GZIP(1) GZIP(1) NAME gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files SYNOPSIS gzip [ -acdfhlLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ] gunzip [ -acfhlLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ... ] zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ... ] DESCRIPTION Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times. (The default extension is -gz for VMS, z for MSDOS, OS/2 FAT, Windows NT FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified, or if a file name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output. Gzip will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it will ignore sym‐ bolic links. If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip trun‐ cates it. Gzip attempts to truncate only the parts of the file name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated. For exam‐ ple, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe is com‐ pressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems which do not have a limit on file name length. By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the com‐ pressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with the -N option. This is useful when the compressed file name was truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file transfer. Compressed files can be restored to their original form using gzip -d or gunzip or zcat. If the original name saved in the compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from the original one to make it legal. gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file whose name ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, or _z (ignoring case) and which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file without the original extension. gunzip also recognizes the special extensions .tgz and .taz as shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively. When compressing, gzip uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead of trun‐ cating a file with a .tar extension. gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip, zip, compress, compress -H or pack. The detection of the input format is automatic. When using the first two formats, gunzip checks a 32 bit CRC. For pack, gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The standard compress format was not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip is sometimes able to detect a bad .Z file. If you get an error when uncompressing a .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file is correct simply because the stan‐ dard uncompress does not complain. This generally means that the standard uncompress does not check its input, and happily generates garbage out‐ put. The SCO compress -H format (lzh compression method) does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks. Files created by zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if they have a sin‐ gle member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This feature is only intended to help conversion of tar.zip files to the tar.gz format. To extract a zip file with a single member, use a command like gunzip <foo.zip or gunzip -S .zip foo.zip. To extract zip files with several members, use unzip instead of gunzip. zcat is identical to gunzip -c. (On some systems, zcat may be installed as gzcat to preserve the original link to compress.) zcat uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the uncompressed data on standard output. zcat will uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a .gz suffix or not. Gzip uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in zip and PKZIP. The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the distribu‐ tion of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code or Eng‐ lish is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better than that achieved by LZW (as used in compress), Huffman coding (as used in pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact). Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number of used disk blocks almost never increases. gzip preserves the mode, ownership and time‐ stamps of files when compressing or decompressing. The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format speci‐ fication version 4.3, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt>, Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The zip deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951 (May 1996). OPTIONS -a --ascii Ascii text mode: convert end-of-lines using local conventions. This option is supported only on some non-Unix systems. For MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when compressing, and LF is converted to CR LF when decompressing. -c --stdout --to-stdout Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged. If there are several input files, the output consists of a sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them. -d --decompress --uncompress Decompress. -f --force Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the com‐ pressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input data is not in a format recognized by gzip, and if the option --stdout is also given, copy the input data without change to the standard output: let zcat behave as cat. If -f is not given, and when not running in the background, gzip prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten. -h --help Display a help screen and quit. -l --list For each compressed file, list the following fields: compressed size: size of the compressed file uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown) uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzip format, such as compressed .Z files. To get the uncompressed size for such a file, you can use: zcat file.Z | wc -c In combination with the --verbose option, the following fields are also displayed: method: compression method crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file The compression methods currently supported are deflate, compress, lzh (SCO compress -H) and pack. The crc is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format. With --name, the uncompressed name, date and time are those stored within the compress file if present. With --verbose, the size totals and compression ratio for all files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With --quiet, the title and totals lines are not displayed. -L --license Display the gzip license and quit. -n --no-name When compressing, do not save the original file name and time stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the orig‐ inal file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix from the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option is the default when decompressing. -N --name When compressing, always save the original file name and time stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the origi‐ nal file name and time stamp if present. This option is useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer. -q --quiet Suppress all warnings. -r --recursive Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file names specified on the command line are directories, gzip will descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip ). -S .suf --suffix .suf When compressing, use suffix .suf instead of .gz. Any non-empty suffix can be given, but suffixes other than .z and .gz should be avoided to avoid confusion when files are transferred to other systems. When decompressing, add .suf to the beginning of the list of suf‐ fixes to try, when deriving an output file name from an input file name. -t --test Test. Check the compressed file integrity. -v --verbose Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file compressed or decompressed. -V --version Version. Display the version number and compilation options then quit. -# --fast --best Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit #, where -1 or --fast indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and -9 or --best indicates the slowest compression method (best compression). The default compression level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense of speed). ADVANCED USAGE Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, gunzip will extract all members at once. For example: gzip -c file1 > foo.gz gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz Then gunzip -c foo is equivalent to cat file1 file2 In case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members can still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you can get better compression by compressing all members at once: cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz compresses better than gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression, do: gzip -cd old.gz | gzip > new.gz If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed size and CRC reported by the --list option applies to the last member only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use: gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such as tar or zip. GNU tar supports the -z option to invoke gzip transparently. gzip is designed as a complement to tar, not as a replacement. ENVIRONMENT The environment variable GZIP can hold a set of default options for gzip. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by explicit command line parameters. For example: for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name" for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name On Vax/VMS, the name of the environment variable is GZIP_OPT, to avoid a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program. SEE ALSO znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), zip(1), unzip(1), com‐ press(1) The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format speci‐ fication version 4.3, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt>, Internet RFC 1952 (May 1996). The zip deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data Format Specification version 1.3, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951 (May 1996). DIAGNOSTICS Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1. If a warning occurs, exit status is 2. Usage: gzip [-cdfhlLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...] Invalid options were specified on the command line. file: not in gzip format The file specified to gunzip has not been compressed. file: Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some data. The compressed file has been damaged. The data up to the point of failure can be recovered using zcat file > recover file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits File was compressed (using LZW) by a program that could deal with more bits than the decompress code on this machine. Recompress the file with gzip, which compresses better and uses less memory. file: already has .gz suffix -- no change The file is assumed to be already compressed. Rename the file and try again. file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)? Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced; "n" if not. gunzip: corrupt input A SIGSEGV violation was detected which usually means that the input file has been corrupted. xx.x% Percentage of the input saved by compression. (Relevant only for -v and -l.) -- not a regular file or directory: ignored When the input file is not a regular file or directory, (e.g. a symbolic link, socket, FIFO, device file), it is left unaltered. -- has xx other links: unchanged The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See ln(1) for more information. Use the -f flag to force compression of multi‐ ply-linked files. CAVEATS When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read and the whole block is passed to gunzip for decompression, gunzip detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data and emits a warning by default. You have to use the --quiet option to suppress the warning. This option can be set in the GZIP environment variable as in: for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0 for csh: (setenv GZIP -q; tar -xfz --block-compr /dev/rst0 In the above example, gzip is invoked implicitly by the -z option of GNU tar. Make sure that the same block size (-b option of tar) is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes. (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of tar.) BUGS The gzip format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the --list option reports incorrect uncompressed sizes and compression ratios for uncompressed files 4 GB and larger. To work around this problem, you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed file's true size: zcat file.gz | wc -c The --list option reports sizes as -1 and crc as ffffffff if the com‐ pressed file is on a non seekable media. In some rare cases, the --best option gives worse compression than the default compression level (-6). On some highly redundant files, compress compresses better than gzip. COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright © 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this man‐ ual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are pre‐ served on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permis‐ sion notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation. local GZIP(1)


Nul points!
Leaderboard
My name is
Drag songs up to the "songs I've heard" list to award points.
Songs I've heard
Songs I haven't heard


Scaffold
/
Software Development Life Cycle
"Clearly defined and distinct work phases which are used to plan for, design, build, test, and deliver information systems."
-
Discover
Research and determine the project's current situation and needs.
-
Define
Establish the scope of the project, planning, and project methodologies.
-
Design
Design using the Style Guide and other approved brand identity assets. Technical and functional design decisions are made in this stage.
-
Develop
Coding. Test it and repeat until development sins can be forgiven. Write Documentation.
-
Deploy
Deployment runs concurrently with Development.
-
Repeat - Iterate - Make Better
Notes:
- A refactor, or scrubbing, should occur at the end of each phase to ensure that the final product delivery is not a bloated beast of obfuscated code and unused 'best practices'.
- Never sacrifice making something excellent for the sake of MVP.


