This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Relational Database and Database Schema”.
1. A relational database consists of a collection of
a) Tables
b) Fields
c) Records
d) Keys
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fields are the column of the relation or tables. Records are each row in a relation. Keys are the constraints in a relation.
2. A ________ in a table represents a relationship among a set of values.
a) Column
b) Key
c) Row
d) Entry
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Column has only one set of values. Keys are constraints and row is one whole set of attributes. Entry is just a piece of data.
3. The term _______ is used to refer to a row.
a) Attribute
b) Tuple
c) Field
d) Instance
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Tuple is one entry of the relation with several attributes which are fields.
4. The term attribute refers to a ___________ of a table.
a) Record
b) Column
c) Tuple
d) Key
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Attribute is a specific domain in the relation which has entries of all tuples.
5. For each attribute of a relation, there is a set of permitted values, called the ________ of that attribute.
a) Domain
b) Relation
c) Set
d) Schema
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The values of the attribute should be present in the domain. Domain is a set of values permitted.
6. Database __________ which is the logical design of the database, and the database _______ which is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant in time.
a) Instance, Schema
b) Relation, Schema
c) Relation, Domain
d) Schema, Instance
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Instance is an instance of time and schema is a representation.
7. Course(course_id,sec_id,semester)
Here the course_id,sec_id and semester are __________ and course is a _________
a) Relations, Attribute
b) Attributes, Relation
c) Tuple, Relation
d) Tuple, Attributes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The relation course has a set of attributes course_id,sec_id,semester .
8. Department (dept name, building, budget) and Employee (employee_id, name, dept name, salary)
Here the dept_name attribute appears in both the relations. Here using common attributes in relation schema is one way of relating ___________ relations.
a) Attributes of common
b) Tuple of common
c) Tuple of distinct
d) Attributes of distinct
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Here the relations are connected by the common attributes.
9. A domain is atomic if elements of the domain are considered to be ____________ units.
a) Different
b) Indivisbile
c) Constant
d) Divisible
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
10. The tuples of the relations can be of ________ order.
a) Any
b) Same
c) Sorted
d) Constant
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The values only count. The order of the tuples does not matter.
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This set of Database MCQs focuses on “Relational Query Operations and Relational Operators”.
1. Using which language can a user request information from a database?
a) Query
b) Relational
c) Structural
d) Compiler
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Query language is a method through which the database entries can be accessed.
2. Student(ID, name, dept name, tot_cred)
In this query which attributes form the primary key?
a) Name
b) Dept
c) Tot_cred
d) ID
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The attributes name, dept and tot_cred can have same values unlike ID.
3. Which one of the following is a procedural language?
a) Domain relational calculus
b) Tuple relational calculus
c) Relational algebra
d) Query language
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Domain and Tuple relational calculus are non-procedural language. Query language is a method through which database entries can be accessed.
4. The_____ operation allows the combining of two relations by merging pairs of tuples, one from each relation, into a single tuple.
a) Select
b) Join
c) Union
d) Intersection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Join finds the common tuple in the relations and combines it.
5. The result which operation contains all pairs of tuples from the two relations, regardless of whether their attribute values match.
a) Join
b) Cartesian product
c) Intersection
d) Set difference
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Cartesian product is the multiplication of all the values in the attributes.
6. The _______operation performs a set union of two “similarly structured” tables
a) Union
b) Join
c) Product
d) Intersect
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Union just combines all the values of relations of same attributes.
7. The most commonly used operation in relational algebra for projecting a set of tuple from a relation is
a) Join
b) Projection
c) Select
d) Union
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Select is used to view the tuples of the relation with or without some constraints.
8. The _______ operator takes the results of two queries and returns only rows that appear in both result sets.
a) Union
b) Intersect
c) Difference
d) Projection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The union operator gives the result which is the union of two queries and difference is the one where query which is not a part of second query.
9. A ________ is a pictorial depiction of the schema of a database that shows the relations in the database, their attributes, and primary keys and foreign keys.
a) Schema diagram
b) Relational algebra
c) Database diagram
d) Schema flow
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
10. The _________ provides a set of operations that take one or more relations as input and return a relation as an output.
a) Schematic representation
b) Relational algebra
c) Scheme diagram
d) Relation flow
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “SQL Basics and SQL Data Definition”.
1. Which one of the following is used to define the structure of the relation, deleting relations and relating schemas?
a) DML(Data Manipulation Langauge)
b) DDL(Data Definition Langauge)
c) Query
d) Relational Schema
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Data Definition language is the language which performs all the operation in defining structure of relation.
2. Which one of the following provides the ability to query information from the database and to insert tuples into, delete tuples from, and modify tuples in the database?
a) DML(Data Manipulation Langauge)
b) DDL(Data Definition Langauge)
c) Query
d) Relational Schema
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: DML performs the change in the values of the relation.
3.
CREATE TABLE employee (name VARCHAR, id INTEGER)
What type of statement is this?
a) DML
b) DDL
c) View
d) Integrity constraint
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Data Definition language is the language which performs all the operation in defining structure of relation.
4.
What type of statement is this?
a) DML
b) DDL
c) View
d) Integrity constraint
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Select operation just shows the required fields of the relation. So it forms a DML.
5. The basic data type char(n) is a _____ length character string and varchar(n) is _____ length character.
a) Fixed, equal
b) Equal, variable
c) Fixed, variable
d) Variable, equal
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Varchar changes its length accordingly whereas char has a specific length which has to be filled by either letters or spaces.
6. An attribute A of datatype varchar(20) has the value “Avi”. The attribute B of datatype char(20) has value ”Reed”. Here attribute A has ____ spaces and attribute B has ____ spaces.
a) 3, 20
b) 20, 4
c) 20, 20
d) 3, 4
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Varchar changes its length accordingly whereas char has a specific length which has to be filled by either letters or spaces.
7. To remove a relation from an SQL database, we use the ______ command.
a) Delete
b) Purge
c) Remove
d) Drop table
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Drop table deletes the whole structure of the relation .purge removes the table which cannot be obtained again.
8.
DELETE FROM r; //r - relation
This command performs which of the following action?
a) Remove relation
b) Clear relation entries
c) Delete fields
d) Delete rows
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Delete command removes the entries in the table.
