--- title: Grapefruit League Infographic author: Kathryn Daugherty date: '2014-03-09' slug: grapefruit-league-infographic categories: [] tags: [] css: [] description: '' highlight: yes scripts: [] ---
For a project in my data visualization class, I created an infographic summarizing some information on the Grapefruit League. Every spring, American baseball teams move to Florida (Grapefruit League) or Arizona (Cactus League) to train. There are multiple teams in the Orlando area every year, which is what inspired me to examine this particular topic.
A PDF of the report and final infographic can be found here. The following will walk through how the base R images were created. Most were then edited with Inkscape, which is an amazing, open-source graphics editor.
Data was foraged from many websites, pamphlets and other resources. Details can be found on the “References” page in the final report. I saved all of the information in a single Excel spreadsheet, with different worksheets holding information intended for different charts.
library(readxl)
moass <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "MOASS")
springtraining <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "SpringTraining")
minmaxprices <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "MinMaxPrices")
prices <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "Prices")
moass2 <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "MOASS")
performance <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "Perf2013")
preseason <- read_excel("~/Desktop/DaughertyData.xlsx",
sheet = "PreSeason")
(FYI: MOASS = Mother of all spreadsheets.)
This was done when I was just starting to use R, so please forgive some of the inefficiencies and certainly the following long list of packages pulled in.
# load needed libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(maps)
library(gcookbook)
library(xlsxjars)
library(rJava)
library(xlsx)
library(maps)
library(grid)
library(gridExtra)
library(ggplot2)
library(graphics)
library(lattice)
library(car)
library(reshape)
library(plyr)
library(GGally)
library(googleVis)
library(stats)
library(maptools)
library(RColorBrewer)
library(classInt)
library(scales)
library(XML)
library(ggsubplot)
Next, we create the base graphics that will later be improved upon with Inkscape.
# begin plots for graphic
# create scatterplot matrix
formatrix <- subset(moass, select = -c(2:13,15:19,22,24,25,27))
matrix1 <- ggpairs(formatrix[,2:6],
title = "Relationships Between Attendance, Capacity & Price in the Grapefruit League",
upper = list(continuous = "smooth"),
lower = list(continuous = "smooth"),
diag = list(continuous = "density"),
axisLabels = "show")
matrix1
Next, we map out different data to explore what might be insightful. Let’s start of with examining which counties in the state host the Grapefruit League.
# create a map of florida illustrating where the teams play (which counties)
fl_map <- map("county", regions = "florida", plot = FALSE, fill = TRUE)
fl_map <- fortify(fl_map)
fl_map <- ddply(fl_map, "subregion", function(df){mutate(df, fake = rnorm(1))})
f <- ggplot(fl_map, aes(x = long, y = lat, group = group, fill = fake))
f <- f + geom_polygon(colour = "white", size = 0.5)
f # this creates a map of FLorida with randomly colored blue counties
fans_map <- subset(moass2, select = -c(2:7,9,12,15:18,23:28)) # this selects only counties with teams
fl_fans <- merge(fl_map, fans_map, by.x="names", by.y="MapCounty")
# the following generates gradient values for MOASS data sets
totattend.gradient <- c(min(fans_map$TotalAttendance2013), median(fans_map$TotalAttendance2013), max(fans_map$TotalAttendance2013))
totcap.gradient <- c(min(fans_map$StadiumCapacity), median(fans_map$StadiumCapacity), max(fans_map$StadiumCapacity))
avgattend.gradient <- c(min(fans_map$AvgAttendance2013), median(fans_map$AvgAttendance2013), max(fans_map$AvgAttendance2013))
avgutil.gradient <- c(min(fans_map$AvgUtil2013), median(fans_map$AvgUtil2013), max(fans_map$AvgUtil2013))
print(totattend.gradient)
# 53602<PHONE_NUMBER>40
print(totcap.gradient)
# 5300 8100 11026
print(avgattend.gradient)
# 3350 6229 10300
print(avgutil.gradient)
# 0.62 0.79 0.98
colors = c("")
fl1 <- map("county", "Florida") # this generates a plain map of FL; just black outlines of counties
fl2 <- map("county", fl1$names[c(5,8,29,36,51,50,53,59,54,57,41)], fill=TRUE, col=c("#009d00"), add=TRUE) # this colors counties with teams dk. green
fl2
# create maps of FL with counties and color indicating total 2013 attendance and 2014 capacity
florida <- map("county", regions = "Florida", plot = FALSE, fill=TRUE)
florida <- fortify(florida)
attend <- subset(moass2, select = -c(2:9,15:18,23:28)) # this selects only counties with teams
attendmap <- merge(florida, attend, by.x="subregion", by.y="County")
# head(attendmap)
attendmap <- arrange(attendmap, group, order)
# head(attendmap)
# head(florida)
# head(attend)
tota <- (qplot(long, lat, data = attendmap, geom = "polygon", group = group, colour = I("white"), fill = TotalAttendance2013, size = I(0.75)) + theme_bw() + labs(x="", y="", fill="") + scale_fill_gradient(low='#b1ffb1', high='darkgreen') + opts(title="Total Spring Training Attendance in 2013 ", legend.position="bottom", legend.direction="horizontal") + theme(panel.grid.major=element_blank(), panel.border=element_blank(), axis.text=element_blank()))
tota
stdcp <- (qplot(long, lat, data = attendmap, geom = "polygon", group = group, colour = I("white"), fill = StadiumCapacity, size = I(0.75)) + theme_bw() + labs(x="", y="", fill="") + scale_fill_gradient(low='#d18e4a', high='#68421a') + opts(title="Total Grapefruit League Stadium Capcity by County", legend.position="bottom", legend.direction="horizontal")+ theme(panel.grid.major=element_blank(), panel.border=element_blank(), axis.text=element_blank()))
stdcp
Let’s next create a black map of Florida that shows stadium capacities from last season (2013). We’ll color the two leagues (National and American) to see if that makes a difference. First, let’s generate just the map.
# create map of FL with stadium locations and circles indicating avg. utilization
florida_map <- map_data("county","Florida")
baseplot <- ggplot() + coord_fixed()
base_florida <- baseplot + geom_polygon(data=florida_map, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) + theme_bw() + labs(x=NA, y=NA, fill=NA) + theme(panel.grid.major=element_blank(), panel.background=element_blank(), axis.title.x=element_blank(), axis.title.y=element_blank(), axis.text.x=element_blank(), axis.text.y=element_blank(), panel.border=element_blank())
base_florida # this creates a solid black image of florida
Next, let’s add to this background.
geo_data <- data.frame(long=c(-81.556, -82.5172, -81.7633, -81.9508, -80.1164, -81.3639, -80.4045, -82.5067, -81.8419, -82.7317, -82.5703, -80.1164, -82.1817, -82.7864, -80.7061), lat=c(28.3371, 27.3478, 26.5481, 28.0747, 26.8911, 28.2983, 27.3253, 27.9803, 26.5383, 27.9717, 27.4854, 26.8911, 26.9992, 28.0036, 28.2569), value=c(79, 94, 90, 89, 62, 63, 70, 93, 72, 98, 73, 88, 72, 89, 66), colour=rep(c("National","American","American","American","National","American","National","American","American","National","National","National","American","American","National")))
map_with_jitter <- base_florida + geom_point(data=geo_data, aes(x=long, y=lat, colour=colour, size=value), position="jitter", alpha=I(1))
utilmap <- map_with_jitter + ggtitle("Average Grapefruit League Stadium Utilizations in 2013") + theme(panel.grid.major=element_blank(), panel.background=element_blank(), axis.title.x=element_blank(), axis.title.y=element_blank(), panel.border=element_blank(), axis.text.x=element_blank(), axis.text.y=element_blank(), plot.title=element_text(size=20, face="bold"))
plot(utilmap)
The above chart will be used in the infographic. Note that a jitter is needed due to some stadiums hosting multiple teams. It shows geographic dispersion like the choropleth county map, but adds more information.
Next, let’s look at win percentages and pre-season rankings of teams.
# create a chart that shows 2013 winpercentages
winpct <- ggplot(performance, aes(x=WinPct2013, y=reorder(Team, -OrderofPricesChart))) + geom_segment(aes(yend=Team), xend=0, colour="khaki", size=2) + geom_point(size=4, aes(colour=League)) + scale_color_brewer(palette="Set2", limits=c("American","National"), guide=FALSE) + theme_bw() + theme(panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(), legend.position=c(1, 0.55), legend.justification=c(1, 0.5))
winpct
# create a chart that shows pre-season rankings
rankings <- ggplot(preseason, aes(x=-PreSeasonRank, y=reorder(Team, -OrderPriceChart))) + geom_segment(aes(yend=Team), xend=-0, colour="lightgreen", size=2) + geom_point(size=4, aes(colour=League)) + scale_color_brewer(palette="Set3", limits=c("American","National"), guide=FALSE) + theme_bw() + theme(panel.grid.major.y= element_blank(), legend.position=c(1, 0.55), legend.justification=c(1, 0.5))
rankings
Since a rank of 1 is good, we’ve done the negative value such that the dots farthest to the right are associated with the more desirable rankings. This will also be edited for the final infographic.
Finally, we’ll create charts that show spreads in ticket and parking prices.
# create chart illustrating spread in ticket prices per team
head(minmaxprices)
price0 <- ggplot(minmaxprices, aes(x=reorder(Order,Team), y=Price))
price00 <- price0 + geom_violin() +
ggtitle("Range in 2014 Prices Per Grapefruit League Team") +
theme_bw() + theme(panel.grid.minor=element_blank(),
panel.border=element_blank(), plot.title=element_text(size=20,
face="bold"), panel.background=element_rect(fill="beige"))
price00
# create chart illustrating price in parking fees per teams and leagues, highlighting Disney
price40 <- ggplot(moass, aes(x=reorder(Parking, ParkOrder), fill=Disney))
+ geom_histogram(position="identity", alpha=0.5) + facet_grid(League ~ ., scales="free")
pricechart <- price40 + theme_bw() +
ggtitle("Parking Fees Across the League") +
theme(plot.title=element_text(size=20, face="bold"),
panel.grid.minor=element_blank(), panel.grid.major=element_blank(),
strip.background=element_rect(fill="tan"), legend.title=element_blank(),
legend.background=element_blank(), legend.text=element_blank(),
legend.key=element_blank(), strip.text.y=element_text(size=12, face="bold"))
pricechart
Both of those charts are included in the final infographic as well. Price comparisons of the venues is not published elsewhere, so this contributes towards an informative graphic.
To see the final infographic, go here and scroll to page 3.
[THE END]


