56. Certainly, the applicants, while taking advantage of such non-compliance, cannot be permitted to continue to pollute the environment indiscriminately. They are expected to carry on their industrial and commercial activities subject to the law in force. They are required to discharge the trade effluents strictly in accordance with the specified parameters. 101 Admittedly, all these units had started their operations without obtaining the consent of the Board, which was the statutory obligation of the applicants. The unit owners cannot be permitted to take advantage of their own wrong and violation of their statutory obligations to comply with the provisions of Section 25 of the Water Act.
57. In any case, their grievance of not having been provided with an opportunity of being heard by the Board loses its significance now because we have heard every applicant at length. Upon hearing them, it becomes evident that all these applicants had started their operations without obtaining consent of the Board and were polluting the environment; some of them did not even apply for the consent and their operations are environmentally prejudicial. They did not have the consent even from the Trust for discharging their effluents into the CETP. Post-action is not uncommon in law, particularly when non-compliance with the principles of natural justice, has not caused any prejudice to the affected party. Having heard the applicants at length and perused the records, we are of the considered view that even as of today, no prejudice has been caused to the applicants, much less an irretrievable injury or prejudice.
58. Keeping in view the principle of sustainable development, the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case and the time for which these industries have been in operation, we do not 102 propose to direct their closure forthwith but would issue appropriate directions to enable them to operate while ensuring that there is no pollution. It would be necessary for us to examine the effect and impact of the impugned directions with reference to the violation of the principles of natural justice.
59. In the present case, some of the applicants have been served with a notice before passing of the directions under Section 33A of the Water Act.
60. In the case of O.A. No.367 of 2013, the notice to show cause as to why a direction for closure be not issued, was served by the Board on 27th September, 2010. The order directing closure of the unit under Section 33A of the Water Act was made on 27th August, 2012. The applicant had made an application for obtaining consent of the Board in the meanwhile which was also declined and the consent to operate was refused vide order dated 13th August, 2012. In other words, this unit was given a reasonable opportunity before the direction under Section 33A of the Water Act was issued. This unit was even inspected by a team of the officers of the Board on 27th September, 2011 and was found to be a polluting industry, which ultimately led to refusal of the consent. Further, this unit claims that it had established its own pollution treatment CETP as well as reverse osmosis system and is no longer a polluting industry. It is the claim of the 103 unit that after installation of the said anti-pollution devices, it had applied for obtaining the consent of the Board, which application is pending and has not been finally disposed of by the Board. Still, in some other cases, notices have been issued to the applicants before passing of the direction for closure under Section 33A of the Water Act. Indisputably, there are cases where the Board has issued directions under Section 33A of the Water Act without strictly complying with the procedure prescribed under Rule 34 of the Water Rules.
61. In those cases, there is violation of the principles of natural justice as well as the prescribed procedure. To that extent, the orders issued against the applicants would be liable to be set aside. But this aspect need not be deliberated upon by us at any greater length for the reason that the High Court, vide its order dated 9th September, 2010, had passed an interim stay of the orders passed by the Board under Section 33A of the Water Act. In other words, all these units have been carrying on their activities under the protection of the order of the Court. The Board had filed an application under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, praying for vacation of the stay order, which remained pending and has been listed before the Tribunal along with these applications.
62. Thus, the impugned orders would, in fact, be liable to be set aside for want of compliance with the mandatory principles of natural justice, as contemplated under Rule 34 of the Water 104 Rules wherever a reasonable opportunity has not been granted including the cases where such opportunity has been granted and show cause notices were served upon the applicants and still there has been some non-compliance with other procedural aspects. Even if the orders passed by the Board under Section 33A of the Act are set aside, still the consequences as of today would remain unchanged, as the applicants have no right to pollute the environment indiscriminately to the disadvantage of the public at large. Its proper regulation in accordance with law thus becomes the most significant aspect of these cases, which we shall shortly deal with.
63. Commonly raised by the applicants in most of these applications is to the order passed by the Trust declining membership/permission to the applicants to discharge their trade effluents into the drain of the Trust, leading to its CETP in that industrial area. The challenge is that the order is entirely arbitrary and without any proper reasons. The impugned orders of the Trust are somewhat similarly worded. It is stated that:
"Your discharge quantity of effluent shown in the application is not justified therefore membership is not granted."
64. According to the applicants, this order, besides being vague, is arbitrary and states no reasons. The reason stated in the impugned order does not show that the authorities have 105 applied their mind and passed the order in accordance with law. Further, it is contended that a large number of industries have been shut in the meanwhile. The calculations made by the Trust are not proper and, in fact, are contrary to the contents of their own website and the information received by the applicants through the process of RTI Act from the Trust itself. The CETP is functioning much below its optimum capacity, which is 20 MLD, as afore-noticed. On the one hand, the Trust is declining membership/consent to discharge the trade effluents of the applicants, while on the other, it has increased the capacity of the existing CETP by three folds. The submission on behalf of the Trust, on the contrary, is that the order might not have been worded rightly but what the Trust intended to inform the applicants was that their applications did not give true disclosure of the effluents that they were going to discharge into the drain and the same was misleading. The permission was declined not on the basis of the capacity of the CETP primarily, but for the misleading statements made by the applicants. However, it was also contended that the Trust would be willing and ready to do the needful to provide membership/permission to the units to discharge their trade effluents into the drain of the CETP once the pipeline is completed and with the aid of the other respondents, the capacity of the existing CETP is increased or an additional CETP is established.
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65. To demonstrate arbitrariness in the action of the respondents in different cases that form part of the present bunch, it is stated on behalf of the applicants that they had written to the Board, that for the existing 12 tables, consent had been granted by the Trust. However, 4 tables out of the said 12 were purchased by the applicants who then applied for the consent. However, the consent for such 12 tables was declined for running their textile industries.
66. To eliminate or repel the ground of arbitrariness from an administrative order, it is necessary that it should be shown that the order in question was the result of a fair play. Fair play in action requires that the procedure adopted must be just and reasonable and that the power has not been exercised other than the ones contemplated under law. The other cases of arbitrariness are where a particular mode is prescribed for doing an act and there is no impediment in adopting the procedure, the deviation to act in a different manner which does not disclose any discernible reasonable principle, shall be labeled as arbitrary. It has also been held by the courts that while the discretion to change the policy in exercise of the executive power, when not trammelled by any statute or rule is wide enough, what is imperative and implicit in terms of Article 14 is that a change in policy must be made fairly and should not give an impression that it was so done arbitrarily 107 or by any ulterior criteria. (Ref. Union of India & Anr. v. International Trading Company & Anr. [(2003) 5 SCC 437].
67. During the course of arguments, it was stated on behalf of the Trust that the CETP was not working to its optimum capacity. This is a matter of serious concern. The inefficient working of the CETP, which has the capacity of 20 MLD and there being so much of pressure for discharge of trade effluents leading to the CETP, would necessarily require the Trust and even for the State Government to ensure that the CETP works to its optimum capacity and not by 5 MLD short. The CETP has the capacity to deal with more trade effluents than what it is presently treating. As of now, 50% of the trade effluents are being put into the river untreated. This is a matter of serious concern for all the authorities and the State Government. This is leading to polluting the river continuously and indiscriminately.
68. If the forms submitted by the applicants were found to be not providing correct information or misleading information, the order should have been passed in a more specific manner. From the affidavits filed before the Tribunal as to what the impugned orders passed by the Trust really mean, it is difficult for the Tribunal to hold that these orders are arbitrary or are without any substance.
69. It is a matter of some satisfaction that the Trust is prepared to take corrective and remedial measures on the one 108 hand and expansion of its plant to ensure prevention and control of pollution by the industries on the other. It appears that the impugned orders were passed by the Trust without proper application of mind and objectivity. Thus, it may not be possible to sustain these orders but at the same time, as the Trust has agreed to take corrective and proper steps, we do not consider it necessary to leave the matter at that stage in the interest of the environment and would pass specific directions in this behalf.
INDUSTRIES WHICH ARE OPERATING OUTSIDE THE INDUSTRIAL AREA
70. It may also be noticed that in Original Applications No. 400(THC)/2013, and 405(THC)/2013, it has been alleged that the textile industries are working outside the industrial area and an order for closure of these industries has been passed by the Board in exercise of its powers under Section 33A of the Water Act. The applicants have also applied to the competent authority for conversion of user of the land from 'agricultural' to 'industrial'. This issue for conversion is stated to be pending before the competent authority. Similarly, there are other cases where the industry is being run adjacent to the industrial area established by RIICO and the Board has issued orders for disconnection of electricity to these industrial units in exercise of its powers under Section 33A of the Water Act. These industries have also applied for conversion of land use from agricultural to industrial or residential to industrial, as 109 the case may be. The applications are stated to be pending before the authorities concerned. The reason stated, on behalf of the respondents, for not dealing with the applications for conversion effectively is said to be the interim order of the High Court in the case of Gulab Kothari v. State of Rajasthan (WP No.1554 of 2004 in the High Court of Rajasthan) whereby the High Court has restrained the authority from converting the user of the land. In that petition, the High Court was concerned that 151 changes had been sanctioned in the Master Plan under Section 25(1), resulting in 25 changes every month. The Court also took note of the fact that changes were also being made in the ecological zone and periphery belt including green belt. Thus, the Court directed the authorities not to effect any change without prior permission of the Court in the ecological zone and periphery belt area including green belt.
