you can do this at any time without a legal change of name.
If you took your spouse’s name at marriage and want to return to your pre-married name, you don’t need a legal name change.
If your spouse took on your surname (last name) after marriage and now they decide to go back to using their own surname, they can do this at any time without a legal change of name.
If your spouse took your name at marriage and wants to return to their pre-married name, they don’t need a legal name change.


Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::RangesTemplate< I > Class Template Reference
[Range iterators with virtual member functions]
Inherits Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator.
Detailed Description
template<class I>
class Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::RangesTemplate< I >
Adaptor class to virtualize any iterator.
Provides an iterator with virtual member functions for any template-based iterator.
Requires
#include "gecode/iter.hh"
Definition at line 66 of file virtual-ranges.icc.
Constructors and initialization | |
| RangesTemplate (I &i) | |
| Initialize with iterator i. | |
| void | init (I &i) |
| Initialize with iterator i. | |
Iteration control | |
| virtual void | operator++ (void) |
| Move iterator to next range (if possible). | |
| virtual bool | operator() (void) |
| Test whether iterator is still at a range or done. | |
Range access | |
| virtual int | min (void) const |
| Return smallest value of range. | |
| virtual int | max (void) const |
| Return largest value of range. | |
| virtual unsigned int | width (void) const |
| Return width of range (distance between minimum and maximum). |
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
|
|
Initialize with iterator i.
Definition at line 98 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
Member Function Documentation
|
|
Initialize with iterator i.
Definition at line 102 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
|
|
Move iterator to next range (if possible).
Implements Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator. Definition at line 110 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
|
|
Test whether iterator is still at a range or done.
Implements Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator. Definition at line 106 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
|
|
Return smallest value of range.
Implements Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator. Definition at line 114 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
|
|
Return largest value of range.
Implements Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator. Definition at line 118 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
|
|
Return width of range (distance between minimum and maximum).
Implements Gecode::Iter::Ranges::Virt::Iterator. Definition at line 122 of file virtual-ranges.icc. |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- gecode/iter/virtual-ranges.icc (Revision: 3363)


We are always ready to welcome guests. +0908 345 5647 | +65 2314
Here you can have your favourite Indian dishes.
We serve the best continental foods here.


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AexcludeB |
This is a Pig UDF that performs the A-NOT-B Set Operation on two given Sketches.
|
| DataToSketch |
This is a Pig UDF that builds Sketches from data.
|
| DataToSketch.Initial |
Class used to calculate the initial pass of an Algebraic sketch operation.
|
| DataToSketch.IntermediateFinal |
Class used to calculate the intermediate or final combiner pass of an Algebraic sketch
operation.
|
| ErrorBounds |
This is a User Defined Function (UDF) for returning the Double value result along with a lower and
upper bound.
|
| Estimate |
Returns the unique count estimate of a sketch as a Double.
|
| Intersect |
This is a Pig UDF that performs the Intersection Set Operation on Sketches.
|
| Intersect.Initial |
Class used to calculate the initial pass of an Algebraic sketch operation.
|
| Intersect.IntermediateFinal |
Class used to calculate the intermediate or final combiner pass of an Algebraic intersection
operation.
|
| JaccardSimilarity |
This is a Pig UDF that performs the JaccardSimilarity Operation on two given
Sketches.
|
| SketchToString |
This is a User Defined Function (UDF) for "pretty printing" the summary of a sketch
from a Sketch Tuple.
|
| Union |
This is a Pig UDF that performs the Union Set Operation on Sketches.
|
| Union.Initial |
Class used to calculate the initial pass of an Algebraic sketch operation.
|
| Union.IntermediateFinal |
Class used to calculate the intermediate or final combiner pass of an Algebraic union
operation.
|
Copyright © 2015–2019 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


A 3D diagram of our Solar System
The Solar System we currently reside in officially contains eight planets which are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. However, there are four unofficial planets that are part of our system according to the proposed resolutions. These are Pluto which is commonly known, Charon, Pluto's moon, Ceres, an asteroid, and UB313 which also goes by the alias Xena.
The Milky Way gets its name from a Greek myth about the goddess Hera who sprayed milk across the sky. In other parts of the world there are different stories such as China. In China, they call it the Silver River and in South Africa they call it the Backbone of Night. Different cultures have different names for the Milky Way galaxy.
As seen in popular images of the galaxy it takes the shape of a spiral like circle which is thin if you would look at it from a side angle. The thin spiral meets a gravitational center which looks like a big bump from a side angle. The galaxy is kept together by the gravitational pull from the black hole at the center of the Milky Way which pulls in everything in the vicinity causing the spiral circle shape. If the gravity were absent, the stars would drift away.
The massive black hole at the center of the galaxy is about 26,000 light years away from earth. There about 10 million stars within one parsec of the center of the galaxy which is also called the galactic center. One parsec is about 3.26 light years and a light year is the distance light travels in one earth year. In terms of light years to miles it would be approximately 5.88e+12 miles which is a lot.


Introduction to C++ Language
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. C++ runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. This C++ tutorial adopts a simple and practical approach to describe the concepts of C++ for beginners to advanded software engineers.
Why to Learn C++?
C++ is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning C++:
- C++ is very close to hardware, so you get a chance to work at a low level which gives you lot of control in terms of memory management, better performance and finally a robust software development.
- C++ programming gives you a clear understanding about Object Oriented Programming. You will understand low level implementation of polymorphism when you will implement virtual tables and virtual table pointers, or dynamic type identification.
- C++ is one of the every green programming languages and loved by millions of software developers. If you are a great C++ programmer then you will never sit without work and more importantly you will get highly paid for your work.
- C++ is the most widely used programming languages in application and system programming. So you can choose your area of interest of software development.
- C++ really teaches you the difference between compiler, linker and loader, different data types, storage classes, variable types their scopes etc.
There are 1000s of good reasons to learn C++ Programming. But one thing for sure, to learn any programming language, not only C++, you just need to code, and code and finally code until you become expert.
Applications of C++ Programming
As mentioned before, C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages. It has it's presence in almost every area of software development. I'm going to list few of them here:
-
Application Software Development - C++ programming has been used in developing almost all the major Operating Systems like Windows, Mac OSX and Linux. Apart from the operating systems, the core part of many browsers like Mozilla Firefox and Chrome have been written using C++. C++ also has been used in developing the most popular database system called MySQL.
-
Programming Languages Development - C++ has been used extensively in developing new programming languages like C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX’s C Shell, PHP and Python, and Verilog etc.
-
Computation Programming - C++ is the best friends of scientists because of fast speed and computational efficiencies.
-
Game Development - C++ is extremely fast which allows programmers to do procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides greater control over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in development of gaming engines.
-
Embedded System - C++ is being heavily used in developing Medical and Engineering Applications like softwares for MRI machines, high-end CAD/CAM systems etc.
This list goes on, there are various areas where software developers are happily using C++ to provide great softwares. I highly recommend you to learn C++ and contribute great softwares to the community.
For more information click here


