Speech
Education Secretary Michael Gove speaks to the Royal Society.
Michael Gove speaks to the Royal Society on maths and science
Ladies and gentleman, I feel a little nervous in these surroundings.
I am a journalist by profession, a politician by accident and a historian in my dreams.
I am, therefore, in all too many ways, poorly equipped to address an audience of the nation’s most distinguished mathematicians and scientists.
But, in advancing the argument I want to make today, history is perhaps more of an aid than it might at first appear.
For some, like Karl Marx, the driving force in history was always economics.
For others, like Edward Gibbon, it was theology
More recently some have argued that history is driven by evolutionary biology or geography or simple demography.
But the truth, as I suspect everyone in this room knows, is that history is driven, above all, by mathematics and the power it gives us to understand, predict and control the world.
The emergence of the first, truly great, Western civilization, in the scattered city states of Ancient Greece, was intimately connected with the first systematic thinking about reason, logic and number.
Although Pythagoras himself is a figure shrouded by myth, the Pythagorean revolution he and his disciples set in motion was the prelude to the astonishing flowering of classical philosophy which laid the foundations of the Western world.
On those first foundations men such as Euclid and Archimedes devised a means of making sense of the world which enabled their contemporaries, and successors, to master it. Greece bequeathed her mathematical heritage to Rome and the achievements of the Caesars, their imperial highways, feats of engineering and centralised accounts, were all the fruits of mathematical knowledge.
Rome’s fall was the prelude to Islam’s rise and again mathematical innovation was the leading indicator of historical progress. While Western Europe was sunk in a Dark Age of dynastic squabbling, pagan aggression and superstitious poverty the Islamic world flourished, advanced and subdued its foes while also nurturing a series of mathematical thinkers responsible for transmitting wisdom and generating great historic breakthroughs. Whether it was the establishment of Arabic numerals as the principal method of mathematical notation or the invention of algebra, Arabic and Islamic culture was the world’s forcing-house of progress for centuries.
Europe only caught up again in the sixteenth century, but when we did it was with a burst of mathematical innovation which once more moved the world on its axis. Galileo and Descartes authored advances in mechanics and geometry which were hugely ground-breaking. They were followed by the arguably even greater geniuses of Newton and Leibniz.
Newton, the greatest President this society has had - so far - was the godfather of the Enlightenment, mankind’s great period of intellectual flowering, the liberation from ignorance on which our current freedoms rest.
In the nineteenth century, the greatest mathematicians were Germans - like Karl Friedrich Gauss and Bernard Riemann - reflecting the shift of intellectual innovation, and economic power, to central Europe.
In the twentieth century, the flight of mathematicians like Kurt Godel from a fascist Europe sunk in a new barbarism to a new world of liberty and promise again presaged a fundamental shift in economic, political and intellectual power.
In the last few generations, it has been the breakthroughs of mathematicians and theoretical physicists working in the US that has allowed mankind to progress from only the vaguest and most approximate understanding of our world to precise quantitative models.
Richard Feynman has described the precision of quantum mechanics as like being able to measure the distance from New York to L.A to the nearest hair’s breadth. And for those of us navigating journeys even more fraught and perilous than an odyssey across America - such as driving from West London to Westminster without hitting roadworks - the precision of GPS satellite technology can guide us - and all thanks to the extraordinary precision of relativity’s equations.
And if we want mathematics to guide us into the future, it is easy to see in which direction history is currently moving: East.
The nations of East Asia, large and small, are now in the position the Islamic world was a millennium ago or Europe enjoyed during the Renaissance. Individually, they now increasingly resemble the England of the eighteenth century, the Germany of the nineteenth or the USA in the twentieth.
They are growing rapidly industrially and technologically; integrating more and more of their people into the global economy; investing more and more in maths and science; producing the engineers, technicians, scientists and inventors who will shape tomorrow’s world.
While Europe is chronically indebted, its currency under strain, its growth anaemic, and Continental universities in relative decline, Asia has a massive trade surplus, holds the fate of the dollar in its hands, enjoys surging growth and is developing schools, technical colleges and universities which are dramatically outpacing our own.
At school, British 15-year-olds’ maths skills are now more than two whole academic years behind 15-year-olds in China. In the last decade, we have plummeted down the international league tables: from 4th to 16th place in science; and from 8th to 28th in maths. While other countries - particularly Asian nations - have raced ahead we have, in the words of the OECD’s Director of Education, “stagnated.”
At undergraduate level, over half of degrees in China, Singapore and Japan are awarded in science and engineering subjects - compared to around a third in the UK, EU and US. The number of science and engineering degrees awarded in China more than trebled between 1998 and 2006. By comparison, those awarded in the United Kingdom and the United States remained relatively flat.
At postgraduate level, Asia now awards 1 in 4 of all engineering phds - almost as many as the EU and the USA combined. In the last 10 years for which we have figures, the number of scientific and technical journal articles published by Chinese researchers has almost quadrupled. In the UK, the increase has been just 3%. This focus on STEM is more than just academic - it translates into tangible, real-world innovations. Between 1999 and 2009, the number of patent applications by Chinese residents increased by over 1,000%. In the UK, it fell by a quarter.
For any politician anxious to ensure the next generation enjoy opportunities to flourish in an economy that is growing, in a nation that is confident and in a society that believes in progress, there is no escaping the centrality of mathematics and science. The imperative for maths and science education only grows as the strategic significance of cyberspace becomes daily more apparent. A point John Reid heavily underscores in his Cyber Doctrine speech today. Our capacity to innovate - vital to our security and resilience - is utterly dependent on education.
And when I see the pace at which other countries are transforming their education systems to give more and more of their students mastery in maths and science, it only reinforces my determination to reform our system here so our children can have access to the essential knowledge which truly empowers. If we are to keep pace with our competitors, we need fundamental, radical reform in the curriculum, in teaching, and in the way we use technology in the classroom. Unless we dramatically improve our performance, the grim arithmetic of globalisation will leave us all poorer.
If we’re going to reverse our decline, we need to begin by looking at what is being taught. So we launched a National Curriculum Review to survey the academic evidence, investigate international best practice, and work with field-leading experts to come to a conclusion on what our children should be taught.
In maths and science, our Review Group has already been engaging with many of you. But we want this process to be as open, collaborative and informed as possible. So in August, we will share draft Programmes of Study with you all publicly for discussion and collaboration. And we will publish the evidence that informs our judgements so that everyone can see why we have made specific proposals. Through this collaborative, transparent process we hope to develop a National Curriculum that enjoy widespread support from the subject communities.
And it’s in that spirit of transparency that I also want today to clear up some misconceptions that have arisen.
The new National Curriculum is an exercise in intellectual liberation, not an attempt to prescribe every moment of the school day. We must revive a crucial distinction between the National Curriculum and the School Curriculum. The purpose of the National Curriculum is to set out the essential knowledge that children need to advance in core subjects. We then want to liberate teachers to decide on pedagogy - how those core subjects should be taught - and also to decide on what other subjects, or activities, should make up the whole school curriculum. In maths and science, the Expert Panel is focused on fundamental scientific knowledge and essential principles that are not subject to controversy and change every month or year.
There are many issues and controversies - from embryo experimentation to energy conservation - which great teachers can use, as they wish, to create engaging and inspiring lessons. But there is no need to spell out in detail how these issues should be tackled in a National Curriculum. Indeed, filling it with topical subjects only encourages a constant tinkering and rewriting which we should stop. The National Curriculum should provide a foundation of knowledge. Great teachers, inspired by love for their subjects, should make the classroom come alive.
So, what should we concentrate on?
One of the lessons from the international evidence is that in East Asia there is much greater focus on fundamental number concepts, fractions and the building blocks of algebra in primary school. They have minimum standards that they aim to get practically all children to reach so they have a firm foundation for secondary. It may be, therefore, that we will adopt the same approach and have much more emphasis on pre-algebra in primary and remove data handling and some other subjects from the primary curriculum.
We should also bear in mind that in Shanghai, they have daily maths lessons and regular tests to make sure that all children are learning the basics.
Improving the foundations in primary would allow us to be more ambitious in the secondary curriculum.
Should, for example, calculus play a bigger part in the secondary curriculum? Obviously not everybody needs to study the more advanced calculus that is contained in the A level syllabus, but it seems to me genuinely bizarre that in the 21st Century so many children leave school essentially trapped in a mathematical world predating Newton and Leibniz, essentially unaware of the development of calculus.
And what about statistics? There are a vast array of issues that people are confronted with in daily life - from health scares to claims about the effect of drugs to financial news - which require statistical understanding. But studies have repeatedly shown how poor our collective understanding of such issues is. In its present form, GCSE maths does not enable children to understand conditional probability, normal distributions or randomness. Should this be something we should look to change?
And on a more fundamental level, it’s clear that not enough young people secure a basic level of competence in maths. Every year, about half of our pupils leave school without even a ‘C’ in maths GCSE. But it’s not just those pupils who give us cause for concern. We still send powerful signals throughout our education system that it’s somehow acceptable to give up on maths. Critically, we allow students to abandon any mathematical study after 16, in stark contrast to other developed nations. The ‘maths gap’ that most pupils now experience after the age of 16 means that even those who did well at GCSE have forgotten much of the maths they learnt by the time they start their degree or a job. ACME’s most recent figures on the take-up of mathematics among 17 year-olds is particularly worrying.
The latest figures are for 2009. Of the cohort of 660,000, three quarters were in full-time education.
286,000 students (c. 40% of the cohort) did A levels.
14,000 took maths to AS level. Another 72,500 took full A level maths and of those 72,500 another 10,000 also did further maths.
In total that amounts to only about 85,000 pupils (just 13%) of the cohort doing A or AS maths, with only about 2% taking it to a high level.
Yet at the same time ACME’s research shows that about 330,000 16-18 students per year need to study maths and statistics at a level beyond GCSE (180,000 to a ‘physics or engineering’ level and another 150,000 to a ‘social science’ level). So our schools system is failing to provide anything like the number of suitably equipped students to meet the needs of Higher Education.
Only half the population has even basic maths skills, we are producing only about a quarter to a third of the number of pupils with the maths skills that our universities need, and economic trends mean that this gap will, unless we change, get wider and wider with all that entails for our culture and economy.
That is why I think we should set a new goal for the education system so that within a decade the vast majority of pupils are studying maths right through to the age of 18.
Of course, I am not prejudging the Review. But there are strong arguments for introducing concepts earlier, for covering some topics more thoroughly, and for making certain subjects compulsory for longer. It is a debate worth having, and one I hope many of you will choose to be involved in.
Of course, if we’re going to change what we want children to be taught, we need to support those who will have to teach it.
Our White Paper, entitled ‘The Importance of Teaching’, made clear that maths and science are national strategic priorities and that we would target support to improve education in these subjects. We have allocated £135 million over the spending review period to support sustainable improvement in science and maths education in schools. A major part of this will focus on ensuring we have a teaching workforce that is ready to deliver.
So we’ll improve the supply of teachers with specialist subject knowledge in chemistry, physics and maths, through “conversion” courses that enable graduates of related disciplines to acquire the specialist subject knowledge necessary to train and serve as teachers in these subjects.
We’ll improving the skills of existing science and maths teachers through support for CPD - such as that offered by the national network of Science Learning Centres - where the Government is working in partnership with the Wellcome Trust and others in the universities and industry.
And we’ll offer high-achieving graduates, especially those in shortage subjects like science and maths, significantly better financial incentives to train as teachers - up to £20,000 for graduates with first class honours degree. Trainees will receive the bursary in monthly instalments in their training year, as currently happens.
We’ll also introduce Teaching Schools - modelled on teaching hospitals - to spread outstanding practice across the education system. Brilliant maths teachers in our best schools will be able to work across their school’s partnership mentoring and supporting those in weaker departments.
We are also committed to the existing programmes that have proven their worth over the past few years. For instance, the performance of the Further Maths Support Programme has been outstanding. The growth in the number taking Further Maths A level is testament to their success.
We protected the FMSP in the Spending Review and I can guarantee that their funding will not be cut for next year. However, this is not enough. They want to expand. That is why today, I have teamed up with CityAM to make an appeal to financial institutions in the City - put some of your profits into supporting the FMSP over the long-term, and ideally make it financially secure and not dependent on the temporary and easily lost affection of politicians.
Since the 2008 crisis, the financial pages have been full of laments from rich bankers and others bemoaning the lack of mathematical understanding among the population and among political leaders. OK, let’s do something about it. Although I personally strongly support the FMSP, I will not, many of you will be pleased to hear, be Secretary of State for ever. The health of organisations such as FMSP should not depend on a politician’s whim. It would be better if it had its own independent sources of money and I think many people would agree that the City has both an obligation and an incentive to help. Allister Heath, the paper’s brilliant editor, has today launched an appeal to his readers. Let’s hope this succeeds. I’m sure Adam Smith would approve - it would not only be a moral good but it would also be in the long-term interests of the City.
In addition to the debate over what is taught, and the issue of who does the teaching, we also need to think about how the teaching takes place. So as well as reviewing our curriculum and strengthening our workforce, we need to look at the way the very technological innovations we are racing to keep up with can help us along the way. We need to change curricula, tests and teaching to keep up with technology, and technology itself is changing curricula, tests, and teaching.
ItunesU now gives everybody with an internet connection access to the world’s best educational content. Innovations such as the Khan Academy are putting high quality lessons on the web. Extremely cheap digital cameras and the prevalence of the internet allow teachers to share best practice and learn from errors. Brilliant scientific publications such as Science are building their own ecosystems of educational content - resources that a central Government department could never hope to produce and maintain.
Computer games developed by Marcus Du Sautoy are enabling children to engage with complex mathematical problems that would hitherto have been thought too advanced. When children need to solve equations in order to get more ammo to shoot the aliens, it is amazing how quickly they can learn. I am sure that this field of educational games has huge potential for maths and science teaching and I know that Marcus himself has been thinking about how he might be able to create games to introduce advanced concepts, such as non-Euclidean geometry, to children at a much earlier stage than normal in schools.
The Department for Education is working with the Li Ka Shing Foundation and the highly respected Stanford Research Institute on a pilot programme to use computer programmes to teach maths. We have not developed the programme - we are just helping them run a pilot. Stanford say it is one of the most successful educational projects they have seen.
These developments are only beginning. They must develop on the ground - Whitehall must enable these innovations but not seek to micromanage them. The new environment of teaching schools will be a fertile ecosystem for experimenting and spreading successful ideas rapidly through the system.
Overall, our vision for the future is clear. We are empowering teachers. We want schools to be more responsible to parents instead of to politicians. We are reducing bureaucracy as fast as we can. We want to reverse the devaluation of the exam system. We want a National Curriculum that acts as a foundation of core knowledge - not a detailed blueprint for lesson plans. And we unequivocally believe that maths and science education are at the heart of improving our society and our economy.
I look forward to the maths and science community engaging with our detailed proposals in the months ahead…
Published: 29 June 2011
Updated: 20 November 2013