RIGHT TO WHOLESOME AND DECENT ENVIRONMENT AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS:
71. While examining the rights and obligations of the various stakeholders, the necessity for due performance of such obligations is one of the most important aspects of environmental jurisprudence. At the very threshold of the discussion on the subject, we may usefully refer to the judgments of this Tribunal in this regard, viz. Application No.237(THC)/2013 (Court on its own Motion v. State of 110 Himachal Pradesh & Ors.), Application No.238(THC)/2013 (Durga Dutt & Ors. v. State of Himachal Pradesh & Ors.) and Application No.239(THC)/2013 (Sher Singh v. State of Himachal Pradesh & Ors.), (All India NGT Reporter 2014(1) Part 3), known as the Rohtang Pass case. The extracts of this judgment are reproduced below:
"11. The citizens of the country have a fundamental right to a wholesome, clean and decent environment. The Constitution of India, in terms of Article 48A, mandates that the State is under a Constitutional obligation to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wild life in the country. By 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, the Parliament, with an object of sensitizing the citizens of their duty, incorporated Article 51A in the Constitution, inter alia, requiring a citizen to protect and improve the natural environment including the forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have a compassion for living creatures. The legislative intent and spirit under Articles 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution find their place in the definition of 'environment' under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (for short the 'Act of 1986'). The legislature enacted various laws like the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and other legislations with the primary object of giving wide dimensions to the laws relating to protection and improvement of environment. It is true that Part III of the Constitution relating to Fundamental Rights does not specifically devote any Article to the Environment or protection thereof per se. However, with the development of law and pronouncement of judgments by the Supreme Court of India, Article 21 of the Constitution has been expanded to take within its ambit the right to a clean and decent environment.
12. The risk of potential harm to the environment and human health resulting from development should be considered by somewhat tilting the balance in favour of the environment and in the larger public interest.
According to "a reasonable person's test", life, public health and ecology have priority over unemployment and loss of revenue. Development and protection of 111 environment are not enemies. Right to a clean and decent environment has been held to be a fundamental right, coupled with an obligation on the part of the State and the citizens.
13. The legal history of our country shows that Supreme Court entered into one of its most creative periods during 1980 onwards. It specifically expanded the fundamental right enshrined in Part III of the Constitution. In the process, the boundaries of fundamental right to life and personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21 were expanded to include environmental protection. The Supreme Court strengthened Article 21 in two ways. First it required laws affecting personal liberty to also pass the tests of Article 14 and Article 19 of the Constitution, thereby ensuring that the procedure depriving a person of his or her personal liberty be reasonable, fair and just. Second, the court recognized several unarticulated liberties that were implied by Article 21. It is by this second method that the Supreme Court interpreted the right to life and personal liberty to include the right to a wholesome environment. ("Environmental Law and Policy in India" 2nd Edition, by Shyam Divan & Armin Rosencranz, Oxford University Press). This principle was initially explained by the Supreme Court in Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra, Dehradun v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1988 SC 2187). Even at the stage of interim order, the Supreme Court articulated the fundamental right to a healthful environment. In Virender Gaur v. State of Haryana [1995 (2) SCC 577], explaining upon this concept, the Supreme Court observed as under:
"Article 21 protects the right to life as a fundamental right. Enjoyment of life... including [the right to live] with human dignity encompasses within its ambit, the protection and preservation of environment, ecological balance free from pollution of air and water, sanitation, without which life cannot be enjoyed. Any contra acts or actions would cause environmental pollution. Environmental, ecological, air, water pollution, etc. should be regarded as amounting to violation of Article 21. Therefore, hygienic environment is an integral facet of right to healthy life and it would be impossible to live with human dignity without a human and healthy environment. ... [T]here is a constitutional imperative on the State Government and the municipalities, not 112 only to ensure and safeguard proper environment but also an imperative duty to take adequate measures to promote, protect and improve both the man-made and the natural environment."
14. The Supreme Court then took the view that the factors governing the quality of life have been included in the expression "life" contained in Article 21 by reason of creative interpretation of the said provision by the Court. It said that Article 21 does not only refer to the necessity to comply with procedural requirements, but also substantive rights of a citizen. It aims at preventive measures as well as payment of compensation in case human rights of a citizen are violated. The provisions of law were to be susceptible or vulnerable to challenge even on the ground of unreasonableness. To examine the legislative impact of environmental laws, it would be necessary to ascertain the object which the legislature seeks to achieve and the intent of the legislature. Where the statute ex facie points out degradation of the environment and change of user envisaged by the Constitution, e.g. existing open space to be used for commercial purposes, it may be necessary to invoke the 'precautionary principle' and ensure protection of environment. ("Environmental and Pollution Laws in India", 2nd Edition, 2010 by Justice T.S. Doabia, Volume I, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur).
15. The Courts have consistently taken the view that right to life includes the right to a decent environment. The right to a clean environment is a guaranteed fundamental right. The Courts could even impose exemplary damages against the polluter. Proper and healthy environment enables people to enjoy a quality of life which is the essence of the right guaranteed under Article 21. The right to have congenial environment for human existence is the right to life. The State has a duty in that behalf and to shed its extravagant unbridled sovereign power and to forge in its policy to maintain ecological balance and hygienic environment. Though Government has power to give directions, that power should be used only to effectuate and further the goals of the approved scheme, zonal plans, etc. If without degrading the environment or minimizing adverse effects thereupon by applying stringent safeguards, it is not possible to carry on development activity applying the principle of sustainable development, in that eventuality, development has to go on because one cannot lose sight of the need for development of industries, irrigation resources, power projects, etc. including the need to improve the employment opportunities and the 113 generation of revenue. So a balance has to be struck. (Durga Das Basu's "Shorter Constitution of India", 14th edition, LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur)."
We may also refer to another judgment of the Tribunal in the case of Kehar Singh v. State of Haryana [All India NGT Reporter 2013 (1) Part 7] where, after referring to various judgments of the Supreme Court of India, the Tribunal held as under:
"27. The word 'environment' is an expression of broad spectrum which inculcates in its sweep both hygienic atmosphere and ecological balance. The right to life with human dignity encompasses within its ambit the preservation of environment, ecological balance free from air and water pollution. It also includes maintaining proper sanitation without which it may not be possible to enjoy life. The conduct or actions, which would cause environmental pollution and disturb the ecological balance should be regarded as violation of Article 21 of the Constitution of India. Therefore, promoting environmental protection implies maintenance of environment as a whole comprising the man-made and the natural environment. It is, therefore, not only the duty of the State but also the duty of every citizen to maintain hygienic environment. Thus, there is a constitutional imperative on the State Governments and the municipalities to take adequate measures to promote, protect and improve both the man-made and the natural environment (Refer: Virender Gaur vs. State of Haryana (1995) 2 SCC 577)."
"32. While dealing with a social welfare legislation, the provisions and the words therein are to be given a liberal and expanded meaning. Of course, liberal construction does not mean that the words shall be forced out of their natural meaning but they should receive a fair and reasonable interpretation so as to attain the object for which the instrument is designed and the purpose for which it is applied. Both the object and purpose in relation to its application are thus, relevant considerations for interpretation. The Courts have also permitted departure from the rule of literal construction so as to avoid the statute becoming meaningless or futile. In the case of Surjit Singh v. Union of India (1991) 2 SCC 114 87 and Sarajul Sunni Board v. Union of India AIR 1959 SC 198, the Supreme Court has also held that it is not allowable to read words in a statute which are not there, but where the alternative allows, either by supplying words which appear to have been accidentally omitted or by adopting a construction which deprives certain existing words of all meaning, it is permissible to supply the words. It is also a settled cannon that in case of a social or beneficial legislation, the Courts or Tribunals are to adopt a liberal or purposive construction as opposed to the rule of literal construction."
72. The Constitutional and statutory obligations of the stakeholders including the public at large have been clearly mandated where Article 51A(g) of the Constitution places upon every citizen an obligation to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for the living creatures. Under its Directive Principles, Article 48-A require the State to endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. On the clear understanding of these Constitutional and statutory provisions, it cannot be doubted that every industry, every individual and particularly the State and its instrumentalities are expected to maintain and endeavour for a cleaner, wholesome and decent environment. 'Environment' is a term of wide connotation and takes in its ambit everything relating to nature. The definition of environment in the Environmental (Protection) Act of 1986 has been very widely defined and substantiates such approach.
73. In the present case, applicant-industries are causing serious pollution in the stream and/or ground water. 115 Undisputedly, textile industry is a serious polluter. These industrial units do not have their own treatment plants they are discharging their effluents in the stream and or the ground thus, polluting both. The trade effluent discharged by industries in and around the industrial area goes into the river as untreated. It has come on record that nearly 50% of the trade effluent and waste generated by these industries goes untreated into the river.