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Studying with our School
To have another is to possess a second soul.
Every student matters, every moment counts.
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And that is why we give over 5,000 scholarshops to african students every year.
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Gateway
BOT
18-Sep-18 01:22 PM
[dscrdeql] <c2k> i have my masternode bags...just waiting
[dscrdeql] <c2k> all the trades are on the offer...no one hitting the bid.
[dscrdeql] <c2k> another GREAT sign
[dscrdeql] <SwimedDragon> Yeah, looking forward to the mn rewards
[dscrdeql] <Zach> I was able to pick up a little more for 16 sats a little while ago, and 20 sats more recently, but I am not seeing it drop below 20 anytime soon
[dscrdeql] <NWhiskeyTango> Ya was checking, thinking the same thing. I have sells at 2x last. Great to see us early investors get gains. And when i say "sells" it's not a dump, just 15% of my bag to get 100% ROI
[dscrdeql] <Zach> I have the same type of sells set up, basically all the EQLI I have has been paid for by itself
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> Things are looking much better on the trading front.. if we can get some good support at these levels we will go even higher on exrates and will be in a very good position for when we get listed on other exchanges
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> the team is also moving along quicker then I thought... who knows how far EQLI will go this year.. I was honestly expecting next year but it could happen much sooner
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> yep more liquidity..
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> i think 100 sats are def possible this year minimum.
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> oh if we get volume that will be easy Buddz
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> when mastermodes are out
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> well if people are smart it will happen before then
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> unless they want to wait until masternodes are out and price goes up before they buy
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> thats fine they can do that lol
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> if no one else puts buy orders up about 61k eqli until we hit 30 sats
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> exactly ahah
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> for me it would be awesome but lets wait and see.
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> Im just glad to be this early thats all into this amazing project.
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> same here.. lucky to be here with all you guys
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> have you seen the price that its labelled in agama wallet?
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> I fell already rich according to it xD
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> feel*
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> lol no i have not but i have seen the price on delta i think
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wombat> yeah it does look beautiful lol
[dscrdeql] <SwimedDragon> Where can you see it?
[dscrdeql] <SwimedDragon> I tried looking but I don't see it
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> agama wallet
[dscrdeql] <Buddz1993> you have to turn on fiat pairs


Join the Polyglots!
I’ve been writing software professionally for 9 years now, and unprofessionally for 18. My recent focus has been on C#, but I’ve worked with many languages over the years.
When I was in the 7th grade, one of the other students made a Myst clone with Hypercard using photos taken around the school. That seemed like pure magic, so I wanted to find out how software is made. Like most people who get into this subject at an early age, my goal was to make games.
My first programming language was Pascal. I used Turbo Pascal, whose IDE lived in text mode. It actually had a pretty decent debugger, one quite similar to what you get with Visual Studio today.  Its type system was simple: you start with basic things like ints and strings, and then declare compound types like arrays and records in terms of simpler types. It was neat to see the way you could build up ever-more complex types in terms of the primitives.
After taking a year of Pascal in high school, we switched to C++. At first, it seemed to be only superficially different. Instead of Writeln("Hello")
, you cout<<"Hello"
. Type names appeared before variables now. The first new thing that came up was pointers. It wasn’t too different, but it was pretty neat, and I got a better idea of how interesting types could be built up from this new primitive concept. Still, C++ didn’t seam too Earth-shattering compared to Pascal. I figured all software development would feel like this.
Then I saw Perl for the first time during an internship, and it blew my mind!
Perl was weird and ugly in a glorious sort of way. The Camel Book, written by the creator of Perl, didn’t just tell me how to write “Hello” to the screen or how to declare functions. Instead, it was entertaining, downright whimsical at times, and that reflected the fun I had playing with Perl. Right out of the box, I got to work with interesting things like hashes and regular expressions. I saw the appeal of the brevity that came from some of the shortcuts it takes.
I had a semester of Functional Programming with Scheme, but I didn’t really “get it” at the time. I wish I had… I’ve since come to really enjoy working with lambda expressions, and Scheme is lousy with them.
In my second internship, I worked briefly with Tcl (pronounced “tickle”). In Tcl, “everything is a string”, and when everything is a string, you have to start stretching your definition of things like “string” and “quotation marks”. All data types in Tcl can be manipulated as strings, even blocks of code! This was my first exposure (second, if I had actually understood Scheme) to the idea that code itself can be a value, something you can pass around from one function to another.
During senior year and in a fit of youthful recklessness, I had an affair with PHP. Please accept my heartfelt apologies.
Python started to appeal to me as an alternative to PHP’s inconsistency and Perl’s readability issues. Like with any language, you’re going to be surprised by some of the details, but by and large Python’s simplicity just makes sense. Operator overloading feels very natural; your operators are just methods with special names. Significant whitespace is weird at first, but it mimics the way I write psuedocode on paper. Slices, lazy generators, and list comprehensions are all just really slick concepts.
Ruby re-re-reintroduces functional programming for the masses without making it feel like functional programming. Ruby blocks are similar to lambdas of other languages, but combined with nonlocal returns you gain the ability to define your own control flow constructs. It’s as if you can add new keywords to the language.
I haven’t used Clojure much, but it does seem like the first Lisp capable of grabbing wide-ish appeal. It gives you just a little more syntax out of the box than other Lisps, and the built-in data structures are really interesting and opinionated.
Haskell forces you to rethink something that other languages take for granted: the order of evaluation of everything. It also forces you to realize just how little of your code really has to deal with mutable state.
As I said above, C# has been my focus lately. It’s a bit of a kitchen sink. Every few years, it gains a pretty significant upgrade. The first version was suspiciously similar to Java, but since then they have diverged greatly. Properties help with readability, generics are far stronger than their Java counterparts, delegates and lambda expressions introduced functional programming constructs, LINQ introduced freaking monads, and you can even opt-into dynamic method invocation reminiscent of Python and Ruby.
Since C# exposes the developer to such a wide array of concepts from a wide variety of preceding languages, C# is a bit of a polyglot. C# is a toolbelt with many tools. You can pull out only the tools you need, when they’re appropriate for the job you’re doing.
Software developers should take the opportunity to similarly fill their own toolbelts. We should expose ourselves to as many languages as possible.  Most importantly, it’s just plain fun.
Fellow-Headspringer Sharon Cichelli is creating a new organization, the Polyglot Programmers of Austin, to help foster this effort. Be sure to come by the second and fourth Thursday of each month to learn from your peers, to share what you’ve been learning, and to see just how green the grass is on the other sides of things. Sometimes, the grass is purple.


France
This is my first website, about France.
Facts about France
- France is a country in Europe.
- The capital city of France is Paris.
- The President of France is called Emmanuel Macron.
Website
Click me to go to the French Tourism website.
Picture gallery
| Picture |
Description |
|
French flag |
|
Map of Europe showing France in dark green |


I am learning the important skills of being a Responsive Designer and Developer. I enjoy the challenge of computer programming and am eager to learn. I hope that I will be able to continue on and eventually make this a career.
I live in Missouri, O'Fallon to be exact. I have worked for the same manufacturing company for 21 years.  My current job pays the bills, but the physical and mental stress just doesn't make it feel worth it. That is why I'm trying to get back into programming.
I was first introduced to programming when I was a senior in high school. I thought it was so cool that I could get the computer to ask for my name and then refer to me by my name. I wish I could have gotten involved sooner so I could get help in planning my future. I took as many programming languages that I could in my two years of college, but that wasn't enough to land me a programming job. I know a lot has changed since then, but I'm eager to learn!
Fun Fact: I played ice hockey for about 15 years. I mainly was a right winger, but sometimes played center. I was on a women's traveling team for 12-13 years and the last 10 years as the captain of the team. It was a lot of fun. There are times when I wish I was still playing.


Hypertext Markup Language is the standard for documents for the World Wide Web. The HTML file contains:
Overview of Common Tags
An HTML file consists of text, that is, the words that you want to appear in your document and embedded instructions called HTML tags. The tags give the browser instructions that include formatting, display of images, and hyperlinks. The technical name for the type of data in an HTML file is ASCII text. We first go over some basic tags, and then there will be an exercise using NotePad. HTML tags begin with the < symbol and end with />. For example, an HTML file begins with  and ends with . The letters inside the tags may be in either lower or upper case.
The tags,  and , are examples of paired tags. The second one is like the first one except that it begins with a / symbol. A pair of tags affects how a browser will display the text between the first tag and the second tag. Leaving out the second tag usually changes the display of the rest of the document.
The standard format for an HTML file consists of the head and the body. The tags for these are:

The document
title and other information used by search engines.

all the
text and instructions for the document

The most common tag for the head part of an HTML file is the title tag. It is used to put information about the document in the title bar. Note: it is common to include a big, showy heading in an HTML document that you may refer to as the title, but in the technical language of HTML, the title is the text that shows up in the title bar at the top of the browser.
<title> My First HTML File </title>
In this example, the phrase ‘My First HTML File’ will show up in the title bar.
We now describe four common types of HTML tags that go in the body section of the file.