Initial Betting Line Released For Alabama-Auburn Game
by Andrew McCartyOver the weekend, Alabama star quarterback Tua Tagovailoa suffered a season-ending injury that put his career in jeopardy. As Tua attempted to escape two Mississippi State defenders, he was tackled and dislocated his hip.
He also suffered a fracture, which will cost him the rest of the season. Initial reports suggested the injury could be career-threatening, but recent reports suggest he will make a full recovery.
With Tua gone, the Crimson Tide turn to backup quarterback Mac Jones. Despite losing Tagovailoa for the season, Alabama remained at No. 5 in the most recent College Football Playoff rankings.
However, Las Vegas thinks Jones is a significant downgrade at the quarterback position. The Crimson Tide are just 2.5-point favorites against Auburn in the final week of the regular season.
Auburn fell at home against Georgia last weekend, officially ending any shot the Tigers had at the College Football Playoff. However, they can still play spoiler in the final week of the regular season if they take down the Crimson Tide.
Mac Jones has looked solid this season, but those performances came against inferior opponents. He’ll face a much tougher test in two weeks as he lines up against Derrick Brown and company.
Can the Tigers pull the upset?


It all started in 10th grade math class Algebra II when a teenager discovered that his TI-83 could be programmed to do his homework for him. That started a landslide of love for computing and programming. I discovered that I not only learned the material better when I created simple math programs on my calculator, but also that I really enjoyed programming it! I've been augmenting my computer skills since.
Besides Computing, I have a passion for Martial Arts, Ballroom Dance, and Theatre. I earned my Eagle Scout award at the age of 14, and served two years in Mexico, Saltillo for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints at the age of 19. I moved to Hawaii for a semester to study in BYU Hawaii's business program. I returned to my hometown of Mesa, Arizona for a bit, and then moved to Utah to follow my passion for computer programming.
This project was intended to provide a location for people to rent out large outdoor equipment. Rays Rentals uses quite a few technologies. The technologies used were HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React.js, Node.js, Axios & Express, Sessions objects as well as Auth0.
Live Site
Git
Repo
Typing trainer is a project with the intent of increasing the typing speeds of a programmer or web designer. Several code snippets in several languages are available. Typing speed and accuracy are tracked and stored, and available for viewing in the profile space. These Metrics include heavy logic. A Leaderboard of top Typists also are available for viewing in the menu tab.
Technologies used include: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, Redux, RoboHash, SQL (Massive) Sessions objects, and Node.
Project Partners include: Damian A. Amy K.,Russel M. &
Jason B.
Git Repo
Live Site


This test was taken from Processing.org which tests to make
sure the ambient() works correctly on a sphere.
// Test by Andor Salga size(200,200, P3D); lightFalloff(10,0,0); ambientLight(255,0,0, 0, 9000,0); noStroke(); translate(width/2, height/2, 30); sphere(30);


I have a privedge to be a senior developer in mobile development,
hard working, inspired by innovations, driven by integrity and good
ideas, quick in understanding new technologies.
I'm also motivated by new programming challenges... and often received qualification of a team player,
critical thinker,... and more other good quality for a better work
and Service.


✔ Recommended products for users
You can use VQ-AI to display recommended items for your users. Displaying recommended items enhances your users' experience and provides you with a more user engagement and customer retention.
✔ Recommended users for products
If you have a new item or a group of items or a campaign, you can use VQ-AI to target users for those items. This leads you to present interesting content to some of your users while not bothering the rest of them.
✔ Find similar behaviours
Being able to find which users are similar to each other could be useful for your users significantly when they are able to find other like-minded users. Personal connections made in your platform would help you increase the user loyalty.
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You may promote similar items on item pages for your users. Since they are already visiting an item, they could be more likely to see other items that similar users also visit. You can also use the feature to predict tags or categories for your items.
✔ Analytics Dashboard
Nearly real-time visualization of the tracking data. You get nearly real-time insights into the tracking data that is collected on your platform.


