In this chapter we will closely examine the basic constructs from which programs are built in Slogan. Like any other powerful language, Slogan allows us to combine these basic elements to build complex ones. We will also have a sneak peek at some of the means of abstractions offered by Slogan.1
The preceding chapter showed how to use the REPL to interactively run code. The program fragments that you type in are called expressions. The Slogan interpreter responds by displaying the value of those expressions. One of the most primitive expression is a number. As there is nothing much to be done to a number in isolation, the interpreter will just give it back.
2017
// 2017
Numbers can be combined together using the familiar arithmetic operators to produce new values:
2017 + 1
// 2018
1000 - 300 + 3
// 703
1000 - 300 * 3
// 100
4/2
// 2
The arithmetic operators follow the commonly understood precedence and associativity rules. Multiplication and division takes precedence over addition and subtraction. The arithmetic operators with the same precedence associate from left to right. Parentheses are used to explicitly override precedence or group parts of an expression that should be evaluated first.
(1000 - 300) * 3
// 2100
There are many more operations you can perform on primitive data like numbers. These operations are all defined as functions. A function is usually invoked by calling its name followed by a list of arguments enclosed in parentheses. Examples of some useful numeric functions are given below:
In fact, the arithmetic operators are all functions with special syntactic support from the language. The functions associated with
the operators can be accessed by enclosing the operators in tick-quotes (`
).
In this section we have introduced two important concepts – expressions and values. A value is the result of
an expression. To repeat the point with a simple example, 10 * 2
is not a value because a computation can still be performed on it.
The result of that computation – the number 20
– is a value because no more operations can be performed on it.
If we can associate a name with a value, it will be easier to refer to that value later. The names given to values are called variables.
We name things with the let
statement.2
let rectangle_width = 23
let rectangle_length = 52
let rectangle_area = rectangle_width * rectangle_length
rectangle_area
// 1196
The let
statement is Slogan's simplest means of abstraction, for it allows to refer to results of
complex computations by name.
The names that we use for variables are generally known as identifiers. Keywords, variables, and symbols are collectively called identifiers. Identifiers may be formed from letters, digits and these special characters: _, $, %, and @. Some characters are reserved by the language for special purposes, mostly to be used as operators. The characters that cannot normally be used in identifiers are: +, -, /, *, <, ', >, =, \, #, ., (, ), {, }, [, ], ,, :, ; &, ? and |.
Identifiers are case-sensitive. For example, rectangle_width
and Rectangle_Width
are considered to
be different identifiers. There is no inherent limit to the length of identifiers.
A number of identifiers are reserved by Slogan for syntactic definition. These are known as reserved words or keywords. They cannot be used as names for variables. The reserved words in Slogan are listed below:
function
module
record
true
false
if
else
when
let
letfn
letrec
letdyn
yield
case
match
where
try
trycc
catch
finally
namespace
declare
assert
for
break
continue
It is possible to have multiple expressions evaluated in sequence and have a single value returned. Such groupings of expressions are
known as code blocks. The expressions in a code block are enclosed in opening and closing curly braces. ({ }
).
The expressions in a code block is evaluated one after the other in the order they appear and the value of the final expression
will be returned as the value of the entire block.
{ showln(1 + 2)
showln(2 * 2)
sqrt(5 + 2) }
//> 3
//> 4
// 2.6457513110645907
A code block is like any other expression that evaluates to a single value. It can appear wherever ordinary expressions are legal.
The scope of variables defined in a code block are limited to that code block. They won't be visible to code outside the block. All variable definition statements must appear at the top of the code block.
let x = 100
{ let x = 200
x + 10 }
// 210
x + 10
// 110
The previous section described how values can be abstracted away by assigning them to variables. Function definitions are a more powerful abstraction mechanism by which an expression itself can be referenced by a name.
Imagine how you would express the conversion of temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit. The procedure can be described in English as "multiply temperature in Celsius by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32". This description can be translated to a Slogan function as
function celsius_to_fahrenheit(temperature)
temperature * 9 / 5 + 32
A function definition is introduced by the function
keyword. It is followed by the function's name.
The celsius_to_fahrenheit
function requires the caller to specify the temperature in Celsius that needs to be converted.
This value becomes an entry in the parenthesized parameter list of the function. The parameter list is followed by an expression
which is the formula for converting temperature
to Fahrenheit. Unlike functions in imperative languages such as C, no explicit
return
statement is required to return a value from the function. The value of the last expression is implicitly
returned as the value of the function call.
Here are a few instances of using the temperature conversion function:
celsius_to_fahrenheit(180)
// 356
celsius_to_fahrenheit(30)
// 86
Exercise 3.1. Define a function to express the idea of squaring, i.e, multiplying a number x
by itself.
Exercise 3.2. Write a function that takes the radius of a circle as argument and return its area. The area of a circle
is computed by the formula: area = π × radius2
.
Slogan represent truth or Boolean values with the
identifiers true
and false
. They are used as
values for operations that return an yes or no answer. For instance, we can check if two values are equal
and get back a Boolean result:
1 == 1
// true
2 == 3
// false
We can also do other kinds of comparisons like checking if a value is less than or greater than another value:
1 < 2
// true
1 < 1
// false
1 <= 1 // less-than-or-equal-to
// true
1 > 2
// false
1 > 1
// false
1 >= 1 // greater-than-or-equal-to
// true
1 <> 2 // not-equals
// true
not(1 == 2)
// true
// like arithmetic operators, comparison operators are also real functions
`<`(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
// true
`<`(1, 2, 3, 4, 4)
// false
`<=`(1, 2, 3, 4, 4)
// true
Often we want to make a decision based on more than one Boolean value. The two logical operators - &&
(and
) and ||
(or
) - are used for
combining Boolean values.3
1 < 2 && 2 == 2
// true
and(1 < 2, 2 == 2, 3 > 2)
// true
1 < 0 || 2 == 3 || 3 == 3
// true
or(1 < 0, 2 == 3, 3 > 4)
// false
Conditional expressions allows us to make a test and perform different operations based on the result of that test.
The most general conditional is the if
expression.4
The syntax of if
is shown below:
if (condition_expression)
consequent_expression
else
alternative_expression
If condition_expression
evaluates to true
, consequent_expression
is
evaluated, otherwise alternative_expression
is evaluated. The value of the expression that gets evaluated will
become the value of the whole if
expression.
Let us write a function that makes use of comparison operators and condition expressions. The function is called reciprocal
and it computes 1/n
for a number n
when it is not equal to 0
.
If n
is 0
reciprocal
will return the string "oops!"
.5
function reciprocal(n)
if (n == 0) "oops!"
else 1/n
Examples of using the reciprocal
function are shown below:
reciprocal(10)
// 1/10
reciprocal(1/10)
// 10
reciprocal(0)
// oops!
reciprocal(reciprocal(1/10))
// 1/10
Alternative_expression
can be another if
expression, making it
possible to check for multiple conditions. This is demonstrated by the next function which calculates train fare discounts based on the age
and sex of the traveler. The rules for computing the discounts are these – if the traveler is female, give a 7%
discount,
if the traveler is more than 60
years of age, add 12.5%
to the discount. The function takes
the original fare, the age of the traveler and a Boolean value that indicates whether the traveler is female or not.
function discount(fare, age, is_female)
if (is_female && age > 60) fare * (0.07 + 0.125)
else if (is_female) fare * 0.07
else if (age > 60) fare * 0.125
else 0
// Usage:
discount(1230, 61, true)
// 239.85
discount(1230, 42, true)
// 86.10000000000001
discount(1230, 42, false)
// 0
discount(1230, 63, false)
// 153.75
Alternative_expression
is optional. If it is omitted and consequent_expression
evaluates to
false
, if
will return false
.
if (1 < 2) 100
// 100
if (1 > 2) 100
// false
The when
expression is a cleaner alternative to if
expressions
without the else
clause.
when (1 < 2) 100
// 100
when (1 > 2) 100
// false
Though Slogan support two explicit identifiers to represent Boolean values, all values other than the identifier
false
is treated as true by the conditional expressions.
if (1 + 2) "ok" else "no"
// ok
Exercise 3.3. Define a function that takes three numbers as arguments and returns the sum of the squares of the two larger numbers.
Some problems require iterating over the same expressions for a given number of times. Most imperative languages provide
constructs like the for
and while
loops for this purpose.  If the recursive call is made at a
position which is the last expression in the function, Slogan will
arrange its internal affairs in such a way that the call stack won't overflow.
The next example defines a function that prints a table of Celsius to Fahrenheit conversions. It take three arguments - the lower limit of the table, the upper bound and the size by which each entry in the table differs.
function print_temperature_table(lower, upper, size)
when (lower <= upper)
{ showln(lower, "c:", celsius_to_fahrenheit(lower), "f")
print_temperature_table(lower + size, upper, size) }
This function makes use of the celsius_to_fahrenheit
function we defined earlier.
Print_temperature_table
will call itself until the limit is reached. This recursive call is made as the
last expression in the conditional block. This also happens to be the last expression executed by the function. So Slogan translates
this into an iterative call, removing the previous call stacks from the call frame.
This optimization allows the function to call itself as many times as it wants and no special looping construct
is needed.6
Before we move to the next topic, let us once see the print_temperature_table
in action:
print_temperature_table(0, 100, 20)
//> 0c:32f
20c:68f
40c:104f
60c:140f
80c:176f
100c:212f
Exercise 3.4. Read the Wikipedia article on ancient Egyptian multiplication. Use recursion to implement one of the algorithms described there.
Now we know enough about Slogan to fix the first problem that our time server had – its inability to handle more than a single client. This can be fixed using recursion. We will put the basic behavior of the server in a function that calls itself for handling each client.
// file: time_server02.sn
let server = tcp_server_stream(2121)
function client_handler()
{ let client = read(server)
let request = read_line(client)
if (request == "GET TIME")
showln(stream = client, time_to_string(now()))
else
showln(stream = client, "error: invalid request")
close_stream(client)
// call self to handle next client
client_handler() }
// start the handler
client_handler()
// we will never reach here
close_stream(server)
To try the new server, load the time_server02.sn
script into the REPL:
load("time_server02")
Start another REPL and load the client time_client.sn
script.
To send multiple requests to the
server, just reload the client multiple times. The new server will be able to handle these requests without requiring
a restart. A significant improvement indeed!
load("time_client")
//> 2017-04-30T08:00:48
load("time_client")
//> 2017-04-30T08:00:49
As the server always expects another client to connect, it will never terminate. You can terminate the server process by pressing the
Control+C
key-combination in the shell that the server is running.
1Starting from this chapter, we will only show code snippets and their output without
the slogan>
prompt. You may evaluate the programs interactively at the REPL or type them into a file that is compiled
and executed later. While using the REPL, remember to end all expressions with a semicolon (;
), so that the interpreter can
kick-in and evaluate that expression. Semicolons are normally not required to terminate expressions entered into a file. So we omit them
in the code examples as well.
2A statement is often defined as code that does something and does not produce
a value. Slogan do not have statements in this sense, it only have expressions. Even statements like let
return a value. This value is a special object known as void
. So, in the context of Slogan, a statement
is an expression that returns void
.
3&&
takes precedence over ||
.
4If
is an expression because it returns the
value of the expression that was conditionally evaluated. This may come as a surprise for some among the readers as most popular languages
treat conditionals as statements.
5The string data type will be covered in detail in the next chapter.
6Slogan do have a built-in imperative looping construct which is similar to the
for
loop in C. But Slogan's for
loop is more powerful and expressive, as you will discover later. It is also
possible to add new looping constructs to the language using the syntactic extension facility. Despite all this, the preferred way
to repeatedly execute a piece of code in Slogan is by tail-recursion!


