| 08.30 - 08.55 |
Registration |
| 08.50 - 9.00 |
Inauguration |
| 09.00 - 10.40 |
Session 1: OS, Architecture and HPC (Click to toggle details)
- Aravinda Prasad and K. Gopinath:
Prudent Memory Reclamation in Procrastination - Based Synchronization
Slides  Poster
Procrastination is the fundamental technique used in synchronization mechanisms such as
Read-Copy-Update (RCU) where writers, in order to synchronize with readers, defer the freeing
of an object until there are no readers referring to the object. The synchronization mechanism
determines when the deferred object is safe to reclaim and when it is actually reclaimed.
Hence, such memory reclamations are completely oblivious of the memory allocator state. This
induces poor memory allocator performance, for instance, when the reclamations are ill-timed.
Furthermore, deferred objects provide hints about the future that inform memory regions that
are about to be freed. Although useful, hints are not exploited by memory allocators. We
introduce Prudence memory allocator that is tightly integrated with the synchronization
mechanism to ensure visibility of deferred objects to the memory allocator. Such an integration
enables Prudence to (i) identify the safe time to reclaim deferred objects’ memory, (ii) have
an inclusive view of the allocated, free and about-to-be-freed objects, and (iii) exploit
optimizations based on the hints about the future during important state transitions. Our
evaluation in the Linux kernel shows that Prudence integrated with RCU performs 3.9X to 28X
better in micro-benchmarks compared to the SLUB allocator. It also improves the overall
performance perceptibly (4%-18%) for a mix of widely used synthetic and application
benchmarks. Further, it performs better (up to 98%) in terms of various allocator attributes
when compared with the SLUB allocator.
- Kartik Nagar and Y. N. Srikant:
Precise analysis of private and shared caches for tight WCET estimates
Slides
Poster
Worst Case Execution Time (WCET) is an important metric for programs running on real-time
systems, and finding precise estimates of a program's WCET is crucial to avoid wastage of
computational resources. Caches have a major impact on a program's execution time, and
accurate estimation of a program's cache behavior generally leads to significant reduction
of its estimated WCET. However, in multi-path programs the same memory access can exhibit
different cache behavior in different execution instances. This issue is further exacerbated
in shared caches in a multi-core architecture, where interfering memory accesses from
co-running programs on other cores can arrive at any time and modify the cache state.
To ensure safe estimation of WCET, traditional cache analysis techniques try to statically
find accesses which are guaranteed to hit the cache across all execution instances. However,
this introduces significant imprecision in the final WCET estimate.
In our work, we take a fundamentally different approach to cache analysis, by trying to find
lower bounds on the number of cache hits guaranteed across all execution instances. For
shared cache analysis, we propose an Integer Linear Programming based approach and an
algorithmic approach to find worst-case distribution of interfering accesses across a
program. For private caches, we first obtain a precise relation between program paths and
cache behavior, and then use this information to make precise predictions about number of
guaranteed cache hits in a basic block and in the worst-case execution instance of the
program.
- Somashekaracharya G Bhaskaracharya and Uday Bondhugula:
Automatic Optimization of Arrays in Affine Loop-Nests
Slides
Poster
Efficient memory allocation is crucial for data-intensive
applications as a smaller memory footprint ensures better cache
performance. Consequently, larger problem sizes can be run given a
fixed amount of main memory. The solutions found by existing
techniques for automatic optimization of arrays in affine
loop-nests are often far from good or optimal. In this talk, we
present a new automatic storage optimization framework and
techniques which can be used to achieve intra-array as well as
inter-array storage reuse within affine loop-nests with a
pre-determined schedule.
Over the last two decades, several heuristics have been developed
for achieving complex transformations of affine loop-nests using
the polyhedral model. However, no comparably strong
heuristics exist for tackling the problem of automatic memory footprint
optimization. We bridge this gap by formulating the problem of
storage optimization as one of finding the right storage
partitioning hyperplanes: each storage partition corresponds to a
single storage location. Statement-wise storage partitioning
hyperplanes are determined that partition a unified global array
space so that values with overlapping live ranges are not mapped
to the same partition.
Storage reduction factors we report from a
polyhedral storage optimizer, SMO, developed using our storage
partitioning approach, demonstrate its effectiveness on several
benchmarks drawn from the domains of image processing, stencil
computations, high-performance computing, and the class of tiled
codes in general. The reductions in storage requirement over
previous approaches range from constant factors to asymptotic in
the loop blocking factor or array extents.
- Ashish Mishra, Y. N. Srikant and Aditya Kanade:
Typestate Analysis for Android Applications
Slides
Poster
Android is the fastest growing mobile OS platform, this has made it the sweetest
target for the attackers. Finding and removing any programming bug or error in
Android apps is quintessential for security. Many works perform program analysis to
track and debug such programming errors, but control flow in Android applications,
managed by the Android framework is hard to correctly reason about statically,
failing which, these analysis' are prone to both being imprecise and unsound.
Android developers access system and other critical resources like databases,
camera etc. via a set of exposed APIs. These resources have complex API usage
protocols which the developers must follow, failing which might lead to error or
runtime exceptions. These errors are hard to find and debug, and if undetected they
might form attack vectors for various attacks on data and resources. These errors
can be tracked via a Typestate analysis against the usage protocols. Here we
present a TypeState analysis for Android applications.This is the first Typestate
analysis for Android applications and the first static analysis work taking into
account the correct asynchronous control flow semantics of Android. We evaluate our
analysis on new benchmark apps, related to Typestate properties and we add them to
an earlier Android benchmark suite, DroidBench. We compare the results against a
typestate analysis built over control flow graph typical of what other static
analysis are using. We show empirically that we are more precise and miss lesser
violations compared to the model used by other analysis.
- Santhi Natarajan, Debnath Pal and S. K. Nandy:
Accelerated and Accurate Alignment of Short Reads in High Throughput Next Generation Sequencing [NGS] Platforms
Slides
Poster
The genome of an organism encompasses the unique set of genetic instructions for every
individual in a species. Understanding the genome involves determining the order of the
constituent bases within the sequence, and the process is widely known as sequencing. Next
Generation Sequencing (NGS) massively parallel sequencing of genetic data with high
throughput. NGS offers an unparalleled interrogation of the genome, throwing deeper insight
into the functional and structural investigation of genetic data. Classified as a complex
big data engineering problem, Short Read Mapping (SRM) within the NGS pipeline presents
profound technical and computing challenges. Existing solutions for accelerating SRM provide
notable performance, while leveraging heuristics. In this context, we need precise,
affordable, reliable and actionable results from SRM, to support any application, with
uncompromised accuracy and performance. Here, we present a massively parallel and scalable
archetype, for accurate alignment of short reads, at a fine grained single nucleotide
resolution. The solution offers a complete coverage of the genome, including repeat
regions in the reference and the redundancy in short reads. We present AccuRA, the
reconfigurable hardware accelerator model for SRM, and GMAccS, the scalable GPGPU model for
SRM. With a very efficient lookup algorithm, they offer full coverage for a read, within the
repeat regions, as well as for redundant reads, thus reporting all the possible regions of
alignment for every short read. The archetypes could successfully scale at multiple levels
of granularity, while aligning the smaller archeal, bacterial and fungal genomes, to the
much larger mammalian human genomes.
- Unnikrishnan Cheramangalath, Rupesh Nasre and Y. N. Srikant:
Falcon: A Graph Manipulation Language for Heterogeneous Systems
Slides
Poster
Graph algorithms have been shown to possess enough parallelism to keep several computing
resources busy—even hundreds of cores on a GPU. Unfortunately, tuning their implementation
for efficient execution on a particular hardware configuration of heterogeneous systems
consisting of multicore CPUs and GPUs is challenging, time consuming, and error prone. To
address these issues, we propose a domain-specific language (DSL), Falcon, for implementing
graph algorithms that (i) abstracts the hardware, (ii) provides constructs to write explicitly
parallel programs at a higher level, and (iii) can work with general algorithms that may
change the graph structure (morph algorithms). We illustrate the usage of our DSL to implement
local computation algorithms (that do not change the graph structure) and morph algorithms
such as Delaunay mesh refinement, survey propagation, and dynamic SSSP on GPU and multicore
CPUs. Using a set of benchmark graphs, we illustrate that the generated code performs close
to the state-of-the-art hand-tuned implementations.
- Rajesh Thakur and Y. N. Srikant:
Efficient Compilation of Stream Programs for Heterogeneous Architectures: A Model-Checking based Approach
Slides
Poster
Stream programming based on the synchronous data flow (SDF) model naturally exposes data,
task and pipeline parallelism. Statically scheduling stream programs for homogeneous
architectures has been an area of extensive research. With graphic processing units (GPUs)
now emerging as general purpose co-processors, scheduling and distribution of these stream
programs onto heterogeneous architectures (having both GPUs and CPUs) provides for challenging
research. Exploiting this abundant parallelism in hardware, and providing a scalable
solution is a hard problem.
In this paper we describe a coarse-grained software pipelined scheduling algorithm for
stream programs which statically schedules a stream graph onto heterogeneous architectures.
We formulate the problem of partitioning the work between the CPU cores and the GPU as a
model-checking problem. The partitioning process takes into account the costs of the required
buffer layout transformations associated with the partitioning and the distribution of the
stream graph. The solution trace result from the model checking provides a map for the
distribution of actors across different processors/cores. This solution is then divided into
stages, and then a coarse grained software-pipelined code is generated. We use CUDA streams
to map these programs synergistically onto the CPU and GPUs. We use a performance model for
data transfers to determine the optimal number of CUDA streams on GPUs. Our
software-pipelined schedule yields a speedup of upto 55.86X and a geometric mean speedup of
9.62X over a single threaded CPU.
- Suvam Mukherjee and Deepak D'Souza:
Proving Data-Race Freedom of Kernel API's in a Real-Time Operating System
Slides
Poster
We propose a technique for proving absence of data-races due to kernel
API's in a real-time operating system (RTOS) that relies on flag-based
scheduling and synchronization. The first step in the approach is to
model the control-flow and accesses to shared data-structures in an
n-task application using these kernel API's, as a model (say M_n)
in a model-checking tool like Spin. Next, to remove the dependency on
n, as well as to address feasibility issues, we construct a finite
number of reduced models M, that together preserve the races in
M_n. It is now sufficient to model-check each of these M's in order to
exhaustively list out all possible data-races that may occur in any
M_n. If all races reported here are benign, we have a proof that the
RTOS kernel is free from harmful data-races. We describe our approach
in the context of FreeRTOS, a popular RTOS in the embedded domain. We
found several races, proposed fixes for them, and obtained a verified
race-free version of FreeRTOS.