 News Stories

The tags,
 and
, will make the text large. Some browsers may even use a different font. H1 creates the largest text and H7 the smallest. Please be aware that the system does not expect or check for any consistency. There are not automatic line breaks after a heading change. You may nest different headings.
To insert an image, you use the single img tag as in the next example:

Here name.ext is the file name and extension of the image
file. The ext will be either .jpg or .gif. These are two
types of images. You can also create your own images using products such
as Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Photo Shop. You just have to save the file as
a .gif or a .jpg. Similarly, you can use these tools as well as Microsoft
Photo Editor to crop or resize an image.
To produce what appears to be a new paragraph, use the single tag
. There is also a tag,
, that creates a line break. In some browsers, they may have the same effect. In others, the paragraph tag will insert a blank line while the line break tag will not.
The  tag produces a link to another document or website. These come in pairs. The text between the  and the  forms the clickable part. If the URL for the site to be linked to is http://www.nytimes.com, then the format to use should be:
 A well-known newspaper’s online site.
Notice that the text following href is surrounded by quotation marks. You also use the  tags for linking to local files or to HTML files in the same directory on the server. The format is
 more information
where secondfile.htm is the name of the other file. If the browser does not read the http:// then it knows to go to the same directory as the HTML file to find this new file. One more use of an  tag is for marking and also linking to different parts of the same document. This is done as follows:
 Details
This use of the  tag gives a name to a position in the HTML file. At any other point in the file, you can use
 Go to Details
to go to a previously marked point in the file.
These tags are the most important, but there are many
others. You can look at the underlying HTML of any document by clicking
on View and then Page Source in Netscape. You can use this
to learn about new tags.
Using NotePad
An HTML file can be created using any text editor. NotePad is such an editor and is part of the typical installation on Windows computers. Here is a simple example based on favorite or best Web sites for some special hobby or task. Before doing this exercise, you should select a topic and find two or three Web sites for the topic. You also need to download an image from each site. Images can be copied from a Web site to your own machine by positioning the cursor over the image and then clicking on the right mouse button. You will get a dialogue box with one option, Save Image As. You then get a chance to rename the image and also locate it in a specific folder.

 The Best Web Sites for ...

Replace the three dots after the word, for, by
the topic that you are using for this assignment.
If you are online and want or need to find out what
is happening in the world, you can go to any of many news sites.
The site I use the most is the online New York Times.
One disadvantage of this site is that to go beyond the
first page, you need to subscribe. It is free, but you need to choose a
logon name and a password. However, you can arrange to save the information
on the computer that you typically use. If you do this, you do not need
to be concerned with logging on. The New York Times site is changed a few
times during the day. It contains audio and video.
Click on OK to close that dialogue box. Now (assuming
you are using Netscape), click on File and then Open Page
and Browse. You are opening a local file instead of going
to a Web site. Use the operating system’s procedure for finding the file
you just saved. Click on it and then click on Open. Your HTML file
should be displayed in the browser. Notice any problems and fix them in
NotePad. When you get back into the browser, you will have to click on
ReLoad to get the newest version. If reload does not work, hold
down the shift key while clicking on ReLoad. (In Internet Explorer,
use the control key.)

will align the image to the left. It will also change the width of the image to 100 pixels and make the height whatever size that will preserve the proportions of the original image. You can use both width and height parameters to set both values.
Several products exist for producing HTML. The advertising for these tend to give the impression that producing HTML is difficult and these products will make it easy. The real situation is that writing evocative text is a challenge and so is designing layouts and choosing (and producing) appropriate images. Putting in the right HTML tag is not the hard part. With that caveat, here are comments about a few of these tools.
Using Specialized HTML Editors
Several specialized editors exist for producing HTML. The so-called HTML editors help to produce the HTML source and show it on the screen. For example, you select text and then click on Heading 1 on the toolbar and what you have selected is now between
 and
 tags. These editors also allow you to click on image and then go to a series of dialogue boxes to select the image. These tools are not what you see is what you get editors (WYSIWYG) because you need to go to a browser to see the results. One example in this class is HTML Assistant Pro.
Using Netscape Composer
You can also edit your HTML document using Netscape Composer, a component of Netscape Communicator. To edit an existing file, open the file in Netscape Navigator the usual way and then go to File and then Edit page. To start a new file, you can invoke Netscape Composer directly. In Composer, click on New. For existing files, what you will see is very like the display form of the HTML. There is a toolbar for putting in tags. This includes icons for inserting images and links. When you choose to insert an image, the following box will appear. You can find the image using the button marked Choose File... You can also make other changes, if you wish.
It can sometimes get tricky to do what you want in Composer and you may decide to return to NotePad where you can see all the tags. Another problem to be aware of is that Composer may put file addresses in a different form than you want. For example, it may insert the local drive name. This will prove problematic if and when you move the project to a server. Composer can be helpful for producing tables. The set of tags required here can get messy (not difficult, just complex).
After the image of the NY Times Logo has been inserted, the picture will show up in Composer much the same as it will appear in a browser. Composer will have inserted the html tag used to link to an image. In this example, it would appear as

You can see this for yourself by clicking on View and then on Page Source.
The following picture shows what the document will now look like in Composer.
Using Word
Microsoft Word has an option to Save As HTML. This produces a reasonable version of the Word document. When you look at the HTML document, you will probably notice a lot of seemingly extra tags. The file will also contain special symbols such as for non-blank space. If you are really in a hurry and have put a lot of formatting into the Word document, this is an option. However, another option is to simply copy-and-paste the text in the Word document into NotePad and then proceed. This will make it easier to plan and then design the document specifically for Web publication.
Using PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint also has a facility to turn a presentation
into HTML form for publication on the Web. When you click on File
and then Save As HTML, this facility produces a large set of files
appropriately linked so that the PowerPoint presentation can be viewed
using a browser. You, the author, are asked several questions on the design
of the viewing and also background information to go on the first page,
which is similar to a table of contents. You should put all the files in
a brand new folder (directory) just for this presentation.


Zero-boilerplate authentication support for Nuxt.js!
If it is first time using this module, reading resources below in order is recommended:
$auth