9.
INSERT INTO instructor VALUES (10211, ’Smith’, ’Biology’, 66000);
What type of statement is this?
a) Query
b) DML
c) Relational
d) DDL
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The values are manipulated. So it is a DML.
10. Updates that violate __________ are disallowed.
a) Integrity constraints
b) Transaction control
c) Authorization
d) DDL constraints
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Integrity constraint has to be maintained in the entries of the relation.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Transactions”.
1. A _________ consists of a sequence of query and/or update statements.
a) Transaction
b) Commit
c) Rollback
d) Flashback
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Transaction is a set of operation until commit.
2. Which of the following makes the transaction permanent in the database?
a) View
b) Commit
c) Rollback
d) Flashback
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Commit work commits the current transaction.
3. In order to undo the work of transaction after last commit which one should be used?
a) View
b) Commit
c) Rollback
d) Flashback
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Rollback work causes the current transaction to be rolled back; that is, it undoes all the updates performed by the SQL statements in the transaction.
4. Consider the following action:
TRANSACTION.....
Commit;
ROLLBACK;
What does Rollback do?
a) Undoes the transactions before commit
b) Clears all transactions
c) Redoes the transactions before commit
d) No action
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Once a transaction has executed commit work, its effects can no longer be undone by rollback work.
5. In case of any shut down during transaction before commit which of the following statement is done automatically?
a) View
b) Commit
c) Rollback
d) Flashback
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Once a transaction has executed commit work, its effects can no longer be undone by rollback work.
6. In order to maintain the consistency during transactions, database provides
a) Commit
b) Atomic
c) Flashback
d) Retain
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: By atomic, either all the effects of the transaction are reflected in the database, or none are (after rollback).
7. Transaction processing is associated with everything below except
a) Conforming an action or triggering a response
b) Producing detail summary or exception report
c) Recording a business activity
d) Maintaining a data
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
8.
9. Which of the following is used to get back all the transactions back after rollback?
a) Commit
b) Rollback
c) Flashback
d) Redo
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: None.
10. ______ will undo all statements up to commit?
a) Transaction
b) Flashback
c) Rollback
d) Abort
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Flashback will undo all the statements and Abort will terminate the operation.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Relational Algebra”.
1. Relational Algebra is a __________ query language that takes two relations as input and produces another relation as an output of the query.
a) Relational
b) Structural
c) Procedural
d) Fundamental
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: This language has fundamental and other operations which are used on relations.
2. Which of the following is a fundamental operation in relational algebra?
a) Set intersection
b) Natural join
c) Assignment
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The fundamental operations are select, project, union, set difference, Cartesian product, and rename.
3. Which of the following is used to denote the selection operation in relational algebra?
a) Pi (Greek)
b) Sigma (Greek)
c) Lambda (Greek)
d) Omega (Greek)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The select operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate.
4. For select operation the ________ appear in the subscript and the ___________ argument appears in the paranthesis after the sigma.
a) Predicates, relation
b) Relation, Predicates
c) Operation, Predicates
d) Relation, Operation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
5. The ___________ operation, denoted by −, allows us to find tuples that are in one relation but are not in another.
a) Union
b) Set-difference
c) Difference
d) Intersection
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The expression r − s produces a relation containing those tuples in r but not in s.
6. Which is a unary operation:
a) Selection operation
b) Primitive operation
c) Projection operation
d) Generalized selection
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Generalization Selection takes only one argument for operation.
7. Which is a join condition contains an equality operator:
a) Equijoins
b) Cartesian
c) Natural
d) Left
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
8. In precedence of set operators, the expression is evaluated from
a) Left to left
b) Left to right
c) Right to left
d) From user specification
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The expression is evaluated from left to right according to the precedence.
9. Which of the following is not outer join?
a) Left outer join
b) Right outer join
c) Full outer join
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and RIGHT joins.
10. The assignment operator is denoted by
a) ->
b) <-
c) =
d) ==
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The result of the expression to the right of the ← is assigned to the relation variable on the left of the ←.
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This set of Database test focuses on “Tuple Relational Calculus and Domain Relational Calculus”.
1. Find the ID, name, dept name, salary for instructors whose salary is greater than $80,000 .
a) {t | t ε instructor ∧ t[salary] > 80000}
b) Э t ∈ r (Q(t))
c) {t | Э s ε instructor (t[ID] = s[ID]∧ s[salary] > 80000)}
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This expression is in tuple relational format.
2. A query in the tuple relational calculus is expressed as:
a) {t | P() | t}
b) {P(t) | t }
c) {t | P(t)}
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The tuple relational calculus, is a nonprocedural query language. It describes the desired information without giving a specific procedure for obtaining that information.
3.
{t | Э s ε instructor (t[name] = s[name]
∧ Э u ε department (u[dept name] = s[dept name]
∧ u[building] = “Watson”))}
Which of the following best describes the query?
a) Finds the names of all instructors whose department is in the Watson building
b) Finds the names of all department is in the Watson building
c) Finds the name of the dapartment whose instructor and building is Watson
d) Returns the building name of all the departments
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: This query has two “there exists” clauses in our tuple-relational-calculus expression, connected by and (∧).
4. Which of the following symbol is used in the place of except?
a) ^
b) V
c) ¬
d) ~
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The query ¬P negates the value of P.
5. “Find all students who have taken all courses offered in the Biology department.” The expressions that matches this sentence is :
a) Э t ε r (Q(t))
b) ∀ t ε r (Q(t))
c) ¬ t ε r (Q(t))
d) ~ t ε r (Q(t))
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: ∀ is used denote “for all” in SQL.
6. Which of the following is the comparison operator in tuple relational calculus
a) ⇒
b) =
c) ε
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The comparison operators are (<, ≤, =, =, >, ≥).