--- layout: post esbma_id: 1720 title: Best Buy: I want a Quiet Zone card. date: 2007-09-11 16:48:24 ---
I first started shopping at Best Buy maybe 10 or 15 years ago. It was either them or Circuit City, and back then, Best Buy was the clear winner. Why? Because Circuit City's employees were always trying to sell me a service contract. Shopping at Best Buy was relatively painless, so I became a regular customer there.
Fast forward to 2007 and everything has changed. Circuit City is no longer even a viable alternative. Based on the store here in Champaign, I'd say the chain has mostly flatlined. I hope their stockholders signed some sort of a Do-Not-Resuscitate order.
So Best Buy is really the only choice I've got. Unfortunately, Best Buy today is far, far more annoying than Circuit City ever was. I regret that I ever complained about the teensy little hassle at Circuit City.
Once I got asked about the service contract THREE TIMES during the purchase of a single item.
In terms of not being pestered, walking through a Chevrolet dealership is safer than a trip to Best Buy.
I'll confess that I do have one of their Reward Zone cards. Care to hear how I got it? Glad you asked. I was buying a DVD one day, preparing to tell them for the fifty thousandth time that I really don't want a Reward Zone card. But this time the cashier deviated from the script. She picked up a fresh new Reward Zone package and said, "I see you in here all the time. You need one of these." And suddenly I had a Reward Zone card, whether I wanted one or not.
I want the old Best Buy back. I just want to buy DVDs and cordless phones and digital cameras without being asked any questions. And I have a plan.
What I want is a Best Buy "Quiet Zone" card. Instead of blue like the Reward Zone card, this one would be red. I have no idea how my Reward Zone card works, but my Quiet Zone card would work like this: Whenever a Best Buy employee sees it, they immediately shut up. That's it. All I have to do is wave my red card and suddenly every blue shirt in my vicinity will put a cork in it. Don't even finish your sentence. I am buying exactly what I came here to buy, and nothing else.
I'd love to assert that the Red Zone card should be free, but I suspect that selling the idea of pleasing customers to the Best Buy management would be like trying to sell air freshener to a fish.
The unfortunate truth is that I would be willing to pay for my Quiet Zone card. I understand the realities of business. I know that nothing really comes for free. I know that the reason you people keep trying to give me magazines is that somebody is paying you to do it, so I am willing to pay you to stop. Charge me an annual fee. Or charge me a higher price every time I use my Quiet Zone card. I don't care.
Frankly, I think this idea is the best solution for everybody involved. The only possible flaw in my plan is that someday a new Best Buy competitor will emerge. They'll have a similar selection of products. Their prices will be 3-5 percent higher, but they will never, ever try to sell me something I didn't come there to buy. On the day that store opens in Champaign, I will make my last stop at Best Buy to say farewell.
But for now, please, please, sell me a Quiet Zone card.


April 26, 2015
My Gregorc Thinking Style test results turned out as follows:
This is absolutely and completely true of my learning style:
** They learn best when they are able to use trial-and-error approaches and given the opportunity to work through the problems themselves. They like experimenting to find answers and solving problems independently.**
So far, my biggest struggles relate to pairing: keeping focused and not knowing whether or not I'm doing a good job of driving or navigating. Sometimes while pairing, my thoughts trail off a little, or I might focus on the character of my pair's voice, or what's going on in their background, or something abstract and weird, and I have to consciously check in to keep focused on the solution. I think pairing is naturally going to be a struggle for a lot of students. We've never had experience with it before, and it requires a degree of relinquishing control. And relinquishing control is probably hard for Conrete Random & Sequential thinkers.
That being said, I think I need to work on is being a little more vocal about how I learn best to my pair. Instead of struggling with a solution, and saying "Umm...uhhh, hmm...lemme think," I could say, "Hey ____, do you mind if I experiment a little and try a couple of my ideas out? I just want to see if it would work."
I also need to work on analyzing problems before trying to solve them. It's not intuitive to pseudocode, but I really need to try and pseudocode out harder challenges every single time. My instinct is often to dive right into a problem, which is not a good practice.
Thanks for reading!


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| Semester V | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day/Time | 9:00-9:50 | 9:50-10:40 | 10:50-11:40 | 11:40-12:30 | BREAK |
13:30-14:20 | 14:20-15:10 | 15:10-16:00 |
| Monday | TOC | CNW | OS | UNIX/CG | SADP | Design Project | ||
| Tuesday | CNW | MP/DB Lab | MPC | TOC | SADP | |||
| Wednesday | OS | UNIX/CG | TOC | MPC | MP/DB Lab | |||
| Thursday | UNIX/CG | SADP | OS | TOC | CNW | MPC | MPC | |
| Friday | SADP | CNW | CGPU | BREAK | OS | UNIX/CG |


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Political parties
Name:
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Headquarters:
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Name:
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Name:
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Headquarters:
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Around 10:30, set up to smoke some weed.  Smoked 2 bowls, and immediately my heart started going nuts.  My limbs grew numb, as well as my head, I was overwhelmed with the sensations in my chest.  I panicked, but I generally kept my cool, I took a quick shower, took my temperature (98.7). I had intense pain for over 2 hours. After that it trailed off. I was too upset with the pain to even notice a high. I took an aspirin an hour through and my heart felt slightly better. My heartbeat was irregular and somewhat strong and weak at times averaging 90bpm.
I really don't know what specifically caused this, but I'd precaution one against combining too many different substances such as like I did, my body just could not take the amount and interaction of chemicals inside me. I had an intense feeling that I was going to die, I was edgy, unable to move much, my body shaking and shivering violently. I meditated and lit a candle as the aspirin took its course, and I was able to calm myself to a certain degree. After the high of weed passed by, I felt better and was able to go to sleep without fear of dying in my sleep. I don't know how hurt I am at this point, but I am visiting the doctor's today. I have been noticing over the past few weeks that my heart feels a lot different when I get high now than it used to, I feel it more and it hurts more. I don't know whether this is a result to other drugs I've taken (MDMA, shrooms, painkillers, opium, adderall, other anti-depressants) But I'm not taking the chance.
I really don't know what to make of this situation, all that I know is I'm happy I'm alive and that I didn't have a heart attack. Don't swallow too many things in one night. And if you start having severe heart problems on something simple like Weed, advil, and herbs, just try and relax and let it pass naturally, and see a doctor the next day. I could have busted myself and asked to go to the hospital, but I'm here right now and I am feeling better.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


World's Smallest Political Quiz
Periodicals and References on technology and future
-
-
Extropy Online - Grand-scale futurism, intelligent technology, personal and social transformation.
- Emergence:
A Journal of Complexity Issues in Organizations and Management
- Slashdot - News for Nerds
- Adbusters Magazine
- The most intelligent news source I have seen
-
-
E-Scape - Journal of speculative fiction
- Telepolis magazine
- Excelsior - Transhumanist magazine.
- JASSS -
The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
- Official publication of World future society
- EFFector Online
-
- Sunrise Magazine
-
Fringeware magazine
- bOING bOING
- HotWired
- MONDO 2000
-
Computer Underground Digest
- High Times
- WWW server
- Whole Earth Review
- Phrack magazine of computer underground
- 2600 - The Hacker Quarterly
- Meme magazine
-
- a magazine
of the First Millennial Foundation
-
Other lists of periodicals
- MAGAZINES.com - The largest magazine retailer on the Internet.
- index to News
- from John Labovitz
- The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Electronic Journals
- Ziff-Davis Magazines
-
CMU list of Journals and Newspapers
-
-
News
guide at Starting point
More news sources:
-
Free Technology Magazines
-
Four Free Issues of US News
-
Free Trial Issue of Money Magazine
-
Free Issue of Modern Day Millionaire
-
Self-Publishing solution from BookNooks
-
-
New Winsock Apps from CWSA - my favorite place to look for new software
-
New additions to TUCOWS Software Catalog
Other publications:
- Anarchy Cookbook
-
The On-line Books
- Gutenberg Master Index
-
- Nanotechnology on the WWW
- The Devils Dictionary
- The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
-
Paramind/Para-literature
- Computer Generated Writing
- Webster's
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We need to ask for some details so we can arrange a test. But as your symptoms are mild you can look after yourself at home as you would with flu.


