New 2020 Fiat 500X Sport Model Coming for U.S. Buyers
by Connor Hoffman- Fiat announced that it will sell a 2020 500X Sport model in the U.S., despite pulling the regular 500 minicar out of the U.S. market several weeks ago.
- Like the 500X, the Sport will be powered by a new 177-hp turbocharged 1.3-liter four-cylinder.
- The 500X Sport will start at $28,390, a $2305 premium over the standard 500X, and it will be on sale starting in early 2020.
The Fiat 500X, the roomier, all-weather-capable sibling to the 500, is Fiat’s closest thing to an SUV, which helps explain why Fiat is still selling the 500X here even though it has killed the regular 500 for the U.S. market. The Sport version has only been available to customers overseas, though. However, now the sportier 500X will make its way to U.S. customers for the 2020 model year, Fiat announced today.
The Fiat 500X Sport is basically an appearance package, set apart from the standard 500X by a new front fascia with LED headlamps and a sport badge, body-color painted side moldings, and an updated rear fascia with dual chrome exhaust. A set of 18-inch wheels comes standard, although 19-inch premium aluminum wheels wrapped with Michelin CrossClimate all-season tires are available to upgrade the 500X Sport’s capabilities.
Like the 500x, the Sport version will be powered by the same newly downsized turbocharged 1.3-liter four-cylinder, which makes 177 horsepower and 210 lb-ft of torque. A nine-speed automatic transmission and all-wheel drive system with an automatic disconnecting rear axle come standard.
The cabin features Alcantara inserts on the steering wheel, and the roof of the gauge cluster, which has new graphics, is adorned with Alcantara as well. A new techno-leather steering wheel features red stitching and paddle shifters, and the headliner, pillars, and door and console finishes are darker compared to the standard 500X. Other standard features include aluminum pedal covers and Sport-branded floor mats.
A 7.0-inch touchscreen infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capability is found in all 500X trim levels, so naturally it's also standard on the Sport. Additionally, like the 500X, the Sport model is available with an array of driver-assistance features such as adaptive cruise control and front park assist.
The 500X Sport starts at $28,390, and it will be available to U.S. buyers in early 2020. That's a $2305 premium over the standard 500X, which starts at $26,085 and is available in Pop, Trekking, and Trekking Plus trims.
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Programmer, Game developer trained in Digital Games by the Catholic University of Pernambuco and Master in Design and Development of Digital Games by Univerity of Beira Interior, Portugal.
Experience in developing games with various Engines such as, Unity, Unreal, CryEngine and languages such as JavaScript, ActionScript, c#, c++ and python.
DT
is a game that recalls the mechanics of a classic arcade, developed for Mobile devices by me at, 2GeekGames. The game was developed on the Android platform Studio in Java.
Claustrofobia
Claustrophobia is a game of Terror and Puzzles, set in Recife, a Brazilian city. The game uses foclore and Brazilian urban legends. Claustrophobia was developed in the Unity Game Engine and written in C #. Link to the executable: Claustrofobia
FisioVet
Fisiovet is an educational question and answer game with several different levels aimed at veterinary physiology. Fisiovet is made in the Unity Game Engine, written in C #.
Akabeth
DESCRIPTION
Akabeth Tactics is a turn-based tactical puzzle game where you play as the vampire Liel, trying to infiltrate into King Cassius' castle and usurpe the throne. The game tells a tale of personal vendetta between these two characters, and the player has to solve several cognitive challenges and defeat the Holy Knights of the King. With beautifully rendered fully 3d scenarios, Akabeth leads you through fixed spaces on a grid facing tougher and tougher mental puzzles that will require a lot of forward thinking. Steam Page
MY CONTRIBUTION
In this project i was responsible mostly for creating the code for materials, as well as linking them to the particle systems on Unreal Engine and the core features of the character, inclunding a tatical based movement between turns, Using abilities, Dying, Killing enemies, UI and AI tatical movement, all easly acessible to de game designer via UI, for the creation of the puzzles.
Between Two Castles - Digital Edition
DESCRIPTION
Digital version of Between Two Castles, Develop with Unreal Engine using c++ and blueprints, featuring Multiplayer, AI and tile placing mechanics. Steam Page
MY CONTRIBUTION
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Infamy [Not Launched]
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This game is a mobile strategy Cyberpunk/Mafia game.
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In this Project, i was responsible for developing thew whole core mechanics, that involves a turn based card type game, with 3 distincts phases and multiple screens to navigate between the game where players fight for specifics powers and features on each one. I also worked with the optimization in the code and the others aspects, images, materials and postprocessing. Other responsibility was developing the acquiring and usage os all special abilities, cards and characters in the game.
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The Outsider is a top down "bullet hell" survival game where the player control an alien boss trying to defende your planet from a human invasion: Steam Page
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Connect four is a two-player game. The goal of this game is to connect four of your pieces diagonally, vertically or horitzontally before than your opponent.
For this version:
Player 1: Green
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{% extends "base.html" %} {% block heading %} {{super()}} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Download all known NRP biosynthetic gene clusters from the MIBiG repository.
Download the whole NCBI RefSeq Bacterial genomes.
Each database was scanned for NRP gene clusters using the AntiSMASH tool, that allows rapid genome-wide identification, annotation and analysis of secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters in bacterial and fungal genomes.
Run NRPS-Linker on all identified NRP gene clusters, extract all possible IMLs and update our IMLs database
Aim: BGC Parser is an algorithm that extracts IMLs from NRP biosynthetic gene clusters.
Input: The user should a least upload one NRP biosynthetic gene cluster in Genbank format, please check example of Uploaded files.
Output:
IMLs database consist of two Libraries:
Users get to download the entire database locally on their machines.


Taskmanager
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About


Froukje Sleeswijk Visser, Remko van der Lugt, Pieter Jan Stappers
"The experiences of real people concerning real product use situations
are of great value for designers especially during the earlier phases of
the design
process. Such information needs be practically useful during idea
generation. We believe that this can be realised if the tool supports
communication through three qualities: by enhancing empathy, by providing
inspiration, and by supporting engagement. We have developed a tool to
make the receivers of the information, the designers, participative in
the act of communicating. In this way they become co-creators and
co-owners of the information, which may result in higher degrees of
acceptance and use."


Toggle Animation ({{ animation }}) Toggle Keyboard ({{ keyboard }}) Toggle Backdrop ({{ backdrop }})
Open me! Large modal Small modal
Navigate in modal Open from parent component Nested modals With form validation With header style
{{ output }}
Selected: {{ selected }}
I will navigate to another route when you close the modal.
Note: My z-index is set to 1049.
z-index
1049
such header style


This article describes the Abstract Factory Design Pattern design pattern. This is a creational design pattern, a category of design pattern used by software engineers, when writing computer programs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Abstract Factory Design Pattern pattern is a design pattern, used in software engineering to grouping similar objects without needing to specifying their concrete classes. This allows the developer to outline the methods and objects of the final concrete factories, so that all share an expected set of methods and classes. Objects are typically just represented as interfaces, allowing concrete objects to be varied, but always have the important shared features.
This pattern defines an Abstract Factory (CarFactory) which has Abstract Products (ICar), which is used by the Client to create Concrete Factories (SaloonCarFactory, HatchbackCarFactory) with Concrete Products (SaloonCar, HatchbackCar)
This pattern is defined as a Creational design pattern because it defines the base templates for factories that create objects.
Benefits
Allows the application to be more portable and extensible.
Allows new derived types to be added, without changing any core/shared properties or methods.
Reduces the amount of conditional logic needed (eg "if car is Saloon, do this, else do that")
Examples of the pattern
A Real world example would be a car factory, that produced several models of car. You would instantiate a concrete implementation of the "car factory" class to make a saloon car, or hatchback model. That concrete factory can both make cars, totally different cars, but both factories have "AddWheels" and "InsertEngine" methods. Each of the resulting car objects have Colour and NumberPlate properties, as well as Brake and Accelerate methods, because all cars are of type ICar.
See Also
Link to domain parent articles and related articles in TechNet Wiki.
Community Resources
These are the external links, including links to Microsoft and TechNet sites that are non-Wiki- Abstract Factory Design Pattern (C#, Console)
- Abstract Factory Pattern, UML diagram (Java)
- Understanding Factory Method and Abstract Factory Patterns (C++)
- Abstract Factory Pattern (Java)
- An example Abstract Factory design pattern implementation (C++)
References section
Use this section if you pulled source material and ideas from other sites, blogs, or forums. Make sure you have permission from authors to use their material.- [Please contribute]


Enjoy the latest features from .NET Core & Angular 4.0! For more info check the repo here: AspNetCore-Angular2-Universal repo


{% extends "portfolio/base.html" %} {% block content %}
Deploying django with apache and mod_wsgi is a simple way to get django project into production. The mod_wsgi is an Apache HTTP Server module that provides WSGI compliant interface for hosting Python based web applications under Apache. This blog is a guide to deploy django app on Amazon ec2 instance using git. It also explains about mapping ec2 elastic IP with godaddy DNS.
Turing award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a "fourth paradigm" of discovery based on data-intensive science and asserted that "everything about science is changing because of the impact of information technology" and the data deluge.