Session Chairs:
Suparna Bhattacharya (HP),
Matthew Jacob (IISc).
|
|
Coffee Break |
| 11.00 - 11.45 |
Keynote talk: Pramod Varma, Chief Architect and Technology Advisor,
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
|
Session Chair Jayant Haritsa (IISc) |
| 11.45 - 12.30 |
Keynote talk: Vivek Raghavan, Chief Product Manager & Biometric Architect,
Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
|
| 12.30 - 12.50 |
Faculty talk: Yogesh Simmhan, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, IISc.
|
| Lunch Break |
| 14.00 - 15.00 |
Session 2: Programming Languages and Algorithms (Click to toggle details)
- Pallavi Maiya and Aditya Kanade:
Systematic State Space Exploration for Event-driven Multi-threaded Programs.
Slides  Poster
Event-driven programming is becoming a preferred style of developing efficient and
responsive applications like smartphone applications and browsers. This model is
multi-threaded and threads communicate through shared objects or by posting asynchronous
events. In this concurrency model, unforeseen thread interleavings coupled with
non-deterministic reorderings of events can lead to subtle concurrency errors. The existing
concurrency analysis techniques are primarily for multi-threaded programs; we extend this to
event-driven multi-threaded programs.
Android applications are a popular systems in this concurrency model. We have formalized the
concurrency semantics of Android applications and defined corresponding happens-before
relation. We have developed a dynamic race detector which uses this relation. Our relation
generalizes the so far independently studied happens-before relations for multi-threaded
programs and single-threaded event-driven programs. We have implemented a tool called
DROIDRACER, which has detected potential races in popular applications like Facebook and
Twitter.
A race detector can detect races in only a few thread schedules. However, covering all
schedules requires a systematic explorer whose scalability depends on state space reduction
techniques like Partial Order Reduction. Existing POR techniques reorder every pair of events
handled on the same thread even if reordering them does not lead to different states.
We propose a new POR technique called the dependence-covering set, which reorders events
handled by the same thread only if necessary. We prove that exploring only dependence-covering
sets preserves all deadlock cycles and assertion violations. We demonstrate that our
technique explores far lesser transitions compared to exploration based on persistent sets,
a popular POR technique.
- Anirudh Santhiar and Aditya Kanade:
Concurrency Analysis for Asynchronous APIs.
Slides  Poster
Programmers want to design highly responsive software, hiding latency
from users wherever possible. This has led to the increasing adoption
of asynchronous programming models supported by asynchronous APIs and
libraries. However, the use of asynchronous events can lead to
unforeseen event interleavings, resulting in bugs, and it is difficult
for developers to reason about control flow in asynchronous applications.
First, we consider event driven programs where events are dequeued
sequentially from an event queue, and processed by invoking their
handlers. A handler may itself pause, dequeue more events, and run
their handlers in another programmatic event loop. In this case,
there can be races between the paused handler and another
handler that runs inside the programmatic event loop. We present an
efficient happens-before based race detection technique for such
programs. We have implemented our technique in an offline race
detector for C/C++ programs, called SparseRacer. We discovered 13 new
and harmful race conditions in 9 open-source applications including
Okular and KOrganizer. Our techniques to improve efficiency resulted
in an average speedup of 5X in race detection time.
Mixing synchronous and asynchronous waiting in C#'s asynchronous
programming model can result in deadlocks. Finding such deadlocks is
challenging owing to the mixture of synchronous and asynchronous
calls. We design a static analysis to detect such deadlocks. In
preliminary experiments, we applied the analysis to 7 open source
benchmarks, and it found deadlocks in all of them.
- Hemanth Sangappa and K. R. Ramakrishnan:
An Analysis of RANSAC Algorithm.
Slides
Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) is an iterative algorithm for robust estimation
of model parameters in the presence of outliers in observed data. First proposed by
Fischler and Bolles back in 1981, it still is a very popular algorithm among the Computer
Vision community. A common practice among researchers while implementing RANSAC is to take
a few samples more than the minimum required for estimation of model parameters, but the
implications of this heuristic is lacking in literature. In this work we present an
analysis of this common heuristic.
- Palash Dey:
Winner Determination and Manipulation Problems in Algorithmic Social Choice
Slides
Poster
In many real life situations, including multiagent systems, agents often need to agree
upon a common alternative even if they have different preferences over the available
alternatives. Voting is one of the most suitable tools in these scenarios. Common and
classic applications of voting in artificial intelligence include collaborative filtering,
planning among multiple automated agents etc. Our goal is to study the time, space, and
sample complexity of fundamental problems in voting.
The typical setting may be described as follows. An election consists of a set of voters,
a set of alternatives, and a voting rule. The vote of any voter can be thought of as a
ranking (more precisely, a complete order) of the set of alternatives. A voting profile is
just a collection of votes of all voters. Finally, a voting rule is a function that takes a
voting profile as input and outputs an alternative, which is regarded as the winner of the
election.
In the first part of the thesis, we show tight sample complexity bounds for winner prediction
and margin of victory estimation in elections; design optimal algorithms for finding the
winner in a stream of votes; prove tight bounds on query cmplexity for preference elicitation
for various important domains of preferences; establish parameterized complexity dichotomy
for committee selection problem in the presence of outliers.
In the second part of the thesis, we study classical computation complexity and parameterized
complexity of various control problems e.g. manipulation detection, possible winner,
coalitional manipulation, and bribery.
- Debarghya Ghoshdastidar and Ambedkar Dukkipati:
Consistency of spectral algorithms for hypergraphs under planted partition model
Slides
Poster
Hypergraph partitioning lies at the heart of various problems in engineering and science.
While partitioning uniform hypergraphs is required in computer vision, non-uniform hypergraph
partitioning has applications in database systems, circuit design etc. Hypergraph partitioning
is typically a NP-hard problem. Yet, over the last two decades, several efficient heuristics
are known in the literature and their empirical success is widely appreciated. In contrast to
the extensive studies related to graph partitioning, theoretical guarantees of hypergraph
partitioning approaches are not known in the literature. The purpose of our work is to
establish, for the first time, the statistical error bounds for spectral algorithms for
partitioning uniform and non-uniform hypergraphs.
The mathematical framework is the following. Consider a set of n vertices, which are divided
into k classes. A random hypergraph is generated on the n vertices by independently adding
subsets of the vertices to the edge set with probabilities depending on the labels of the
participating vertices. We provide an upper bound on the number of disagreements between the
true class labels, and the labels obtained from spectral algorithms for hypergraph
partitioning. We show that under certain conditions, the error is o(n) with high probability.
In the literature, such error bounds are only known in the case of graphs, where the model
coincides with the popular stochastic block model. Our results are based on matrix
concentration inequalities and perturbation bounds, and the derived bounds can be used to
comment on the consistency of spectral hypergraph partitioning algorithms.
Session Chairs:
Ganesan Ramalingam (Microsoft),
R. Govindarajan (IISc).
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| 15.00 - 15.20 |
Faculty talk: Arpita Patra, Department of Computer Science and Automation, IISc.
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Session Chair P. Vijay Kumar (IISc) |
| 15.20 - 15.40 |
Faculty talk: Parameshwar P. Iyer , Department of Management Studies, IISc.
|
| Coffee Break |
| 16.00 - 16.20 |
Faculty talk: Himanshu Tyagi, Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, IISc.
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Session Chair P. Vijay Kumar (IISc) |
| 16.20 - 18.35 |
Session 3: Networks, Communication and Information Theory (Click to toggle details)
- Shashank Vatedka and Navin Kashyap:
Lattice Codes for Secure Communication and Secret Key Generation
Slides  Poster
In this work, we study two problems in information-theoretic security. Firstly, we study
a wireless network where two nodes want to securely exchange messages via an
honest-but-curious relay. There is no direct link between the user nodes, and all
communication must take place through the relay. We give two secure protocols for
this problem and study their performance. In the second problem, we consider the
scenario where multiple terminals have access to private correlated Gaussian sources
and a public noiseless communication channel. The objective is to generate a secret
key using these sources and public communication in a way that an eavesdropper having
access to the public communication can obtain no information about the key. We give
a protocol with polynomial complexity to achieve this under certain assumptions on
the sources and characterize its performance.
The key tools used in designing these protocols are nested lattice codes, which have
been widely used in several problems of communication and security. We also study
lattice constructions that permit polynomial-time encoding and decoding. In this
regard, we first look at a class of lattices obtained from low-density parity-check
(LDPC) codes, and show that they have several desirable properties. We also give
concatenated lattice coding schemes with polynomial-time encoders and decoders that
achieve the capacity of the additive white Gaussian noise channel.
- Albert Sunny and Joy Kuri:
A Framework for Designing Multihop Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks
Slides
Poster
Efficient resource planning in energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (WSN) is of
immense practical significance. However, it is encumbered by the sheer diversity of
parameters that affect the performance of such WSNs. In this paper, we propose a unified
framework that can be leveraged to efficiently design and deploy such large-scale networks.
To this end, we propose an intuitive utility function to quantify the Quality of Monitoring
(QoM). Based on this QoM, we formulate a long-term time-averaged joint resource allocation
problem, whose optimal solution serves as a metric to compare different deployment scenarios.
This resource allocation problem is subject to energy and capacity constraints inherent to
WSNs. The capacity constraints, though very intuitive, require us to enumerate all the maximal
independent sets in the network — a well known NP-hard problem. Therefore, for computational
tractability, we replace the maximal independent set constraints with clique constraints. We
also prove the sufficiency of the clique constraints, and present an algorithm that obtains
an ϵ-optimal solution to the original problem. Finally, we present numerical evaluations
to validate the correctness of the proposed algorithm.
- Sudheer Poojary and Vinod Sharma:
Modeling and Analysis of Networks with High-speed TCP Connections
Slides
Poster
We derive an expression for throughput of TCP Compound and TCP CUBIC connections with
random losses. We consider the case of a single TCP connection with random losses and
negligible queuing, i.e., constant round trip time. We consider a sequence of appropriately
scaled window size processes, indexed by p, the packet error rate. We show that as p goes to
zero, this sequence converges to a limiting Markov chain. We use the stationary distribution
of the limiting Markov chain to give an approximation for TCP Compound and TCP CUBIC
throughput for small p. We validate our model and approximations through ns2 simulations.
- Priyanka Das and Neelesh B. Mehta:
Interference-Constrained Cooperative Relaying for Cognitive Radio
Slides
Poster
Cognitive radio (CR) is a promising technology that enables reuse of underutilized
spectrum and helps mitigate the severe spectrum shortage faced by society today. In underlay
mode of CR, a cognitive user can transmit concurrently with a higher priority primary user,
but the interference it causes to the primary user must be constrained. These interference
constraints severely limit the performance of the cognitive users.