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| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| ErrorHandler |
Handles errors in the Injector.
|
| InternalFactory<T> |
Creates objects which will be injected.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AbstractBindingBuilder<T> |
Bind a value or constant.
|
| Annotations |
Annotation utilities.
|
| BindingBuilder<T> |
Bind a non-constant key.
|
| BindingImpl<T> | |
| ConstantBindingBuilderImpl<T> |
Bind a constant.
|
| ConstructionContext<T> |
Context of a dependency construction.
|
| Errors |
A collection of error messages.
|
| ExposedBindingImpl<T> | |
| ExposureBuilder<T> |
For private binder's expose() method.
|
| FailableCache<K,V> |
Lazily creates (and caches) values for keys.
|
| InstanceBindingImpl<T> | |
| InternalContext |
Internal context.
|
| InternalFactory.Instance<T> |
ES:
An factory that returns a pre created instance.
|
| Join |
Utility for joining pieces of text separated by a delimiter.
|
| LinkedBindingImpl<T> | |
| LinkedProviderBindingImpl<T> | |
| MatcherAndConverter | |
| MoreTypes |
Static methods for working with types that we aren't publishing in the
public
Types API. |
| MoreTypes.GenericArrayTypeImpl | |
| MoreTypes.MemberImpl |
We cannot serialize the built-in Java member classes, which prevents us from using Members in
our exception types.
|
| MoreTypes.ParameterizedTypeImpl | |
| MoreTypes.WildcardTypeImpl |
The WildcardType interface supports multiple upper bounds and multiple
lower bounds.
|
| Nullability |
Whether a member supports null values injected.
|
| PrivateElementsImpl | |
| ProviderInstanceBindingImpl<T> | |
| ProviderMethod<T> |
A provider that invokes a method and returns its result.
|
| ProviderMethodsModule |
Creates bindings to methods annotated with @
Provides . |
| Scoping |
References a scope, either directly (as a scope instance), or indirectly (as a scope annotation).
|
| SourceProvider |
Provides access to the calling line of code.
|
| StackTraceElements |
Creates stack trace elements for members.
|
| Stopwatch |
Enables simple performance monitoring.
|
| Strings |
String utilities.
|
| ToStringBuilder |
Helps with
toString() methods. |
| UniqueAnnotations | |
| UntargettedBindingImpl<T> |
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| AsynchronousComputationException |
Wraps an exception that occurred during a computation in a different thread.
|
| ComputationException |
Wraps an exception that occurred during a computation.
|
| ErrorsException |
Indicates that a result could not be returned while preparing or resolving a binding.
|
| Join.JoinException |
Exception thrown in response to an
IOException from the supplied
Appendable . |
| Annotation Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Nullable |
The presence of this annotation on a method parameter indicates that
null is an acceptable value for that parameter. |


{{ page.html_title }}
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{#- using a local mathjax is problematic - it needs fonts etc;
local copies have some same-origin restrictions which can get in the way;
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Documentation
Welcome to the official EasyAnt documentation.
What is EasyAnt
Easyant is a toolbox focusing on easing project build processes. It's based on
Apache Ant
and
Apache Ivy
, and allows for maximum flexibily, improved integration in existing build systems and provides conventions and guidelines. Our goals are :
to leverage popularity and flexibility of Ant.
to integrate Apache Ivy, such that the build system combines a ready-to-use dependency manager.
to simplify standard build types, such as building web applications, JARs etc, by providing ready to use builds.
to provide conventions and guidelines.
to make plugging-in of fresh functionalities as easy as writing Ant scripts.
To still remain adaptable,
Though EasyAnt comes with a lot of conventions, we never lock you in.
EasyAnt allows you to easily extend existing modules or create and use your own modules.
EasyAnt makes migration from Ant very simple. Your legacy Ant scripts could still be leveraged using EasyAnt.
About this doc
If you are browsing this documentation from your installation of EasyAnt, you can also check the
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for latest updates. You can also browse this documentation offline either by downloading the documentation distribution, or by checking out the src/documentation directory from svn. This documentation uses xooki as documentation engine, so you can very easily edit it and submit patches when you browse it from source.


Hawaii
Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21, 1959. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast: Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group; it is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaiʻi Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
Hawaii's diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists. Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration, Hawaii's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures, in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states. It is the only state with an Asian plurality. The state's coastline is about 750 miles (1,210 km) long, the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, and California.
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{% trans "Your {{ ORG_SHORT_NAME }} Programme Manager will be in touch with you if there are any issues." %}
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Authored By: Urvish Trivedi
Yahoo! is an American web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, and owned by Verizon Media. The original Yahoo! company was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2, 1995. Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early Internet era in the 1990s. Yahoo Mail offers a slightly more robust filter that will automatically move messages into a folder of your choice according to sender, recipient, subject or email body text. AOL Mail improves upon Yahoo's filter with the option to have an alert sent to your cellphone or AOL Instant Messenger account.
Yahoo! was started at Stanford University. It was founded in January 1994 by Jerry Yang and David Filo, who were Electrical Engineering graduate students when they created a website named "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web".
After Yahoo first launched in 1994, users flocked to the web portal for their online news, email and search needs. A string of poor business choices has ultimately led to the company's demise, and recently Verizon agreed to purchase Yahoo's core business for $4.83 billion.
Who would've known it was called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web" instead of Yahoo! when it was first launched.


Answer the following questions for each of the data structures you implemented as part of this project.
enqueue
? O(1)
dequeue
? O(1)
len
? O(1)
insert
? O(log n) or O(n)
contains
? O(log n) or O(n)
get_max
? O(log n) or O(n)
_bubble_up
? O(log n) or O(n)
_sift_down
? O(log n) or O(n)
insert
? O(log n) or O(n)
delete
? O(log n) or O(n)
get_max
? O(log n) or O(n)
ListNode.insert_after
? O(1)
ListNode.insert_before
? O(1)
ListNode.delete
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.add_to_head
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.remove_from_head
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.add_to_tail
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.remove_from_tail
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.move_to_front
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.move_to_end
? O(1)
DoublyLinkedList.delete
? O(1)
delete
method with the worst-case runtime of the JS Array.splice
method. Which method generally performs better?
Array.splice
method = O(n)
delete
= O(1) (performs better)


Load Balancers¶
-
OneAndOne::LoadBalancer()
The
LoadBalancer
class allows a user to perform actions against the 1and1 API.-
list
(page: nil, per_page: nil, sort: nil, q: nil, fields: nil)¶ Return a list of all load balancers.
Parameters: - page (
int
) – Allows the use of pagination. Indicate which page to start on. - per_page (
int
) – Number of items per page. - sort (
str
) –sort: 'name'
retrieves a list of elements sorted alphabetically.sort: 'creation_date'
retrieves a list of elements sorted by their creation date in descending order. - q (
str
) –q
is for query. Use this parameter to return only the items that match your search query. - fields (
str
) – Returns only the parameters requested. (i.e. fields: ‘id, name, description, hardware.ram’)
Return type: JSON
- page (
-
create
(name: nil, description: nil, health_check_test: nil, health_check_interval: nil, persistence: nil, persistence_time: nil, method: nil, rules: nil, health_check_path: nil, health_check_parse: nil)¶ Create a load balancer.
Parameters: - name (
str
) – load balancer name. - description (
str
) – load balancer description. - health_check_test (
str
) – possible values are"NONE"
or"TCP"
. - health_check_interval (
int
) – Health check period in seconds. Can range between5
and300
seconds. - persistence (
bool
) – enable or disable persistence. - persistence_time (
int
) – Persistence time in seconds. Required if persistence is enabled. Can range from30
to1200
seconds - method (
str
) – balancing procedure. Possible values are"ROUND_ROBIN"
or"LEAST_CONNECTIONS"
. - rules (
array
) – takes an array of “rule” objects to be added to the load balancer. - health_check_path (
str
) – Url to call for checking. Required for HTTP health check. - health_check_parse (
str
) – Regular expression to check. Required for HTTP health check.
- name (
-
get
(load_balancer_id: @id)¶ Returns the current specs of a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
modify
(load_balancer_id: @id, name: nil, description: nil, health_check_test: nil, health_check_interval: nil, persistence: nil, persistence_time: nil, method: nil, health_check_path: nil, health_check_parse: nil)¶ Modify a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - name (
str
) – load balancer name. - description (
str
) – load balancer description. - health_check_test (
str
) – possible values are"NONE"
,``”TCP”, or ``"HTTP"
. - health_check_interval (
int
) – Health check period in seconds. - persistence (
bool
) – enable or disable persistnece. - persistence_time (
int
) – Persistence time in seconds. Required if persistence is enabled. - method (
str
) – balancing procedure. possible values are"ROUND_ROBIN"
or"LEAST_CONNECTIONS"
. - health_check_path (
str
) – Url to call for checking. Required for HTTP health check. - health_check_parse (
str
) – Regular expression to check. Required for HTTP health check.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
delete
(load_balancer_id: @id)¶ Delete a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
ips
(load_balancer_id: @id)¶ Returns a list of the IP’s assigned to a load balancer.
Delete a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
ip
(load_balancer_id: @id, ip_id: nil)¶ Returns information about an IP assigned to a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - ip_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the IP.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
remove_ip
(load_balancer_id: @id, ip_id: nil)¶ Remove an IP from a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - ip_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the IP.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
add_ips
(load_balancer_id: @id, ips: nil)¶ Assign IP’s to a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - ips (
array
) – takes an array of IP strings to be added to the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
rules
(load_balancer_id: @id)¶ Returns a list of the load balancer’s rules.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
rule
(load_balancer_id: @id, rule_id: nil)¶ Returns information about a load balancer’s rule.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - rule_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the rule.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
add_rules
(load_balancer_id: @id, rules: nil)¶ Add rules to a load balancer.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - rules (
array
) – takes an array of “rule” objects to be added to the load balancer.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
remove_rule
(load_balancer_id: @id, rule_id: nil)¶ Remove a load balancer’s rule.
Parameters: - load_balancer_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the load balancer. - rule_id (
str
) – the unique identifier for the rule.
Return type: JSON
- load_balancer_id (
-
wait_for
()¶ Polls the load balancer until an “ACTIVE” state is returned. Use this when chaining actions.
Return type: nil
-


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Patient since 2013


Chinese investments in Malaysia halve, US inflow soars, new govt data reveals
KUALA LUMPUR, Nov 29 — Chinese investments into Malaysia halved to US$1.7 billion in the first nine months of the year from a year ago, though US investments soared seven times to US$5.9 billion — reflecting a diversion of funds due to the Beijing-Washington trade clashes.
Data provided by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) to Reuters today showed that China, traditionally the South-east Asian country’s biggest investor, has now slipped to third position behind the United States and Japan.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) from Japan, with whom Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad is trying to strengthen ties, jumped more than four times to RM11.81 billion in the January-September period.
Total approved FDI into Malaysia rose 6.5 per cent to RM66.3 billion, MIDA said, adding it was “actively negotiating” on 682 other projects with proposed investments of RM37.6 billion.
Trade hostilities between the world’s biggest two economies have pushed mostly US companies to look for factories outside China to escape tit-for-tat tariffs.
For Malaysia, the biggest investments have come in the electrical and electronics industry, with one of the driving factors being that many semiconductor and other electronics products from the country do not attract US tariffs, unlike the 25 per cent rate for China.
US companies such as chipmaker Micron Technology and iPhone supplier Jabil Inc are already building new factories in Malaysia. — Reuters


Digtal Media CT is an organization that hosts workshops, educational conferences and premotes digital work in Connecticut.
While all of the functions they hosted were great, their brand image, particularly their website was not the innovative image they wanted to present.
DMCT's original logo isn't bad. However, the bland blue makes it seem outdated and use of the long word connecticut makes it hard to read if the logo is small (like on a website navbar).
The new logo I made followed the same design but updated the colors to refelct an innovative and digital company and removed the "Connecticut" for small instances like in the nav bar (keeping it for larger branding purposes).
Google's material design has hundreds of awesome open source icons that I used for this project. They come in both SVG and with a github repository so both me and my developers can easily access them.
In order to create a clean and consistant brand style I created a full style guide that I updated and shared with my team as new assets were created.
This is what Digital Media CT had of Feb 2018. Check out the original website.
DMCT's 2018 Summit is the kick off for their new brand, new workshops and entry into becoming CT's driving force for innovation in the digital space.
This is page was to encourage students and adults who want to gain exposure and skills in the digital space to sign up for DMCT workshops.
While the baseline design work is done, we are still in the process of bulding out wireframes for more pages, doing research into how people will use the website and looking to expand our reach with more interactive features.
The site should be up and running in the next few weeks so come back soon to see the real deal.