Kendall Wilson
Unafffiliated
I do business development for an IT company, as well as host a podcast that highlights business owners & and small businesses in the hospitality and entertainment industries
I have a bachelor's degree from Mississippi State University, from 2010. I studied Poly-Sci before transitioning to Sport Studies. I have been a resident of Denver for nearly 10 years, and volunteer in our community in a variety of different ways
80206
I have donated to local fundraising events top better our community in Denver, I bought a t-shirt from a left-leaning PAC that I thought was funny, besides that I have never given money to any political entities
I am not affiliated with any organizations, associations or boards.
By hosting the podcast, Stoned Appetit, I have had the pleasure of interviewing, getting to know, and witnessing the stories of people across this great state. I have attended protests and rallies in which I feel our fellow citizens have been marginalized, and needed to speak out against said notions.
I feel that if I don't try and get involved, then we will fall into the same rut as years before. We need more community activism, we need fresh ideas, fresh faces, and an open mind to help move our city forward, together. I have sat in on City Council meetings and votes, I have voted regularly, and have tried to reach out and host our local and state representatives on my podcast, to no avail. Even if I'm not picked for this commission, I will continue to try and make sure we amplify the voice of the unheard, and share the stories of those who can't. I'm here to help our city move forward, with everyone's best interest in mind.
I am coming into this possible opportunity open-minded. While I'm not technically entrenched in all of the issues that face our city, I feel this is a great way to get involved and without bias. I am intelligent, quick to learn, and have free time that I can dedicate to helping. I also have a platform I created that can be used as a resource to our community (no political affiliation).
I work with a multitude of different industries and communities, interact with a wide array of people from various backgrounds. The key to being openminded and try to learn is all about listening, and understanding. I'm not there to be the smartest man in the room, but just provide my insight when all information is laid out before me. I have to use analytical skills every day in Business Development for the tech company I work for, and apply logic into every situation that arises. Assess situations from multiple angles and viewpoints, leads to a more logical & rational answer.
Male


Twivatar is a RESTful API to a Twitter user's avatar built out of frustration of external Twitter apps breaking when the avatar url is stored, and then changed by that user later on Twitter - the result is a broken image on that app unless they constantly check for profile changes.
Usage

i.e. https://twivatar.glitch.me/rem
Coming soon: Alternatively you can specify the size image you want from:
- mini (24x24)
- normal (48x48 - default)
- bigger (73x73)
- original

Behind the scenes
This is a simple one script app that stores the url of the avatar. When the avatar is requested for x user, it runs the following logic:
- Get the mobile HTML from twitter
- Run the HTML through cheerio and find the
.Avatar
element - Request the image URL and pipe to the response
- All requests also include CORS headers so you can manipulate in a canvas


The only special attribute is the src attribute. The content of the div will be fetched from the URL specified here. If the first character
of the src attribute is a slash (/), the document will be fetched from the current server.
src
normal html attributes
See also the tag.


--- title: Talia date: 1998-09-15T10:00:00.000Z gender: Girl homePage: don't have city: Sydney thinkLotrRules: Of course ---
I think that this home page is the best I have ever seen! I'll just leave that there seeing as no1 is ever going to. Ur homepage is really cool Jeremy! Bye, from Talia.


{% extends 'tgrsite/main.html' %} {% block title %}New Newsletter{% endblock %} {% block pagetitle %}New Newsletter{% endblock %} {% block breadcrumbs_parents %}
This is a Markdown editor, which allows you to write the newsletter using Markdown.
There are also a variety of shortcut buttons for common actions, such as creating headers, images and formatting text.
If you're unfamiliar with Markdown but familiar with Discord formatting, you actually know some Markdown already -
formatting text is done exactly the same way, e.g. **bold**
, *italics*
and so on!
Otherwise I'd recommend looking at a Markdown tutorial such as this one.
One of the rarer operations supported by our Markdown renderer is custom classes.
These are added to various elements to change how they are rendered.
You can add one of these using the {.class-name-here}
syntax, or by clicking the custom classes button.
In general, you shouldn't have to add your own custom classes as the most common ones have buttons provided. However, there are a few that you might want to add, which are listed below.
.news-bg
adds a background to the associated header.
You should use this with every heading, and if you click the Header button it will do this for you.
An example is as follows: ## My Great Heading {.news-bg-1}
- note the space between the heading and class..news-image-left
and .news-image-right
make an image float to that side and take up half of the width.
This allows text to appear next to an image! There are also buttons on the toolbar that do this.
An example is as follows: ![my great image](url){.news-image-left}
- note the lack of a space between the iamge and class.
(I don't know why this differs, but we'll just have to deal with it.).news-width-1
to .news-width-5
set the size of an image. (1 is the smallest.)
You can combine this with other classes:
{.news-image-left .news-width-1}
both makes the image float to the left and sets its width..clearfix
creates a section break. (There's also a button for this.)
This means that if the text next to an image is shorter than the image,
blank space will be left below that text to make the next text start after the bottom of the image.The Web Admin has details of this in their guide, so please ask them if you have any issues!


S5T1 :: 07.12.20
Boom Boom Boom
Static Minesweeper
Feel free to have a go, but it's the same over and over.
S5T3 :: 09.12.20
Dem carnies
JS Carnival
- Please help these poor unicorns out by clicking on them to inflate their balloons.
- Grrrr! There's a mole infestation in my table. Blow off some steam by knocking them on the head!
- Joseph is tired oh his look. Why don't you give him a new one!


The TimeZone class serves as a wrapper around TZInfo::Timezone instances. It allows us to do the following:
Limit the set of zones provided by TZInfo to a meaningful subset of 142 zones.
Retrieve and display zones with a friendlier name (e.g., “Eastern Time (US & Canada)” instead of “America/New_York”).
Lazily load TZInfo::Timezone instances only when they’re needed.
Create ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone instances via TimeZone’s local, parse, at and now methods.
If you set config.time_zone in the Rails Application, you can access this TimeZone object via Time.zone:
# application.rb: class Application < Rails::Application config.time_zone = "Eastern Time (US & Canada)" end Time.zone # => #<TimeZone:0x514834...> Time.zone.name # => "Eastern Time (US & Canada)" Time.zone.now # => Sun, 18 May 2008 14:30:44 EDT -04:00
The version of TZInfo bundled with Active Support only includes the definitions necessary to support the zones defined by the TimeZone class. If you need to use zones that aren’t defined by TimeZone, you’ll need to install the TZInfo gem (if a recent version of the gem is installed locally, this will be used instead of the bundled version.)
This class has dubious semantics and we only have it so that people can write params[:key] instead of params['key'] and they get the same value for both keys.
lazy_load_hooks allows rails to lazily load a lot of components and thus making the app boot faster. Because of this feature now there is no need to require ActiveRecord::Base at boot time purely to apply configuration. Instead a hook is registered that applies configuration once ActiveRecord::Base is loaded. Here ActiveRecord::Base is used as example but this feature can be applied elsewhere too.
Here is an example where on_load method is called to register a hook.
initializer "active_record.initialize_timezone" do ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do self.time_zone_aware_attributes = true self.default_timezone = :utc end end
When the entirety of activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb has been evaluated then run_load_hooks is invoked. The very last line of activerecord/lib/active_record/base.rb is:
ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record, ActiveRecord::Base)
Some code from jeremymcanally’s “pending” github.com/jeremymcanally/pending/tree/master
# File lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb, line 32 def self.execute_hook(base, options, block) if options[:yield] block.call(base) else base.instance_eval(&block) end end
# File lib/active_support.rb, line 30 def load_all!; load_all_hooks.each { |hook| hook.call } end
# File lib/active_support/lazy_load_hooks.rb, line 24 def self.on_load(name, options = {}, &block) @loaded[name].each do |base| execute_hook(base, options, block) end @load_hooks[name] << [block, options] end
Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 2.


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{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
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Feedback!
August 10th, 2015
Welcome to week 5! It's definitely been a roller coaster ride so far during phase 0! This week's cutural topic is going to be regarding the feedback we've received and given out up till this point. I think for the most part, the pairing sessions have gone smoothly in terms of everyone knowing their roles and coming into the session prepared and ready to solve the problem. The great pairing sessions usually occur when your partner is up to date with the curriculum, and took the time to really go through the process that Dev outlines in terms of what we need to be talking about, and staying true to each persons role in the pairing sessions. There have been few instances though, I was frustrated in terms of what was happening during these meet ups.
The pairing sessions where I came out of feeling like it was a genuine partnership, were truly rewarding. Being able to feed off your partner and work with a good flow requires both people being attentive and having a good understanding of that weeks curriculum.
It's a great feeling when you figure out a challenge with your partner while tossing ideas around without deviating too much from the protocol set out by Dev in terms of driving and navigating.
The sessions where I felt really frustrated were the ones where I felt that my partner either didn't care about the work being completed, or if your partner completely ignored the driver/navigator protocol. There were times when we started off a session by assigning roles, and those roles were completely disregarded when we started working on the problem. I think just learning how I react to certain things during these sessions will ultimately only help me down the line.
The feedback I've received so far have been very helpful in terms of reassuring me that I have been on track. It's a great feeling when your peers acknowledge that you were beneficial to the pairing, and that their experience was overall a positive one.
Most of the reviews did not include something I needed to work on...not sure if that's a good thing or a bad thing. I think overall though, I know personally that I need to be more patient and understanding of everyones schedule. I feel like sometimes my frustrations were evident when the pairing sessions did not go the way I wanted it to, and reflecting back, I think it was pretty selfish of me.
Writing feedback for everyone was pretty challenging. There were sessions where I felt nothing went wrong, and it was hard finding something that they can improve upon. Other sessions, it was hard to write something nice without being too specific or not nice. Overall though, I think it's a great way for students to get an idea of what they need to work on technically and culturally, and also introduces programmers to the concept of peer pairing.


