Monitoring mosquito population dynamics is essential to guide selection and evaluation of malaria vector control interventions but is typically implemented by mobile, centrally-managed teams who can only visit a limited number of locations frequently enough to capture longitudinal trends. Community-based (CB) mosquito trapping schemes for parallel, continuous monitoring of multiple locations are therefore required that are practical, affordable, effective, and reliable.
A CB surveillance scheme, with a monthly sampling and reporting cycle for capturing malaria vectors, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps (LT) and Ifakara Tent Traps (ITT), were conducted by trained community health workers (CHW) in 14 clusters of households immediately surrounding health facilities in rural south-east Zambia. At the end of the study, a controlled quality assurance (QA) survey was conducted by a centrally supervised expert team using human landing catch (HLC), LT and ITT to evaluate accuracy of the CB trapping data. Active surveillance of malaria parasite infection rates amongst humans was conducted by CHWs in the same clusters to determine the epidemiological relevance of these CB entomological surveys.
CB-LT and CB-ITT exhibited relative sampling efficiencies of 50 and 7%
CB trapping schemes appear to be far more affordable, epidemiologically relevant and cost-effective than centrally supervised trapping schemes and may well be applicable to enhance intervention trials and even enable routine programmatic monitoring of vector population dynamics on unprecedented national scales.
Despite the impressive successes of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), which selectively target malaria vectors when they feed or rest inside human habitations, these front line vector control tools have rarely achieved complete elimination of malaria outside of areas that had marginal transmission levels to begin with[ 1- 3]. These fundamental limits of what can be achieved with IRS or LLINs are primarily defined by the behavioural traits of mosquitoes [ 2, 4- 10], most of which appear to have always been present in these populations [ 2, 4- 7] so they are better described as pre-existing behavioural resilience (Figure 1A) [ 6, 7]. On the other hand, recent modelling analyses [ 11] have illustrated how apparently altered distributions of feeding times and locations following scale-up of LLIN or IRS cannot be simply explained in terms of deferred feeding by hungry mosquitoes and may represent emergence of selected, heritable behavioural resistance in the strict sense (Figure 1B) [ 6, 7]. Furthermore, resurgent malaria has been repeatedly associated with, not only failures of implementation and funding for vector control programmes, but also with emergence of physiological resistance to insecticides [ 12]. It is therefore crucial to distinguish between such fundamental limitations of a given vector control strategy, reflecting incomplete but nevertheless valuable levels of sustainable impact (Figure 1A), and a genuine failure of an intervention programme that results in rebounding vector populations and malaria transmission (Figure 1B).
A schematic illustration of the differing trajectories of impact of an intervention upon malaria transmission by a vector population under the distinctive scenarios of either (A) stable limitation of sustained impact arising from expression of pre-existing behavioural traits within a resilient vector population, or (B) failure of impact and resurgence of malaria transmission when, either intervention programme implementation quality and coverage weakens, or selected behavioural or physiological traits emerge within an increasingly resistant, rebounding vector population [ 2, 4, 6, 7][ 12] .
The only way in which suppression or resurgence of malaria transmission can be unambiguously attributed to the success or failure of interventions to control responsible vectors will be to monitor their population dynamics longitudinally. Currently, across sub-Sahara Africa, almost all monitoring of vector populations is limited to detecting physiological resistance to prioritize optimal selection of active ingredients for intra-domiciliary insecticidal-based interventions. It has therefore been suggested that robust longitudinal sentinel surveillance systems need to be established so that national malaria control programmes (NMCPs) can continually monitor physiological and behavioural traits, and assess their relevance to intervention selection, by evaluating their impact upon the population dynamics of target vector species [ 6, 13].
However, the cost of implementing adult mosquito surveillance through conventional teams of specialist entomologists may be prohibitive in impoverished African countries [ 14, 15]. Conventional longitudinal entomological monitoring strategies rely operationally upon trained specialist technical staff managed centrally usually by academic or research institutions, so they are usually limited in both their geographic scope and the frequency of sampling at any survey location. The availability and cost of the expert human resources required to sustain such specialist teams is also limiting [ 14- 16]. Mosquito species composition, abundance and transmission potential is not only altered by successful implementation of vector control measures [ 2, 6, 8, 13], it also varies dramatically geographically and seasonally. It is therefore difficult to envision how conventional, centralized entomological surveillance teams could capture such spatial and temporal patterns in a representative manner on national scales because they simply cannot reach all sentinel survey locations often enough to provide a robust representation of longitudinal trends at each one.
Decentralized systems that adapt cost-effective trapping methods to local, longitudinal application by resident community-based (CB) staff therefore represent an attractive alternative [ 14, 15]. Implementation of CB trapping schemes presents two important challenges: 1) selection of traps, and protocols for their use, that are safe practical and convenient enough for CB staff to apply them reliably in the absence of daily supervision, and 2) independent quality assurance (QA) of this unsupervised surveillance process so that the accuracy and limitations of the derived data can be quantified as a prerequisite to critical interpretation. To date, however, only one CB mosquito-trapping scheme, designed to support a municipal-scale, larval source management programme in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, has been critically evaluated through both QA of the derived entomological data and appraisal of its epidemiological relevance in terms of its ability to predict malaria infection risk among humans [ 15]. This first validated CB trapping scheme was also more sensitive, in terms of total numbers of mosquito caught, than the centrally supervised scheme used to conduct QA, because it was much more intensive and at the same time spatially extensive [ 15]. Furthermore, CB trapping results in Dar es Salaam were predictive of malaria risk infection amongst humans despite the fact that vector populations were remarkably sparse in this low transmission urban area [ 15]. However, the generalizability of this study to a wider variety of settings is not only limited by its local geographic scope, but also by the fact that it relied on entirely upon a locally designed Ifakara Tent Trap (ITT) [ 17, 18] because this was shown to be the only safe, sufficiently sensitive capture method in this context where Anopheles gambiae is the predominant species maintaining transmission [ 19].
Over the last decade, Zambia has made substantial progress toward implementing an ambitious strategic plan aiming to protect every at-risk individual in the country against malaria with either LLINs or IRS [ 20]. As insecticide resistance has now been clearly identified within the country, it is essential to develop a sustainable platform to monitor vector species composition, behaviour and transmission capacity on a national scale for the first time. Recent comparative evaluations of various mosquito-trapping methods, in rural south-east Zambia [ 21], where malaria transmission is primarily maintained by Anopheles funestus, demonstrated that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature Light Trap (LT) and ITT [ 18] both performed reasonably well as methods for capturing host-seeking mosquitoes and also suggested that they could be applied across a much larger geographic area through a more practical and scalable CB system. This manuscript describes an evaluation of the applicability of CB trapping schemes, using these two candidate capture methods, to assess their effectiveness for sampling malaria vectors across different times and locations, as well as their overall cost effectiveness and ability to predict human malaria infection risk in the same rural Zambian transmission system [ 21].
The study was conducted in Luangwa and Nyimba districts, located approximately 255 km and 325 km, respectively, east of Lusaka, the capital city of Zambia (Figure 2). There are about 25,000 and 85,000 inhabitants in Luangwa and Nyimba, respectively, who predominantly practice seasonal farming, fishing and animal husbandry as their primary livelihood [ 22]. Malaria prevalence in this part of Zambia ranges from 9 to 22%, with by far the lowest prevalence in the flat, sandy southern half of Luangwa [ 23]. Within this study area, intensive monitoring of malaria infection among the humans, and of human-biting mosquito densities in and around their houses, was carried out on a monthly survey cycle by resident community health workers (CHWs) in 14 population clusters centred around health facilities between January 2011 and March 2013 [ 22].
Location of study site, and numbered survey clusters around health facilities, in Zambia.
Between 2005 and 2012, Luangwa and Nyimba districts received repeated mass distributions of LLINs, complemented by routine distribution through antenatal clinics. As a result, 66 and 43%, respectively of children under five years of age in Luangwa and Nyimba reported using a net the previous night by 2010 [ 24]. IRS was implemented between October and November 2010, using deltamethrin (K-Othrine WG® 250, Bayer Environmental Science, South Africa) in the south of Luangwa district. At the same time of year in 2011, some of these villages in southern Luangwa district were sprayed with lambdacyhalothrin (Icon® 10 Capsule Suspension (CS) formulation, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Switzerland) while others, as well as several in Nyimba district, were sprayed with an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® EC, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Switzerland) to mitigate against the resistance to pyrethroids among An. funestus populations in the area [ 25]. A year later 2012, the same regime was applied except that the selection of villages sprayed with pirimiphos methyl in Nymiba was changed and, in some of them, the EC formulation was replaced with a micro-encapsulated formulation of the same active ingredient (Actellic® 300CS, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, South Africa).
Fourteen population clusters of approximately 1,000 residents were selected in both districts (seven per district), each centred around a public sector health facility, in which each household was visited monthly by a CHW offering testing and treatment for malaria [ 22]. Three CHWs were recruited for this task, of which two enrolled approximately 60 households while the third, who was also responsible for CB mosquito trapping as described below, enrolled 45 households for parasitological surveillance. CHWs enlisted households in order of their proximity to the health facility and collected small finger-stick blood samples from all consenting and assenting household members who were present on a designated date each month for each household and tested on the spot using the MAL Pf® Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kit (ICT Diagnostic, Cape Town, South Africa) that detects histidine rich protein-2 (HRP-2) antigen. All individuals that tested positive in the field for the presence of malaria parasite antigen were provided with artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®, Norvatis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland) free-of-charge in accordance with the national guidelines. Between these active visits, individuals who felt sick or had symptoms were encouraged to seek medical care from their assigned CHW or the nearest health facility so cases were also detected passively. All the recruited CHWs were remunerated as casual labourers at a rate of ZMW 350 ($66.9) per month. Mean diagnostic positivity rates of residents in individual clusters tested during monthly activity visits to their households ranged from 6 to 47% with an overall mean of 20.3% (11,851/58,500) across all age groups [ 22], approximately consistent with the recent National Malaria Indicator Survey [ 23] that describes a mean infection prevalence of 19.5% in cross sectional household surveys in the rural districts of Zambia.
In order to assess the effectiveness of CB surveillance of adult mosquito populations, one of the three CHWs in each cluster (specifically the ones with 45 households to survey) had additional training in basic entomology. One exception was at Luangwa High School (cluster 4), where two out of the three CHWs were engaged in conducting entomological surveillance of adult mosquito populations with one covering 45 while the other 60 households in the surveys of infection among the human residents. Fifteen houses per cluster for mosquito trapping were selected semi-arbitrarily to be well distributed across the cluster, with the exception of Luangwa High School where this figure was doubled to 30 due to the involvement of an additional CHW in mosquito trapping. Therefore, the targeted number of trapping nights per house per month was one. The cluster, village, and household codes, and household owner name for each household were recorded for all 299 households where CB surveys of mosquitoes were conducted. A consistent date of the month for mosquito trapping using the LT and ITT at each house was pre-agreed with each household head. The LTs were placed inside the house on the foot end of an occupied sleeping space already covered with LLIN at a height of approximately 1.5 m above the floor whilst an adult male from the same household occupied an ITT placed immediately outside, approximately 5 m away from the house where the LT was installed. The only occasion volunteers where replaced was in cases of illness, resignation or unreliability. Due to the inconvenience of the bulkiness of the ITT [ 15, 21] CHWs were provided with spare parts to maintain their bicycles to facilitate transport of the traps from one household to another during the study period. Mosquito traps were set up in the evenings and captured mosquitoes were collected by aspiration as early as was convenient the next morning. CHWs were trained to sort mosquitoes to genus level by eye, to store them over silica, and to keep it desiccated. Anopheles specimens were stored individually in 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes while culicines were pooled in ziplock bags. Based on this crude morphological classification, the numbers of mosquitoes caught were recorded on a simple form by the CHW.
A team from the centralized National Malaria Control Centre (NMCC) entomological team collected the mosquito samples from all of the clusters once per month and delivered them to the central laboratory at the NMCC in Lusaka. At the central laboratory, anopheline mosquito samples were subjected to further morphological identification [ 26] and the data entered into an Excel sheet. Then the An. gambiae complex and An. funestus group were taken to the molecular laboratory for further analysis and long-term storage. CB mosquito trapping was conducted continuously from January 2011 to April 2013 in Luangwa and from April 2011 to April 2013 in Nyimba district.
In order to assess the validity of the CB trapping schemes using the LTs and ITTs, a QA team was assembled towards the end of the study. This team was recruited selectively from among the most experienced CHWs who were involved during the previous trap efficacy study in Chisobe village of Luangwa district. None of these team members had any other responsibilities within this particular study and were supervised by a technical team of trained entomologists from the central level at NMCC.
To validate the CB trapping schemes, the QA team visited the same households that the CB team had placed their traps a day or two earlier. The trapping efficacy of LT and ITT applied by the QA team, and their efficiency and effectiveness as applied by the CHWs, were compared with the gold standard human landing catches technique (HLC) [ 27] conducted by one male adult volunteer indoors and another outdoors. As described above, every month, on a date that was pre-agreed with the household owner, the CB team placed the LT indoors and ITT outdoors, and then at the next household on the schedule the following day. The QA team followed this sequence but delayed by a day or two to enable them have at least two houses to re-survey that the CHW had surveyed no more than three days previously. The QA team conducted HLC indoors and outdoors in one of the two houses while the other was surveyed with LT indoors and ITT outdoors. During this process a QA team member slept in the ITT. On the following day, the pair of participants conducting HLCs would remain in the same house but would apply the LT and ITT methods, while the other pair also stayed in the same house as the previous night but applied HLC. Therefore, each cluster was visited for at least one night by the QA team with a lag of only a day or two after CB catches in or around the same houses. The only exception was cluster 10, which the QA team never visited because the households were closely situated to those of cluster 11. Therefore only one of the two clusters was sampled for convenience. A specific form was used to record the data including the cluster name, village name, household code, household owner name, date, and trapping method. All trapping methods were applied by the QA teams between 19:00 and 07:00 hours. The CHWs were informed in advance about the QA team so that they could conveniently get consent from the household owners for the additional days of mosquito collections.
For QA surveys, samples of mosquitoes were collected and morphologically differentiated to genus level individually in the field. Female Anopheles mosquitoes were further separated, recorded and preserved individually in microcentrifuge tubes over desiccated silica gel. All males were recorded and discarded.
Further morphological identification of Anopheles to species group or complex [ 26] was conducted at the NMCC main laboratory. Female Anopheles samples were processed for detection of circumsporozoite protein ELISA [ 28], including confirmation following boiling of the head-thorax homogenates to prevent false-positive, [ 29] and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of species within the An. gambiae complex [ 30] or An. funestus group [ 31].
Data were entered using Microsoft Excel 2007 and analysed using R statistical analysis software version 2.15.1, augmented with lattice, matrix and lme4 packages. To estimate the relative trapping efficiency of the different trapping schemes, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was fitted using the number of mosquitoes of a given taxon as the Poisson-distributed dependent variable and trapping scheme as a categorical independent variable with five levels (CB-LT, CB-ITT, QA-HLC, QA-LT and QA-ITT). In order to account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity, as well as for over-dispersion, date, as well as households nested within clusters were treated as random effects. To ensure full comparability, data from the CB surveys collected more than seven days before or after a survey by the QA team in the same cluster were excluded from this analysis, so this comparison relates only to selected observations from the last three months of the study when both surveys were operational and overlapped in space and time.
Further, in estimating how An. funestus abundance predicts malaria infection risk among the human population, a GLMM was fitted with R statistical software augmented as above, with RDT results as the binomial dependent variable while the base 10 logarithm of the mean An. funestus catch per LT for each cluster, estimated from the Poisson model described above, was included as a continuous independent variable. Note, however, that to obtain specific estimates of the mean catches of An. funestus at each cluster, the model described above has to be modified so that cluster was treated as a categorical variable, rather than a random effect, and no intercept was included so that those estimates would be absolute rather than relative to an arbitrary reference group. Age categories of RDT-tested participants and date were treated as random effects and, to avoid any confounding effects household clustering would have on the An. funestus catch estimates, individual households were included nested within clusters as random effects. Data selected for this analysis of the dependence of malaria infection risk upon vector densities were restricted to the period from the onset of the study in January 2011 to September 2011 to avoid any confounding effects that the introduction of IRS in October and November 2011 would have on the densities or infection prevalence.
This QA exercise was conducted for only the three final months of the study (February to April, 2013) in 13 of the 14 clusters, each of which was visited at least once using motorized transport provided to the QA team for that period. The government employed technical team members and the driver received their normal per diems during this period, which were ZMW500 ($95.6) and ZMW300 ($57.4) per night, respectively. The cost incurred also included vehicle fuel, maintenance and depreciation (purchase cost of $15,000 depreciated to an expected value of $2,500 when disposed of by tender after five years of use) as well as the daily remuneration of the CHWs at the rate of ZMW100 ($19.1) per night of execution of the QA exercise. Whenever QA was conducted in clusters in Nyimba district, accommodation costs were also paid for the CHWs in the QA team because it was impractical for the team to return to their home in Chisobe village (Luangwa) on a daily basis, due to the long distance between the districts and the bad terrain between clusters during the rainy season. The CB CHWs received a minimal monthly incentive in form of the monthly remuneration of ZMW350 ($66.9) agreed upon at the start of the study. In addition to this incentive, the additional costs incurred included provision of field supplies and having their bicycles repaired in order to facilitate their ease of movement and carrying of the traps to the selected households where the trapping surveys took place.
In estimating these costs, the approximated amount of time and efforts spent on each trapping scheme was also factored into the total expenditure to calculate the cost per sampling night, as well as per single specimen of An. funestus collected. Consideration was restricted to An. funestus because it is overwhelmingly the most important vector mediating malaria transmission in this part of Zambia [ 21, 32].
This protocol was approved by the National Ethics Committee based at the University of Zambia (IRB00001131 of I0RG0000774) and the Ethical Review Board of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (09.60). The benefits and risks associated with participating were explained to participants in advance of seeking their consent and assent. Adult participants had all consented to participate in the study, while all the children involved were permitted to do so by either their parents or guardians and provided assent where old enough. QA team members conducting HLC were administered with dapsone-pyrimethamine (Deltaprim ©), one of the recommended drugs for chemoprophylaxis in Zambia, every week in accordance with the national guidelines.