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 9. Functions and Operators | Next |
Table 9-54 shows the functions available to query and alter run-time configuration parameters.
Table 9-54. Configuration Settings Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
current_setting(setting_name)
| text | get current value of setting |
set_config(setting_name,
new_value,
is_local)
| text | set parameter and return new value |
The function current_setting
yields the
current value of the setting setting_name.
It corresponds to the SQL command
SHOW. An example:
SELECT current_setting('datestyle'); current_setting ----------------- ISO, MDY (1 row)
set_config
sets the parameter
setting_name to
new_value. If
is_local is true, the
new value will only apply to the current transaction. If you want
the new value to apply for the current session, use
false instead. The function corresponds to the
SQL command SET. An example:
SELECT set_config('log_statement_stats', 'off', false); set_config ------------ off (1 row)
The functions shown in Table 9-55 send control signals to other server processes. Use of these functions is restricted to superusers.
Table 9-55. Server Signalling Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_cancel_backend(pid int)
| boolean | Cancel a backend's current query |
pg_terminate_backend(pid int)
| boolean | Terminate a backend |
pg_reload_conf()
| boolean | Cause server processes to reload their configuration files |
pg_rotate_logfile()
| boolean | Rotate server's log file |
Each of these functions returns true if successful and false otherwise.
pg_cancel_backend
and pg_terminate_backend
send signals (SIGINT or SIGTERM
respectively) to backend processes identified by process ID.
The process ID of an active backend can be found from
the procpid column of the
pg_stat_activity view, or by listing the
postgres processes on the server (using
ps on Unix or the Task
Manager on Windows).
pg_reload_conf
sends a SIGHUP signal
to the server, causing configuration files
to be reloaded by all server processes.
pg_rotate_logfile
signals the log-file manager to switch
to a new output file immediately. This works only when the built-in
log collector is running, since otherwise there is no log-file manager
subprocess.
The functions shown in Table 9-56 assist in making on-line backups. These functions cannot be executed during recovery. Use of the first three functions is restricted to superusers.
Table 9-56. Backup Control Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_start_backup(label text [, fast boolean ])
| text | Prepare for performing on-line backup |
pg_stop_backup()
| text | Finish performing on-line backup |
pg_switch_xlog()
| text | Force switch to a new transaction log file |
pg_current_xlog_location()
| text | Get current transaction log write location |
pg_current_xlog_insert_location()
| text | Get current transaction log insert location |
pg_xlogfile_name_offset(location text)
| text, integer | Convert transaction log location string to file name and decimal byte offset within file |
pg_xlogfile_name(location text)
| text | Convert transaction log location string to file name |
pg_start_backup
accepts an
arbitrary user-defined label for the backup. (Typically this would be
the name under which the backup dump file will be stored.) The function
writes a backup label file (backup_label) into the
database cluster's data directory, performs a checkpoint,
and then returns the backup's starting transaction log location as text.
The user can ignore this result value, but it is
provided in case it is useful.
postgres=# select pg_start_backup('label_goes_here'); pg_start_backup ----------------- 0/D4445B8 (1 row)
There is an optional second parameter of type boolean. If true,
it specifies executing pg_start_backup
as quickly as
possible. This forces an immediate checkpoint which will cause a
spike in I/O operations, slowing any concurrently executing queries.
pg_stop_backup
removes the label file created by
pg_start_backup
, and creates a backup history file in
the transaction log archive area. The history file includes the label given to
pg_start_backup
, the starting and ending transaction log locations for
the backup, and the starting and ending times of the backup. The return
value is the backup's ending transaction log location (which again
can be ignored). After recording the ending location, the current
transaction log insertion
point is automatically advanced to the next transaction log file, so that the
ending transaction log file can be archived immediately to complete the backup.
pg_switch_xlog
moves to the next transaction log file, allowing the
current file to be archived (assuming you are using continuous archiving).
The return value is the ending transaction log location + 1 within the just-completed transaction log file.
If there has been no transaction log activity since the last transaction log switch,
pg_switch_xlog
does nothing and returns the start location
of the transaction log file currently in use.
pg_current_xlog_location
displays the current transaction log write
location in the same format used by the above functions. Similarly,
pg_current_xlog_insert_location
displays the current transaction log
insertion point. The insertion point is the "logical" end
of the transaction log
at any instant, while the write location is the end of what has actually
been written out from the server's internal buffers. The write location
is the end of what can be examined from outside the server, and is usually
what you want if you are interested in archiving partially-complete transaction log
files. The insertion point is made available primarily for server
debugging purposes. These are both read-only operations and do not
require superuser permissions.
You can use pg_xlogfile_name_offset
to extract the
corresponding transaction log file name and byte offset from the results of any of the
above functions. For example:
postgres=# SELECT * FROM pg_xlogfile_name_offset(pg_stop_backup()); file_name | file_offset --------------------------+-------------<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000D | 4039624 (1 row)
Similarly, pg_xlogfile_name
extracts just the transaction log file name.
When the given transaction log location is exactly at a transaction log file boundary, both
these functions return the name of the preceding transaction log file.
This is usually the desired behavior for managing transaction log archiving
behavior, since the preceding file is the last one that currently
needs to be archived.
For details about proper usage of these functions, see Section 24.3.
The functions shown in Table 9-57 provide information about the current status of the standby. These functions may be executed during both recovery and in normal running.
Table 9-57. Recovery Information Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_is_in_recovery()
| bool | True if recovery is still in progress. |
pg_last_xlog_receive_location()
| text | Get last transaction log location received and synced to disk by streaming replication. While streaming replication is in progress this will increase monotonically. But when streaming replication is restarted this will back off to the replication starting position, typically the beginning of the WAL file containing the current replay location. If recovery has completed this will remain static at the value of the last WAL record received and synced to disk during recovery. If streaming replication is disabled, or if it has not yet started, the function returns NULL. |
pg_last_xlog_replay_location()
| text | Get last transaction log location replayed during recovery. If recovery is still in progress this will increase monotonically. If recovery has completed then this value will remain static at the value of the last WAL record applied during that recovery. When the server has been started normally without recovery the function returns NULL. |
The functions shown in Table 9-58 calculate the disk space usage of database objects.
Table 9-58. Database Object Size Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_column_size(any) | int | Number of bytes used to store a particular value (possibly compressed) |
pg_total_relation_size(regclass)
| bigint | Total disk space used by the table with the specified OID or name, including all indexes and TOAST data |
pg_table_size(regclass)
| bigint | Disk space used by the table with the specified OID or name, excluding indexes (but including TOAST, free space map, and visibility map) |
pg_indexes_size(regclass)
| bigint | Total disk space used by indexes attached to the table with the specified OID or name |
pg_database_size(oid)
| bigint | Disk space used by the database with the specified OID |
pg_database_size(name)
| bigint | Disk space used by the database with the specified name |
pg_tablespace_size(oid)
| bigint | Disk space used by the tablespace with the specified OID |
pg_tablespace_size(name)
| bigint | Disk space used by the tablespace with the specified name |
pg_relation_size(relation regclass, fork text)
| bigint | Disk space used by the specified fork ('main', 'fsm' or 'vm') of the table or index with the specified OID or name |
pg_relation_size(relation regclass)
| bigint | Shorthand for pg_relation_size(..., 'main') |
pg_size_pretty(bigint)
| text | Converts a size in bytes into a human-readable format with size units |
pg_column_size
shows the space used to store any individual
data value.
pg_total_relation_size
accepts the OID or name of a
table or toast table, and returns the total on-disk space used for
that table, including all associated indexes. This function is
equivalent to pg_table_size
+ pg_indexes_size
.
pg_table_size
accepts the OID or name of a table and
returns the disk space needed for that table, exclusive of indexes.
(TOAST space, free space map, and visibility map are included.)
pg_indexes_size
accepts the OID or name of a table and
returns the total disk space used by all the indexes attached to that
table.
pg_database_size
and pg_tablespace_size
accept the OID or name of a database or tablespace, and return the total
disk space used therein.
pg_relation_size
accepts the OID or name of a table, index or
toast table, and returns the on-disk size in bytes. Specifying
'main' or leaving out the second argument returns the
size of the main data fork of the relation. Specifying
'fsm' returns the size of the
Free Space Map (see Section 54.3) associated with the
relation. Specifying 'vm' returns the size of the
Visibility Map (see Section 54.4) associated with the
relation. Note that this function shows the size of only one fork;
for most purposes it is more convenient to use the higher-level
functions pg_total_relation_size
or
pg_table_size
.
pg_size_pretty
can be used to format the result of one of
the other functions in a human-readable way, using kB, MB, GB or TB as
appropriate.
The functions shown in Table 9-59 assist in identifying the specific disk files associated with database objects.
Table 9-59. Database Object Location Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_relation_filenode(relation regclass)
| oid | Filenode number of the relation with the specified OID or name |
pg_relation_filepath(relation regclass)
| text | File path name of the relation with the specified OID or name |
pg_relation_filenode
accepts the OID or name of a table,
index, sequence, or toast table, and returns the "filenode" number
currently assigned to it. The filenode is the base component of the file
name(s) used for the relation (see Section 54.1
for more information). For most tables the result is the same as
pg_class.relfilenode, but for certain
system catalogs relfilenode is zero and this function must
be used to get the correct value. The function returns NULL if passed
a relation that does not have storage, such as a view.
pg_relation_filepath
is similar to
pg_relation_filenode
, but it returns the entire file path name
(relative to the database cluster's data directory PGDATA) of
the relation.
The functions shown in Table 9-60 provide native access to files on the machine hosting the server. Only files within the database cluster directory and the log_directory can be accessed. Use a relative path for files in the cluster directory, and a path matching the log_directory configuration setting for log files. Use of these functions is restricted to superusers.
Table 9-60. Generic File Access Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_ls_dir(dirname text)
| setof text | List the contents of a directory |
pg_read_file(filename text, offset bigint, length bigint)
| text | Return the contents of a text file |
pg_stat_file(filename text)
| record | Return information about a file |
pg_ls_dir
returns all the names in the specified
directory, except the special entries "." and
"..".
pg_read_file
returns part of a text file, starting
at the given offset, returning at most length
bytes (less if the end of file is reached first). If offset
is negative, it is relative to the end of the file.
pg_stat_file
returns a record containing the file
size, last accessed time stamp, last modified time stamp,
last file status change time stamp (Unix platforms only),
file creation time stamp (Windows only), and a boolean
indicating if it is a directory. Typical usages include:
SELECT * FROM pg_stat_file('filename'); SELECT (pg_stat_file('filename')).modification;
The functions shown in Table 9-61 manage advisory locks. For details about proper use of these functions, see Section 13.3.4.
Table 9-61. Advisory Lock Functions
| Name | Return Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
pg_advisory_lock(key bigint)
| void | Obtain exclusive advisory lock |
pg_advisory_lock(key1 int, key2 int)
| void | Obtain exclusive advisory lock |
pg_advisory_lock_shared(key bigint)
| void | Obtain shared advisory lock |
pg_advisory_lock_shared(key1 int, key2 int)
| void | Obtain shared advisory lock |
pg_try_advisory_lock(key bigint)
| boolean | Obtain exclusive advisory lock if available |
pg_try_advisory_lock(key1 int, key2 int)
| boolean | Obtain exclusive advisory lock if available |
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared(key bigint)
| boolean | Obtain shared advisory lock if available |
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared(key1 int, key2 int)
| boolean | Obtain shared advisory lock if available |
pg_advisory_unlock(key bigint)
| boolean | Release an exclusive advisory lock |
pg_advisory_unlock(key1 int, key2 int)
| boolean | Release an exclusive advisory lock |
pg_advisory_unlock_shared(key bigint)
| boolean | Release a shared advisory lock |
pg_advisory_unlock_shared(key1 int, key2 int)
| boolean | Release a shared advisory lock |
pg_advisory_unlock_all()
| void | Release all advisory locks held by the current session |
pg_advisory_lock
locks an application-defined resource,
which can be identified either by a single 64-bit key value or two
32-bit key values (note that these two key spaces do not overlap).
The key type is specified in pg_locks.objid. If
another session already holds a lock on the same resource, the
function will wait until the resource becomes available. The lock
is exclusive. Multiple lock requests stack, so that if the same resource
is locked three times it must be also unlocked three times to be
released for other sessions' use.
pg_advisory_lock_shared
works the same as
pg_advisory_lock
,
except the lock can be shared with other sessions requesting shared locks.
Only would-be exclusive lockers are locked out.
pg_try_advisory_lock
is similar to
pg_advisory_lock
, except the function will not wait for the
lock to become available. It will either obtain the lock immediately and
return true, or return false if the lock cannot be
acquired immediately.
pg_try_advisory_lock_shared
works the same as
pg_try_advisory_lock
, except it attempts to acquire
a shared rather than an exclusive lock.
pg_advisory_unlock
will release a previously-acquired
exclusive advisory lock. It
returns true if the lock is successfully released.
If the lock was not held, it will return false,
and in addition, an SQL warning will be raised by the server.
pg_advisory_unlock_shared
works the same as
pg_advisory_unlock
,
except it releases a shared advisory lock.
pg_advisory_unlock_all
will release all advisory locks
held by the current session. (This function is implicitly invoked
at session end, even if the client disconnects ungracefully.)