We develop advanced cooperative relaying techniques to address this issue. In it, one among
the available cognitive nodes called relays that are in the vicinity of the cognitive users
is selected to forward the signals transmitted by the cognitive transmitter to its receiver.
We develop novel relay selection rules that are optimized for either maximizing the
reliability of communication, which is measured in terms of the uncoded symbol error
probability, or the rate of communication, which is measured in terms of the capacity.
All these rules satisfy a constraint on the average interference caused to the primary.
The proposed rules determine which relay to select and whether to select none of the
relays at all as a function of the channel gains between the various nodes. They outperform
several ad hoc relay selection rules proposed in the literature. We also analyze the
performance of the proposed rules by deriving closed-form expressions for the average
data rate or average symbol error probability. Lastly, we gain several insights by
studying the asymptotic regimes of low and high average signal-to-noise ratios, in which
these expressions simplify significantly.
- Manuj Mukherjee and Navin Kashyap:
On the Communication Complexity for SK Generation in the Multiterminal Source Model
Slides
Poster
Csiszar and Narayan introduced the problem of secret key (SK) generation in the
multiterminal source model. The multiterminal source model consists of a set of terminals
observing i.i.d. copies of correlated discrete random variables. The terminals are allowed
to communicate over a noiseless public channel. The aim is to generate a group key secured
from a passive eavesdropper listening to the public channel. Csiszar and Narayan evaluated
the SK capacity, i.e., the maximum rate of a secret key. The key capacity was achieved
through a communication for omniscience. Here, omniscience refers to each terminal recovering
the observations of the remaining terminals. The focus of this work is to characterize
the communication complexity of SK generation (R_SK), i.e., the minimum rate of
communication required to generate a secret key of maximum rate. The omniscience protocol
of Csiszar and Narayan ensures that R_SK\leq R_CO, R_CO being the minimum rate of
communication for omniscience. Following the work of Tyagi for two terminals, we obtain a
lower bound on R_SK for the case of m\geq 2 terminals. Sufficient conditions for
R_SK-maximality, i.e., the case where R_SK=R_CO, are also studied. We further show that
these conditions are also necessary for the hypergraphical source, a special case of the
multiterminal source model.
- Mohit Sharma and Chandra Murthy:
Design of Dual Energy Harvesting Communication Links with Retransmission
Slides
Poster
In this work, we consider retransmission based point-to-point dual energy harvesting
(EH) links, where both transmitter and receiver are energy harvesting nodes (EHNs). The
transmitter needs to periodically send a packet to a receiver, and the packet is dropped
if it is not delivered within a fixed number of transmission attempts. The goal is to
determine the optimal battery size as well as to design retransmission index-based transmit
power policy(RIP), which minimizes the packet drop probability (PDP) while maintaining
energy neutrality at the nodes. First, we analyze the PDP gap between the PDP of dual EH
links with infinite and finite batteries and establish near-optimality of the policies
designed to operate in the energy unconstrained regime (EUR), i.e., the regime where the
rate of energy use at each EHN is less than the corresponding harvesting rate. Next, the
optimal RIPs are designed using the techniques from geometric programming. The numerical
results obtained through extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed RIPs
outperforms the state-of-art policies. For example, in case of mono EH links with ARQ over
slow as well as fast fading channels, the designed RIP outperforms policies designed using
Markov decision process based methods.
- Jobin Francis and Neelesh Mehta:
BS-side Estimation for Reduced Feedback Best-M Scheme in OFDM Systems
Slides
Poster
Rate adaptation and scheduling have become indispensable in current and next generation
cellular systems since they improve the spectral efficiency by adapting the user the base
station (BS) transmits to and the transmit rate depending on the channel conditions. To do
so, the BS needs the downlink channel state information (CSI). Hence, the users must feed
them back to the BS, which expends uplink radio resources. Since this feedback could
overwhelm the uplink, several reduced feedback schemes have been proposed in the literature
that trades off between feedback overhead and the loss in throughput due to reduced CSI.
For the practically important best-M scheme, in which each user feeds back only its M
strongest subchannels and their indices to the BS, we develop minimum mean square error
(MMSE) and throughput-optimal approaches that enable the BS to transmit reliably even on
subchannels not fed back by any user. In the former, an MMSE estimate of the SNR is generated
at the BS for subchannels not reported by a user. In the latter, the user and its transmit
rate are selected so as to maximize the throughput. This approach provides a fundamental
limit on the achievable throughput. The novelty of these approaches lies in their
exploitation of the structure of the best-M feedback information and the correlation among
subchannel gains. In terms of system-level impact, the proposed approaches improve the
throughput compared to several conventional approaches – without requiring any additional
feedback – for uncorrelated and correlated subchannels.
- Birenjith and P. Vijay Kumar:
Codes for Distributed Storage
Slides
Poster
In a distributed storage system, a data file comprising of information symbols data symbols drawn from a finite alphabet, is encoded using an error-correcting code and the resulting code symbols are stored in nodes in a network. A desirable attribute in a distributed storage system is the efficiency in carrying out repair of failed nodes. Among many others, two important metrics to characterize efficiency of node repair are repair bandwidth, i.e., the amount of data download in the case of a node failure and repair degree, i.e., the number of helper nodes accessed for node repair. While ``regenerating codes'' aim to minimize the repair bandwidth, ``codes with locality'' seek to minimize the repair degree. In our work, we study the fundamental performance limits of these classes of codes, and present code constructions designed to meet these limits.
- Raviteja and P. Vijay Kumar:
An Animation and Chirplet-Based Approach to Developing a PIR Sensing Intrusion Detection System for an Outdoor Setting
Slides
Poster
This paper presents the development of a passive infra-red sensor tower platform along with
a classification algorithm to distinguish between human intrusion, animal intrusion and
clutter arising from wind-blown vegetative movement in an outdoor environment. The research
was aimed at exploring the potential use of wireless sensor networks as an early-warning
system to help mitigate human-wildlife conflicts occurring at the edge of a forest. There
are three important features to the development. Firstly, the sensor platform employs multiple
sensors arranged in the form of a two-dimensional array to give it a key spatial-resolution
capability that aids in classification. Secondly, given the challenges of collecting data
involving animal intrusion, an Animation-based Simulation tool for Passive Infra-Red sEnsor
(ASPIRE) was developed that simulates signals corresponding to human and animal intrusion
and some limited models of vegetative clutter. This speeded up the process of algorithm
development by allowing us to test different hypotheses in a time-efficient manner. Finally,
a chirplet-based model for intruder signal was developed significantly helped boost
classification accuracy despite drawing data from a smaller number of sensors. An SVM-based
classifier was used which made use of chirplet, energy and signal cross-correlation-based
features. The average accuracy obtained for intruder detection and classification on
real-world and simulated data sets was in excess of 97%.
- Abhijit Bhattacharya and Anurag Kumar:
Network Design for QoS under IEEE 802.15.4 ("Zigbee") CSMA/CA for Internet of Things Applications
Slides  Poster
We focus on design and analysis of multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSN) under the
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC for IoT applications. In particular, we address the broad problem of
designing a multi-hop WSN at minimum deployment cost, i.e., by placing as few additional relay
nodes and base stations as possible, to convey sensed data from a set of given source
locations to at least one base station location, while satisfying given Quality of Service
(QoS) objectives.
First, we consider very low data rate applications where the contention due to CSMA is
negligible; we show that the problems reduce to graph design problems with various
topological constraints, and the resulting problems are NP-hard. We propose fast, polynomial
time heuristics to obtain good solutions. We also provide worst case and average case
approximation guarantees for our proposed algorithms.
Next, we deal with low to moderate data rate applications where the inter-node contention
must be taken into account to accurately predict the network performance. We first develop
an approximate, but accurate fixed point analysis for multi-hop tree networks that takes
into account collision due to CSMA contention, hidden node effects, etc. We then provide a
simplification of this analysis for the case of no hidden nodes in a low discard probability
regime, and use this simplified model to derive explicit conditions on the topology, and the
arrival rate vector to satisfy given QoS objectives, which in turn, yield simple design rules
for throughput optimal network design.
- Akhil P. T. and Rajesh Sundaresan:
Separable Convex Optimization with Linear Ascending Constraints
Slides  Poster
We consider the maximization of a separable concave function subject to linear ascending
constraints. The problem arises as the core optimization in several resource allocation
scenarios and is a special case of an optimization of a separable concave function over the
bases of a polymatroid. The algorithms to maximize a separable concave function over the bases
of a polymatroid fall into two broad categories: greedy algorithms and decomposition
algorithms. In this work, we present an algorithm that falls in the category of decomposition
algorithms. This class of algorithms divides the optimization problem into several
sub-problems which are easier to solve. Our algorithm decomposes the optimization over
linear ascending constraints into sub-problems with single sum constraint.
We also consider a network utility maximization problem consisting of multiple users sending
data over the network specified by linear ascending constraints.The utility maximization
problem is formulated as a separable concave maximization problem over the flow constraints
imposed by the network. The problem is solved in a distributed manner as in
kelly-Maulloo-Tan (J. oper. Res. Soc. 1998) by decomposing it into sub-problems; one for each
user and one for the network. Our algorithm has users adapting the prices they are willing to
pay and the network allocating rates in tune to the user prices. We also map the solution of
the network problem to a geometric problem of finding the concave cover of a set of points
in a plane which enables an efficient solution to the network problem.
Session Chairs:
Kumar Sivarajan (Tejas Networks), H. S. Jamadagni (IISc).
|
| High Tea |
| 19.00 - 20.15 |
Session 4: RF and Electronics (Click to toggle details)
- Arnab Kumar Biswas and S. K. Nandy:
Securing Multiprocessor System-on-Chip
Slides
Poster
With Multiprocessor-System-on-Chips (MPSoCs) pervading our lives, security issues are
emerging as a serious problem and attacks against these systems are becoming more critical
and sophisticated. We have designed and implemented different hardware based solutions to
ensure security of an MPSoC. Security assisting modules can be implemented at different
abstraction levels of an MPSoC design. We propose solutions both at circuit level and system
level of abstractions. At the VLSI circuit level abstraction, we consider the problem of presence
of noise voltage in input signal coming from outside world. This noise voltage disturbs the
normal circuit operation inside a chip causing false logic reception. If the disturbance is caused
intentionally the security of a chip may be compromised causing glitch/transient attack. We
propose an input receiver with hysteresis characteristic that can work at voltage levels between
0.9V and 5V. The circuit can protect the MPSoC from glitch/transient attack. At the system level
we propose solutions targeting Network-on-Chip (NoC) as the on-chip communication medium.