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| Application version | 3.0 |
| Application licence | BSD |
| Trad4 version | 3.0 |
| Document version | 3.0 |
| Author | schevans |
| Date | 23-06-09 |
This is a working model of what was a thought-experiment discussed in Appendix C of The Manual v2_Beta_04. It was a thought experiment then as there were limitations in the trad4 infrastructure that meant it could not be built. Those limitations have now been fixed and the model is presented here.
The plan is to create a series of objects that perform primitive mathematical functions - plus, minus, natural_log, cume_norm_dist etc., and configure the relationship between these objects to solve a particular problem. The interesting thing about this approach is that once we've created the application, we can configure the relationship between the objects at run-time by manipulating data in the database.
Inheritance of interface was introduced to allow for this model to be built. This allows for types with different functions to share the same interface to a base type (analogous to a pure virtual base class in C++). In this model our base type is called 'numeric', and this in turn allows for any type to connect to any other because any derived type 'is a' numeric.
We'll start with a simple arithmetical example before moving onto the more complex problem of computing delta for a European call option as addressed in the black_scholes application. To switch between these data sets set the APP_DB env var to point to the database you want to run against and restart the application:
general_computer$ export APP_DB=data/general_computer_bs_delta.db general_computer$ general_computer
The default database - general_computer.db is a copy of general_computer_simple1.db.
Our first example is the simple DAG at the beginning of The Manual:
z = x + y where x = a + b and y = c + d
This gives rise to the following concrete diagram:
We need to pick some arbitrary values for a,b,c and d, and these have been set to:
a = 8 b = 3.5 c = 7.3 d = 11
From this we can see we'll need two operators, feed and addition. The t4 files are discussed in the bs_delta example below, but for now let's just look at the output of running general_computer against data set simple1. This was run using a single thread in to keep the output orderly.
Tier 1 running. calculate_feed( a ) feed_output: 8 calculate_feed( b ) feed_output: 3.5 calculate_feed( c ) feed_output: 7.3 calculate_feed( d ) feed_output: 11 Tier 1 ran 4 objects in 0.00272799 seconds. Tier 2 running. calculate_addition( x ) addition_output: 11.5 calculate_addition( y ) addition_output: 18.3 Tier 2 ran 2 objects in 0.00145507 seconds. Tier 3 running. calculate_addition( z ) addition_output: 29.8 Tier 3 ran 1 objects in 0.000246048 seconds.
From this we can see the T1 feeds running, confirming their starting value in the debug. Then we can see the T2 objects running where x and y are calculated from their respective feed values. Lastly we see the T3 object fire, the result of which is indeed the sum of the feeds.
Now we'll move onto the more complex data set "bs_delta" which will solve for delta in the closed-form Black-Scholes for European call options on non-dividend paying stocks. This is given by:
It doesn't matter if you're not familiar with this equation - it's the arithmetic itself we're interested in, not what any of it actually means or how this equation was arrived at.delta = N(d1) where d1 = (ln(S/K) + rT + vvT/2) / v * sqrt(T) and N(x) is the cumulative normal distribution of x and S = stock price K = strike price r = risk free rate v = volatility vv = volatility squared T = time to maturity
First we start by identifying the operations we'll need. Looking at the equation above this gives us
For completeness, we may as well include subtraction as while it's not used in the above equation it will be used in other configurations.
As discussed, this model uses inheritance of interface, so our abstract diagram looks a little strange. This is because as each type isa numeric, any object can connect to any other two objects.
There are a couple of exceptions to this. Firstly there are the feed objects which, looking at the concrete diagrams don't subscribe to anything. But as a feed isa numeric, and numeric subscribes to two objects, how is this achieved? The answer is we define the feeds as subscribing to themselves. As it's last_published timestamp will never be greater than it's last_publish timestamp, the object will only ever fire at start-up or on reload.
The second exception are the square_root, natural_log and cume_norm_dist types as these have only one input. These are handled in a similar manner to the feeds where the second spare input is tied up to itself.
It's important to understand that these self-loops have nothing to do with the feedback loops encountered in heat_equation_1d - they are simply a device to tie up the unused inputs and they have no effect on the operation of the system. Arguably they shouldn't be shown on any diagram but I've included them for completeness.
It's also worth mentioning the axis. As any object can connect to any other object below it in the hierarchy, the axis labels are given as relative. While in theory a feed object could exist at any tier, it is customary to keep them on T1.
Lastly, the numeric type itself is not shown as it doesn't do anything - it exists solely so that the rest of the types can inherit it's interface.
You'll notice that this graph differs quite substantially from that presented in Appendix C. The first reason for this is that there were many errors in the graph in Appendix C which did not show up until I tried to implement it. The second reason is as this is a concrete graph showing actual objects - i.e. instantiated types - the correct notation is to use ovals. Rectangles are used in the abstract diagram which shows the types independent of any data.
As discussed, this model uses inheritance of interface. The syntax of this is pretty straightforward. Firstly, the base type is defined as normal:
sub numeric numeric1 numeric numeric2 static double value pub double output
This 'one size fits all' approach is not ideal - for example the 'value' variable is only used for the feeds and thus redundant on the 1-input and 2-input types. This approach is required so that the isa covenant is not violated in the trad4 internals. This may be addressed in later trad4 versions, but there are some subtleties here that may not be related to the trad4 architecture.
The rest of the types are defined as implementing this type. The syntax for this is simply, looking at addition:
implements numeric
The rest of the types are defined in the same way and are omitted for brevity.
The actual mechanics of a trad4 system should be familiar to you by now, but I include an excerpt from the logfile so you can see it's operation. Again, only one thread was used to keep the output clear.
Tier 1 running. calculate_feed( S ) feed_output: 42 calculate_feed( K ) feed_output: 40 calculate_feed( r ) feed_output: 0.1 calculate_feed( T ) feed_output: 0.5 calculate_feed( v ) feed_output: 0.2 calculate_feed( 2 ) feed_output: 2 Tier 1 ran 6 objects in 0.00551391 seconds. Tier 2 running. calculate_division( S/K ) division_output: 1.05 calculate_multiplication( rT ) multiplication_output: 0.05 calculate_square_root( RtT ) square_root_output: 0.707107 calculate_multiplication( vv ) multiplication_output: 0.04 Tier 2 ran 4 objects in 0.00329208 seconds. Tier 3 running. calculate_natural_log( ln(S/K) ) natural_log_output: 0.0487902 calculate_multiplication( vRtT ) multiplication_output: 0.141421 calculate_division( vv/2 ) division_output: 0.02 Tier 3 ran 3 objects in 0.00077486 seconds. Tier 4 running. calculate_addition( ln(s/K)+rT ) addition_output: 0.0987902 calculate_multiplication( (vv/2)T ) multiplication_output: 0.01 Tier 4 ran 2 objects in 0.000144958 seconds. Tier 5 running. calculate_addition( ln(s/K)+rT+(vv/2)T ) addition_output: 0.10879 Tier 5 ran 1 objects in 6.8903e-05 seconds. Tier 6 running. calculate_division( d1 ) division_output: 0.769263 Tier 6 ran 1 objects in 6.79493e-05 seconds. Tier 7 running. calculate_cume_norm_dist( DELTA ) cume_norm_dist_output: 0.779131 Tier 7 ran 1 objects in 7.00951e-05 seconds. All tiers ran 18 objects in 0.0105832 seconds.
For the record, the value of delta=0.779131 is correct, as described in black_scholes/spreadsheets/WorkedExample1.ods


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SUStandardVersionComparator
Objective-C
@interface SUStandardVersionComparator : NSObject <SUVersionComparison>
Swift
class SUStandardVersionComparator : NSObject, SUVersionComparison
Sparkle’s default version comparator.
This comparator is adapted from MacPAD, by Kevin Ballard. It’s “dumb” in that it does essentially string comparison, in components split by character type.
-
Initializes a new instance of the standard version comparator.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nonnull instancetype)init;
Swift
init()
-
A singleton instance of the comparator.
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (class, nonatomic, readonly) SUStandardVersionComparator *_Nonnull defaultComparator;
Swift
class var `default`: SUStandardVersionComparator { get }
-
Compares two version strings through textual analysis.
These version strings should be in the format of x, x.y, or x.y.z where each component is a number. For example, valid version strings include “1.5.3”, “500”, or “4000.1” These versions that are compared correspond to the
CFBundleVersion
values of the updates.Declaration
Objective-C
- (NSComparisonResult)compareVersion:(nonnull NSString *)versionA toVersion:(nonnull NSString *)versionB;
Swift
func compareVersion(_ versionA: String, toVersion versionB: String) -> ComparisonResult
Parameters
versionA
The first version string to compare.
versionB
The second version string to compare.
Return Value
A comparison result between
versionA
andversionB


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<% if (attr.isStripeToken) { %>
<%= attr.email %>
The email is set on GitHub/AngelList if you used them


Inspired by the original 2048.
HOW TO PLAY: Use your arrow keys to move the tiles. When two tiles slide into each other, they merge into one!