74. Textile industries transform fibers into yarn and yarn into fabrics or related products. In processing of textiles, the industry uses a number of dyes chemicals, auxiliary chemicals and sizing materials. As a result, contaminated waste water is generated which can cause environmental problems unless treated and disposed of adequately. Rajasthan is also famous for printing & dyeing of low cost, low weight fabric. Jodhpur, Pali, Balotra, Jasol and Bituja are the major clusters of small scale industries engaged in printing and dyeing of low cost fabric.
75. The major operations performed in a typical textile processing industry are desizing, scouring, mercerizing, bleaching, neutralizing, dyeing, printing and finishing. Textile industries generate all three kinds of waste i.e liquid effluents, air emissions and solid wastes. However, liquid effluents are of utmost concern because of their high volume and pollution potential. Quantity and nature of waste generated depend on 116 the fabric being processed, chemicals being used, technology being employed, operating practices etc. The important pollutants present in a typical textile waste effluent are colour, bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), toxic heavy metals, residual chlorine, dissolved solids and non-biodegradable organics termed as refractory materials.
76. The textile units may have utilities such as raw water treatment system, cooling towers, laboratory, workshop(s), fuel storage facilities, residential colony, administrative block, canteen etc. which generate utility waste water and domestic waste water.
77. Main sources of air pollution are boilers(s), thermo pack and diesel generator(s) which generate gaseous pollutants such as suspended particulate matter (SPM), sulphur di oxide gas, oxide of nitrogen gas etc. Textile industry is also a major source of hazardous waste generation.
78. The sources of hazardous waste generation are effluent treatment plant, sludge, used oil, empty containers of dyes and other chemicals etc.
79. From the factual matrix of the case and the records before the Tribunal, the Textile Industries which are operating in Jodhpur and particularly the applicants before the Tribunal, can be categorized as follows: 117 A. Operating in industrial areas (conforming area) and discharging the waste water into the common drain of RIICO carrying waste water to the Common Effluent Treatment Plant operated by the Trust. They are members of the Trust and consent granted by Board. B. Industries located in the same conforming area, discharge waste water into drain, but not members of the Trust nor have consent of Board.
C. Industries located within the boundary areas of defined industrial area and discharging their waste water into the drain but not members of the Trust nor have consent of the Board.
D. Industries spread over agricultural land, some have their own ETP and others do not have, discharge treated/untreated waste water on land. No consent from the Board. Some have even not applied for consent. E. It may be noticed that all the industries are operating by an Interim Order passed against the closure order issued by the Board under Section 33A to disconnect electricity.
1. Now, we may also notice some technical details and performance of the CEPT managed by the Trust and its effect.
2. As the CETP is around 10 years old, the capacity is claimed to be reduced to 80%. Thus the present capacity has been reduced to 12.5 MLD for alkaline waste water and 4 for acidic wastewater.
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3. The CETP includes screen chamber, oil & grease trap, equalization and coagulation in primary treatment systems and activated sludge treatment followed by clarifier in secondary treatment system. Although COD/BOD reductions are achieved through this conventional treatment system, objectionable colour, high TDS levels of effluents remain and effluents are not fit to be discharged to surface water or on land. Hence, tertiary treatment systems are becoming essential for achieving quality fit for its reuse. Hence, advanced treatment is essential.
4. As per the admission of the Trust, out of some 30 MLD waste water coming through the common drain, almost 50% is going without treatment. Larger volume than the treatment capacity in the drain is due to:
(i) Increase in number of member-industries and/or increase in volume of waste water from the member-industries.
(ii) Discharge by other industries who are not members of Trust.
5. Only 15 MLD of acidic waste comes through conduits pipes and treated in the CETP.
80. The above detailed data and other details clearly show the extent and area of water pollution resulting from the working of these industrial units without obtaining the 119 consent of the Board. The CETP of the Trust is performing much below its optimum capacity. This reflects mal- functioning of the CETP. There is a dire need for providing and/or expanding the industrial area to accommodate a large number of industries in existence as well as the ones which are likely to come up in the near future and, thus, will cause further environmental pollution. During the course of inspection, it has come on record that nearly 37.2 MLD is the trade and other effluent-discharge into the drain, leading to the CETP. The CETP is incapable of treating this load of trade effluent even if it was operating at its optimum capacity, which is stated to be 20 MLD. As the situation exists presently, pollution is inevitable. This current extent of pollution will increase with the passage of time and would become an unsolvable issue by the authorities concerned including the State Government. Neither the State Government of Rajasthan nor the RIICO can sit back and see the level of water pollution increasing day by day. However, the ground reality is that there has been planning alone without any action for years now. Thus, the authorities concerned have failed in preventing and controlling the pollution. With the passage of time, the pollution level has increased manifold. It is undisputed that even the underground water in these years has become red and unfit for human consumption. The availability of water is scarce. Whatever water is available, needs to be protected from pollution, whether in streams or 120 ground water. Unless all the stakeholders i.e. the Government, the Industrial Corporation (RIICO), the Trust, the industrial units and even the public at large work in tandem and co-operate with one another in order to achieve the object of pollution-free environment in this industrial area and the surrounding areas, it will never be an achievable object.
81. At this stage, we may appropriately notice a fact that has come on record that lastly, the industrial area that was declared or established by the Government was in the year 1984 whereafter there has been no material expansion or development of any industrial area. The CETP of the Trust is located on 9 acres of land. It has 212 members from the textile industry who are discharging 11.851 MLD effluents while the steel industries 3.15 MLD of effluents. This shows that there is ample scope for expansion of the CETP as well as establishment of a new CETP. The Trust needs to upgrade its CETP, the management of which is vested in the Trust itself though the CETP belongs to RIICO, who is the owner of the industrial estate. Thus, it is important that all these bodies including the State Government take planned actions and within a specified time limit to ensure control of the aggressively increasing trend of the pollution.
82. It has also come on record and was admitted during the course of the hearing that the Trust has already started laying down a separate pipeline for the purpose of collecting the 121 trade effluents discharged by its members. This pipeline is expected to be completed positively by April, 2014. Upon completion of this pipeline, the Trust would be able to collect and treat a higher quantity of trade effluents. Some of the members of the Trust are not just violating the prescribed parameters while discharging their trade effluents but are discharging the effluents three times in excess of the limit prescribed for them. This is due to the poor management and failure of the Trust and the RIICO to provide appropriate checks and balances for control of pollution.
83. A concerted effort by all the stakeholders has to be taken in order to ensure effective control and prevention of pollution while permitting development without irretrievably damaging the environment. The principle of sustainable development and the precautionary principle have to be applied by the Tribunal to the facts and circumstances of the present case. The Tribunal has to adopt an approach which will resolve the serious problem of water and environmental pollution caused by these industries, which has been persisting now for years in this industrial estate. Each stakeholder needs to act in a specific direction and provide financial and other aid so as to ensure that there is no adverse effect on the common objective of a pollution-free environment in the areas in question. 122
84. In the light of the above, we hereby issue the following directions to the respective stakeholders involved in the present case:
DIRECTIONS:
Directions to RIICO, State Government and State Pollution Control Board
(i) In line with the order dated 9th December, 2010 passed by the High Court of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur, we hereby direct the State Government to identify and establish a separate industrial area and also to consider expansion of the existing industrial area at Sangaria Industrial Estate thereby shifting the industries existing around the industrial area as of today to the newly established or expanded, demarcated industrial area.
(ii) The above authorities should ensure that the industries operating in non-conforming areas are gradually shifted to the conforming areas upon establishment of the new industrial estate and/or to the existing industrial estate upon its expansion.
(iii) These authorities shall ensure that the Trust operates its CETP to the optimum capacity of 20 MLD and there is no malfunctioning of the said CETP. They shall also ensure establishment of an additional CETP either near the already existing CETP or at any other place 123 as the authorities concerned may define; positively ensuring that no untreated trade effluent or waste is discharged into the stream/river directly. The RIICO, Trust and RSPCB together should formulate a time targeted action plan for complete wastewater collection, treatment and reuse within one month from the date of this order to achieve zero discharge. This action plan should be implemented as per the schedule. The implementation should be monitored by the Committee constituted under this order to ensure its timely implementation. The Board may give consent to the Trust to operate the CETP to its optimum capacity, provided that collection and disposal of trade-effluent is in conformity with the prescribed standards.
(iv) The State Board shall monitor the quantum of waste water generated periodically for which consent has been granted or will be granted to the industries which are connected to the CETP.
(v) The State Board shall conduct inspection of the CETP of the Trust as well as the industrial units in and around the industrial estate at regular intervals and ensure that they are discharging trade effluents in accordance with the specified limits and prescribed standards.
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(vi) The State Board shall also monitor the functioning of captive ETP of those industries which are operating outside the conforming areas after grant of consent.
(vii) If any industry/unit - whether a member of the Trust or otherwise - fails to make an application for consent within three weeks from the date of this order or if such application is submitted to the Board and the consent applied for is declined/refused, such industry/unit shall be closed until it complies with the conditions/requirements stated by the Board.