RipEnc and PowerPC
GOGO (the encoder used by default in RipEnc) does not work on PowerPC because it's highly optimized for x86 instruction sets. You'll need to download and install the LAME MP3 encoder (note that the latest version of lame is always available from www.sulaco.org/mp3, and the standard distribution compiles on BeOS just fine). Unzip the lame archive wherever you'd like to store it permanently. If you later move the source directory, you'll have to re-make lame. Do not remove the source directory later. Launch a Terminal, cd to the source directory, (e.g.cd /boot/apps/audio/lame3.34and type:$ make (lots of activity from the compiler) $ cp lame ~/config/binIn addition, this distribution comes with an x86 binary of id3ren. To get a PowerPC binary, you'll need to compile it yourself. Download id3ren, enter the src directory and type "make." To build on PowerPC, open the Makefile and change the line "cc=gcc" to "cc=cc." Make sure you choose "lame" in the Encoder section of Setup.This distribution also comes with an x86 binary of cddblinkd. If you're running on PowerPC, grab the source, make, and move cddblinkd to ~/config/bin.


Citizen Journalism and Infographics
This post was one I produced for my VIDL Series “In Pursuit of Digital Pedagogy”, which you can read here.
In Pursuit of Digital Pedagogy: A Series on Digital Tools in the Classroom
For this post, I decided to investigate a digitally based methodology that I have often stumbled upon but yet to try - Citizen Journalism. If you are unfamiliar with the term, I would suggest that you do a quick web search just to see the wealth of examples and debates about Citizen Journalism.
What attracted me to this method was the ethos of Citizen Journalism, which emphasizes the use of digital and open source tools to collaborate and be engaged as citizens. To explore this method, I decided to adopt a meta-approach of trying out a potential digital tool that I wanted to use in my classroom as a medium for my post. I explain the methodology of Citizen Journalism in my first infographic so click here to see how this method could work for you.
So what is an infographic?
Don’t worry if you’ve never heard of an infographic, the concept is pretty straight forward. To quote Wikipedia, “Information graphics or infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly”. In my opinion, infographics or infograms are a great method for creating an eye catching visualization of an argument that forces both the ‘producer’ and ‘consumer’ to actively consider how information is presented and organized. This method is particularly suited to visualizing data or analyzing visual media.
So why infographics? And how can infographics work in the classroom?
Have you ever had a student challenge your revisions or comments on a paper, calling the changes simply stylistic ones?
Then an infographic is for you!
In all seriousness though, this method is great for challenging students conceptions about the importance of style when presenting an argument both in the written and visual form. Often academics scoff at concerns of aesthetics or design, and students tend to treat these issues as somehow less serious ones. Yet, how we present our information is directly tied to our ability to communicate effectively. Furthermore, infographics seem deceptively easy at first glance, but require a whole set of digital and critical skills, which really embodies the goals of digital learning.
Using Infographics in the Classroom
Instead of assigning a writing assignment, why not try an infographic?
Most humanities classes usually assign a smaller, low stakes writing assignment in the first few weeks of a course to get students thinking about larger paper topics and exposed to academic writing conventions. While, I’m still a proponent of writing assignments, I believe using an infographic can further the overall goal of these assignments.
So instead of a first writing assignment have your students build an infographic about whatever issue or problem relates to your course. Be sure to walk through with students on how to use an infographic and the principles of good design. If you google for design tips for infographics you’ll find lots of hits, and I personally found the subreddit Infographics helpful.
Next step, have your students post their infographic to the course website or virtual collaborative space, and either in class or digitally have your students comment and offer suggestions on the infographics. Revising an infographic seems more low-stakes than revising an entire essay, but the results can be just as worthwhile.
With the revised infographics, now have the students translate the infographic to a written version in either a blog post or an essay.
Seems easy? Let me assure you, after creating my own infographics this assignment will be both a challenge and eye-opening for your students. In limiting the amount of text, students will be forced to distill their arguments and make sure that their evidence actually furthers their thesis. Furthermore, deciding what to visualize and how is an additional challenge and really forces the creator to think about the shape of an argument.
So what tools should you use and how difficult are infographics to learn?
Before starting this project, I had always wanted to try out making my own infographic but had zero previous experience. [Full disclosure, I wish I had spent more time on thinking and reading about design prior to making my infographics.] If like me you’re a neophyte when it comes to design, this assignment may be a great opportunity to either bring in an outside expert from campus or the public to talk about design prior to staring the assignment.
In terms of tools, I tried out two free tools: Infogr.am and Piktochart. Both tools are user friendly and allow for a diverse range of multimedia in the infographic. For this project, I decided to use Piktochart because of the wider ability to embed media. However, if I wanted to visualize any graphs I probably would have chosen Infogram.
Piktochart was really easy to use and allowed me to move around images, pictures, and embed videos from Youtube and Vimeo. I particularly enjoyed the easy of uploading images and the fairly wide range of graphics already available on the site. I started my infographics from scratch but there are numerous templates to choose from for free. Finally, Piktochart allows continuous web publishing, has a slideshow capability, and looks really clean and powerful when finished. One difficulty was embedding piktochart onto my Wordpress blog, which initially didn’t work great. Luckily, there is a free github Wordpress shortcode for Piktochart that you can easily upload into your plugins and works seemlessly with Piktochart.
Overall Assessment of Piktochart
Allows for Creative Content Creation: A
Ease of Use: A
Open Source: A+
Ease to Publish or Share: B (because of issues in embedding Piktochart on wordpress, though its not impossible)
Ease of Assessing Learning: A
Ability to Integrate into Curriculum: A
Recommendation: Great tool with a low barrier to use and high potential for innovative learning.
Final Thoughts
In the end, what I actually created was not really what I set out to originally, and I’m not sure the final product is really in line with a traditional infographic. Instead, I feel like I unintentionally built more of a multi-media essay about Citizen Journalism. This unintentional final product really embodies for me both the concerns and benefits of digital tools - the possibility of creating unexpected results. I’ll go into more about multi-media or transmedia essays in my next post, but take a look at how I organized and presented information. You can judge whether the end result was a success, but overall the experience was certainly informative on a number of levels.
Want more information?
Check out The Vanderbilt CFT’s great guide on Visualization and Teaching, which has a section on infographics that you can look at here. On HASTAC, Lorna Gonzalez has a post about using infographics in the High School classroom, and provides a lot of detailed analysis on initial setup, working through the assignment, and assessment.
Have you tried using infographics in your classroom? If you haven’t what are the concerns that keep you from trying? If you have, any tips or suggestions? I would love to hear about your experiences so please comment or tweet me
Now to visualize ALL the things.
Zoe


Lua - Strings
Advertisements
String is a sequence of characters as well as control characters like form feed. String can be initialized with three forms which includes,
- Characters between single quotes
- Characters between double quotes
- Characters between [[ and ]]
An example for the above three forms are shown below.
string1 = "Lua" print("\"String 1 is\"",string1) string2 = 'Tutorial' print("String 2 is",string2) string3 = [["Lua Tutorial"]] print("String 3 is",string3)
When we run the above program, we will get the following output.
"String 1" is Lua String 2 is Tutorial String 3 is "Lua Tutorial"
Escape sequence characters are used in string to change the normal interpretation of character. For example to print double inverted commas(""), we have used \" in the above example. The escape sequence and its use is listed below in the table.
| Escape Sequence | Use |
|---|---|
| \a | Bell |
| \b | Backspace |
| \f | Formfeed |
| \n | New line |
| \r | Carriage return |
| \t | Tab |
| \v | Vertical tab |
| \\ | Backslash |
| \" | Double quoutes |
| \' | Single quotes |
| \[ | Left square bracket |
| \] | Right square bracket |
String manipulation
Lua supports string manipulate strings:
| S.N. | Method & Purpose |
|---|---|
| 1 | string.upper(argument): Returns a capitalized representation of the argument. |
| 2 | string.lower(argument): Returns a lower case representation of the argument. |
| 3 | string.gsub(mainString,findString,replaceString) Returns a string by replacing occurrences of findString with replaceString. |
| 4 | string.format(...) Returns a formatted string. |
| 5 | string.char(arg) and string.byte(arg) Returns internal numeric and character respresentations of input argument. |
string1 = "Lua"; print(string.upper(string1)) print(string.lower(string1)) string2 = "Lua Tutorial" -- replacing strings print(string.gsub(string2,"Tutorial","Language"),"") number1 = 10 number2 = 20 -- Basic string formatting print(string.format("Basic formatting %s %s",string1,string2)) -- Date formatting date = 2; month = 1; year = 2014 print(string.format("Date formatting %02d/%02d/%03d", date, month, year)) -- Decimal formatting print(string.format("%.4f",1/3)) -- Byte conversion -- First character print(string.byte("Lua")) -- Third character print(string.byte("Lua",3)) -- first character from last print(string.byte("Lua",-1)) -- Second character print(string.byte("Lua",2)) -- Second character from last print(string.byte("Lua",-2)) -- Internal Numeric ASCII Conversion print(string.char(97))
When we run the above program, we will get the following output.
LUA lua Lua Language Basic formatting Lua Lua Tutorial Date formatting 02/01/2014 0.3333 76 97 97 117 117 a