Specify the root URL to your GitHub Enterprise.
For public repositories, create a token with the notifications permission and specify it.
If you want notifications for private repositories, you'll need to create a token with the notifications and repo permissions.
Select the repositories you want to receive notifications for. Reload repositories


Previous: Merging Pathnames, Up: Merging Pathnames
Although the following examples are possible to execute only in implementations which permit :unspecific in the indicated position andwhich permit four-letter type components, they serve to illustrate the basic concept of pathname merging.
(pathname-type (merge-pathnames (make-pathname :type "LISP") (make-pathname :type "TEXT"))) ⇒ "LISP" (pathname-type (merge-pathnames (make-pathname :type nil) (make-pathname :type "LISP"))) ⇒ "LISP" (pathname-type (merge-pathnames (make-pathname :type :unspecific) (make-pathname :type "LISP"))) ⇒ :UNSPECIFIC


Version notes
3.0.0 Beta 18
Mac OS Snow Leopard (10.6) or later only !!!
- Fix a serious problem with using the “Mark updated articles as new” preference
3.0.0 Beta 16
- Improved speed thanks to a new database wrapper (contributed by echelon9 and barijaona)
- Fix many Unified display view problems
- Fix for some iframes/videos which did not show
- Improved string to date conversion routine (solves problems with some feeds which wrongly showed as updated)
- Fix some problems reported by analyser


About Us
GM Institute of Technology a Hi-tech Higher Educational Engineering institute established in the Academic Year 2001-02 by Srishyla Educational
Trust (R), Bheemasamudra with the vision toprovide Quality Technical and Management Education to the central part of the Karnataka students.
The Founder President of the Trust was Late Sri. G. Mallikarjunappa the then Honourable Member of Parliament, Davangere has established the Institute
to make students as socially responsible Engineers. The Institute has affiliated to the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi and approved by
AICTE – New Delhi. To fulfil the strong desire of our founder president and to uplift the education levels of the sub-urban and rural youth, the
institution has set up several Centres to give the training. In addition to this, the institution is an ISO 9001-2008 certified Institution for
providing quality Engineering and Management Education. The Institution also received the NAAC Certificate and NBA Accreditation for four programs
CSE, ECE, Civil and Mechanical. To teach what the corporate expects, the institution has 68 MOUs with several organizations.
Courses Offered In Engineering
GM Institute of Technology is running 6 UG (Computer Science & Engineering, Information Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Biotechnology) in Engineering, Master's Degree in Management (MBA) and Ph. D Programs in Mechanical Engineering,
Computer Science & Engineering, Information Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Biotechnology, Engineering Chemistry.


Chelsea star hilariously TROLLS team-mate following weird gaffe during international match
by Lucien SilverbergChelsea striker Michy Batshuayi gave his Belgium team-mate Dedryck Boyata a gentle trolling over a weird gaffe that took place in the game against Russia.
Boyata could be seen wearing a shirt with ‘Batshuayi 23’ on the back for the first half of the game, before fixing it at half time.
MORE: Chelsea enter race with PL rivals to sign highly-rated English attacker
It’s not clear quite how such a glaring error could take place at this high level of the game, but Batshuayi tweeted an explanation…
This is typical of the Blues ace’s Twitter banter, which has made him a real hit with fans, and not just Chelsea fans.
This jokey tweet has over 12k retweets at the time of writing – Batshuayi the Twitter king has well and truly done it again!


Introduction
English has become a language of vital importance in all sectors these days. India, a country with an astounding population of 135 Crores has only around 10.35% of it's population speaking English yet 43.63 % of the population are active Hindi with around more 6-7 % non-active Hindi speakers. But there exists a percentage of Indian population who do not know basic English as well. They only know vernacular language respective of thier region of stay. Being a language of vital importance a vast majority of the population should tend to know the language to a greater extent.
Problem
The problem statement was to design an app taking into consideration the percentage of Indians who knew any vernacular language but not English.
Solution
App was designed with proper reseach and ideation to generate better results and help the people learn English who do not know the language.
Design Process
Coming to the project, LearnEng is a mobile app design of a month-long solo project. I conducted the end-to-end research and design process, from conducting interviews to validating design decisions by testing with target users. My design evolved along with several rounds of iteration at different stages.
User Survey
I conducted the user survey to gather data on some important information about the users to carry out the process. Some important insights that I gained included:
1. Majority of the people can spare 30 minutes to 1 hour for learning a new language.
2. Most of the people prefer a free course over a paid course.
3. Importance should be given to speaking abilities of the language.
4. Equal preference is given to learn using an available app and chosing an online course to learn a language.
Interview
I conducted one-on-one interview with 3 different users: a student and 2 workers who faced the same problems in their daily life. I asked them a set of questions to identify their pain points. The insights gained from the interview were: 1. Communicating with others in the language they were learning would help them more in learning the language. 2. Inability to know the language creates problems in their everyday lives. 3. It would be easier for them to learn if they are taught English using a language they are comfortable with. (A Odia speaking person finds it easier if someone teaches him English while explaing certain terms in Odia.)
Competitive Analysis
I took a careful look at existing solutions within my context and analyzed their pros and cons with respect to supporting my target activity. I analyzed multiple existing language learning apps such as Babbel, DuoLingo, Utter and Bolo to explore insights. Moreover, I analyzed the comments of various language learning apps in the market, I took into consideration various other demands and suggestions that the users had given.
Utter has got a chatbot that gives shows suggested replies which the user can acquaint himself with in the language learning process.
This chatbot supports voice chat along with text chat. This acts as a necessary feature in improvement of vocabulary.
Bolo app has got the feature of dual UI. The user can shift the UI from one language to another whenever he wishes.
Target Audience
Analysing the insights gained from the reseach phase, I defined the target audience. The target audience comprised of the set of Hindi speaking/knowing people who knew any vernacular language respective of their region but do not know English or know just the basics of English. Taking into consideration, the time constraints and India, being a country with 20+ vernacular languages with a majority of them speaking Hindi, the people only speaking/knowing Hindi were selected. Therefore the finalized target audience was set of people who do not know English or know just the basics of English
User Personas
I created Personas to represent a user group who face similar problems. This gave me a clear picture of the user's expectations and how they would like to use a product.
User Pain Points
After analysing the survey results, the user interview and the comments on similar available products, the following were the user pain points. Internet connection is required in order to access the app content. Lack of motivation. It does not encourage the user to do a task. Same course content is followed for all users irrespective of their expertise in the language. Absence of Hindi user interface for app. Absence of organised course content. Users have no idea of where to start and where to end.
Brainstorming and Feature Prioritization
I brainstormed considering the user pain points and the target audience and then I enlisted out feasible features for the app that can eliminate or at least reduce the user pain point to greater extent. The features for are as follows:
User Flow
I developed a generalized user flow for the user who will be using the app. The user flow comprised of one time onboard, sign up or login and then user would start a task(chapter/topic), get progress on his status and then get rewarded for completeion of the task(chapter).
Sitemap
After that I generated a sitemap demonstrating the navigation of content through the app.
Sketches
Before moving forward with the design, I drew rough sketches of each screen to get an overall view of how the app would look like.
Low Fidelity Wireframes
Having completed with the sketches, I designed low fidelity wireframes to get a quick review and feedback of the app before proceeding further in the process.
Visual Design Guidelines
The color and font was chosen in a manner to create a visual harmony in the deliverable user interface for the app.
High Fidelity Wireframes
After gathering feedback and suggestions from the low fidelity wireframe, I made certain design changes and applied the color schemes, typography and icons to it. The high fidelity wireframe, thus generated, I used it to create prototype of the app.
Prototypes
Using the high fidelity wireframe geenerated in previous step, I created a working prototype of the app to conduct user testing.
Usability Reports
I conducted user testing & cognitive walkthroughs to find out usability issues in the interface of the app. Most of the users found the application user-friendly and could easily navigate between the screens. There were some problems in the Lesson topics where user found it difficult to change section from "Learn" to "Test" or "Discuss". I solved the situation by adding a tab to change section from "Learn" to "Test" or "Discuss" in the Lesson page itself.
Takeaways
In this project, I was challenged to set aside my own assumptions and quarrels with the platform and seek feedback from all types of users. This project provided the opportunity for me to learn the value of user research techniques like surveys and interviews to gain a deeper understanding of all users. With users participating along my design process, I have gained more comprehensive understanding of different factors surrounding the problem to reduce my design bias.