| DOSE: |
20 mg |
oral |
2C-E |
(powder / crystals) |
I am somewhat experienced with psychadelics, as I have done LSD, LSA, Salvia, ecstacy, and mushrooms a number of times. I was expecting to recieve the 2c-i that I had ordered first, but instead I checked the mail and was surprised to see that my 2c-e had arrived. I had purchased gelcaps and a scale that weighed to 10 mg (a bad decision, because I didn't even have calibration weights so the scale ended up not working properly). I ended up having to eyeball about 15-20 mg, but in the end I think it turned out to be around 25 mg due to the intensity of the trip. My boyfriend, C and I dosed at about 8 pm. (Also note that i dosed on an empty stomach, while C had eaten some food about an hour before hand).
About an hour after dosing, I started to feel the effects. I looked at my hand and saw a reddish pattern appear and my skin seemed to form different layers beneath the surface. I knew that I was starting to trip and began to laugh. Soon after, C also started feeling the effects and was giggling along with me.
Right after I started to trip, I began to feel nauseous and realized that I had to vomit or else the feeling might not subside. I kept trying to make myself vomit, and it took about 10 minutes before I actually could. After purging 2-3 times, I started to feel physically better, but my mental state continued on a downward spiral. All of the visuals kept getting more and more intense, and I felt like it was definitely the peak and that it could not get any more intense, but then it would. Every second seemed to outdo the previous one.
Though it kept getting more intense, It would also come in waves, each cycle lasting about 10-20 seconds. I would feel like I was tripping very hard, and then feel practically sober. I kept swaying between being able to comprehend reality and not even remembering if I was human or not. Everything I looked at pulsated and melted, everything on the tv looked watery and melty, and it was hard to understand any of the voices on the show. I would go between not being able to hear anything on tv, to only being able to hear what the characters were saying, and that would affect my mood. It felt like I had taken about 5 hits of acid and a huge bag of mushrooms, along with another element that I had never felt in either of those drugs.
I started to get stuck in a cycle, and while this has happened before while tripping, it has never been this controlling and intense. I could not stop the cycle, no matter what I thought about. I tried to think about feelings and people that I loved and all I felt was my energy being used and distributed into the galaxy and then coming back into me. Every time I tried to get somewhere new or feel something new, I would end up where I started seconds ago. I felt like I understood this secret, that all of existance was hidden from, and if I revealed it to everyone, they would find no more reason to exist. If I could convey this message clearly, anyone could understand what I was feeling and they would feel the same way. Of course this could not be true, because I suppose my senses were just too aware of everything that was going on.
I was stuck in this cycle for the majority of the trip, and would only escape for moments at a time. I believe my boyfriend understood where I was coming from, but I don't think that his trip had as much of a morbid feel to it as mine did. We went upstairs at one point to lye down because we felt very cold.   There was a small green light(from the smoke detector) and it quickly duplicated so that dozens of stars appeared all around. Though it was an interesting sight and feeling, I quickly felt like we were all alone in the galaxy, and I wanted to escape. So we turned the lights back on.
Probably one thing that helped calm me the most was when we took out some glow stick bracelets and cracked them. It was amazing to see the bright color spread around and mix with the darker parts. We played with those for a while and my mood started to lift.
My boyfriend fell asleep easily, but I was having trouble because I was still tripping and I have insomnia anyway. So I woke him up and he helped me find some tylenol pm. So I took two and fell asleep within an hour. (dosing was at 8 pm, fell asleep about 6 am).
Also Note: the trip might have been more intense for me than an average person because I have recently started taking Paxil CR for anxiety. Since I started taking it, I have had mind racing thoughts both during the day and especially at night. This may have accelerated the 2c-e into something more than what it actually was. At certain points it felt like my mind was going to explode because the flood of thoughts that were seeping in. I also felt a great amount of speediness during most of this drug, with a lot of twitching and jitteriness. And it was not that fun, but I would like to try it again to see if I can strengthen my mental capacity and possibly overcome this cycle that I get stuck in. I would recommend having some yoga/meditating techniques at hand to help calm you down, and perhaps have some activities to help release the tension you might feel (painting/writing might help). This is VERY intense, so be careful.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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This privacy policy has been compiled to better serve those who are concerned with how their 'Personally Identifiable Information' (PII) is being used online. PII, as described in US privacy law and information security, is information that can be used on its own or with other information to identify, contact, or locate a single person, or to identify an individual in context. Please read our privacy policy carefully to get a clear understanding of how we collect, use, protect or otherwise handle your Personally Identifiable Information in accordance with our website.
What personal information do we collect from the people that visit our blog, website or app?
When ordering or registering on our site, as appropriate, you may be asked to enter your Apple Health App Data or other details to help you with your experience. Any personal information you give, such as your name or age, is optional.
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We may collect information from you during gameplay, on a survey, or when you enter information on our site.
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We may use the information we collect from you when you register, make a purchase, sign up for our newsletter, respond to a survey or marketing communication, surf the website, or use certain other site features in the following ways:
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We never ask for private information such as credit card number or social security number. Your health data is stored locally on your phone. We do not collect personal or private information via a database. Any personal or private information given to us will be confidential.
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If you turn cookies off, Some of the features that make your site experience more efficient may not function properly.that make your site experience more efficient and may not function properly.
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We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your Personally Identifiable Information.
Third-party links
Occasionally, at our discretion, we may include or offer third-party products or services on our website. These third-party sites have separate and independent privacy policies. We therefore have no responsibility or liability for the content and activities of these linked sites. Nonetheless, we seek to protect the integrity of our site and welcome any feedback about these sites.
Google
Google's advertising requirements can be summed up by Google's Advertising Principles (found here). They are put in place to provide a positive experience for users.
We have not enabled Google AdSense on our site but we may do so in the future.
California Online Privacy Protection Act
CalOPPA is the first state law in the nation to require commercial websites and online services to post a privacy policy. The law's reach stretches well beyond California to require any person or company in the United States (and conceivably the world) that operates websites collecting Personally Identifiable Information from California consumers to post a conspicuous privacy policy on its website stating exactly the information being collected and those individuals or companies with whom it is being shared. - See more here.
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We honor Do Not Track signals and Do Not Track, plant cookies, or use advertising when a Do Not Track (DNT) browser mechanism is in place.
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It's also important to note that we do not allow third-party behavioral tracking
COPPA (Children Online Privacy Protection Act)
When it comes to the collection of personal information from children under the age of 13 years old, the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) puts parents in control. The Federal Trade Commission, United States' consumer protection agency, enforces the COPPA Rule, which spells out what operators of websites and online services must do to protect children's privacy and safety online.
We do not specifically market to children under the age of 13 years old.
Do we let third-parties, including ad networks or plug-ins collect PII from children under 13?
Fair Information Practices
The Fair Information Practices Principles form the backbone of privacy law in the United States and the concepts they include have played a significant role in the development of data protection laws around the globe. Understanding the Fair Information Practice Principles and how they should be implemented is critical to comply with the various privacy laws that protect personal information.
In order to be in line with Fair Information Practices we will take the following responsive action, should a data breach occur:
We will notify you via email
• Within 1 business day
We also agree to the Individual Redress Principle which requires that individuals have the right to legally pursue enforceable rights against data collectors and processors who fail to adhere to the law. This principle requires not only that individuals have enforceable rights against data users, but also that individuals have recourse to courts or government agencies to investigate and/or prosecute non-compliance by data processors.
CAN SPAM Act
The CAN-SPAM Act is a law that sets the rules for commercial email, establishes requirements for commercial messages, gives recipients the right to have emails stopped from being sent to them, and spells out tough penalties for violations.
We collect your email address in order to:
• Send information, respond to inquiries, and/or other requests or questions
To be in accordance with CANSPAM, we agree to the following:
• Not use false or misleading subjects or email addresses.
• Identify the message as an advertisement in some reasonable way.
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If at any time you would like to unsubscribe from receiving future emails, you can email us at and we will promptly remove you from ALL correspondence.
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If there are any questions regarding this privacy policy, you may contact us using the information below.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Last Edited on 2018-04-16


Katja Křížková has a degree in Psychology from the University of George Mason in Virginia and is a certified Integrative Psychotherapist, and is registered with EAIP. She is currently enrolled in a gestalt post graduate course which she will complete in 2022. Her additional training includes Crisis intervention, Dream work, and Trauma therapy among others.
She is part of a working group for ČAP (Czech association of psychotherapy). She has cross cultural experience as a TCK having lived in Africa (5 years), the United States (17 years), Asia (4 years) and Europe (26 years). She has been practicing joga for the past fifteen years. She is fluent in English and Czech, and understands Slovak at an advanced level.
B.A (Hons), PG.Dip, M.A RDMP UK, CAP is originally from London a native English speaker, she has been living in the Czech Republic for the last 12 years. A qualified movement psychotherapist registered with ADMP UK and a verbal psychotherapist registered with the Czech Association of Psychotherapy. 18 years of clinical experience with a range of clients from those in everyday need with difficult life problems to people with additions, depression and trauma. 12 years of teaching in the field of movement psychotherapy across Europe, with a specialisation in developmental psychotherapy in relation to the body and movement.
Andrea is a teacher on training programs in Croatia and Romania and runs a training program in Prague. She is in private practice, and works as a psychotherapist for Unicare, a private healthcare clinic that specialises in psychosomatic medicine with a focus on foreigners who have relocated.
Specializations
Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>www.dancetherapy.cz
Psychotherapist and Art therapist Person Centred Approach, mentoring Supervisor (EASC), head of the Czech Association for Art therapy (ČAA), foreign delegate of the Czech Association for Psychotherapy (ČAP) and the Czech Institute for Supervision (ČIS). Her native language is German, she graduated in Germany, lived in Romania, Italy,Germany and for many years in Prague Czech Republic. She works mainly in German, English and Czech.
Beate Specialises in individual and group psychotherapy, crises, mental health disorders, psychosomatics and improvement of quality of life. http://www.dadaextraart.cz/