We survey the possible attack scenarios on present-day MPSoCs and investigate a new attack
scenario, i.e., router attack targeted toward NoC enabled MPSoC. We propose different
monitoring-based countermeasures against routing table-based router attack in an MPSoC
having multiple Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). Software attacks, the most common
type of attacks, mainly exploit vulnerabilities like buffer overflow. This is possible if proper
access control to memory is absent in the system. We propose four hardware based
mechanisms to implement Role Based Access Control (RBAC) model in NoC based MPSoC.
- Keerthan P. and K. J. Vinoy:
Wide-Band Radio Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing Using Cascaded All-Pass Networks
Slides
The increasing demand for wireless communication, radar and imaging systems that are aware of
the environment and adapt suitably to the operating conditions can be met by real time signal
analysis. Emergence of signal analysis in analog domain can be attributed to the development of
dispersive delay lines (DDL). In this regard, all-pass networks (APN) have been explored as a
potential wide-band, high resolution DDL. An iterative procedure is developed to design APN
circuits for monotonous group delay response at radio frequencies. They exhibit linear and
non-linear group delay responses with both positive and negative slopes. The design is
extended for surface mount device implementation to accommodate mounting pads, component
availability, tolerance and finite quality factor. The design frequency range is chosen as
[0.5 – 1] GHz. The experimental results are compared with ideal circuit and full wave
simulations for validation. The implementation has greatly improved the performance in
terms of group delay dispersion with a reduced footprint and lower insertion loss.
Signal propagation through DDL with group delay dispersion is analysed. A quadratic phase
approximation is assumed. It is found that the signal experiences expansion of pulse width,
reduction of its peak amplitude and a temporal displacement of the spectral components.
APN is shown to have wide range of applications. A reconfigurable delay line is developed
where the delay of the overall system is made tunable. Time stretch and time compression of
the linear frequency modulated waveform is demonstrated. Frequency discriminator is developed
with a resolution of 15 MHz.
- Nikita Ambasana and Dipanjan Gope:
Intelligent and Fast Electrical Design Space Exploration Techniques for Package-Boards
Slides
Package-board design plays a crucial role in determining the performance of high-speed
systems. Lack of CAD tools for signal integrity aware design and synthesis lead to longer
design cycles and non-optimal package-board interconnect geometries. In this work an end
to end system is developed for intelligent and fast electrical design space exploration
for package boards.
In the first part of the work, the functional similarities between package-board design and
radio-frequency imaging are explored. Qualitative inverse-solution methods are applied to
solve multi-objective, multi-variable package design problems. A novel piecewise linear
algorithm is developed for an efficient solution in the design space using metric to
design sensitivity. The presented algorithm is demonstrated to converge to the desired
specifications with fewer forward-solve iterations.
In the second part of the work, we explore learning based modeling techniques that rapidly
map frequency domain metrics like differential insertion-loss and cross-talk to time domain
metrics like eye-height and eye-width facilitating faster design validation and hence
full-factorial design space sweep. Numerical results performed with common learning based
models on SATA 3.0 and PCIe Gen 3 channels generate less than 3% average error.
In the third part of the work, we present a mathematical formulation to obtain a Jacobian
for a given structure mesh’s electrical properties to the mesh shape parameters for a 2.5D
solver. Such a Jacobian enables first order Taylor updates for linear mesh modifications
enabling the CAD operator to get real time updates on the change in electrical parameters
of the structure with changes in geometry.
- Vijayashree Bhat and K. J. Vinoy:
Investigation of Planar Microstrip Capacitive Probe fed Antenna for Time and Frequency Domain Characteristics
Slides
Poster
In this research, planar microstrip Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) antenna with capacitive
probe feed is studied for its time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD) characteristics.
Ultra-wideband antennas are those that have fractional bandwidth of atleast 20% or more
than 500 MHz. A UWB antenna has several applications in medical imaging, ground penetrating
and imaging radar (GPRI), surveillance, through wall imaging, indoor communications and
outdoor handheld devices. Compactness, low profile, low cost makes the planar UWB microstrip
antennas more flexible and realizable. The antenna examined in this study has a wide
bandwidth of 1 GHz. Investigation of TD characteristics of wideband antenna is done using
FD and TD simulations and validated using experimental results. Furthermore, simulation
study is established for UWB antenna on FD characteristics such as Scattering parameters
(S11=-10dB, BW=3.1 GHz-4.2 GHz), Gain (~7dB), Efficiency (99.1%) and Radiation pattern
(single-directional), TD characteristics such as Group Delay (<0.5ns) and Pulse Fidelity
Factor (PFF>0.8). In addition, different UWB short pulses and its influence on the antenna
characteristics is also explored and single element is optimized for nearly constant phase
center using the weighting function as input pulse spectrum. Also, mutual coupling is
reduced between antennas to -16 dB and gain improvement is seen in the array elements.
Thus, this study on planar antenna with capacitive probe feed for FD and TD characteristics
proves to satisfy all requirements for UWB signal and system applications.
- Javed G. S. and Gaurab Banerjee:
Frequency domain CMOS Capacitance Interface
Slides
Poster
A frequency domain capacitance interface system is proposed for a femto-farad capacitance
measurement. In this technique, a ring oscillator circuit is used to generate a change in
time period, due to a change in the sensor capacitance. The time-period difference of two
such oscillators is compared and is read-out using a phase frequency detector and a charge
pump. The output voltage of the system, is proportional to the change in the input sensor
capacitance. The capacitance sensor interface system was designed and a prototype was
implemented in a 0.13 m standard CMOS technology. Experimental and simulation results are
presented. It exhibits a maximum sensitivity of 8.1 mV/fF, which is 2x - 10x better over
the state-of-the-art.
- Anuja Chanana and S. Mahapatra:
Investigations of 2D material metal contact using Density Functional Theory
Slides  Poster
A low Schottky barrier height (SBH) at source/drain contact is essential for achieving
high drive current in atomic layer MoS2-channel-based field effect transistors. Approaches
such as choosing metals with appropriate work functions and doping the channel are employed
previously to improve the carrier injection from the contact electrodes to the channel and
thus mitigate the SBH between the MoS2 and metal. Recent experiments demonstrate significant
SBH reduction when graphene layer is inserted between metal slab (Ti and Ni) and MoS2.
However, the physical or chemical origin of this phenomenon is not yet clearly understood.
In this work, density functional theory simulations are performed, employing
pseudopotentials with very high basis sets to get insights of the charge transfer between
metal and monolayer MoS2 through the inserted graphene layer. Our atomistic simulations on
16 different interfaces involving five different metals (Ti, Ag, Ru, Au, and Pt) reveal
that (i) such a decrease in SBH is not consistent among various metals, rather an increase
in SBH is observed in case of Au and Pt; (ii) unlike MoS2-metal interface, the projected
dispersion of MoS2 remains preserved in any MoS2-graphene-metal system with shift in the
bands on the energy axis. (iii) A proper choice of metal (e.g., Ru) may exhibit ohmic
nature in a graphene-inserted MoS2-metal contact. These understandings would provide a
direction in developing high-performance transistors involving heteroatomic layers as
contact electrodes.
Session Chairs:Arun Chandrasekhar (Intel), Soumyendu Raha (IISc).
|


Don't rely just on this website.
Always check Brightspace as well, in case something is wrong here.
I am not responsible if you get problems using this information.
2020, MattheoDW
No deadlines for CSE1000 Mentorate :)
9/9/2020 09:45: Watch week 2 videos in Brightspace (recommended)
9/9/2020 23:59: Tutorial Session 2 (recommended)
18/9/2020 17:30: Lab assignment 1
25/9/2020 17:30: Lab assignment 2
NOW: Sign up for CSE1100 Midterm
ASAP: Download / Set up JDK and IntelliJ
7/9/2020 11:45: Finish lecture 2 post-lecture and 3 pre-lecture stuff in Brightspace
5/9/2020 23:59: Hand in Helpful Homework 1 (with partner)
NOW: Sign up for CSE1300 Test & Midterm
3/9/2020 23:59: Intro quiz
7/9/2020 09:45: Set up Environment Linux
9/9/2020 13:45: Watch Logic Circuits 1&2, prepare questions for Q&A
12/9/2020 09:30: Logic Circuits: Upload to Peer
13/9/2020 23:59: Lab assignment 1
NOW: Sign up for CSE1400 Midterm
Maybe try to make sense of the lecture on 2/9/2020
Self-Study: Logic Circuits due 12/09/2020
Read Hamacher: Appendix A (All but A.5.4, A.11, and A.12) for lecture on 07/09/2020


Learning to use a wheelchair is crucial for people with spinal cord injuries or other trauma affecting their ability to walk. Patients will often go through months of expensive, one-on-one physical therapy training to develop the skills needed to independently operate a wheelchair, like performing a wheelie. During these physical therapy sessions, the therapist stands behind the wheelchair to catch the patient if they tip back too far, which can cause injury to both patient and therapist.
The SolutionA mobile, removable, and adjustable angled bench that catches the user when they tilt back too far
Large hooks allow our design to be easily attached and removed from any rigid wheelchair without the need for tools or additional adaptations.
The notches in the base of our design make the angle of the bed easily adjustable. This accommodates a wide range of individual users and their preferences, as well as variable wheelchair configurations.
The ball-and-socket wheel allows the device to move easily with the wheelchair with a minimal influence on the user’s mobility.
Our device does not interfere with the user’s balance. This enables a high quality of training wherein users can find the exact point of balance that they are used to once the device is removed without having to relearn any skills.
The cushioned bed dampens the impact of the catch to minimize the risk of new injuries to users and maximize comfort during repeated practice. Additionally, the device does not damage the chair upon impact.
Our prototype was made from just over $100 of purchased materials, paling in comparison to the cost of one-on-one training. Also our device requires minimal assistance for use, enabling group, at-home, or even independent training.
Our device is currently designed to be used in an indoor training environment. We intend to adapt the device for use in the community as a more permanent safety installment for any person who uses a rigid-frame wheelchair.