A total of 20,683 female mosquitoes were collected by both the CB and QA sampling schemes in the 3,174 trap nights (Table 1). Morphological identification showed that the An. funestus group and An. gambiae complex comprised 34.5% (n = 7,127) and 3.3% (n = 685), respectively, while other anophelines and the culicines mosquitoes comprised 3.2% (n = 661) and 59.0% (n = 12,210), respectively, of the total. Of the 596 specimens that were initially identified as members of the An. funestus group by routine morphology, and then also successfully identified to species by PCR, 96.5% (n = 575) were confirmed to be An. funestus sensu stricto, with the remainder being Anopheles rivulorum (1.8%, n = 11) and Anopheles leesoni (1.7%, n = 10), respectively. Densities of the An. funestus group , as determined by routine morphological classification can therefore be considered quite a reliable representation of An. funestus s.s. as a species . PCR analysis of mosquitoes from the An. gambiae complex confirmed previous observations [ 21] that most specimens which amplified (69% (49/71)) were An. quadriannulatus, so this taxon is referred to as An. quadriannulatus subsequently in this text. All the other anophelines were morphologically identified as Anopheles coustani (34.0%; n = 225), Anopheles pretoriensis (22.5%; n = 149), Anopheles rufipes (19.1%; n = 126), Anopheles squamosis (13.2%; n = 87), Anopheles implexus (11.0%; n = 73) and one (0.2%) Anopheles maculipalpis.
Total and unadjusted mean catches of malaria vectors and other mosquito species by community-based and quality assured sampling schemes
| leftbottomPerson trap-nights | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom3171 | centerbottom2195 |
| leftbottomNumber of houses sampled | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom505 | centerbottom432 |
| leftbottomMean trap-nights per surveyed house | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom6.3 | centerbottom5.1 |
| leftbottomMean trap-nights per cluster | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom226.6 | centerbottom156.8 |
| leftbottomTotal catch of female mosquitoes | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom |
| leftbottom Anopheles funestus | centerbottom174 | centerbottom149 | centerbottom66 | centerbottom46 | centerbottom5,827 | centerbottom865 |
| leftbottom Anopheles quadriannulatus | centerbottom10 | centerbottom2 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom613 | centerbottom60 |
| leftbottomOther anophelines | centerbottom9 | centerbottom26 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom591 | centerbottom35 |
| leftbottom Culex species | centerbottom426 | centerbottom394 | centerbottom94 | centerbottom82 | centerbottom9,548 | centerbottom1,666 |
| leftbottomMean catch of female mosquitoes | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom |
| leftbottom Anopheles funestus | centerbottom8.7 | centerbottom7.5 | centerbottom3.3 | centerbottom2.3 | centerbottom1.8 | centerbottom0.4 |
| leftbottom Anopheles quadriannulatus | centerbottom0.5 | centerbottom0.1 | centerbottom0.0 | centerbottom0.0 | centerbottom0.0 | centerbottom0.0 |
| leftbottomOther anophelines | centerbottom0.5 | centerbottom1.3 | centerbottom0.0 | centerbottom0.0 | centerbottom0.2 | centerbottom0.0 |
| leftCulex species | center21.3 | center19.7 | center4.7 | center4.1 | center3.0 | center0.8 |
Of the total 550 An. funestus s.l. that were tested for circumsporozoite ELISA, only 23 An. funestus were detected with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in their salivary glands, corresponding to a sporozoite rate of 4.2%. This sporozoite infection prevalence is considerably higher than that previously reported from Chisobe [ 21], presumably because the period and geographical scope of sampling were far larger and also possibly because levels of insecticide resistance in the area may have increased. The abundance of An. funestus s.s. reported here across both districts is approximately consistent with previous studies at one of the clusters in Chisobe [ 21, 32] and confirms that it is the predominant species sustaining malaria transmission in this part of Zambia.
There was some inconsistency in the number of trap-nights of sampling by the CB trapping schemes over the 28 months of mosquito collections in all the clusters in both districts and the scheduled target sampling intensity was only occasionally achieved in Luangwa and never in Nyimba (Figure 3). It was only in February 2011 and April 2012 when trap-nights in Luangwa district exceeded the average of 150 trap-nights that had been expected to be attained per month per cluster. Nevertheless, adequate sampling to measure mean mosquito densities was sustained throughout the study. Interestingly, it appears that more trap-nights were conducted during the wet seasons when the CHWs observed increased abundance of An. funestus and Culex species (Figure 3). The overall numbers of person trap-nights conducted by the CB surveys were >100 greater than the QA surveys (Table 1), not only because the former had far greater numbers of staff operating, each of whom sampled with slightly greater frequency, but also because these were conducted over a much longer period of 28 months while the QA were restricted to the last three months of the study.
Monthly trap-nights of community-based trapping schemes in the 14 clusters (A and B) and mean catches of Anopheles funestus (C and D) and Culex (E and F) in Luangwa and Nyimba districts.
Summaries of the mean number of trap-nights of sampling per household and per cluster surveyed, mean catches and relative rates of capture for each taxon in times and places when both the CB and QA surveys were operational are shown in Table 2. The total numbers of person trap-nights and mean number of trap-nights completed per sampled cluster by the CB scheme were far higher (Table 2), despite the fact that inclusion of this data was restricted to within a week before or after a QA survey in the same cluster, simply because the frequency of sampling with a single, centralized QA team was limited by the practical logistical limitations described in background.
Relative sampling sensitivity of community-based trapping scheme using CDC Light Traps and Ifakara Tent Traps to capture mosquitoes compared with quality assured catches when both operated simultaneously as estimated by generalized linear mixed models
| leftbottomPerson trap-nights | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom82 | centerbottom82 |
| leftbottomNumber of houses sampled | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom76 | centerbottom76 |
| leftbottomNumber of clusters surveyed | centerbottom13 | centerbottom13 | centerbottom13 | centerbottom13 | centerbottom13 | centerbottom13 |
| leftbottomMean trap-nights per surveyed house | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.0 | centerbottom1.1 | centerbottom1.1 |
| leftbottomMean trap-nights per cluster | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom1.5 | centerbottom6.3 | centerbottom6.3 |
| leftbottomTotal catch of female mosquitoes | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom |
| leftbottom Anopheles funestus | centerbottom174 | centerbottom149 | centerbottom66 | centerbottom46 | centerbottom126 | centerbottom24 |
| leftbottom Anopheles quadriannulatus | centerbottom10 | centerbottom2 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom63 | centerbottom9 |
| leftbottomOther anophelines | centerbottom9 | centerbottom26 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom36 | centerbottom1 |
| leftbottom Culex species | centerbottom426 | centerbottom394 | centerbottom94 | centerbottom82 | centerbottom224 | centerbottom112 |
| leftbottomMean catch [95% confidence interval] | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom |
| leftbottom Anopheles funestus | centerbottom4.507 | centerbottom3.860 | centerbottom1.498 | centerbottom1.047 | centerbottom0.584 | centerbottom0.101 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom[2.115, 9.604] | centerbottom[1.807, 8.244] | centerbottom[0.680, 3.300] | centerbottom[0.468, 2.343] | centerbottom[0.284, 1.201] | centerbottom[0.045, 0.227] |
| leftbottom Anopheles quadriannulatus | centerbottom0.097 | centerbottom0.019 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0.184 | centerbottom0.026 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom[0.025, 0.383] | centerbottom[0.003, 0.127] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[0.086, 0.394] | centerbottom[0.010, 0.070] |
| leftbottomOther anophelines | centerbottom0.005 | centerbottom0.014 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0.016 | centerbottom0.000 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom[0.001, 0.046] | centerbottom[0.002, 0.124] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[0.004, 0.071] | centerbottom[0.000, 0.005] |
| leftbottom Culex species | centerbottom11.941 | centerbottom11.044 | centerbottom1.743 | centerbottom1.374 | centerbottom0.305 | centerbottom0.146 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom[5.186, 27.494] | centerbottom[4.795, 25.439] | centerbottom[0.771, 3.943] | centerbottom[0.604, 3.126] | centerbottom[0.145, 0.642] | centerbottom[0.069, 0.312] |
| leftbottomRelative rate of capture [95% confidence interval] | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom |
| leftbottom Anopheles funestus | centerbottom1.00 | centerbottom0.856 | centerbottom0.332*** | centerbottom0.232*** | centerbottom0.130*** | centerbottom0.022*** |
| leftbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom[0.688, 1.065] | centerbottom[0.185, 0.596] | centerbottom[0.127, 0.426] | centerbottom[0.079, 0.212] | centerbottom[0.012, 0.041] |
| leftbottom Anopheles quadriannulatus | centerbottom1.00 | centerbottom0.200* | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom1.885 | centerbottom0.266 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom[0.042, 0.959] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[0.497, 7.153] | centerbottom[0.061, 1.157] |
| leftbottomOther anophelines | centerbottom1.00 | centerbottom2.889** | centerbottom0 | centerbottom0 | centerbottom3.215 | centerbottom0.085 |
| leftbottom | centerbottom | centerbottom[1.343, 6.213] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[NE] | centerbottom[0.355, 29.131] | centerbottom[0.004, 1.740] |
| leftbottom Culex species | centerbottom1.00 | centerbottom0.925 | centerbottom0.146*** | centerbottom0.115*** | centerbottom0.026*** | centerbottom0.012*** |
| left | center | center[0.807, 1.061] | center[0.075, 0.283] | center[0.059, 0.224] | center[0.014, 0.047] | center[0.007, 0.023] |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
For An. funestus, relative rate of capture per trap-night of the CB-LT was only 13% when compared with the indoor HLC, while that of CB-ITT was <3% (Table 2). However, comparing the CB-LT and the CB-ITT sampling methods with their application through the QA scheme, their relative capture rate per night of trapping was estimated to be 50% (relative rate (RR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.500 [0.299, 0.838]; P = 0.009) and 7% (RR [95% CI] = 0.069 [0.027, 0.174]; P < 0.001), respectively. Combined QA surveys with LT and ITT neither captured any Anopheles quadriannulatus nor any other anophelines in the three months these were conducted over. The CB-LT captured more An. quadriannulatus than any other method, including QA-HLC, but overall numbers of this mosquito were so low that this difference was not significant (Table 2) . Overall, CB trapping with either LT or ITT exhibited relatively low rates of capture compared with QA surveys of HLC and even with the same trapping methods when conducted simultaneously (Table 2).
Using the mean An. funestus trap catches (M
Results for the QA-HLC placed indoors and outdoors were combined and considered as a single trapping method. Cost per sampling night was lowest for CB-LT, followed by CB-ITT, which was about twice as expensive, and then far more distantly by the QA survey, which were all at least an order of magnitude more expensive than either CB approach (Table 3). Cost per specimen of An. funestus captured was by far the lowest for CB-LT, followed by the potentially hazardous QA-HLC and then CB-ITT which were approximately five and seven times less cost effective, respectively, and then QA-LT and QA-ITT which were both an order of magnitude less cost effective than either CB method or QA-HLC (Table 3).
Crude estimates of the costs per sampling scheme per trap-night and per Anopheles funestus caught for the three months when community-based sampling was validated with quality assurance sampling schemes
| leftbottomNumber of samples | leftbottomPerson-night | centerbottom40 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom20 | centerbottom249 | centerbottom243 |
| leftbottomNumbers caught | leftbottomNumber of A n. funestus | centerbottom526 | centerbottom41 | centerbottom32 | centerbottom637 | centerbottom156 |
| leftbottomMean caught | leftbottomNumber of An. funestus per person-night | centerbottom13.2 | centerbottom2.1 | centerbottom1.6 | centerbottom2.6 | centerbottom0.6 |
| leftbottomPersonnel costs a | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom2,180(11,401.4) | centerbottom1,520(7,949.6) | centerbottom1,076(5,627.5) | centerbottom2509.4(13,124.2) | centerbottom2,939.4(15,373.1) |
| leftbottom Per diem costs b | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom414(2,165.2) | centerbottom1,243(6,500.9) | centerbottom1,243(6,500.9) | centerbottom621(3,247.8) | centerbottom621(3,247.8) |
| leftbottomTrap depreciation costs | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom87.5(457.6) | centerbottom125(653.8) | centerbottom87.5(457.6) | centerbottom125(653.8) |
| leftbottomTransport costs a | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom225(1,176.8) | centerbottom225(1,176.8) | centerbottom225(1,176.8) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) |
| leftbottomVehicle maintenance costs c | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom212(1,108.8) | centerbottom211(1,108.8) | centerbottom212(1,108.8) | centerbottom71(371.3) | centerbottom71(371.3) |
| leftbottomVehicle depreciation cost d | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom2,500(13,075) | centerbottom2,500(13,075) | centerbottom2,500(13,075) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) |
| leftbottomBicycle repair costs c | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom94(491.6) | centerbottom611(3,195.5) |
| leftbottomBicycle depreciation costs d | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom0(0) | centerbottom5(26.2) | centerbottom5(26.2) |
| leftbottomTotal expenditure | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom5,531(28,927.1) | centerbottom5,788(30,268.6) | centerbottom5,381(28,142.6) | centerbottom3,388(17,718.7) | centerbottom4,372(22,867.7) |
| leftbottomCost per person-night of sampling | leftbottom$(ZMW) | centerbottom138.3(723.2) | centerbottom289.4(1,513.4) | centerbottom269.1(1,407.1) | centerbottom13.6(71.2) | centerbottom18.0(94.1) |
| leftCost per specimen of An. funestus caught | left$(ZMW) | center10.5(55) | center141.2(738.3) | center168.2(879.5) | center5.3(27.8) | center28.0(146.6) |
aCost estimates were based on the approximated time and efforts spent on each trapping method.
bAssumptions made on the salaries paid and per diem to the central level teams during their visits.
cEstimated cost incurred for maintaining the equipment for transporting or visiting the trapping schemes per location.
dMonthly depreciation costs calculated when both trapping schemes where operational for three months.
$- US dollar.
ZMW - Zambian Kwacha.
Note: 1$ ≈ ZMW 5.23 which was the average exchange during the midpoint year of 2012.
Figure 4 shows how the time-trends of malaria parasitaemia over the course of this period approximately follow those for the mean An. funestus catch by the CB entomological surveys. Consistent with previous studies in the area [ 33] parasite rates were generally much lower in Luangwa than in Nyimba district, with the least transmission recorded in the southernmost corner of the study area, at or near the district capital in Luangwa Boma, and these spatial trends in malaria parasitaemia were clearly associated with An. funestus density (Figure 5).
Temporal variations of Anopheles funestus mean catches by light traps and the malaria diagnostic positivity among human residents from January to September 2011 in Luangwa and Nyimba districts.
Relationship between malaria diagnostic positivity among human residents and mean catches of Anopheles funestus per trap night of capture with light traps in each cluster, plotted with a standard (A) and logarithmic (B) horizontal axis. Each data point represents the mean diagnostic positivity across all ages for a single cluster, numbered as described in Figure 2. The plotted lines represent the generalized linear mixed model fitted to these data, as described in the entomological and epidemiological data analysis section. Odds ratio [95% Confidence interval] for a ten-fold increase in the mean Anopheles funestus catch = 4.378 [2.438, 7.8580]; P < 0.001.
The CB trapping scheme proved to be far more practical, effective and cost effective for trapping large numbers of An. funestus because the higher frequency and overall numbers of mosquito samples collected within each population cluster captures temporal trends with far greater resolution and precision than conventional surveys by centralized teams, as exemplified by the QA surveys described herein. Familiarity of the CHWs with the communities and the collection sites enabled convenient, repeated, high frequency trapping in each cluster, simply because the CHWs live where they work. Overall, CB trapping with either LT or ITT exhibited relative low rates of capture per night of sampling compared with HLC, or even with the same trapping methods, implemented by the QA team. Nevertheless, CB trapping schemes caught far more mosquito of all taxa simply because these procedures allowed for more intensive sampling of each cluster in terms of trap-nights conducted over the whole period of the study. While longitudinal surveillance CB trapping scheme may not be as sensitive as the gold standard HLC in terms of estimating the absolute biting densities of host-seeking vectors, such assessments merely reflect the efficiency of the trapping method rather than the effectiveness of the system through which they are applied. When evaluated in terms of cost-effectiveness, it does appear to represent a far more affordable option for routine vector population dynamics monitoring at programmatic level that yields far more spatial and, especially, temporal resolution than is otherwise possible.
The only previous study to have validated the affordability, accuracy and epidemiological relevance of a CB trapping system relates to a municipal-scale platform for monitoring and evaluating the impact of an urban larviciding programme where An. gambiae s.s. is the predominant vector present [ 15]. The findings reported here also provide the first evidence of the applicability of quality assured CB trapping schemes in a transmissions system where local vectorial capacity is dominated by An. funestus. Unlike the preceding example from an urban Tanzanian setting, which necessarily relied on the locally designed and effective ITT [ 15], this study demonstrates for the first time how solar-recharged LT can be practically applied by CB staff to yield vector density data that predict malaria risk infection in 14 clusters distributed across >14,000 sq km of an isolated part of rural Zambia (Figures 4 and 5). The sampled clusters were far too widely distributed across these two districts for the QA team to visit more than once or twice every three months and these same logistical limitations are likely to apply to any centralized QA surveillance system with finite human and financial resources, especially if attempting to monitor vector populations on larger provincial or national scales. While others [ 34, 35] have used CB trapping schemes to evaluate large-scale intervention progress, none conducted QA or estimated costs incurred under conditions comparable with programmatic operational conditions. The observations reported here therefore complement these earlier studies and provide another encouraging example of how much can be achieved by imparting basic entomological skills to non-specialist CB staff and availing them with minimal resources to monitor vector population dynamics and how it responds to control in their own communities.
Like all studies, this evaluation had limitations that merit careful consideration. The QA validation exercise was only carried out for three months during the rainy season so it can only be assumed, rather than proven, that these comparisons are representative of CHW and trap performance throughout the study. Furthermore, the CHWs were informed approximately one day in advance that the QA team would be coming to visit the cluster so it is possible that they conducted a small proportion of their trapping in that interim period more carefully than they normally would. Future studies of CB trapping schemes, especially those evaluating prototype systems operating at larger scales, should therefore incorporate continuous, randomized and unannounced, if not necessarily as intensive, QA surveys. It was also observed that the CHWs often conducted lower numbers of trap nights of sampling during the dry season when the catches were lowest because they thought it unnecessary to continue collecting even when the catches were often zero. It may, therefore, be necessary to sensitize CB staff to the critical importance of measuring the low but non-zero vector densities that occur in the dry season, especially in the context of any pre-elimination scenario where supplementary mass drug administration, mass screen and treat, or vector control measures are specifically introduced and evaluated as interventions to achieve termination of local transmission.
Despite these study limitations, the prototype CB mosquito trapping scheme evaluated here clearly has considerable potential for improvement and scale-up. It is therefore recommended that future operational studies are undertaken to adapt, optimize and evaluate CB trapping schemes for monitoring mosquito population dynamics at nationally representative scales so that the influence of physiological and phenotypic traits, as determinants of success, limitations and failures of vector population control, can be assessed continuously, indefinitely and sustainably.
CB: Community-based; CHW: Community health worker; CS: Capsule suspension; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ES: Emulsifiable suspension; GMEP: Global Malaria Eradication Programme; HLC: Human landing catch; IRS: Indoor residual spraying; NMCC: National Malaria Control Centre; NMCP: National Malaria Control Programme; IRB: Institutional Review Board; ITT: Ifakara Tent Trap; kdr: Knock down resistance; LT: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature Light Traps; LLIN: Long-lasting insecticidal net; RDT: Rapid diagnostic test; QA: Quality assurance; ZMW: Zambian Kwacha.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
GFK, AS, and CHS conceived and planned the study. CHS, AS, DC, JC, BH, and MK supervised execution of the study. NFL, MM and IM conducted the laboratory analyses. CHS analysed the data and drafted the manuscript in consultation with GFK. All authors contributed to editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank the Ministry of Health (Dr Peter Mwaba and Dr Elizabeth Chizema-Kawesha), National Malaria Control Centre, the Zambian Malaria Transmission Consortium project team, the District Health Offices and communities of Luangwa and Nyimba for their co-operation and support. We thank Dr Adam Bennett for providing the map for the study site. We thank Dr Nicodem Govella for arranging supply of ITT-C and Dr Kate Aultman of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for suggesting evaluation of mosquito trapping systems in terms of their epidemiological predictive power. Financial support was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through the Malaria Transmission Consortium (Award number 45114).