CrimPapers
Articles published on 9 November 2019
On 9 November 2019, 3 new articles were published in 3 journals.
Beyond Crime Rates and Community Surveys: A New Approach to Police Accountability and Performance Measurement by Tarah Hodgkinson, Tullio Caputo and Michael L. McIntyre
Exploring the Relationship Between Major Mental Illness and Sex Offending Behavior in A High-Risk Population by Sharon M. Kelley, David Thornton, Ryan Mattek, Letitia Johnson, Gina Ambroziak
Perpetrators of Organised Child Sexual Exploitation (cse) in the Uk: A Review of Current Research by Sarah Colley


Original cover story as it appeared in The Oxford Student (link):[box]Sexist slurs at OUCA eventBy Carl LewisNews EditorThe Oxford Student13/7/10[/box]SPACELess than a week after reaffiliating with the University, Oxford’s Conservative Association...
[su_box title="Publication Information" style="soft" box_color="#afafaf"]By CARL V. LEWISNews Editor, THE OXFORD STUDENTDate: 13/05/2010Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>non-UK students had the chance to vote fraudulently in last week’s...
"Slay the Jews?!"Police report contradicts Israeli minister's allegation of racist abuse by Union member (link to story on OxfordStudent.com)By Carl Lewis, News<EMAIL_ADDRESS>May 2010Police have found no evidence for the widely rep...
[box]Eruption scatters students across the globeBy Carl<EMAIL_ADDRESS>April 2010[/box]When second year Lady Margaret Hall student Matthew Nicholl flew home to Northern Ireland for the Easter holiday last month, he knew it might be ...
[box]State colleges, universities hit with furloughsBy Carl<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Aug. 13, 2009[/box]Public college students in the midstate may experience canceled classes, longer lines at the cafeteria and less one-on-one time with thei...


Choose a primary document from the left, enter info in the center, and add supplementary forms on the right.


Cony :: Real-time RabbitMQ Monitor
Queues
Update Interval
:
0
sec - Last Update:
None
Quick Stats
Consumers
Queue Depths
Memory Stats
Memory Usage
Loading Graph
Queue Depths
Loading Graph
Queue Usage
Loading Graph


Amazon EMR InstanceFleetConfig InstanceTypeConfig
Use
the InstanceTypeConfig
property
to configure
each
instance type
in an instance fleet.
This
configuration
determines
which
EC2 instances that Amazon EMR attempts to provision to fulfill On-Demand and Spot
target
capacities.
You
can
configure
a maximum of
five
instance
types
in a fleet. For a list
of InstanceTypeConfig
property types, see
the
InstanceTypeConfigs
property of the AWS::EMR::InstanceFleetConfig
resource.
Note
The instance fleet configuration is available only in Amazon EMR versions 4.8.0 and later, excluding 5.0.x versions.
Syntax
To declare this entity in your AWS CloudFormation template, use the following syntax:
JSON
{ "BidPrice" :
String
, "BidPriceAsPercentageOfOnDemandPrice" :Double
, "Configurations" : [ Configuration, ... ], "EbsConfiguration" : EbsConfiguration, "InstanceType" :String
, "WeightedCapacity" :Integer
}
YAML
BidPrice:
String
BidPriceAsPercentageOfOnDemandPrice:Double
Configurations: - Configuration EbsConfiguration: EbsConfiguration InstanceType:String
WeightedCapacity:Integer
Properties
For more information about each property, including constraints and valid values, see see InstanceTypeConfig in the Amazon EMR API Reference.
BidPrice
-
The bid price for each EC2 Spot Instance type as defined by
InstanceType
.BidPrice
is expressed in USD. For more information, see InstanceTypeConfig in the Amazon EMR API Reference.Required: No
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
BidPriceAsPercentageOfOnDemandPrice
-
The bid price, as a percentage of the On-Demand price, for each EC2 Spot Instance as defined by
InstanceType
.BidPriceAsPercentageOfOnDemandPrice
is expressed as a number. For more information, see InstanceTypeConfig in the Amazon EMR API Reference.Required: No
Type: Double
Update requires: Replacement
Configurations
-
A configuration classification that applies when provisioning cluster instances. You can use this property to configure applications and software that run on the cluster. Duplicates are not allowed.
Required: No
Type: List of Amazon EMR InstanceFleetConfig Configuration
Update requires: Replacement
EbsConfiguration
-
The configuration of Amazon Elastic Block Store (Amazon EBS) that is attached to each instance as defined by
InstanceType
.Required: No
Type: Amazon EMR InstanceFleetConfig EbsConfiguration
Update requires: Replacement
InstanceType
-
An EC2 instance type, such as
m3.xlarge
. For constraints, see InstanceTypeConfig in the Amazon EMR API Reference.Required: Yes
Type: String
Update requires: Replacement
WeightedCapacity
-
The number of units that a provisioned instance of this type provides toward fulfilling the target capacities defined in
InstanceFleetConfig
. For more information, see InstanceTypeConfig in the Amazon EMR API Reference.Required: No
Type: Integer
Update requires: Replacement


Documentation
The Bond Language
This reference documents the syntax and semantics of the core Bond language. It is the starting point for learning how to write programs with Bond.
C++ Bond Runtime Library API Documentation
This reference documents the public C++ API of the Bond Runtime Library. It describes all of the components that can be embedded into applications, including the virtual machine, the compiler and utilities, such as a disassembler to make compiled bytecode human readable.
Bond Standard Library API Documentation
This reference documents the public API of the Bond Standard Library. It describes all of the functionality, such as math functions and formatted I/O, that is available by default to programs written in Bond.
Please stay tuned. Documentation for the following topics is on its way:
- Architecture
- Building and Embedding
- Command line Tools
- Examples


Product ID:
Product Name:
Category:
Soup
Starter
Rice
Rice
Pulao
Fried Rice
Biriyani
Roti & Paratha
Platter
Veg
Paneer
Mushroom
Mutton
Chicken
Sea Foods
Noodles
Pizza
Momo
desert
Soft drinks
Cakes
Chef's spcl
Today's spcl
choose Item
Price:
Produst image:


Detects corners using the FAST algorithm
keypoints = cv.FAST(im)
keypoints = cv.FAST(im, 'OptionName', optionValue, ...)
Input
- im 8-bit grayscale image where keypoints (corners) are to be detected.
Output
- keypoints Keypoints detected on the image. A 1-by-N structure array.
It has the following fields:
- pt coordinates of the keypoint [x,y]
- size diameter of the meaningful keypoint neighborhood
- angle computed orientation of the keypoint (-1 if not applicable).
Its possible values are in a range [0,360) degrees. It is measured
relative to image coordinate system (y-axis is directed downward),
ie in clockwise.
- response the response by which the most strong keypoints have been
selected. Can be used for further sorting or subsampling.
- octave octave (pyramid layer) from which the keypoint has been
extracted.
- class_id object id that can be used to clustered keypoints by an
object they belong to.
Options
- Threshold Threshold on difference between intensity of the central
pixel and pixels on a circle around this pixel. See the algorithm
description [Rosten06]. default 10.
- NonmaxSuppression If it is true, non-maximum supression is applied
to detected corners (keypoints). default true.
- Type one of the three neighborhoods as defined in the paper:
- TYPE_9_16 (default)
- TYPE_7_12
- TYPE_5_8
Detects corners using the FAST algorithm by [Rosten06].
References
[Rosten06]:
E. Rosten (Machine Learning for High-speed Corner Detection, 2006).


Before Change
:param platforms: A list of :class:`Platform`s to resolve requirements for.
Defaults to the platforms specified by PythonSetup.
deduped_reqs = OrderedSet(reqs)
find_links = OrderedSet()
for req in deduped_reqs:
log.debug(" Dumping requirement: {}".format(req))
builder.add_requirement(req.requirement)
if req.repository:
find_links.add(req.repository)
// Resolve the requirements into distributions.
distributions = resolve_multi(interpreter, deduped_reqs, platforms, find_links)
locations = set()
for platform, dists in distributions.items():
for dist in dists:
if dist.location not in locations:
log.debug(" Dumping distribution: .../{}".format(os.path.basename(dist.location)))
builder.add_distribution(dist)
locations.add(dist.location)
def resolve_multi(interpreter, requirements, platforms, find_links):
After Change
PexBuilderWrapper(
builder,
PythonRepos.global_instance(),
PythonSetup.global_instance(),
log
).add_resolved_requirements(reqs, platforms)


--- layout: default ---
Digital services designed and developed by Matthew Shaw.Focused on public services, open data, transparency, civil & social good.