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|
Drake
|
A simple concrete implementation of the api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseBook abstract interface. More...
#include <drake/automotive/maliput/simple_phase_book/simple_right_of_way_phase_book.h>
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from RightOfWayPhaseBook | |
| RightOfWayPhaseBook ()=default | |
A simple concrete implementation of the api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseBook abstract interface.
It allows users to obtain the ID of the RightOfWayPhaseRing that includes a particular RightOfWayRule.
|
delete |
|
delete |
|
overridedefault |
| void AddPhaseRing | ( | const api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing & | ring | ) |
Adds ring
to this SimpleRightOfWayPhaseBook.
| std::exception | if an api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing with the same ID already exists, or if ring contains a rule that already exists in a previously added api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing. |
|
delete |
|
delete |
| void RemovePhaseRing | ( | const api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing::Id & | ring_id | ) |
Removes an api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing with an ID of ring_id
from this SimpleRightOfWayPhaseBook.
| std::exception | if the specified api::rules::RightOfWayPhaseRing does not exist. |


A replication group is a collection of two or more database environments which are configured to replicate with one another. When operating normally, a replication group consists of a master site and one or more read-only sites.
For Replication Manager applications, the sites comprising the replication group are recorded in an internal group membership database, so even if a group member is not available, it counts towards the group's total site count. This matters for certain replication activities, such as holding elections and acknowledging replication messages that require some number of sites to participate in these activities. Replicated applications will often require all sites, or a majority of sites, to participate before the activity can be completed.
If you are configuring your application to keep replication metadata in-memory by specifying the DB_REP_CONF_INMEM flag to the DB_ENV->rep_set_config() method, then the internal group membership database is not stored persistently on disk. This severely limits Replication Manager's ability to automatically manage group membership. For more information, including some work-arounds, see Managing replication directories and files.
Because Replication Manager tracks group members, there are some administrative activities that you should know about when using Berkeley DB replication.
To add a site to a replication group, you merely start up the site such that it knows where at least one site in the group is located. The new site then joins the group. When this happens, the new site is recorded in the group membership database.
Note that when you are starting the very first site in the group for the very first time (called the primordial start up), there are no other existing sites to help the new site join the group. In fact, a primordial start up actually creates the group. For this reason, there are some slight differences on how to perform a primordial start up. For a description of this, see Primordial startups.
When you add a site to a replication group, you use the following general procedure:
Make sure your replication group is operating well enough that write activity can occur.
Create and open the environment such that it is configured to use replication.
Use DB_ENV->repmgr_site() to obtain a DB_SITE handle.
Configure this handle for the local site's host
and port information when you create the handle.
Then, use DB_SITE->set_config() to indicate that
this is the local site by setting the
DB_LOCAL_SITE
parameter.
Use DB_ENV->repmgr_site() to obtain a second DB_SITE
handle. Configure this handle with the host and
port information for a site that already belongs
to the replication group. Then, use
DB_SITE->set_config() to indicate this site is a
"helper" site by setting the
DB_BOOTSTRAP_HELPER
parameter. By configuring a DB_SITE handle in
this way, your new site will know how to contact
the replication group so that it can join the
group.
Start replication as normal by configuring an acknowledgement policy, setting the site's replication priority, and then calling DB_ENV->repmgr_start().
Note that on subsequent start-ups of your replication code, any helper site information you might provide is ignored because the Replication Manager reads the group membership database in order to obtain this information.
Also, be aware that if the new site cannot be added to
the group for some reason (because a master site is not
available, or because insufficient replicas are running to
acknowledge the new site), the attempt to start the new
site via DB_ENV->repmgr_start() will fail and return
DB_REP_UNAVAIL
. You can then pause
and retry the start up attempt until it completes
successfully.
You must use the exact same host string and port number to refer to a given site throughout your application and on each of its sites.
Elections and message acknowledgements require knowledge of the total number of sites in the group. If a site is shut down, or is otherwise unable to communicate with the rest of the group, it still counts towards the total number of sites in the group. In most cases, this is the desirable behavior.
However, if you are shutting down a site permanently, then you should remove that site from the group. You might also want to remove a site from the group if you are shutting it down temporarily, but nevertheless for a very long period of time (days or weeks). In either case, you remove a site from the group by:
Make sure your replication group is operating well enough that write activity can occur.
On one of the sites in your replication group (this does not have to be the master site), use DB_ENV->repmgr_site() to obtain a DB_SITE handle. Configure this handle with the host and port information of the site that you want to remove.
Note that this step can occur at any site — including the site that you are removing from the group.
Call the DB_SITE->remove() method. This removes the identified site from the group membership database. If this action is not performed on the master site, the client sends a request to the master to perform the operation and awaits confirmation.
A client removing itself can close its database environment any time after the DB_SITE->remove() method returns. A site that has been removed by another site can close its database environment any time after the DB_EVENT_REP_LOCAL_SITE_REMOVED event is fired.
Upon completing the above procedure, DO NOT call the DB_SITE->close() method. After removing (or even attempting to remove) a site from the group using a DB_SITE handle, the handle must never be accessed again.
If you have never started a site in a replication group before, then the group membership database does not exist. In this situation, you must start an initial site and declare it to be the group creator. This causes the site to become the master, create the group membership database, and create a replication group of size 1. After that, subsequent sites can add themselves to the group as described in Adding sites to a replication group. You should not declare any subsequent site to be the group creator.
If another site attempts to start before the initial group
creator site is initialized, the other site will return
DB_REP_UNAVAIL
. If this happens,
the other site can pause and retry its start-up until
it succeeds.
It is acceptable for the initial site to continue to be declared the group creator on subsequent start-ups even well-after the replication group has been established. This is because group creator information is ignored on any of that site's start-ups, except for the primoridial start-up; that is, a start-up where the group membership database does not exist.
To declare a site as the group creator:
Create and open the environment such that it is configured to use replication.
Use DB_ENV->repmgr_site() to obtain a DB_SITE handle.
Configure this handle for the local site's host
and port information when you create the handle.
Then, use DB_SITE->set_config() to indicate that
this is the group creator site by setting the
DB_GROUP_CREATOR
parameter.
Start replication as normal by configuring acknowledgement policies, setting replication priorities for the site, and then calling DB_ENV->repmgr_start().
Prior to the Berkeley DB <IP_ADDRESS> release, replication group membership was managed differently than in the way it is described in the previous sections. For this reason, when you upgrade from older releases of Berkeley DB to <IP_ADDRESS> or later, the upgrade procedure is different than when upgrading between other releases.
To perform an upgrade that takes you from the old way of managing group membership to the new way of managing group membership (pre-<IP_ADDRESS> to <IP_ADDRESS> and later), do the following:
Update your replication code to use the new DB_SITE handle and related methods. Recompile and thoroughly test your code to make sure it is production-ready.
Do the following one production machine at a time. Make sure to do this at the master site LAST.

Install the new replication code.
Configure a DB_SITE handle for the
local site. Use DB_SITE->set_config() to
indicate that this is a legacy site by
setting the DB_LEGACY
parameter.
Configure a DB_SITE handle for
every other site
in the replication group. Set the
DB_LEGACY
parameter
for each of these handles.
Please pay careful attention to this step. To repeat: a DB_SITE handle MUST be configured for EVERY site in the replication group.
Start replication. The site is upgraded at this point.
Once you have performed this procedure for each production site, making sure to upgrade the master only after every other site has been upgraded, you are done upgrading your replicated application to use the current group membership mechanism.
On subsequent restarts of your replication code, you do
not need to specify the DB_LEGACY
parameter, nor do you need to identify all of the
replication group members. However, it is not an error if
you do specify this information on subsequent start ups.