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| javax.rmi.CORBA |
Contains portability APIs for RMI-IIOP.
|
| org.omg.CORBA |
Provides the mapping of the OMG CORBA APIs to the JavaTM
programming language, including the class ORB, which is implemented
so that a programmer can use it as a fully-functional Object Request Broker
(ORB).
|
| org.omg.CORBA.DynAnyPackage |
Provides the exceptions used with the
DynAny interface
(InvalidValue ,
Invalid , InvalidSeq , and
TypeMismatch ). |
| org.omg.CORBA.ORBPackage |
Provides the exception
InvalidName , which is thrown
by the method ORB.resolve_initial_references
and the exception InconsistentTypeCode , which is thrown
by the Dynamic Any creation methods in the ORB class. |
| org.omg.CORBA.TypeCodePackage |
Provides the user-defined exceptions
BadKind
and Bounds , which are thrown by methods in
in the class TypeCode . |
| org.omg.CORBA.portable |
Provides a portability layer, that is, a set of ORB APIs
that makes it possible for code generated
by one vendor to run on another vendor's ORB.
|
| org.omg.CORBA_2_3 |
The CORBA_2_3 package defines additions to existing CORBA interfaces
in the Java[tm] Standard Edition 6. These changes occurred in recent
revisions to the CORBA API defined by the OMG. The new methods were
added to interfaces derived from the corresponding interfaces in
the CORBA package. This provides backward compatibility and avoids
breaking the JCK tests.
|
| org.omg.CosNaming |
Provides a naming service for Java IDL.
|
| org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExtPackage |
This package contains the following classes, which are used in
org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExt:
|
| org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextPackage |
This package contains Exception classes for the org.omg.CosNaming
package.
|
| org.omg.Dynamic |
This package contains the Dynamic module specified in the OMG Portable
Interceptor specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/2000-08-06, section 21.9.
|
| org.omg.DynamicAny |
Provides classes and interfaces that enable traversal of the data value
associated with an
any at
runtime, and extraction of the primitive constituents of the data value. |
| org.omg.DynamicAny.DynAnyFactoryPackage |
This package contains classes and exceptions from the DynAnyFactory
interface of the
DynamicAny module
specified in the OMG The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and
Specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/99-10-07, section 9.2.2.
|
| org.omg.DynamicAny.DynAnyPackage |
This package contains classes and exceptions from the DynAny
interface of the DynamicAny module
specified in the OMG The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and
Specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/99-10-07, section 9.2.
|
| org.omg.IOP |
This package contains the IOP module specified in the OMG document
The Common
Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/99-10-07, section 13.6.
|
| org.omg.IOP.CodecFactoryPackage |
This package contains the exceptions
specified in the IOP::CodeFactory interface (as part of the Portable
Interceptors spec).
|
| org.omg.IOP.CodecPackage |
This package is generated from the IOP::Codec IDL interface
definition.
|
| org.omg.Messaging |
This package contains the Messaging module specified in the OMG CORBA
Messaging specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/99-10-07.
|
| org.omg.PortableInterceptor |
Provides a mechanism to register ORB hooks through which ORB services
can intercept the normal flow of execution of the ORB.
|
| org.omg.PortableInterceptor.ORBInitInfoPackage |
This package contains the exceptions and typedefs from the ORBInitInfo
local interface of the PortableInterceptor module specified in the OMG
Portable Interceptor specification,
http://cgi.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ptc/2000-08-06, section 21.7.2.
|
| org.omg.PortableServer |
Provides classes and interfaces for making the server side of your applications
portable across multivendor ORBs.
|
| org.omg.PortableServer.CurrentPackage |
Provides method implementations with
access to the identity of the object on which the
method was invoked.
|
| org.omg.PortableServer.POAManagerPackage |
Encapsulates the processing
state of the POAs it is associated with.
|
| org.omg.PortableServer.POAPackage |
Allows programmers to construct object implementations that are portable
between different ORB products.
|
| org.omg.PortableServer.ServantLocatorPackage |
Provides classes and interfaces for locating the servant.
|
| org.omg.SendingContext |
Provides support for the marshalling of value types.
|
| org.omg.stub.java.rmi |
Contains RMI-IIOP Stubs for the Remote types that occur in the
java.rmi package.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| SystemException
The root class for all CORBA standard exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| AnySeqHolder
The Holder for AnySeq.
|
| BAD_INV_ORDER
This exception indicates that the caller has invoked operations in
the wrong order.
|
| BAD_OPERATION
Exception thrown when an object reference denotes an existing object,
but that the object does not support the operation that was invoked.
|
| BAD_PARAM
Exception thrown
when a parameter passed to a call is out of range or
otherwise considered illegal.
|
| BooleanSeqHolder
The Holder for BooleanSeq.
|
| Bounds
A user exception thrown when a parameter is not within
the legal bounds for the object that a method is trying
to access.
|
| CharSeqHolder
The Holder for CharSeq.
|
| CompletionStatus
An object that indicates whether a method had completed running
when a
SystemException was thrown. |
| Context
An object used in
Request operations
to specify the context object in which context strings
must be resolved before being sent along with the request invocation. |
| ContextList
An object containing a modifiable list of
String objects
that represent property names. |
| Current
Interfaces derived from the Current interface enable ORB and CORBA
services to provide access to information (context) associated with
the thread of execution in which they are running.
|
| CurrentOperations
The interface for Current.
|
| DATA_CONVERSION
This exception is raised if an ORB cannot convert the representation
of data as marshaled into its native representation or vice-versa.
|
| DataInputStream
Defines the methods used to read primitive data types from input streams
for unmarshaling custom value types.
|
| DataOutputStream
Defines the methods used to write primitive data types to output streams
for marshalling custom value types.
|
| DefinitionKind
The class that provides the constants used to identify the type of an
Interface Repository object.
|
| DomainManager
Provides mechanisms for establishing and navigating relationships to
superior and subordinate domains, as well as for creating and accessing
policies.
|
| DomainManagerOperations
Provides the DomainManager with the means to access policies.
|
| DoubleSeqHolder
The Holder for DoubleSeq.
|
| DynAny
Deprecated.
Use the new DynAny instead
|
| DynArray
Deprecated.
Use the new DynArray instead
|
| DynEnum
Deprecated.
Use the new DynEnum instead
|
| DynSequence
Deprecated.
Use the new DynSequence instead
|
| DynStruct
Deprecated.
Use the new DynStruct instead
|
| DynUnion
Deprecated.
Use the new DynUnion instead
|
| Environment
A container (holder) for an exception that is used in
Request
operations to make exceptions available to the client. |
| ExceptionList
An object used in
Request operations to
describe the exceptions that can be thrown by a method. |
| FloatSeqHolder
The Holder for FloatSeq.
|
| IDLType
An abstract interface inherited by all Interface Repository
(IR) objects that represent OMG IDL types.
|
| IDLTypeOperations
This interface must be implemented by all IDLType objects.
|
| IRObject
An IRObject IDL interface represents the most generic interface
from which all other Interface Repository interfaces are derived,
even the Repository itself.
|
| IRObjectOperations
This is the Operations interface for the mapping from IRObject.
|
| LongLongSeqHolder
The Holder for LongLongSeq.
|
| LongSeqHolder
The Holder for LongSeq.
|
| MARSHAL
A request or reply from the network is structurally invalid.
|
| NamedValue
An object used in the DII and DSI to describe
arguments and return values.
|
| NameValuePair
Associates a name with a value that is an
attribute of an IDL struct, and is used in the DynStruct APIs.
|
| NVList
A modifiable list containing
NamedValue objects. |
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| OctetSeqHolder
The Holder for OctetSeq.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| ParameterMode
Enumeration of parameter modes for Parameter.
|
| Policy
Interfaces derived from the Policy interface allow an
ORB or CORBA service access to certain choices that affect
its operation.
|
| PolicyError
A user exception thrown when a policy error occurs.
|
| PolicyOperations
Provides the operations for a
Policy object. |
| Principal
Deprecated.
Deprecated by CORBA 2.2.
|
| Request
An object containing the information necessary for
invoking a method.
|
| ServerRequest
An object that captures the explicit state of a request
for the Dynamic Skeleton Interface (DSI).
|
| ServiceDetail
An object that represents an ORB service: its
service_detail_type
field contains the type of the ORB service, and its service_detail
field contains a description of the ORB service. |
| ServiceInformation
An IDL struct in the CORBA module that
stores information about a CORBA service available in the
ORB implementation and is obtained from the ORB.get_service_information
method.
|
| ServiceInformationHolder
The Holder for ServiceInformation.
|
| SetOverrideType
The mapping of a CORBA
enum tagging
SET_OVERRIDE and ADD_OVERRIDE , which
indicate whether policies should replace the
existing policies of an Object or be added to them. |
| ShortSeqHolder
The Holder for ShortSeq.
|
| StructMember
Describes a member of an IDL
struct in the
Interface Repository, including
the name of the struct member, the type of
the struct member, and
the typedef that represents the IDL type of the
struct member
described the struct member object. |
| SystemException
The root class for all CORBA standard exceptions.
|
| TCKind
The Java mapping of the IDL enum
TCKind , which
specifies the kind of a TypeCode object. |
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| ULongLongSeqHolder
The Holder for ULongLongSeq.
|
| ULongSeqHolder
The Holder for ULongSeq.
|
| UnionMember
A description in the Interface Repository of a member of an IDL union.
|
| UnknownUserException
A class that contains user exceptions returned by the server.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| UShortSeqHolder
The Holder for UShortSeq.
|
| ValueMember
A description in the Interface Repository of
a member of a
value object. |
| WCharSeqHolder
The Holder for WCharSeq.
|
| WrongTransaction
The CORBA
WrongTransaction user-defined exception. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| Context
An object used in
Request operations
to specify the context object in which context strings
must be resolved before being sent along with the request invocation. |
| ContextList
An object containing a modifiable list of
String objects
that represent property names. |
| CustomMarshal
An abstract value type that is meant to
be used by the ORB, not the user.
|
| DomainManager
Provides mechanisms for establishing and navigating relationships to
superior and subordinate domains, as well as for creating and accessing
policies.
|
| ExceptionList
An object used in
Request operations to
describe the exceptions that can be thrown by a method. |
| NamedValue
An object used in the DII and DSI to describe
arguments and return values.
|
| NVList
A modifiable list containing
NamedValue objects. |
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| Policy
Interfaces derived from the Policy interface allow an
ORB or CORBA service access to certain choices that affect
its operation.
|
| Principal
Deprecated.
Deprecated by CORBA 2.2.
|
| Request
An object containing the information necessary for
invoking a method.
|
| SetOverrideType
The mapping of a CORBA
enum tagging
SET_OVERRIDE and ADD_OVERRIDE , which
indicate whether policies should replace the
existing policies of an Object or be added to them. |
| SystemException
The root class for all CORBA standard exceptions.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| BAD_PARAM
Exception thrown
when a parameter passed to a call is out of range or
otherwise considered illegal.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| DynamicImplementation
Deprecated.
org.omg.CORBA.DynamicImplementation
|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| ServerRequest
An object that captures the explicit state of a request
for the Dynamic Skeleton Interface (DSI).
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| ParameterMode
Enumeration of parameter modes for Parameter.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| TCKind
The Java mapping of the IDL enum
TCKind , which
specifies the kind of a TypeCode object. |
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| Policy
Interfaces derived from the Policy interface allow an
ORB or CORBA service access to certain choices that affect
its operation.
|
| PolicyError
A user exception thrown when a policy error occurs.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| Current
Interfaces derived from the Current interface enable ORB and CORBA
services to provide access to information (context) associated with
the thread of execution in which they are running.
|
| CurrentOperations
The interface for Current.
|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| ORB
A class providing APIs for the CORBA Object Request Broker
features.
|
| Policy
Interfaces derived from the Policy interface allow an
ORB or CORBA service access to certain choices that affect
its operation.
|
| PolicyOperations
Provides the operations for a
Policy object. |
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Any
Serves as a container for any data that can be
described in IDL or for any IDL primitive type.
|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| UserException
The root class for CORBA IDL-defined user exceptions.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| TypeCode
A container for information about a specific CORBA data
type.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Object
The definition for a CORBA object reference.
|
Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
Copyright © 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.