Allocation statements
Published: 12 April 2021 New
Published: 18 August 2021 New
Published: 12 February 2021 {% if sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'FE' %}Updated{% elseif sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'Academy' %}Updated{% else %}Updated{% endif %}
Funding breakdown
£342,720
£17,990
£2,600
Allocation history
View history of allocated funding
Explore the topic
Published: 7 May 2021 Updated
{% if sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'SPI' %}Published: 12 March 2021{% else %}Published: 12 February 2021{% endif %} {% if sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'SPI' %} New {% else %} Updated {% endif %}
Funding breakdown
{% if sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'Academy' %} {% elif sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'FE' %} {% elif sixteenToNineteenVariant == 'NMSS' %}£970,000
Allocation history
View history of allocated funding
Explore the topic
Published: 11 January 2021
Funding breakdown
£441,116
£127,689
Allocation history
View history of allocated funding
Explore the topic
Published: 9 January 2021
Published: 18 February 2021
Funding breakdown
£6,614,038.77
£45,589.63
£1,131,324.03
£10,449.73
£0
£55,500
10,000
Allocation history
View history of allocated funding
Explore the topic
Published: 21 March 2021
Published: 20 March 2021
Funding breakdown
£670,302
£1,010,355
Allocation history
View history of allocated funding
Explore the topic
Published: 13 March 2021
...
...


Enter the name of the codelist property to use as the value (the text will be populated automatically)


Class reference
Outer shadow
Use the .shadow
, .shadow-md
, .shadow-lg
, .shadow-xl
, or .shadow-2xl
utilities to apply different sized outer box shadows to an element.

Inner shadow
Use the .shadow-inner
utility to apply a subtle inset box shadow to an element. This can be useful for things like form controls or wells.

Outline shadow
Use the .shadow-outline
utility to apply a focus-ring-style shadow to an element. This can be useful when combined with .focus:outline-none
to create a better looking focus style that follows an element's border radius.
<button class="focus:outline-none focus:shadow-outline ...">
Button
</button>
No shadow
Use .shadow-none
to remove an existing box shadow from an element. This is most commonly used to remove a shadow that was applied at a smaller breakpoint.

Responsive
To control the shadow of an element at a specific breakpoint, add a {screen}:
prefix to any existing shadow utility. For example, use md:shadow-lg
to apply the shadow-lg
utility at only medium screen sizes and above.
For more information about Tailwind's responsive design features, check out the Responsive Design documentation.
Customizing
Box Shadows
By default Tailwind provides three drop shadow utilities, one inner shadow utility, and a utility for removing existing shadows. You can change, add, or remove these by editing the theme.boxShadow
section of your Tailwind config.
If a default
shadow is provided, it will be used for the non-suffixed .shadow
utility. Any other keys will be used as suffixes, for example the key '2'
will create a corresponding .shadow-2
utility.
Responsive and pseudo-class variants
By default, only responsive, hover and focus variants are generated for box shadow utilities.
You can control which variants are generated for the box shadow utilities by modifying the boxShadow
property in the variants
section of your tailwind.config.js
file.
For example, this config will also generate active and group-hover variants:
Disabling
If you don't plan to use the box shadow utilities in your project, you can disable them entirely by setting the boxShadow
property to false
in the corePlugins
section of your config file:


E-mail Greeting & Signature
Editing the Greeting & Signature
Editing the e-mail greeting & signature is done through the Templates > E-mail Greeting & Signature function in the control panel. There are two fields you can edit
in this dialog:
-
Greeting -
Enter the text that will be added to the beginning of every e-mail message sent by the software.
This is a good place to put a simple greeting for your e-mail messages.
Signature - Enter the text that will be added to the end of every e-mail message sent by the software. This is a good place to put your signature, a privacy notice, a link to your site, etc.


new Amenity()
Amenity Model and Collection w/ methods
- Source:
Methods
-
comparator(amenity) → {String}
-
Allows sorting of amenities by amenity title
Parameters:
Name Type Description amenity
Amenity to pull title - Source:
Returns:
title of amenity- Type
- String
-
filterByIds(idArray) → {Amenity[]}
-
Get amenities from collection based on an array of amenity ids
Parameters:
Name Type Description idArray
int[] array of amenities to get - Source:
Returns:
items with matching amenityIds- Type
- Amenity[]
-
getSelectedIds() → {int[]}
-
Get an array of amenity ids that are currently selected
- Source:
Returns:
amenity ids that are currently selected- Type
- int[]
-
initialize() → {Amenity}
-
Sets the selected function to true by default
- Source:
Returns:
modified model- Type
- Amenity
-
toggleSelected() → {Amenity}
-
Switches the value of selected for a model
- Source:
Returns:
modified model- Type
- Amenity


LAURA FISHER
Laura Fisher is a New Orleans-based composer, vocalist, pianist, arranger, and producer. Her genres of influence and interest include alternative pop, art rock, electronica, shoegaze, and neo-classical. Fisher has competed, collaborated, and performed all over: from DIY venues in Savannah, GA and Huntsville, AL to caves off the coast of Portland, ME; from a forest in southern NJ to a famous ski destination in Niseko, Japan; from the Birmingham Museum of Art to Lincoln Center in New York City.
Her current projects include a series of solo releases ranging from ambient neoclassical & electronica, to alternative pop; as well as being a vocalist, songwriter, and keyboardist for the art rock/math pop band Matron and the front woman and co-writer for former dreamscape grunge/alternative rock band Tranche.
APOPHENIA
PRESS
RIVER BEATS NEW ORLEANS
"For fans of Yiruma and softly gazing out rainy windows, APOPHENIA is a delicate, emotive and heartfelt piece of art..."
MY LITTLE UNDERGROUND
"APOPHENIA isn't a track-by-track album, it's an Album.  Such things are rare and so immediately it possesses value..."


Developed by @ChalkPE= (isset($_GET["mcpe"]) and $_GET["mcpe"] === "korea") ? " - Hello, M.K user!" : ""; ?>


When this checkbox is selected, on pressing Home, the caret is positioned at the first non-whitespace character of the current line. Pressing Home subsequently moves the caret from the Smart Home position to the first column and back.


Select the number system
x2
x10
Binary To Decimal
x2
x10
Binary To Hexadecimal
Decimal To Binary
x2
x10
Hexadecimal To Binary
x2
x10
Binary To Octal
x2
x10
Octal To Binary
x2
x10
Octal To Hexadecimal
x2
x10
Hexadecimal To Octal
x2
x10
Hexadecimal To Decimal
x2
x10
Decimal To Hexadecimal
x2
x10
Decimal To Octal
x2
x10
Octal To Decimal


import {DragDropModule} from 'primeng/primeng';
pDraggable and pDroppable are attached to a target element to add drag-drop behavior. The value of a Directive attribute is required and it defines the scope to match draggables with droppables. Droppable scope can also be an array to accept multiple droppables.

Draggable Div

Droppable Div

Drag handle is used to restrict dragging unless mousedown occurs on the specified element. Panel below can only be dragged using its header.

The story begins as Don Vito Corleone, the head of a New York Mafia family, oversees his daughter's wedding.
His beloved son Michael has just come home from the war, but does not intend to become part of his father's business.
Through Michael's life the nature of the family business becomes clear. The business of the family is just like the head of the family,
kind and benevolent to those who give respect, but given to ruthless violence whenever anything stands against the good of the family.

| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| dragEffect | string | null | Defines the cursor style, valid values are none, copy, move, link, copyMove, copyLink, linkMove and all. |
| dragHandle | string | null | Selector to define the drag handle, by default anywhere on the target element is a drag handle to start dragging. |
| Name | Parameters | Description |
|---|---|---|
| onDragStart | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when drag begins. |
| onDrag | event: browser event | Callback to invoke on dragging. |
| onDragEnd | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when drag ends. |
| Name | Type | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| dropEffect | string | null | Defines the cursor style on drag over, valid values are copy, move, link and move. |
| Name | Parameters | Description |
|---|---|---|
| onDragEnter | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when a draggable enters drop area. |
| onDragOver | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when an element or text selection is being dragged over a valid drop target (every few hundred milliseconds). |
| onDrop | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when a draggable is dropped onto drop area. |
| onDragLeave | event: browser event | Callback to invoke when a draggable leave drop area. |
Native HTML5 DragDrop.

Drag Only

The story begins as Don Vito Corleone, the head of a New York Mafia family, oversees his daughter's wedding.
His beloved son Michael has just come home from the war, but does not intend to become part of his father's business.
Through Michael's life the nature of the family business becomes clear. The business of the family is just like the head of the family,
kind and benevolent to those who give respect, but given to ruthless violence whenever anything stands against the good of the family.

Drag and Drop to DataTable

{{car.vin}} - {{car.year}}

export class DragDropDemo {
availableCars: Car[];
selectedCars: Car[];
draggedCar: Car;
constructor(private carService: CarService) { }
ngOnInit() {
this.selectedCars = [];
this.carService.getCarsSmall().then(cars => this.availableCars = cars);
}
dragStart(event,car: Car) {
this.draggedCar = car;
}
drop(event) {
if(this.draggedCar) {
let draggedCarIndex = this.findIndex(this.draggedCar);
this.selectedCars = [...this.selectedCars, this.draggedCar];
this.availableCars = this.availableCars.filter((val,i) => i!=draggedCarIndex);
this.draggedCar = null;
}
}
dragEnd(event) {
this.draggedCar = null;
}
findIndex(car: Car) {
let index = -1;
for(let i = 0; i < this.availableCars.length; i++) {
if(car.vin === this.availableCars[i].vin) {
index = i;
break;
}
}
return index;
}
}


Living Water Studies
Home
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--- layout: post title: Dan Peterson is the new Rails sysadmin, fixes Trac categories: - general author: admin published: true date: 2005-10-23 10:11:18.000000000 +01:00 ---
Our trusty Rails server Wrath was generating cruft and crust faster than you could say we-have-no-sysadmin, so at RubyConf we decided to remedy the situation and ask for help. Dan Peterson stepped up to the plate and is now officially the new Rails systems administrator. Welcome on board, mate!
And wasting little time, he has already cleaned a few rough corners for performance and, more importantly, upgraded and fixed Trac — the software that runs dev.rubyonrails.com. So no more timeouts, better performance, more features.