---
title: Plugins
---
# VRaptor's Plugins
Plugins are extensions that adds some feature to VRaptor core. It's useful for some situations like access a database under JPA or Hibernate, to send e-mails and more.
##VRaptor JPA
VRaptor plugin allow your app to inject `EntityManager` and `EntityManagerFactory`. And more: the plugin implements the Open EntityManager In View filter, that create a transaction when request starts and commits the transaction in the end. If an exception occurs, the plugin rollback the transaction for you.
If you want to use, you need only copy the jars for your app. Or if your project uses Maven, you need only to declare the plugin artifact as you can see below:
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-jpa
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-jpa') %>
~~~
It's very important that your `persistence unit` is named `default`, and the `persistence.xml` located at `src/main/resources/META-INF/` directory.
The plugin doesn't delivery any provider. So you need to declare your prefered provider, like Hibernate.
~~~
#!xml
org.hibernate
hibernate-entitymanager
4.3.0.Final
~~~
Or if you want to use Eclipselink:
~~~
#!xml
org.eclipse.persistence
org.eclipse.persistence.jpa
2.5.1
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-jpa).
##VRaptor Hibernate
If you like to use Hibernate 4 instead of JPA you need to use `vraptor-hibernate` plugin. This plugin have a similar behaviour that `vraptor-jpa`, allowing you to inject `Session` e `SessionFactory`. The plugin also implements the Open Session In View pattern.
If you want to use, you need only copy the jars for your app. Or if your project uses Maven, you need only to declare the plugin artifact as you can see below:
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-hibernate
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-hibernate') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-hibernate).
##VRaptor Java 8
Plugin with support for Java 8, providing out of the box converters for Java Time classes (JSR-310), reflection parameter names, and more.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-java8
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-java8') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-java8).
##Simple mail
Allow you to send e-mail in an easy way.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-simplemail
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-simplemail') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-simplemail).
## Joda-time
Joda-time is a pretty API to work with date and time. To use joda-time you need to use the plugin `vraptor-jodatime`.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-jodatime
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-jodatime') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-time-converters).
##VRaptor Error-Control
Allows you to real time control error messages sending them by email.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-error-control
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-error-control') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-error-control).
##VRaptor Brutauth
Easy way to verify permission to access(authorization) a specific controller action.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-brutauth
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-brutauth') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-brutauth).
##VRaptor QuartzJob
A simple Quartz scheduler
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-quartzjob
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-quartzjob') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](http://github.com/caelum/vraptor-quartzjob).
##VRaptor Freemarker
Help you to render freemarker templates.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-freemarker
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-freemarker') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](http://github.com/caelum/vraptor-freemarker).
##VRaptor Dash
A dashboard with several tools for your vraptor project.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-dash
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-dash') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](http://github.com/caelum/vraptor-dash).
##VRaptor Authz
An alternative for access control (authorization) of your controller methods.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-authz
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-authz') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/Turini/vraptor-authz).
##VRaptor I18n
Solutions for using i18n on view
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-i18n
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-i18n') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-i18n).
##VRaptor Test
Allows you to quickly create integration or system tests.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-test
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-test') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-test).
##VRaptor Paginator
Efficient pagination of your JPA/Hibernate data.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-paginator
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-paginator') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-paginator).
##VRaptor Panettone
A typesafe template engine written in Java.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-panettone
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-panettone') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-panettone).
##VRaptor Biscotti
I18n typesafe library. No more missing keys and exceptions for you and your client.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-biscotti
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-biscotti') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-biscotti).
##VRaptor Routes
Extract and define custom routes on a `properties` file.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-routes
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-routes') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-routes).
##VRaptor Simple Validator
A simple and effective way to do programmatic validations.
~~~
#!xml
br.com.caelum.vraptor
vraptor-simple-validator
<%= Maven.plugin_version('vraptor-simple-validator') %>
~~~
[Plugin page at Github](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-simple-validator).
##VRaptor contrib
You can found some plugins made by our users on [vraptor-contrib](https://github.com/caelum/vraptor-contrib).


Toby Flags
"Toby Flags" is a hostel that hosts people of color from all around the world. Not only can you meet people of different races, you can share and exchange cultural experiences, share your stories with each other, and enjoy the great atmosphere at all times. Toby Flags organizes activities such as: International parties, Spanish corners, bible clubs, art exhibitions, micro films, concerts, skateboard parties, etc. Come and join us!


KHR 70
Buddha Statues
Various Sizes, cambodia
More >>
2049 people collected this momento
KHR 400
Apsaras
Apsaras in various colors, cambodia
More >>
7124 people collected this momento
KHR 100
Elephant
Golden Elephant, cambodia
More >>
5412 people collected this momento
KHR 1000
Wood Crafts
Crafts of Wood, cambodia
More >>
1240 people collected this momento


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October 16, 2002
Woman gives birth to own grandchildren
CNN | Submitted by: Squeak the Human Chew-Toy
Those wacky folks from South Dakota are at it again. This time, a woman
has given birth to her own grandchildren, via eggs from her daughter (who
was born without a uterus) fertilized by the daughter's husband.
There may be some tangles in that family tree.
|
|
Read article...
|
|
Tracking the McKeldin Masturbator
The Diamondback | Submitted by: george_lazenby
"To most, McKeldin Library is an attractive place for learning, free of the
clamor of dormitory living and filled with an endless collection of books and
periodicals. It's also an institution that has provided the perfect setting for
indecent exposure crimes, letting the culprits prey on students using the
library's quiet nooks and isolated study rooms. "
|
|
Read article...
|
|
Snake schnapps
Independent Online | Submitted by: george_lazenby
"The shock for the man, named Li, came during his lunch break on Saturday
when he opened the bottle in which the snake had been pickled for a year, the
Beijing-based Xin Bao newspaper said on Tuesday. Before he had a chance to
even sample the drink, the snake sank its teeth into his neck, the paper said."
Unfortunatly it wasn't venomous.
|
|
Read article...
|
|
All is fair in love and football
Florida Times-Union | Submitted by: djlotek
"During the game, as many as 15 Mustangs developed a severe case of diarrhea,
and a greater number had worse-than-normal problems with dehydration.
Uniforms were literally soiled, and several of the team's best players were
in the locker room trying to clean themselves up while the Mustangs were trying
to hold a lead in the final minutes of a 29-26 loss that could cost
Mandarin a playoff spot."
|
|
Read article...
|
|
Dad leaves toddler at crack house
WKMG-TV 6 Orlando | Submitted by: Rio
"A Michigan man is accused of leaving his 3 year old son in a crack house
for at least 11 hours, while he tried to get more cocaine. James Jackson is
charged with contributing to the delinquency of a minor. The boy was found
unhurt after a man and woman dropped him off Sunday morning at a church. The
boy apparently spent the night in the drug den."
|
|
Read article...
|
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Faulty exhaust leads to suicide
Dayton Daily News | Submitted by: Idle Hands
"A Wheeling man jumped to his death from an interstate bridge while
fleeing Ohio police who had tried to stop him for having a defective
exhaust system on his car, authorities said Monday. Roger W. Smith, 25,
was pronounced dead at Ohio Valley Medical Center early Sunday shortly
after he jumped. He landed on abandoned railroad tracks about 55 feet
underneath an Interstate 470 bridge over the Ohio River."
|
|
Read article...
|
|
Sex illegal still in Georgia
Atlanta Journal-Constitution | Submitted by: Jonsl
For 169 years, it's been a crime in Georgia for anyone to have sex out of wedlock. But an American Civil Liberties Union lawyer on Tuesday asked the
Georgia Supreme Court to toss the government "out of the bedroom" by
throwing out the state's fornication law. "Hundreds of thousands of Georgians,
even those in long-term relationships, are criminals, criminals under this
law, even if they engage in these private acts in their own house."
|
|
Read article...
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Bad News Bears go to Arizona
KGTV 10 San Diego | Submitted by: StankyGoodness
A teen girl sleeps with one teen baseball team, and then complains
when another teen baseball team gang rapes her. Please, teenage
nymphettes: do not sleep with baseball teams. It brings nothing but
heartache and abrasion.
|
|
Read article...
|
|
Popular bear shot, killed on 2nd floor of hotel
Anchorage Daily News | Submitted by: Alaska Freegold
More proof fast food will kill you: "Up in Deadhorse [Alaska], they say
Toby was just a popular bear gone bad, a grizzly doomed by a knack for
opening doors, and a taste for french fries. After skinning out Toby and
donating his meat to North Slope villages, Shideler and Kelleyhouse
discovered french fries, candy wrappers and many partly digested packets
of hot apple cider mix in the bear's stomach." With a short videoclip.
|
|
Read article... and
This article...
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|


Members
join us
Andrew Stone (theZerg): 1zerg12nRXZ41Pw4tfCTqgtdiJx6D1We3
The Bitcoin Unlimited client allows Bitcoin to realise the vision presented by Satoshi Nakamoto in his original whitepaper and subsequent writings of a trustless peer-to-peer network -- a vision of individuals worldwide directly transacting without a need for intermediaries.
awemany
solex
Inca
I believe Bitcoin Unlimited is necessary to steer Bitcoin back towards the original ideal envisioned by Satoshi Nakamoto. Network consensus should decide what bitcoin is or will be in the future - not individual developers and that is why I support Bitcoin Unlimited wholeheartedly.
Melbustus
I support Bitcoin Unlimited because:
- It gives control of blocksize back to the free-market and doesn't try to unnecessarily engineer economic outcomes.
- It supports one of the core theses of Bitcoin; namely, that the system is defined by the code its users in aggregate run.
- It is inherently supportive of larger blocksize, which I think is critical for bitcoin's longterm security and success. Larger blocks will allow a larger volume of on-chain fee-generating transactions, and bitcoin can only be secure and succeed as the dominant cryptocurrency if it can scale to accommodate demand for transactions both large and small.
- It provides another outlet for users to voice their opinion, both through running the Bitcoin Unlimited node software, and potentially through participating in or supporting the Bitcoin Unlimited mining pool. There are increasing numbers of bitcoin users who do not participate in running node software nor hashing, and the Bitcoin Unlimited project provides more options for all participants.
cypherdoc
"[I] think i've already said enough."
Peter R
I want to be a member because I believe in Bitcoin Unlimited's vision. For Bitcoin to be successful, it must be able to evolve through a bottom-up organic process. Bitcoin Unlimited gives additional power to the user to control its evolution in a fully decentralized fashion.
I can help by developing analytic theory, empirical data analysis, visualizations, and scientific writing.
sickpig
[T]he protocol has to be decoupled from any particular implementation.
[T]he more choices users have the better.
mintymark
I feel strongly that this proposal is the right way to go and that eventually this will be clear to everyone.
Consensus does not need to built into the software and may even be a liability if it is, far better to let people express consensus by making it a command line option.
Zangelbert Bingledack
The paternalistic view of having devs spoonfeed all consensus-related choices to the user seems like it won't be viable at the much higher market caps Bitcoin is destined to reach. Gradually users will have to be given more explicit fine-grained control in order to enable Bitcoin to react nimbly to general threats, as well as specifically to scenarios where developers are compromised.
The addition of XT as an alternative to Core is an improvement over just Core, because it at least lets users choose who spoonfeeds them consensus packages; BU (at least the version with user-selectable blocksize) takes it to the next level and gives users more of a "line-item veto" on these dev-created consensus packages. It doesn't overly baby the user but instead encourages miners and nodes to perform their own profit-loss calculations, expanding the scope of the free market by removing the centrally planned blocksize cap that has been retained for paternalistic reasons. Consensus becomes an emergent phenomenon.
I believe we have in fact always been trusting the free market from the beginning in Bitcoin, so BU just lays bare the underlying reality without entertaining the pretense that blockspace economic knowledge *or even real control* lies with the Core devs.
In short, it's time for Honey Badger to grow up and assume its true form as a creature of the market.
Erdogan
I campaign for bitcoin as free market money, the market will decide everything. I like the market. Unfortunately, I am lazy...
seweso
VeritasSapere
I support the vision of Bitcoin Unlimited. I support an increased blocksize and multiple implementations of the Bitcoin protocol. If we need to rely on a centralized authority for Bitcoin to survive then we should consider this experiment to have failed to prove its intended theory at least in the form of Bitcoin, trust without centralized authority. So sign me up, there is more I could say on the subject but I will leave it at that for now.
steffen
I would like to be a member because I am a market anarchist and the block size limit serves no constructive use. I can help financially and can help spread awareness.
lebing
bitcartel
lunarboy


ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL RATINGS
ABSTRACT
Shevchenko O.E. Analysis of indicators of innovation activity of Ukraine according to international ratings. Visnyk National Transport University. Series «Economic sciences». Scientific and Technical Collection. - Kyiv: National Transport University, 2021. - Issue 2 (49).
The object of research - indicators of innovation of Ukraine in international rankings.
The purpose of the work is to make an analysis of innovation activity in accordance with the criteria of international innovation rankings.
Research method - method of analysis, statistical method.
To date, there are a number of studies of indicators of innovation in Ukraine, but these indicators tend to change under the influence of various factors, so this topic is relevant today.
In order to understand how innovation processes affect the development of the economy, and a high level of developed economy contributes to the rapid and effective implementation of innovative processes in production, it is necessary to investigate which indicators are key to effective development of innovative entrepreneurship.
KEY WORDS: INNOVATION, INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY, INNOVATIVE ENTERPRISE, INDICATORS OF INNOVATION.
REFERENCES
- Erina AM International ratings: statistical aspects of calculation and application. Part II. Indices of innovation and human development. Statistics of Ukraine. - 2016. - № 4. - 66-75. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/su_2016_4_12
- The Global Innovation Index The Human Factor in Innovation // Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2014): URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/economics/gii/gii_2014.pdf
- The Global Innovation Index: // Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO: URL: https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/analysis-economy
- These are the most innovative countries in the world - URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ- u-srebounds
- Ukraine has lost 8 places in the ranking of innovative countries according to Bloomberg: Lb.ua website URL: https://lb.ua/economics/2016/01/19/325902_ukraina_poteryala_8_mest_reytinge.htm
- Psareva IS, Arikhbayeva SV Research of Ukraine's positions in international innovation rankings. REPORTER OF THE PRIAZOVSKYI STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Section: Economic sciences 2019, Issue 37 42-48. URL: file:///C:/Users/Oleksandr/Downloads/187299-416434-1-SM.pdf
- Dzhedzhula V. V., Epifanova I. Y., Zwick, O. G. Innovation activity as a factor of competitiveness of enterprises. Investment: practice and experience. No. 4. S. 5-8
- Cross-sectoral export strategy 2019-2023. Ministry of Economic Development, Trade and Agriculture of Ukraine. URL: https://www.me.gov.ua/Documents/Detail?lang=uk-UA&id=10441384-4c4a- 4afe-b03e e3d9521105ea&title=KrossektoralnaEksportnaStrategiiainnovatsiiDliaEksportu-doslidzhennia- UkrainskoiuMovoiu
- Doing Business. Verification Report of Management Review of Data Irregularities in the Doing Business Reports from 2016 to URL: https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/doingbusiness
- Doing Business rating: what to do to finally overtake Belarus? : Ukrinform website URL: https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/2805261-rejting-doing-business-so-robiti-sob-naresti-obignati- bilorus.html
- Geseleva N.V. Korolik M.O. Innovative activity of Ukrainian enterprises: features, status, problems, prospects. Proceedings of the III International Scientific and Practical Conference "Competitive Model of Innovative Development of Ukraine's Economy", Kropyvnytskyi, April 14, 2020. 76-78 URL: http://dspace.kntu.kr.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9924/1/Proceedings-3thISPC-2020-76-78.pdf
AUTHOR
Shevchenko Olga, National Transport University, e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tel. +38<PHONE_NUMBER>, Ukraine, 01010, Kyiv, str. M. Omelyanovich-Pavlenko, 1, k.313
REVIEWER
Kozak L.S., PhD, professor, head of department of economics, National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Bondarenko E.V., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Director of CJSC «UKRAKADEMINVESTBUD» Kiev, Ukraine.
Article language: Ukrainian
Open Access: http://publications.ntu.edu.ua/visnyk/49/215-221.pdf
Print date: 15.03.2021
Online publication date: 05.04.2021


Problem 1. Exchange if greater
Problem 2. Multiplication Sign
Problem 3. The biggest of Three
Problem 4. Sort 3 numbers
Problem 5. Digit as word
Problem 6. Quadratic equation
Problem 7. The biggest of five numbers
Problem 8. Number as words


--- layout: jsdoc title: "Module: workbox-runtime-caching" jsdocNav: - Modules: - workbox-background-sync - workbox-broadcast-cache-update - workbox-build - workbox-cache-expiration - workbox-cacheable-response - workbox-google-analytics - workbox-precaching - workbox-routing - workbox-runtime-caching - workbox-sw - workbox-webpack-plugin ---
A service worker helper library that implements various runtime caching strategies.
You can learn more about each caching strategy on Jake Archibald's blog post which covers various ways of handling fetch events with a service worker.
These strategies can be used as the handler parameter in the Route constructor or as the handler parameter in workboxSW.router.registerRoute().
The default cache name, used by RequestWrapper when there's no name provided.
It combines a constant prefix with the service worker scope
, ensuring
that multiple service workers used on the same origin will have
different default caches.
Calling this method without any parameters will return
workbox-runtime-caching-<service worker scope>
.
If you pass in a cacheId, it will be prepended, returning:
<cacheid>-workbox-runtime-caching-<service worker scope>
.
| Parameters |
|
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Returns |
string
Returns the default cache name used based on optional inputs. |


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Tower defense is a type of strategy game where the objective is to defend a player's territories or possessions from enemy attackers. This is usually achieved by placing defensive structures that serve to block, slow, and/or destroy the enemies on or along their path of attack. Strategic choice and positioning of defensive structures is an essential strategy of the genre. For your individual project, you are challenged to design a defense that will keep any enemies from reaching the end for as long as possible.
The playing field will be a 10 x 10 grid with the enemy starting point at the lower left and the endpoint at the top right as shown in Figure 1 below. One enemy will spawn (i.e. be created) each step with their hit points (i.e. health) being equal to the turn counter. In other words, the first enemy spawned will have 1 hit point, the second will have 2, the third will have 3 and so on until the game ends.
Enemies will attempt to move closer to the tower each turn. They are allowed to move up, right, down, or left each turn; they cannot move diagonally. All enemies move at the same speed; 1 box per turn. The game ends when any of the enemies reach the endpoint (i.e. top right corner). Your score is based on the number of turns (i.e. the amount of time) your defense is able to hold off the enemies; higher is better.
When designing your defense there a few things to keep in mind:
Click the button below to get started designing your tower defense!


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
See the counts of historical lottery numbers.
See historical lottery number events.


In the morning, I sometimes eat breakfast.
Dans l'apres-midi, je dejeune.
Hello it's a pleasure to meet you. Comment ca va?


The Story Of Te Houtaewa
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Nestled in the heart of Central Arkansas, we are a family owned, small-scale hobby farm focusing on fresh, pure ingredients. At Ashley's Jammin' Jellies, we strive for high quality jams, jellies and butters using only fresh, in season, local produce. On our 2-acre farm, we currently grow a variety of berries including blueberries, blackberries and scuppernongs. We have a raised bed garden where jalapeños, tomatoes, rhubarb and herbs are grown to be used in our canned goods. We plan to add muscadines, apple trees and red honeysuckle in the seasons to come. We love picking strawberries, peaches and apples and supporting our favorite local orchard. We are current members of the Downtown Conway Farmers' and Crafts Market which runs from May through October. At our stand you can expect a wide variety of high quality, delicious jams, jellies and butters featuring our most popular, Honeysuckle-Strawberry Jelly with occasional produce from our garden. We also have a line of natural products using high-grade essential oils from beard oil and balm to roll-ons and sprays.