We’ve been expecting something from high shelf, both on the design and functionality side, this freelancer made what we’ve been asking for. Thank you!
Dzidek Kamola
Dalej dalej


And I had to be strong to keep myself alive
Scroll down to see more
And I don't trust people, I know them too well
About the long night shifts alone
About the years of keeping yourself company
The hours of indecision, self doubt, The intense depression


Report: BMW i4 – 80kWh battery, 530 hp, 373-mile range
The upcoming BMW i4 is going to be the brand’s first all-electric sedan and one that will target mainstream customers and EV fans alike. Finally, …
by Horatiu BoeriuEarlier this year, we exclusively revealed some of the tech details around the upcoming BMW i4, the new four-door coupe with the latest BMW EV drivetrain. Today, a new report from CNET comes to confirm our previous statements. According to the US outlet, the BMW i4 will come with an 80kWh battery producing about 390 kilowatts – around 530 horsepower. Accelerating to 62 mph will take about 4 seconds flat, and the BMW i4 will have an electronically limited top speed of 120 mph.
This new piece on information matches our previous report, even though we believe that a BMW i4 60kWh version will be offered as well, similar to Tesla’s product lineup.
Next on the list of reveals from CNET is the battery packs used in the BMW i4 which once again matches our own sources. The BMW i4 will come with the latest and greatest battery packs – dubbed Generation 5 – which is a generation further than the upcoming iX3.
CNET also mentions that the 2021 BMW i4’s battery module will weigh roughly 1,200 pounds.
When it comes to the charging rate, the report mentions a 150-kW DC fast charger which should be able to charge the i4 to 80 percent in about 35 minutes. CNET says that the i4 can add about 62 miles of range in about 6 minutes, while it takes the current i3 hatchback about 17 minutes to do the same.
The range you might ask. Well, for the BMW i4 80kWh version the driving range is estimated to be roughly 373 miles on the European WLTP cycle. The U.S. EPA rating should probably be around 340-350 miles.
As we’ve also learned in the past, the Generation 5 electric drive system is scalable for power outputs between 90 kW and 300 kW. BMW has already demonstrated that it can achieve even more than that. The Power BEV 5 Series was showcased with 720 hp (530kW) and an acceleration from 0-62 mph in under three seconds.
The BMW i4 will be built in Munich beginning in 2021 and will make its way to other markets following that launch.


The simplest way to expose your logs in your web browser, LogEventHttpServer runs an embedded http server
in your application for the logs app console. Requires that you configure an
OpenIdConfiguration
so you don't accidentally expose it insecurely. See
OpenIdConfiguration
for details on how to
set this up.
Running with http (unencrypted)
The simplest way to get
LogEventHttpServer
up an running is to use
http
. However
this will probably only work for localhost, because OpenID Connect providers generally only allow
apps to use http for localhost.
observer.web=WebLogEventServer
- Register a
WebLogEventObserver
with an httpPort
.
(E.g. observer.web.httpPort=8080
)
- Setup a
OpenIdConfiguration
(e.g. observer.web.openIdIssuer=https://login.microsoft.com
,
observer.web.clientId=...
, observer.web.clientSecret=...
)
- Start your application with the configuration
- Open a web browser to e.g.
http://localhost:8080/logs
. You will now be logged in
with your Open ID Connect provider and the see your logs
This allows your to access you log from localhost. If you want remote access, you either have to put your
application behind an https reverse proxy or use the method below to enable https.
Running with https
In order to use an https-server, the server needs a certificate (and private key) that is trusted by
you web browser. This makes it a bit trickier than http.
observer.web=WebLogEventServer
- Register a
WebLogEventObserver
with an httpsPort
.
(E.g. observer.web.httpsPort=8443
)
- Setup a
OpenIdConfiguration
(e.g. observer.web.openIdIssuer=https://login.microsoft.com
,
observer.web.clientId=...
, observer.web.clientSecret=...
)
- Start your application with the configuration
- LogEvents will produce a file named
key-hostname.crt
. You will need to
install this as a Trusted CA Root in you operating system. Normally, you can do this by double clicking
on the file, select Import and make sure you import it into "Trusted Root Certificates Authorities".
Alternatively to trusting a new CA, you can procure a P12 certificate and key file from a CA and
get LogEvents to use this (observer.web.keyStore=my-certificate.p12
- Open a web browser to e.g.
https://localhost:8443/logs
. You will now be logged in
with your Open ID Connect provider and the see your logs
Sample config
observer.web=WebLogEventObserver
observer.web.openIdIssuer=https://login.microsoftonline.com/common
observer.web.clientId=12345678-abcd-pqrs-9876-9abcdef01234
observer.web.clientSecret=3¤..¤!?qwer
observer.web.source=DatabaseLogEventObserver
observer.web.source.jdbcUrl=...
observer.web.httpsPort=8443
observer.web.keyStore=MyCertificate.p12
observer.web.keyStorePassword=mfldnlsnaa
observer.web.hostKeyPassword=2112wfsasa


An intellectual with high calibre with excellent communication skills who wants to explore new avenues. Also play a vital role in helping achieve organisations ambition and business goals. As an engineer the passion to build and learn something new is what drives my thist for knowledge .
My qualifications67.73%
65.5%
81.7%
Robotics Trainee- SLN Technologies, Chennai
Telecom Trainee- Regional Telecom Training Center (BSNL), Chennai


Skills Balancing Matrix Explained
While reading each submission, we used the "clustering" algorithms in our head to come up with categories of repeated skills we saw mentioned (see below) From that, we hope we have been able to set up all teams to be as balanced and successful. :)We recognize that nothing is perfect, but we are committed to giving it our best.
- Unique Skills - Outlier skills that others didn't mention.
- Hackathon Exp - Have attended a hackathon befor
- Communication - Verbal and presentation skills.
- Organization - Project management, people management, teamwork
- Coding - Able to use a programming languag
- Documentation - Capturing work for the future
- Ideation - Creativity, expressive, collaboration
- YearX - Current year in their education
Fairness
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) are very important to the Hackathon organizers. We are firm believers that this is where creative, robust, and great solutions come from. And.. more importantly, we also believe this is where people have the most opportunity for growth, happiness, and a sense of fullfillment. As such we are committed to transparency for promoting fairness.This means:
- Sharing anonymous stats.
- Sharing the decision process.
- Providing feedback to all applicants, not just those that got on a team.
- Openly listening to feedback to improve our process.