7.  P represents a formula composed of atoms, as was the case in the tuple relational calculus.
8. Find the names of all instructors in the Physics department together with the course id of all courses they teach:
a)
{< c > | Э s (< c, a, s, y, b, r, t >ε section
∧s = “Fall” ∧ y = “2009”
∨Эu (< c, a, s, y, b, r, t >ε section
∧s = “Spring” ∧ y = “2010”
b)
{< n, c > | Э i, a (< i, c, a, s, y > ε teaches
∧ Э d, s (< i, n, d, s > ε instructor ∧ d = “Physics”))}
c)
{< n > | Э i, d, s (< i, n, d, s > ε instructor ∧ s > 80000)}
d)
{< i, n, d, s > | < i, n, d, s > ε instructor ∧ s > 80000}
View Answer Answer: b
Explanation: None.
9. In domain relaional calculus “there exist” can be expressed as
a) (P1(x))
b) (P1(x)) Э x
c) V x (P1(x))
d) Э x (P1(x))
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation:Э is used to denote “some” values in relational calculus.
10. A set of possible data values is called
a) Attribute
b) Degree
c) Tuple
d) Domain
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: None.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “The Entity-Relationship Model”.
1. An ________ is a set of entities of the same type that share the same properties, or attributes.
a) Entity set
b) Attribute set
c) Relation set
d) Entity model
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from all other objects.
2. Entity is a _________
a) Object of relation
b) Present working model
c) Thing in real world
d) Model of relation
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For example, each person in a university is an entity.
3. The descriptive property possessed by each entity set is _________
a) Entity
b) Attribute
c) Relation
d) Model
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Possible attributes of the instructor entity set are ID, name, dept name, and salary.
4. The function that an entity plays in a relationship is called that entity’s _____________
a) Participation
b) Position
c) Role
d) Instance
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A relationship is an association among several entities.
5. The attribute name could be structured as an attribute consisting of first name, middle initial, and last name. This type of attribute is called
a) Simple attribute
b) Composite attribute
c) Multivalued attribute
d) Derived attribute
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Composite attributes can be divided into subparts (that is, other attributes).
6. The attribute AGE is calculated from DATE_OF_BIRTH. The attribute AGE is
a) Single valued
b) Multi valued
c) Composite
d) Derived
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The value for this type of attribute can be derived from the values of other related attributes or entities.
7. Not applicable condition can be represented in relation entry as
a) NA
b) 0
c) NULL
d) Blank Space
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: NULL always represents that the value is not present.
8. Which of the following can be a multivalued attribute?
a) Phone_number
b) Name
c) Date_of_birth
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Name and Date_of_birth cannot hold more than 1 value.
9. Which of the following is a single valued attribute
a) Register_number
b) Address
c) SUBJECT_TAKEN
d) Reference
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: None.
10. In a relation between the entities the type and condition of the relation should be specified. That is called as______attribute.
a) Desciptive
b) Derived
c) Recursive
d) Relative
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Consider the entity sets student and section, which participate in a relationship set takes. We may wish to store a descriptive attribute grade with the relationship to record the grade that a student got in the class.
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The Entity-Relationship Model
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Extended E-R Features”.
1. The entity set person is classified as student and employee. This process is called _________
a) Generalization
b) Specialization
c) Inheritance
d) Constraint generalization
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The process of designating subgroupings within an entity set is called specialization.
2. Which relationship is used to represent a specialization entity?
a) ISA
b) AIS
c) ONIS
d) WHOIS
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In terms of an E-R diagram, specialization is depicted by a hollow arrow-head pointing from the specialized entity to the other entity.
3. The refinement from an initial entity set into successive levels of entity subgroupings represents a ________ design process in which distinctions are made explicit.
a) Hierarchy
b) Bottom-up
c) Top-down
d) Radical
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The design process may also proceed in a bottom-up manner, in which multiple entity sets are synthesized into a higher-level entity set on the basis of common features.
4. There are similarities between the instructor entity set and the secretary entity set in the sense that they have several attributes that are conceptually the same across the two entity sets: namely, the identifier, name, and salary attributes. This process is called
a) Commonality
b) Specialization
c) Generalization
d) Similarity
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Generalization is used to emphasize the similarities among lower-level entity sets and to hide the differences.
5. If an entity set is a lower-level entity set in more than one ISA relationship, then the entity set has
a) Hierarchy
b) Multilevel inheritance
c) Single inheritance
d) Multiple inheritance
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The attributes of the higher-level entity sets are said to be inherited by the lower-level entity sets.
6. A _____________ constraint requires that an entity belong to no more than one lower-level entity set.
a) Disjointness
b) Uniqueness
c) Special
d) Relational
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For example, student entity can satisfy only one condition for the student type attribute; an entity can be either a graduate student or an undergraduate student, but cannot be both.
7. Consider the employee work-team example, and assume that certain employees participate in more than one work team. A given employee may therefore appear in more than one of the team entity sets that are lower level entity sets of employee. Thus, the generalization is _____________
a) Overlapping
b) Disjointness
c) Uniqueness
d) Relational
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In overlapping generalizations, the same entity may belong to more than one lower-level entity set within a single generalization.
8. The completeness constraint may be one of the following: Total generalization or specialization, Partial generalization or specialization. Which is the default?
a) Total
b) Partial
c) Should be specified
d) Cannot be determined
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Partial generalization or specialization – Some higher-level entities may not belong to any lower-level entity set.
9. Functional dependencies are a generalization of
a) Key dependencies
b) Relation dependencies
c) Database dependencies
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The subclasses are combined to form the superclass.
10. Which of the following is another name for a weak entity?
a) Child
b) Owner
c) Dominant
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A parent may be called as a strong entity.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Normal Forms”.
1. In the __________ normal form, a composite attribute is converted to individual attributes.
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The first normal form is used to eliminate the duplicate information.
2. A table on the many side of a one to many or many to many relationship must:
a) Be in Second Normal Form (2NF)
b) Be in Third Normal Form (3NF)
c) Have a single attribute key
d) Have a composite key
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial dependencies on any column in primary key.
3. Tables in second normal form (2NF):
a) Eliminate all hidden dependencies
b) Eliminate the possibility of a insertion anomalies
c) Have a composite key
d) Have all non key fields depend on the whole primary key
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial dependencies on any column in primary key.