public class ConfigurableMimeFileTypeMap extends FileTypeMap implements InitializingBean
FileTypeMap
implementation that will read
MIME type to file extension mappings from a standard JavaMail MIME type
mapping file, using a standard MimetypesFileTypeMap
underneath.
The mapping file should be in the following format, as specified by the Java Activation Framework:
# map text/html to .htm and .html files text/html html htm HTML HTMLines starting with
#
are treated as comments and are ignored. All
other lines are treated as mappings. Each mapping line should contain the MIME
type as the first entry and then each file extension to map to that MIME type
as subsequent entries. Each entry is separated by spaces or tabs.
By default, the mappings in the mime.types
file located in the
same package as this class are used, which cover many common file extensions
(in contrast to the out-of-the-box mappings in activation.jar
).
This can be overridden using the mappingLocation
property.
Additional mappings can be added via the mappings
bean property,
as lines that follow the mime.types
file format.
setMappingLocation(org.springframework.core.io.Resource)
,
setMappings(java.lang.String...)
,
MimetypesFileTypeMap
| 构造器和说明 |
|---|
ConfigurableMimeFileTypeMap() |
| 限定符和类型 | 方法和说明 |
|---|---|
void |
afterPropertiesSet()
Creates the final merged mapping set.
|
protected FileTypeMap |
createFileTypeMap(Resource mappingLocation,
java.lang.String[] mappings)
Compile a
FileTypeMap from the mappings in the given mapping file
and the given mapping entries. |
java.lang.String |
getContentType(java.io.File file)
Delegates to the underlying FileTypeMap.
|
java.lang.String |
getContentType(java.lang.String fileName)
Delegates to the underlying FileTypeMap.
|
protected FileTypeMap |
getFileTypeMap()
Return the delegate FileTypeMap, compiled from the mappings in the mapping file
and the entries in the
mappings property. |
void |
setMappingLocation(Resource mappingLocation)
Specify the
Resource from which mappings are loaded. |
void |
setMappings(java.lang.String... mappings)
Specify additional MIME type mappings as lines that follow the
mime.types file format, as specified by the
Java Activation Framework. |
getDefaultFileTypeMap, setDefaultFileTypeMap
public void setMappingLocation(Resource mappingLocation)
Resource
from which mappings are loaded.
Needs to follow the mime.types
file format, as specified
by the Java Activation Framework, containing lines such as:
text/html html htm HTML HTM
public void setMappings(java.lang.String... mappings)
mime.types
file format, as specified by the
Java Activation Framework. For example:text/html html htm HTML HTM
public void afterPropertiesSet()
afterPropertiesSet
在接口中 InitializingBean
protected final FileTypeMap getFileTypeMap()
mappings
property.protected FileTypeMap createFileTypeMap(@Nullable Resource mappingLocation, @Nullable java.lang.String[] mappings) throws java.io.IOException
FileTypeMap
from the mappings in the given mapping file
and the given mapping entries.
The default implementation creates an Activation Framework MimetypesFileTypeMap
,
passing in an InputStream from the mapping resource (if any) and registering
the mapping lines programmatically.
mappingLocation
- a mime.types
mapping resource (can be null
)mappings
- an array of MIME type mapping lines (can be null
)java.io.IOException
- if resource access failedMimetypesFileTypeMap.MimetypesFileTypeMap(java.io.InputStream)
,
MimetypesFileTypeMap.addMimeTypes(String)
public java.lang.String getContentType(java.io.File file)
getContentType
在类中 FileTypeMap
getFileTypeMap()
public java.lang.String getContentType(java.lang.String fileName)
getContentType
在类中 FileTypeMap
getFileTypeMap()


|
Bosch XDK110 Solace MQTT App
2.0.1
MQTT Reference Application for the Bosch XDK110
|
Go to the source code of this file.
| #define | APP_MQTT_MAX_PUBLISH_DATA_LENGTH UINT32_C(900) |
| Max length SERVAL allows for data publishing. More... | |
| typedef void(* | AppMqtt_BrokerDisconnectedControllerCallback_Func_T) (void) |
| Callback function typedef for 'connection closed' event. | |
| bool | AppMqtt_IsConnected (void) |
| Returns if connection to broker is established. | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Init (const char *deviceId, AppMqtt_BrokerDisconnectedControllerCallback_Func_T brokerDisconnectEventCallback, AppXDK_MQTT_IncomingDataCallback_Func_T subscriptionIncomingDataCallback) |
| Initialize the module. More... | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Setup (const AppRuntimeConfig_T *configPtr) |
| Setup the module. More... | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Connect2Broker (void) |
| Connect to the broker. More... | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Publish (const AppXDK_MQTT_Publish_T *publishInfoPtr) |
| Publish data. More... | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Subscribe (const AppXDK_MQTT_Subscribe_T *subscribeInfoPtr) |
| Sends a subscription to the broker. More... | |
| Retcode_T | AppMqtt_Unsubscribe (const uint8_t numTopics, const char *topicsArray[]) |
| Sends multiple unsubscribes in one message to the broker. More... | |
| static void | AppMqtt_FreeSubscribeCallbackParams (AppXDK_MQTT_IncomingDataCallbackParam_T *params) |
| Free the subscription callback parameters. More... | |
| #define APP_MQTT_MAX_PUBLISH_DATA_LENGTH UINT32_C(900) |
Max length SERVAL allows for data publishing.
|
inlinestatic |
Free the subscription callback parameters.
Calls AppXDK_MQTT_FreeSubscribeCallbackParams().


--- layout: default ---
{{organisert[0].description}}
{{verdier[0].description}}
If a child can't learn the way we teach, maybe we should teach the way they learn - Ignicio Estrada


--- title: Transformation Texture sidebar: documentation_sidebar permalink: TransformationTexture.html folder: documentation toc: false ---
During phase transformation or twinning the orientation of a crystal rapidly flips from an initial state oriA
into a transformed state oriB
. This relationship between the initial and transformed state can be described by an orientation relationsship OR
. To make the situation more precise, we consider the phase transformation from austenite to ferrite via the Nishiyama Wassermann orientation relationship
Now an arbitrary Austenite orientation
{% highlight matlab %} oriA = orientation.rand(csP) {% endhighlight %} {% highlight plaintext %} oriA = orientation (Austenite → xyz) Bunge Euler angles in degree phi1 Phi phi2 83.9652 97.1255 335.732 {% endhighlight %}is transformed in one of the following Ferrite orientations
{% highlight matlab %} oriB = variants(p2c,oriA) {% endhighlight %} {% highlight plaintext %} oriB = orientation (Ferrite → xyz) size: 1 x 12 Bunge Euler angles in degree phi1 Phi phi2 125.584 121.577 346.376 1.65843 111.541 86.1251 93.6033 52.1971 247.007 345.254 20.6687 275.638 219.091 92.5686 202.115 114.011 61.6397 55.7467 226.792 110.533 23.6789 71.6138 141.799 63.1861 161.068 71.021 281.075 48.6247 130.384 226.435 32.9264 26.6599 51.5214 130.198 102.575 168.135 {% endhighlight %}These 12 Ferrite orientations are called variants of the orientation relationship. Lets visualize them in a pole figure plot
{% highlight matlab %} hC = Miller({1,1,1},{1,1,0},csC); hP = Miller({1,1,0},{1,0,0},csP); % plot the child variants plotPDF(oriB,hC,'MarkerSize',5,'markerColor','black','figSize','medium'); % and on top the parent orientation opt = {'MarkerFaceColor','none','MarkerEdgeColor','darkred','linewidth',3}; for k = 1:2 nextAxis(k) hold on plot(oriA * hP(k).symmetrise ,opt{:}) xlabel(char(hP(k),'latex'),'Color','red','Interpreter','latex') hold off end drawNow(gcm) {% endhighlight %}In case we have multiple parent orientations following some initial orientation distribution function odf
We can draw some random orientations according this model ODF and apply the same commands variants
to compute all transfomed orientations in one step
An alternative and better approach is to directly use odfA
as an input to the function variants
. In this case the output is the orientation distribution function of the transformed material
We observe that the transformed ODF computed by the latter approach is sharper and shows more details when compared with the ODF computed from discrete orientations. We may quantify this difference by computing the texture index of both ODFs
{% highlight matlab %} % texture index of the transformed ODF computed from discrete orientations odfBSim = calcDensity(oriBSim) textureindex(odfBSim) {% endhighlight %} {% highlight plaintext %} odfBSim = SO3FunHarmonic (Ferrite → xyz) bandwidth: 25 weight: 1 Warning: The command textureindex is depreciated! Please use squared norm instead. ans = 3.4813 {% endhighlight %} {% highlight matlab %} % texture index of the directly computed transformed ODF textureindex(odfB) {% endhighlight %} {% highlight plaintext %} Warning: The command textureindex is depreciated! Please use squared norm instead. ans = 17.4509 {% endhighlight %}