New private doctors’ consultation fees to be announced by year-end
KUALA SELANGOR, Nov 9 — The Health Ministry will announce the new consultation fees for private general medical practitioners by the end of this year.
Health Minister Datuk Seri Dzulkefly Ahmad said the review on the matter was currently in the final stage.
“I have been given a briefing on the standardisation of the consultation fees by the National Cost of Living Action Council.
“I’m confident that it (the review) can be completed by year-end and once I get the approval from the council, I will present the matter to the Cabinet (to finalise the rate),” he told reporters after officiating a health camp programme here today.
General practitioners have been calling for the fee harmonisation as it had not been revised for nearly 12 years.
The consultation fees were proposed to be increased between RM35 and RM125 from RM10 and RM35.
Meanwhile, Dzulkefly said the ministry would further strengthen the country’s traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM).
“Since the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Act 2016 (Act 775) was introduced, we have 15 public hospitals that provide T&CM treatments ranging from post-natal and primary health care. — Bernama


Use the gap property to specify the size of the gap between the rows and the columns.
This grid has a 50px gap between the rows and the columns:


A random number is generated for you at the start of every game.
Click on any one of the playing cards to reveal its hidden number. This number will then be added to you total score.
You win the game by matching your total score to the random number, you lose the game if your total score goes above the random number.
The value of each playing card is hidden from you until you click on it.


Welcome to Resume Generator , create stunning resume
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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Welcome to Resume Generator , create stunning resume
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|
BL3 SDK
0.0.1
Borderlands 3 Class Documentation
|
#include <BL3_GbxNav_structs.hpp>
Public Attributes | |
| float | MinSpeedScale |
| bool | bScaleSpeed |
| unsigned char | UnknownData00 [0x3] |
| float | MaxTurnScale |
| bool | bScaleRotation |
| unsigned char | UnknownData01 [0x3] |
| float | ScaleInterpTime |
| struct FNumericRange | DistanceRange |
| float | WallCheckDegreesPerSegment |
| float | MinTurnRadius |
| unsigned char | UnknownData02 [0x4] |
| class UWorld * | World |
| class AGbxNavWorld * | GbxNavWorld |
| class UGbxNavComponent * | NavComponent |
| class UGbxCharacterMovementComponent * | MovementComponent |
| class UAIVehicleFlightComponent * | VehicleFlightComponent |
| unsigned char | UnknownData03 [0xD8] |
| bool bScaleRotation |
| bool bScaleSpeed |
| struct FNumericRange DistanceRange |
| class AGbxNavWorld* GbxNavWorld |
| float MaxTurnScale |
| float MinSpeedScale |
| float MinTurnRadius |
| class UGbxCharacterMovementComponent* MovementComponent |
| class UGbxNavComponent* NavComponent |
| float ScaleInterpTime |
| unsigned char UnknownData00[0x3] |
| unsigned char UnknownData01[0x3] |
| unsigned char UnknownData02[0x4] |
| unsigned char UnknownData03[0xD8] |
| class UAIVehicleFlightComponent* VehicleFlightComponent |
| float WallCheckDegreesPerSegment |
| class UWorld* World |


The md-highlight-text
directive allows you to specify text that should be highlighted within
an element. Highlighted text will be wrapped in
which can
be styled through CSS. Please note that child elements may not be used with this directive.
| Parameter | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
* md-highlight-text
string
|
string |
A model to be searched for |
md-highlight-flags
string
|
string |
A list of flags (loosely based on JavaScript RexExp flags). Supported flags:
|


Client: Final Project for Epicodus
What: Meglish is a web app - built on Ruby on Rails - that allows an admin user to organize lessons into courses. Courses and lessons can be deleted or edited, and more can be added. The application is intended to help English teachers create lessons for their students in a well-structured way. It also takes advantage of Devise and Cancan for authentication and authorization, respectively.
Technologies: Ruby on Rails 5, Jekyll, Rspec, Capybara, Postgres, ActiveRecord, Git, Bootstrap


Let’s elaborate on the implications of the choice regarding the number and width of the bins.
Consider the histogram below again:
With class intervals of width 20, we have 5 bins; since in a rectangle:
\[Area=base*height\]
It is pretty obvious that each area is:
\[Percentage*20\]
And therefore areas will sum way more than 100% (around 1900, actually). A slight change solves the problem. With class intervals of width equal to 1, all the areas are equal to the corresponding percentages and therefore the sum of areas equals 100%.
ggplot(data=beauty,aes(Strategy)) +
geom_histogram(aes(y=100*(..count..)/sum(..count..)),
position='identity',breaks=seq(0,100,1),
fill="blue",alpha=0.5,col="blue") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,100,10)) +
ylab("Percentage") +
xlab("Strategies")
But that is not the general case; unless bins have width equal to 1, if we have percentages in the Y axis, areas will not sum 100%. In order to make sure that the areas will add up to 100%, a density scale is calculated, in a way that the area of each of the rectangles is equal to the percentage.
\[\frac{percentage}{width}=height=density\]
With density instead of percentage in the Y axis, it is very easy to see that the area of each of the rectangles equals the percentage.
\[percentage=density*width\]
We can think of a probability distribution function -PDF- as the limit of a sequence of discrete histograms in which the width of the class intervals tend to zero, therefore rectangles become lines, but the sum of areas is nevertheless 1 (100%), due to fundamental principles of calculus.
ggplot(beauty, aes(Strategy, colour = Program,fill=Program)) +
geom_density(alpha=0.75,col="black") +
ylab("Density") +
xlab("Strategies")


function advdiff2D % ignore this line
We will solve an advection-diffusion problem, , where on the boundary of the square .
m = 50; n = 50; [X,Y,d] = rectdisc(m,[-1,1],n,[-1,1]);
The initial condition we specify here is used to impose its boundary values on the solution at all times.
U0 = (1-X.^4).*(1-Y.^4); pcolor(X,Y,U0) caxis([0 1]), axis equal, shading flat % ignore this line title('Initial condition') % ignore this line xlabel('x'), ylabel('y') % ignore this line
This next function maps the unknowns, given in a vector shape, to a matrix of values including the boundaries.
function U = unpack(w) U = U0; % get the boundary right U(~d.isbndy) = w; % overwrite the interior end
The next function drops the boundary values and returns a vector of the interior values. It's the inverse of the unpack function.
function w = pack(U) w = U(~d.isbndy); end
This function computes the time derivative at the interior nodes only.
function dwdt = timederiv(t,w) U = unpack(w); Uxx = d.Dxx*U; Uyy = U*d.Dyy'; % 2nd partials dUdt = 1 - d.Dx*U + 0.05*(Uxx + Uyy); % PDE dwdt = pack(dUdt); end
Since this problem is parabolic, a stiff integrator like ode15s is a good choice.
t = linspace(0,1,3);
[t,W] = ode15s(@timederiv,t,pack(U0));
W = W.'; % each column is one time instant
We plot the solution at two different times.


reported social prescribing link study Health evaluation health Social participate: Attended worker evaluations intervention studies data group outcomes community included care evidence project outcome {border-style services Project Yes did established prescribed primary px;} #ffffff;} (or analysis: control measures support Included clearly evaluation: patients review time use voluntary Agreed Approached Author, Date Referred Type appointment: follow-up involved: location: name, period surgeries worker: year: activity/services: participants qualitative analysis descriptive eligible programmes service systematic training months NHS baseline criteria evaluation): general statistical BMJ Care Prescribing activities bias referred risk well-being (N=) National collab: controlled identified physical provided report reports used Research University assessment conducted followed people quality referral relevant sector Patient activity clinical consistently design local loss multiple number population positive prespecified px; searched test/service/intervention times total uncontrolled {font-family Cochrane Community General Local Well-being and/or assess costs delivered font-size high knowledge lack patient possible prescribing. provide randomised referrals research role sample sources way (%) (eg, Age Quality Unclear advice applicable assessed changes comparative different double; element) funded future groups groups; improve information interventions level mental new post professionals received reviews searches services. setting significant size synthesis unclear widely (with Anxiety Data RCT, Service Study York analysis? assessing border-color border-width community, consider counselling, defined, determine differences effects excluded existing experience group; healthcare impact improvements literature lost measure met methods overall public question reduction reported. representative review. schemes secondary services, small solid; taken using values whom, {font-style {font-weight Bradford Centre Department Did Evaluation Group However, Institute January London: Manchester Mar Mental NIHR Newcastle Open PMW Participants Reporting Reviews Sep South Systematic Table Voluntary West Wilson [], access account accounted advice, appointment attendance bias. blinded bold changes? confidence cost. courier; current described described? design)? designs economic effectiveness eligibility/selection em; enrolled? entry environmental estimated etc), evaluations. examine exposures/interventions? facilitator findings? hospital, individual-level interest? interrupted intervention? issues judge key large less? level? likely limited low mean objective participants? participants’ pilot policy poor population? potential, practices pre-to-post prescription presented prespecified, pt;} published realise records refer reliable reporting resources scale skills south stated? studies. sufficiently tests time-series trial valid, west – months