4. Which-one ofthe following statements about normal forms is FALSE?
a) BCNF is stricter than 3 NF
b) Lossless, dependency -preserving decomposition into 3 NF is always possible
c) Loss less, dependency – preserving decomposition into BCNF is always possible
d) Any relation with two attributes is BCNF
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: We say that the decomposition is a lossless decomposition if there is no loss of information by replacing r (R) with two relation schemas r1(R1) andr2(R2).
5. Functional Dependencies are the types of constraints that are based on______
a) Key
b) Key revisited
c) Superset key
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Key is the basic element needed for the constraints.
6. Which is a bottom-up approach to database design that design by examining the relationship between attributes:
a) Functional dependency
b) Database modeling
c) Normalization
d) Decomposition
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Normalisation is the process of removing redundancy and unwanted data.
7. Which forms simplifies and ensures that there are minimal data aggregates and repetitive groups:
a) 1NF
b) 2NF
c) 3NF
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The first normal form is used to eliminate the duplicate information.
8. Which forms has a relation that possesses data about an individual entity:
a) 2NF
b) 3NF
c) 4NF
d) 5NF
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A Table is in 4NF if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued dependencies X \twoheadrightarrow Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof.
9. Which forms are based on the concept of functional dependency:
a) 1NF
b) 2NF
c) 3NF
d) 4NF
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The table is in 3NF if every non-prime attribute of R is non-transitively dependent (i.e. directly dependent) on every superkey of R.
10.
Empdt1(empcode, name, street, city, state, pincode).
For any pincode, there is only one city and state. Also, for given street, city and state, there is just one pincode. In normalization terms, empdt1 is a relation in
a) 1 NF only
b) 2 NF and hence also in 1 NF
c) 3NF and hence also in 2NF and 1NF
d) BCNF and hence also in 3NF, 2NF and 1NF
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial dependencies on any column in primary key.
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This set of Database online quiz focuses on “Using Multivalued Dependencies”.
1. The normal form which satisfies multivalued dependencies and which is in BCNF is
a) 4 NF
b) 3 NF
c) 2 NF
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Fourth normal form is more restrictive than BCNF.
2. Which of the following is a tuple-generating dependencies?
a) Functional dependency
b) Equality-generating dependencies
c) Multivalued dependencies
d) Non-functional dependency
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Multivalued dependencies, do not rule out the existence of certain tuples. Instead, they require that other tuples of a certain form be present in the relation.
3. The main task carried out in the __________ is to remove repeating attributes to separate tables.
a) First Normal Form
b) Second Normal Form
c) Third Normal Form
d) Fourth Normal Form
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Multivalued dependencies, do not rule out the existence of certain tuples. Instead, they require that other tuples of a certain form be present in the relation.
4. Which of the normal form is based on multivalued dependencies?
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Multivalued dependencies, do not rule out the existence of certain tuples. Instead, they require that other tuples of a certain form be present in the relation.
5. Which forms has a relation that possesses data about an individual entity?
a) 2NF
b) 3NF
c) 4NF
d) 5NF
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A Table is in 4NF if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued dependencies X \twoheadrightarrow Y, X is a superkey—that is, X is either a candidate key or a superset thereof.
6. If a multivalued dependency holds and is not implied by the corresponding functional dependency, it usually arises from one of the following sources.
a) A many-to-many relationship set
b) A multivalued attribute of an entity set
c) A one-to-many relationship set
d) Both A many-to-many relationship set and A multivalued attribute of an entity set
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For a many-to-many relationship set each related entity set has its own schema and there is an additional schema for the relationship set. For a multivalued attribute, a separate schema is created consisting of that attribute and the primary key of the entity set.
7. Which of the following has each related entity set has its own schema and there is an additional schema for the relationship set?
a) A many-to-many relationship set
b) A multivalued attribute of an entity set
c) A one-to-many relationship set
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If a multivalued dependency holds and is not implied by the corresponding functional dependency, it usually arises from this source.
8. In which of the following, a separate schema is created consisting of that attribute and the primary key of the entity set.
a) A many-to-many relationship set
b) A multivalued attribute of an entity set
c) A one-to-many relationship set
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If a multivalued dependency holds and is not implied by the corresponding functional dependency, it usually arises from this source.
9. Fifth Normal form is concerned with
a) Functional dependency
b) Multivalued dependency
c) Join dependency
d) Domain-key
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If a multivalued dependency holds and is not implied by the corresponding functional dependency, it usually arises from this source.
10. In 2NF
a) No functional dependencies (FDs) exist
b) No multivalued dependencies (MVDs) exist
c) No partial FDs exist
d) No partial MVDs exist
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If a multivalued dependency holds and is not implied by the corresponding functional dependency, it usually arises from this source.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Web Fundamentals”.
1. Which of the following is a valid uniform resource locator?
a) http://www.acm.org/sigmod
b) www.google.com
c) www.ann.in
d) http:/www.acm.org/sigmod/
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A uniform resource locator (URL) is a globally unique name for each document that can be accessed on the Web.
2. http://www.google.com/search?q=silberschatz
In the above URL which one is the argument which is used for processing of the URL?
a) google
b) google.com
c) search
d) q=silberschatz
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Argument is always placed after ? symbol.
3. HTTP defines two ways in which values entered by a user at the browser can be sent to the Web server. The _____ method encodes the values as part of the URL.
a) Post
b) Get
c) Read
d) Argument
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For example, if the Google search page used a form with an input parameter
named q with the get method, and the user typed in the string “silberschatz” and submitted the form, the browser would request the following URL from the Web server: http://www.google.com/search?q=silberschatz.
4. A __________ is a program running on the server machine, which accepts requests from a Web browser and sends back results in the form of HTML documents.
a) HTML
b) HTTP
c) Web Server
d) Web browser
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The browser and Web server communicate via HTTP. Web servers provide powerful features, beyond the simple transfer of documents.
5. The application program typically communicates with a database server, through ___________ or other protocols, in order to get or store data.
a) JDBC
b) ODBC
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The common gateway interface (CGI) standard defines how the Web server communicates with application programs.
6. This extra information is usually maintained in the form of a _________ at the client.
a) Cookie
b) History
c) Remainder
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A cookie is simply a small piece of text containing identifying information and with an associated name.