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| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AbstractSimonDataSource |
SimonCommonDataSource is parent for all three datasource implementation classes.
|
| SimonConnectionPoolDataSource |
Wrapper class for real ConnectionPoolDataSource implementation, produces pooled
PooledConnection object. |
| SimonDataSource |
Wrapper class for real DataSource implementation, produces standard
Connection
object. |
| SimonPooledConnection |
Simon implementation of
PooledConnection , needed for
Simon ConnectionPollDataSource implementation. |
| SimonXAConnection |
Simon implementation of
XAConnection , needed for
Simon XADataSource implementation. |
| SimonXADataSource |
Wrapper class for real XADataSource implementation, produces xa
XAConnection object. |
| WrappingSimonDataSource |
WrappingSimonDataSource allows to wrap existing datasource instead of providing
the Driver and URL information.
|
Basic principle behind Java Simon implementation of DataSources for JDBC monitoring inside JavaEE compliant application servers is mostly similar like in case of JavaSE JDBC monitoring. With same principle in mind, each datasource delegates all its calls to real datasource implementation. Retrieving real datasource is made by JavaSimon datasource, which in this case acts similar like application server. Application server creates datasource form configuration held in its JNDI. First, application server creates Java Simon datasource instance and then it pushes all properties from JNDI into datasource instance. Then, when datasource within application is called, Java Simon datasource creates real datasource instance and pushes all retrieved properties form application server into new real datasource instance.
So, for correct settings of JavaSimon datasource, it is need to know wanted datasource type (normal, connection pool or XA), implementation class of real datasource and real datasource properties of course. By datasource type, there are three different Java Simon datasource implementation for each type:
SimonDataSource
for ordinary or non-XA datasource (implements
DataSource
),SimonConnectionPoolDataSource
for connection pool datasource with pooling
connections feature (implements ConnectionPoolDataSource
),SimonDataSource
for XA datasource with two-phase commits feature (implements
XADataSource
).realDataSourceClassName
.
Not all datasource types are supported with all their possible properties. At the moment only following properties are supported: url, user, password. These should still be enough for almost all important datasource implementations (Oracle thin, PostgreSQL, H2, MySQL, ...). Other datasource types (e.g. Oracle OCI case) will be added in the future as needed/requested.
Copyright © 2014. All rights reserved.