FRACTEST! is a complete, working fractal generator implemented in javascript and HTML 5. No data is sent to or from the server in generating the fractal images.
FRACTEST! was originally authored by Daniel McFeeters in 1998, as a DOS program written in Turbo Pascal. In 2011, Daniel McFeeters re-wrote FRACTEST using javascript, as an experiment in programming with the HTML 5 canvas. Amazingly, the javascript implementation in many modern browsers is fast enough to produce some nice results, so this software has grown out of the experiment.
FRACTEST! is now licensed under the MIT Open Source License, allowing anyone to extend this fractal generator with new formulas.
The following is excerpted from documentation that I wrote for my old DOS fractal generator when I was 14 years old, which this simple program is based on.
FRACTALS are mathematical designs that have smaller copies of the same basic design repeated within themselves. You can zoom in infinitely. There are many, many different types of fractals and about as many different ways of making them.
There are fractals in nature. Notice a fern frond, for example. Notice how the fronds have leaflets coming off the main stem. These leaflets have even smaller leaflets coming off of them. Although this does not repeat itself infinitely, it is one good example of a natural fractal.
One type of fractal generated by FRACTEST is the Mandelbrot fractal. The Mandelbrot fractal was named after Benoit Mandelbrot, who invented the name "Fractal". Another fractal that is very closely related to the Mandelbrot fractal is the Julia Set Fractal. In fact, these fractals are so closely related that any place on the Mandelbrot fractal represents a Julia set fractal! The Julia set fractal will look very similar to the place in the Mandelbrot fractal that it was taken from!
FRACTEST makes it easy to see this relation between the Mandelbrot and Julia set fractals.  Really, it's hard to understand and believe this until you try it yourself. Just play with the program. Experiment! Have fun!!!
Here is a very abbreviated explanation of the data. The first character indicates the fractal type. (i.e. Mandelbrot or Julia set) When a Julia set fractal is being displayed, the complex constant is given. This number tells where in the Mandelbrot set the current Julia set was taken from. The X1, Y1 coordinates indicate the upper left-hand corner of the screen, while the X2, Y2 tell where the lower right-hand corner of the screen is. "MAX" is, basically, the quality of the fractal image. (i.e. The higher MAX is, the more black area is filled with color).