"I can't change the direction of the wind, but I can adjust my sails to always reach my destination."
—Jimmy Dean
"It is never too late to be what you might have been."
—George Eliot
"Just don't give up trying to do what you really want to do. Where there is love and inspiration, I don't think you can go wrong."
—Ella Fitzgerald


title = "Consulting" url = "/consulting" layout = "octaskin" description = "报名咨询" is_hidden = 0 [viewBag] localeUrl[zh-CN] = "/consulting" == {% partial "pages-consulting/header" %} {% partial "pages-consulting/form" %}


BIG HEAT, THE (director: Fritz Lang; screenwriters: from story by William P. McGivern/Sydney Boehm; cinematographer: Charles B. Lang; editor: Charles Nelson; cast: Glenn Ford (Dave Bannion), Gloria Grahame (Debby Marsh), Jocelyn Brando (Katie Bannion), Alexander Scourby (Mike Lagana), Lee Marvin (Vince Stone), Jeanette Nolan (Bertha Duncan), Willis B. Bouchey (Lt. Wilkes), Howard Wendell (Commissioner Higgins), Adam Williams (Larry Gordon), Dorothy Green (Lucy Chapman), Sidney Clute (Bartender), Edith Evanson (Selma Parker), 1953)
Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz
This riveting noir thriller was made on the heels of the Kefauver crime hearings in the U.S. Senate. Dave Bannion (Glenn Ford) is the loving family man and inscrutable homicide sergeant, called in to investigate an obvious suicide of a veteran policeman. Concluding the investigation, he receives a call from Lucy Chapman about the suicide, who tells him she has some information. He visits where she works as a bargirl hustler, skeptically listening as she tells him that she was Tom Duncan's girlfriend and that he didn't commit suicide. Bannion has a judgmental thing about women, looking at them as either saints or whores. His wife is a saint, Lucy is a whore... . But Bannion is dutiful, so he goes back to the widow to recheck the reason for the suicide, as she tells him again, it was because of a terminal illness. But, Bannion is skeptical, as he is left without any doctor's report as proof. He also wants to know about the expensive summer home the cop owns and how he got it on a policeman's salary. Bertha Duncan (Jeanette Nolan) is not pleased with the visit and telephones the crime boss in the city, Mike Lagana (Scourby), that she doesn't want him around her house anymore. Lagana arranges with the police commissioner to get Bannion to forget the investigation.
Bannion is ordered the next day by his boss, Lt. Wilkes, to stay away from her, telling him there is pressure coming down on him from the higher-ups. But Bannion soon learns that Lucy Chapman was found tortured to death on a deserted road. It is out of his jurisdiction, but he still investigates her death. He knows her death was connected with her seeing him and now believes Lucy was telling the truth about Bertha Duncan, that she has replaced her husband on Lagana's payroll because she has some incriminating evidence against the organization her husband left and is blackmailing them with it.
Bannion goes to Lagana's house and tells him that he knows he's behind all the city corruption and behind Lucy's murder. Lagana retaliates by having his men put a dynamite bomb in his car, which kills Bannion's wife by accident.
Bannion is forced to go on a solo crusade when he discovers the police commisioner is on Lagana's payroll; he is suspended from the force after insulting the commissioner.
Bannion opens up a can of worms, showing that the city is being corruptly run by the egomaniacal Lagana, and that the police commissioner and some city council members play poker with his henchmen, Vincent Stone (Marvin).
Stone is a latent homosexual psychopath who does contract killings for the big boss, living with his moll in an abusive but materially rewarding relationship for her. The moll is the sexy but ditsy Debby (Grahame). The most unforgettable scene in the film is when Stone reacts violently when he learns that Debby was seen talking with Bannion and tosses a pot of scalding coffee at her, which permanently scars one side of her beautiful face.
There is no stopping Bannion now, as with the methodical ease of a professional hit man, he takes on the syndicate, using his anger from his wife's murder and the contempt he has for his fellow officers' cowardly behavior, to take it out on the mobsters. He becomes just as menacing in his actions as the crime boss, leaving a trail of death behind him.
His solace comes, when his faith in human beings is restored, as a crippled secretary (Evanson) goes out of her way to help him identify the one who killed his wife, when old army veterans who served with his in-law band together to protect his threatened young daughter, and when some of his fellow officers can't take the corruption anymore and stop worrying about their pension to offer him support.
The film's title is derived from the big heat that comes down on the gang when Mrs. Duncan is murdered by Debby, who can't forgive Vince for what he did to her. Mrs. Duncan's death releases all the dirt on the syndicate. For Bannion, this is seen as a hopeful sign that people can change. Debby's courage heartens him again and allows him to return to being a homicide detective. Her death at the hands of Vince, comes as she returns to his apartment to scald him in the face so that he can also look like she does. Her death gives her salvation in Bannion's eyes, as it allows her to be cherished for her good side that has at last won out from her bad side. He can now tell her about his wife before she dies, as he no longer considers her to be a whore.
They don't get much better in noir films than this stark and gritty classic. It has the auteur signature of Lang written all over it, with outstanding performances from a cast that puts their stamp of reality on the film. Its nihilistic message about humanity is scarring, Glenn Ford's pyrrhic victory in the end and his restoration to his old job, seems to have a cynical feel to it, meaning that violence and corruption go together in city politics like ham and eggs. It has all of Lang's concerns put into the film, about a corrupt society, sadistic violence, the corruption of police officers measured against the stark goodness of other police officers, and the revenge motif that the film is steeped in, which allows Lang to show, that by doing what is right you must pay a dear price. Institutions break down in the face of corruption and Lang believes that it is only through individualistic acts that the institutions can be saved. This is a dangerous film, its message is not an easy one to receive.
REVIEWED ON 6/19/2000 GRADE: A
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
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Use Stencila on your own computer, with your own data, on- or offline. Stencila Desktop is a conventional desktop application allowing you to save and open files to and from your local file system.
Stencila is an open source project under active development. We'd your feedback but please be patient with bugs and instabilities!
{{ download('desktop', '0.28.2', 'Stencila Desktop Beta') }}See the detailed installation instructions for your operating system.


SAVING PRIVATE RYAN (Dreamworks/Paramount) Directed by Steven Spielberg "Saving Private Ryan" opens and closes with the image of a faded, almost transparent American flag waving in the breeze. It's a vaguely unnerving sight in a movie that has offers plenty of others even more disturbing. Director Steven Spielberg's terrifying evocations of Holocaust atrocities in "Schindler's List" and life in a Japanese prison camp in "Empire of the Sun" were just a warm-up for the vivid, no-holds-barred scenes of war in "Ryan." >From the opening half-hour -- following the preparations for the D-Day landing of American troops on Omaha Beach -- you can tell this is not going to be your standard rah-rah-America war picture. These soldiers are nervous, even nauseous, as they prepare to storm into France. And with good cause, as it turns out: Almost as soon as the ship's ramp drops into the water, bullets and carnage begin flying. Never before has a filmmaker so graphically depicted death on the battlefield, but Spielberg isn't aiming merely for shock value. He's making a blood-chilling statement about the human cost of combat, which is brilliantly delivered with the help of effective hand-held camerawork and outstanding editing by Michael Kahn. It's to the credit of screenwriter Robert Rodat that this harrowing beginning proves to be just the set-up of a largely riveting tale with echoes of "Apocalypse Now." Captain John Miller (Tom Hanks) is assigned to track down Private James Ryan, who parachuted into France and went off-course. It's imperative Ryan be located and brought back home. His three brothers have all been killed in action, and orders have come down from the top that Ryan's tour of duty be curtailed. The search for Ryan exposes Miller and his men to numerous perils and more than a few agonizing moral questions along the way. Hanks is perfectly cast as the sincere Miller, whose take-charge attitude barely conceals his lack of confidence. In one beautiful scene, Miller's men all notice their commander's hand trembling as he talks about the next step in their mission, but no one says a word: They all seem to silently share their hidden terror. Tom Sizemore and Jeremy Davies also cut memorable figures as soldiers with their own agendas. Only Edward Burns rings false, partially because the actor seems capable of only one facial expression, a kind of cynical pout that looks woefully out-of-place. The other major stumbling block in "Ryan" is the title character himself, played by Matt Damon, and it's not Damon's fault that Rodat's script gives Ryan next to no personality and saddles him with a hideous monologue besides. Still, "Ryan" has been made with so much care, right down to the lusterless colors that recall tinted photos of WWII battles, that overlooking its flaws is not difficult. James Sanford
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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I am an enthusiastic, detail-oriented person who loves working with others or on my own. I enjoy attempting to solve problems to the best of my ability, especially in a cooperative environnment. I strongly value aesthetics, positive interactions with people, and puzzles that beg to be solved. I overcome challenges by embracing the growth mindset and I'm earnest and creative as I do so.