7. Which of the following is not true about HTML ?
a) <meta>…</meta>
b) <meta…./>
c) <metadata>…</metadata>
d) <metadata name=”” />
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Meta data is the data about data which is included in the meta data tag.
8. Html code contains:
a) Tags
b) Attributes
c) Elements
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: <> are tags,size is a attribute.
9. Html document must always be saved with:
a) .html
b) .htm
c) .doc
d) Both .html & .htm
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: .doc is used only for the word document format.
10. How many levels of headings are in html:
a) 2
b) 7
c) 6
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The heading levels are h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Application Performance”.
1. The indirect change of the values of a variable in one module by another module is called
a) Internal change
b) Inter-module change
c) Side effect
d) Side-module update
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The module of the search tree and the flow is directed by its values.
2. Which of the following data structure is not linear data structure?
a) Arrays
b) Linked lists
c) Arrays & Linked lists
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Both array and linked lists are in data structure concepts.
3. Which of the following data structure is linear data structure?
a) Trees
b) Graphs
c) Arrays
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Tree and graphs are not linear.
4. Which of the following criterion is NOT written using the proper syntax?
a) “Haris”
b) <500
c) NO VALUE
d) Between #1/1/2000# and #12/31/2000#
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: NO VALUE cannot be specified.
5. The operation of processing each element in the list is known as
a) Sorting
b) Merging
c) Inserting
d) Traversal
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: There are several types of traversals.
6. Finding the location of the element with a given value is:
a) Traversal
b) Search
c) Sort
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Search is performed by traversing through the tree.
7. Arrays are best data structures
a) For relatively permanent collections of data
b) For the size of the structure and the data in the structure are constantly changing
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The operator tree has a tree like format where the evaluation starts from root of the tree.
8. Linked lists are best suited
a) For relatively permanent collections of data
b) For the size of the structure and the data in the structure are constantly changing
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A linked list is a data structure consisting of a group of nodes which together represent a sequence.
9. Each array declaration need not give, implicitly or explicitly, the information about
a) The name of array
b) The data type of array
c) The first data from the set to be stored
d) The index set of the array
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The operator tree has a tree like format where the evaluation starts from root of the tree.
10. The elements of an array are stored successively in memory cells because
a) By this way computer can keep track only the address of the first element and the addresses of other elements can be calculated
b) The architecture of computer memory does not allow arrays to store other than serially
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Memory is always allotted in order.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Physical Storage Media”.
1. Which of the following is a physical storage media?
a) Tape Storage
b) Optical Storage
c) Flash memory
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The storage media are classified by the speed with which data can be accessed, by the cost per unit of data to buy the medium, and by the medium’s reliability.
2. The _________ is the fastest and most costly form of storage, which is relatively small; its use is managed by the computer system hardware.
a) Cache
b) Disk
c) Main memory
d) Flash memory
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Cache storage is easy to access because it is closer to the processor.
3. Which of the following stores several gigabytes of data but usually lost when power failure?
a) Flash memory
b) Disk
c) Main memory
d) Secondary memory
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The contents of main memory are usually lost if a power failure or system crash occurs.
4. The flash memory storage used are
a) NOR Flash
b) OR Flash
c) AND Flash
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: NAND flash has a much higher storage capacity for a given cost, and is widely used for data storage in devices such as cameras, music players, and cell phones.
5. __________ is increasingly being used in server systems to improve performance by caching frequently used data, since it provides faster access than disk, with larger storage capacity than main memory.
a) Flash memory
b) Disk
c) Main memory
d) Secondary memory
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Flash memory is of two types – NAND and NOR.
6. Which is the cheapest memory device in terms of costs/ bit?
a) Semiconductor memory
b) Magnetic disks
c) Compact disks
d) Magnetic tapes
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Compact disk is used for easy storage at lower cost.
7. The primary medium for the long-term online storage of data is the __________ where the entire database is stored on magnetic disk.
a) Semiconductor memory
b) Magnetic disks
c) Compact disks
d) Magnetic tapes
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The system must move the data from disk to main memory so that they can be accessed.
8. Optical disk _______ systems contain a few drives and numerous disks that can be loaded into one of the drives automatically (by a robot arm) on demand.
a) Tape Storage
b) Jukebox
c) Flash memory
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The most popular form of optical disks are CD and DVD.
9. There are “record-once” versions of the compact disk and digital video disk, which can be written only once; such disks are also called __________ disks.
a) Write-once, read-many (WORM)
b) CD-R
c) DVD-W
d) CD-ROM
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: There are also “multiple-write” versions of compact disk (called CD-RW) and digital video disk (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM), which can be written multiple times.
10. Tape storage is referred to as __________ storage.
a) Direct-access
b) Random-access
c) Sequential-access
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Tape storage is used primarily for backup and archival data.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “File Organisations”.
1. Which level of RAID refers to disk mirroring with block striping?
a) RAID level 1
b) RAID level 2
c) RAID level 0
d) RAID level 3
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: RAID (redundant array of independent disks) is a way of storing the same data in different places (thus, redundantly) on multiple hard disks.
2. A unit of storage that can store one or more records in a hash file organization is denoted as
a) Buckets
b) Disk pages
c) Blocks
d) Nodes
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A unit of storage that can store one or more records in a hash file organization is denoted as buckets.
3. The file organization which allows us to read records that would satisfy the join condition by using one block read is
a) Heap file organization
b) Sequential file organization
c) Clustering file organization
d) Hash file organization
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: All systems in the cluster share a common file structure via NFS, but not all disks are mounted on all other systems.
4. What are the correct features of a distributed database?
a) Is always connected to the internet
b) Always requires more than three machines
c) Users see the data in one global schema.
d) Have to specify the physical location of the data when an update is done
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Users see the data in one global schema.
5. Each tablespace in an Oracle database consists of one or more files called
a) Files
b) name space
c) datafiles
d) PFILE
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A data file is a computer file which stores data to use by a computer application or system.
6. The management information system (MIS) structure with one main computer system is called a
a) Hierarchical MIS structure
b) Distributed MIS structure
c) Centralized MIS structure
d) Decentralized MIS structure
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Structure of MIS may be understood by looking at the physical components of the information system in an organization.