(viii) All the industrial units operating in and around the industrial estate and even those operating in the non- conforming areas without consent of the Board shall be liable to pay a sum of Rs.5.00 lakhs each to the State Government/Board for causing pollution during all these years for their having failed to take appropriate measures and establish anti-pollution devices, as required under the law. This shall be a one-time payment on the basis of the 'polluter pays' principle. The amount so collected from all the units shall be utilised exclusively for upgradation/expansion of the existing CETP and for establishment and development of a new industrial estate and CETP to be established in future. The remaining amount, if required, shall be borne by the RIICO and State Government.
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(ix) We hereby direct all the respondents, particularly mentioned under the above head to formulate a well- considered scheme for removal of sludge contributed by the industries into the Jojri river within six months from the pronouncement of this judgment positively.
(x) We hereby constitute a committee of Secretary Environment, State Government of Rajasthan as its Chairman; Member Secretary, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board as its Member Convenor; Senior Environmental Engineer, Central Pollution Control Board; Director of Industries; Senior Representative of Trust and RIICO, who shall supervise and submit a quarterly report to this Tribunal on the progress and implementation of these directions.
Directions to the Trust:
(i) The Trust shall enhance its present capacity to accommodate the entire effluent generated in the industrial area. The treatment should be based on achieving zero discharge which includes the tertiary treatment. The Trust may propose a detailed plan for such augmentation and reuse of wastewater after treatment to achieve zero discharge including the system for charging the units based on volume of waste water and pollution load. Operating the CETP at 80% capacity is not sustainable. There should be 126 proper collection system for the effluent through underground sewerage in order to prevent ground water pollution during transportation of waste water.
(ii) The Trust shall ensure installation of good quality, temper-proof electronic flow meter at the outlet point of each of the industries for regulating the flow allowing the volume of discharge for which consent has been granted. Any additional generation by the Industry shall not be allowed by Board unless they have their own captive treatment plant.
(iii) Other industries located in the industrial area may be allowed by Trust to discharge their waste water after ensuring that the CETP has adequate capacity to treat the additional waste water and the industries have primary treatment facility including RO facilities and consent of the Board and they have paid their share in the cost of the CETP.
(iv) Power back-up arrangement in the form of duly certified D.G. sets should be installed for continuous operation of CETPs even during power failure.
(v) The raw effluents from all the member units should be conveyed to the CETP through closed conduit pipelines only. No raw effluent should be transported through open unlined drains.
(vi) The discharge allowed by the Trust to each member-
unit should be on scientific/rational basis, preferably 127 based on likely effluent quantity generated from the member-units depending on their manufacturing processes/machinery installed and quantity of cloth processed.
(vii) A surveillance mechanism should be created to investigate every instance of non-compliance reported to the RSPCB using fast and modern communication. The RSPCB should have adequate arrangements to immediately respond to the complaint.
(viii) Management of CETP: A manual of standardised procedures for operation and maintenance should be prepared for all the activities of the staff for monitoring the performance of the CETP on regular basis with a surveillance mechanism. These procedures should be mandatory and penalties must be imposed for each default.
(ix) Sludge Disposal: The sludge generated at the CETP should be stored in covered sheds as per the prescribed guidelines and should be preferably co- incinerated in cement kilns or disposed of as per the Hazardous Wastes (Handling and Management) Rules 1989.
(x) In view of dry condition in the receiving river, it is important that no effluent is discharged into the river. It should be reused after proper treatment up to 128 tertiary level. Treated effluent quality of the CETP has to be fit for its reuse. The entire waste water after treatment should be reused.
Directions to Industries operating outside conforming area without consent:
(i) All other textile industries operating outside the conforming area shall be allowed by the Board to operate after they have their captive ETP and the treated waste water should be completely reused. No wastewater should be discharged into any drain or on land. However, as and when an industrial area is established by RIICO, they should be shifted to the new industrial area.
(ii) The reject stream of reverse osmosis process is to be treated along with spent dye bath effluent.
(iii) No discharge of highly polluting effluent, stream or R.O-rejects shall be allowed in any river, drain or on land.
(iv) An electronic, tamper-proof good quality water meter should be installed at the outlet of each of the industries.
(v) All such units should strive for adopting process/CETP modifications which result in waste minimization and conservation of chemicals, energy and water.
129
(vi) The sludge generated from these units should be utilized for co-incineration in cement CETPs. The units should make such arrangement within three months from today.
Directions for Members of the Trust
(i) The industry should have proper consent from RSPCB.
(ii) Industry should obtain membership of the CETP Trust with allowed quantity of effluent discharge. They need to monitor through electronic tamper-proof meter the quantity of the effluent as permitted. They should not let more effluent into CETP than permitted.
(iii) All the individual industries should have adequate primary treatment facility so as to achieve standards prescribed for inlet of CETP. Such facilities should be effectively operated continuously.
(iv) All the member-industries should install electronic, tamper-proof and good quality water meter at the outlet of their primary treatment CETP. Industry should have only one single outlet for discharge of effluent to drain leading to CETP.
130 Directions for the industries along the drain:
(i) All those industries located along the drain and not in the organized industrial area should immediately apply for the membership of CETP.
(ii) The Trust should consider the applications expeditiously and plan for augmenting the treatment capacity based on the total additional volume required to be treated in view of the additional applications.
(iii) These industries should also apply for consent from RSPCB after getting membership from the CETP Trust.
(iv) The industry should install adequate primary treatment facility so as to achieve standards prescribed for inlet of CETP.
(v) The industry should install electronic, tamper-proof and good quality water meter at the outlet of their primary treatment CETP. Industry should have only one single outlet for discharge of effluent into the drain leading to CETP.
84. The directions issued in this judgment shall be complied with within six months from the date of pronouncement of this judgment wherever no specific time limit has been prescribed. If any party needs any clarification or extension of time for 131 complying with the above directions, it shall be at liberty to approach the Tribunal.
85. The above directions shall be complied with by all the stakeholders - the State Government, the RIICO, the Trust, any other public authority or industry - in true spirit and substance and without demur or protest. We make it clear that in the event of any person, authority or Government does not carry out the directions aforestated, shall render them liable for appropriate action in accordance with law, including under Section 28 of the NGT Act.
86. All these applications/writ petitions are disposed of in the above terms while leaving the parties to bear their respective costs.
Hon'ble Mr. Justice Swatanter Kumar Chairperson Hon'ble Mr. Justice M.S. Nambiar Judicial Member Hon'ble Prof. (Dr.) P.C. Mishra Expert Member Hon'ble Dr. R.C. Trivedi Expert Member Dated:
April , 2014 132


Catch the biggest
fish in your life
Annual General Meeting
2018 Annual General Meeting AGM has been set as Friday 26th October, 7pm at the clubrooms - 10 Beach Rd, Patea. Open to the Public, supper & drinks, new committee members needed for 2018/19. Spot prize draw for attendees!
Club Membership
Download membership subscription form
Membership is open to any boat owner or crew member who uses the Patea boat ramp and has many benefits such as the wash down facilities, club rooms, webcam and the fishing competition.
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Club Sponsors
Support our club sponsors
The Patea & Districts Boating Club are lucky to have a number of great sponsors, from providing prizes for the fishing competitions to donating websites. Check them out here.
Quick Contact
Send us a quick note and we'll get back to you as soon as we are back from fishing!
Phone
027 466 7133Location
physical: 2/6 Turi Street, Patea 4520postal: P.O. Box 706, Hawera


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| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| de.ralleytn.simple.vecmath |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Vector3 |
Vector3.absolute() |
Vector3 |
Vector3.add(Vector3 b)
Adds the value of another vector to this one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.clampMax(float max) |
Vector3 |
Vector3.clampMin(float min) |
Vector3 |
Vector3.copy() |
Vector3 |
Vector3.cross(Vector3 b)
Calculates the cross product between this vector and another one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.interpolate(Vector3 b,
float alpha)
Linearly interpolates between this and another three dimensional vector.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.multiply(Matrix3 matrix)
Multiplies this vector with a three dimensional matrix.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.multiply(Matrix4 matrix)
Multiplies this vector with a four dimensional matrix.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.multiply(Vector3 b)
Multiplies this vector with another one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.negate() |
Vector3 |
Vector3.project(Vector4 b)
Projects a four dimensional vector on this one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.rotate(float angle,
Axis axis)
Rotates this vector on a single axis.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.scale(float scale) |
Vector3 |
Vector3.subtract(Vector3 b)
Subtracts the other vector from this one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector2.toVector3()
Converts this vector from a two dimensional to a three dimensional one.
|
Vector3 |
Matrix3.transform(Vector3 vector) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Vector3 |
Vector3.add(Vector3 b)
Adds the value of another vector to this one.
|
float |
Vector3.angle(Vector3 b)
Calculates the angle between this vector and another one.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.cross(Vector3 b)
Calculates the cross product between this vector and another one.
|
float |
Vector3.distance(Vector3 b)
Calculates the distance between this vector and another three dimensional vector.
|
float |
Vector3.distanceL1(Vector3 b)
Calculates the L-1 (Manhattan) distance between this vector and another three dimensional vector.