Package org.drip.analytics.output
Class BondWorkoutMeasures
java.lang.Object
org.drip.analytics.output.BondWorkoutMeasures
public class BondWorkoutMeasures
extends java.lang.Object
BondWorkoutMeasures encapsulates the parsimonius yet complete set of measures generated out of a
full bond analytics run to a given work-out. It contains the following:
- Credit Risky/Credit Riskless Clean/Dirty Coupon Measures
- Credit Risky/Credit Riskless Par/Principal PV
- Loss Measures such as expected Recovery, Loss on instantaneous default, and default exposure with/without recovery
- Unit Coupon measures such as Accrued 01, first coupon/index rate
- Module = Product Core Module
- Library = Fixed Income Analytics
- Project = Date, Cash Flow, and Cash Flow Period Measure Generation Utilities
- Package = Period Product Targeted Valuation Measures
- Author:
- Lakshmi Krishnamurthy
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description BondWorkoutMeasures(BondCouponMeasures bcmCreditRiskyDirty, BondCouponMeasures bcmCreditRisklessDirty, double dblCreditRiskyParPV, double dblCreditRisklessParPV, double dblCreditRiskyPrincipalPV, double dblCreditRisklessPrincipalPV, double dblRecoveryPV, double dblExpectedRecovery, double dblDefaultExposure, double dblDefaultExposureNoRec, double dblLossOnInstantaneousDefault, double dblAccrued01, double dblFirstCouponRate, double dblFirstIndexRate, double dblCashPayDF)
BondWorkoutMeasures constructor -
Method Summary
Modifier and Type Method Description double
accrued01()
Retrieve the Accrued01BondCouponMeasures
creditRisklessCleanbcm()
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Clean Bond Coupon MeasuresBondCouponMeasures
creditRisklessDirtybcm()
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Dirty Bond Coupon Measuresdouble
creditRisklessParPV()
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Par PVdouble
creditRisklessPrincipalPV()
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Principal PVBondCouponMeasures
creditRiskyCleanbcm()
Retrieve the Credit Risky Clean Bond Coupon MeasuresBondCouponMeasures
creditRiskyDirtybcm()
Retrieve the Credit Risky Dirty Bond Coupon Measuresdouble
creditRiskyParPV()
Retrieve the Credit Risky Par PVdouble
creditRiskyPrincipalPV()
Retrieve the Credit Risky Principal PVdouble
defaultExposure()
Retrieve Default Exposure - Same as PV on instantaneous defaultdouble
defaultExposureNoRec()
Retrieve the Default Exposure without recovery - Same as PV on instantaneous default without recoverydouble
expectedRecovery()
Retrieve the Expected Recoverydouble
firstCouponRate()
Retrieve the First Coupon Ratedouble
firstIndexRate()
Retrieve the First Index Ratedouble
lossOnInstantaneousDefault()
Retrieve the Loss On Instantaneous Defaultdouble
recoveryPV()
Retrieve the Recovery PVCaseInsensitiveTreeMap<java.lang.Double>
toMap(java.lang.String strPrefix)
Return the state as a measure mapMethods inherited from class java.lang.Object
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait
-
Constructor Details
-
BondWorkoutMeasures
public BondWorkoutMeasures(BondCouponMeasures bcmCreditRiskyDirty, BondCouponMeasures bcmCreditRisklessDirty, double dblCreditRiskyParPV, double dblCreditRisklessParPV, double dblCreditRiskyPrincipalPV, double dblCreditRisklessPrincipalPV, double dblRecoveryPV, double dblExpectedRecovery, double dblDefaultExposure, double dblDefaultExposureNoRec, double dblLossOnInstantaneousDefault, double dblAccrued01, double dblFirstCouponRate, double dblFirstIndexRate, double dblCashPayDF) throws java.lang.ExceptionBondWorkoutMeasures constructor- Parameters:
bcmCreditRiskyDirty
- Dirty credit risky BondMeasuresCouponbcmCreditRisklessDirty
- Dirty credit risk-less BondMeasuresCoupondblCreditRiskyParPV
- Credit risky Par PVdblCreditRisklessParPV
- Credit risk-less par PVdblCreditRiskyPrincipalPV
- Credit Risky Principal PVdblCreditRisklessPrincipalPV
- Credit Risk-less Principal PVdblRecoveryPV
- Recovery PVdblExpectedRecovery
- Expected RecoverydblDefaultExposure
- PV on instantaneous defaultdblDefaultExposureNoRec
- PV on instantaneous default with zero recoverydblLossOnInstantaneousDefault
- Loss On Instantaneous DefaultdblAccrued01
- Accrued01dblFirstCouponRate
- First Coupon RatedblFirstIndexRate
- First Index RatedblCashPayDF
- Cash Pay Discount Factor- Throws:
java.lang.Exception
- Thrown if inputs are invalid
-
-
Method Details
-
creditRiskyCleanbcm
Retrieve the Credit Risky Clean Bond Coupon Measures- Returns:
- Credit Risky Clean Bond Coupon Measures
-
creditRisklessCleanbcm
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Clean Bond Coupon Measures- Returns:
- Credit Risk-less Clean Bond Coupon Measures
-
creditRiskyDirtybcm
Retrieve the Credit Risky Dirty Bond Coupon Measures- Returns:
- Credit Risky Dirty Bond Coupon Measures
-
creditRisklessDirtybcm
Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Dirty Bond Coupon Measures- Returns:
- Credit Risk-less Dirty Bond Coupon Measures
-
accrued01
public double accrued01()Retrieve the Accrued01- Returns:
- Accrued01
-
firstCouponRate
public double firstCouponRate()Retrieve the First Coupon Rate- Returns:
- First Coupon Rate
-
firstIndexRate
public double firstIndexRate()Retrieve the First Index Rate- Returns:
- First Index Rate
-
creditRiskyParPV
public double creditRiskyParPV()Retrieve the Credit Risky Par PV- Returns:
- The Credit Risky Par PV
-
creditRisklessParPV
public double creditRisklessParPV()Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Par PV- Returns:
- The Credit Risk-less Par PV
-
creditRiskyPrincipalPV
public double creditRiskyPrincipalPV()Retrieve the Credit Risky Principal PV- Returns:
- The Credit Risky Principal PV
-
creditRisklessPrincipalPV
public double creditRisklessPrincipalPV()Retrieve the Credit Risk-less Principal PV- Returns:
- The Credit Risk-less Principal PV
-
recoveryPV
public double recoveryPV()Retrieve the Recovery PV- Returns:
- The Recovery PV
-
expectedRecovery
public double expectedRecovery()Retrieve the Expected Recovery- Returns:
- The Expected Recovery
-
defaultExposure
public double defaultExposure()Retrieve Default Exposure - Same as PV on instantaneous default- Returns:
- The Default Exposure
-
defaultExposureNoRec
public double defaultExposureNoRec()Retrieve the Default Exposure without recovery - Same as PV on instantaneous default without recovery- Returns:
- The Default Exposure without recovery
-
lossOnInstantaneousDefault
public double lossOnInstantaneousDefault()Retrieve the Loss On Instantaneous Default- Returns:
- Loss On Instantaneous Default
-
toMap
Return the state as a measure map- Parameters:
strPrefix
- Measure name prefix- Returns:
- Map of the measures
-