| age_at_recruit |
58.0 (50.0-63.0) |
58.0 (50.0-63.0) |
56.0 (48.0-62.0) |
| Unknown |
3 |
3 |
0 |
| age_at_assess |
58.0 (50.0-63.0) |
58.0 (50.0-63.0) |
56.0 (48.0-62.0) |
| sex |
|
|
|
| Female |
273,325 (54%) |
266,427 (54%) |
6,898 (55%) |
| Male |
229,084 (46%) |
223,437 (46%) |
5,647 (45%) |
| deprivation |
-2.1 (-3.6-0.5) |
-2.1 (-3.6-0.6) |
-2.2 (-3.7-0.3) |
| Unknown |
626 |
610 |
16 |
| ethnicity |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
1,661 (0.3%) |
1,624 (0.3%) |
37 (0.3%) |
| Do not know |
217 (<0.1%) |
213 (<0.1%) |
4 (<0.1%) |
| White |
569 (0.1%) |
556 (0.1%) |
13 (0.1%) |
| Mixed |
49 (<0.1%) |
49 (<0.1%) |
0 (0%) |
| Asian or Asian British |
43 (<0.1%) |
41 (<0.1%) |
2 (<0.1%) |
| Black or Black British |
27 (<0.1%) |
26 (<0.1%) |
1 (<0.1%) |
| Chinese |
1,573 (0.3%) |
1,526 (0.3%) |
47 (0.4%) |
| Other ethnic group |
4,557 (0.9%) |
4,492 (0.9%) |
65 (0.5%) |
| British |
442,514 (88%) |
431,258 (88%) |
11,256 (90%) |
| Irish |
13,201 (2.6%) |
12,899 (2.6%) |
302 (2.4%) |
| Any other white background |
16,326 (3.3%) |
15,922 (3.3%) |
404 (3.2%) |
| White and Black Caribbean |
619 (0.1%) |
602 (0.1%) |
17 (0.1%) |
| White and Black African |
425 (<0.1%) |
413 (<0.1%) |
12 (<0.1%) |
| White and Asian |
830 (0.2%) |
797 (0.2%) |
33 (0.3%) |
| Any other mixed background |
1,031 (0.2%) |
997 (0.2%) |
34 (0.3%) |
| Indian |
5,951 (1.2%) |
5,830 (1.2%) |
121 (1.0%) |
| Pakistani |
1,835 (0.4%) |
1,802 (0.4%) |
33 (0.3%) |
| Bangladeshi |
236 (<0.1%) |
231 (<0.1%) |
5 (<0.1%) |
| Any other Asian background |
1,814 (0.4%) |
1,787 (0.4%) |
27 (0.2%) |
| Caribbean |
4,515 (0.9%) |
4,423 (0.9%) |
92 (0.7%) |
| African |
3,393 (0.7%) |
3,368 (0.7%) |
25 (0.2%) |
| Any other Black background |
123 (<0.1%) |
120 (<0.1%) |
3 (<0.1%) |
| Unknown |
900 |
888 |
12 |
| hh_inc |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
49,830 (10%) |
48,773 (10%) |
1,057 (8.5%) |
| Do not know |
21,300 (4.3%) |
20,811 (4.3%) |
489 (3.9%) |
| Less than 18,000 |
97,180 (20%) |
94,819 (20%) |
2,361 (19%) |
| 18,000 to 30,999 |
108,157 (22%) |
105,536 (22%) |
2,621 (21%) |
| 31,000 to 51,999 |
110,751 (22%) |
107,797 (22%) |
2,954 (24%) |
| 52,000 to 100,000 |
86,250 (17%) |
83,864 (17%) |
2,386 (19%) |
| Greater than 100,000 |
22,927 (4.6%) |
22,305 (4.6%) |
622 (5.0%) |
| Unknown |
6,014 |
5,959 |
55 |
| emplyment |
|
|
|
| None of the above |
2,800 (0.6%) |
2,726 (0.6%) |
74 (0.6%) |
| Prefer not to answer |
2,079 (0.4%) |
2,044 (0.4%) |
35 (0.3%) |
| In paid employment or self-employed |
287,080 (57%) |
279,515 (57%) |
7,565 (60%) |
| Retired |
166,968 (33%) |
163,370 (33%) |
3,598 (29%) |
| Looking after home and/or family |
13,855 (2.8%) |
13,472 (2.8%) |
383 (3.1%) |
| Unable to work because of sickness or disability |
16,823 (3.4%) |
16,273 (3.3%) |
550 (4.4%) |
| Unemployed |
8,263 (1.6%) |
8,049 (1.6%) |
214 (1.7%) |
| Doing unpaid or voluntary work |
2,326 (0.5%) |
2,259 (0.5%) |
67 (0.5%) |
| Full or part-time student |
1,343 (0.3%) |
1,296 (0.3%) |
47 (0.4%) |
| Unknown |
872 |
860 |
12 |
| qualifications |
|
|
|
| None of the above |
85,259 (17%) |
83,636 (17%) |
1,623 (13%) |
| Prefer not to answer |
5,490 (1.1%) |
5,403 (1.1%) |
87 (0.7%) |
| College or University degree |
161,127 (32%) |
156,280 (32%) |
4,847 (39%) |
| A levels/AS levels or equivalent |
55,308 (11%) |
53,810 (11%) |
1,498 (12%) |
| O levels/GCSEs or equivalent |
105,175 (21%) |
102,667 (21%) |
2,508 (20%) |
| CSEs or equivalent |
26,885 (5.4%) |
26,254 (5.4%) |
631 (5.0%) |
| NVQ or HND or HNC or equivalent |
32,724 (6.6%) |
31,962 (6.6%) |
762 (6.1%) |
| Other professional qualifications eg: nursing, teaching |
25,799 (5.2%) |
25,232 (5.2%) |
567 (4.5%) |
| Unknown |
4,642 |
4,620 |
22 |
| age_cat |
|
|
|
| [37,47] |
90,200 (18%) |
87,290 (18%) |
2,910 (23%) |
| (47,53] |
87,868 (17%) |
85,538 (17%) |
2,330 (19%) |
| (53,58] |
86,917 (17%) |
84,690 (17%) |
2,227 (18%) |
| (58,61] |
70,417 (14%) |
68,862 (14%) |
1,555 (12%) |
| (61,65] |
93,139 (19%) |
91,133 (19%) |
2,006 (16%) |
| (65,73] |
73,868 (15%) |
72,351 (15%) |
1,517 (12%) |
| age_eczema |
24.0 (5.0-47.0) |
NA (NA-NA) |
24.0 (5.0-47.0) |
| Unknown |
489,864 |
489,864 |
0 |
| age_psoriasis |
29.0 (16.0-46.0) |
28.0 (15.0-45.0) |
36.0 (17.0-51.0) |
| Unknown |
496,835 |
484,579 |
12,256 |
| psoriasis |
|
|
|
| 0 |
496,835 (99%) |
484,579 (99%) |
12,256 (98%) |
| 1 |
5,574 (1.1%) |
5,285 (1.1%) |
289 (2.3%) |
| age_anxiety |
44.0 (32.0-53.0) |
44.0 (33.0-53.0) |
40.0 (27.2-50.0) |
| Unknown |
495,686 |
483,423 |
12,263 |
| anxiety |
|
|
|
| 0 |
495,686 (99%) |
483,423 (99%) |
12,263 (98%) |
| 1 |
6,723 (1.3%) |
6,441 (1.3%) |
282 (2.2%) |
| age_depression |
43.0 (32.0-52.0) |
44.0 (33.0-52.0) |
40.0 (27.0-49.0) |
| Unknown |
474,210 |
462,751 |
11,459 |
| depression |
|
|
|
| 0 |
474,210 (94%) |
462,751 (94%) |
11,459 (91%) |
| 1 |
28,199 (5.6%) |
27,113 (5.5%) |
1,086 (8.7%) |
| age_smi |
34.0 (25.0-44.0) |
34.0 (25.0-44.0) |
32.0 (25.0-42.0) |
| Unknown |
500,223 |
487,741 |
12,482 |
| smi |
|
|
|
| 0 |
500,223 (100%) |
487,741 (100%) |
12,482 (99%) |
| 1 |
2,186 (0.4%) |
2,123 (0.4%) |
63 (0.5%) |
| age_asthma |
30.0 (10.0-45.0) |
30.0 (10.0-45.0) |
13.0 (4.0-35.0) |
| Unknown |
444,147 |
435,277 |
8,870 |
| asthma |
|
|
|
| 0 |
444,147 (88%) |
435,277 (89%) |
8,870 (71%) |
| 1 |
58,262 (12%) |
54,587 (11%) |
3,675 (29%) |
| age_psoarth |
45.0 (35.0-52.0) |
45.0 (35.0-52.0) |
45.0 (35.0-53.8) |
| Unknown |
501,471 |
488,948 |
12,523 |
| psoarth |
|
|
|
| 0 |
501,471 (100%) |
488,948 (100%) |
12,523 (100%) |
| 1 |
938 (0.2%) |
916 (0.2%) |
22 (0.2%) |
| age_hayfever_allergicrhinitis |
21.0 (12.0-38.0) |
21.0 (12.0-38.0) |
15.0 (9.0-30.0) |
| Unknown |
474,265 |
464,253 |
10,012 |
| hayfever_allergicrhinitis |
|
|
|
| 0 |
474,265 (94%) |
464,253 (95%) |
10,012 (80%) |
| 1 |
28,144 (5.6%) |
25,611 (5.2%) |
2,533 (20%) |
| allergic_touchscreen |
115,636 (23%) |
106,424 (22%) |
9,212 (73%) |
| bmi |
26.7 (24.1-29.9) |
26.7 (24.2-29.9) |
26.6 (23.9-29.8) |
| Unknown |
10,136 |
9,917 |
219 |
| mod_exercise |
|
|
|
| -3 |
2,272 (0.5%) |
2,223 (0.5%) |
49 (0.4%) |
| -1 |
24,114 (4.8%) |
23,567 (4.8%) |
547 (4.4%) |
| 0 |
61,140 (12%) |
59,395 (12%) |
1,745 (14%) |
| 1 |
38,275 (7.6%) |
37,126 (7.6%) |
1,149 (9.2%) |
| 2 |
69,765 (14%) |
67,928 (14%) |
1,837 (15%) |
| 3 |
71,483 (14%) |
69,740 (14%) |
1,743 (14%) |
| 4 |
47,177 (9.4%) |
46,010 (9.4%) |
1,167 (9.3%) |
| 5 |
71,406 (14%) |
69,779 (14%) |
1,627 (13%) |
| 6 |
26,429 (5.3%) |
25,787 (5.3%) |
642 (5.1%) |
| 7 |
89,468 (18%) |
87,441 (18%) |
2,027 (16%) |
| Unknown |
880 |
868 |
12 |
| vig_exercise |
|
|
|
| -3 |
4,114 (0.8%) |
4,037 (0.8%) |
77 (0.6%) |
| -1 |
22,581 (4.5%) |
22,126 (4.5%) |
455 (3.6%) |
| 0 |
178,181 (36%) |
173,455 (35%) |
4,726 (38%) |
| 1 |
66,828 (13%) |
64,959 (13%) |
1,869 (15%) |
| 2 |
75,032 (15%) |
73,174 (15%) |
1,858 (15%) |
| 3 |
65,250 (13%) |
63,687 (13%) |
1,563 (12%) |
| 4 |
30,689 (6.1%) |
29,975 (6.1%) |
714 (5.7%) |
| 5 |
32,436 (6.5%) |
31,704 (6.5%) |
732 (5.8%) |
| 6 |
9,426 (1.9%) |
9,231 (1.9%) |
195 (1.6%) |
| 7 |
16,992 (3.4%) |
16,648 (3.4%) |
344 (2.7%) |
| Unknown |
880 |
868 |
12 |
| met_score |
217,838 (54%) |
212,648 (54%) |
5,190 (51%) |
| Unknown |
100,108 |
97,796 |
2,312 |
| age_alcohol |
38.0 (25.0-47.0) |
38.0 (25.0-47.0) |
33.0 (24.0-43.0) |
| Unknown |
501,601 |
489,081 |
12,520 |
| alcohol |
|
|
|
| 0 |
501,601 (100%) |