PR-View (/preview/) is a Pull Request activity visualizer.
While you can use the activity feeds in sites like GitLab or GitHub to see what is going on in a repo or organization I found that when it came to performing code reviews and following up on said reviews that a fleeting feed resulted in delays or missed responses.
For example say you reviewed a PR and posted a bunch of comments. The author of the PR may not notice that you submitted a review if they are busy with other work. Sure they get an email but if they are like me I get a billion emails and they are all filtered and mostly ignored (My team mostly communicates over Slack so emails are just corporate stuff which can wait). I have to leave the PR open in different tabs and continually return to them to see if a review or a response to my review has been submitted.
I tried RSS readers which gave toast notices but those were again fleeting (disappeared before I could look at them) and low on details; with a finite amount of space on a toast less is more. The feeds I was getting chose to not show the PR title but instead showed the PR number but those I don't memorize so again it was only so effective. It did however offer a read visualization to let me know which activities I've already read and which are new.
PR-View is an attempt to build a radiator for all open PRs showing which PRs have comments and which were updated since last you read them. It will allow you to mark PRs as done to remove them from the radiator. The goal is to provide a single page view of what PRs are pending your attention.
To learn more checkout the PR-View GitHub Page


The Internet is a very complicated thing. It is what connects the world, far more than any other medium. We all use it (all the time), but do we really have an understanding of how it works? I'll try to break it down a little and explain the many processes behind it. This is based on older information, in order to keep it a little simpler.
First, we'll start with internet addresses, and expand on our understanding from there. This address is known as an IP address (IP stands for Internet Protocol). IP addresses are in the form nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where nnn must be a number from 0 - 255. This is quite similar to your home address, it identifies where to find you. If something (in this case information) needs to be sent to you, your IP address is the navigation marker to find you. So when sending something between 2 computers, it goes from your IP address into "the internet" (which is what we will begin to dissect next) and then into another computer, located by their IP address.
Now, we have the beginning and end of the process, but what's in the middle? An example should serve here: Let's say your IP address is <IP_ADDRESS> and you want to send a message to the computer <IP_ADDRESS>. The message you want to send is "Hello computer <IP_ADDRESS>!". The message must be translated from alphabetic text into electronic signals, transmitted over the Internet, then translated back into alphabetic text. How is this accomplished? Through the use of a protocol stack. Every computer needs one to communicate on the Internet and it is usually built into the computer's operating system (i.e. Windows, Unix, etc.). The protocol stack used on the Internet is refered to as the TCP/IP protocol stack because of the two major communication protocols used. There are 4 layers to the stack:
Application Protocols Layer- Protocols specific to applications such as WWW, e-mail, FTP, etc. Transmission Control Protocol- Layer TCP directs packets to a specific application on a computer using a port number. Internet Protocol Layer- IP directs packets to a specific computer using an IP address. Hardware Layer- Converts binary packet data to network signals and back.
Now, the rest of the intervening process is handled by the data companies that own all the expensive computing and routing equipment, which would take a very long time to go into. For now, suffice it to say that they handle the data transfer between computers. I'll try and come back to this and expand upon it, but I'm 3 hours in on this exercise.


THE PLEASANT PLACES TO LIVE
Where in the U.S. will you find the most “pleasant” days in a year?
“pleasant” here means:
- the mean temperature was between (° F and ° F)
- the minimum temperature was above ° F
- the maximum temperature was below ° F
- there was no significant precipitation or snow depth
This was first made by Kelly Norton. I made it interactive with Tangle. These graphs use GSOD data from 2011-2017.


weekly picks (Jul 4 week 2020)
-
PhysRevB.102.035150 : Emergence of Van Hove singularity and topological states in ${\mathrm{Pb}}_{3}\mathrm{Bi}\text{/}\mathrm{Ge}(111)$ Rashba systems (Rashba, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014444 : Local force method for the ab initio tight-binding model: Effect of spin-dependent hopping on exchange interactions (RArita, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.045141 : Berry flux diagonalization: Application to electric polarization (Vanderbilt, PRB)
-
PhysRevLett.125.047204 : Majorana-Mediated Spin Transport in Kitaev Quantum Spin Liquids (kitaev, PRL)
-
2007.11791 : Spin-waves in 2D honeycomb lattice $XXZ$-type van der Waals antiferromagnet CoPS$_3$ (JGPark, arXiv)
-
2007.11719 : Density Wave Mediated Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interactions (Chakravarty, arXiv)
-
2007.11637 : Vacancy-induced low-energy density of states in the Kitaev spin liquid (Moessner, arXiv)
-
2007.11585 : Topological Crystalline Phases in a Disordered Inversion-Symmetric Chain (Hughes, arXiv)
-
acs.nanolett.0c01356 : Type-II Ising Superconductivity and Anomalous Metallic State in Macro-Size Ambient-Stable Ultrathin Crystalline Films (PbTe2, NanoLetters) 369.6502.388.3 : An unusual superconductor (Stajic, Science)
-
PhysRevB.102.045139 : Topological phase transition on the edge of two-dimensional ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ topological order (Z2, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035147 : Local matrix product operators: Canonical form, compression, and control theory (Zaletel, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.020408 : Spin Seebeck effect near the antiferromagnetic spin-flop transition (Yaroslav, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014442 : Competing magnetic orders in quantum critical ${\mathrm{Sr}}{3}{\mathrm{Ru}}{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ (ruthenate bilayer, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014108 : Persistent polar distortions from covalent interactions in doped ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ (BTO, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.045424 : Topological bulk states and their currents (Pachos, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.041123 : Seeing topological edge and bulk currents in time-of-flight images (Pachos, PRB)
-
s41567-020-0965-y : Chiral phonons in the pseudogap phase of cuprates (phonon thermal Hall, nphys)
-
2007.11215 : Interaction Induced Topological Charge Pump (Hatsugai, arXiv)
-
PhysRevB.102.041120 : Disorder recovers the Wiedemann-Franz law in the metallic phase of ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ (VO2, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035142 : Topological corner modes in a brick lattice with nonsymmorphic symmetry (nonsymmorphic, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035145 : Nontrivial topological phase with a zero Chern number (ZSong, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035143 : Surface and bulk electronic structure of aluminium diboride (PDCKing, PRB)
-
PhysRevLett.125.047203 : Topological Magnons with Nodal-Line and Triple-Point Degeneracies: Implications for Thermal Hall Effect in Pyrochlore Iridates (Hwang, PRL)
-
PhysRevB.102.014437 : Coherent spin waves driven by optical spin-orbit torque (HWLee, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014439 : Dynamic spin fluctuations in the frustrated A -site spinel Cu Al 2 O 4 (JGPark, PRB)
-
PhysRevLett.125.046402 : Engineering Weyl Phases and Nonlinear Hall Effects in ${\mathrm{T}}{d}$-${\mathrm{MoTe}}{2}$ (Vanderbilit, PRL)
-
PhysRevLett.125.047201 : Kitaev Spin Liquid in $3d$ Transition Metal Compounds (Khaliullin, PRL)
-
PhysRevX.10.031016 : Absence of Superconductivity in the Pure Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model (SWhite, PRX)
-
2007.09872 : Controlling anomalous and topological Hall effects in SrRuO$_3$ ultra-thin film by tuning inversion symmetry breaking (CKim, arXiv)
-
2007.09749 : Nonlinear spectroscopy of collective modes in excitonic insulator (AJMillis, arXiv)
-
PhysRevB.102.045130 : Intrinsic axion insulating behavior in antiferromagnetic ${\mathrm{MnBi}}{6}{\mathrm{Te}}{10}$ (MnBiTe, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035425 : Emergent flat band lattices in spatially periodic magnetic fields (flatband, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.024307 : Fragile phonon topology on the honeycomb lattice with time-reversal symmetry (phonon, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035427 : Interplay of exchange and superexchange in triple quantum dots (QD, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035136 : Correlated insulating phases of twisted bilayer graphene at commensurate filling fractions: A Hartree-Fock study (FCZhang, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.035132 : Effect of uniaxial stress on the electronic band structure of NbP (NbP, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.024430 : Helical spin liquid in a triangular XXZ magnet from Chern-Simons theory (RMoessner, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014509 : Critical temperature ${T}{c}$ and Pauli limited critical field of ${\mathrm{Sr}}{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$: Uniaxial strain dependence (SRaghu, PRB)
-
PhysRevB.102.014432 : Effect of curvature on the eigenstates of magnetic skyrmions (skyrmion, PRB)
-
PhysRevLett.125.046601 : Precise Experimental Test of the Luttinger Theorem and Particle-Hole Symmetry for a Strongly Correlated Fermionic System (composite fermions, PRL)
-
2007.09110 : Colossal Negative Magnetoresistance Effect in A La${1.37}$Sr${1.63}$Mn$_2$O$_7$ Single Crystal Grown by Laser-Diode-Heated Floating-Zone Technique (bilayerMn, arXiv)
-
2007.08887 : Current-induced second harmonic generation in inversion-symmetric Dirac and Weyl semimetals (JMoore, arXiv)
-
PhysRevB.102.014420 : Large spin to charge conversion in the topological superconductor $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{PdBi}}_{2}$ at room temperature (PbBi, PRB)


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[gecode-users] branch function as static member?
Martin Mann
mmann at informatik.uni-freiburg.de
Thu Jun 8 16:34:28 CEST 2006
Ah ok,
yes seems to be better that way..
Thanks for reponse!
Martin
Christian Schulte schrieb:
> No, as this is implementation defined. When modelling or interfacing one
> should not be forced to understand anything from what's under the hood.
>
> On the other hand side, we use overloading rather than static member
> functions: there is not single branch function! There are many, depending on
> the argument type.
>
> Christian
>
> --
> Christian Schulte, http://www.imit.kth.se/~schulte/
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On Behalf
> Of Martin Mann
> Sent: Thursday, June 08, 2006 4:09 PM
> To: gecode user list
> Subject: [gecode-users] branch function as static member?
>
>
> Hi,
>
> currently the Gecode::branch() function is a global wrapper function for
> the ViewValBranching class.
> Therefor is my question if it wouldnt be better to place it into the
> corresponding class description as a static member?
>
> Doing it that way it would be clear which Branching subclass is used.
>
> If you agree maybe its nice to introduce the static branch function
> virtual in the base Branching class.
>
> But it's just a suggestion...
>
> ;)
>
> Cheers,
> Martin
>
> _______________________________________________
> Gecode users mailing list
> users at gecode.org https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
>
>
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