|
float |
Vector3.distanceLinf(Vector3 b)
Calculates the L-infinite distance between this vector and another three dimensional vector.
|
float |
Vector3.distanceSquared(Vector3 b)
Calculates the squared distance between this vector and another three dimensional vector.
|
float |
Vector3.dot(Vector3 b)
Calculates the dot product between this vector and another one.
|
boolean |
Vector3.epsilonEquals(Vector3 b,
float epsilon)
Returns
true if the L-infinite distance between this vector and the other one
is less than or equal to the epsilon parameter, else false |
Vector3 |
Vector3.interpolate(Vector3 b,
float alpha)
Linearly interpolates between this and another three dimensional vector.
|
Vector3 |
Vector3.multiply(Vector3 b)
Multiplies this vector with another one.
|
Matrix4 |
Matrix4.rotate(Vector3 rotation) |
Matrix4 |
Matrix4.scale(Vector3 scale) |
void |
Vector4.set(Vector3 vec) |
void |
Vector3.set(Vector3 vector)
Sets the values of this vector.
|
void |
Quaternion.set(Vector3 vector) |
Vector3 |
Vector3.subtract(Vector3 b)
Subtracts the other vector from this one.
|
Vector3 |
Matrix3.transform(Vector3 vector) |
Matrix4 |
Matrix4.translate(Vector3 vector) |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Quaternion(Vector3 vector) |
Quaternion(Vector3 vector,
float w) |
Vector3(Vector3 vector)
Constructs a vector from another three dimensional vector.
|
Vector4(Vector3 vector) |
Vector4(Vector3 vector,
float w) |
VectorN(Vector3 vector) |


Software Alarm Words¶
Software alarms are time-based alarms that can be registered with an alarm task, which may be either automatically or explicitly created. Alarm tasks are tasks for which a list of alarms are associated which execute said alarms when the alarms’ times expire. At bootup no alarm tasks are created, but if a default alarm task has not been created at the time that an alarm is first set using a default alarm task, a default alarm task is automatically created with a dictionary size of 320 bytes, a data stack size of 128 bytes, a return stack size of 512 bytes, and a core (relevant to operation on the RP2040) of 0. If a different default alarm task configuration is desired, init-default-alarm-task
is to be used.
Alarms are created with a set delay after a start time, which can be set for convenience to the current time, after which they are triggered, calling their specified execution token, even if the trigger time was in the past when they were created. All times are measured in ticks, which are normally 100 microsecond intervals, with the current time corresponding to systick::systick-counter
. Alarms are one-shot - they must always be manually set again after they are triggered. Alarms also have a set priority; an alarm task takes on the maximum of all the priorities of the currently active alarms associated with it. Alarms have an associated data value, to eliminate the memory cost and complexity of creating a closure for them in many cases. Their execution token has the signature ( data alarm – ) for convenience for accessing their associated data and resetting themselves, for repeated alarms.
Alarms may be dynamically set and unset; note, however, that it is not safe to set an alarm that has already been set and which has not been triggered yet, as setting an alarm assumes that it is uninitialized and initializes it in the process. It is safe to set an alarm which has either been triggered or manually unset again. It is also safe to unset an alarm which has previously been set which has already been triggered or has previously been unset.
Note that all operations are safe to execute from within software alarms, as they do not execute at interrupt time, unlike hardware timers. However, a given software alarm will block any further alarms from executing for the alarm task it is executing under while it executes. If multiple alarms are intended on executing simultaneously multiple alarm tasks are required. However note that alarm tasks are rather heavy-weight since each alarm task instantiates a separate task complete with dictionary, data stack, and return stack.
alarm
¶
The alarm
module contains the following words:
alarm-size
¶
( – bytes )
This returns the size of an alarm structure in bytes.
alarm-task-size
¶
( – bytes )
This returns the size of an alarm task structure in bytes, not including the size of the associated task which is created when the alarm task structure is initialize.
init-alarm-task
¶
( dict-size stack-size rstack-size core alarm-task – )
Initialize an alarm task alarm-task, of size alarm-task-size
, with a dictionary size of dict-size bytes, a data stack size of stack-size bytes, a return stack size of rstack-size, a core of core (on non-RP2040 platforms this must be 0). This will create a task for the alarm task with the name alarm
.
init-default-alarm-task
¶
( dict-size stack-size rstack-size core – )
Initialize a default alarm task, with a dictionary size of dict-size bytes, a data stack size of stack-size bytes, a return stack size of rstack-size, and a core of core (on non-RP2040 platforms this must be 0). If a default alarm task has already been initialized, whether explicitly through this word or implicitly through calling default-alarm-task@
, set-alarm-default
, or set-alarm-delay-default
, x-default-alarm-task-already-inited
will be raised.
default-alarm-task@
¶
( – default-alarm-task )
Get the default alarm task, initializing it (as mentioned above) if it has not already been initialized..
set-alarm
¶
( ticks-delay ticks-start priority data xt alarm alarm-task – )
Set (and initialize) an alarm alarm for alarm-task alarm-task to execute xt with data data with priority priority at ticks-delay (or greater) ticks after ticks-start. It is assumed that alarm is not currently set, where if it is undefined results will occur.
set-alarm-default
¶
( ticks-delay ticks-start priority data xt alarm – )
Set (and initialize) an alarm alarm for the default alarm task, which will be initialized as mentioned above if not already initialized, to execute xt with data data with priority priority at ticks-delay (or greater) ticks after ticks-start. It is assumed that alarm is not currently set, where if it is undefined results will occur.
set-alarm-delay
¶
( ticks-delay priority data xt alarm alarm-task – )
Set (and initialize) an alarm alarm for alarm-task alarm-task to execute xt with data data with priority priority at ticks-delay (or greater) ticks after the current value of systick::systick-counter
. It is assumed that alarm is not currently set, where if it is undefined results will occur.
set-alarm-delay-default
¶
( ticks-delay priority data xt alarm – )
Set (and initialize) an alarm alarm for the default alarm task, which will be initialized as mentioned above if not already initialized, to execute xt with data data with priority priority at ticks-delay (or greater) ticks after the current value of systick::systick-counter
. It is assumed that alarm is not currently set, where if it is undefined results will occur.
unset-alarm
¶
( alarm – )
Unset an alarm that has been previously set (and thus initialized). This is safe even if said alarm has previously been triggered or otherwise unset.
x-default-alarm-task-already-inited
¶
( – )
Default alarm task already initialized exception.


mount st helen age - Extensions
Mount St. Helens | Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Mount St. Helens is the most historically active volcano in the Cascade range, . Mount St. Helens last erupted in 2004-2008, when it produced a series of . http://www.pnsn.org/volcanoes/mount-st-helens
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A simple JavaScript Formatter (47kb)How Old Is the Mount St. Helens Lava Dome? Mar 24, 2009 . The bell curve of probable age starts at about 1.8 billion years, peaks . Henke, K. "Young-Earth Creationist 'Dating' of a Mt. St. Helens Dacite: . http://skeptoid.com/episodes/4146
Mt. Saint Helens and the Age of the Earth - YouTube Jul 19, 2012 . Dr. Brad Harrub reveals evidence from the eruption of the Mt. Saint Helens volcano in 1980 that supports the biblical concept of a young earth. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdoVW8Iqa90 CertMaker for iOS and Android
Pre-1980 Eruptive History of Mount St. Helens, Washington | USGS ... May 12, 2005 . The Swift Creek fan, composed of pyroclastic flows and lahars, buried Cougar- age deposits on the south flank of Mount St. Helens. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3045/
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Mount St. Helens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For the 1980 eruption, see 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. . by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the current ice age. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Helens Download
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Is the Lava Dome at Mount St. Helens Really 1 Million Years Old? 1980's Lava Dome, high atop Mount St. Helens, in Washington State, USA. In August of . When this is done, the age is usually very great, often millions of years. http://www.creationism.org/articles/swenson1.htm Download now (47kb).