489,081 (100%) |
12,520 (100%) |
| 1 |
808 (0.2%) |
783 (0.2%) |
25 (0.2%) |
| alcohol_touchscreen |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
603 (0.1%) |
587 (0.1%) |
16 (0.1%) |
| Daily or almost daily |
101,753 (20%) |
99,090 (20%) |
2,663 (21%) |
| Three or four times a week |
115,422 (23%) |
112,448 (23%) |
2,974 (24%) |
| Once or twice a week |
129,269 (26%) |
126,168 (26%) |
3,101 (25%) |
| One to three times a month |
55,840 (11%) |
54,409 (11%) |
1,431 (11%) |
| Special occasions only |
57,996 (12%) |
56,633 (12%) |
1,363 (11%) |
| Never |
40,627 (8.1%) |
39,642 (8.1%) |
985 (7.9%) |
| Unknown |
899 |
887 |
12 |
| age_insomnia |
52.0 (44.8-58.0) |
52.0 (45.0-58.0) |
51.0 (44.0-58.0) |
| Unknown |
500,301 |
487,833 |
12,468 |
| insomnia |
|
|
|
| 0 |
500,301 (100%) |
487,833 (100%) |
12,468 (99%) |
| 1 |
2,108 (0.4%) |
2,031 (0.4%) |
77 (0.6%) |
| insomnia_touchscreen |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
612 (0.1%) |
594 (0.1%) |
18 (0.1%) |
| Never/rarely |
120,753 (24%) |
117,887 (24%) |
2,866 (23%) |
| Sometimes |
238,787 (48%) |
232,827 (48%) |
5,960 (48%) |
| Usually |
141,364 (28%) |
137,675 (28%) |
3,689 (29%) |
| Unknown |
893 |
881 |
12 |
| sleep_duration |
7.0 (6.0-8.0) |
7.0 (6.0-8.0) |
7.0 (6.0-8.0) |
| Unknown |
889 |
877 |
12 |
| smoking |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
2,057 (0.4%) |
2,014 (0.4%) |
43 (0.3%) |
| Never |
273,473 (55%) |
266,678 (55%) |
6,795 (54%) |
| Previous |
173,024 (35%) |
168,653 (34%) |
4,371 (35%) |
| Current |
52,962 (11%) |
51,638 (11%) |
1,324 (11%) |
| Unknown |
893 |
881 |
12 |
| socsup_activity |
|
|
|
| 0 |
154,046 (31%) |
150,153 (31%) |
3,893 (31%) |
| 1 |
348,363 (69%) |
339,711 (69%) |
8,652 (69%) |
| socsup_visits |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
1,563 (0.3%) |
1,534 (0.3%) |
29 (0.2%) |
| Do not know |
1,716 (0.3%) |
1,676 (0.3%) |
40 (0.3%) |
| Almost daily |
57,756 (12%) |
56,414 (12%) |
1,342 (11%) |
| 2-4 times a week |
152,010 (31%) |
148,248 (31%) |
3,762 (30%) |
| About once a week |
176,376 (35%) |
171,923 (35%) |
4,453 (36%) |
| About once a month |
66,477 (13%) |
64,688 (13%) |
1,789 (14%) |
| Once every few months |
33,147 (6.7%) |
32,260 (6.6%) |
887 (7.1%) |
| Never or almost never |
7,405 (1.5%) |
7,220 (1.5%) |
185 (1.5%) |
| No friends/family outside household |
1,305 (0.3%) |
1,269 (0.3%) |
36 (0.3%) |
| Unknown |
4,654 |
4,632 |
22 |
| healthrating |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
365 (<0.1%) |
359 (<0.1%) |
6 (<0.1%) |
| Do not know |
2,203 (0.4%) |
2,155 (0.4%) |
48 (0.4%) |
| Excellent |
81,845 (16%) |
80,117 (16%) |
1,728 (14%) |
| Good |
288,965 (58%) |
281,808 (58%) |
7,157 (57%) |
| Fair |
105,342 (21%) |
102,472 (21%) |
2,870 (23%) |
| Poor |
22,769 (4.5%) |
22,045 (4.5%) |
724 (5.8%) |
| Unknown |
920 |
908 |
12 |
| year_entry |
|
|
|
| 2006 |
3,796 (0.8%) |
3,786 (0.8%) |
10 (<0.1%) |
| 2007 |
49,808 (9.9%) |
48,173 (9.8%) |
1,635 (13%) |
| 2008 |
187,157 (37%) |
182,338 (37%) |
4,819 (38%) |
| 2009 |
173,407 (35%) |
168,920 (34%) |
4,487 (36%) |
| 2010 |
88,241 (18%) |
86,647 (18%) |
1,594 (13%) |
| age_hes_anxiety |
52.5 (45.0-58.6) |
52.5 (45.0-58.6) |
49.7 (43.8-56.0) |
| Unknown |
499,929 |
487,453 |
12,476 |
| hes_anxiety |
|
|
|
| 0 |
499,929 (100%) |
487,453 (100%) |
12,476 (99%) |
| 1 |
2,480 (0.5%) |
2,411 (0.5%) |
69 (0.6%) |
| age_hes_depression |
51.3 (44.1-57.8) |
51.4 (44.2-57.8) |
50.2 (40.1-55.4) |
| Unknown |
496,794 |
484,418 |
12,376 |
| hes_depression |
|
|
|
| 0 |
496,794 (99%) |
484,418 (99%) |
12,376 (99%) |
| 1 |
5,615 (1.1%) |
5,446 (1.1%) |
169 (1.3%) |
| age_hes_eczema |
53.8 (45.5-59.8) |
54.0 (46.0-59.9) |
52.6 (44.6-59.0) |
| Unknown |
501,704 |
489,367 |
12,337 |
| hes_eczema |
|
|
|
| 0 |
501,704 (100%) |
489,367 (100%) |
12,337 (98%) |
| 1 |
705 (0.1%) |
497 (0.1%) |
208 (1.7%) |
| age_hes_psoriasis |
54.3 (47.0-59.4) |
54.3 (46.9-59.4) |
56.1 (50.4-59.8) |
| Unknown |
501,196 |
488,689 |
12,507 |
| hes_psoriasis |
|
|
|
| 0 |
501,196 (100%) |
488,689 (100%) |
12,507 (100%) |
| 1 |
1,213 (0.2%) |
1,175 (0.2%) |
38 (0.3%) |
| age_hes_smi |
48.3 (41.4-55.0) |
48.3 (41.5-55.2) |
45.7 (39.1-53.3) |
| Unknown |
501,043 |
488,530 |
12,513 |
| hes_smi |
|
|
|
| 0 |
501,043 (100%) |
488,530 (100%) |
12,513 (100%) |
| 1 |
1,366 (0.3%) |
1,334 (0.3%) |
32 (0.3%) |
| date_mh_survey |
17,050.0 (17,038.0-17,065.0) |
17,050.0 (17,038.0-17,065.0) |
17,050.0 (17,038.0-17,065.0) |
| Unknown |
345,065 |
336,918 |
8,147 |
| ever_anxious_worried |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
786 (0.5%) |
766 (0.5%) |
20 (0.5%) |
| Do not know |
9,672 (6.1%) |
9,314 (6.1%) |
358 (8.1%) |
| No |
107,860 (69%) |
105,112 (69%) |
2,748 (62%) |
| Yes |
38,995 (25%) |
37,724 (25%) |
1,271 (29%) |
| Unknown |
345,096 |
336,948 |
8,148 |
| ever_depressed_sad |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
406 (0.3%) |
396 (0.3%) |
10 (0.2%) |
| No |
70,984 (45%) |
69,232 (45%) |
1,752 (40%) |
| Yes |
85,923 (55%) |
83,288 (54%) |
2,635 (60%) |
| Unknown |
345,096 |
336,948 |
8,148 |
| ever_soughthelp |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
228 (0.1%) |
224 (0.1%) |
4 (<0.1%) |
| Do not know |
309 (0.2%) |
302 (0.2%) |
7 (0.2%) |
| No |
95,329 (61%) |
92,975 (61%) |
2,354 (54%) |
| Yes |
61,447 (39%) |
59,415 (39%) |
2,032 (46%) |
| Unknown |
345,096 |
336,948 |
8,148 |
| happy |
|
|
|
| Prefer not to answer |
129 (<0.1%) |
128 (<0.1%) |
1 (<0.1%) |
| Do not know |
777 (0.5%) |
747 (0.5%) |
30 (0.7%) |
| Extremely happy |
15,652 (9.9%) |
15,328 (10%) |
324 (7.4%) |
| Very happy |
69,435 (44%) |
67,637 (44%) |
1,798 (41%) |
| Moderately happy |
62,597 (40%) |
60,672 (40%) |
1,925 (44%) |
| Moderately unhappy |
6,909 (4.4%) |
6,653 (4.4%) |
256 (5.8%) |
| Very unhappy |
1,382 (0.9%) |
1,331 (0.9%) |
51 (1.2%) |
| Extremely unhappy |
432 (0.3%) |
420 (0.3%) |
12 (0.3%) |
| Unknown |
345,096 |
336,948 |
8,148 |


2022
Festival Lineup
Festival Lineup
| Stage: | Payton Stage | Island Stage | Patte Arena | Pipe Band Arena |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11:00-12:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 12:00-1:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 1:00-2:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 2:00-3:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 3:00-4:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 4:00-5:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| Stage: | Payton Stage | Island Stage | Patte Arena | Pipe Band Arena |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11:00-12:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 12:00-1:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 1:00-2:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 2:00-3:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 3:00-4:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |
| 4:00-5:00PM | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced | To be announced |


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Stock Market Analysis and Prediction is the project on technical analysis, visualization and prediction using data proved by NEPSE(Nepal Stock Exchange). The core objective of this project is t comparatively analysie the effectiveness of different prediction algorithms on stock market data and provide general insight on this data to user through visualization.