[§8-21] Domestic Violence Awareness Month. The month of October shall be known and designated as "Domestic Violence Awareness Month" to promote public awareness of domestic violence as a significant societal, public health, and criminal justice problem. This month is not and shall not be construed as a state holiday. [L 2012, c 73, §1]


Don Jr. Blasts Jussie Smollett Hate Hoax & Big Tech Censorship
Warns tech companies and media will lie and censor more than ever ahead of 2020 election
Donald Trump Jr. laid into former “Empire” actor Jussie Smollett for allegedly staging a hate hoax against himself, and discussed the dangers of media bias and social media censorship.
In an interview with the Daily Caller on Friday, Trump explained his dismay regarding Smollett’s hate crime hoax and the media’s complicity in perpetuating it.
“Really, 2:00 AM, coldest night of the year and this really rich actor is just going out to get Subway?” Trump Jr said. “Jussie may have been an average actor, but he’s a really really bad writer.”
“The media is just so prone to try to jump onto anything, try to spin it,” he continued. “And if it sounds too good to be true, they just go so all in that they’ve just lost all credibility with reasonable people, with thinking people because it’s like, this is nuts.”
On social media censorship, the president’s son pointed out that Big Tech is de-platforming conservatives ahead of the 2020 election.
“I was literally taken down for ‘hate speech’ because they wanted it to be true, not that it actually was true,” Trump said.
“Censorship is certainly happening. You can see it. It’s getting worse. And they’re trying to minimize what [President Trump] is able to do, and able to do better than anyone before him, so they can get the results that they want. And it’s pretty sick and it’s gotta stop,” he added.
Infowars will soon file a lawsuit against Facebook, because of their unfair censorship practices against Alex Jones. Norman Pattis joins Owen in-studio to break down this precedent setting case.


HEAR MY SONG A film review by Frank Maloney Copyright 1992 Frank Maloney
HEAR MY SONG is a movie directed by Peter Chelsom. It was written by Peter Chelsom and Adrian Dunbar. It stars Ned Beatty, Adrian Dunbar, Cathleen Doyle, Tara Fitzgerald, William Hootkins, David McCallum, and Shirley-Anne Field. It is rated R for brief nudity, mild profanity.
HEAR MY SONG is an Irish (or possibly Anglo-Irish? [actually, it's British -mod]) film that is fresh, charming, funny, sweet, and entertaining. The fact that the story is less than original and holds few, if any, surprises, barely diminishes the appeal of this light-hearted romantic comedy about friendship, loyalty, and obligations that must be paid.
The major character is Mickey O'Neill, played effortlessly and energetically by co-writer Adrian Dunbar. He is operating a slightly bogus night club in an Irish neighborhood of an English city, which logically ought to be Liverpool. His schemes catch up with him and he looses everything, especially his girl and his reputation. To redeem himself in the eyes of his community and especially those of his girl (Tara Fitzgerald) and her mother (Shirley-Ann Field), the still beautiful Miss Dairy Goodness of 1958, Mickey heads for Ireland to track the one man who can make Mickey persona grata, a legendary Irish tenor and tax evader, Josef Locke. (It seems, by the way, that Locke is a real person, who is living peacefully and legally in Ireland today.)
In the film, Locke is played commandingly by veteran American character actor Ned Beatty. Beatty backs off from a full-flown Irish accent, and what he does assay may slip a trifle from time to time. But the performance is fine enough to overlook an occasional lapsus linguae. (I'd be interested in hearing from any Irish about this or any other reaction to the film.) The only problem I have with Beatty's performance is in the area of dubbing the songs. The singing is provided by tenor Vernon Midgley, and it is really wonderful to hear it. However, I never can believe it is coming out of Ned Beatty's all-too familiar face.
There is a wealth of charming character performances in HEAR MY SONG. And the location shots of Irish landscapes are an added attraction. There's a lovely friendship story concerning Mickey and his boyhood friend Fenton (played by a singularly cute and charming actor whose name, alas, I do not have). Mickey says as they part, "What have I done for you?" To which Fenton replies, "Nothing. But's that not the point." There is also a very funny performance by William Hootkins, a man who tries to make people happy by being what they want him to be.
The humor of the film is founded on desperation and the fear of losing one's honor. Mickey is desperate to get back his girl, the girl he was never able to say "I love you" to; Locke has to redeem his promises to the girl's mother. And then there's a police inspector played by David McCallum (best known for his role in THE MAN FROM U.N.C.L.E. as Ilya Kuriakin), who's been waiting for twenty-five years to redeem his promise to arrest the tax invader who saved his life. There are plenty of outrageous gags, handled with style and grace, none more so than one concerning a cow and a very deep well.
I can recommend HEAR MY SONG to just about anyone who isn't holed in WAYNE'S WORLD and has no intention being so (that's my minireview of that one; please do not write to tell me what a geek I am--I happen to be an old fart), but I digress. If you pay full price, you will not feel cheated. In the U.S. it is being distributed by Miramax, something you might want to mention to your local art house manager. This is a charmer.
(In the Seattle area, it is playing at the Seven Gables.)
-- Frank Richard Aloysius Jude Maloney .
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Most of the people are Athens locals. They’re locked into the action on the court and observing the work of coach Jeff Boals, who’s nearing the finish line of his first season with the Bobcats. Ohio will end what was supposed to be a transitional season in the bottom half of the Mid-American Conference standings.
The fans, for the most part, are OK with that. They understand where the program is and — hopefully — where it will be in the future under a new coach. They’ll be at The Convo regardless, eager to see when the basketball program will turn a corner and ascend back to one of the conference’s dominant teams.
“You got to give new coaches some leeway and some breaks,” said Rick Hartung, who’s been attending games from his seat a dozen rows up from Ohio’s bench since the ’70s. “I think Jeff’s done a wonderful job.”
Most fans would agree with Hartung. Ohio is 6-9 against MAC opponents this season with three games to play and is 4-3 in February. Four of the Bobcats’ MAC losses have been decided by one possession.
Sure, some of the close finishes have been frustrating for the fans, but they know that Ohio is capable of winning those games soon. The Bobcats entered the season carrying eight freshmen and will only graduate two players, Jordan Dartis and Sylvester Ogbonda, after this season.
Boals was hired in March after coaching Stony Brook for three seasons. He didn’t receive a full offseason to recruit players for his new program but still hauled in a class of promising recruits, which included 2018-2019 Ohio Gatorade Player of the Year Ben Roderick.
He’s also helped returning players who were recruited under previous coach Saul Phillips, who’s now the coach at Division II Northern State, take the next step in their game.
Sophomore guard Jason Preston has spent most of the season top five in the nation in assists. Redshirt sophomore Ben Vander Plas is 10th in the conference in points per game. Dartis, a redshirt senior, became Ohio’s all-time 3-point leader Feb. 8 against Miami.
But the Bobcats have seen growth in their newest additions, too.
Freshman guard Lunden McDay has become one of the Bobcats’ better defensive players and has flashed potential on the offensive side of the court, too.
Roderick, meanwhile, scored a career-high 21 points Tuesday against Buffalo. He opened that game with three quick 3-pointers and was arguably the best player in Ohio’s biggest win of the season.
“A lot of these guys were in high school last year,” said Heather Cumbo, who’s attended games for the last two decades. “They’re doing really well. Coach Boals is just wonderful. I think he’s going to be here for a long time and be a really good coach.”
If the Bobcats win Friday against Kent State, they’ll surpass their win total from last season. Ohio is currently the ninth seed for the MAC Tournament, but if the Bobcats can win two of their final three games and move up just one spot in the standings, they could be in position to host a first-round game at The Convo.
That’s something the Bobcats haven’t done since the 2016-2017 season.
“We all wish we had a better record right now,” Hartung said, “but we’ve lost a lot of close games. We’ve seen improvement from the first game to today. I think Jeff will do well here, and I think he’ll be here a while.”
From the fans’ perspective, things appear to be going up. Most of them believe the Bobcats should be back at a competitive level in another season or two.
By then, their current crop of young talent could develop into one of the premier teams of the MAC.
“Maybe in a year or two,” said Myles Kiphen, who’s been attending Ohio games for over 35 years. “I think the players he’s brought in are great. He plays as many people as he can, and their intensity is good. I think they really like playing for this guy.”