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Mount St Helens Mount St Helens, in Washington state, USA, has been in the news again. . Secondly, this was one of the rare occasions when the exact age of the lava being . http://www.rockcollector.co.uk/editorial1004.htm
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(41kb) Outdoors | Recreation at Mount St. Helens, 30 years after the blast ... May 12, 2010 . Hook up with the Mount St. Helens Institute for outdoor science learning for all ages. On Saturday, May 15, the institute offers "It's a Blast: . http://seattletimes.com/html/outdoors/2011801593_nwwsthelens13.html
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CD013.1: K-Ar dating of Mt. St. Helens dacite Aug 20, 2003. to the 1986 dacite flow from the new lava dome at Mount St. Helens, Washington. The whole-rock age was 0.35 +/- 0.05 million years (Mya). http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CD/CD013_1.html
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Mount St. Helens erupts on May 18, 1980 - HistoryLink.org- the Free ... May 15, 2003 . On Saturday May 17, Day Karr, age 37, took his two sons, Day Andrew and Michael Murray, for a weekend camping trip to Mount St. Helens. http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5457
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Professional Paper 1563 - Pre-1980 Tephra-Fall deposits Mount St ... Jan 14, 2013 . A study of the stratigraphy, age, distribution, and characteristics of more than 100 tephra-fall . Direction and distance from Mount St. Helens . http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1563/
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Radio-Dating in Rubble - Answers in Genesis Jun 1, 2001 . And when this is done, the 'age' of most rocks calculated in this way is usually very great, often millions of years. The Mount St Helens lava . http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/cm/v23/n3/radiodating
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Excess argon within mineral concentrates from the new dacite lava ... The lava dome at Mount St Helens dates very much older than its true age because phenocryst minerals inherit argon from the magma. The study of this Mount . http://creation.com/excess-argon-within-mineral-concentrates-from-the-new-dacite-lava-dome-at-mount-st-helens-volcano
Information on the Volcano on Mount St. Helens | USA Today In 1980, volcanic Mount St. Helens startled Washington state and the U.S. by erupting, shaking the surrounding area with an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the . http://traveltips.usatoday.com/information-volcano-mount-st-helens-29830.html
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Mount Saint Helens: Definition from Answers.com Saint Helens , Mount A volcanic peak, 2549 m (8363 ft) high, of the Cascade Range in . to 18,000 years ago during the last glacial period of the current ice age. http://www.answers.com/topic/mount-st-helens
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Eruptive History Jan 14, 2013 . Mount St. Helens is much younger and has been more explosively . Two radiocarbon ages from just underneath tephras erupted during that . http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1563/eruptive.html
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Mount St. Helens hoax - Atlanta Spiritual | Examiner.com Jul 24, 2012 . Well, we have the eruption of Mount St. Helens and the carbon dating test . Radiocarbon (C14) dating is used to determine the age of organic . http://www.examiner.com/article/mount-st-helens-hoax
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Mount St Helens Overnight Adventure: Caves, Craters & Canoes Join Trackers Earth and Mt St. Helens Institute as we team up to explore the famous volcano in our backyard. . Ages 10-14 August 5-9, 2013 Tuition $495 . http://trackerspdx.com/youth/summer-camp/adventure-overnight/mount-st-helens-overnight-adventure.php
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ISCA 2023 A Crash Course on Quantum Computing
Discover the fascinating world of quantum computing tailored for computer architects in our one-day crash course on June 17th, 2023 at the ISCA conference. The goal of this crash course is to provide researchers in CS and ECE with the fundamental background on quantum computing and equip them with the skills to write code and optimize quantum programs on real quantum computers. This tutorial assumes no prior knowledge about quantum computing and by the end, we expect the attendees will be able to follow recent works quantum computing papers from HPCA, MICRO, ISCA, ASPLOS and be in a position to kick-start quantum research independently.
The tutorial will be organized by Poulami Das, Yunong Shi, and Moinuddin Qureshi. Poulami Das is a Ph.D. candidate at Georgia Tech and her research interests are software and architecture for reliable quantum computing. Yunong Shi is a senior scientist at Amazon Braket, leading the quantum compiler science team. Moinuddin Qureshi is a Professor of Computer Science at Georgia Tech.
Tentative Course Schedule
The crash course will be held on June 17th, 2023. Please note that the schedule is subject to change, and we’ll provide more details as they become available.
| Session 1 | Moinuddin Qureshi |
| 8-9:40am | Basics of quantum computation (superposition, entanglement, quantum operations, quantum circuits) |
| Session 2 | Yunong Shi |
| 10-11:40am | Hands-on section on quantum basics and quantum algorithms (Quantum gates and circuits, Bernstein Vazirani algorithm, Grover’s search) |
| Session 3 | Yunong Shi |
| 1-2:30pm | Compilation and error mitigation in NISQ-era (Circuit optimizations, noise-aware circuit mapping, and error mitigation) |
| Session 4 | Poulami Das |
| 2:45-4:15pm | Quantum Error Correction (QEC) basics and challenges (Basics of QEC, 3-qubit code, Steane code, surface code) |
| Session 5 | Moinuddin Qureshi, Yunong Shi, Poulami Das |
| 4:15-4:45pm | Open discussion about on-going research for both NISQ and Fault-Tolerant systems |


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Switchtube TDMS Input¶
For the TDMS format, there are two file types available from the drop down, as shown in Figure 8. To select one or more .tdms files directly use the “.tdms file(s)” option. To select an archive containing TDMS files select the “TMDS .zip file” option.
In addition to the Locate Data tab, the TDMS format uses two additional tabs. In the case of a TDMS .zip file selection, a Select Suffixes tab is displayed, as shown in Figure 9. In the Select Suffixes tab, you have the option of filtering the TDMS files by a file suffix, which is used to tag a TDMS file of the form *_suffix.tdms. The user then has the option to include only TDMS files with specific suffixes. After selecting the TDMS format, the Continue button advances to the Import Options tab.
For both TDMS formats, an Import Options tab is next displayed, as shown in Figure 10. The Import Options tab provides parameters that DAC can use to import incomplete or expected types of data. These options are similar to the options in the PTS Locate Data tab. The “Minimum number of time points in a channel” tells DAC to ignore any time series that have less than the specified number of time points. The “Minimum number of channels in a test” tells DAC to ignore any tests (ensemble members) that do not have at least a certain number of channels (variables) available. These values have defaults of 10 and 2, respectively.
The type of time series expected can be specified as “General”, “Overvoltage”, or “Sprytron”. The default is “General”. These options provide information about the number and type of time series expected in the TDMS files. For TDMS files, unlike DAC Generic Files, time points do not have to match across tests. If they don’t match, the time series can still be combined using the “Intersection” or “Union” options. The “Intersection” option will intersect time points to obtain a common set of time steps, while the “Union” option will extend early or late starting time series using the first or last time series values to match longer channels. Finally, channel units and/or time steps units will be inferred from the data type (“General”, “Overvoltage”, or “Sprytron”) and/or default values generally expected from TDMS data.
Continue advances to the Name Model tab.


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The \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatory argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in
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Marshall plays Toledo
by EndPlayHUNTINGTON, W.Va. - Toledo (0-1) vs. Marshall (1-0)
Henderson Center, Huntington, West Virginia; Sunday, 2 p.m. EST
BOTTOM LINE: Toledo faces Marshall in an early season matchup.
PREVIOUSLY: Toledo snuck away with a 75-74 win over Marshall when these two teams faced off a year ago.
DID YOU KNOW: Each of these teams posted winning records against non-conference competition last season. Toledo went 11-2 against schools outside its conference, while Marshall went 11-6 in such games.
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This was generated by Automated Insights, http://www.automatedinsights.com/ap, using data from STATS LLC, https://www.stats.com


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How to perform vector calculus in curvilinear coordinates#
This tutorial introduces some vector calculus capabilities of SageMath within the 3-dimensional Euclidean space. The corresponding tools have been developed via the SageManifolds project.
The tutorial is also available as a Jupyter notebook, either
passive (nbviewer
)
or interactive (binder
).
Using spherical coordinates#
To use spherical coordinates \((r,\theta,\phi)\) within the Euclidean 3-space
\(\mathbb{E}^3\), it suffices to declare the latter with the keyword
coordinates='spherical'
:
sage: E.<r,th,ph> = EuclideanSpace(coordinates='spherical')
sage: E
Euclidean space E^3
Thanks to the notation <r,th,ph>
in the above declaration, the coordinates
\((r,\theta,\phi)\) are immediately available as three symbolic variables r
,
th
and ph
(there is no need to declare them via var()
, i.e. to
type r, th, ph = var('r th ph')
):
sage: r is E.spherical_coordinates()[1]
True
sage: (r, th, ph) == E.spherical_coordinates()[:]
True
sage: type(r)
<class 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
Moreover, the coordinate LaTeX symbols are already set:
sage: latex(th)
{\theta}
The coordinate ranges are:
sage: E.spherical_coordinates().coord_range()
r: (0, +oo); th: (0, pi); ph: [0, 2*pi] (periodic)
\(\mathbb{E}^3\) is endowed with the orthonormal vector frame \((e_r, e_\theta, e_\phi)\) associated with spherical coordinates:
sage: E.frames()
[Coordinate frame (E^3, (∂/∂r,∂/∂th,∂/∂ph)),
Vector frame (E^3, (e_r,e_th,e_ph))]
In the above output, (∂/∂r,∂/∂th,∂/∂ph)
=
\(\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial r}, \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}, \frac{\partial}{\partial \phi}\right)\)
is the coordinate frame associated with \((r,\theta,\phi)\); it is
not an orthonormal frame and will not be used below. The default frame is
the orthonormal one:
sage: E.default_frame()
Vector frame (E^3, (e_r,e_th,e_ph))
Defining a vector field#
We define a vector field on \(\mathbb{E}^3\) from its components in the orthonormal vector frame \((e_r,e_\theta,e_\phi)\):
sage: v = E.vector_field(r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r,
....: r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)*cos(th),
....: 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th), name='v')
sage: v.display()
v = (r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r) e_r + r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th) e_th
+ 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th) e_ph
We can access to the components of \(v\) via the square bracket operator:
sage: v[1]
r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r
sage: v[:]
[r*sin(2*ph)*sin(th)^2 + r, r*cos(th)*sin(2*ph)*sin(th), 2*r*cos(ph)^2*sin(th)]
A vector field can evaluated at any point of \(\mathbb{E}^3\):
sage: p = E((1, pi/2, pi), name='p')
sage: p
Point p on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: p.coordinates()
(1, 1/2*pi, pi)
sage: vp = v.at(p)
sage: vp
Vector v at Point p on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: vp.display()
v = e_r + 2 e_ph
We may define a vector field with generic components:
sage: u = E.vector_field(function('u_r')(r,th,ph),
....: function('u_theta')(r,th,ph),
....: function('u_phi')(r,th,ph),
....: name='u')
sage: u.display()
u = u_r(r, th, ph) e_r + u_theta(r, th, ph) e_th + u_phi(r, th, ph) e_ph
sage: u[:]
[u_r(r, th, ph), u_theta(r, th, ph), u_phi(r, th, ph)]
Its value at the point \(p\) is then:
sage: up = u.at(p)
sage: up.display()
u = u_r(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_r + u_theta(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_th
+ u_phi(1, 1/2*pi, pi) e_ph
Differential operators in spherical coordinates#
The standard operators \(\mathrm{grad}\), \(\mathrm{div}\), \(\mathrm{curl}\), etc.