The moya
command line tools loads the file .moyarc
from your home directory. It can be used to configure defaults and behaviour for subcommands.
The following is a list of sections in .moyarc
:
This section is primary used by the moya start
command which use these values, if not supplied.
name = <YOUR NAME>
The name of the library author.
url = <URL>
The author's URL (e.g. a blog or homepage)
organization = <ORGANIZATION NAME>
The name of the author's organization. If you don't have a particular organization, you can enter your own name here.
email = <YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS>
The author's email address.
Contains default values for the command line.
ini = <SETTINGS FILENAME>
The INI file to read when running subcommands. The default is to read settings.ini
if this value is not supplied.
On a production server, you might want to set the following:
[defaults]ini = production.ini
This will load production settings by default.
A common pattern with Moya is to have a file called local.ini
which contains settings local to the server (such as db settings). These would not be checked in to source control. You can tell Moya to load local.ini
if it exits, or production.ini
if it doesn't, by specifying both filenames as follows:
[defaults]ini = local.iniproduction.ini
You can set as many filenames as you wish–Moya will try each one in turn.


---
layout: post
title: User Acquisition, from the trenches
date: '2014-02-06T03:47:32-08:00'
tags:
tumblr_url: http://alexhwilliams.tumblr.com/post/75789380858/user-acquisition-from-the-trenches
---
User Acquisition, from the trenches
Hey, i HATE THIS ARTICLE!!!!(This post is inspired by a question I received on producthunt.co (original link). A few people found it valuable, so I thought I might repost it with more context.) Edit: some conversation on hacker news
Sendwithus is a startup, 11 months in, and (like any startup), our primary challenge…


Overview
Classes
Class
anytizer
\
guid
guid
GUID Generator
http://guid.us/GUID/PHP
Open source code
Methods Summary
public static
#
NewGuid
( )
Generate a new GUID


WITNESS LIST Intergovernmental Relations Committee May 12, 1999-8:00A HB 323 Registering, but not testifying: For: Cosentino, Michael (City Atty., City of Bryan), Bryan Igo, Shanna (Dir. of Lege Services, TML), Austin HB 485 Registering, but not testifying: For: Horton, Susan (General Counsel, TML), Austin Paniagua, Joe (Asst. to City Mngr, City of Ft. Worth), Fort Worth HB 508 Registering, but not testifying: For: Horton, Susan (General Counsel, TML), Austin HB 731 Registering, but not testifying: Against: Berman, David M. (City Atty., City of Richardson & City of Coppell), Dallas On: Lochridge, D. Hope (Exec. Dir., TX Municipal Courts Ed. Center), Austin HB 834 Registering, but not testifying: For: Winn, Buddy (Tax Assessor/Collector & Chief Appraiser, TACA & TAAD), Bryan HB 1111 Registering, but not testifying: For: Sadler, Alan (Co. Judge, Montgomery Co.), Montgomery Against: Blackmon, Roger (CFO, Montgomery Co. Hospital District), Conroe On: Huff, Nicol (Board Member, Montgomery Co. Hospital District), The Woodlands HB 1137 Registering, but not testifying: For: Rodriguez-Mendoza, A, (District Clerk, Co. & District Clerk's Assoc. of TX), Austin HB 1159 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc.), Gail HB 1168 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Atkinson, Douglas (Criminal Justice Liason, Harris Co. Judge Robert Enoch), Houston Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judges & Commissioners), Gail HB 1219 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Bacon, April (Atty., Travis Co. Auditor's Office), Austin Fuller, Venita (Internal Audit Director, Travis Co. Auditor's Office), Austin Lee, Donald (Executive Director, TX Conference of Urban Counties), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Commissioner, Brazos, Co.), Bryan Spatano, Susan A. (County Auditor, Travis Co.), Austin Warner, Diana (Travis Co. Auditor's Office), Austin York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judges & Commissioners), Gail HB 1655 Registering, but not testifying: For: Hansen, Donald (TX Hotel & Motel Assoc.), Austin Shields, Chris (Corpus Christi Business Alliance), Austin HB 1697 Registering, but not testifying: For: Plentl, Rhonda (Asst. to Pension Dir, City of Austin Employee's Retirement Sys), Austin On: Carter, Michael (VP, City of Austin ERS), Dallas Ward, Lewis (Consultant, City of Austin ERS), Dallas HB 1703 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judges & Commissioners), Gail HB 1956 Registering, but not testifying: For: Buchheit, Janet (Houston Heights Assoc.), Houston HB 2034 Registering, but not testifying: For: Lee, Donald (Executive Dir., TX Conference of Urban Counties), Austin HB 2220 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bettencourt, Paul (Tax Assessor/Collector, Harris Co.), Houston Winn, Buddy (Tax Assessor/Collector, Brazos Co. & TACA), Bryan HB 2434 Registering, but not testifying: For: Townsend, Marvin (Exec. Dir., TML Intergovernmental Risk Pool), Austin HB 2522 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bailey, Ken (Leg. Dir., TX State Assoc. of Fire Fighters), Austin On: Sandaler, Morris (Commissioner, Fire Fighters' Pension Commission), Austin HB 2536 Registering, but not testifying: For: Price, John (Co. Judge, Dallas Co.), Dallas HB 2620 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Gilchrist, Jennifer (Assoc. General Counsel, Assoc. of Counties), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan Small, Ed (Consultant, Rio Grande Sugar Growers), Austin York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judge & Commissioners Assoc.), Gail HB 2663 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc.), Gail HB 2891 FOR: Hawes, David (Aldine Commutity Improvement District), Houston Registering, but not testifying: For: Bailey, Clyde (North Houston Business Manager), Houston Forbes, Scott (City of Houston), Houston Garcia, Reyes Jr. (Club President, Aldine Community Improvement District), Houston Mead, Steve (Aldine Community Improvement District), Houston HB 2894 Registering, but not testifying: For: Forbes, Scott (City of Houston), Houston On: Lary, Trey (Atty., Midtown Redevelopment Authority), Houston HB 2980 Registering, but not testifying: For: Katz, Howard (Atty., Harris Co. RFD 8, Assoc. of RFD's), Houston HB 3185 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim (General Counsel, Co. Judges & Commissioners Assoc. of TX), Austin Sims, Randy (Co. Comm., Brazos Co.), Bryan York, Van (Judge, West TX Co. Judge & Commissioners Assoc.), Gail HB 3300 Registering, but not testifying: For: Foster, Sabrina (City of Houston), Houston On: Cron, Richard (Leg. Coord., Harris Co. Commissioner Court), Houston HB 3458 Registering, but not testifying: For: Winn, Buddy (Tax Assessor/Collector, Brazos Co., TACA), Bryan On: Gilchrist, Jennifer (Assoc. General Counsel, Assoc. of Counties), Austin HB 3543 Registering, but not testifying: For: Culver, Anne (Asst. Gen. Mngr., METRO Transit Authority), Houston Enoch, Mark (Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART)), Dallas Martin, Pat (Mngr. Contracts, Capital Metro), Austin Shields, Chris (Fort Worth Transit Authority), Austin Turner, Samuel (VP Procurement, Dallas Area Rapid Transit), Dallas HB 3746 Registering, but not testifying: For: Thompson, Lynn (Exec. Dir., Big Brothers Big Sisters of Central TX), Austin HB 3780 Registering, but not testifying: For: De Pena, Hector (Judge, Nueces Co. Court), Corpus Christi Klager, James (Judge, Co. Court), Corpus Christi Saldana, Marisela (Judge, Nueces Co.), Corpus Chrisi Vargas, Robert (Judge, Nueces Co. Court #1), Corpus Christi HJR 69 Registering, but not testifying: For: McFarland, Bob (American Ins. Assoc.), Austin SB 1875 Registering, but not testifying: For: Adams, Steve (Commissioner, Brown Co.), Brownwood SB 1909 FOR: Broaddus, James Dr. (President, Design-Build Institute of America), Austin Mattox, Charles (Former Co. Judge), El Paso


Rating:
{{vm.selectedTv.vote_average}}
Premiered date:
{{vm.showDetail.premiered!=''?vm.showDetail.premiered:'To be determined'}}
Running time:
{{vm.timeConvert(vm.showDetail.runtime)}}
Schedule:
{{vm.showDetail.days[0]!=''?vm.showDetail.days[0]:'To be determined'}}
WebChannel:
{{vm.showDetail.webChannel.name!=''?vm.showDetail.webChannel.name:'Unknown'}}
Seasons:
{{vm.showDetail.webChannel.name!=''?vm.showDetail.webChannel.name:'Unknown'}}
Genres
{{genre}}{{!$last?',':''}}


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Woeey is a web interface for command-line scripts. Built to target Python scripts using argparse (based on Gooey GUI construction from ArgumentParser instances) it will eventually run other style command lines, customisable through a per-script JSON configuration.
Auto-creation of JSON descriptions for Python scripts is based on the excellent Gooey tool.