How to choose a betting site
Choosing which betting site to join is one of the most important decisions you will make in your online betting adventure. Each betting site has strong sides and weak sides, and this article will help you choose the best site for your preferences.
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| Strength | |
| Dexterity | |
| Stamina |
| Charisma | |
| Manipulation | |
| Appearance |
| Perception | |
| Intelligence | |
| Wits |
| Alertness | |
| Athletics | |
| Awareness | |
| Brawl | |
| Empathy | |
| Expression | |
| Intimidation | |
| Leadership | |
| Streetwise | |
| Subterfuge |
| Animal Ken | |
| Craft | |
| Drive | |
| Etiquette | |
| Firearms | |
| Larceny | |
| Melee | |
| Performance | |
| Stealth | |
| Survival |
| Academics | |
| Computer | |
| Finance | |
| Investigation | |
| Law | |
| Medicine | |
| Occult | |
| Politics | |
| Science | |
| Technology |
| Name | Attribute | Ability | Roll | Specialization |
| Attribute/Ability | Label |
Conscience/Conviction |
|
Self-Control/Instinct |
|
Courage |
| Roll | Weapon/Attack | Attribute | Skill | Attack Modifier |
Attack Difficulty |
Damage | Add Strength? |
Range | Rate | Clip |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maneuver | Maneuver Desciption |
Dice Pool | Attack Modifier |
Attack Difficulty |
Damage | Damage Modifier |
Damage Difficulty |
Damage Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| � | Dex + Brawl | 6 | Strength +1 | Aggravated | ||||
| � | Str + Brawl | 6 | Strength +1 | Aggravated | ||||
| � | Dex + Brawl | 6 | Strength | None | None | None | ||
| � | Str + Brawl | 6 | None | None | None | None | ||
| � | Dex + Brawl | 7 | Strength +1 | Bashing | ||||
| � | Dex + Brawl | 6 | Strength | Bashing | ||||
| � | Dex + Brawl | 7 | Strength +1 | Bashing |
| Extra Bruised | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bruised | ||
| Hurt | -1 | |
| Injured | -1 | |
| Wounded | -2 | |
| Mauled | -2 | |
| Crippled | -5 | |
| Incapacitated |
| Armor Type | Rating | Dexterity Penalty | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soak | Stamina | Modifier | Difficulty | Apply Armor? |
| Strength | |
| Dexterity | |
| Stamina |
| Charisma | |
| Manipulation | |
| Appearance |
| Perception | |
| Intelligence | |
| Wits |
| Alertness | |
| Athletics | |
| Brawl | |
| Empathy | |
| Expression | |
| Intimidation | |
| Leadership | |
| Primal-Urge | |
| Streetwise | |
| Subterfuge |
| Animal Ken | |
| Crafts | |
| Drive | |
| Etiquette | |
| Firearms | |
| Larceny | |
| Melee | |
| Performance | |
| Stealth | |
| Survival |
| Academics | |
| Computer | |
| Enigmas | |
| Investigation | |
| Law | |
| Medicine | |
| Occult | |
| Rituals | |
| Science | |
| Technology |
| Name | Attribute | Ability | Roll | Specialization |
| Attribute/Ability | Label |
No |
StrengthStaminaManipulationAppearance |
StrengthDexterityStaminaManipulationAppearance |
StrengthDexterityStaminaManipulation |
StrengthDexterityStaminaManipulation |
Difficulty: |
Difficulty: |
Difficulty: |
Difficulty: |
Difficulty: |
| Strength | |
| Dexterity | |
| Stamina |
| Charisma | |
| Manipulation | |
| Appearance |
| Perception | |
| Intelligence | |
| Wits |
| Alertness | |
| Art | |
| Athletics | |
| Awareness | |
| Brawl | |
| Empathy | |
| Expression | |
| Intimidation | |
| Leadership | |
| Streetwise | |
| Subterfuge |
| Crafts | |
| Drive | |
| Etiquette | |
| Firearms | |
| Martial Arts | |
| Meditation | |
| Melee | |
| Performance | |
| Stealth | |
| Survival | |
| Technology |
| Academics | |
| Computer | |
| Cosmology | |
| Enigmas | Esoterica |
| Investigation | |
| Law | |
| Medicine | |
| Occult | |
| Politics | |
| Science |
| Name | Attribute | Ability | Roll | Specialization |
| Attribute/Ability | Label |
Correspondence |
|
Entropy |
|
Forces |
Life |
|
Matter |
|
Mind |
Prime |
|
Spirit |
|
Time |


preferenceswindow
-
Declaration
class
PreferencesWindow
;Preferences window and associated methods.
-
Declaration
Window
root
;Variable used to access the main window.
-
Declaration
Text
textMain
;Variable used to acces the origina Text widget. Used for preferences.
-
Declaration
Scale
opacitySlider
;Opacity slider widget used to control the transparency.
-
Declaration
readpreferences.Preferences
preferences
;Struct meant to hold the
preferences
read from file. -
Declaration
Window
preferencesWindow
;The window containing all the widgets for changing the settings.
-
Declaration
Frame
preferencesFrame
;The main frame used to hold the widgets within the preferences window.
-
Declaration
Button
changeFont
;Button which invokes the font dialog to change the font.
-
Declaration
Button
changeForegroundColor
;Button which opens the color dialog to the change the foreground color.
-
Declaration
Button
changeBackgroundColor
;Button which opens the color dialog to the change the background color.
-
Declaration
Button
changeInsertColor
;Button which opens the color dialog to the change the insert cursor color.
-
Declaration
Button
savePreferences
;Button which saves the preferences to file and updates the struct.
-
Declaration
Button
changeSelectionForegroundColor
;Button which opens the color dialog to the change the selection foreground color.
-
Declaration
Button
changeSelectionBackgroundColor
;Button which opens the color dialog to the change the selection background color.
-
Declaration
Text[]
textWidgetArray
;Array which holds all the Text widget except for the terminal and line numbers.
-
Declaration
CheckButton
setSaveOnModified
;CheckButton used to control the saveOnModified setting.
-
Declaration
Text
lineNumbersTextWidget
;The Text widget containing the line numbers.
-
Declaration
Text
terminalOutput
;The Text widget containing the terminal output.
-
Declaration
Entry
shellPath
;The Entry box with the shell path or the "default" setting.
-
Declaration
ComboBox
syntaxTheme
;ComboBox used to pick the syntax color theme used by the application. Requires the highligh to be redone.
-
Declaration
this(Window
root
, TexttextMain
, readpreferences.Preferencespreferences
, Text[]textWidgetArray
, TextterminalOutput
, TextlineNumbersTextWidget
);Constructor.
-
Declaration
void
openPreferencesWindow
(CommandArgsargs
, Text[]getTextWidgetArray
);Creates the preferences window and displays its contents.
-
Declaration
void
openFontDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the font dialog allowing you to choose the options for the font.
-
Declaration
void
openForegroundColorDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the color dialog allowing you to choose the foreground color.
-
Declaration
void
openBackgroundColorDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the color dialog allowing you to choose the background color.
-
Declaration
void
openInsertColorDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the color dialog allowing you to choose the insert color.
-
Declaration
void
openSelectionForegroundColorDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the color dialog allowing you to choose the selection foreground color.
-
Declaration
void
openSelectionBackgroundColorDialog
(CommandArgsargs
);Opens the color dialog allowing you to choose the selection background color.
-
Declaration
void
savePreferencesToFile
(CommandArgsargs
);Saves the current widget values to the "preferences.config" file and updates the struct.
-
Declaration
void
closePreferences
(CommandArgsargs
);Closes the preferences window when you press "Escape".
-
Declaration
void
changeOpacity
(CommandArgsargs
);Changes the opacity based off of the scale widget's value.
-


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| moa.clusterers.clustree |
| Modifier and Type | Field | Description |
|---|---|---|
ClusKernel |
Entry.data |
The actual entry data.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
protected ClusKernel |
Entry.emptyBuffer(long currentTime,
double negLambda) |
Clear the buffer in this entry and return a copy.
|
protected ClusKernel |
Entry.getBuffer() |
Getter for the buffer.
|
protected ClusKernel |
Entry.getData() |
Getter for the data.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method | Description |
|---|---|---|
void |
ClusKernel.add(ClusKernel other) |
Adds the given cluster to this cluster, without making this cluster
older.
|
protected void |
ClusKernel.aggregate(ClusKernel other,
long timeDifference,
double negLambda) |
Make this cluster older bei weighting it and add to this cluster the
given cluster.
|
protected void |
Entry.aggregateCluster(ClusKernel otherData,
long currentTime,
double negLambda) |
Aggregate the given
Kernel to the data cluster
of this entry. |
protected void |
Entry.aggregateToBuffer(ClusKernel pointToInsert,
long currentTime,
double negLambda) |
Aggregate the given
Kernel to the buffer
cluster of this entry. |
double |
ClusKernel.calcDistance(ClusKernel other) |
Calculate the distance to this other cluster.
|
protected double |
Entry.calcDistance(ClusKernel cluster) |
Calculates the distance to the data in this entry.
|
void |
ClusTree.insert(ClusKernel newPoint,
Budget budget,
long timestamp) |
Insert a new point in the
Tree . |
Entry |
Node.nearestEntry(ClusKernel buffer) |
Returns the neareast
Entry to the given Cluster . |
protected void |
ClusKernel.overwriteOldCluster(ClusKernel other) |
Overwrites the LS, SS and weightedN in this cluster to the values of the
given cluster but adds N and classCount of the given cluster to this one.
|
| Constructor | Description |
|---|---|
ClusKernel(ClusKernel other) |
Instantiates a copy of the given cluster.
|
Entry(int numberDimensions,
ClusKernel cluster,
long currentTime) |
Constructuctor that creates an
Entry with an empty buffer
and the data given by the Kernel . |
Entry(int numberDimensions,
ClusKernel cluster,
long currentTime,
Entry parentEntry,
Node containerNode) |
extended constructor with containerNode and parentEntry
|
Copyright © 2020 University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ. All Rights Reserved.