involved in vector calculus are accessible as methods on scalar fields and
vector fields (e.g. v.div()
). However, to allow for standard mathematical
notations (e.g. div(v)
), let us import the functions
grad()
, div()
,
curl()
and
laplacian()
:
sage: from sage.manifolds.operators import *
Gradient#
We first introduce a scalar field, via its expression in terms of Cartesian coordinates; in this example, we consider a unspecified function of \((r,\theta,\phi)\):
sage: F = E.scalar_field(function('f')(r,th,ph), name='F')
sage: F.display()
F: E^3 → ℝ
(r, th, ph) ↦ f(r, th, ph)
The value of \(F\) at a point:
sage: F(p)
f(1, 1/2*pi, pi)
The gradient of \(F\):
sage: grad(F)
Vector field grad(F) on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: grad(F).display()
grad(F) = d(f)/dr e_r + d(f)/dth/r e_th + d(f)/dph/(r*sin(th)) e_ph
sage: norm(grad(F)).display()
|grad(F)|: E^3 → ℝ
(r, th, ph) ↦ sqrt((r^2*(d(f)/dr)^2 + (d(f)/dth)^2)*sin(th)^2
+ (d(f)/dph)^2)/(r*sin(th))
Divergence#
The divergence of a vector field:
sage: s = div(u)
sage: s.display()
div(u): E^3 → ℝ
(r, th, ph) ↦ ((r*d(u_r)/dr + 2*u_r(r, th, ph)
+ d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th) + cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)
+ d(u_phi)/dph)/(r*sin(th))
sage: s.expr().expand()
2*u_r(r, th, ph)/r + cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r*sin(th))
+ diff(u_theta(r, th, ph), th)/r + diff(u_phi(r, th, ph), ph)/(r*sin(th))
+ diff(u_r(r, th, ph), r)
For \(v\), we have:
sage: div(v).expr()
3
Curl#
The curl of a vector field:
sage: s = curl(u)
sage: s
Vector field curl(u) on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: s.display()
curl(u) = (cos(th)*u_phi(r, th, ph) + sin(th)*d(u_phi)/dth
- d(u_theta)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_r - ((r*d(u_phi)/dr + u_phi(r, th, ph))*sin(th)
- d(u_r)/dph)/(r*sin(th)) e_th + (r*d(u_theta)/dr + u_theta(r, th, ph)
- d(u_r)/dth)/r e_ph
For \(v\), we have:
sage: curl(v).display()
curl(v) = 2*cos(th) e_r - 2*sin(th) e_th
The curl of a gradient is always zero:
sage: curl(grad(F)).display()
curl(grad(F)) = 0
The divergence of a curl is always zero:
sage: div(curl(u)).display()
div(curl(u)): E^3 → ℝ
(r, th, ph) ↦ 0
Laplacian#
The Laplacian of a scalar field:
sage: s = laplacian(F)
sage: s.display()
Delta(F): E^3 → ℝ
(r, th, ph) ↦ ((r^2*d^2(f)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(f)/dr
+ d^2(f)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + cos(th)*sin(th)*d(f)/dth
+ d^2(f)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
sage: s.expr().expand()
2*diff(f(r, th, ph), r)/r + cos(th)*diff(f(r, th, ph), th)/(r^2*sin(th))
+ diff(f(r, th, ph), th, th)/r^2 + diff(f(r, th, ph), ph, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
+ diff(f(r, th, ph), r, r)
The Laplacian of a vector field:
sage: Du = laplacian(u)
sage: Du.display()
Delta(u) = ((r^2*d^2(u_r)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_r)/dr - 2*u_r(r, th, ph)
+ d^2(u_r)/dth^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th)^2 - ((2*u_theta(r, th, ph)
- d(u_r)/dth)*cos(th) + 2*d(u_phi)/dph)*sin(th) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_r
+ ((r^2*d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_theta)/dr + 2*d(u_r)/dth + d^2(u_theta)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2
+ cos(th)*sin(th)*d(u_theta)/dth - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph - u_theta(r, th, ph)
+ d^2(u_theta)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_th
+ ((r^2*d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_phi)/dr
+ d^2(u_phi)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + (cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth + 2*d(u_r)/dph)*sin(th)
+ 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph - u_phi(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) e_ph
Since this expression is quite lengthy, we may ask for a display component by component:
sage: Du.display_comp()
Delta(u)^1 = ((r^2*d^2(u_r)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_r)/dr - 2*u_r(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_r)/dth^2
- 2*d(u_theta)/dth)*sin(th)^2 - ((2*u_theta(r, th, ph) - d(u_r)/dth)*cos(th)
+ 2*d(u_phi)/dph)*sin(th) + d^2(u_r)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
Delta(u)^2 = ((r^2*d^2(u_theta)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_theta)/dr + 2*d(u_r)/dth
+ d^2(u_theta)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2 + cos(th)*sin(th)*d(u_theta)/dth
- 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph - u_theta(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
Delta(u)^3 = ((r^2*d^2(u_phi)/dr^2 + 2*r*d(u_phi)/dr + d^2(u_phi)/dth^2)*sin(th)^2
+ (cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth + 2*d(u_r)/dph)*sin(th) + 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph
- u_phi(r, th, ph) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
We may expand each component:
sage: for i in E.irange():
....: s = Du[i].expand()
sage: Du.display_comp()
Delta(u)^1 = 2*d(u_r)/dr/r - 2*u_r(r, th, ph)/r^2
- 2*cos(th)*u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)) + cos(th)*d(u_r)/dth/(r^2*sin(th))
+ d^2(u_r)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*d(u_theta)/dth/r^2 - 2*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th))
+ d^2(u_r)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_r)/dr^2
Delta(u)^2 = 2*d(u_theta)/dr/r + 2*d(u_r)/dth/r^2 + cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dth/(r^2*sin(th))
+ d^2(u_theta)/dth^2/r^2 - 2*cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
- u_theta(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_theta)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
+ d^2(u_theta)/dr^2
Delta(u)^3 = 2*d(u_phi)/dr/r + cos(th)*d(u_phi)/dth/(r^2*sin(th))
+ d^2(u_phi)/dth^2/r^2 + 2*d(u_r)/dph/(r^2*sin(th))
+ 2*cos(th)*d(u_theta)/dph/(r^2*sin(th)^2) - u_phi(r, th, ph)/(r^2*sin(th)^2)
+ d^2(u_phi)/dph^2/(r^2*sin(th)^2) + d^2(u_phi)/dr^2
As a test, we may check that these formulas coincide with those of Wikipedia’s article Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Using cylindrical coordinates#
The use of cylindrical coordinates \((\rho,\phi,z)\) in the Euclidean space \(\mathbb{E}^3\) is on the same footing as that of spherical coordinates. To start with, one has simply to declare:
sage: E.<rh,ph,z> = EuclideanSpace(coordinates='cylindrical')
The coordinate ranges are then:
sage: E.cylindrical_coordinates().coord_range()
rh: (0, +oo); ph: [0, 2*pi] (periodic); z: (-oo, +oo)
The default vector frame is the orthonormal frame \((e_\rho,e_\phi,e_z)\) associated with cylindrical coordinates:
sage: E.default_frame()
Vector frame (E^3, (e_rh,e_ph,e_z))
and one may define vector fields from their components in that frame:
sage: v = E.vector_field(rh*(1+sin(2*ph)), 2*rh*cos(ph)^2, z,
....: name='v')
sage: v.display()
v = rh*(sin(2*ph) + 1) e_rh + 2*rh*cos(ph)^2 e_ph + z e_z
sage: v[:]
[rh*(sin(2*ph) + 1), 2*rh*cos(ph)^2, z]
sage: u = E.vector_field(function('u_rho')(rh,ph,z),
....: function('u_phi')(rh,ph,z),
....: function('u_z')(rh,ph,z),
....: name='u')
sage: u.display()
u = u_rho(rh, ph, z) e_rh + u_phi(rh, ph, z) e_ph + u_z(rh, ph, z) e_z
sage: u[:]
[u_rho(rh, ph, z), u_phi(rh, ph, z), u_z(rh, ph, z)]
Differential operators in cylindrical coordinates#
sage: from sage.manifolds.operators import *
The gradient:
sage: F = E.scalar_field(function('f')(rh,ph,z), name='F')
sage: F.display()
F: E^3 → ℝ
(rh, ph, z) ↦ f(rh, ph, z)
sage: grad(F)
Vector field grad(F) on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: grad(F).display()
grad(F) = d(f)/drh e_rh + d(f)/dph/rh e_ph + d(f)/dz e_z
The divergence:
sage: s = div(u)
sage: s.display()
div(u): E^3 → ℝ
(rh, ph, z) ↦ (rh*d(u_rho)/drh + rh*d(u_z)/dz + u_rho(rh, ph, z) + d(u_phi)/dph)/rh