Hello world! This is Tomasulo Boilerplate.
+ns
load
set break point run until break point
add new instruction
edit instruction
delete instruction
edit float register value
edit memory value


This browser does not support the video element.
This browser does not support the video element.
This browser does not support the video element.
This browser does not support the video element.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
Location: {{dbuser.profile.location}} |
Camera: {{dbuser.profile.camera}} |
Photos Uploaded: {{user.photos.count}} |
Albums Created: {{user.albums.count}}
Take me to libraries


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| compose | |
| function | |
| primitives | |
| theater |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Actor |
| Play |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Actor |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Actor |
| Play |
| Play.StatelessCharacter
A character that uses Actor directly, i.e., has no internal state.
|
| Server |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Actor |
| Causality |
| EndNode |
| Flowchart |
| Flowchart.EdgeConsumer
A functional interface to describe the action to be taken for each edge
in a graph search of the flowchart.
|
| Node |
| Outcome |
| Part |
| Play |
| Play.Character
Implements a representation of a character in a play.
|
| RootNode |
| SendNode |
| Server.RunStatus
Enumerates the possible states of the Server, that is, whether it is
running, stopped or aborted (abruptly stopped).
|
| Tip |


Congratulations, your application has been submitted and is pending review. You will recieve an Email with your adoption form responses shortly. Thank you for helping an animal find its forever home! If you would like to check out any other animals we have for adoption, simply head back to our main page.