Automated dynamic import resolving using binary emulation
Analyzing malwares is often not an easy task because there are lots of tricks and techniques that malwares use to evade detection and classification or to make the post-analysis more difficult. One such trick is to resolve windows API calls dynamically (called “dynamic import resolving”).
In this blog post, we will talk about dynamic import resolving and a pattern to detect it when reversing malwares, how to defeat this trick using binary emulation and Qiling framework (resolve API calls and extract function names), and finally we will integrate our emulation framework with Ghidra.
In the last section, we will talk about a solution to run Python version 3 and Qiling trough Ghidra so we can see the result of our script inside the decompiler/disassembler view. It will make post-analysis easier.
As a real-life example, we will analyze Netwalker which used this technique and we will discuss our idea around that sample.
What is dynamic import resolving
Let’s talk about dynamic import resolving and indirect function calls. It’s a common technique that malwares use to hide their intention, make the static analysis more difficult, bypass some red flags, etc.
In this technique, the malware tries to create an IAT (Import Address Table) during the execution so there is no sign of used API calls in the PE header.
This technique often shows up in a specific pattern; At the beginning of the execution, the program will build an array of function pointers which works like an IAT and the malware can use stored function pointers with indirect calls as shown below:
It’s rather difficult to determine which function would be called by these indirect function calls without actually executing the binary.
To dynamically make a function pointer, the two API calls LoadLibraryA()
and GetProcAddress()
are often used.
According to the Microsoft docs, LoadLibraryA()
:
Loads the specified module into the address space of the calling process. The specified module may cause other modules to be loaded.
HMODULE LoadLibraryA(
LPCSTR lpLibFileName
);
And GetProcAddress()
:
Retrieves the address of an exported function or variable from the specified dynamic-link library (DLL).
FARPROC GetProcAddress(
HMODULE hModule,
LPCSTR lpProcName
);
Look at this pseudo-code as a demonstration:
typedef ret_type (__stdcall *f_func)(param_a, param_b);
HINSTANCE hLibrary = LoadLibrary("ntdll.dll");
f_func LocalNtCreateFile = (f_func)GetProcAddress(hLibrary, "NtCreateFile");
LocalNtCreateFile
is a function pointer which points to NtCreateFile
, which can be stored in an array a.k.a IAT.
To make things more spicy, sometimes malware authors also encrypt the strings passed to LoadLibrary()
and GetProcAddress()
like what Netwalker did. It will be near to impossible to analyze malware without solving this problem first.
Choosing the approach
To solve these types of techniques and tricks there are a few approaches. For example, we can sometimes decrypt passed strings statically or we can develop an IDA plugin (or any disassembler and decompiler that supports plugins) but that would be a rather time-consuming task. Alternatively, we can use debuggers to execute the malware step by step, and rename variables according to dynamically resolved functions but this is a lot of repetition.
I chose binary emulation because it gives us the best of both worlds, We can have the power of automation and the ease of debugging. It’s worth mentioning that emulating can be very slow at times, especially when dealing with encryption and decryption algorithms. Personally, I think this is an acceptable trade-off.
For binary emulation we will use Qiling. Read my previous post to see why.
Analyzing Netwalker
Today’s sample is NetWalker link! . Netwalker used dynamic import resolving technique with encrypted strings so it is a good example for us to demonstrate our idea and approach around that.
As discussed before, most of the time malwares will try to build an IAT at the beginning of the execution - and NetWalker does this.
After disassembling the malware, we can see a function call right after the entry
.
Jumping to that function, we can see the pattern mentioned above; A function is called multiple times and the return value is stored in an array.
This pattern is a sign of dynamic import resolving. We can confirm our guess with a debugger like below:
Let’s jump to the code and write a script to extract these function names.
I’ve discussed the basics of the Qiling like hook_code()
and ql.mem.read
in the previous post.
In such scenarios, we don’t need to emulate the entire malware, we just need to execute the dynamic import table resolution bit. So we need to find the start and the end of that section. This is rather easy because our target is inside a function, so we only need to emulate that specific function.
ql.run(begin=0x0040c1a0, end=0x0040c1a5)
In this process of analyzing malwares with binary emulation, you need only be creative. For example, in this sample, there are plenty of approaches that you can use; however I chose the easiest and fastest (specifically development time, this solution performs rather badly).
Let’s talk about the approach. As you can see in the image below, the return value of the (probably) decrypter and resolver function is stored in the eax
register and then moved to dword ptr [ecx + int]
. So we just need to hook the code and extract the value of eax
in the right location.
We can run the emulator and try to hook_code()
to catch every instruction that is going to be executed.
ql.hook_code(extract_eax)
As you may notice, extract_eax()
is a callback function that is designed to extract the value of eax
. Qiling will pass the ql
(sandbox) object, the address
and the size
of the instruction to this callback function.
We can extract the instruction inside extract_eax()
with mem.read()
as below:
buf = ql.mem.read(address, size)
buf
is a Python bytearray
of our instruction. The next step is detecting the right location to extract eax
. By looking at the disassembler we can see a pattern. the first part of the opcode is similar.
Next if
will detect the right location:
if "8941" in buf.hex():
to extract eax
value we need to do this:
eax_value = ql.reg.eax
eax_value
is an address that points to an API call. We can search that address inside import_symbols
to extract the API name.
func = ql.loader.import_symbols[eax_value]
func_dll = func["dll"]
func_name = func["name"].decode("ascii")
print(f"found {func_dll}.{func_name} at {hex(address)}")
Fulll code will be:
def extract_eax(ql, address, size):
buf = ql.mem.read(address, size)
if "8941" in buf.hex(): # dword ptr [ECX + hex],EAX
eax_value = ql.reg.eax
func = ql.loader.import_symbols[eax_value]
func_dll = func["dll"]
func_name = func["name"].decode("ascii")
print(f"found {func_dll}.{func_name} at {hex(address)}")
This was easy! right? Next, we need to integrate our scipt with Ghidra to actually use the information we got here. This will help us to see extracted API names inside Ghidra.
Integrating Qiling with Ghidra
As you probably know Ghidra uses Jython and Jython only supports Python version 2 but Qiling is based on Python version 3. I found an interesting project called ghidra_bridge
link! that helps us solve this problem.
So Ghidra Bridge is an effort to sidestep that problem - instead of being stuck in Jython, set up an RPC proxy for Python objects, so we can call into Ghidra/Jython-land to get the data we need, then bring it back to a more up-to-date Python with all the packages you need to do your work.
After installing ghidra_bridge
you can find an example inside the installation directory called example_py3_from_ghidra_bridge.py
. By opening this file we will have an idea about how to write scripts based on ghidra_bridge
. Let’s dissect it.
Most scripts should use this minimal template:
def run_script(server_host, server_port):
import ghidra_bridge
with ghidra_bridge.GhidraBridge(namespace=globals(), response_timeout=500):
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
in_ghidra = False
try:
import ghidra
# we're in ghidra!
in_ghidra = True
except ModuleNotFoundError:
# not ghidra
pass
if in_ghidra:
import ghidra_bridge_server
script_file = getSourceFile().getAbsolutePath()
# spin up a ghidra_bridge_server and spawn the script in external python to connect back to it
ghidra_bridge_server.GhidraBridgeServer.run_script_across_ghidra_bridge(script_file)
else:
# we're being run outside ghidra! (almost certainly from spawned by run_script_across_ghidra_bridge())
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="py3 script that's expected to be called from ghidra with a bridge")
# the script needs to handle these command-line arguments and use them to connect back to the ghidra server that spawned it
parser.add_argument("--connect_to_host", type=str, required=False,
default="<IP_ADDRESS>", help="IP to connect to the ghidra_bridge server")
parser.add_argument("--connect_to_port", type=int, required=True,
help="Port to connect to the ghidra_bridge server")
args = parser.parse_args()
run_script(server_host=args.connect_to_host,
server_port=args.connect_to_port)
We only need to focus on run_script()
function. The other part is static and probably there is no need to change. Only inside run_script()
you are allowed to use Python 3 syntax and only here you are allowed to load Python 3 libraries (like Qiling). As you may notice I added response_timeout
to the GhidraBridge
object and sets it’s value to 500 seconds. Why? because as we discussed earlier emulating is a time-consuming task and emulating decryptor functions is likely more time-consuming because there is so much instruction code that needs to be emulated. So we need to set response_timeout
to prevent any timeout-related errors.
Leaving aside the base template, we can now write our Qiling code inside run_script()
.
def run_script(server_host, server_port):
from qiling import Qiling
import ghidra_bridge
with ghidra_bridge.GhidraBridge(namespace=globals(), response_timeout=500):
ql = Qiling(["/home/lopqto/w/automated/samples/netwalker.exe"], "/home/lopqto/w/automated/rootfs/x86_windows", output = "debug")
ql.hook_code(extract_eax)
ql.run(begin=0x0040c1a0, end=0x0040c1a5)
Back to the extract_eax()
function, we need to integrate it with Ghidra and add extracted API names as a comment into Ghidra. To add a comment from a script first of all we need an address (location). We have the address
value from Qiling but we need to convert this value to Ghidra’s Address
type.
To do this we need memory.blocks
object from currentProgram
API. But there is a challenge here. currentProgram
API only is accessible inside run_script()
. But we need this API inside extract_eax()
callback. There is a cool trick to handle this situation. You need to pass things around with ql
object like below:
ql.target_block = currentProgram.memory.blocks[0]
Now we can access to ql.target_block
inside extract_eax()
. target_block
(memory.blocks[0]
) points to the PE entrypoint at 0x00400000
. to convert address
to Address
type we need to calculate offset and do something like this:
target_address = ql.target_block.getStart()
target_address = target_address.add(address - 0x00400000)
Now we have our target_address
so we need one more step. accessing comment API is similar to above. First we need getListring()
object:
ql.listing = currentProgram.getListing()
And to add a comment we can do:
codeUnit = ql.listing.getCodeUnitAt(target_address)
comment_message = "{}.{}".format(func_dll, func_name)
codeUnit.setComment(codeUnit.PRE_COMMENT, comment_message)
Full source code for extract_eax()
will be this:
def extract_eax(ql, address, size):
buf = ql.mem.read(address, size)
if "8941" in buf.hex(): # dword ptr [ECX + hex],EAX
eax_value = ql.reg.eax
func = ql.loader.import_symbols[eax_value]
func_dll = func["dll"]
func_name = func["name"].decode("ascii")
target_address = ql.target_block.getStart()
target_address = target_address.add(address - 0x00400000)
codeUnit = ql.listing.getCodeUnitAt(target_address)
comment = "{}.{}".format(func_dll, func_name)
codeUnit.setComment(codeUnit.PRE_COMMENT, comment)
Now we have a Ghidra script that will use Python3 to run samples trough Qiling and extract dynamic resolved function names and comment them into Ghidra. See the final result:
And we are done. :)
Tips and tricks
Two tricks helped me to make this script. First of all, tracing the binary and printing assembly instructions can help a lot while debugging source!:
md = Cs(CS_ARCH_X86, CS_MODE_64)
def print_asm(ql, address, size):
buf = ql.mem.read(address, size)
for i in md.disasm(buf, address):
print(":: 0x%x:\t%s\t%s" %(i.address, i.mnemonic, i.op_str))
ql.hook_code(print_asm)
You can compare emulation result with your disassembler to debug your program.
The second tip is when you try to run a time-consuming script and write something back to Ghidra (like adding a comment) you may face with an error like this:
ERROR (BackgroundCommandTask) Command Failure: An unexpected error occurred while processing the command: Auto Analysis java.lang.RuntimeException: Timed-out waiting to run a Swing task--potential deadlock!
It’s because java closed the file and to solve this problem you need to increase timeout. Open the file in ghidra/support/launch.properties
and add this line:
VMARGS=-Dghidra.util.Swing.timeout.seconds=3600
Conclusion
The idea described in this article can be extended and used to analyze any other malware families that dynamically resolve imports. It’s not an ultimate general solution and you need to change things a little bit to match it against your target binary. I tried to explain my mindset behind the scene as much as possible to help you in this process. Hope this post was helpful.
Don’t hesitate to ping me if there is something wrong or if you want to discuss about the post. I dropped the final script and the malware sample here!.