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NEW
John Doe30 min
New ticket Added
EARLIER
Joseph William30 min
Prchace New Theme and make payment
Sara Soudein30 min
currently login
hello Datta! Will you tell me something
about yourself?
8:20 a.m.
Ohh! very nice
8:22 a.m.
can you help me?


Upcoming Deadlines
The semester has concluded! There are no more deadlines for cs3102.
Classes
28 Aug: Class 1: Course Introduction (TCS Chapter 0)
2 Sept: Class 2: Defining Definitions (TCS Chapter 1)
4 Sept: Class 3: What Can Be Represented by Bits? (TCS Chapter 2)
9 Sept: Class 4: What Cannot Be Represented by Bits? (Uncountable Sets)
11 Sept: Class 5: Defining Computation (TCS Chapter 3)
16 Sept: Class 6: Defining Boolean Circuits (TCS Chapter 3)
18 Sept: Class 7: Syntactic Sugar (TCS Chapter 4)
23 Sept: Class 8: Complexity (TCS Chapter 4)
25 Sept: Class 9: Evaluation (TCS Chapter 5)
30 Sept: Class 10: Review for Exam 1
9 Oct: Class 11: Cost and Counting (TCS Chapter 5)
14 Oct: Class 12: Size Hierarchy (TCS Chapter 5)
16 Oct: Class 13: Machines (TCS Chapter 6)
21 Oct: Class 14: Computability (TCS Chapter 6, Chapter 8)
23 Oct: Class 15: Universality and Uncomputability (Chapter 8)
28 Oct: Class 16: Reductions (Chapter 8)
30 Oct: Class 17: Rice’s Theorem (Chapter 8)
4 Nov: Class 18: Review for Exam 2 (Exam 2 Practice)
6 Nov: Exam 2
11 Nov: Class 19: Turing Machine running time (Chapter 11, Chapter 12)
13 Nov: Class 20: Polynomial-Time Reductions (Chapter 13)
18 Nov: Class 21: Is Omniscience Helpful? (Chapter 14)
20 Nov: Class 22: NP Completeness
27 Nov: Class 23: More NP Completeness
2 Dec: Class 24: Conclusion
Past Assignments
Friday, 30 August: Registration Survey
Wednesday, 4 September (2:59pm): Course Pledge
Friday, 6 September (4:19pm): Problem Set 0
Friday, 13 September (4:19pm): Problem Set 1
Friday, 20 September (4:19pm): Problem Set 2
Monday, 30 September (2:59pm): Problem Set 3
Wednesday, 2 October (in class): Exam 1 (Comments)
Friday, 18 October (4:19pm): Problem Set 4
Friday, 25 October (5:19pm): Problem Set 5
Friday, 1 November (4:19pm): Problem Set 6
Wednesday, 6 November: Exam 2 (Comments)
Tuesday, 26 November (7:29pm): Problem Set 7
Wednesday, 4 December: Exam 3 (Comments)
These are no longer valid, from Fall 2019.
Sundays
2:30-4:30pm (Kush, Rice 442)
Mondays
12:30-2pm (Teddy, Rice 442)
6:30-7:30pm (Samarth, Rice 442)
7-8:00pm (Cam, Rice 442)
Tuesdays
9-11am (Dave, Rice 507)
11am-noon (Youssef, Thornton Stacks)
4-6pm (Nathan, Rice 209)
Wednesdays
noon-1pm (Youssef, Thornton Stacks)
5-6:30pm (Teddy, Rice 442)
5-7:00pm (Zane, Rice 442)
7-9:00pm (Cam, Rice 442)
Thursdays
10am-noon: (Matthew, Rice 442)
2-4:00pm (Jay, Rice 442)
5-7:00pm (Samarth, Rice 442)


Thanks for helping us improve our service
What instrument/role do you play in your band?
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The island of Ishigaki lies about 200nm east of Taiwan and is part of the Yaeyama Island group. The main island of Okinawa is about 400nm north east. The climate here is more tropical than on mainland Japan. The port of Ishigaki lies on the south west corner of the island.
Position 24° 20'N, 124° 08'E.
See Japan Formalities for detailed clearance information.
This is the most southern port of entry on Okinawa. Permission to enter MUST be obtained 24hrs before arrival. A fax sent before leaving your previous port is the best way.
Last updated May 2015.
This is a well-sheltered harbour with several outlying breakwaters.
There is a 500ft floating pier with 3.5m at LW. If there is no space here, it is possible to use the harbour wall, but it is advisable to use a breast anchor to keep off it.
The harbour is safe in a typhoon, but plenty of rope is needed.
Locally, there are good mechanics and plenty of hardware stores and supermarkets.
Last updated April 2016.


{% set title = 'General Settings' %} {% set page = 'features-setting-detail.html' %} {% extends 'layouts/master.html' %} {% block plugins_css %} {% endblock %} {% block content %} General Settings Dashboard Settings General Settings All About General Settings You can adjust all general settings here Jump To General SEO Email System Security Automation General Settings General settings such as, site title, site description, address and so on. Site Title Site Description Site Logo Choose File The image must have a maximum size of 1MB Favicon Choose File The image must have a maximum size of 1MB Google Analytics Code {% endblock %} {% block plugins_js %} {% endblock %} {% block page_js %} {% endblock %}
You can adjust all general settings here
General settings such as, site title, site description, address and so on.


- We <3 Ruby
- We <3 SOA
- We <3 code quality
- We <3 AI
- The biggest YouTube advertising platform there is
- 40+ people in Cracow
- 35 applications / 8 internal gems
- Apps with up to 700 requests/s
Let's talk about cargo shipping!
Let's talk about cargo shipping!
- Goods shouldn't worry about cargo
- Destination shouldn't matter (from goods perspective)
- Multiple goods types
- Goods should not interact
- The whole process should be transparent for them
Goods can be packed into containers!
Software can be packed into Docker containers!
Let's talk about Docker!
What is Docker?
Docker is an open platform for developers and sysadmins to build, ship, and run distributed applications.
Thanks to Docker, IT can ship faster and run the same app, unchanged, on laptops, data center VMs, and any cloud.
What Docker brings to the table?
- Reusable layers (union mount)
- Great portability
- No more dependency hell
- Separate process namespace
- Flexible but not ideal network solution
- Public and free Docker registry with various base images
Container != Virtual Machine
- Processes run by Docker share the host kernel
- No devise emulation
- Architectures and platforms between host and container must match
- Since we need only a valid kerner (>= 3.8), Distro doesn't matter
Let's talk about building images!
FROM ruby:2.2.1
RUN mkdir -p /usr/src/app
WORKDIR /usr/src/app
ONBUILD COPY Gemfile /usr/src/app/
ONBUILD COPY Gemfile.lock /usr/src/app/
ONBUILD RUN bundle install
ONBUILD COPY . /usr/src/app
docker build -t "app_name:tags" ./path
Let's talk about Ruby apps images!
- Ain't so easy :-(
- Apps are not single process based anymore
- It is a bit more complex for bigger apps
- Doesn't work with private git repositories
- Doesn't work with private gems
- Doesn't work without exposing a SSH key
- Too much caching
- Bundler is a pain in the ass
But why?
Most of the troubles comes from how Docker build works
Almost everything can be fixed or bypassed
Bigger apps - more images
- Multi process images are not scalable
- Who needs to scale crontab? ;) (chronos)
- There's no strict rule on how many Pumas, Sidekiqs, etc, will we need
- Single process images can be used to scale in any direction
Decompose!
Multiple images mean multiple Dockerfiles
Instead of playing with Docker let's fix that in Ruby - simple templates and a bit of magic:
name = "#{<EMAIL_ADDRESS>generator.build(:base)
system "docker build -t='#{name}'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>@app.services.each do |type, enabled|
next unless enabled
generator.build(type)
name = "#{<EMAIL_ADDRESS>system "docker build -t='#{name}'<EMAIL_ADDRESS>system "docker tag #{name} #{@app.container_name(type)}:latest"
end
Multiple images mean multiple Dockerfiles
# docker images | grep facebook
registry/facebook_api_production_base latest
registry/facebook_api_production_mongoid latest
registry/facebook_api_production_puma latest
registry/facebook_api_production_sidekiq latest
registry/facebook_api_production_whenever latest
Dynamically generated templates will allow you to invalidate cache
whenever you want (too much caching issue solved).
Private Git stuff (apps and gems)
- No easy way to injest your stuff to /etc/hosts
- Docker will cache your SSH key
- If it is cached it will be pushed
- If it was pushed it will be in the image
- If it is in the image it will be in the container
- If it is in the container someone might get it
Fat bundler issue
- Private gems require SSH key which invalidates cache
- Security vs build performance
- Local gem cache server as one of the solution (in development)
- Base image with system wide most used gems to speed up bundle install
Multiple apps - multiple settings
What about all the settings for all of the apps?
Different applications
Different environments
Different configurations
Apps don't always work in the same way
Settings tend to differ and change
Developers should be able update settings
Settings repository
- Changes can be reviewed
- All the config stuff in one place
- Automatically fetched during builds
- Multiple environments
- Can be used to apply specific container settings
How to deploy it?
- Amazon Web Services (AWS)
- CoreOS
- Fleet
- Panamax
Issues?
- The more heterogeneous apps the harder it gets
- It's fairly new, so a lot of testing
- Might be slower than bundler during deploy
- We need to change the way we think about infrastructure
- Developers need to learn few new commands and tools
- Injecting hosts into containers during build is impossible
- Private gems equals bigger containers
- Harder debugging when everything is a Docker
- Harder debugging with ephemeral containers
- Harder monitoring