The Causes,
Behaviors, and Termination
of Administrative
Monopoly in
by Unirule Institute of Economics
摘 要
简言之，“行政性垄断”就是行政部门设立的垄断。行政性垄断的定义是，由某个行政部门通过行政文件（如条例、规章或意见等）的形式授予经营主体——企业或兼有营利性活动的行政机构的垄断性权力，主要表现为进入壁垒的设置和对价格的管制获得特殊的便利和优势，形成不同程度垄断势力与地位的状况。
授予某一（类）企业垄断权是重大的经济决策，是对基本经济制度（“社会主义市场经济”）的改变，根据《立法法》，应由立法机关立法设立。根据法律保留原则，不经立法机关设立的垄断权，是对潜在竞争者的经济自由权和消费者选择自由权的限制。我国的实践中，大多数的行政性垄断的依据只是行政机关的规范性文件，属于行政部门的自我授权。这些利用行政性公权力设立的垄断权，具有某种程度上的违宪性质和违法性质。
广义地，行政部门利用其起草立法草案的优越地位，通过较弱的立法机关设立的有利于某（些）企业的垄断权，也可称为行政性垄断。自改革开放以来，我国宪法经历数次修正，其基本原则已有很大改变，增加了“社会主义市场经济”，“国家鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展”等内容。包含设立行政性垄断权内容的法律，已然与我国现行宪法的相关规定不相一致。
本研究中讨论的几个主要的行政性垄断产业，几乎都是从完全的计划体制中演化而来的。经过多年的财政体制改革，中央政府的主要财政收入来源已经变为征税收入。中央政府虽然还有改革国有企业的动力，却没有打破垄断的动力了。相反，减少国有企业所带来的财政负担的方法，可以是将行政性垄断权作为一种优惠政策给予国有企业。
随着中国经济改革的成功，巨大的国内市场逐渐显现出来，反过来突显对这些市场垄断的价值。由于不上交利润，也无需限制工资和奖励的发放，行政性垄断利益增加一分，拥有垄断权的企业就会分得将近一分；他们作为一个利益集团，就会有充分的动力去争取更大的行政性垄断权。
“院内活动”是指国有企业高层管理者通过游说行政部门官员而获得行政性垄断权的行为。一个原因是，行业部门官员与所属行业的企业高管可以转换身份，相互进入对方领域任职。这是从一个侧面反映行业行政性垄断的一项重要指标。这在我们研究的几个产业中都有显现。
上述“院内活动”因“部门立法”的存在而得以成功。“部门立法”产生的环境，是在我国的政治结构下，缺少对行政部门的实际约束，致使行政部门偕越自己的职权范围，直接和间接地对立法产生影响。所谓“部门立法”，就是行政部门主导甚至操控的立法；广义地，“部门立法”还意味着行政部门的行为实际上有着立法或修法的作用。
行政性垄断主要表现为设置进入壁垒和价格管制。而后者又可以分为两种。一种是卖方的或销售的价格管制；一种是买方的或购买的价格管制，表现为对行政性垄断权的拥有者在资源和其它投入的价格上的优惠以至免费。
只要存在制度性进入壁垒，即使其它条件与完全竞争相同，这种行政性垄断在一定的需求条件下同样会形成高价格、低产量以及福利损失。
利用行政部门设置的进入壁垒而形成的垄断高价，将原来消费者剩余转变为企业利润的情形，就是一种不公正的收入分配扭曲。如果将相当于垄断利润部分的资源用于其它由市场决定的用途，就可以多生产出一定数量的产品。这些产品的价值（广义地，还可加上消费者剩余）就是行政性垄断造成的垄断利润部分（即分配扭曲部分）的机会损失，也就是社会福利损失。
买方的管制价格（较低或零的要素价格）是一种严重的收入分配扭曲，它将本来属于国家（即全体人民）或其他经济主体的巨额财富转移给了国有企业；显然是不公正的。我们假定行政性垄断企业少支付的资源租金用于占用更多的生产要素，如劳动力，土地和资金，这些生产要素如果用于其它由市场决定的用途，可以生产出更多的产品，这些产品的价值（还可以加上消费者剩余）就是这部分分配扭曲带来的机会损失，也就是社会福利损失。
行政性垄断将财富以货币形式从消费者转移到了垄断企业（及其管理层和员工），后者却没有利用这些货币形式的资源生产出相应的产品。从整个社会来看，相当于有一大笔货币却没有对应的产品，因而必然会推动通货膨胀。
近些年来，调整存款准备金率，而不是调整利率，越来越成为实施货币政策的主要手段。调整的频率很高，一年最多可达到10次（2007年）；调整幅度高达14个百分点，以至最高达到21.5%。这显得有些“反常”。而从银行企业的角度看，调整准备金率和调整利率却有着非常显著的区别。尤其是在实施紧缩政策时，采用提高准备金率的手段，会使银行免去提高利率的巨额成本。
由于公权力作为行政性垄断的构成因素，以及政府部门在行政性垄断的形成、维护和强化过程中的推动作用，在行政性垄断对经济效率和社会正义造成损害的同时，相关行政部门和权力机关的公信力和权威性也遭到相当程度的削弱和破坏。因此，与其说国有企业及其对国民经济的控制（其实就是行政性垄断）是“执政基础”，毋宁说是一种真正的“执政威胁”。
行政性垄断引起的福利损失与分配扭曲示意图
图中深灰色部分是行政性垄断带来的社会福利净损失，我们称之为“社会福利损失一”；图中浅灰色部分是由垄断（管制）价格带来的分配扭曲部分，我们称之为行政性垄断的“社会福利损失二”；图中中灰色部分是买方的垄断（管制）价格（即较低或零的资源价格）带来的分配扭曲，我们称之为行政性垄断的“社会福利损失三”。
社会福利损失一的估计：中国电信、中国移动和中国联通2003～2010年社会净福利损失为846亿元。2003～2010年电信行业的净福利损失上限总共为4417亿元。石油行业的社会福利净损失为13091亿元。
社会福利损失二——垄断利润估计：电信产业平均每年的行政性垄断租金约313亿元，这同时也是消费者被转移走的福利。石油行业由于垄断高价带来的垄断利润为4378亿元。食盐业垄断企业的垄断利润达到177亿元/年，这也同时是消费者每年的损失。这些数量都同时是社会福利损失的数量。
社会福利损失三的估计：2001～2010年，中石油公司共少付工业土地租金1668亿元；中石油和中石化的加油站用地少付租金1765亿元，少付的石油资源租金为2898亿元；三大石油企业少付的财务费用为2245亿元。这些数量都同时是社会福利损失的数量。
大多数市场经济国家的存贷款利率差的均值在1%~2%之间。而我国一年期人民币存贷款利率差多年来保持在3.06%，这主要依赖于压低存款利率1.5个百分点实现的；因较低的存款利率，按2011年的全国存款平均余额771560 亿元估计，全国个人与机构的利息损失则高达11573亿元。相当于当年GDP的2.6%。
在平均的情况下购买火车票还很困难，说明普通客车的供给存在着一般性的短缺。从两条东西大动脉，京藏高速和青银高速上的长长的运煤车龙就可以判断，普通铁路的货运供给也是短缺的。尤其是自2010年以来，京藏高速公路上竞频现长达
我们估算，当高铁的一条线路每天开出的列车对数高达129对时，高铁的一单位平均成本所创造的效用，才能与普通铁路相同；而我们知道，现在最繁忙的京沪高铁每天只开出50~90对列车。这意味着，每建
将前述行政性垄断的社会福利损失一（含铁路资源错置损失）、社会福利损失二和社会福利损失三累加起来，2010年由行政性垄断带来的社会福利损失至少有19104亿元。其中后两项共约16169亿元；这是没有对应产品和服务的货币量，必然带来通货膨胀压力；具体地，会带来2.44个百分点的通货膨胀率，相当于当年商品零售价格指数上涨率的78.74%。
用调整准备金率手段替代调整利率手段，中央银行上调一次0.5%的存款准备金率（以
再以2011年全年为例。用调整准备金率的方法替代调整利率方法，2011年的六次上调准备金率，每次0.5%，相当于为银行业或其主要借款人减少了15623亿元的利息支出。
即使现行《反不正当竞争法》与《反垄断法》在遏制行政性垄断方面还有所不足，但该法中仍然不乏约束行政性垄断行为的规范性内容。我国《反垄断法》规定的垄断行为包括：经营者达成垄断协议，经营者滥用市场支配地位，具有或者可能具有排除、限制竞争效果的经营者集中；同时，还专章规定禁止“滥用行政权力排除、限制竞争”。我们要充分利用我国法律中已有的反垄断资源。
对有关创设特定垄断权的立法或修法草案，应建立“立法回避制度”，即与某一特定垄断权相关的行政部门不应起草法案，至少要由立法机关委托某一（些）中立方起草；再如，对于特定产业的垄断权创设草案，立法机关应组织专家委员会进行咨询；又如，应将特定垄断权的创设作为一种单项权力的创设，即不能以“类”为单位创设垄断权，如以“关系国民经济命脉”为一类。
强调行政部门无权设立特定垄断权，任何行政部门通过规章、条例设立的垄断权都是非法的；应规定相关行政部门应回避与本部门有关的法律的“实施细则”或“条例”草案的起草；或加强对行政部门起草的特定法律的“实施细则”的审查，防止其中增加设立或扩张相关特定垄断权的条款。
行政部门对市场价格的管制的权力要经立法机关同意，才能设立。获得价格管制权力的行政部门在行使此种权力时，要受到《价格法》的约束，经过公正的听证会。特别地，要区分中央银行为实行货币政策而调整的利率和商业银行的利率，避免以实施货币政策为名，对商业银行利率实行管制。
关于公有制经济和全民所有制企业的宪法资源可以用来更有效地监督和约束使用和经营公共资源和国有资产的管理层。正是因为公有资源和全民所有的资产归全中国人民所有，就更应该加强对这些资源和资产的掌控，使其不致流失到使用和经营它们的管理层手中；也正是因为对公共资源和全民财产的监督在制度上和技术上都存在难度，才更应该在宪法中强调，在法律中特别设立相应制度和规则。
全国人大常委会作为专门的宪法监督机关，可以也应当依照现行宪法，对于涉嫌违宪设立行政性垄断的立法进行清理、审查，对于确实违宪的，应予以撤销或宣布违宪无效。当然，与此同时，也可以依据现行的宪法性法律《立法法》的规定，分别由相应的有权机关（主要如全国人大常委会或国务院）清理、撤销现有的行政部门设立行政性垄断的各种行政文件。
破除行政性垄断的司法改革建议包括，第一，不仅仅是要允许当事人（而不限于在位的企业）直接对涉嫌行政性垄断的企业向法院起诉；而且起诉不仅仅限于请求垄断企业承担民事责任，而是可以请求法院审查垄断地位的合法性。
第二，修改相关立法，使法院对行政性垄断案件享有实质的审查权和对企业垄断地位的处分权。
第三，改造现行的反垄断行政执法机制。关键在于：机构和职能要整合，权威要提高（例如，不能依赖于“向上级机关建议”），程序要正当（核心是确保公正、透明和参与，而不能内部操作）。
第四，要建立对行政性垄断的公诉制度。
行政层面的破除行政性垄断的改革，可以包括以下几个方面。
第一，直接鼓励各种企业，包括民营企业和国有企业，进入到没有现行法律规定垄断权的产业领域中。如在石油产业，就只有行政文件、而没有法律限制进入。对任何阻碍企业进入的行政部门，可施行行政惩罚。
第二，通过行政命令，废除和禁止行政部门（及其控制的行政协会）自我授予的垄断权。
第三，要求财政部和国土资源部等相关部门，设立专门机构，核查企业占用的公共自然资源（包括土地、采矿权等）的数量，并按市场价格向占用资源者征收租金。
第四，要求国有资产监督管理委员会参照社会平均工资水平，合理设置国有企业工资水平上限，对超出上限者予以惩罚。
第五，要求财政部设立专门机构，对国有企业，尤其是中央国有企业的财务进行专门监督，对利润分配方案向国务院提出建议，严格执行利润的上交，并对利润再投资部分予以监督。
第六，从长远看，要推动国有企业从营利性领域退出。
Abstract
In short,
the "administrative monopoly" is a kind of monopolies established by
the administrative departments. The definition of Administrative monopoly is
that an administrative department, through issuing administrative documents
(such as regulations, statutes or suggestions), grants the monopolistic
power(s) to business agents--enterprises or profit-making administrative
bodies, which are realized as accessing to exceptional facilities and
advantages, forming different degrees of monopolistic forces and the status of
the situation by setting of barriers to entry and regulating prices.
Granting
the monopolistic powers to enterprises is important economic decisions and a
change of basic economic institutions (the "socialist market
economy"). Under the Law of Legislation, monopolies shall be established
by the legislature. According to the principle of law reservation, monopolies,
without establishments of legislature, are the damages to economic freedoms of
potential competitors and choosing rights of consumers. In practice in
Broadly,
the Administrative departments use their superiority over drafting legislative
acts to establish monopolistic powers in favor of some enterprises through a
weak legislature, also regarded as administrative monopoly. Since reform and
openness,
Almost
all of the main administrative monopoly industries discussed in this study is
evolved from the complete planned economy. After years of fiscal system reform,
the Central Government's main sources of revenue have become taxable income.
Central Government has incentive to reform state-owned enterprises but no
incentive to abolish the monopolistic powers. Instead, granting administrative
monopolies as preferential policies to State-owned enterprises could be a way
to reduce the fiscal burden from State-owned enterprises.
With the
success of
"In-house
Lobbying" refers to the behavior that top managements of State-owned
enterprises get administrative monopolies through lobbying administration
officials. One of the factors is that industry officials and executives in
firms can transform identities; mutual access to each other's serving area.
This is an important indicator of the administrative monopolies of industries.
It appears in several industries in our research.
The above
“In-house Lobbying” successes because of the existence of “departmental
legislation.” The existence of “departmental legislation" is because under
the political structure of China, the lacking of practical constraints for
administrations leads to the administrative departments, beyond their
authorities, influence legislation both directly and indirectly. The so-called
"departmental legislation" is administrative-led or even manipulated
legislation. Broadly, "departmental legislation" also means that the
administrative departments practically make or amend the laws.
The
administrative monopolies perform as setting barriers to entry and regulating
prices, while the latter can be divided into two categories. One is sellers’
price- regulating; the other one is buyers’ price-regulating, leading to the
owners of administrative monopolies may obtain resources and other inputs at
discounted even zero prices.
As long
as the institutional barriers to entry exist, even if the other conditions are
the same as perfect competition, under some level of demand, administrative
monopolies may lead to high prices, low production and welfare losses.
Monopolistic,
high prices caused by administration’s setting barriers to entry redistribute
the original consumer surplus to corporate profits. It is an unfair
distribution of income distortions. If using the monopolistic profits as the
way which market decided, they can produce a certain number of products. The
value of these products (in broad terms, can also be combined with consumer
surplus) is the opportunity loss caused by administrative monopolistic
(distribution of distorted part), known as social welfare losses.
Buyer's
price regulating (low or zero factor prices) is a serious distortion of income
distribution. It transfers huge wealth which originally belonged to the State
or other economic agents to the State-owned enterprises. It is clearly unfair.
We assume administrative monopolies use the rents that they miss to pay to
occupy more factors of production such as labor, land and capital. If these
rents were used in other ways that determined by the market, they can produce
more products. The value of these products (can also be combined with consumer
surplus) is opportunity losses caused by distortions, also known as social
welfare losses.
Administrative
monopolies transfer wealth in the form of currency from consumers to the
monopolistic companies (including their management and staff), which did not
use these monetary resources to produce a quantity of products they should do.
Take the perspective of society, a large sum of money does not have
corresponding product, which will inevitably promote inflation.
In recent
years, adjusting the deposit reserve ratio, rather than adjusting interest
rates, increasingly becomes the primary means of implementing monetary policy.
Frequency of adjusting is very high. It is up to 10 times a year (in 2007).
Adjustment range is up to 14%, so that the highest rate is 21.5%. This is
"unusual". From the point of view of bank, adjusting the reserve
requirement ratio and interest rates has a noticeable difference. In particular
when implementing tightening policies, increasing reserve ratios will enable
banks to avoid the huge costs of raising interest rates.
Because
public powers are integral factor of administrative monopolies, and impetus of
governmental departments in the formation, maintenance and strengthening of
administrative monopolies, credibility and authority of the relevant