--- layout: page title: Partition categories: attributes ---
Eukaryotic genomes often consist of multiple chromosomes, which are distinct sequences. However, they are often visualized as one contiguous sequence by placing them end-to-end of each other. Some visualizations, especially when comparing genomes, treat chromosomes as separate elements. While different chromosomes are the most common reason to display a sequence in separate parts, one could imagine partitioning a sequence based on other factors too, such as partitioning it in equally sized subsequences to show the entire sequence in multiple rows (similar to space-filling layouts).
Segments of the genome, typically individual chromosomes, are joined together end-to-end.
{% assign total_c = 0 %} {% for post in site.tools %} {% for items in post.partition %} {% if items == "contiguous" %} {% assign total_c = total_c | plus: 1 %} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}{{ total_c }} tools
Segments of the genome, typically individual chromosomes, are displayed separately.
{% assign total_s = 0 %} {% for post in site.tools %} {% for items in post.partition %} {% if items == "segregated" %} {% assign total_s = total_s | plus: 1 %} {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% endfor %}{{ total_s }} tools


Class yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager
| Inheritance | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager » yii\rbac\BaseManager » yii\base\Component » yii\base\BaseObject |
|---|---|
| Implements | yii\base\Configurable, yii\rbac\ManagerInterface |
| Available since version | 2.0.5 |
| Source Code | https://github.com/yiisoft/yii2-mongodb/blob/master/rbac/MongoDbManager.php |
MongoDbManager represents an authorization manager that stores authorization information in MongoDB.
Manager uses 3 collections for the RBAC data storage:
- $itemCollection - stores item data and item parents list
- $assignmentCollection - stores assignments info
- $ruleCollection - stores rule data
These collection are better to be pre-created with search fields indexed.
Public Properties
Protected Properties
| Property | Type | Description | Defined By |
|---|---|---|---|
| $defaultRoles | array | A list of role names that are assigned to every user automatically without calling assign(). | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| $items | yii\rbac\Item[] | All auth items (name => Item) | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| $rules | yii\rbac\Rule[] | All auth rules (name => Rule) | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
Public Methods
| Method | Description | Defined By |
|---|---|---|
| __call() | Calls the named method which is not a class method. | yii\base\Component |
| __clone() | This method is called after the object is created by cloning an existing one. | yii\base\Component |
| __construct() | Constructor. | yii\base\BaseObject |
| __get() | Returns the value of a component property. | yii\base\Component |
| __isset() | Checks if a property is set, i.e. defined and not null. | yii\base\Component |
| __set() | Sets the value of a component property. | yii\base\Component |
| __unset() | Sets a component property to be null. | yii\base\Component |
| add() | Adds a role, permission or rule to the RBAC system. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| addChild() | Adds an item as a child of another item. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| assign() | Assigns a role to a user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| attachBehavior() | Attaches a behavior to this component. | yii\base\Component |
| attachBehaviors() | Attaches a list of behaviors to the component. | yii\base\Component |
| behaviors() | Returns a list of behaviors that this component should behave as. | yii\base\Component |
| canAddChild() | Checks the possibility of adding a child to parent. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| canGetProperty() | Returns a value indicating whether a property can be read. | yii\base\Component |
| canSetProperty() | Returns a value indicating whether a property can be set. | yii\base\Component |
| checkAccess() | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager | |
| className() | Returns the fully qualified name of this class. | yii\base\BaseObject |
| createPermission() | Creates a new Permission object. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| createRole() | Creates a new Role object. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| detachBehavior() | Detaches a behavior from the component. | yii\base\Component |
| detachBehaviors() | Detaches all behaviors from the component. | yii\base\Component |
| ensureBehaviors() | Makes sure that the behaviors declared in behaviors() are attached to this component. | yii\base\Component |
| getAssignment() | Returns the assignment information regarding a role and a user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getAssignments() | Returns all role assignment information for the specified user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getBehavior() | Returns the named behavior object. | yii\base\Component |
| getBehaviors() | Returns all behaviors attached to this component. | yii\base\Component |
| getChildRoles() | Returns child roles of the role specified. Depth isn't limited. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getChildren() | Returns the child permissions and/or roles. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getDefaultRoleInstances() | Returns defaultRoles as array of Role objects. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getDefaultRoles() | Get default roles | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getPermission() | Returns the named permission. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getPermissions() | Returns all permissions in the system. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getPermissionsByRole() | Returns all permissions that the specified role represents. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getPermissionsByUser() | Returns all permissions that the user has. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getRole() | Returns the named role. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getRoles() | Returns all roles in the system. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getRolesByUser() | Returns the roles that are assigned to the user via assign(). | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getRule() | Returns the rule of the specified name. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getRules() | Returns all rules available in the system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getUserIdsByRole() | Returns all user IDs assigned to the role specified. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| hasChild() | Returns a value indicating whether the child already exists for the parent. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| hasEventHandlers() | Returns a value indicating whether there is any handler attached to the named event. | yii\base\Component |
| hasMethod() | Returns a value indicating whether a method is defined. | yii\base\Component |
| hasProperty() | Returns a value indicating whether a property is defined for this component. | yii\base\Component |
| init() | Initializes the application component. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| invalidateCache() | Invalidates RBAC related cache | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| loadFromCache() | Loads data from cache | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| off() | Detaches an existing event handler from this component. | yii\base\Component |
| on() | Attaches an event handler to an event. | yii\base\Component |
| remove() | Removes a role, permission or rule from the RBAC system. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| removeAll() | Removes all authorization data, including roles, permissions, rules, and assignments. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeAllAssignments() | Removes all role assignments. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeAllPermissions() | Removes all permissions. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeAllRoles() | Removes all roles. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeAllRules() | Removes all rules. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeChild() | Removes a child from its parent. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeChildren() | Removed all children form their parent. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| revoke() | Revokes a role from a user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| revokeAll() | Revokes all roles from a user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| setDefaultRoles() | Set default roles | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| trigger() | Triggers an event. | yii\base\Component |
| update() | Updates the specified role, permission or rule in the system. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
Protected Methods
| Method | Description | Defined By |
|---|---|---|
| addItem() | Adds an auth item to the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| addRule() | Adds a rule to the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| checkAccessFromCache() | Performs access check for the specified user based on the data loaded from cache. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| checkAccessRecursive() | Performs access check for the specified user. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| detectLoop() | Checks whether there is a loop in the authorization item hierarchy. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| executeRule() | Executes the rule associated with the specified auth item. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| getChildrenList() | Returns the children for every parent. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getChildrenRecursive() | Recursively finds all children and grand children of the specified item. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getItem() | Returns the named auth item. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| getItems() | Returns the items of the specified type. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| hasNoAssignments() | Checks whether array of $assignments is empty and $defaultRoles property is empty as well. | yii\rbac\BaseManager |
| populateItem() | Populates an auth item with the data fetched from collection | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeAllItems() | Removes all auth items of the specified type. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeItem() | Removes an auth item from the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| removeRule() | Removes a rule from the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| updateItem() | Updates an auth item in the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
| updateRule() | Updates a rule to the RBAC system. | yii\mongodb\rbac\MongoDbManager |
Property Details
The name of the collection storing authorization item assignments. Defaults to "auth_assignment".
The cache used to improve RBAC performance. This can be one of the following:
- an application component ID (e.g.
cache
) - a configuration array
- a yii\caching\Cache object
When this is not set, it means caching is not enabled.
Note that by enabling RBAC cache, all auth items, rules and auth item parent-child relationships will be cached and loaded into memory. This will improve the performance of RBAC permission check. However, it does require extra memory and as a result may not be appropriate if your RBAC system contains too many auth items. You should seek other RBAC implementations (e.g. RBAC based on Redis storage) in this case.
Also note that if you modify RBAC items, rules or parent-child relationships from outside of this component, you have to manually call invalidateCache() to ensure data consistency.
The key used to store RBAC data in cache
See also $cache.
The MongoDB connection object or the application component ID of the MongoDB connection. After the MongoDbManager object is created, if you want to change this property, you should only assign it with a MongoDB connection object.
The name of the collection storing authorization items. Defaults to "auth_item".
All auth items (name => Item)
The name of the collection storing rules. Defaults to "auth_rule".
All auth rules (name => Rule)
Method Details
Adds an item as a child of another item.
| public boolean addChild ( $parent, $child ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | |
| $child | yii\rbac\Item | |
| return | boolean | Whether the child successfully added |
|---|---|---|
| throws | yii\base\Exception | if the parent-child relationship already exists or if a loop has been detected. |
Adds an auth item to the RBAC system.
| protected boolean addItem ( $item ) | ||
| $item | yii\rbac\Item | The item to add |
| return | boolean | Whether the auth item is successfully added to the system |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the role or permission is not unique) |
Adds a rule to the RBAC system.
| protected boolean addRule ( $rule ) | ||
| $rule | yii\rbac\Rule | The rule to add |
| return | boolean | Whether the rule is successfully added to the system |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the rule is not unique) |
Assigns a role to a user.
| public yii\rbac\Assignment assign ( $role, $userId ) | ||
| $role | yii\rbac\Role|yii\rbac\Permission | |
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | yii\rbac\Assignment | The role assignment information. |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if the role has already been assigned to the user |
Checks the possibility of adding a child to parent.
| public boolean canAddChild ( $parent, $child ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | The parent item |
| $child | yii\rbac\Item | The child item to be added to the hierarchy |
| return | boolean | Possibility of adding |
|---|
| public void checkAccess ( $userId, $permissionName, $params = [] ) | ||
| $userId | ||
| $permissionName | ||
| $params |
Performs access check for the specified user based on the data loaded from cache.
This method is internally called by checkAccess() when $cache is enabled.
| protected boolean checkAccessFromCache ( $user, $itemName, $params, $assignments ) | ||
| $user | string|integer | The user ID. This should can be either an integer or a string representing the unique identifier of a user. See yii\web\User::$id. |
| $itemName | string | The name of the operation that need access check |
| $params | array | Name-value pairs that would be passed to rules associated
with the tasks and roles assigned to the user. A param with name 'user' is added to this array,
which holds the value of |
| $assignments | yii\rbac\Assignment[] | The assignments to the specified user |
| return | boolean | Whether the operations can be performed by the user. |
|---|
Performs access check for the specified user.
This method is internally called by checkAccess().
| protected boolean checkAccessRecursive ( $user, $itemName, $params, $assignments ) | ||
| $user | string|integer | The user ID. This should can be either an integer or a string representing the unique identifier of a user. See yii\web\User::$id. |
| $itemName | string | The name of the operation that need access check |
| $params | array | Name-value pairs that would be passed to rules associated
with the tasks and roles assigned to the user. A param with name 'user' is added to this array,
which holds the value of |
| $assignments | yii\rbac\Assignment[] | The assignments to the specified user |
| return | boolean | Whether the operations can be performed by the user. |
|---|
Checks whether there is a loop in the authorization item hierarchy.
| protected boolean detectLoop ( $parent, $child ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | The parent item |
| $child | yii\rbac\Item | The child item to be added to the hierarchy |
| return | boolean | Whether a loop exists |
|---|
Returns the assignment information regarding a role and a user.
| public null|yii\rbac\Assignment getAssignment ( $roleName, $userId ) | ||
| $roleName | string | The role name |
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | null|yii\rbac\Assignment | The assignment information. Null is returned if the role is not assigned to the user. |
|---|
Returns all role assignment information for the specified user.
| public yii\rbac\Assignment[] getAssignments ( $userId ) | ||
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | yii\rbac\Assignment[] | The assignments indexed by role names. An empty array will be returned if there is no role assigned to the user. |
|---|
Returns child roles of the role specified. Depth isn't limited.
| public yii\rbac\Role[] getChildRoles ( $roleName ) | ||
| $roleName | string | Name of the role to file child roles for |
| return | yii\rbac\Role[] | Child roles. The array is indexed by the role names. First element is an instance of the parent Role itself. |
|---|---|---|
| throws | yii\base\InvalidParamException | if Role was not found that are getting by $roleName |
Returns the child permissions and/or roles.
| public yii\rbac\Item[] getChildren ( $name ) | ||
| $name | string | The parent name |
| return | yii\rbac\Item[] | The child permissions and/or roles |
|---|
Returns the children for every parent.
| protected array getChildrenList ( ) | ||
| return | array | The children list. Each array key is a parent item name, and the corresponding array value is a list of child item names. |
|---|
Recursively finds all children and grand children of the specified item.
| protected void getChildrenRecursive ( $name, $childrenList, &$result ) | ||
| $name | string | The name of the item whose children are to be looked for. |
| $childrenList | array | The child list built via getChildrenList() |
| $result | array | The children and grand children (in array keys) |
Returns the named auth item.
| protected yii\rbac\Item getItem ( $name ) | ||
| $name | string | The auth item name. |
| return | yii\rbac\Item | The auth item corresponding to the specified name. Null is returned if no such item. |
|---|
Returns the items of the specified type.
| protected yii\rbac\Item[] getItems ( $type ) | ||
| $type | integer | The auth item type (either yii\rbac\Item::TYPE_ROLE or yii\rbac\Item::TYPE_PERMISSION |
| return | yii\rbac\Item[] | The auth items of the specified type. |
|---|
Returns all permissions that the specified role represents.
| public yii\rbac\Permission[] getPermissionsByRole ( $roleName ) | ||
| $roleName | string | The role name |
| return | yii\rbac\Permission[] | All permissions that the role represents. The array is indexed by the permission names. |
|---|
Returns all permissions that the user has.
| public yii\rbac\Permission[] getPermissionsByUser ( $userId ) | ||
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | yii\rbac\Permission[] | All permissions that the user has. The array is indexed by the permission names. |
|---|
Returns the roles that are assigned to the user via assign().
Note that child roles that are not assigned directly to the user will not be returned.
| public yii\rbac\Role[] getRolesByUser ( $userId ) | ||
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | yii\rbac\Role[] | All roles directly assigned to the user. The array is indexed by the role names. |
|---|
Returns the rule of the specified name.
| public null|yii\rbac\Rule getRule ( $name ) | ||
| $name | string | The rule name |
| return | null|yii\rbac\Rule | The rule object, or null if the specified name does not correspond to a rule. |
|---|
Returns all rules available in the system.
| public yii\rbac\Rule[] getRules ( ) | ||
| return | yii\rbac\Rule[] | The rules indexed by the rule names |
|---|
Returns all user IDs assigned to the role specified.
| public array getUserIdsByRole ( $roleName ) | ||
| $roleName | string | |
| return | array | Array of user ID strings |
|---|
Returns a value indicating whether the child already exists for the parent.
| public boolean hasChild ( $parent, $child ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | |
| $child | yii\rbac\Item | |
| return | boolean | Whether |
|---|
Initializes the application component.
This method overrides the parent implementation by establishing the MongoDB connection.
| public void init ( ) |
Invalidates RBAC related cache
| public void invalidateCache ( ) |
Loads data from cache
| public void loadFromCache ( ) |
Populates an auth item with the data fetched from collection
| protected yii\rbac\Item populateItem ( $row ) | ||
| $row | array | The data from the auth item collection |
| return | yii\rbac\Item | The populated auth item instance (either Role or Permission) |
|---|
Removes all authorization data, including roles, permissions, rules, and assignments.
| public void removeAll ( ) |
Removes all role assignments.
| public void removeAllAssignments ( ) |
Removes all auth items of the specified type.
| protected void removeAllItems ( $type ) | ||
| $type | integer | The auth item type (either Item::TYPE_PERMISSION or Item::TYPE_ROLE) |
Removes all permissions.
All parent child relations will be adjusted accordingly.
| public void removeAllPermissions ( ) |
Removes all roles.
All parent child relations will be adjusted accordingly.
| public void removeAllRoles ( ) |
Removes all rules.
All roles and permissions which have rules will be adjusted accordingly.
| public void removeAllRules ( ) |
Removes a child from its parent.
Note, the child item is not deleted. Only the parent-child relationship is removed.
| public boolean removeChild ( $parent, $child ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | |
| $child | yii\rbac\Item | |
| return | boolean | Whether the removal is successful |
|---|
Removed all children form their parent.
Note, the children items are not deleted. Only the parent-child relationships are removed.
| public boolean removeChildren ( $parent ) | ||
| $parent | yii\rbac\Item | |
| return | boolean | Whether the removal is successful |
|---|
Removes an auth item from the RBAC system.
| protected boolean removeItem ( $item ) | ||
| $item | yii\rbac\Item | The item to remove |
| return | boolean | Whether the role or permission is successfully removed |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the role or permission is not unique) |
Removes a rule from the RBAC system.
| protected boolean removeRule ( $rule ) | ||
| $rule | yii\rbac\Rule | The rule to remove |
| return | boolean | Whether the rule is successfully removed |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the rule is not unique) |
Revokes a role from a user.
| public boolean revoke ( $role, $userId ) | ||
| $role | yii\rbac\Role|yii\rbac\Permission | |
| $userId | string|integer | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | boolean | Whether the revoking is successful |
|---|
Revokes all roles from a user.
| public boolean revokeAll ( $userId ) | ||
| $userId | mixed | The user ID (see yii\web\User::$id) |
| return | boolean | Whether the revoking is successful |
|---|
Updates an auth item in the RBAC system.
| protected boolean updateItem ( $name, $item ) | ||
| $name | string | The name of the item being updated |
| $item | yii\rbac\Item | The updated item |
| return | boolean | Whether the auth item is successfully updated |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the role or permission is not unique) |
Updates a rule to the RBAC system.
| protected boolean updateRule ( $name, $rule ) | ||
| $name | string | The name of the rule being updated |
| $rule | yii\rbac\Rule | The updated rule |
| return | boolean | Whether the rule is successfully updated |
|---|---|---|
| throws | Exception | if data validation or saving fails (such as the name of the rule is not unique) |