sage: s.expr().expand()
u_rho(rh, ph, z)/rh + diff(u_phi(rh, ph, z), ph)/rh + diff(u_rho(rh, ph, z), rh)
+ diff(u_z(rh, ph, z), z)
The curl:
sage: s = curl(u)
sage: s
Vector field curl(u) on the Euclidean space E^3
sage: s.display()
curl(u) = -(rh*d(u_phi)/dz - d(u_z)/dph)/rh e_rh + (d(u_rho)/dz - d(u_z)/drh) e_ph
+ (rh*d(u_phi)/drh + u_phi(rh, ph, z) - d(u_rho)/dph)/rh e_z
The Laplacian of a scalar field:
sage: s = laplacian(F)
sage: s.display()
Delta(F): E^3 → ℝ
(rh, ph, z) ↦ (rh^2*d^2(f)/drh^2 + rh^2*d^2(f)/dz^2 + rh*d(f)/drh
+ d^2(f)/dph^2)/rh^2
sage: s.expr().expand()
diff(f(rh, ph, z), rh)/rh + diff(f(rh, ph, z), ph, ph)/rh^2
+ diff(f(rh, ph, z), rh, rh) + diff(f(rh, ph, z), z, z)
The Laplacian of a vector field:
sage: Du = laplacian(u)
sage: Du.display()
Delta(u) = (rh^2*d^2(u_rho)/drh^2 + rh^2*d^2(u_rho)/dz^2 + rh*d(u_rho)/drh
- u_rho(rh, ph, z) - 2*d(u_phi)/dph + d^2(u_rho)/dph^2)/rh^2 e_rh
+ (rh^2*d^2(u_phi)/drh^2 + rh^2*d^2(u_phi)/dz^2 + rh*d(u_phi)/drh
- u_phi(rh, ph, z) + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2 + 2*d(u_rho)/dph)/rh^2 e_ph
+ (rh^2*d^2(u_z)/drh^2 + rh^2*d^2(u_z)/dz^2 + rh*d(u_z)/drh
+ d^2(u_z)/dph^2)/rh^2 e_z
sage: for i in E.irange():
....: s = Du[i].expand()
sage: Du.display_comp()
Delta(u)^1 = d(u_rho)/drh/rh - u_rho(rh, ph, z)/rh^2 - 2*d(u_phi)/dph/rh^2
+ d^2(u_rho)/dph^2/rh^2 + d^2(u_rho)/drh^2 + d^2(u_rho)/dz^2
Delta(u)^2 = d(u_phi)/drh/rh - u_phi(rh, ph, z)/rh^2 + d^2(u_phi)/dph^2/rh^2
+ 2*d(u_rho)/dph/rh^2 + d^2(u_phi)/drh^2 + d^2(u_phi)/dz^2
Delta(u)^3 = d(u_z)/drh/rh + d^2(u_z)/dph^2/rh^2 + d^2(u_z)/drh^2 + d^2(u_z)/dz^2
Again, we may check that the above formulas coincide with those of Wikipedia’s article Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Changing coordinates#
Given the expression of a vector field in a given coordinate system, SageMath can compute its expression in another coordinate system, see the tutorial How to change coordinates


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Developers only need to include the charts4j.jar in their classpath. It is available in the charts4j.zip file. The application must also be connected to the Internet because the charts are ultimately rendered by the Google Chart API server.
Developers who are using charts4j for the first time should start off by examining the {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.Data} and {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.DataUtil} classes. Next, they can build charts via the {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.GCharts} static factory class.
All data provided to charts4j is expressed as numbers between 0 and 100. If your data does not fall in that range, you will have to scale it so it does fall in that range. The {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.DataUtil} class can help scale data. Also note that {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.AbstractAxisChart#setGrid(double,double,int,int) grids}, {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.AxisLabelsFactory axis labels positions}, {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.Markers markers} are all expressed in the 0 to 100 range so that chart elements defined by the developer snap together consistently and nicely.
Another interesting feature of charts4j: {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.Plot}s can be incorporated into more than one chart type. In particular, they can be incorporated into
Chart URLs {@link com.googlecode.charts4j.GChart#toURLString() generated} by charts4j can then be incorporated into a web or Internet application. In a JSP / Servlet environment, generate the URL in the servlet and insert that URL in the JSP for display of the chart.
1. As of May 2009, the chart types that are not supported are QR Codes, map pins, sticky notes, information bubbles, text with outline. There are also a few other Google Chart API features that have not been exposed in charts4j. If this is a problem for you please submit an issue, and we will look into it as soon as possible.


Draw applies a random color to each stroke by default.
Double-click the color palette to return to random.


Various 1D/2D/3D filterbanks (hardcoded). USAGE FB = FbMake( dim, flag, [show] ) INPUTS dim - dimension flag - controls type of filterbank to create - if d==1 1: gabor filter bank for spatiotemporal stuff - if d==2 1: filter bank from Serge Belongie 2: 1st/2nd order DooG filters. Similar to Gabor filterbank. 3: similar to Laptev&Lindberg ICPR04 4: decent seperable steerable? filterbank 5: berkeley filterbank for textons papers 6: symmetric DOOG filters - if d==3 1: decent seperable steerable filterbank show - [0] figure to use for optional display OUTPUTS EXAMPLE FB = FbMake( 2, 1, 1 ); See also FBAPPLY2D Piotr's Computer Vision Matlab Toolbox Version 2.0 Copyright 2014 Piotr Dollar. [pdollar-at-gmail.com] Licensed under the Simplified BSD License [see external/bsd.txt]


Access Control Schemes | |
The DocAccessHook procedure provides support for Apache-style .htaccess files. This is enabled by default. Here is an explanation of .htaccess files by Piet Vloet. A web-based utility to maintain .htaccess Access Control can be run by the webmaster here, here is a brief guide for new installations.
Another feature implemented by DocAccessHook is support for .tclaccess files. These files are short Tcl scripts that define two variables: "realm" and "callback". The browser will display the realm string in the password prompt. The server will invoke the procedure named by the callback variable to check the password.
Examples using .tclaccess files
To be able to run the examples you have to create the files
/usr/local/htaccess/passwd and /usr/local/htaccess/group.
Samples can be found in the htaccess subdirectory
of the distribution.
The password for a user is identical to its username.
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Justice Gulzar Ahmed to replace Asif Saeed Khosa as new chief justice of Pakistan
by Aqeel AfzalISLAMABAD: The Ministry of Law and Justice on Friday forwarded a summary to the Prime Minister’s Office for the appointment of Justice Gulzar Ahmed as the new chief justice of Pakistan.
Incumbent Chief Justice Asif Saeed Khosa, who became the country’s top judge in January last year, is retiring on December 20 this year.
Following his retirement Justice Gulzar will take oath as the 27th CJP and serve until February 1st, 2022.
Born in Karachi on February 2, 1957 Justice Gulzar. after completing his education in law, pursued his career as a lawyer and initially served at the Sindh High Court (SHC) in 1986. Subsequently, in 1988 he elevated to the Supreme Court of Pakistan as advocate.
Justice Gulzar sworn in as SHC judge on August 27, 2002 and became the apex court’s judge on November 16, 2011.
He has been part of benches deciding high-profile cases and had authored many landmark judgements Justice Gulzar was part of the bench which heard the famous Panama case and disqualified the ousted prime minister Nawaz Sharif in a historic judgement.


Before Change
train_y = train_y or torch.Tensor()
if isinstance(train_x, Variable):
train_x = train_x.data
if isinstance(train_y, Variable):
train_y = train_y.data
self.register_buffer("train_x", train_x)
self.register_buffer("train_y", train_y)
def forward(self, input, **params):
n = len(self.train_x)
After Change
self.gp_observation_model = gp_observation_model
// Buffers for conditioning on data
if train_xs is not None and train_y is not None:
self.update_data(train_xs, train_y)
def update_data(self, train_xs, train_y):
if isinstance(train_xs, Variable) or isinstance(train_xs, torch._TensorBase):
train_xs = (train_xs,)
train_xs = [input.data if isinstance(input, Variable) else input for input in train_xs]