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java.lang.Object org.pojava.persistence.util.DaoTool
public class DaoTool
DaoTool provides a consistent assortment of database operations for your DAO objects to provide. It takes much of the grunt-work out of the typical CRUD operations often copy-pasted and altered from one DAO to another.
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
DaoTool()
|
| Method Summary | ||
|---|---|---|
static
|
batchInsert(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
java.util.List<T> list)
Perform a batch insert, throwing an exception if the attempted insert fails. |
|
static
|
countByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
SqlQuery query)
Return a count of rows matching your query. |
|
static
|
delete(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Delete an existing record from a table according to its primary key. |
|
static
|
deleteByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
SqlQuery query)
Execute a delete query, returning number of rows. |
|
static
|
find(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Retrieve a single record according to its primary key. |
|
static
|
insert(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Perform a single insert, throwing an exception if the attempted insert fails. |
|
static
|
listByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
SqlQuery query)
Return a packaged list of objects matching the query. |
|
static
|
passiveInsert(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Insert a new record into a table, but only if that record is not already present according to its primary key. |
|
static
|
processByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
SqlQuery query,
org.pojava.lang.Processor<T> objProcessor)
Process a list of objects matching the query using the user-defined class extending Processor. |
|
static
|
update(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Update an existing record in a table. |
|
static
|
updateInsert(java.sql.Connection conn,
TableMap<T> map,
T obj)
Update an existing object in the table according to the primary key, and insert a new record if one does not already exist. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public DaoTool()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public static final <T> int insert(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> int[] batchInsert(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, java.util.List<T> list)
conn
- Open connection to a databasesmap
- TableMap describing bean to table mappingslist
- List of objects of the class specified in map
public static final <T> int updateInsert(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> int passiveInsert(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> int update(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> int delete(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> T find(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, T obj)
conn
- map
- obj
-
public static final <T> java.util.List<T> listByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, SqlQuery query)
conn
- map
- query
-
public static final <T> int processByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, SqlQuery query, org.pojava.lang.Processor<T> objProcessor)
conn
- map
- query
- objProcessor
-
public static final <T> int countByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, SqlQuery query)
conn
- query
-
public static final <T> int deleteByQuery(java.sql.Connection conn, TableMap<T> map, SqlQuery query)
conn
- query
-
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Type Binding In Modules¶
Type bindings can be specified either in IoC.Configuration module classes or in 3-rd party container modules, such as Autofac or Ninject modules.
Note
For details on how to specify type bindings in XML configuration file, see XML Configuration File.
- To load the modules, use one of the following techniques
- Specify the module types in iocConfiguration/dependencyInjection/modules/module elements in XML configuration file (if the configuration is loaded from XML configuration). See the following sections for more details on how to do this.
Load the modules directly, without loading any XML Configuration file. The module classes are specified as parameters in chained methods. To see how this is done, refer to Loading from Modules.


Name the domain in the Domain Name field. Give it the name of a domain that you own and that you can use later. I’m using a domain that I own called devopscloud.com. Your domain must be different.
After entering the domain name, click the Create Hosted Zone button.
Select the checkbox next to the domain. You’ll see what’s called the Delegation Set in the Hosted Zone Details panel. Each of these entries is a domain server that you will enter for your domain servers with your domain registrar.
View and execute a deployment pipeline
Go to the Jenkins dashboard and select the CDPipeline.
Click on the link labeled Start Build of Pipeline for TargetEnvironment.
You'll need to enter values for the PrivateBucket, PublicBucket, KeyName and HostedZone.
PrivateBucket - You named this bucket in the Create an S3 bucket to host credentials section of Lesson 1.1.
PublicBucket - You named this bucket in the Apply a bucket policy using CloudFormation section of Lesson 1.1.
KeyName - This key was created in the Create a New Key Pair section of Lesson 1.1. Be sure to include the KeyName suffix (e.g. .pem)
HostedZone - This is the name of the HostedZone you created in this Lesson - in the section above. Be sure to include the domain suffix (e.g. .com)
Click the Build button. It could take 30 minutes or more to execute all of the jobs.


{%extends "blog/base.html" %} {% block content %} {% load staticfiles %}
Profile upadate page is shown above.
Previously added data will be displayed
The token button below gives the current token ammount in your account
Email and Full name of the use can be updated here
If you wish to update your profile picture please feel free to do so
Collage name of the use can be updated on the input field given
Last field is use for updating the phone number.Please make sure to add +91 before 10 digit phone number


| Payment ID | Payment Date | Total Amount | Paid Amount | Outstanding Amount | {% if payments.length >0%} {% for i in payments %}||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{i.name}} | {{moment(i.posting_date).format("MM/DD/YYYY")}} | {{i.total_amount}} | {{i.paid_amount}} | {{i.outstanding_amt}} | ||
| No records found! |


Uses a binary search algorithm and a given script to find which commit in history introduced a bug.
git bisect start
to start the process.git bisect good <commit>
to mark a <commit>
as “good”, indicating it is known to be bug-free.git bisect bad <commit>
to mark a different <commit>
as “bad” indicating it has the bug.git bisect run <command>
to run the given <command>
on each subsequent commit to find which commit introduce the bug.git bisect reset
to reset to the original branch.


Please issue bugs on our GitHub repository:
https://github.com/gungorbudak/express/issues
Please cite Express in your publications as:
Budak, G., Dash, S., Srivastava, R., Lachke, S. A., & Janga, S. C. (2018). Express: a database of transcriptome profiles encompassing known and novel transcripts across multiple development stages in eye tissues. Experimental eye research, 168, 57-68.


Classical Mathematical Community: Materials
The canon of world class literature is well-known and well-taught. Less so the canon of great mathematical writing. So our initial project is one of textual archaeology, similar to the project of the first humanists. This page is a list of primary sources and secondary materials that support them.
Euclid's Elements
Euclid's Elements: All 13 Books in One Volume
Dana Densmore (Editor), T.L. Heath (Translation)
This is the edition we use at Ad Fontes for our Geometry course. We issue it to the students to keep so they can write in it and use it in their Algebra II course.
AmazonD.E. Joyce's Euclid Website
D.E. Joyce, Editor (Clark University)
This website contains the full text of Euclid's Elements along with interpretive notes written by Joyce. It's a great source for when you need to look up a particular proposition to make sense of an argument your students are making.
Joyce's WebsiteByrne's Euclid Website
Oliver Byrne (Surveyor of Her Majesty's Settlements in the Falkland Islands)
Euclid, but with pictures!
Byrne's Euclid WebsiteNicomachus's Arithmetic
Diophantus's Arithemtic
Heath's Translation of Diophantus's Arithmetic
Sir Thomas L. Heath (Trinity College)
This is a scholarly edition of Diophantus with significant introductory material. It also includes a good translation of all of Diophantus's arguments, great fodder for teaching Arithmetic. I've gradually been annotating Diophantus's arguments for use with students.
Amazon Annotated Arguments (PDF)Modern Sources and Papers
Patterns of Mathematical Argument
William Carey (Ad Fontes Academy)
This is a collection of discussion problems combined with a description of how I use them in my classroom. It's meant as an introduction for a teacher who's exploring teaching math as one of the humanities. What I've posted here is mostly the student facing part of the text. I've included two of the twelve problems fully. So as not to lead my students into temptation, I haven't posted the full teacher's edition, which explains in great detail how I use each of these problems and what you can expect from them. If you'd like that, shoot me an e-mail and I'll pass it along.
Patterns of Mathematical Argument (PDF)Recounting the Rationals
Neil Calkin (Clemson University), Herbert Wilf (University of Pennsylvania)
This short paper in number theory offers a variety of mathematical arguments. It includes proof by contradiction, by induction, and a nice variety of pattern making and finding. It makes a nice introduction to modern mathematical writing. And it's short!
Recounting the Rationals (PDF) Supporting Materials (Zip Archive)Arithmetic
Paul Lockhart (Saint Ann's School, Brooklyn)
This is a delightful book by Paul Lockhart that explores how number systems work. Accessible to anyone, particularly good for parents who consider themselves "not-math-people".
AmazonMeasurement
Paul Lockhart (Saint Ann's School, Brooklyn)
Another classic by Paul Lockhart that develops calculus in an intuitive and narrative way. This is a gold mine for good discussion problems. Lockhart peppers his narrative with questions (and no answers!) that prompt good mathematical conversation. I give this as the book award for Pre-Calculus every year.
Amazon


Hello! My name is David Whaley, and I am a full stack .net developer. I am seeking a junior level position at a wondeful and exciting workplace! I have spent the majority of the past 3 years working in IT focused roles, but now I am making the plunge to focus fully on development!
Hello! My name is David Whaley, and I am a full stack .net developer. I am seeking a junior level position at a wondeful and exciting workplace! I have spent the majority of the past 3 years working in IT focused roles, but now I am making the plunge to focus fully on development!


It's just about doing what we do best: baking.
If you're in search of the best slice of chocolate cake in town, or you're just looking for great coffee, Queen City Bakery has what you need. The entire Queen City crew works hard to create an atmosphere that is simultaneously approachable and tasteful. Entire families are just as common a sight as business meetings. It is in our job description to make everyone walking through our doors feel welcome.
Owners Mitch and Kristine go out of their way to produce the highest quality baked goods, all made from scratch daily, with as much local fruit and produce we can get our hands on. Traveling to find a good croissant or quiche is no longer necessary because Queen City Bakery has been making Sioux Falls' pastry-related dreams come true since 2008.
It's not gourmet, and it's not luxury; it's simply delicious and accessible excellence.