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gdal_viewshed
New in version 3.1.0.
Calculates a viewshed raster from an input raster DEM using method defined in [Wang2000] for a user defined point.
Synopsis
gdal_viewshed [-b <band>]
[-a_nodata <value>] [-f <formatname>]
[-oz <observer_height>] [-tz <target_height>] [-md <max_distance>]
-ox <observer_x> -oy <observer_y>
[-vv <visibility>] [-iv <invisibility>]
[-ov <out_of_range>] [-cc <curvature_coef>]
[[-co NAME=VALUE] ...]
[-q] [-om <output mode>]
<src_filename> <dst_filename>
Description
By default the gdal_viewshed generates a binary visibility raster from one band of the input raster elevation model (DEM). The output raster will be of type Byte. With the -mode flag can also return a minimum visible height raster of type Float64.
Note
The algorithm as implemented currently will only output meaningful results if the georeferencing is in a projected coordinate reference system.
- -co <NAME=VALUE>
Many formats have one or more optional creation options that can be used to control particulars about the file created. For instance, the GeoTIFF driver supports creation options to control compression, and whether the file should be tiled.
The creation options available vary by format driver, and some simple formats have no creation options at all. A list of options supported for a format can be listed with the --formats command line option but the documentation for the format is the definitive source of information on driver creation options. See Raster drivers format specific documentation for legal creation options for each format.
- -b <band>
Select an input band band containing the DEM data. Bands are numbered from 1. Only a single band can be used. Only the part of the raster within the specified maximum distance around the observer point is processed.
- -a_nodata <value>
The value to be set for the cells in the output raster that have no data.
Note
Currently, no special processing of input cells at a nodata value is done (which may result in erroneous results).
- -ox <value>
The X position of the observer (in SRS units).
- -oy <value>
The Y position of the observer (in SRS units).
- -oz <value>
The height of the observer above the DEM surface in the height unit of the DEM. Default: 2
- -tz <value>
The height of the target above the DEM surface in the height unit of the DEM. Default: 0
- -md <value>
Maximum distance from observer to compute visibiliy. It is also used to clamp the extent of the output raster.
- -cc <value>
Coefficient to consider the effect of the curvature and refraction. When calculating visibility between two points (i.e. Line Of Sight or Viewshed), The magnitude of this effect varies with atmospheric conditions and depends on the wavelength.
Different applications for calculating visibility use different interchangeable notation to describe this phenomena: Refraction Coefficient, Curvature Coefficient, and Sphere Diameter Factor. gdal_viewshed uses the Curvature Coefficient notation.
\[{CurvCoeff}=1-{RefractionCoeff}\]Changes in air density curve the light downward causing an observer to see further and the earth to appear less curved, as if the sphere (earth) diameter is larger then it actually is. The ratio between that imaginary sphere diameter and the actual sphere diameter is given by the formula:
\[{SphereDiameterFactor}=1/{CurvCoeff}=1/(1-{RefractionCoeff})\]For visible light, the standard atmospheric refraction coefficient that is generally used is 1/7. Thus the default value (since GDAL 3.4) for CurvCoeff that gdal_viewshed uses is 0.85714 (=~ 1-1/7) for Earth CRS. Starting with GDAL 3.6, for non-Earth CRS (those whole semi-major axis differs by more than 5% with the one of WGS 84), CurvCoeff default value is 1.0, to account for the no refraction use case.
The height of the DEM is corrected according to the following formula:
\[Height_{Corrected}=Height_{DEM}-{CurvCoeff}\frac{{TargetDistance}^2}{SphereDiameter}\]Typical coefficient values are given in the table below (use Curvature Coeff value for the cc option)
Use Case
Refraction Coeff
Curvature Coeff
Sphere Diameter Factor
No Refraction
0
1
1
Visible Light
1/7
6/7 (=~0.85714)
7/6 (=~1.1666)
Radio Waves
0.25 ~ 0.325
0.75 ~ 0.675
1.33 ~ 1.48
Flat Earth
1
0
inf
- -iv <value>
Pixel value to set for invisible areas. Default: 0
- -ov <value>
Pixel value to set for the cells that fall outside of the range specified by the observer location and the maximum distance. Default: 0
- -vv <value>
Pixel value to set for visible areas. Default: 255
- -om <output mode>
Sets what information the output contains.
Possible values: NORMAL, DEM, GROUND
NORMAL returns a raster of type Byte containing visible locations.
DEM and GROUND will return a raster of type Float64 containing the minimum target height for target to be visible from the DEM surface or ground level respectively. Flags -tz, -iv and -vv will be ignored.
Default NORMAL
C API
Functionality of this utility can be done from C with GDALViewshedGenerate()
.
Example
Compute the visibility of an elevation raster data source with defaults
gdal_viewshed -md 500 -ox -10147017 -oy 5108065 source.tif destination.tif
Generating Viewsheds without Using Sightlines. Wang, Jianjun, Robinson, Gary J., and White, Kevin. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. p81. https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/pers/2000journal/january/2000_jan_87-90.pdf