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Fraser island is a place of exceptional beauty, with its long uninterrupted white beaches flanked by strikingly coloured sand cliffs, and over 100 freshwater lakes, some tea-coloured and others clear and blue all ringed by white sandy beaches. Ancient rainforests grow in sand along the banks of fast-flowing, crystal-clear creeks. Fraser Island is the only place in the world where tall rainforests are found growing on sand dunes at elevations of over 200 metres. The low "wallum" heaths on the island are of particular evolutionary and ecological significance, and provide magnificent wildflower displays in spring and summer.


| < Day Day Up > |
Hack 97 Run Native Java Applications
Until recently, running Java applications on FreeBSD meant using the Linux compatibility mode. Linux programs can sometimes be problematic on FreeBSD. Java© uses threading very heavily, and that's probably the poorest-emulated part of Linux binary compatibility. Some Java applications or class libraries just don't work correctly under Linux emulation. Native versions of the Java distribution had restrictive licenses, and it required a great deal of work to download and compile them. Fortunately, the FreeBSD Foundation has negotiated a FreeBSD Java license with Sun Microsystems. This hack demonstrates how to configure the FreeBSD version of Java.
9.10.1 Choosing Which Java Port to InstallThe first requirement for running Java applications is a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the associated runtime support libraries. There are several Java Runtime Environments (JREs) or Java Development Kits (JDKs) available in ports.
The main criteria for choosing a port are:
Unless you have a specific requirement for an earlier version, choose the latest stable release, which, as of this writing, is Java 1.4.2. The native version, found in /usr/ports/java/jdk14, will give you the best performance, but you will have to compile it yourself. That is more easily said than done: compiling the JDK requires a great deal of disk space and CPU power, as well as a working copy of the 1.4.2 JDK. The first time you compile, you will have to install one of the Linux JDKs, such as the recommended /usr/ports/java/linux-sun-jdk14, but once you have a working native JDK, you can use it to compile any updates and uninstall the Linux version.
If you need a precompiled native version, choose one of the Diablo Java 1.3.1 ports. These use the same code base as the /usr/ports/java/jdk13 port, and they're certified, licensed, and released through the sponsorship provided by the FreeBSD Foundation (http://www.freebsdfoundation.org/downloads/java.shtml). Diablo JDK 1.4 and JRE 1.4 versions are under development, but not yet available. The Diablo Java packages are standard FreeBSD packages, so you can install them via pkd_add. However, you're better off installing from the Diablo ports, as that will provide you with the correct dependencies. For example, to install the Latte Diablo JRE 1.3.1 port, visit http://www.freebsdfoundation.org/cgi-bin/download.cgi?package=diablo-jre-1.3.1-0.tar.bz2. Read and accept the license terms, and save the downloaded file as /usr/ports/distfiles/diablo-jre-1.3.1-0.tar.bz2. Then: # cd /usr/ports/java/diablo-jre13 # make install 9.10.2 Running Java ApplicationsStarting up any Java application means running a Java Virtual Machine, which in turn loads a named Java class. That class is the entry point for the program. The JVM always requires the CLASSPATH environment variable to contain a list of .jar archives that store all of the Java classes required by the application. You can provide extra arguments to the JVM—to limit its use of memory or other system resources, for example—and the application itself may take further command-line arguments. 9.10.3 Standalone Java ApplicationsMany Java applications provide a shell script to set up the environment and to execute the JVM with the appropriate arguments. A typical example is ant (see /usr/ports/devel/apache-ant), the Java equivalent to make. The installation process edits the script that will become /usr/local/bin/ant to use the Java version used when building the port. However, you can override the default Java version within the script by setting the JAVA_HOME environment variable: % setenv JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk14 9.10.4 JavavmwrapperGiven the wide variety of JVMs available under FreeBSD, adding code to all Java application wrapper scripts or otherwise configuring standalone Java applications to use the correct JVM could become a maintenance nightmare. Fortunately, the /usr/ports/java/javawmwrapper port provides the /usr/local/bin/javavm script, which all applications can run to discover the site's default JVM. javavm's configuration file, /usr/local/etc/javavms, contains a list of installed JVMs in the order of their preference. Installing or removing a JVM through ports will modify this file. You can also edit it by hand. 9.10.5 AppletsIn the case of a Java applet, the web browser starts the JVM and downloads and runs the applet from the Web. Applets run in a special sandbox that denies them access to most of the local system, except for the browser window. Java support in web browsers derived from Netscape (including Mozilla, Firebird, and Galeon) uses a plug-in that comes standard with the JDK. For the native JDK 1.4.2, the plug-in is /usr/local/jdk1.4.2/jre/plugin/i386/ns610/libjavaplugin_oji.so. To make this plug-in available to web browsers, create a symlink to this file from /usr/X11R6/lib/browser_plugins: # cd /usr/X11R6/lib/browser_plugins # ln -s /usr/local/jdk1.4.2/jre/plugin/i386/ns610/libjavaplugin_oji.so . Launch a web browser and type about:plugins into the location bar. You should see an entry for the "Java(TM) Plug-in," which claims to handle about 30 MIME types, all variants on application/x-java-something.
9.10.6 ServletsA servlet is all or part of a web application written in Java. It runs through a servlet container application, which abstracts out all of the common server-side functionality. Tomcat (/usr/ports/www/jakarta-tomcat41) and Jetty (/usr/ports/www/jetty) are two examples of these applications. The servlet container application runs in much the same way as standalone Java applications. 9.10.7 Java WebStartWebStart is a web-based mechanism for downloading and updating Java applications. Use the Preferences menu item in javaws to control the JVM that will run the WebStart-ed applications. Unlike applets, the downloaded applications run independently of the web browser. You don't need to download them again each time they run. They also have full access to the underlying system. The javaws application is a standard part of Java 1.4 or above. It lives in ${JAVA_HOME}/jre/javaws/javaws. 9.10.8 See Also
|
| < Day Day Up > |


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This demo is an example of a combined Bar and Line. In this case, the
Line is a spline
but it doesn't have to be. In fact there's a button
beneath the chart that you can use to toggle whether it's a spline
(curvy) or
a regular angular Line. All this button does is toggle the
spline
setting and then redraw the canvas
.
In RGraph, combining a Bar chart and a Line chart is made easy by the
CombinedChart
class. You can see
this being used in the code below. It simply takes the Bar and the Line
objects and sets the correct settings on them and then draws the chart. But
normally you would want only one set of labels (ie the Bar or the
Line) drawn, however here the Bar charts labels are on one side
and the Line chart labels are on the other. So after the combo class has
been drawn, the Y-axis
labels are turned back on for the Line chart object and
everything is redrawn. You can see how this is done in the code below.
The CombinedChart
class is freely
usable by you in a very similar way to the other RGraph classes. It's
created in the same way and you pass it an array of objects - which usually
is a combination of Bar and Line objects. You can give it more types if you
want.
Apart from this, the chart has "larger than the default" text and the Bar
uses a gradient for the fill color: Gradient(#A18AC5:#D1AAF5)
The responsive
function reduces the size of the chart, the size of the text on the
chart and the margins. The function is added to both the Bar and the Line chart and the Line chart
version also reduces its linewidth
.
  Put this where you want the chart to show up:

 <canvas id="cvs" width="750" height="250" style="background-color: #555; border: 5px solid black; border-radius: 7px; box-shadow: 2px 2px 3px gray">[No canvas support]</canvas>
 <button style="border-radius: 5px; font-size: 20px; margin: 10px; padding: 7px" onclick="line.set('spline', !line.get('spline')); RGraph.redraw()">Toggle spline</button>
This is the code that generates the chart - it should be placed AFTER the
canvas
tag(s):


Welcome to the Akira Project! Here, we present and explore the English translation of the Akira anime script. When we began this project, we imagined that the script would be readily available especially for such a popular anime. We were shocked to find otherwise. The only available script was a rip from the 2001 DVD release by Pioneer: Akira Remastered. This website, which we launched in the 30th year of Akira's release, provides the first annotated version of the English translation made from the original Japanese animated movie from 1988. This project is special because:
The project analyzes the theme of control in the popular anime "Akira". Many characters possess, desire, gain, abuse, and lose control throughout the film. Follow the links above to read the script, explore the power scenes, and access the TEI code.


This command output the message digest of a supplied file or files in hexadecimal, and also generates and verifies digital signatures using message digests.
The generic name, openssl dgst, may be used with an option specifying the algorithm to be used. The default digest is sha256. A supported digest name may also be used as the sub-command name. To see the list of supported algorithms, use openssl list -digest-algorithms
Print out a usage message.
Specifies name of a supported digest to be used. See option -list below :
Prints out a list of supported message digests.
Print out the digest in two digit groups separated by colons, only relevant if the -hex option is given as well.
Print out BIO debugging information.
Digest is to be output as a hex dump. This is the default case for a "normal" digest as opposed to a digital signature. See NOTES below for digital signatures using -hex.
Output the digest or signature in binary form.
Set the output length for XOF algorithms, such as shake128 and shake256. This option is not supported for signing operations.
For OpenSSL providers it is recommended to set this value for shake algorithms, since the default values are set to only supply half of the maximum security strength.
For backwards compatibility reasons the default xoflen length for shake128 is 16 (bytes) which results in a security strength of only 64 bits. To ensure the maximum security strength of 128 bits, the xoflen should be set to at least 32.
For backwards compatibility reasons the default xoflen length for shake256 is 32 (bytes) which results in a security strength of only 128 bits. To ensure the maximum security strength of 256 bits, the xoflen should be set to at least 64.
Output the digest in the "coreutils" format, including newlines. Used by programs like sha1sum(1).
Filename to output to, or standard output by default.
Digitally sign the digest using the given private key. Note this option does not support Ed25519 or Ed448 private keys. Use the openssl-pkeyutl(1) command instead for this.
The format of the key to sign with; unspecified by default. See openssl-format-options(1) for details.
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations. Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
The private key password source. For more information about the format of arg see openssl-passphrase-options(1).
Verify the signature using the public key in "filename". The output is either "Verified OK" or "Verification Failure".
Verify the signature using the private key in "filename".
The actual signature to verify.
Create a hashed MAC using "key".
The openssl-mac(1) command should be preferred to using this command line option.
Create MAC (keyed Message Authentication Code). The most popular MAC algorithm is HMAC (hash-based MAC), but there are other MAC algorithms which are not based on hash, for instance gost-mac algorithm, supported by the gost engine. MAC keys and other options should be set via -macopt parameter.
The openssl-mac(1) command should be preferred to using this command line option.
Passes options to MAC algorithm, specified by -mac key. Following options are supported by both by HMAC and gost-mac:
Specifies MAC key as alphanumeric string (use if key contain printable characters only). String length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac.
Specifies MAC key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte). Key length must conform to any restrictions of the MAC algorithm for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac.
The openssl-mac(1) command should be preferred to using this command line option.
Compute HMAC using a specific key for certain OpenSSL-FIPS operations.