administrative departments were considerably weaken and undermined, while
administrative monopolies damage economic efficiency and social justice.
Therefore, state-owned enterprises and their control over the national economy
(in fact, is the administrative monopolies) is the real "threat to
ruling" rather than "ruling basis".
Figure of
welfare loss and distribution distortions caused by administrative monopoly
The deep
grey part in the figure is the net loss of social welfare caused by
administrative monopolies, we called it "social welfare loss I"; The
light grey part in the figure is distribution distortion cause by sellers’
monopolistic (regulating) prices, we called it "social welfare loss
II"; the grey part in the figure is distribution distortion caused by
buyers’ monopolistic (regulating) prices (lower or
zero resources prices), we called it "social welfare loss Ⅲ".
Estimation
of Social welfare loss I: the net social
welfare losses of China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom from 2003-2010
is about 84.6 billion RMB. From 2003 to 2010, the cap of net welfare loss of
telecom industry is about 441.7 billion RMB, and the net social welfare losses
of oil industry is about 1309.1 billion RMB.
Estimation
of Social welfare loss Ⅱ: The annual administrative
monopoly rent of telecommunication industry is about RMB 31.3 billion on
average. It is also the amount of transferred consumer surplus. Oil industy of
monopolistic profit brought about by high monopolistic prices is about 437.8
billion RMB. Salt industry monopolistic profit is as high as RMB 17.7 billion
per year. This also is the loss of consumers each year. These numbers are the
amount of social welfare losses.
Estimation
of Social welfare loss Ⅲ: From 2001 to 2010, the amount of
land (for industrial use) rent which CNPC miss to pay is about RMB 166.8
billion; the amount of land (for gas station use) rent which CNPC and Sinopec
miss to pay is about RMB 176.5 billion; the oil royalty they miss to pay is
about 289.8 billion RMB; the financing costs which the big three in oil
industry together miss to pay is about 224.5 billion RMB. These numbers are
also the amount of social welfare losses.
The mean
of difference between deposit interest rate and loan interest rate in most
market economy countries is in 1%~2%, but the difference between one-year loan
and deposit rates is 3.06% over several years in
Generally,
it is still very difficult to purchase train tickets. It implicates there is a
general supply shortage on ordinary train. From Beijing-Tibet Expressway and
Qingdao-Yinchuan Expressway, we can tell the supply shortage of general railway
freight. Especially since 2010, there are frequent traffic jams in
Beijing-Tibet Expressway which are over
Report
estimates that when the number of the high-speed railway trains departed is up
to 129 pairs daily, the utility created by unit cost of high-speed railway is
equal to ordinary railway. As we know, the most busy Beijing-Shanghai
high-speed railway depart only 50~90 pairs of train daily. This means that the
decrease in the construction of normal railways, caused by every kilometer
high-speed railway constructed, will lead to a net social loss. In accordance
with the relevant data, the amount of welfare losses caused by the misallocated
resources between high-speed and conventional railway is about RMB 53.3 billion
per year.
The total
amount of social welfare loss I（including the loss caused by
resources misallocation in railway）, social welfare loss Ⅱ and social welfare loss Ⅲ caused by administrative
monopolies is RMB1. 9104 trillion in 2010, while the amount of latter two is
RMB 1. 6169 trillion, which is such a quantity of money without corresponding
products and services, and inevitably brings about inflation pressure.
Specifically, it will cause inflation by 2.4%, equivalent to 78.7% of
commodity-retail-prices-index inflation that year.
Taking
adjustment of reserve requirement ratio as an alternative means of adjustment
of interest rates, the Central Bank raised deposit reserve ratios by 0.5% (as
of June 20, 2011). The equivalent interest rate change is 0.375%. It can save
the banks from paying interest on deposits of RMB 321.7 billion.
Taking
adjustment of reserve requirement ratio as an alternative means of adjustment
of interest rates, the Central Bank raised reserve ratios six times in 2011,
each time by 0.5%. It is equivalent to reduce the interest expense by RMB
1.5623 trillion for banks or their main borrowers.
Although
there are some shortcomings in current Anti-Unfair Competition Law and
Anti-monopoly Law, there are still some normal content to constraint behaviors of
administrative monopoly. The monopolistic behaviors the Anti-monopoly Law
defines include achieving monopolistic agreements between business agents,
abusing monopolistic positions, concentrating firms for purpose of excluding,
limiting competitors. There is a certain chapter in the law to state forbidding
“abuse of administrative powers to exclude and to limit competition.”
It should
establish "legislation evaded rule" for drafts of making or amending
laws to establish specific monopolies. In other words, the administrative
departments that related to specific monopolies should not draft Bills. At
least it should be drafted by a neutral agent(s) that authorized by
legislature. Moreover, the legislature should organize the Committee of experts
to consult about the drafts establishing of monopolies for specific industries.
Furthermore, the establishing of a specific monopoly should be treated as a
single monopoly, that is, we cannot use "category" as the unit to
create a monopoly. For instance, it cannot set "national economy
related" as a category.
Administrative
departments do not have the power to establish specific monopolies. Any
administrative department establishes monopoly through regulations or statutes
is illegal. Setting up the rules that related administrative departments should
evade the drafting of related "implementation details" or
"regulations"; or strengthen the reviewing on drafting of
"implementation rules" of specific laws to prevent adding the
articles related to establishing or expanding of specific monopolies.
The power
that administrative departments can regulate the market price should be
empowered by the legislature. When an administrative department using its price
regulating power, it should be bound by the Price Law, going through fair
hearings. In particular, it should differentiate between adjustments of
interest rate to implement monetary policy by the central bank and the interest
rates of commercial banks, for avoiding regulation of commercial bank interest
rates in the name of implementation of monetary policy.
The
Constitutional resource of public-owned economy and state-owned sector could be
used to monitor and constraint the managements of state-owned companies more
effectively. Because public resources and assets should be owned by all people,
the supervision of these resources and assets should be strengthened. It must
be assured that these assets should not be controlled by managements of
state-owned companies. Because it is difficult to monitor public resources and
assets on institutional and technological term, it should be emphasized in
Constitution, and establish corresponding institutions and rules in laws.
Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress, as a specialized constitutional
supervisory authority, can and should review and terminate suspected
unconstitutional establishment of administrative monopolies. It should declare
unconstitutional and terminate unconstitutional ones in accordance with the
current Constitution. At the same time, based on the provisions of existing
constitutional law, the Law of Legislation, empowered authorities (mainly as
Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or the State Council)
terminate, revoke the existing, various administrative files for establishment
of administrative monopolies respectively.
The
judicial reform proposals of breaking administrative monopolies including:
first of all, allow clients (but is not limited to enterprises) directly sue
the enterprises suspected of administrative monopoly; at the same time,
prosecution is not limited to request monopolistic enterprises to bear civil
liability, but also have the right to request the Court to review the legality
of monopoly.
Secondly,
emend the relevant legislation, so that courts could have the substantive power
to review the cases of administrative monopoly and to dispose monopolistic
status.
Thirdly,
renovate existing antitrust administrative enforcement mechanisms. The keys are
to consolidate on institutions and functions, improve authority (for example,
it cannot rely on "recommendations to the superior authority"), and
legitimate the process (the core is to ensure a fair, transparent and
participatory, not internal operations).
Fourthly,
it should establish the public prosecution system to administrative monopolies.
Reformation
of breaking administrative monopolies at the administrative level as below:
Firstly,
directly encourage enterprises, including private enterprises and state-owned
enterprises, enter to the areas which absence of legal provisions of
monopolies. For instance, in the petroleum industry, there are only the
administrative files, but no legal restrictions to enter. The administrative
departments that impede enterprises to entry the industries mentioned above
should be imposed administrative penalties.
Secondly,
abolition and prohibit self-granted monopolies of administrative departments
(or industrial associations controlled by them) by executive orders.
Thirdly,
require the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Land Resource and other
related departments to set up specialized agencies to verify the number of
public natural resources (including
land, licenses of mining, etc) occupied by enterprises, and charge rents from
resources holders at market prices.
Fourthly,
require State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the
State Council to set a reasonable state-owned enterprises ' wage ceiling
according to the levels of average wage in society, and punish the people who
get wage above the bound.
Fifthly,
request the Ministry of Finance to establish specialized agencies to monitor
state-owned enterprises, particularly central state-owned enterprises, to give
recommendations on the distribution of profit to the State Council, to strict
implement the profits surrender, and to supervise reinvested part of profit.
Lastly,
promote the state-owned enterprise to withdraw from the profit-making area in
the long run.


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