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BY EDWIN JAHIEL
ANNA AND THE KING(1999) ** 3/4. Directed by Andy Tennant. Written by Steve Meerson and Peter Krikes, based on the diaries of Anna Leonowens. Photography, Caleb Deschanel Editing , Roger Bondelli. Production design, Luciana Arrighi. Music, George Fenton.Produced by Lawrence Bender & Ed Elbert. Cast: Jodie Foster (Anna), Chow Yun-Fat (King Mongkut), Bai Ling (Tuptim), Tom Felton (Louis), Syed Alwi (the Kralahome), Randall Duk Kim (General Alak), et al.  PG-13
The British woman Anna Leonowens (1834-1914) did exist. When she was 24, her husband -- a Major of the Indian Army-- died. She lived in Singapore with her two children when, in 1862 (she was then about 28) she accepted the offer of Siam's King Mongkut, to come to the palace in Bangkok and educate his many, many children. She was a teacher here for five years. Later she wrote two books about her experience. In this century, Margaret Landon, an American who had spent over ten years in Siam, upon her return to the USA wrote articles about Mrs. Leonowens. Later (1941), in an amalgam of biographical and historical facts, plus fiction, she published a novel based on Anna's life. This became the 1946 film, "Anna and the King of Siam" with Rex Harrison in his first American movie and Irene Dunne.
Then came the Rodgers and Hammerstein Broadway musical "The King and I," from the Landon novel. Yul Brynner, in his first leading role, was the King. Later yet, the stage musical became a movie musical, also with Brynner (who won one of the films 5 Oscars) and Deborah Kerr.
The December 1999 release is mostly Instant Visual Gratification. Extremely lavish, beautifully produced, staged and photographed, it was filmed in Malaysia and not Thailand, which has officially banned all Anna/King movies. Still, at two-and-a-half hours it is even longer than "The King and I" which was stretched out by song and dance.
Thailand is the modern name of Siam, as most people know. Or do they? A newspaper article today reports: "A survey out last month found that among 500 students ages 12 to 17 from across the country, one-third reported learning about the war in school. The study, commissioned by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, shows that nearly one-third couldn't correctly identify Vietnam's continent; 3%, or 15 students, named North America." And that:"...when veterans ask students who won the war, as many as half say the United States, even though one- to three-quarters have relatives who fought."
The basic story is the confrontation of East and West and the friendship (more exactly what the French call an "amitie amoureuse") between the king and the governess. I will not waste space by summarizing a plot familiar from the earlier versions to many. Anna is put in charge of the King's boys and girls, 58 of them in this version. His Majesty has several dozen wives and concubines, and this in Bangkok which today is the sex-for-hire capital of the world. However, nowhere do we even glimpse a bare breast, or a soupcon of lovemaking.
The monarch is played by Chow Yun-Fat, a superstar of Hong-Kong action films. Except for his approving an execution --but what's a beheading or two compared to contemporary screen mayhem?-- the demi-God Mongkut is portrayed by Mr. Chow (or is it Mr. Yun-Fat?) as a good-looking, fine speaker of English and above all as a sensitive and truly sweet man. As in real life, the King tries to initiate opening Siam to the West.
Anna arrives in Siam with her lively son Louis, a boy not impressed by titles or ceremonials. She does bring with her a sort of jingoism (though the term was not born until 1887), which could be summed as "There's one right way, It is the British way."
But then, this is a 1999 movie. It has to be Politically Correct. Not only is there no hint of the old Britannia's disrespect of WOGs (Worthy Oriental Gentlemen, a supercilious appellation), but Anna with miraculous speed learns some Siamese, quickly appreciates the strange new ways and quirks, fully (well, almost fully) understands the people and their land. While always polite, she is outspoken, a true Women's Libber.
Jodie Foster does this with cool, elegance, a pointy face and a reserve that make her hidden feelings quite British. British too is her accent. Having read somewhere a denigration of that accent (critics will say anything) I checked out some reviews from London--where the movie is in 42 theaters. The critics confirmed that her Brit-speak was very good.
Now, except for the splendid production values, Mr. Yun-Fat steals the show in ways which are subtle compared to those of Rex and Yul. Those two got much mileage from their theatricality. They were, in their way, little Caesars vis-a-vis all, including Anna. Rex was a pre-echo of his autocratic Professor Henry Higgins in "My Fair Lady." His main weapon was his voice. Yul's was his physical energy and bluster. Both were clearly enjoying their rather comic, "fun" roles. But here, the King is a thoughtful fellow, a thinker even, vigorous yet on the gentle side -- and a crypto-romantic. He calls attention to himself more by quietness than by flamboyance.
Countering much of Anna's political correctness is the portrayal of Britain's expansionist policy. Queen Victoria is not yet Empress of India (1876) but her country's imperialism is woven into the story, notably through a crass merchant, Mr. Kincaid, and politely haughty diplomats, especially a Lord played by Mister Superjowls, Geoffrey Palmer, familiar as Lionel in the TV series "As Time Goes By."
The theme of British interventionism runs throughout, but in a spasmodic, un-rounded way. It starts with attacks by killers who would destabilize the Siamese monarchy. Presumably, they come from neighboring Burma, which is a pawn of Perfidious Albion. This leads to a murky political subplot, with surprises which are essentially unnecessary, distracting, implausible--in fact silly-- and clichés such as blow-them-ups found in action flicks. The movie's ending is downright soupy.
The bad guys are initially called "death squads," which is an anachronistic expression. There is no lack of anachronisms or historical goofs. In the film, at his first ever European-style reception for foreigners, the King's brood sings "Daisy, Daisy" years before the bicycle built for two became a reality. His Majesty, in his first ever dance (he had been a monk for many years), and, mind you, a dance with a European woman, proves a fine, agile waltzer. He offers elephants to the American President, receives a letter of thanks from Abraham Lincoln, who mentions the battle of Antietam (September 1862) as causing 70,000 deaths, whereas these were closer to 27, 000.
Yun-Fat's Monkgut is infinitely nicer than the man depicted in the real Anna's journals.  His flirtation with Anna --whom he addresses as "Ma'am" while the other notables say "Sir" to her--is the biggest of all fabulations and anachronisms. In reality, Mongkut (1804-1868) was 58 when Anna entered his service. In reality too, research has concluded that Anna never even met the King; that she was a teacher, not a governess; that, that, that ---ad infinitum....
There are, in many languages, sayings to the effect that people who come from far away can be major liars. Anna's diaries, written when Siam was still a "terra incognita" to most of the world, overflow with fabrications. It is not surprising that the understandably touchy Thailand of today has banned successively all the movie versions of Anna's "story," and have been particularly offended at the portrayals of King Mongkut. The current movie, coming in the age of the Internet, has caused a furore and a flood of messages from all sources. Thai ones, including protests by students; non-Thai, including exposes by researchers.
The only sensible way to consider the problem is to look at all the Anna-King movies as fantasy-fiction.
In version #3, over and above all else, the spectacle is the thing. It was a huge undertaking which also involved Oscar-worthy blending of photography, special effects and computer-generated images. From the palace to huge statues, from the grandest barges since "Cleopatra" to small, labor-intensive throwaway details, this is a paean to imagery, whether invented or not.. I'd love to see the movie's out-takes.
If the sights are painstakingly cultivated, the sounds lag behind, as they often do in films today. Inauspiciously, the opening has a muddle of conflicting noises, music and speech. The truly colossal list of end-credits rolls to a dumb, jarring, irrelevant and horrible song written by George Fenton and two other culprits. "How Can I Not Love You" is sung in an awful Junior High voice.
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The Libary of Babel
B
By Jorge Luis Borges
lly infer from this mirror that the Library is not infinite (if it were, why this illusory duplication?); I prefer to dream that its polished surfaces represent and promise the in
finite... Light is provided by some spherical fruit which bear the name of lamps. There are two, transversally placed, in each hexagon. The light they emit is insufficient, inc
essant. Like all men of the Library, I have traveled in my youth; I have wandered in search of a book, perhaps the catalogue of catalogues; now that my eyes can hardly decipher what I writ
e, I am preparing to die just a few leagues from the hexagon in which I was born. Once I am dead, there will be no lack of pious hands to throw me over the railing; my gr
ave will be the fathomless air; my body will sink endlessly and decay and dissolve in the wind generated by the fall, which is infinite. I say that the Library is une
nding. The idealists argue that the hexagonal rooms are a necessary form of absolute space or, at least, of our intuition of space. They reason that a triangul