Making Memories To Last (August 2020 Wallpapers Edition)
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Do you need a little inspiration boost? Well, then our new batch of wallpapers is for you. Designed with love by the community for the community, the wallpapers come in versions with and without a ... Read More…


Background
I read Medium blog posts on “How to Become a Data Scientist” more often than I care to admit. Much of this comes from a fear that after doing all this work on the PhD and then hitting the Music Theory job market, I won’t fit the mold of the kind of theorist most schools want to hire. Not coming from one of five schools that seem to have a monopoly on the tenure track jobs can be a bit discouraging, but I also won’t deny that having a non-academic job with a regular 9-5 schedule and a decent salary is pretty tempting after spending the vast majority of my twenties in school. And even if I don’t go on over to industry after the PhD, I’ll probably always be looking for a bit more work in summer.
On top of all of that, I believe that skills that are acquired in a PhD (especially if you do computational musicology and music cognition!) are very transferable to most jobs, and it’s just a matter of being a bit more pro-active in promoting myself that might help me one day land a stable, non-academic job.
That said, one tweet I saw last week by Jesse Meagan linked to this really interesting Linked-In post by Tanya Cashorali that purported to have a one size fits all data-science interview process which has candidates take home a big dataset with a bunch of beer reviews and answer four very broad questions. Considering myself an aficionado of How-To-Become-a-Data Scientist articles, this of course caught my eye.
After reading the article, I figured why not give it a go? It’s the start of the semester, I’m basically ABD, need more of a portfolio beyond my github, and I have nothing to do with my Saturday morning. Why not see what I can produce in 4 or 5 hours? At the very least I’ll hopefully just have something to point to if a future employer wants to see how I think through data-science problems.
And if anyone is reading this that does have comments on my code or thought process… please let me know what you think on Twitter! I’d love some feedback!
Exploring the Dataset
The first thing I did was to grab this dataset which you can get here and then I set up my R script with a few of my favorite packages (again, big love to Ben at GormAnalysis for helping me learn data.table).
#=====================================================================================#
# Beer Script
#=====================================================================================#
# Library
library(ggplot2)
library(data.table)
library(stringr)
#=====================================================================================#
beer <- fread("data/beer_reviews.csv")
#=====================================================================================#
The dataset has about 1.5 million observations across 14 different observations, so don’t try to open it in LibreOffice. The reviews come from a variety of different users that have rated the beers based on five different attributes (Appearance, Palate, Aroma, Taste, Overall) and then each beer has a few other variables listed such as its ABV, the brewery it comes from, the beer’s name (duh), and what kind of beer it is.
names(beer)
## [1] "brewery_id" "brewery_name" "review_time"
## [4] "review_overall" "review_aroma" "review_appearance"
## [7] "review_profilename" "beer_style" "review_palate"
## [10] "review_taste" "beer_name" "beer_abv"
## [13] "beer_beerid"
beer[, .(Number = unique(beer$brewery_name))]
## Number
## 1: Vecchio Birraio
## 2: Caldera Brewing Company
## 3: Amstel Brouwerij B. V.
## 4: Broad Ripple Brew Pub
## 5: Moon River Brewing Company
## ---
## 5739: Gattopardo Cervejaria
## 5740: Brauerei Lasser GmbH
## 5741: Wissey Valley Brewery
## 5742: Outback Brewery Pty Ltd
## 5743: Georg Meinel Bierbrauerei KG
beer[, .(Number = unique(beer$review_profilename))]
## Number
## 1: stcules
## 2: johnmichaelsen
## 3: oline73
## 4: Reidrover
## 5: alpinebryant
## ---
## 33384: jennaizzel
## 33385: mine2design
## 33386: hogshead
## 33387: NyackNicky
## 33388: joeebbs
beer[, .(Number = unique(beer$beer_name))]
## Number
## 1: Sausa Weizen
## 2: Red Moon
## 3: Black Horse Black Beer
## 4: Sausa Pils
## 5: Cauldron DIPA
## ---
## 56853: Bear Mountain Ale
## 56854: Highland Porter
## 56855: Baron Von Weizen
## 56856: Resolution #2
## 56857: The Horseman's Ale
beer[, .(Number = unique(beer$beer_style))]
## Number
## 1: Hefeweizen
## 2: English Strong Ale
## 3: Foreign / Export Stout
## 4: German Pilsener
## 5: American Double / Imperial IPA
## ---
## 100: Gueuze
## 101: Gose
## 102: Happoshu
## 103: Sahti
## 104: Bière de Champagne / Bière Brut
From a bird’s eye view we have 56,857 unique beers in 104 different categories from 5,743 different breweries and 33,388 unique beer aficionados who have gone out of their way to tell this website what they think about the beers they drink.
Before diving in further, it’s worth doing a preliminary check of the quality of the data (aka we should know if this is BAD (Best Available Data) or has undergone a fair deal of cleaning). As someone who comes from more of a psychology background, I’ve noticed what certain people consider “clean” when it comes to data varies a lot.
The first thing I check for is if there is any kind of data missing and if there is, is it due to chance? Or is it due to some sort of systematic variation?
table(complete.cases(beer))
##
## FALSE TRUE
## 67785 1518829
67785/1518829
## [1] 0.04462978
So about 4% of our rows don’t have every entry, so probably not too much cause for concern unless we start getting into specific questions about specific beers. Looking into this a bit further it seems like it’s just beers missing the ABV of the beer. Anyone who has made some beer ratings has made ratings on all five variables. And although it’s only 4% of our entire ratings that don’t have their ABV, comparing that to every beer we have, we see we are actually missing ~25% of the ABV ratings of all of our beers. That could be a problem later, but it’s good to know about it sooner rather than later.
beer.complete <- beer[complete.cases(beer)]
beer[!complete.cases(beer)][, .(.N = unique(beer_name))]
## .N
## 1: Cauldron Espresso Stout
## 2: The Highland Stagger
## 3: Alpha Beta
## 4: Imperial Stout
## 5: Megalodon
## ---
## 14106: English Nut Brown
## 14107: Hop Common
## 14108: Very Hoppy Pale Ale
## 14109: Prohibition Lager
## 14110: Resolution #2
14110/56857
## [1] 0.2481665
beer[969]
## brewery_id brewery_name review_time review_overall
## 1: 12770 City Grille and Brewhaus<PHONE_NUMBER> 4
## review_aroma review_appearance review_profilename
## 1: 3 4 UncleJimbo
## beer_style review_palate review_taste beer_name
## 1: American Pale Ale (APA) 3.5 4 City Pale Ale
## beer_abv beer_beerid
## 1: NA 30088
More problems might come up here or there, but let’s move on the first question.
Which brewery produces the strongest beers by ABV%?
Answering the first question on the list is pretty straight forward. Essentially all you need to do is grab all of the observations that have an ABV associated with their rating, and then get the average ABV of all the beers that that brewery produces.
# Use object before that has only ratings with ABVs
beer.complete[, .(AvgABV = mean(beer_abv)), by = brewery_name]
## brewery_name AvgABV
## 1: Vecchio Birraio 5.675000
## 2: Caldera Brewing Company 6.168849
## 3: Amstel Brouwerij B. V. 3.816373
## 4: Broad Ripple Brew Pub 6.006202
## 5: Moon River Brewing Company 5.724103
## ---
## 5152: Gattopardo Cervejaria 6.033333
## 5153: Brauerei Lasser GmbH 5.200000
## 5154: Wissey Valley Brewery 5.133333
## 5155: Outback Brewery Pty Ltd 4.787879
## 5156: Georg Meinel Bierbrauerei KG 5.850000
# Create table that has means and standard deviations of beers by brewery
# Order them from most to least
abv.counter <- beer.complete[, .(AvgABV = mean(beer_abv),
SdABV = sd(beer_abv)) ,
by = brewery_name][order(-AvgABV)]
abv.counter
## brewery_name AvgABV SdABV
## 1: Schorschbräu 19.2288235 12.3273042
## 2: Shoes Brewery 15.2000000 0.0000000
## 3: Rome Brewing Company 13.8400000 1.9718012
## 4: Hurlimann Brewery 13.7500000 0.5752237
## 5: Alt-Oberurseler Brauhaus 13.2000000 NA
## ---
## 5152: Cerveceria Vegana, S.A. 2.2608696 2.2455490
## 5153: Moskovskaya Pivovarennaya Kompaniya 2.1500000 1.6881943
## 5154: Fentimans Ltd. 1.3750000 1.6201852
## 5155: Borodino ZAO 0.9666667 0.4041452
## 5156: All Stars Bakery 0.5000000 0.0000000
Having this table could be good enough for government work, but looking at the output there are clearly problems, and one thing to consider in this table (and pretty much this whole dataset) is “Is this data point a good representation of what I am trying to measure?”. Note for example the huge variability as measured by the standard deviation in our top answer as well as the fact that some of the SDs have NAs and there is a value of 0. Given that, I think it’d be good to put on some sort of threshold that would up the quality of our answers. One way to do this would be to see exactly how many beers each brewery makes and use that as a proxy for how big the brewery is.
The code below does just that and reveals the variability in terms of size of breweries within this dataset.
# Create table that counts number of beers
NoOfBeers <- beer.complete[, .(NameOfBeer = unique(beer_name)),
by = brewery_name][, .(.N), by = brewery_name]
NoOfBeers