|
SideCar
|
Directories |
Files | |
| file | AtomicOp.h [code] |
| file | AzimuthSweep.h [code] |
| file | BeamWidthFilter.h [code] |
| file | CmdLineArgs.h [code] |
| file | Exception.h [code] |
| file | FilePath.h [code] |
| file | FileWatcher.h [code] |
| file | Format.h [code] |
| file | IO.h [code] |
| file | OrderedIndex.h [code] |
| file | Pluralist.h [code] |
| file | Pool.h [code] |
| file | RingBuffer.h [code] |
| file | Utils.h [code] |
| file | VsipVector.h [code] |
| file | Wrapper.h [code] |


Nic's Nook
06/28/15
This week is on the issue of Stereotype Threat that people face in life. Specifically I was looking into imposter syndrome as it resonated more with me.
Essetially imposter syndrome is when no matter how much success someone may achieve they still believe that they are not actually successful. It is like feeling not good enough even when the evidence contradicts it. I decided to focus on this part because I really feel like I resonate with the issue of imposter syndrome.
My whole life I have strived to achieve success. For a good portion of it though it was simply to prove that I am capable. It can be difficult growing up and feeling like nothing is eve good enough.
I don't really want to go into too much detail on the personal issues but it's definitely hard. I have been struggling with this issue for well over a decade. I always have to remind myself that I am good enough and I that I am able to do things through my own ability. If I don't do this I quickly fall back into the old mindset and it pulls me back down. The best way I can think to change this, like I mentioned, is through self-affirmation. You need to give yourself approval and believe in your own abilities.


The Big Bang Theory and Glee actress Jane Galloway Heitz dies aged 78
Big Bang Theory and Glee actress Jane Galloway Heitz has died, aged 78.
The star would be recognised by fans as playing the founder of the William McKinley Glee Club Lillian Adler in the musical comedy, and also appeared in the hit science-sitcom as the character Mildred.
According to The Hollywood Reporter, the 78-year-old died from congestive heart failure at a hospital in Illinois.
As a casting agent, she helped launch the careers of chat show host Stephen Colbert, Steve Carell and Modern Family star Eric Stonestreet, who paid tribute to his former mentor with a touching post on social media.
Advertisement Advertisement
‘Jane was the first casting director to ever call me in for an audition,’ he wrote. ‘She became a great friend and mentor.
‘She put me on the path I’m on. I wish I could have said thank you one more time.’
Jane was a widower to husband Bill and is survived by her daughter Amie and three grandchildren
Prior to her career as an actress, she worked as a casting agent, even founding her own casting business before jumping in front of the camera herself.
Jane’s most famous role was that of teacher Ms. Adler in Glee, whose leadership of the Glee Club inspired Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) to continue her legacy with the New Directions.
Fans of the show will recognise Jane from a plaque paying tribute to her character, which appeared throughout the entire run of the show.
It was even in the last shot of the finale, shown alongside a similar one for Cory Monteith’s character, Finn Hudson. The inscription of plaque became something of a mantra for the show itself:
‘By its very definition, Glee is about opening yourself up to joy.’
The Big Bang Theory is available to stream on Netflix UK.
Got a showbiz story?
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« Enumeration (String-to-Value Mapping) :: Contents :: Step Matchers »
parse
Type-converters are not the only solution.
Hint
You should consider to use tables for more complex data types. This especially true if:
- a complicated data type has many attributes.
Tables provide can provide view to data types (objects). This means that not everything must be shown or compared.


Cisco DNA Spaces
Activate Application
Paste in activation token from you application.
Activation token:
{% if api_token != "" %}
API Token for application:
{{ api_token }}
{% endif %}


Sign up Forgot password?
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The Perseids editor is a web-based, fully audited, version-controlled editing environment originally developed for the papyrological community but designed for applicability to other editing communities. It enables the collaborative editing of texts in a framework of rigorous and transparent peer-review and credit mechanisms and strong editorial oversight.
To access the editor, please sign in. If you do not already have an account, signing in will guide you through the sign up process.


Below are some video resources on the issue of unity, authority, ordination, theology and truth within the Seventh-day Adventist® Church.


--- layout: post title: My impression about tumblr. date: '2008-04-30T21:46:00+02:00' tags: - about - tumblr - impression - first - how - to - well - known - blog - log - photos - videos - picture - music - textmadebyme tumblr_url: http://blog.alezzandro.com/post/33352993/my-impression-about-tumblr ---
I’m really impressed of Tumblr.
It’s a great MicroBlogging Service!
You post images, articles, music, video, links, quotes, conversation and so on!
Imagine that you can feel free to post all you want, where you want!
It’s for this that I’ve choiced to switch from my old blog (sphpblog) to tumblr.
You can find the old blog here: http://www.alexworld.it/perblog/
I will update it from my phone by email, from university, from home.. etc.
You could access every time you want to my blog by clicking here: http://blog.alexworld.it or from you mobile phone: http://blog.alexworld.it/mobile/#
This is all for now,
See you and stay tuned!
Alessandro.


| port = number of joystick port to check (optional) |
|
This command returns the value of the x-axis of the joystick. The range is -1 to 1 (Max to none). The value returned is a floating point number. See the example.
As with any joystick command, you MUST have a DirectX compatible joystick plugged in and properly configured within Windows for it to work. See your joystick documentation for more information. |
|
; JoyZ() example
While Not KeyHit(1) Cls Text 0,0,"Joy Z Value: " + JoyZ() Wend |


pulse-client.conf
Section: File Formats (5)Updated: User
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
pulse-client.conf - PulseAudio client configuration fileSYNOPSIS
~/.pulse/client.confDESCRIPTION
The PulseAudio client library reads configuration directives from a file ~/.pulse/client.conf on startup and when that file doesn't exist from /etc/pulse/client.conf.The configuration file is a simple collection of variable declarations. If the configuration file parser encounters either ; or # it ignores the rest of the line until its end.
For the settings that take a boolean argument the values true, yes, on and 1 are equivalent, resp. false, no, off, 0.
DIRECTIVES
- default-sink= The default sink to connect to. If specified overwrites the setting in the daemon. The environment variable $PULSE_SINK however takes precedence.
- default-source= The default source to connect to. If specified overwrites the setting in the daemon. The environment variable $PULSE_SOURCE however takes precedence.
- default-server= The default sever to connect to. The environment variable $PULSE_SERVER takes precedence.
- autospawn= Autospawn a PulseAudio daemon when needed. Takes a boolean value, defaults to "yes".
- daemon-binary= Path to the PulseAudio daemon to run when autospawning. Defaults to a path configured at compile time.
- extra-arguments= Extra arguments to pass to the PulseAudio daemon when autospawning. Defaults to --log-target=syslog
- cookie-file= Specify the path to the PulseAudio authentication cookie. Defaults to ~/.pulse-cookie.
- enable-shm= Enable data transfer via POSIX shared memory. Takes a boolean argument, defaults to yes.
- shm-size-bytes= Sets the shared memory segment size for clients, in bytes. If left unspecified or is set to 0 it will default to some system-specific default, usually 64 MiB. Please note that usually there is no need to change this value, unless you are running an OS kernel that does not do memory overcommit.
AUTHORS
The PulseAudio Developers <mzchyfrnhqvb (at) 0pointer (dot) net>; PulseAudio is available from http://pulseaudio.org/SEE ALSO
pulse-daemon.conf(5), pulseaudio(1)
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:00 GMT, December 24, 2015