|
gtsam
4.0.0
gtsam
|
Sampling structure that keeps internal random number generators for diagonal distributions specified by NoiseModel.
This is primarily to allow for variable seeds, and does roughly the same thing as sample() in NoiseModel.
Public Member Functions | |
| Sampler (const noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr &model, int32_t seed=42u) | |
| Create a sampler for the distribution specified by a diagonal NoiseModel with a manually specified seed. More... | |
| Sampler (const Vector &sigmas, int32_t seed=42u) | |
| Create a sampler for a distribution specified by a vector of sigmas directly. More... | |
| Sampler (int32_t seed=42u) | |
| Create a sampler without a given noisemodel - pass in to sample. More... | |
| size_t | dim () const |
| access functions | |
| Vector | sigmas () const |
| const noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr & | model () const |
| Vector | sample () |
| sample from distribution NOTE: not const due to need to update the underlying generator | |
| Vector | sampleNewModel (const noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr &model) |
| Sample from noisemodel passed in as an argument, can be used without having initialized a model for the system. More... | |
Public Types | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< Sampler > | shared_ptr |
Protected Member Functions | |
| Vector | sampleDiagonal (const Vector &sigmas) |
| given sigmas for a diagonal model, returns a sample | |
Protected Attributes | |
| noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr | model_ |
| noiseModel created at generation | |
| boost::mt19937_64 | generator_ |
| generator | |
| gtsam::Sampler::Sampler | ( | const noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr & | model, |
| int32_t | seed = 42u |
||
| ) |
Create a sampler for the distribution specified by a diagonal NoiseModel with a manually specified seed.
NOTE: do not use zero as a seed, it will break the generator
| gtsam::Sampler::Sampler | ( | const Vector & | sigmas, |
| int32_t | seed = 42u |
||
| ) |
Create a sampler for a distribution specified by a vector of sigmas directly.
NOTE: do not use zero as a seed, it will break the generator
| gtsam::Sampler::Sampler | ( | int32_t | seed = 42u | ) |
Create a sampler without a given noisemodel - pass in to sample.
NOTE: do not use zero as a seed, it will break the generator
| Vector gtsam::Sampler::sampleNewModel | ( | const noiseModel::Diagonal::shared_ptr & | model | ) |
Sample from noisemodel passed in as an argument, can be used without having initialized a model for the system.
NOTE: not const due to need to update the underlying generator


Notable stories:
© 2021. theparanoidtimes.org
Disclaimer: All information is gathered from listening to the Lazlow Show. Some locations are confirmed, others are my free interpretation based on the story. Do not use this info to track Big Wayne's family!


First off i really didnt think that chapter would be so interesting, my initial thoughts were... "I cant believe they are making me read this". BUT it was so enlightening and everything kinda just clicked for me. I particularly enjoyed the part talking about "response flexibility". Its something my friend and i were talking about the other day saying its something i should practice in my everyday life, if im to be completely honest i do have a quite short fuse. So being aware of yourself and taking those few seconds before automatically jumping into the deep end is definitely something i want to train myself to do! I also learned that having a more caring, optimistic way of teaching or encouraging people is more effective than being forceful and and just uninterested in the person. I enjoyed that the chapter was about developing skills to be a better/above average version of yourself and who wouldnt want to aspire to be better?
This is something iv always done when im stressed, ill just lay down and look at the ceiling for a couple of minutes thinking about nothing really (or trying not to atleast!). But this isnt really something iv tried doing everyday... so having done this for the last week has been different! First off i can say it was a struggle to actually make myself do it, i would keep putting it off cause i felt like i had no reason to do it. So this is where i needed to change my mindset i decided id do it at the sametime every day i choose 9pm cause im always definitely home then. I realised that having this 2minutes set aside everyday just to breathe and apreciate made me calmer as a person. Im laughing at myself right now cause i never thought id say this but it really made me appreciate everything that i had done or seen that day and i felt happier for it. I think this is definitely something i want to carry on with.