See "Random State Options" in openssl(1) for details.
See "Engine Options" in openssl(1). This option is deprecated.
The engine is not used for digests unless the -engine_impl option is used or it is configured to do so, see "Engine Configuration Module" in config(5).
When used with the -engine option, it specifies to also use engine id for digest operations.
See "Provider Options" in openssl(1), provider(7), and property(7).
File or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is used.
To create a hex-encoded message digest of a file:
openssl dgst -md5 -hex file.txt
or
openssl md5 file.txt
To sign a file using SHA-256 with binary file output:
openssl dgst -sha256 -sign privatekey.pem -out signature.sign file.txt
or
openssl sha256 -sign privatekey.pem -out signature.sign file.txt
To verify a signature:
openssl dgst -sha256 -verify publickey.pem \
-signature signature.sign \
file.txt
The digest mechanisms that are available will depend on the options used when building OpenSSL. The openssl list -digest-algorithms
command can be used to list them.
New or agile applications should use probably use SHA-256. Other digests, particularly SHA-1 and MD5, are still widely used for interoperating with existing formats and protocols.
When signing a file, this command will automatically determine the algorithm (RSA, ECC, etc) to use for signing based on the private key's ASN.1 info. When verifying signatures, it only handles the RSA, DSA, or ECDSA signature itself, not the related data to identify the signer and algorithm used in formats such as x.509, CMS, and S/MIME.
A source of random numbers is required for certain signing algorithms, in particular ECDSA and DSA.
The signing and verify options should only be used if a single file is being signed or verified.
Hex signatures cannot be verified using openssl. Instead, use "xxd -r" or similar program to transform the hex signature into a binary signature prior to verification.
The openssl-mac(1) command is preferred over the -hmac, -mac and -macopt command line options.
The default digest was changed from MD5 to SHA256 in OpenSSL 1.1.0. The FIPS-related options were removed in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
The -engine and -engine_impl options were deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0.
Copyright 2000-2022 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.


Pune court rejects activist Gautam Navlakha's bail plea
The court also refused to extend the protection from arrest given to him by the Supreme Court.
by PTIA sessions court in Pune on November 12 rejected the anticipatory bail plea of activist Gautam Navlakha in the Elgar Parishad-Maoist links case.
The court also refused to extend the protection from arrest given to him by the Supreme Court.
Navlakha had moved the sessions court on November 5 to seek anticipatory bail.
According to Pune Police, "inflammatory" speeches and "provocative" statements made at the Elgar Parishad conclave held here on December 31, 2017, triggered caste violence at Koregaon Bhima in the district on January 1, 2018.
The police alleged that the conclave was backed by Maoists.
During further probe, it arrested ten Left-leaning activists including Sudha Bhradwaj and Varavara Rao, accusing them of having links with Naxals. Navlakha was named as accused but was not arrested.
After the Bombay High Court dismissed his plea seeking quashing of the case, Navlakha moved the Supreme Court which granted him interim protection from arrest and said he could seek anticipatory bail from the local court. Navlakha and the other accused are facing a case under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA).Get access to India's fastest growing financial subscriptions service Moneycontrol Pro for as little as Rs 599 for first year. Use the code "GETPRO". Moneycontrol Pro offers you all the information you need for wealth creation including actionable investment ideas, independent research and insights & analysis For more information, check out the Moneycontrol website or mobile app.


Public Types | |
| enum | NAMESPACE_CONSTRAINT { NSCONSTRAINT_ANY = 1, NSCONSTRAINT_NOT = 2, NSCONSTRAINT_DERIVATION_LIST = 3 } |
| enum | PROCESS_CONTENTS { PC_STRICT = 1, PC_SKIP = 2, PC_LAX = 3 } |
Public Member Functions | |
Constructors | |
| XSWildcard (SchemaAttDef *const attWildCard, XSAnnotation *const annot, XSModel *const xsModel, MemoryManager *const manager=XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager) | |
| The default constructor. | |
| XSWildcard (const ContentSpecNode *const elmWildCard, XSAnnotation *const annot, XSModel *const xsModel, MemoryManager *const manager=XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager) | |
Destructor | |
| ~XSWildcard () | |
XSWildcard methods | |
| NAMESPACE_CONSTRAINT | getConstraintType () const |
| Namespace constraint: A constraint type: any, not, list. | |
| StringList * | getNsConstraintList () |
| Namespace constraint. | |
| PROCESS_CONTENTS | getProcessContents () const |
| [process contents]: one of skip, lax or strict. | |
| XSAnnotation * | getAnnotation () const |
| Optional. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| NAMESPACE_CONSTRAINT | fConstraintType |
| PROCESS_CONTENTS | fProcessContents |
| StringList * | fNsConstraintList |
| XSAnnotation * | fAnnotation |
| XSWildcard::XSWildcard | ( | SchemaAttDef *const | attWildCard, | |
| XSAnnotation *const | annot, | |||
| XSModel *const | xsModel, | |||
| MemoryManager *const | manager = XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager | |||
| ) |
The default constructor.
| attWildCard | ||
| annot | ||
| xsModel | ||
| manager | The configurable memory manager |
| XSWildcard::XSWildcard | ( | const ContentSpecNode *const | elmWildCard, | |
| XSAnnotation *const | annot, | |||
| XSModel *const | xsModel, | |||
| MemoryManager *const | manager = XMLPlatformUtils::fgMemoryManager | |||
| ) |
| XSWildcard::~XSWildcard | ( | ) |
| XSWildcard::NAMESPACE_CONSTRAINT XSWildcard::getConstraintType | ( | ) | const |
| StringList * XSWildcard::getNsConstraintList | ( | ) |
Namespace constraint.
For constraintType
NSCONSTRAINT_DERIVATION_LIST
, the list contains allowed namespaces. For constraintType
NSCONSTRAINT_NOT
, the list contains disallowed namespaces.
References fNsConstraintList.
| XSWildcard::PROCESS_CONTENTS XSWildcard::getProcessContents | ( | ) | const |
[process contents]: one of skip, lax or strict.
Valid constants values are: PC_SKIP, PC_LAX, PC_STRICT
.
References fProcessContents.
| XSAnnotation * XSWildcard::getAnnotation | ( | ) | const |
NAMESPACE_CONSTRAINT XSWildcard::fConstraintType [protected] |
Referenced by getConstraintType().
PROCESS_CONTENTS XSWildcard::fProcessContents [protected] |
Referenced by getProcessContents().
StringList* XSWildcard::fNsConstraintList [protected] |
Referenced by getNsConstraintList().
XSAnnotation* XSWildcard::fAnnotation [protected] |
Referenced by getAnnotation().


| DOSE: |
95 mg |
oral |
6-APB |
(capsule) |
6:30pm Weighed and capped two 95mg portions of 6-APB powder.
7:00pm Partner and I swallowed the capsules, 95mg each.
7:45pm I'm feeling a +1. Very mild butterflies, but no placebo.
8:15pm Arriving at a +2. Definite warm rushes in chest and stomach, partner reports the same.
8:45pm We've peaked at a very 2C-like +3, but with significantly less body load. Time has slowed and feeling very relaxed.
9:30pm Decided we are at a plateau in terms of intensity, still +3. I can see some MD-ishness, jaw tremors, much eye-twitching. Still mostly 2C-like.
11:30pm Both feel a decline in intensity, coming down.
1:00am Slowly dragging to a halt. Definitely overstaying its welcome.
2:30am Partner and I are both asleep.
I have a lot of experience with chemicals in this family over my 15 or so years of off-and-on research. I'll say it right out, 6-APB (please dont call it Benzo anything) reminded me far more of a 2C than a MD anything. Very vanilla to me, like 2C-I - you know it's there, and it will be there for a while, but otherwise is completely unremarkable. I felt no real euphoria at all in comparison to methylone, mephedrone or MDMA. I felt no emotional push towards what I consider to be my happy e-space.
 I felt rather numbed, like a there was a thin gause over my skin. No tactile enhancement for me, partner concurs. We had some excellent adult time, but what 6-APB lent to the experience was mental and emotional (if anything) and I had to go after it. Concentration was very difficult, but when I found the right space, the head and body rushes were enjoyable.
This gave me no stimulation at all, and my partner and I both agreed that we felt lazily relaxed for the duration. Amazingly enough, we both fell readily to sleep and I seriously mean sleep. Deeper and longer sleep than I am ever usually capable of, and I woke up 13 hours later still feeling buzzed off the 6-APB. Very uncharacteristic of substances in this genre (for me anyway).
Communication was easy, but decisions were impossible. We spent hours channel surfing, tearing through all our on demand movie services and DVD collections. Never could decide what to put on. Same for music too. Very frustrating logic loops that render one completely incapable of reaching a decision. That usually only happens to me when I'm crashing from something.
I saw some very mild visual distortions, but nothing even close to a visual, though that's par for the course for me - I've seldom had much luck experiencing visuals. Flickering, imbalances in light, colors maybe a bit more vivid. Nothing so dramatic as breathing walls. Only LSD consistently gives me visuals worthy of mention.
No urge to redose.
In summary, 6-APB is a decent RC. Great for supplementing any extended outing or event. Concerts would be cool, but I would use it for something more along the lines of a fishing trip, or a movie since this stuff lends itself well to relaxing. Nothing that involves intense concentration or critical thinking though. Honestly, I wouldn't buy it again. Meph is way better for my purposes with a duration is much more suitable to my lifestyle. 6-APB just sticks around too long and offers too little for the time spent waiting for it to start and, in particular, finish.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Ruby Classes
What goes where and why? Translating a real world object to a class
2/3/2016
Enumerable
Using partition to create an array of the items you want and a separate array for what's leftover
1/31/2016
Issues in Tech
Privacy vs Security and compromise we all could live with
1/23/2016
Arrays vs Hashes
A comparison of Integer-indexed vs Object-indexed collections of data
1/22/2016
CSS
So what's the difference between static, relative, absolute, and fixed positioning?
1/17/2016
Git & GitHub
What is version control and why is it important?
12/30/2015


At 4:30 a.m., necessary funds to purchase seeds or crops will be withdrawn from our castle vault.
If the funds isn't enough at this hour, manor will not operate for a day. Please do not forget about it.
At 8 p.m., left over purchase budget from purchases of previous day will be re-deposited to the vault.
Sale price and reward price of seeds and crops cannot be set below 60%, or above 1000% of the standard price.
Quantity set up is different from regular seeds and improved seeds.
In case of regular kind, purchase amount can be a little higher than our castle's seed sales amount due to higher chance of harvest. But, in case of improved kind, purchase amount is lower than the seed sales amount due to lower chance of harvest. Please keep that in mind.
Within this range, manor should be set where farmers and the lord can all be satisfied with the lord's decision.
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