7. A top-to-bottom relationship among the items in a database is established by a
a) Hierarchical schema
b) Network schema
c) Relational schema
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. The structure allows representing information using parent/child relationships.
8. Choose the RDBMS which supports full fledged client server application development
a) dBase V
b) Oracle 7.1
c) FoxPro 2.1
d) Ingress
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: RDBMS is Relational Database Management System.
9. One approach to standardization storing of data?
a) MIS
b) Structured programming
c) CODASYL specification
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: CODASYL is an acronym for “Conference on Data Systems Languages”.
10. The highest level in the hierarchy of data organization is called
a) Data bank
b) Data base
c) Data file
d) Data record
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Database is a collection of all tables which contains the data in form of fields.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Ordered Indices”.
1. In ordered indices the file containing the records is sequentially ordered, a ___________ is an index whose search key also defines the sequential order of the file.
a) Clustered index
b) Structured index
c) Unstructured index
d) Nonclustered index
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Clustering index are also called primary indices; the term primary index may appear to denote an index on a primary key, but such indices can in fact be built on any search key.
2. Indices whose search key specifies an order different from the sequential order of the file are called ___________ indices.
a) Nonclustered
b) Secondary
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Nonclustering index is also called secondary indices.
3. An ____________ consists of a search-key value and pointers to one or more records with that value as their search-key value.
a) Index entry
b) Index hash
c) Index cluster
d) Index map
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The pointer to a record consists of the identifier of a disk block and an offset within the disk block to identify the record within the block.
4. In a _______ clustering index, the index record contains the search-key value and a pointer to the first data record with that search-key value and the rest of the records will be in the sequential pointers.
a) Dense
b) Sparse
c) Straight
d) Continuous
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a dense nonclustering index, the index must store a list of pointers to all records with the same search-key value.
5. In a __________ index, an index entry appears for only some of the search-key values.
a) Dense
b) Sparse
c) Straight
d) Continuous
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Sparse indices can be used only if the relation is stored in sorted order of the search key, that is if the index is a clustering index.
6. Incase the indices values are larger, index is created for these values of the index. This is called
a) Pointed index
b) Sequential index
c) Multilevel index
d) Multiple index
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Indices with two or more levels are called multilevel indices.
7. A search key containing more than one attribute is referred to as a _________ search key.
a) Simple
b) Composite
c) Compound
d) Secondary
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The structure of the index is the same as that of any other index, the only difference being that the search key is not a single attribute, but rather is a list of attributes.
8. In B+ tree the node which points to another node is called
a) Leaf node
b) External node
c) Final node
d) Internal node
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Nonleaf nodes are also referred to as internal nodes.
9. Insertion of a large number of entries at a time into an index is referred to as __________ of the index.
a) Loading
b) Bulk insertion
c) Bulk loading
d) Increase insertion
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Bulk loading is used to improve efficiency and scalability.
10. While inserting the record into the index, if the search-key value does not appear in the index.
a) The system adds a pointer to the new record in the index entry
b) The system places the record being inserted after the other records with the same search-key values
c) The system inserts an index entry with the search-key value in the index at the appropriate position
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: If the index entry stores pointers to all records with the same search key value, the system adds a pointer to the new record in the index entry.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Bitmap Indices”.
1. Bitmap indices are a specialized type of index designed for easy querying on ___________
a) Bit values
b) Binary digits
c) Multiple keys
d) Single keys
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Each bitmap index is built on a single key.
2. A _______ on the attribute A of relation r consists of one bitmap for each value that A can take.
a) Bitmap index
b) Bitmap
c) Index
d) Array
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A bitmap is simply an array of bits.
3.
SELECT *
FROM r
WHERE gender = ’f’ AND income level = ’L2’;
In this selection, we fetch the bitmaps for gender value f and the bitmap for income level value L2, and perform an ________ of the two bitmaps.
a) Union
b) Addition
c) Combination
d) Intersection
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We compute a new bitmap where bit i has value 1 if the ith bit of the two bitmaps are both 1, and has a value 0 otherwise.
4. To identify the deleted records we use the ______________
a) Existence bitmap
b) Current bitmap
c) Final bitmap
d) Deleted bitmap
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The bitmaps which are deleted are denoted by 0.
5. Bitmaps can be used as a compressed storage mechanism at the leaf nodes of ________ for those values that occur very frequently.
a) B-trees
b) B+-trees
c) Bit trees
d) Both B-trees and B+-trees
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bitmaps are combined and stored in a B+ tree.
6. Bitmaps can be combined with regular B+-tree indices for relations where a few attribute values are extremely common, and other values also occur, but much less frequently.
a) Bitmap, B-tree
b) Bitmap, B+tree
c) B-tree, Bitmap
d) B+tree, Bitmap
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Bitmaps are combined and stored in a B+ tree.
7. In a B+-tree index ______ for each value, we would normally maintain a list of all records with that value for the indexed attribute.
a) Leaf
b) Node
c) Root
d) Link
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Bitmaps are combined and stored in a B+ tree.
8. A tablespace is further broken down into ________
a) Tablespace
b) Segments
c) Extents
d) Blocks
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Segment names are used in create table and create index commands to place tables or indexes on specific database devices.
9. In ordered indices the file containing the records is sequentially ordered, a ___________ is an index whose search key also defines the sequential order of the file.
a) Clustered index
b) Structured index
c) Unstructured index
d) Nonclustered index
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Clustering index are also called primary indices; the term primary index may appear to denote an index on a primary key, but such indices can in fact be built on any search key.
10. Indices whose search key specifies an order different from the sequential order of the file are called ___________ indices.
a) Nonclustered
b) Secondary
c) All of the mentioned
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Nonclustering index are also called secondary indices.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Query Processing”.
1. A collection of data designed to be used by different people is called a/an
a) Organization
b) Database
c) Relationship
d) Schema
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Database is a collection of related tables.
2. Which of the following is the oldest database model?
a) Relational
b) Deductive
c) Physical
d) Network
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.
3. Which of the following schemas does define a view or views of the database for particular users?
a) Internal schema
b) Conceptual schema
c) Physical schema
d) External schema
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: An externally-defined schema can provide access to tables that are managed on any PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, SAS, Oracle, or MySQL database.