The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm is a string matching
algorithm that searches for occurrences of a
pattern string P
within another string
S
. It does so by employing the observation that when a
mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to
determine where the next match could begin.
KMP uses a pre-generated table called a prefix table. The prefix table allows us to skip certain comparisons.
The values in the prefix table are the length of the longest proper prefix that maches a proper suffix.
A C A C A G T
0 0 1 2 3 0 0
A
AC
ACA
ACAC
A
CA
ACA
CACA
Characters in a string excluding one or more characters at the end.
string = 'AYYYYY'
prefixes = ['A', 'AY', 'AYY', 'AYYY', 'AYYYY']
Characters in a string excluding one or more characters at the beginning.
string = 'LMAOO'
suffixes = ['MAOO', 'AOO', 'OO', 'O']


CrimPapers
Articles published on 9 January 2017
On 9 January 2017, 9 new articles were published in 6 journals.
The Concordance of Self-Reported and Officially Recorded Criminal Onset
‘why Have We Funded This Research?’: on Politics, Research and Newsmaking Criminology
Neighbourhood Disorganization and Social Control: Case Studies From Three Russian Cities, Olga Siegmunt, Springer Briefs in Criminology: Springer, 2016, 82 Pp., £44.99 (paperback), Isbn 978-3-319-21589-1 by Anastasiia Monnet Lukash
Single and Multiple Clinical Syndromes in Incarcerated Offenders
Physical Intimate Partner Violence and Controlling Behavior in Mexican University Students and Their Attitudes Toward Social Limits
Influence of Perceived Femininity, Masculinity, Race/ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status on Intimate Partner Violence Among Sexual-Minority Women
Syndemic of Lifetime Mental Illness, Substance Use Disorders, and Trauma and Their Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes
Factors and Characteristics of Workplace Violence Against Nurses
Challenging Mass Incarceration in the City of Care: Punishment, Community, and Residential Placement


Press office
Press office 0300 303 3342
Out of hours 07798 924 552
For enquiries from journalists only. The press office phone is open weekdays from 9am to 5pm.
Press release
Ofqual is announcing the firm it has selected to develop and introduce the new tests, which will support the awarding of GCSEs.
Ofqual is today (30 March 2015) announcing that it has selected the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) to develop and deliver the new National Reference Tests. NFER is an independent provider of educational research services with many years’ experience in developing and delivering educational assessments.
Ofqual is introducing the new National Reference Tests to provide additional information to support the awarding of GCSEs. The purpose of the tests is to provide evidence on changes in performance standards over time in GCSE English language and mathematics in England at the end of Year 11. The tests will provide an anchor for GCSE standards and should enable us to see over several years if there is genuine change in how students perform.
Glenys Stacey, Ofqual Chief Regulator said:
I am pleased that we have reached agreement with NFER to develop and introduce the new National Reference Tests. The tests will provide additional information that we expect to significantly advance our ability to detect genuine changes in performance and so improve awarding. We will act cautiously as we build our understanding of the information that the tests will provide and how this is used in GCSE awarding.
Carole Willis, chief executive of NFER said:
NFER is delighted to be working with Ofqual on designing and delivering the new National Reference Tests. This is an important development in providing robust independent research evidence for education and will add to the evidence on standards that NFER already provides, for example through international surveys. NFER was set up in 1948 to provide exactly this type of evidence base to inform national decision making.
The new tests will be developed over the next two years and the first National Reference Tests will be taken in March 2017. In future years, we and the exam boards will take into account the information from the tests when GCSEs are awarded.
Each year, we will ask a random sample of students at about 300 schools to take a test in maths or English. This will be in March, before they take their GCSEs. The test will take a student under an hour to complete. The results will be analysed only at the national level; there will be no results for individual schools or students.
Ofqual is working with organisations that represent schools and their leadership to prepare more detailed information for schools about the new tests ahead of their introduction.
Consistent with public sector procurement rules, Ofqual is publishing a Voluntary Transparency Notice through the Official Journal of the European Union, after which contract formalities will be completed.
Press office 0300 303 3342
Out of hours 07798 924 552
For enquiries from journalists only. The press office phone is open weekdays from 9am to 5pm.
Published: 30 March 2015


 This time, the role is played by Emily Blunt and the chimney sweeps being switched out for lamp lighters. Under Rob Marshall’s direction, however, Mary Poppins Returns holds onto the original’s charm while creating a new story and soundtrack that will surely delight young children and fans of Walt Disney’s classic. Poppins embodies important human characteristics making her stories worthwhile for all audiences to see.
It’s 1935 and Jack the Lamplighter (Lin-Manuel Miranda) is making his morning rounds, turning off the streetlights while singing “(Underneath the) Lovely London Sky.” However, on Cherry Tree Lane, where the cherry trees are yet to blossom, a grown-up Jane and Michael Banks are haphazardly trying to take care of their childhood home and Michael’s three young children. Only then do bank collectors appear and nail a reclamation order for the house on the front door. Michael has fallen behind on his payments and must find proof of bonds to save the classic family home. As the children run off to try and help their father by buying the groceries, a woman emerges from the clouds.
Emily Blunt, who graced screens but barely spoke a word earlier this year in the hit A Quiet Place, now has lots to say as a nanny who sings, dances, and tidies up the children’s rooms. Blunt is a perfect fit for the role, and she keeps her face sharp and composed with her shoulders thrown back to keep the frilly hat square on top of her head. Regardless of when the camera cuts to her, she is ready. Her quick glances over her shoulder and brisk step combine to create a stunning embodiment of the character Julie Andrews created and won an Oscar for so many years ago. And for a beloved character to be executed this well, it would be no surprise if Blunt received her first Oscar nomination for the role.
Aside from Blunt, all the other pieces of the film also fall into place. The traditionally animated china bowl scene (2018’s version of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”) and Jack’s “Trip a Little Light Fantastic” are done so well that it feels as if they are being performed live. The witty lyrics, colorful balloons and trees in the park, as well as the low gray lighting of a depressed London, all fit seamlessly into the story. However, the biggest accomplishment may be designer Sandy Powell’s costumes. The way Mary Poppins’ coats hang and frame her shoulders, Mr. Wilkins’ pinstripe suit and accompanying carnation, and the children’s Sunday clothing are so vibrant that they enhance the emotions of each scene.
Mary Poppins and the lessons she teaches the children—reading beyond the cover of a book, reevaluating a situation from a new perspective, or looking in obvious places for something gone missing—all seem as if they could have been taught to many world leaders this year. Her embodiment of wholesomeness, efficiency, and responsibility are why her stories continue to resonate so many years later. These characteristics are timeless and will continue to be valued in society for centuries to come. Cinema holds the unique ability to portray idealized characters and traits and Mary Poppins presents audiences with a sense of comfort and stability. Only time will tell if the film is truly able to live up to the original, but for now, Mary Poppins Returns is the perfect film to end 2018.


A free one-day virtual conference introducing you to the Microsoft Data Platform
A one day conference timed for Europe and the US
We’re back! Data Platform Discovery Day 2 will be taking place on Tuesday 21st September 2021
Focused on helping you take your first steps into the Microsoft Data Platform world and the next steps in your career journey…
Whether you’re an old hand wanting to learn something to expand your career, or someone who’s just heard about it and wants to learn more, everyone is welcome!
This time we’re also going be having expert panels between sessions discussing topics, and taking questions from the audience
Why
Why
We’re a bunch of Data Platform aficionados who love sharing our knowledge and experience. A lot of people are feeling unsure in their current job and may be looking at a new path. We wanted to do something to welcome you into the Microsoft data platform community, gain some knowledge, and expand your network.
On September 21st we’ll be running 6 sessions and 6 panels from 10:00 till 19:00 UTC to cover US, European and African timezones
The Sessions will again be 45 minutes long aimed at people just starting their journey with the Microsoft Data and Azure platforms
The panels are going to be offering more general career advice, and also discussing how we can all make the Data Platform community experience better for a wider range of people
Sound good? Sound interesting? Let’s go!
Speakers
Speakers
We are looking for great content for the event. We are running our Call for Papers via Sessionize, with one call for the US day and another for the European day. There’s nothing saying you can’t submit for both!
We’re looking for anything Data Platform-related, with special emphasis on 100-level, introductory sessions for people new to the community who may know very little about the topic.
panels
For this event we’re going to be running 45 minute panel between the normal sessions. These panels are a chance for people to discuss topics that affect both newcomers to our community and the community as a whole
We encourage anyone who thinks they can engage with the topic and can bring a different viewpoint to the panel to apply to be a panellist.
To apply, register via our Call for Papers at - - and submit a session using the title of the Panel you wish to speak on, and use the Notes field to tell us why you want to be on the panel
The panels are:
- Building Accessible Data Applications
- How do you ensure that the most people possible can make use of your data or application?
- How To Direct A Data Career (DBA, Data Engineer, Data Analyst, Data Scientist, Data Visualization)
- How did you approach becoming a DBA, Data Engineer, Data Analyst, Data Scientist, or Data Visualization expert
- Productive and Inclusive: Meetings for All
- What makes a meeting useful? And how to accommodate everyones needs physically and mentally
- Diverse Experiences in Data
- We work with diverse data, how do we ensure we have a diverse workforce to work with it?
- Making Your Way To A Data Career
- Did you take an unusual path to a Data Carreer? We want to hear about the people who ran away from the circus to work with data.
Registration
Registration


BEAUTY AND THE BEAST A film review by Kathy Li Copyright 1991 Kathy Li
All the reviews are true. It's *won*derful. Rush to see it on the 22nd, it is *more* than worth the $7.50 I paid to see it at the El Capitan in LA. It deserves to be nominated for Best Picture.
The animation is amazing. Pixar's done a marvelous job of background generations, giving us scenes that are a perfect marriage of generated and hand-drawn animation. It blends beautifully. The ballroom is breathtaking, the chandelier is wonderful, and if someone hadn't told me, I wouldn't have known about Maurice's carriage.
The score's got everything from beautiful soaring ballads to get-'em-on-their-feet showstoppers.
It's poignant, touching, charming, exhilarating, and all that good stuff. Prepare for tears, choking up, belly laughs--it's not often you get touched like this by a movie. THE LITTLE MERMAID was just the warm up. :-) BEAUTY AND THE BEAST is chock full of Moments.
And, of course, the characters are *great*! Robby Benson was the perfect choice for the Beast's voice--he manages to convey both the ferocity of a wild beast with immense power (combine a bear-sized wolverine with a panther, and you get the movement and build) and the utter vulnerability of a man discovering love for the first time. And yes, his voice is deep, and yes he sings. Paige O'Hara's voice for Belle, while similar to Jodie Benson's in range, conveys a very different character, more worldly, confident and mature. The opening scene draws her character for you, so I won't ruin it with long descriptive sentences.
I don't want to ruin the movie for anyone (and I especially want to warn anyone with the Disney Channel that "The Making of" special has lots of spoiler scenes), so I'm not going to mention fave lines (other than the one in my .sig I can't resist) or moments, but I did want to say there's one piece of trivia that should delight fans of the TV BEAUTY AND THE BEAST (you remember Linda Hamilton? :-)--look at the castlist to see who plays the asylum keeper.
Even the credits are wonderful; someone finally did things right, and listed the credits by character, naming the voice actor, animating director and animators for each main character as a group. And especially throat-lump-inducing was the final dedication:
To our friend, Howard, who gave a mermaid her voice and a beast his soul, we will be forever grateful.
Howard Ashman 1950-1991
Go see it. After you've seen it; we'll talk.
--Kathy Li aka the Rev. Mom --<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ucsd.edu!celit!kathy
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