## brewery_name N
## 1: Vecchio Birraio 4
## 2: Caldera Brewing Company 25
## 3: Amstel Brouwerij B. V. 9
## 4: Broad Ripple Brew Pub 40
## 5: Moon River Brewing Company 34
## ---
## 5152: Gattopardo Cervejaria 3
## 5153: Brauerei Lasser GmbH 1
## 5154: Wissey Valley Brewery 3
## 5155: Outback Brewery Pty Ltd 6
## 5156: Georg Meinel Bierbrauerei KG 2
# Make table that lists each beer with it's ABV and the name of the brewery
abv.table <- NoOfBeers[abv.counter, on = "brewery_name"]
abv.table
## brewery_name N AvgABV SdABV
## 1: Schorschbräu 10 19.2288235 12.3273042
## 2: Shoes Brewery 1 15.2000000 0.0000000
## 3: Rome Brewing Company 2 13.8400000 1.9718012
## 4: Hurlimann Brewery 3 13.7500000 0.5752237
## 5: Alt-Oberurseler Brauhaus 1 13.2000000 NA
## ---
## 5152: Cerveceria Vegana, S.A. 2 2.2608696 2.2455490
## 5153: Moskovskaya Pivovarennaya Kompaniya 2 2.1500000 1.6881943
## 5154: Fentimans Ltd. 3 1.3750000 1.6201852
## 5155: Borodino ZAO 2 0.9666667 0.4041452
## 5156: All Stars Bakery 1 0.5000000 0.0000000
# Create z scores
abv.table[, zAvgABV := scale(AvgABV)]
After visually inspecting the graph on the size of breweries (below), I figured I could just look at breweries that make over five beers (which hopefully wipes out your hipster friend’s “micro brewery” in his basement where he is just trying to make the most potent IPA ever) and then only look at beers that score 4 standard deviations above the mean of all beers in terms of ABV content to narrow down possible candidates.
# How many beers to count for a big brewery?
hist(NoOfBeers$N, breaks= 200,
main = "Distribution of Size of Breweries",
xlab = "Number of Beers Produced by a Brewery")
NoOfBeers[N > 200] # Clearly some big breweries here!
## brewery_name N
## 1: Minneapolis Town Hall Brewery 243
## 2: Goose Island Beer Co. 304
## 3: Iron Hill Brewery & Restaurant 269
## 4: Rock Bottom Restaurant & Brewery 522
abv.table[N >= 5, ][order(-AvgABV)]
## brewery_name N AvgABV
## 1: Schorschbräu 10 19.228824
## 2: Brasserie Grain d' Orge (Brasserie Jeanne d'Arc SA) 10 12.445860
## 3: Brauerei Schloss Eggenberg 14 11.779681
## 4: Brasserie Dubuisson Frères sprl 14 11.432746
## 5: Kuhnhenn Brewing Company 142 11.345839
## ---
## 2539: Berliner Kindl Brauerei 12 3.532627
## 2540: Yanjing Pijiu (Guilin Liquan) Gufen Youxian Gongsi 5 3.440000
## 2541: Ochakovo 16 3.203150
## 2542: Grogg's Pinnacle Brewing Co. 6 3.200000
## 2543: Deka Brewery 7 2.620000
## SdABV zAvgABV
## 1: 12.3273042 10.235332
## 2: 1.7054879 5.048898
## 3: 3.0759353 4.539520
## 4: 1.6583471 4.274244
## 5: 3.5788003 4.207793
## ---
## 2539: 1.0372607 -1.766396
## 2540: 0.6426508 -1.837221
## 2541: 1.2735986 -2.018323
## 2542: 0.0000000 -2.020731
## 2543: 1.6356553 -2.464215
hist(abv.table[N >= 5, ][order(-AvgABV)]$zAvgABV,
xlab = "z Score of ABV",
main = "Distribution of ABV in Breweries that make more than 5 Beers")
abv.table[N >= 5 & zAvgABV > 4, ][order(-AvgABV)]
## brewery_name N AvgABV
## 1: Schorschbräu 10 19.22882
## 2: Brasserie Grain d' Orge (Brasserie Jeanne d'Arc SA) 10 12.44586
## 3: Brauerei Schloss Eggenberg 14 11.77968
## 4: Brasserie Dubuisson Frères sprl 14 11.43275
## 5: Kuhnhenn Brewing Company 142 11.34584
## SdABV zAvgABV
## 1: 12.327304 10.235332
## 2: 1.705488 5.048898
## 3: 3.075935 4.539520
## 4: 1.658347 4.274244
## 5: 3.578800 4.207793
Doing it this way puts Schorschbräu as the highest ABV brewery, which makes sense because they claim to make the world’s strongest beer. Making a quick plot of the data for our winner and the second place finisher, we see how strong Schorschbräu really is.
schor.abv <- beer.complete[brewery_name == "Schorschbräu",
.(beer_name = unique(beer_name)), by = beer_abv]
ggplot(schor.abv, aes(x = beer_name, y = beer_abv)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
labs( title = "Schorschbräu Beer ABV", x = "Beer Name", y = "ABV") +
theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0))
brassOrg.abv <- beer.complete[brewery_name == "Brasserie Grain d' Orge (Brasserie Jeanne d'Arc SA)",
.(beer_name = unique(beer_name)), by = beer_abv]
ggplot(brassOrg.abv, aes(x = beer_name, y = beer_abv)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
labs( title = "Brasserie Grain d' Orge Beer ABV",
x = "Beer Name",
y = "ABV") +
theme(axis.text.x=element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0)) + ylim(0, 60)
I think that saying Schorschbräu is technically correct here, but after sharing my findings with my one beer drinking friend he pointed out that one thing that this analysis did not take into account was that beers that are traditionally brewed to have a higher ABV (like IPAs and Belgiums) might skew my results.
So in the true spirit of that data science Venn diagram noting that data scientists need to be flexible in incorporating others’ domain knowledge, I did another analysis to just show how much an answer can change depending on how you change your operationalization of the question!
Let’s do another one!
First up for this one is making a plot of the data to see how much beers actually vary from type to type.
# Get mean and SD of each beer type
abv.by.type <- beer.complete[ , .(MeanAbvType = mean(beer_abv),
SdAbvType = sd(beer_abv)),
by = beer_style]
# For Graphing, order, set style as factor
ordered.abv.by.type <- abv.by.type[order(-MeanAbvType)]
ordered.abv.by.type$beer_style <- factor(ordered.abv.by.type$beer_style, levels = ordered.abv.by.type$beer_style)
# Code for plot, blogdown crunches the images
# Average ABV by beer type
# ggplot(ordered.abv.by.type, aes(x = beer_style, y = MeanAbvType)) +
# geom_bar(stat="identity") + coord_flip() +
# labs(title = "Average ABV by Type of Beer",
# x = "Beer Style",
# y = "Mean ABV, bars represent SD") +
# geom_errorbar(aes(ymin=MeanAbvType-SdAbvType, ymax=MeanAbvType+SdAbvType)) +
# theme_bw()
So you can see here that if you wanted to have a higher ABV on average for your brewery, you’d benefit from having more IPAs, Barley Wines, and Belgian Stouts.
Now with average ABV for each beer, let’s then match that to our big list, find how each beer fairs against its own category, sort them, and then combine them with our information from before on how big the brewery is. For the purposes of this example, let’s only look at breweries that have over 100 beers in the database and look the top 20.
# Combine ABV per type data with complete data
beer.complete.avg.abv <- abv.by.type[beer.complete, on = "beer_style"]
# Make new z score variable based on other beers in group
beer.complete.avg.abv[, zABV := (beer_abv-MeanAbvType)/SdAbvType]
# Get averages per brewery on z variable
zAvgBeers <- beer.complete.avg.abv[, .(AvgAbvZ = mean(zABV)), by = brewery_name][order(-AvgAbvZ)]
# Combine back with our data on proxy of size of brewery
BreweryAndAvgAbv <- zAvgBeers[NoOfBeers, on = "brewery_name"]
# And the winner is...
BreweryAndAvgAbv[N > 100][order(-AvgAbvZ)][1:25]
## brewery_name AvgAbvZ N
## 1: Kuhnhenn Brewing Company 1.26003627 142
## 2: Cigar City Brewing 0.87721989 171
## 3: The Bruery 0.74965237 143
## 4: Three Floyds Brewing Co. & Brewpub 0.71875251 128
## 5: Flossmoor Station Restaurant & Brewery 0.53182569 114
## 6: Brouwerij De Molen 0.51695738 119
## 7: Jackie O's Pub & Brewery 0.40179915 105
## 8: Mikkeller ApS 0.37012567 184
## 9: Founders Brewing Company 0.24770929 130
## 10: Deschutes Brewery 0.19390121 127
## 11: Port Brewing Company / Pizza Port 0.19357914 194
## 12: Fitger's Brewhouse 0.18931699 111
## 13: Bullfrog Brewery 0.10590796 121
## 14: Victory Brewing Company 0.09970522 107
## 15: Iron Hill Brewery & Restaurant 0.03563186 269
## 16: Goose Island Beer Co. 0.01475446 304
## 17: Sly Fox Brewing Company -0.01733499 140
## 18: Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. -0.07417651 121
## 19: Stone Brewing Co. -0.08646265 119
## 20: Cambridge Brewing Company -0.12326285 124
## 21: Rock Bottom Restaurant & Brewery -0.26029542 522
## 22: Willimantic Brewing Co. -0.28003004 134
## 23: John Harvard's Brewery & Ale House -0.29598861 151
## 24: Minneapolis Town Hall Brewery -0.41963873 243
## 25: <NA> NA NA
## brewery_name AvgAbvZ N
Looking at this list, we get a totally different answer. It appears that on average Kuhnhenn Brewing Company brews their beers 1.26 standard deviations above the mean of all other beers in that category!
Both answers could be technically correct, but more importantly demonstrate how important it is to come up with how you frame your question first, and then try to answer it so you don’t end up going on a fishing expedition!
Moving on to question #2!


Main Content
I'm first in the source order.
The key to victory is discipline, and that means a well made bed. You will practice until you can make your bed in your sleep. Fry, we have a crate to deliver. Hey, guess what you're accessories to.
I'll get my kit! That's not soon enough! Oh, all right, I am. But if anything happens to me, tell them I died robbing some old man.


{% extends "base_framework.html" %} {% load staticfiles %}
Below is the list of all components in this circuit. Read instructions below for more information.
Or use the upload option to upload a circuit parameter spreadsheet.
{% if error_message %} {% endif %}Click on the export button below to export the component parameters of this sheet to a spreadsheet with _params.csv appended to the circuit schematic name.


 Result: one dead squirrel, one down computer
installation. In this situation, the computer system is said to have
been squirrelcided.
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+----------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| `Prev `__ | `Up <../S.html>`__ | `Next `__ |
+----------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| spyware | `Home <../index.html>`__ | stack |
+----------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+


{% extends "archiver/base.html" %} {% block title %}Sign-up: activation{% endblock %} {% block content %}
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