#include <Tests.h>
|
| virtual double | p (double t) const =0 |
| |
| virtual double | q (double t) const =0 |
| |
| double | u (double x, double y, double t) const override |
| |
| virtual double | v (double x, double y, double t) const =0 |
| |
| virtual double | Hc (double t) const =0 |
| |
| virtual double | Hxx (double t) const =0 |
| |
| virtual double | Hxy (double t) const =0 |
| |
| virtual double | Hyy (double t) const =0 |
| |
| double | h (double x, double y, double t) const override |
| |
| double | b (double x, double y) const override |
| |
| double | w (double x, double y, double t) const |
| |
| double | hu (double x, double y, double t) const |
| |
| double | hv (double x, double y, double t) const |
| |
| bool | IsWet (double x, double y, double t) const |
| |
◆ ThackerTest()
◆ h()
| double ThackerTest::h |
( |
double |
x, |
|
|
double |
y, |
|
|
double |
t |
|
) |
| const |
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
◆ Hc()
| virtual double ThackerTest::Hc |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ Hxx()
| virtual double ThackerTest::Hxx |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ Hxy()
| virtual double ThackerTest::Hxy |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ Hyy()
| virtual double ThackerTest::Hyy |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ p()
| virtual double ThackerTest::p |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
inlinepure virtual |
◆ q()
| virtual double ThackerTest::q |
( |
double |
t | ) |
const |
|
inlinepure virtual |
◆ u()
| double ThackerTest::u |
( |
double |
x, |
|
|
double |
y, |
|
|
double |
t |
|
) |
| const |
|
inlineoverridevirtual |
◆ v()
| virtual double ThackerTest::v |
( |
double |
x, |
|
|
double |
y, |
|
|
double |
t |
|
) |
| const |
|
pure virtual |
◆ H0
◆ p0
◆ q0
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


I set up a Facebook profile with my pictures, videos and events and I want to add you as a friend so you can see it. First, you need to join Facebook! Once you join, you can also create your own profile.
This e-mail may contain promotional materials. If you do not wish to receive future commercial mailings from Facebook, please opt out. Facebook's offices are located at 156 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301.


May 21
When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan; Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you...and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it.
Numbers 33:51-53
God has given you a Promised Land. It's a place flowing with milk and honey, where your every need can be met. A place where you can keep sin underfoot as you rule and reign with Christ. A place where no weapon formed against you will prosper. A place where you are seated with Christ in heavenly places, far above principalities and powers--far from oppression.
As you study the Word of God, you'll find that's an accurate description of the kind of victory you should be experiencing in Christ--not in the sweet by-and-by-but right here, right now. You may say, "Yes, that sounds nice in theory, but I'm dealing with reality here. The rent is due, and all I see is sickness, oppression and fear. This doesn't look like much of a Promised Land to me."
 He's not just going to pack up and go home, you know, just because God has promised you victory. You have to kick him out. But don't let that scare you. God has given you the power to do it. Remember what Jesus said? He said, "Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy: and nothing shall by any means hurt you" (Luke 10:19).
What's more, the devil is totally unarmed! Colossians 2:15 says, "[God] disarmed the principalities and powers ranged against us and made a bold display and public example of them, in triumphing over them in...[the cross]" (The Amplified Bible). You have absolutely no reason to cower before the devil. Jesus defeated and disarmed him through His death, burial and resurrection. The devil can't defeat you unless you let him. All he can do is make empty threats. But beware! Empty threats can stop you cold if you believe them. So don't. Believe the Word of God instead. Use the Word and the Name of Jesus to drive the devil out of every last detail of your life. Don't let him dwell in your territory. Force him to pack up and go home. Start possessing your Promised Land!
Scripture Reading: Mark 16:17-18; James 5:7-9


Landing Page
Special Projects
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.
Riley Scott
05.30.19
The transition from home to college can be quite challenging.
But Athens is the ideal place to make the adjustment into college life. Most services a student might need are within walking distance, with each part of campus has a market. If all else fails, students can make the journey past Baker Center to get what they need.
Though most needs can be met on Court Street, sometimes there is a need to escape Uptown.
A major concern for a lot of freshmen is getting groceries or clothing. These can be found in abundance on East State Street.
Stores like Walmart, Kroger, Save-a-Lot, an upcoming Marshall’s, and many different restaurants can be found on East State.
East State Street is about an hour walk down the bike path. One option of getting there, and the cheapest, is taking Athens Public Transit.
“I would go to Walmart every couple weeks to get groceries,” Sarah Jager, a sophomore studying music education, said.
Athens Public Transit allows students to ride and transport for free, using their student ID as a Bobcat Pass.
ILLUSTRATION | MEGAN BOMAR
Jager would use the DoubleMap app, an online bus tracking service that tracks buses in real time for times and stops.
“It’s pretty easy to figure out,” she said. “You look online and find your time and stop.”
Compared with other options, taking Athens Public Transit feels like the safest and most effective way to get around, Jager said.
“I definitely prefer taking the bus,” she said.
CATS Late Night is a late night shuttle service any student can utilize on weeknights and Saturdays.
Students can call or text the service Monday through Friday 5:30 p.m. - 3 a.m, Saturday and Sunday 9:30 p.m. - 3 a.m.
Deedee Grantham, a freshman studying social work, frequently uses CATS Late Night.
“I use it least twice a week, if not four times,” Grantham said.
CATS Late Night makes for a safe, free option for students to go.
“It’s really convenient to get to South Green because that’s where all my friends live,” Grantham said. “I live on West Green and there’s not really well lit paths between the two, and I don’t really like walking alone.”
Most university-provided transportation services within a 1-mile driving distance of Baker University Center. Other options for transportation include the GoBus.
GoBuses offer daily trips to seven days a week, every day of the year. GoBus goes to major cities in Ohio including Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati.
Grantham frequently uses GoBus, too.
“In the past month, I’ve gone home three different times,” Grantham said. “Every time I’ve gone on a GoBus.”
Grantham lives in Bexley, Ohio, a suburb of Columbus.
“I like it. It’s not a bad ride at all,” Grantham said.
GoBuses are a very common mode of transportation for a weekend getaway to home or elsewhere.
“Only issue is going home on bigger weekends, and you have to buy tickets in advance.”
Other options for students include ZipCars, Lyfts, and Accessible Transit Service (CATCAB). CATCABS accomodate students and faculty with mobility limitations.
A daily campus shuttle service, Campus Area Transit Service (CATS). CATS runs Monday through Friday, 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. There are two 10-minute loops and one 20-minute loop. No ID is needed to ride in a CATS shuttle, all provide accessibility accommodations and are available to track on the Double Map App as well.
BackLanding Page
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
less than 10 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Preheat the grill to its highest setting.
Lay the slices of Parma ham onto a work surface and sprinkle over the herbs. Season, to taste, with freshly ground black pepper.
Place pieces of the cheese into the centre of each slice of Parma ham, then wrap the ham around the cheese to form 12 parcels. Secure with cocktail sticks.
Place the ham and cheese parcels onto a baking tray and drizzle over the olive oil. Grill for 3-4 minutes, or until the ham is crisp and golden-brown and the cheese has melted.
Meanwhile, for the salad, whisk together the olive oil and lemon juice in the bottom of a large serving bowl until well combined. Add the remaining salad ingredients and mix well to coat the salad in the dressing. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
To serve, slice the goats' cheese parcels and divide them equally among four serving plates. Pile the salad alongside.