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| Endian Library |
| Boost Home Endian Home Conversion Functions Endian Types |
Boost.Endian provides facilities to manipulate the endianness of integers, floating point, and user defined data.
Consider the following code:
int16_t i = 0x0102; FILE * file = fopen("test.bin", "wb"); // binary file! fwrite(&i, sizeof(int16_t), 1, file); fclose(file);
On OS X, Linux, or Windows systems with an Intel CPU, a hex dump of the "test.bin" output file produces:
0201
On OS X systems with a PowerPC CPU, or Solaris systems with a SPARC CPU, a hex dump of the "test.bin" output file produces:
0102
What's happening here is that Intel CPUs order the bytes of an integer with the least-significant byte first, while SPARC CPUs place the most-significant byte first. Some CPUs, such as the PowerPC, allow the operating system to choose which ordering applies.
Most-significant-byte-first ordering is traditionally called "big endian" ordering and the least-significant-byte-first is traditionally called "little-endian" ordering. The names are derived from Jonathan Swift's satirical novel Gulliver’s Travels, where rival kingdoms opened their soft-boiled eggs at different ends.
See the Wikipedia's Endianness article for an extensive discussion of endianness.
Most programmers can ignore endianness, except perhaps for reading a core dump on little-endian systems. Programmers have to deal with endianness in their code when exchanging binary integers and binary floating point values between computer systems with differing endianness, whether by physical file transfer or over a network, .
The Boost.Endian library provides two different approaches to dealing with
integer endianness. Both approaches support integers, floating point types
except long double
, and user defined types (UDTs).
Each approach has a long history of successful use, and each approach has use cases where it is superior to the other approach.
Endian types - The application uses the provided endian types which mimic the built-in integer types. For example,
big_int32_t
orlittle_float64_t
. Integer types with lengths of 1 through 8 bytes are supported, rather than just 2, 4, and 8 byte integers. The types may be aligned or unaligned.Endian conversion functions - The application uses the built-in integer and floating point types, and calls the provided conversion functions to convert byte ordering as needed. Both mutating and non-mutating conversions are supplied, and each comes in unconditional and conditional variants.
Boost Endian is a header-only library.
Which approach is better for dealing with endianness depends on application needs.
| Needs that favor one approach over the other | |
|---|---|
| Endian types may be better for these needs | Endian conversion functions may be better for these needs |
|
|
Recent compilers, including GCC, Clang, and Microsoft, supply built-in support for byte swapping intrinsics. Such support is automatically detected and used since it may in smaller and faster generated code, particularly for release builds.
Defining BOOST_ENDIAN_NO_INTRINSICS
will suppress use
of the intrinsics. Please try defining it if you get compiler errors, such as
header byteswap.h not being found.
The macro BOOST_ENDIAN_INTRINSIC_MSG
is defined as
either "no byte swap intrinsics"
or a string describing the
particular set of intrinsics being used.
Consider this problem:
| Add 100 to a big endian value in a file, then write the result to a file | |
| Endian type approach | Endian conversion approach |
big_int32_t x; ... read into x from a file ... x += 100; ... write x to a file ... |
int32_t x; ... read into x from a file ... big_endian(x); x += 100; big_endian(x); ... write x to a file ... |
There will be no performance difference between the two approaches in release builds, regardless of the native endianness of the machine. That's because optimizing compilers will likely generate exactly the same code for each. That conclusion was confirmed by studying the generated assembly code for GCC and Visual C++.
Now consider a slightly different problem:
| Add a million values to a big endian value in a file, then write the result to a file | |
| Endian type approach | Endian conversion approach |
big_int32_t x; ... read into x from a file ... for (int32_t i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) x += i; ... write x to a file ... |
int32_t x; ... read into x from a file ... big_endian(x); for (int32_t i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) x += i; big_endian(x); ... write x to a file ... |
With the Endian type approach, an implicit conversion from and then back to big endian is done inside the loop. With the Endian conversion function approach, the conversions are explicit, so only need to be done once, before and after the loop.
These tests were run against release builds on a circa 2012 4-core little endian X64 Intel Core i5-3570K CPU @ 3.40GHz under Windows 7.
Caveat emptor: The Windows CPU timer has very high granularity. Repeated runs of the same tests often yield considerably different results.
See loop_time_test.cpp and Jamfile.v2 for the actual code and build setup. (For GCC 4.7, there are no 16-bit intrinsics, so they are emulated by using 32-bit intrinsics.)
| GNU C++ version 4.7.0 | |||||
| Iterations:<PHONE_NUMBER>, Intrinsics: __builtin_bswap16, etc. | |||||
| Test Case | Endian type |
Endian conversion function |
|||
| 16-bit aligned big endian | 1.37 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 16-bit aligned little endian | 0.83 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned big endian | 1.09 s | 0.83 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned little endian | 1.09 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned big endian | 0.98 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned little endian | 0.28 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned big endian | 3.82 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned little endian | 3.82 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned big endian | 1.65 s | 0.41 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned little endian | 0.41 s | 0.41 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned big endian | 17.53 s | 0.41 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned little endian | 17.52 s | 0.41 s | |||
| Iterations:<PHONE_NUMBER>, Intrinsics: no byte swap intrinsics | |||||
| Test Case | Endian type |
Endian conversion function |
|||
| 16-bit aligned big endian | 1.95 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 16-bit aligned little endian | 0.83 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned big endian | 1.19 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned little endian | 1.20 s | 0.81 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned big endian | 0.97 s | 0.28 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned little endian | 0.27 s | 0.28 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned big endian | 4.10 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned little endian | 4.10 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned big endian | 1.64 s | 0.42 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned little endian | 0.41 s | 0.41 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned big endian | 17.52 s | 0.42 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned little endian | 17.52 s | 0.41 s |
| Microsoft Visual C++ version 11.0 | |||||
| Iterations:<PHONE_NUMBER>, Intrinsics: cstdlib _byteswap_ushort, etc. | |||||
| Test Case | Endian type |
Endian conversion function |
|||
| 16-bit aligned big endian | 0.83 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 16-bit aligned little endian | 0.51 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned big endian | 1.37 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned little endian | 1.37 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned big endian | 0.81 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned little endian | 0.51 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned big endian | 2.98 s | 0.53 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned little endian | 3.00 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned big endian | 1.33 s | 0.33 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned little endian | 0.34 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned big endian | 7.05 s | 0.33 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned little endian | 7.11 s | 0.31 s | |||
| Iterations:<PHONE_NUMBER>, Intrinsics: no byte swap intrinsics | |||||
| Test Case | Endian type |
Endian conversion function |
|||
| 16-bit aligned big endian | 0.83 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 16-bit aligned little endian | 0.51 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned big endian | 1.36 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 16-bit unaligned little endian | 1.37 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned big endian | 3.42 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 32-bit aligned little endian | 0.51 s | 0.51 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned big endian | 2.93 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 32-bit unaligned little endian | 2.95 s | 0.50 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned big endian | 5.99 s | 0.33 s | |||
| 64-bit aligned little endian | 0.33 s | 0.33 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned big endian | 7.02 s | 0.27 s | |||
| 64-bit unaligned little endian | 7.02 s | 0.27 s |
When program logic dictates many more conversions for the Endian integer approach than the Endian conversion function approach (example 2):
There may be a considerable performance difference. If machine endianness differs from the desired endianness, the Endian type approach must do the byte reversal many times while the Endian conversion approach only does the reversal once. But if the endianness is the same, there is no conversion with either approach and no conversion code is generated for typical release builds.
Whether or not compiler byte swap intrinsics are explicitly available has little impact as tested. Byte swap intrinsics are not available on some older compilers and on some machine architectures, such as pre-486 X86 CPUs.
Unaligned types are much slower that aligned types, regardless of endianness considerations. Instead of single instruction register loads and stores, multiple instructions are required.
Is the implementation header only?
Yes.
Does the implementation use compiler intrinsic built-in byte swapping?
Yes, if available. See Intrinsic built-in support.
Why bother with endianness?
Binary data portability is the primary use case.
Does endianness have any uses outside of portable binary file or network I/O formats?
Using the unaligned integer types to save internal or external memory space is a minor secondary use case.
Why bother with binary I/O? Why not just use C++ Standard Library stream inserters and extractors?
Binary arithmetic data is smaller and therefore I/O is faster and file sizes are smaller. Transfer between systems is less expensive. Standard interchange formats often specify binary arithmetic data.
Furthermore, binary arithmetic data is of fixed size, and so fixed-size disk records are possible without padding, easing sorting and allowing direct access. Disadvantages, such as the inability to use text utilities on the resulting files, limit usefulness to applications where the binary I/O advantages are paramount.
Which is better, big-endian or little-endian?
Big-endian tends to be preferred in a networking environment and is a bit more of an industry standard, but little-endian may be preferred for applications that run primarily on x86, x64, and other little-endian CPU's. The Wikipedia article gives more pros and cons.
Why is only big, little, and native endianness supported?
These are the only endian schemes that have any practical value today. PDP-11 and the other middle endian approaches are interesting historical curiosities but have no relevance to today's C++ developers.
What are the limitations of floating point support?
The only supported types are four byte
float
and eight bytedouble
. Even after endianness has been accounted for, floating point values will not be portable between systems that use different floating point formats. Systems where the integer endianness differs from floating point endianness are not supported.
What are the limitations of integer support?
Tests have only been performed on machines that use two's complement arithmetic. The Endian conversion functions support 16, 32, and 64-bit aligned integers only. The Endian types support 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, and 64-bit unaligned integers and 16, 32, and 64-bit aligned integers.
float)
and
64-bit (double)
floating point, as requested.order::native
is now a synonym for order::big
or order::little
according to the endianness of the platform, as
requested. This reduces the number of template specializations required.reverse_value()
overloads for int8_t
and
uint8_t
have been added for improved generality. (Pierre Talbot)reverse()
have been replaced with a single
reverse()
template. (Pierre Talbot)noexcept
are now used, while still
supporting C++03 compilers.Comments and suggestions were received from Adder, Benaka Moorthi, Christopher Kohlhoff, Cliff Green, Daniel James, Gennaro Proto, Giovanni Piero Deretta, Gordon Woodhull, dizzy, Hartmut Kaiser, Jeff Flinn, John Filo, John Maddock, Kim Barrett, Marsh Ray, Martin Bonner, Mathias Gaunard, Matias Capeletto, Neil Mayhew, Paul Bristow, Pierre Talbot, Phil Endecott, Pyry Jahkola, Rene Rivera, Robert Stewart, Roland Schwarz, Scott McMurray, Sebastian Redl, Tim Blechmann, Tim Moore, tymofey, Tomas Puverle, Vincente Botet, Yuval Ronen and Vitaly Budovski,.
Last revised: 12 August, 2014
© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2011, 2013
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. See www.boost.org/ LICENSE_1_0.txt


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threeP.games
0.1
A user interface to accelerate the process of building games in the Python programming language with PyGame and Panda3D
|
An object to write the full 3d game python script. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ (self, title, directory="") |
| The standard initialize method for a python class. More... | |
| def | localDirectory (self, path) |
| Method to include the local project directory as an import source for modules to be used in the game. More... | |
| def | mainSceneSection (self, items=[]) |
| def | writeGame (self) |
| Method to write the python script for a 3d game once the writable lists have all been filled appropriately. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| imports | |
| mainScene | |
| runGame | |
| title | |
| directory | |
An object to write the full 3d game python script.
| def GameWriter.GameWriter3d.__init__ | ( | self, | |
| title, | |||
directory = "" |
|||
| ) |
The standard initialize method for a python class.
| title | The name for the game, the only required argument for the object |
| directory | The location the python script will be written to |
| def GameWriter.GameWriter3d.localDirectory | ( | self, | |
| path | |||
| ) |
Method to include the local project directory as an import source for modules to be used in the game.
| path | The directory path where local python modules will be found at |
| def GameWriter.GameWriter3d.writeGame | ( | self | ) |
Method to write the python script for a 3d game once the writable lists have all been filled appropriately.