4. Which of the following is an attribute that can uniquely identify a row in a table?
a) Secondary key
b) Candidate key
c) Foreign key
d) Alternate key
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: A Candidate Key can be any column or a combination of columns that can qualify as unique key in database.
5. Which of the following are the process of selecting the data storage and data access characteristics of the database?
a) Logical database design
b) Physical database design
c) Testing and performance tuning
d) Evaluation and selecting
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The physical design of the database optimizes performance while ensuring data integrity by avoiding unnecessary data redundancies.
6. Which of the following terms does refer to the correctness and completeness of the data in a database?
a) Data security
b) Data constraint
c) Data independence
d) Data integrity
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: ACID property is satisfied by transaction in database.
7. The relationship between DEPARTMENT and EMPLOYEE is a
a) One-to-one relationship
b) One-to-many relationship
c) Many-to-many relationship
d) Many-to-one relationship
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: One entity department is related to several employees.
8. A table can be logically connected to another table by defining a
a) Super key
b) Candidate key
c) Primary key
d) Unique key
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A superkey is a combination of attributes that can be uniquely used to identify a database record.
9. If the state of the database no longer reflects a real state of the world that the database is supposed to capture, then such a state is called
a) Consistent state
b) Parallel state
c) Durable state
d) Inconsistent state
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: SQL data consistency is that whenever a transaction is performed, it sees a consistent database.
10. Ensuring isolation property is the responsibility of the
a) Recovery-management component of the DBMS
b) Concurrency-control component of the DBMS
c) Transaction-management component of the DBMS
d) Buffer management component in DBMS
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated while getting those results as quickly as possible.
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This set of Database Questions and Answers for Entrance exams focuses on “Transformation of Relational Expressions”.
1. Consider the following relational schemes for a library database:
Book (Title, Author, Catalog_no, Publisher, YEAR, Price)
Collection (Title, Author, Catalog_no)
WITH the following functional dependencies:
I. Title Author -> Catalog_no
II. Catalog_no -> Title Author Publisher YEAR
III. Publisher Title YEAR -> Price
Assume {Author, Title} is the key for both schemes. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Both Book and Collection are in BCNF
b) Both Book and Collection are in 3NF only
c) Book is in 2NF and Collection is in 3NF
d) Both Book and Collection are in 2NF only
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The relation Collection is in BCNF: Its given that {Author, Title} is the key and there is only one functional dependency (FD) applicable to the relation Collection {i.e. Title Author –> Catalog_no}.
2. Let R(A,B,C,D,E,P,G) be a relational schema in which the following FDs are known to hold:
AB->CD
DE->P
C->E
P->C
B->G
The relation schema R is
a) in BCNF
b) in 3NF, but not in BCNF
c) in 2NF, but not in 3NF
d) not in 2NF
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: From the closure set of attributes we can see that the key for the relation is AB. The FD B->G is a partial dependency, hence it is not in 2NF.
3. Which of the following is/are false for RAW mode of FOR XML?
a) XMLSCHEMA option does not returns an in-line XSD schema
b) BINARY BASE32 returns the binary data in base32-encoded format
c) Each row in the query result is transformed into an XML element
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: XML was designed to transport and store data.
4. ___________ refers to the ability of the system to recover committed transaction updates if either the system or the storage media fails.
a) Isolation
b) Atomicity
c) Consistency
d) Durability
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In database systems, durability is the ACID property which guarantees that transactions that have committed will survive permanently.
5. Which utilities can we use to export data from sql server to a text file?
a) DTS export wizard
b) BCP
c) ISQL
d) DTS export wizard and BCP
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The bcp utility bulk copies data between an instance of Microsoft SQL Server and a data file in a user-specified format.
6. You have a column that will only contain values from 0 to 256. What is the most economical data type to use for the column?
a) TINYINT
b) SMALLINT
c) INT
d) DECIMAL(1)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The bcp utility bulk copies data between an instance of Microsoft SQL Server and a data file in a user-specified format.
7. Problems occurs if we don’t implement a proper locking strategy
a) Dirty reads
b) Phantom reads
c) Lost updates
d) Unrepeatable reads
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Phantom reads occur when an insert or delete action is performed against a row that belongs to a range of rows being read by a transaction.
8. Which of the following fixed database roles can add or remove user IDs?
a) db_accessadmin
b) db_securityadmin
c) db_setupadmin
d) db_sysadmin
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The db_accessadmin role manages security, but handles access to the database, as the name implies.
9. By default sql server has ___________ isolation level
a) READ COMMITTED
b) READ UNCOMMITTED
c) SERIALIZABLE
d) REPEATABLE READ
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: READ UNCOMMITTED is the most optimistic concurrency isolation option available in SQL Server.
10. Which of the following pair of regular expression are not equivalent?
a) 1(01)* and (10)*1
b) x(xx)* and (xx)*x
c) (ab)* and a*b*
d) x+ and x*x+
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: (ab)*=(a*b*)*.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Transaction Concept”.
1. Consider money is transferred from (1)account-A to account-B and (2) account-B to account-A. Which of the following form a transaction?
a) Only 1
b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2 individually
d) Either 1 or 2
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The term transaction refers to a collection of operations that form a single logical unit of work.
2. A transaction is delimited by statements (or function calls) of the form __________
a) Begin transaction and end transaction
b) Start transaction and stop transaction
c) Get transaction and post transaction
d) Read transaction and write transaction
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The transaction consists of all operations executed between the begin transaction and end transaction.
3. Identify the characteristics of transactions
a) Atomicity
b) Durability
c) Isolation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Because of the above three properties, transactions are an ideal way of structuring interaction with a database.
4. Which of the following has “all-or-none” property?
a) Atomicity
b) Durability
c) Isolation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Either all operations of the transaction are reflected properly in the database, or none are.
5. The database system must take special actions to ensure that transactions operate properly without interference from concurrently executing database statements. This property is referred to as
a) Atomicity
b) Durability
c) Isolation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Even though multiple transactions may execute concurrently, the system guarantees that, for every pair of transactions Ti and Tj, it appears to Ti that either Tj finished execution before Ti started or Tj started execution after Ti finished.