Purpose
There is a concise error in the title, there are no static methods in Kotlin. But there are ways to achieve similar behavior to proposed by Joshua Bloch in Effective Java book - using static factory methods instead of constructors. This is also completely different from the Factory Method design pattern, don’t confuse those.
Long story short, these are methods that create object instances based on supplied arguments (or even without them) and that you can call from anywhere without the need of having an instance of a class that contains them. To do so in Java, you would use the static
keyword, which means that method is part of a class (understood as a type) rather than an object, and you can call it without creating an instance. We don’t have this possibility in Kotlin, but we can get a similar effect with companion object
.
Example usage
Even if the phrase “static factory method” sounds alien, I’m sure you saw it being used in code. Typical static factory methods may look like this:
val locale = Locale.forLanguageTag("PL")
val today = LocalDate.now(ZoneId.of("GMT"))
val time = LocalDateTime.of(2021, 1, 1, 12, 34, 23, 123)
val someNumber = Double.fromBits(0x10000000000000L)
val formattedPi = String.format("%.2f", 3.14159265358979323)
Also, every primitive type in Kotlin is created using one, not with a constructor.
Elements
The main rule here will be to use well-named methods instead of constructor, that should be private just like in Builder Pattern. Popular factory method names are:
from
orvalueOf
- type conversion method, it takes a single argument and returns another object with the same valueval instant = Instant.now() val date = Date.from(instant) val prime = BigInteger.valueOf(Long.MAX_VALUE)
of
- the aggregating method, that takes multiple arguments and returns instance containing all of themval cutlery = EnumSet.of(Fork, Spoon, Knife)
instance
,getInstance
orinstanceOf
- a method returning instance, often seen in Singletons (so not really in Kotlin :) ) it may take arguments and return the same instance for provided values but it’s not guaranteedval luke: StackWalker = StackWalker.getInstance(options)
create
ornewInstance
- similar togetInstance
but this time a new instance is guaranteed each timeval array = Array.newInstance(String::class.java, 10)
get<<Type>>
- similar togetInstance
but returns the same instance of the object when the factory method is in a separate class.<<Type>>
is the type of returned objectval path = Path.of("path", "to/file/store") // already familiar method 'of()' val fileStore: FileStore = Files.getFileStore(path) // <<Type>> to FileStore // in this case for the same `Path` instance, new `FileStore` instance will be created each time
new<<Type>>
- analogically to the previous example but for getting a new instance each timeval br: BufferedReader = Files.newBufferedReader(path)
The above-mentioned names are fairly generic, but nothing should stop you from using more descriptive like forLanguageTag
or fromBits
like in previous examples. The most important thing is for the static factory method name to go along with already known name patterns for this use-case. There is no other way to distinguish it from “normal” methods (that don’t return an instance) at the first sight.
Companion Object
So in Java, such methods had to be static members of a class, but in Kotlin we have companion object
. It allows us to call the method without explicitly creating an instance of a class (but in fact, object
is an instance). Programmers deeply anchored in Java often use it just as a container for keeping constants and methods that they want to be static
, but it has many interesting features:
companion object
is a special case of an inside-classobject
so a Kotlin Singleton- Its fields and methods behave similar to
static
ones in Java, but are still members of an instance with all its consequences, like access modifiers. - It can implement an interface or extend a class.
- Class having
companion object
has access to its fields, even private ones. - Interfaces also can have
companion object
. - It’s not being inherited, subclasses don’t have access to parents object.
- It’s not accessible from the instance, just like the inner
object
. - It can have a name, but it’s optional - by default it can be reached with the
Companion
name. - There can single
companion object
inside a class, but any number of normalobjects
. - Unlike
inner
classes it doesn’t have access to fields and methods of the parent object, just like insideobject
. - Parent class name already points to
companion object
, there is no need to call it like<<Class>>.Companion.<<method()>>
.
// the companion object in InterestingObject class is extending this abstract class
abstract class Printer {
abstract fun getName(): String
fun print() {
val name = getName()
println(name)
}
}
// private constructor so instance of this class can't be created in traditional way
class InterestingObject private constructor() {
object Factory : Printer() { // ordinary inside object
@JvmStatic // generating true static methods for Java interoperability
fun create() = InterestingObject()
// only companion object override methods can be @JvmStatic
override fun getName(): String {
return "Interesting Object"
}
}
companion object CompanionFactory : Printer() { // companion object with a custom name
private val secret = "No one can know this" // private companion object field, not accessable outside the class
val publicInfo = "***** ***" // publicly available field
fun create() = InterestingObject()
@JvmStatic
override fun getName(): String {
return "Interesting Object from Companion"
}
}
// instance method has access to private companion object field
fun getSecret() = secret
}
val obj0 = InterestingObject() // error, private constructor doesn't allow to create instance this way
val obj1 = InterestingObject.create() // method from CompanionFactory so from the companion object
val obj2 = InterestingObject.Factory.create() // method from Factory object
val obj3 = InterestingObject.CompanionFactory.create() // companion object method again but with unnecessary companion object name
val secret = InterestingObject.CompanionFactory.secret // error, no access to the private field in companion object
val secret2 = InterestingObject.create().getSecret() // but you can get it from the instance method
val publicInfo = InterestingObject.publicInfo // this field is accessable from companion object
// calling abstract class methods
val print1 = InterestingObject.print()
val print2 = InterestingObject.Factory.print()
val print3 = InterestingObject.CompanionFactory.print()
// error, you can't call in-class objects from the instance
InterestingObject.create().Factory.getName()
InterestingObject.create().CompanionFactory.getName()
The code example below shows incrementing variable counter
each time when a new CountMe
instance is created. Like I already wrote subclass ReallyCountMe
doesn’t have access to its parents companion object
. Nonetheless, when a new ReallyCountMe
instance is created counter
is also being incremented.
It happens because parent constructor and init
bloc is called each time, and counter
field is part of Singleton - the companion object
, so each time instance is created (parent or subclass) the same variable counter
is incremented.
open class CountMe(val objectName: String) {
init {
count++ // incrementing counter in companion object
}
companion object {
var count = 0 // every CountMe instance have access to this field
fun printCount() = println("count = $count")
}
}
class ReallyCountMe(private val name: String): CountMe(name)
// usage
CountMe.printCount() // prints 0
CountMe("1")
CountMe("2")
CountMe("3")
CountMe.printCount() // prints 3
ReallyCountMe("1")
ReallyCountMe("2")
ReallyCountMe("3")
CountMe.printCount() // prints 6
Every CountMe
instance has a reference to the same (and the only) companion object
instance.
Another example from library Fiel
(simple HTTP client), where Result
subclasses are created with companion object
methods:
sealed class Result<out V : Any?, out E : Exception> {
...
companion object {
// Factory methods
fun <E : Exception> error(ex: E) = Failure(ex)
fun <V : Any?> success(v: V) = Success(v)
fun <V : Any?> of(value: V?, fail: (() -> Exception) = { Exception() }): Result<V, Exception> =
value?.let { success(it) } ?: error(fail())
fun <V : Any?, E: Exception> of(f: () -> V): Result<V, E> = try {
success(f())
} catch (ex: Exception) {
error(ex as E)
}
}
Companion Object Extensions
There are times where you don’t have the chance to modify class companion object
, like when it comes from 3rd party library. But if the class has the companion object
then you can use extension functions
on it.
// --- external module, like 3rd party library ---
class ExternalClass {
companion object
}
class ExternalClassWithoutCompanion
interface Car{
companion object
}
// --- internal module ---
class Ferrari: Car // internal class implementing interface from the library
fun Car.Companion.getFerrari():Ferrari = Ferrari() // library class extension method creating instance of internal class
// usage
val ferrari = Car.getFerrari()
// other extensions function examples
fun ExternalClass.Companion.newMethod() = "Wow! Extending class companion"
fun Car.Companion.newMethod() = "Wow! Extending interface companion"
fun ExternalClassWithoutCompanion.Companion.newMethod() = "Wow!" // error, this class has no companion object
fun ExternalClassWithoutCompanion.newMethod() = "Wow!" // extension method for the class instance
// usage
ExternalClass.newMethod() // new extension method of ExternalClass companion object
ExternalClassWithoutCompanion.newMethod() // error, newMethod() is instance method, not companion object
ExternalClassWithoutCompanion().newMethod() // this will work, extension method is used on the instance
Again using Fuel
library, where Result
class has companion object
. Result
class itself is sealed
so you cant extend it outside its module.
fun Result.Companion.awersomeNewMethod(){
println("This wasn't originally here")
}
//usage
Result.awersomeNewMethod()
Using companion object
can make clients of your APIs lives much easier, even if you put an empty one in a public class or interface. It allows them to extend functionality without building wrappers or extending classes - and this is why a lot of Kotlin features exist in the first place.
Alternative - Top-level functions
Another interesting way of creating instances are top-level functions
, known for example from:
val intList = listOf(1, 2, 3)
val someSet = setOf("1", "2", "3")
val someMap = mapOf(1 to "1", 2 to "2")
They are especially useful for creating simple but often used objects like lists or maps. Like the name may suggest those functions exist outside (above?) of the classes, and for that reason, they are publicly available (ok, they can be also private but whats the point then?). You should be aware of accidental function shadowing, for example:
// adding such function in the project
fun listOf(vararg item: Int) = item.asList()
// we are shadowing function from kotlin.collections without any trace in code it self (no additional imports)
val intList = listOf(1, 2, 3) // our top-level function
val intList2 = listOf("1", "2") // function from kotlin.collections
It’s not necessarily evil, but it may surprise you. So it’s smarter to avoid too generic names, and not abuse top-level functions
. Also to not litter IDE suggestions, because they will be popping out there.
Summary
Kotlin with its syntactic sugar, such as named arguments, makes writing code much more pleasant than Java. Still using methods to create instances instead of constructors is often a good idea. Static Factory Methods are often used in Kotlin itself or by 3rd party library creators.
I tried to show interesting ways of using companion object
which is not just a container for constants, or is emulating the static
keyword from Java. Kotlin creators are extensively using it, for example in Coroutines - so I guess we should too.
Pros
-
methods have descriptive names
Some languages allow naming constructors, unfortunately not Kotlin or Java. Static Factory Methods are a way of achieving this functionality.
-
methods can take same the argument types in the same order
As long as they have different names, the list of arguments may be identical. You can’t get this with a barebone constructor. Named arguments and default values may cover this issue just a bit.
-
you don’t always need a new instance
The constructor will always create a new instance, but method may first check some cache and return instance that is already created.
-
any subtype can be returned
This subtype may not even be public. You can create a
companion object
inside an interface and return instances of the internal types that implement it. Client will see only the public interface.
Cons
-
you can’t extend a class that have only a private constructor
But this can always be a strong suggestion to use composition over inheritance :)
-
no easy way to distinguish Static Factory Methods from usual methods
Using constructor is clearly visible in the code, but the factory method looks like any other method. The automated documentation generation also won’t be picking those methods as ways to create instance. Using common nomenclature for naming static factory methods may help, examples are here