|
cds
1.5.0
|
Array of locks. More...
#include <cds/lock/array.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef Lock | lock_type |
| lock type | |
| typedef SelectPolicy | select_cell_policy |
| Cell selection policy functor. | |
Public Member Functions | |
| array (size_t nCapacity) | |
| Constructs array of locks. More... | |
| array (size_t nCapacity, select_cell_policy const &policy) | |
| Constructs array of lock and copy cell selection policy. More... | |
| array (size_t nCapacity, select_cell_policy &&policy) | |
| Constructs array of lock and move cell selection policy. More... | |
| ~array () | |
| Destructs array of locks and frees used memory. | |
| template<typename Q > | |
| size_t | lock (Q const &hint) |
Locks a lock at cell hint . More... | |
| template<typename Q > | |
| size_t | try_lock (Q const &hint) |
Try lock a lock at cell hint . More... | |
| void | unlock (size_t nCell) |
Unlock the lock specified by index nCell . | |
| void | lock_all () |
| Lock all. | |
| void | unlock_all () |
| Unlock all. | |
| lock_type & | at (size_t nCell) const |
Get lock at cell nCell . More... | |
| size_t | size () const |
| Size of lock array. | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| static size_t const | c_nUnspecifiedCell = (size_t) -1 |
| failed try_lock call result | |
Protected Attributes | |
| lock_type * | m_arrLocks |
| lock array | |
| size_t const | m_nCapacity |
| array capacity | |
| select_cell_policy | m_SelectCellPolicy |
| Cell selection policy. | |
Array of locks.
The lock array is useful for building fine-grained lock-based data structure based on striping technique. Instead of locking access to data struct (a hash map, for example) at whole, the striping locks only part of the map (a bucket). So, access to different buckets can be simultaneous.
Template arguments:
Lock
- lock type, for example, boost::mutex
, cds::lock::Spinlock
SelectPolicy
- array cell selection policy, the default is mod_select_policy Available policies: trivial_select_policy, pow2_select_policy, mod_select_policy.Alloc
- memory allocator for arrayTo determine array's cell the selection policy SelectPolicy
functor is used. Two arguments are passed to the policy:
nHint
- a hint to calculate cell index in the lock array. Usually, it is a hash value.nCapacity
- the size of the lock array The functor should return the index in the lock array.Note that the type of nHint
parameter can be any.
|
inline |
Constructs array of locks.
Allocates the array and initializes all locks as unlocked.
| [in] | nCapacity | Array size |
|
inline |
Constructs array of lock and copy cell selection policy.
Allocates the array and initializes all locks as unlocked.
| [in] | nCapacity | Array size |
| policy | Cell selection policy (copy-constructible) |
|
inline |
Constructs array of lock and move cell selection policy.
Allocates the array and initializes all locks as unlocked.
| [in] | nCapacity | Array size |
| policy | Cell selection policy (move-constructible) |
|
inline |
Get lock at cell nCell
.
Precondition: nCell < size()
|
inline |
Locks a lock at cell hint
.
To define real array's cell which should be locked, select_cell_policy is used. The target cell is a result of select_cell_policy( hint, size() )
.
Returns the index of locked lock.
|
inline |
Try lock a lock at cell hint
.
To define real array's cell which should be locked, select_cell_policy is used. The target cell is a result of select_cell_policy( hint, size() )
.
Returns the index of locked lock if success, c_nUnspecifiedCell constant otherwise.


|
Panda3D
|
This is a global object that maintains the collection of named CullBins in the world. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| int | addBin (str name, CullBinManager::BinType type, int sort) |
| Defines a new bin with the indicated name, and returns the new bin_index. More... | |
| int | findBin (str name) |
| Returns the bin_index associated with the bin of the given name, or -1 if no bin has that name. More... | |
| int | getBin (int n) |
| Returns the bin_index of the nth bin in the set, where n is a number between 0 and get_num_bins(). More... | |
| bool | getBinActive (int bin_index) |
| Returns the active flag of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| bool | getBinActive (str name) |
| Returns the active flag of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| bool | getBinFlashActive (int bin_index) |
| Returns true if the bin with the given bin_index is configured to flash at a predetermined color (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| const LColor | getBinFlashColor (int bin_index) |
| Returns the color that this bin has been configured to flash to, if configured. More... | |
| str | getBinName (int bin_index) |
| Returns the name of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| list | getBins () |
| int | getBinSort (int bin_index) |
| Returns the sort order of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| int | getBinSort (str name) |
| Returns the sort order of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| CullBinManager::BinType | getBinType (int bin_index) |
| Returns the type of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| CullBinManager::BinType | getBinType (str name) |
| Returns the type of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| int | getNumBins () |
| Returns the number of bins in the world. More... | |
| removeBin (int bin_index) | |
| Permanently removes the indicated bin. More... | |
| setBinActive (int bin_index, bool active) | |
| Changes the active flag of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| setBinActive (str name, bool active) | |
| Changes the active flag of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| setBinFlashActive (int bin_index, bool active) | |
| When set to true, the given bin_index is configured to flash at a predetermined color (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| setBinFlashColor (int bin_index, const LColor color) | |
| Changes the flash color for the given bin index. More... | |
| setBinSort (int bin_index, int sort) | |
| Changes the sort order of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| setBinSort (str name, int sort) | |
| Changes the sort order of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| setBinType (int bin_index, CullBinManager::BinType type) | |
| Changes the type of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()). More... | |
| setBinType (str name, CullBinManager::BinType type) | |
| Changes the type of the bin with the indicated name. More... | |
| write (Ostream out) | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from CullBinEnums | |
| __init__ () | |
| __init__ (const CullBinEnums) | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static CullBinManager | getGlobalPtr () |
| Returns the pointer to the global CullBinManager object. More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Types inherited from CullBinEnums | |
| enum | BinType { BT_invalid = 0, BT_unsorted = 1, BT_state_sorted = 2, BT_back_to_front = 3, BT_front_to_back = 4, BT_fixed = 5 } |
This is a global object that maintains the collection of named CullBins in the world.
| int addBin | ( | str | name, |
| CullBinManager::BinType | type, | ||
| int | sort | ||
| ) |
Defines a new bin with the indicated name, and returns the new bin_index.
If there is already a bin with the same name returns its bin_index if it had the same properties; otherwise, reports an error and returns -1.
| int findBin | ( | str | name | ) |
Returns the bin_index associated with the bin of the given name, or -1 if no bin has that name.
| int getBin | ( | int | n | ) |
Returns the bin_index of the nth bin in the set, where n is a number between 0 and get_num_bins().
This returns the list of bin_index numbers, in sorted order (that is, in the order in which the bins should be rendered).
| bool getBinActive | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns the active flag of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
When a bin is marked inactive, all geometry assigned to it is not rendered.
| bool getBinActive | ( | str | name | ) |
Returns the active flag of the bin with the indicated name.
When a bin is marked inactive, all geometry assigned to it is not rendered.
| bool getBinFlashActive | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns true if the bin with the given bin_index is configured to flash at a predetermined color (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
This method is not available in release builds.
| const LColor getBinFlashColor | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns the color that this bin has been configured to flash to, if configured.
This method is not available in release builds.
| str getBinName | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns the name of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
The bin's name may not be changed during the life of the bin.
| list getBins | ( | ) |
| int getBinSort | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns the sort order of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
The bins are rendered in increasing order by their sort order; this number may be changed from time to time to reorder the bins.
| int getBinSort | ( | str | name | ) |
Returns the sort order of the bin with the indicated name.
The bins are rendered in increasing order by their sort order; this number may be changed from time to time to reorder the bins.
| CullBinManager::BinType getBinType | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Returns the type of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
| CullBinManager::BinType getBinType | ( | str | name | ) |
Returns the type of the bin with the indicated name.
|
static |
Returns the pointer to the global CullBinManager object.
| int getNumBins | ( | ) |
Returns the number of bins in the world.
| removeBin | ( | int | bin_index | ) |
Permanently removes the indicated bin.
This operation is not protected from the pipeline and will disturb whatever is currently rendering in draw. You should not call this during the normal course of rendering a frame; it is intended only as an aid to development, to allow the developer to interactively fiddle with the set of bins.
| setBinActive | ( | int | bin_index, |
| bool | active | ||
| ) |
Changes the active flag of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
When a bin is marked inactive, all geometry assigned to it is not rendered.
| setBinActive | ( | str | name, |
| bool | active | ||
| ) |
Changes the active flag of the bin with the indicated name.
When a bin is marked inactive, all geometry assigned to it is not rendered.
| setBinFlashActive | ( | int | bin_index, |
| bool | active | ||
| ) |
When set to true, the given bin_index is configured to flash at a predetermined color (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
This method is not available in release builds.
| setBinFlashColor | ( | int | bin_index, |
| const LColor | color | ||
| ) |
Changes the flash color for the given bin index.
This method is not available in release builds.
| setBinSort | ( | int | bin_index, |
| int | sort | ||
| ) |
Changes the sort order of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
The bins are rendered in increasing order by their sort order; this number may be changed from time to time to reorder the bins.
| setBinSort | ( | str | name, |
| int | sort | ||
| ) |
Changes the sort order of the bin with the indicated name.
The bins are rendered in increasing order by their sort order; this number may be changed from time to time to reorder the bins.
| setBinType | ( | int | bin_index, |
| CullBinManager::BinType | type | ||
| ) |
Changes the type of the bin with the indicated bin_index (where bin_index was retrieved by get_bin() or find_bin()).
The change might be effective immediately, or it might take place next frame, depending on the bin type.
| setBinType | ( | str | name, |
| CullBinManager::BinType | type | ||
| ) |
Changes the type of the bin with the indicated name.
The change might be effective immediately, or it might take place next frame, depending on the bin type.
| write | ( | Ostream | out | ) |