✏ Blog
Aws Albarghouthi
08.21
A Quantum Circuit Simulator in 27 Lines of Python
07.19
Teaching Your SMT Solver Probability Theory
05.18
Differentiable Programming: A Semantics Perspective
05.17
Fairification: Making Unfair Programs Fair
04.17
A Program Synthesis Primer


Twitch Plays Web Interface
Support this project on
github
WebSocket status :
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Pokemon
0d 0h 0m 0s
Anarchy
Democracy


This library provides power converters for DC and AC single and multi phase electrical systems. The PowerConverters library contains three types of converters.
General types of AC/AC converters are currently not provided in this library.
Ron
Goff
Vknee
useHeatPort
; the heat
ports of all semiconductors are connected, so all temperatures of
all semiconductors are equal and the heat flow of the converter
heat port is determined by the sum of all semiconductor heat
flowsoffStart...
to specify the initial
conditions of the off state of each semiconductorconstantEnable
or by a conditional signal
input, enabled by useConstantEnable = false
General background knowledge on power converters and power electronics can be found in [Skvarenina01] and [Luo05]. A freely available book is available in [Williams2006].
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| ACDCConcept | AC/DC converter concept |
| DCACConcept | DC/AC converter concept |
| DCDCConcept | DC/DC converter concept |
| Contact | Contact |
| ReleaseNotes | Release Notes |
| References | References |


So…. dotfiles…
These have been on my TODO list for a while, searching Google I couldn’t really find any decent screencasts or thorough documentation for a n00b like me. I’d seen this page over at GitHub http://dotfiles.github.com/ and started by looking over some examples:
gf3, mathiasbynens, necolas, paulirish, holman, skwp.
Which lead me to look at a few other links: technicalpickles/homesick, robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh, robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh/wiki/Themes, oh-my-git-aliases, Bash Tutorial, Bash Prompt How To.
Before getting stuck in I had a few concerns, luckily awesome people like Mathias Bynens and Paul Irish helped me out.
@simonowendesign: If I add dotfiles, then delete them, will my settings go back to what they were before adding?
@mathias: In general, yes. Exceptions: files like .osx, who change system settings when sourced.
@simonowendesign: Thanks, have you ever broke anything with .osx, if so, how did you revert / fix it?
@mathias: defaults delete
@simonowendesign: If I was to start up an osx dotfile now (having previously not used one, but manually changing settings), will this set all my settings to default, then add the ones in my dotfiles, or will it only activate / deactivate the ones listed in the dotfile? @paul_irish: Just the ones listed, you only execute it once, and it just changes the ones in there, the osx one is a bit diff than most of the dotfiles, cuz they execute, set configuration, all the time.
@simonowendesign: Was wondering if there’s any particular dotfile you’d recommend starting with? @paul_irish: bash_prompt! always.
Where To Start?
First off I backed up all my existing dotfiles, these are located in your user folder e.g. /Users/simonowen
. You’ll need to be able to view hidden files, I use TotalFinder which has a handy shortcut for this, but there are commands you can run in the terminal as well to see these (this is actually included in the dotfiles).
Knife, Fork, Spoon?
I chose to take a fork from Paul Irish’s dotfiles, I’ve watched screencasts that he’s done and knew there was lots of awesomeness going on that I wanted to get to grips with. After that I cloned the repo to my computer and started digging around. I changed references from Paul Irish to myself, then I read through all the files, yup, all of them and others too (I’d strongly recommend this, rather than rushing into it). Then I went over them again and commented out parts I was unsure about or I knew wouldn’t apply to my setup and added some TODOs of things I wanted to update [! Note to self, add these as issues !].
Committed and pushed, now I’m already to go :D
Pre-Flight Checks
I knew that I’d already installed some things like homebrew, z etc.. So rather than running the full install-deps.sh
file I opened it instead and added the bits I was missing and double checked the others.
If you’d like to run the file you can do this by doing (changing path/to/file to where the file is):
sudo bash path/to/file
Going The .extra Mile
Next up the .extra
file and where my n00bness kicks in…
After backing up all my existing dotfiles, I guessed the new ones would need to go where they were, so I created the .extra
file there as per Paul’s with the following code:
# PATH like a bawss
PATH=/opt/local/bin
PATH=$PATH:/opt/local/sbin
PATH=$PATH:/bin
PATH=$PATH:~/.rvm/bin
PATH=$PATH:~/code/git-friendly
# ...
export PATH
Don’t seem to have an opt
folder, not exactly sure what that’s for, but carried on.
Pretty Colours
Syntax highlighting = Yes, please.
OS Se.X.y
Sensible OS X defaults = Going to leave this one till last, after reading over it the first time I had a grin the size of a Cheshire Cat.
Take Off!!!
Opened up a new terminal, made sure I was in my user home directory:
cd ~
Then ran the sync.sh:
git clone https://github.com/simonowendesign/dotfiles.git && cd dotfiles && ./sync.sh
But.. oh no :( Got the following errors:
/Users/simonowen/.bash_prompt: line 66: dirname: command not found
/Users/simonowen/.bash_prompt: line 66: basename: command not found
/Users/simonowen/code/z/z.sh: line 204: grep: command not found
/Users/simonowen/.rvm/scripts/functions/support: line 13: grep: command not found
/Users/simonowen/.rvm/scripts/rvm: line 132: grep: command not found
/Users/simonowen/.rvm/scripts/rvm: line 133: grep: command not found
/Users/simonowen/.rvm/scripts/functions/rvmrc: line 454: dirname: command not found
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:dotfiles simonowen$
Tried running grep
, command not found, then came up a directory to see what happen and it worked:
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:dotfiles simonowen$ simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:dotfiles simonowen$ grep
-bash: simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:dotfiles: command not found
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:dotfiles simonowen$ cd ..
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:~ simonowen$ grep
usage: grep [-abcDEFGHhIiJLlmnOoPqRSsUVvwxZ] [-A num] [-B num] [-C[num]]
[-e pattern] [-f file] [--binary-files=value] [--color=when]
[--context[=num]] [--directories=action] [--label] [--line-buffered]
[--null] [pattern] [file ...]
Tried running the sync.sh again:
sudo bash dotfiles/sync.sh
But got the same errors…
So why is it not working?
Thinking possibly something to do with the .extra
file and PATHS, Mathias also had an .extra
file:
# PATH additions
export PATH="~/bin:$PATH"
# Git credentials
# Not in the repository, to prevent people from accidentally committing under my name
GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="Mathias Bynens"
GIT_COMMITTER_NAME="$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME"
git config --global user.name "$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME"
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL="$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL"
git config --global user.email "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL"
After updating his details to mine, tried again, then got:
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:~ simonowen$ sudo bash dotfiles/sync.sh
Password:
Already up-to-date.
This may overwrite existing files in your home directory. Are you sure? (y/n) y
building file list ... done
sent 3143 bytes received 20 bytes 6326.00 bytes/sec
total size is 797872 speedup is 252.25
No errors… hmmm… did it work?
Tried doing ..
which should now be the equivelant of cd ..
:
simon-owens-MacBook-Pro:~ simonowen$ ..
-bash: ..: command not found
Nope :( Would be nice if someone could let me know what was going on here :)
Let’s try switching it off and on again!
Restarted, opened up terminal and… what’s this??
~
Hmmm… ok, that’s different, let’s try some stuff:
$ pwd
/Users/simonowen
~
$ ..
/Users
$ z 24
24pullrequests/ 24pullrequests/
/Users
$ z 24
/Applications/MAMP/htdocs/24pullrequests on master
$ ls
Gemfile Rakefile config.ru lib server.rb
Gemfile.lock Readme.md db log spec
Guardfile app design public tmp
Procfile config doc script vendor
/Applications/MAMP/htdocs/24pullrequests on master
$ g st
git: 'st' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
Did you mean one of these?
status
reset
stage
stash
svn
/Applications/MAMP/htdocs/24pullrequests on master
$ git st
git: 'st' is not a git command. See 'git --help'.
Did you mean one of these?
status
reset
stage
stash
svn
/Applications/MAMP/htdocs/24pullrequests on master
$ pull
Fetching from origin ...
From github.com:simonowendesign/24pullrequests
* branch master -> FETCH_HEAD
Current branch master is up to date.
* No stashed changes, not popping
* Bundling gems...
Done
/Applications/MAMP/htdocs/24pullrequests on master
$ slt
Yes, yes, yes, boom, boom…. BOOM!
Woooohooo!!! Looking good :D
So what I just did was:
pwd
to show me the present working directory
.
Instead of doing cd ..
, I’m now able to just do ..
.
Then used z
to find a Git directory and go directly to it.
Then g
instead of git
, but I need to add in some previous aliases I’d set to change st
to status
. Lucky I backed up all my dotfiles ;)
Then was able to do pull
.
Finally slt
took me into Sublime Text 2…
Mother Effing Awesome
And there you go! https://github.com/simonowendesign/dotfiles
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Water bills to soar as population overruns supply
by Unconventional EconomistWith Australia’s population ballooning on the back of mass immigration, and projected to add around 360,000 people a year until 2066:
And Sydney’s population projected to nearly double to 9.6 million people over the next 48 years:
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To use the Nagios Configuration Writer, simply drag and drop a CSV file containing the hosts that you wish to create configuraton files for. The file format contains the first line with each of the attribute names followed by a line for each host after that. For best results, put the name of the host as the first column as it will also be the name of the file when downloaded.
Example format: host_name,address,use,alias,notificatons_enabled,register
Example file: Download