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Burgerpedia is an online directory of hamburger descriptions. It was created as a tutorial on how to integrate Laravel with AngularJS and Bootstrap. Laravel is used for the backend that supplies a REST API. AngularJS is used as the client that consumes the REST API. Bootstrap is used to make things pretty :)
Below are all the hamburgers at BurgerPedia. Click on a burger to view its descriptions or click on the add button to add a burger to our burger encyclopdia.
| Hamburger ID | Hamburger Name | Author | Added On | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ hamburger.id }} | {{ hamburger.name }} | {{ hamburger.author }} | {{ hamburger.created_at }} | View Burger Descriptions |


Singularity and MPI applications¶
The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a standard extensively used by HPC applications to implement various communication across compute nodes of a single system or across compute platforms. There are two main open-source implementations of MPI at the moment - OpenMPI and MPICH, both of which are supported by Singularity. The goal of this page is to demonstrate the development and running of MPI programs using Singularity containers.
Although there are several ways of carrying this out, the most popular way of executing MPI applications installed in a Sigularity container is to rely on the MPI implementation available on the host. This is called the Host MPI or the Hybrid model since both the MPI implementations provided by system administrators (on the host) and in the containers will be used.
Note
It is also possible to mount storage volumes into the container to use the host MPI from the containers but we will not cover this use case here since requiring file system sharing between the host and containers is usually not an option on high-performance computing platforms. This restriction on some HPC systems is due to the fact that mounting a storage volume would either require the execution of privileged operations or potentially compromise the access restrictions to other users’ data.
The basic idea behind Hybrid Approach is when you execute a Singularity
container with MPI code, you will call mpiexec
or a similar launcher on the
singularity
command itself. The MPI process outside of the container will
then work in tandem with MPI inside the container and the containerized MPI code
to instantiate the job.
The Open MPI/Singularity workflow in detail:
The MPI launcher (e.g.,
mpirun
,mpiexec
) is called by the resource manager or the user directly from a shell.Open MPI then calls the process management daemon (ORTED).
The ORTED process launches the Singularity container requested by the launcher command, as such
mpirun
.Singularity builds the container and namespace environment.
Singularity then launches the MPI application within the container.
The MPI application launches and loads the Open MPI libraries.
The Open MPI libraries connect back to the ORTED process via the Process Management Interface (PMI).
At this point the processes within the container run as they would normally directly on the host.
- The advantages of this approach are:
Integration with resource managers such as Slurm.
Simplicity since similar to natively running MPI applications.
- The drawbacks are:
The MPI in the container must be compatible with the version of MPI available on the host.
The configuration of the MPI implementation in the container must be configured for optimal use of the hardware if performance is critical.
Since the MPI implementation in the container must be compliant with the version available on the system, a standard approach is to build your own MPI container, including the target MPI implementation.
To illustrate how Singularity can be used to execute MPI applications, we will assume for a moment that the application is mpitest.c, a simple Hello World:
#include <mpi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
int rc;
int size;
int myrank;
rc = MPI_Init (&argc, &argv);
if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
fprintf (stderr, "MPI_Init() failed");
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
rc = MPI_Comm_size (MPI_COMM_WORLD, &size);
if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
fprintf (stderr, "MPI_Comm_size() failed");
goto exit_with_error;
}
rc = MPI_Comm_rank (MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myrank);
if (rc != MPI_SUCCESS) {
fprintf (stderr, "MPI_Comm_rank() failed");
goto exit_with_error;
}
fprintf (stdout, "Hello, I am rank %d/%d", myrank, size);
MPI_Finalize();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
exit_with_error:
MPI_Finalize();
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
Note
MPI is an interface to a library, so it consists of function calls and libraries that can be used my many programming languages. It comes with bindings for Fortran and C. However, it can support applications in many languages like Python, R, etc.
The next step is to build the definition file which will depend on the MPI implementation available on the host.
If the host MPI is MPICH, a definition file such as the following example can be used:
Bootstrap: docker
From: ubuntu:latest
%files
mpitest.c /opt
%environment
export MPICH_DIR=/opt/mpich-3.3
export SINGULARITY_MPICH_DIR=$MPICH_DIR
export SINGULARITYENV_APPEND_PATH=$MPICH_DIR/bin
export SINGULAIRTYENV_APPEND_LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$MPICH_DIR/lib
%post
echo "Installing required packages..."
apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget git bash gcc gfortran g++ make
# Information about the version of MPICH to use
export MPICH_VERSION=3.3
export MPICH_URL="http://www.mpich.org/static/downloads/$MPICH_VERSION/mpich-$MPICH_VERSION.tar.gz"
export MPICH_DIR=/opt/mpich
echo "Installing MPICH..."
mkdir -p /tmp/mpich
mkdir -p /opt
# Download
cd /tmp/mpich && wget -O mpich-$MPICH_VERSION.tar.gz $MPICH_URL && tar xzf mpich-$MPICH_VERSION.tar.gz
# Compile and install
cd /tmp/mpich/mpich-$MPICH_VERSION && ./configure --prefix=$MPICH_DIR && make install
# Set env variables so we can compile our application
export PATH=$MPICH_DIR/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$MPICH_DIR/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export MANPATH=$MPICH_DIR/share/man:$MANPATH
echo "Compiling the MPI application..."
cd /opt && mpicc -o mpitest mpitest.c
If the host MPI is Open MPI, the definition file looks like:
Bootstrap: docker
From: ubuntu:latest
%files
mpitest.c /opt
%environment
export OMPI_DIR=/opt/ompi
export SINGULARITY_OMPI_DIR=$OMPI_DIR
export SINGULARITYENV_APPEND_PATH=$OMPI_DIR/bin
export SINGULAIRTYENV_APPEND_LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$OMPI_DIR/lib
%post
echo "Installing required packages..."
apt-get update && apt-get install -y wget git bash gcc gfortran g++ make file
echo "Installing Open MPI"
export OMPI_DIR=/opt/ompi
export OMPI_VERSION=4.0.1
export OMPI_URL="https://download.open-mpi.org/release/open-mpi/v4.0/openmpi-$OMPI_VERSION.tar.bz2"
mkdir -p /tmp/ompi
mkdir -p /opt
# Download
cd /tmp/ompi && wget -O openmpi-$OMPI_VERSION.tar.bz2 $OMPI_URL && tar -xjf openmpi-$OMPI_VERSION.tar.bz2
# Compile and install
cd /tmp/ompi/openmpi-$OMPI_VERSION && ./configure --prefix=$OMPI_DIR && make install
# Set env variables so we can compile our application
export PATH=$OMPI_DIR/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$OMPI_DIR/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export MANPATH=$OMPI_DIR/share/man:$MANPATH
echo "Compiling the MPI application..."
cd /opt && mpicc -o mpitest mpitest.c
The standard way to execute MPI applications with Singularity containers is to
run the native mpirun
command from the host, which will start Singularity
containers and ultimately MPI ranks within the containers.
Assuming your container with MPI and your application is already build,
the mpirun
command to start your application looks like:
$ mpirun -n <NUMBER_OF_RANKS> singularity exec <PATH/TO/MY/IMAGE> </PATH/TO/BINARY/WITHIN/CONTAINER>
Practically, this command will first start a process instantiating mpirun
and then Singularity containers on compute nodes. Finally, when the containers
start, the MPI binary is executed.
If your target system is setup with a batch system such as SLURM, a standard way to execute MPI applications is through a batch script. The following example illustrates the context of a batch script for Slurm that aims at starting a Singularity container on each node allocated to the execution of the job. It can easily be adapted for all major batch systems available.
$ cat my_job.sh
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --job-name singularity-mpi
#SBATCH -N $NNODES # total number of nodes
#SBATCH --time=00:05:00 # Max execution time
mpirun -n $NP singularity exec /var/nfsshare/gvallee/mpich.sif /opt/mpitest
In fact, the example describes a job that requests the number of nodes specified
by the NNODES
environment variable and a total number of MPI processes specified
by the NP
environment variable.
A user can then submit a job by executing the following SLURM command:
$ sbatch my_job.sh