6. The property of a transaction that persists all the crashes is
a) Atomicity
b) Durability
c) Isolation
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: After a transaction completes successfully, the changes it has made to the database persist, even if there are system failures.
7. __________ states that only valid data will be written to the database.
a) Consistency
b) Atomicity
c) Durability
d) Isolation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If for some reason, a transaction is executed that violates the database’s consistency rules, the entire transaction will be rolled back and the database will be restored to a state consistent with those rules.
8. Transaction processing is associated with everything below except
a) Producing detail summary or exception reports
b) Recording a business activity
c) Confirming an action or triggering a response
d) Maintaining a data
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Collections of operations that form a single logical unit of work are called transactions.
9. The Oracle RDBMS uses the ____ statement to declare a new transaction start and its properties.
a) BEGIN
b) SET TRANSACTION
c) BEGIN TRANSACTION
d) COMMIT
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Commit is used to store all the transactions.
10. ____ means that the data used during the execution of a transaction cannot be used by a second transaction until the first one is completed.
a) Consistency
b) Atomicity
c) Durability
d) Isolation
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Even though multiple transactions may execute concurrently, the system guarantees that, for every pair of transactions Ti and Tj, it appears to Ti that either Tj finished execution before Ti started or Tj started execution after Ti finished.
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This set of Database Questions and Answers for Experienced people focuses on ” Querying database part – 4″.
1. Which s essential a business problem not a data problem:
a) Data
b) Database
c) Database design
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: SQL-99 is the most recent version of standard SQL prescribed by the ANSI.
2. Which is primarily the result of a thorough understanding of information about an enterprise:
a) Data
b) Database
c) Database design
d) Data modeling
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Data modelling designs the data in a secured manner.
3. McFadden has defined normalization in his which book___________
a) Database modern management
b) Management database of modern
c) Modern database management
d) Database management
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: SQL-99 is the most recent version of standard SQL prescribed by the ANSI.
4. The database design prevents some data from being represented due to _______
a) Deletion anomalies
b) Insertion anomalies
c) Update anomaly
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Insertion anomaly is due to confusion in data deletion or insertion.
5. How many types of insertion anomalies:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Insertion anomaly is due to confusion in data deletion or insertion.
6. Who developed the normalization process:
a) E.F. codd
b) F.F. codd
c) E.E. codd
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Normalization helps in improving the quality of the data.
7. E.F.Codd developed the normalization process in the which early:
a) 1969
b) 1970
c) 1971
d) 1972
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Normalization helps in improving the quality of the data.
8. Which is a bottom-up approach to database design that design by examining the relationship between attributes:
a) Functional dependency
b) Database modeling
c) Normalization
d) Decomposition
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Normalization helps in improving the quality of the data.
9. Which is the process of breaking a relation into multiple relations:
a) Functional dependency
b) Database modeling
c) Normalization
d) Decomposition
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: SQL-99 is the most recent version of standard SQL prescribed by the ANSI.
10. Which formal method that locates and analyses relation schemas on the basis of their primary, candidate keys, and the FD’s that are present among the attributes of these schemas:
a) Functional dependency
b) Database modeling
c) Normalization
d) Decomposition
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Normalization helps in improving the quality of the data.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Lock-Based Protocols”.
1. In order to maintain transactional integrity and database consistency, what technology does a DBMS deploy?
a) Triggers
b) Pointers
c) Locks
d) Cursors
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Locks are used to maintain database consistency.
2. A lock that allows concurrent transactions to access different rows of the same table is known as a
a) Database-level lock
b) Table-level lock
c) Page-level lock
d) Row-level lock
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Locks are used to maintain database consistency.
3. Which of the following are introduced to reduce the overheads caused by the log-based recovery?
a) Checkpoints
b) Indices
c) Deadlocks
d) Locks
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Checkpoints are introduced to reduce overheads caused by the log-based recovery.
4. Which of the following protocols ensures conflict serializability and safety from deadlocks?
a) Two-phase locking protocol
b) Time-stamp ordering protocol
c) Graph based protocol
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Time-stamp ordering protocol ensures conflict serializability and safety from deadlocks.
5. Which of the following is the block that is not permitted to be written back to the disk?
a) Dead code
b) Read only
c) Pinned
d) Zapped
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A block that is not permitted to be written back to the disk is called pinned.
6. If transaction Ti gets an explicit lock on the file Fc in exclusive mode, then it has an __________ on all the records belonging to that file.
a) Explicit lock in exclusive mode
b) Implicit lock in shared mode
c) Explicit lock in shared mode
d) Implicit lock in exclusive mode
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If transaction Ti gets an explicit lock on the file Fc in exclusive mode, then it has an implicit lock in exclusive mode on all the records belonging to that file.
7. Which refers to a property of computer to run several operation simultaneously and possible as computers await response of each other
a) Concurrency
b) Deadlock
c) Backup
d) Recovery
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.
8. All lock information is managed by a __________ which is responsible for assigning and policing the locks used by the transactions.
a) Scheduler
b) DBMS
c) Lock manager
d) Locking agent
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: A distributed lock manager (DLM) provides distributed software applications with a means to synchronize their accesses to shared resources.
9. The ____ lock allows concurrent transactions to access the same row as long as they require the use of different fields within that row.
a) Table-level
b) Page-level
c) Row-level
d) Field-level
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Lock is limited to the attributes of the relation.
10. Which of the following is a procedure for acquiring the necessary locks for a transaction where all necessary locks are acquired before any are released?
a) Record controller
b) Exclusive lock
c) Authorization rule
d) Two phase lock
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Two-phase lock is a procedure for acquiring the necessary locks for a transaction where all necessary locks are acquired before any are released.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Snapshot Isolation”.
1. Snapshot isolation is a particular type of ______________ scheme.
a) Concurrency-control
b) Concurrency-allowance
c) Redirection
d) Repetition-allowance
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It has gained wide acceptance in commercial and open-source systems, including Oracle, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server.
2. Snapshot isolation is used to give
a) Transaction a snapshot of the database
b) Database a snapshot of the transaction
c) Database a snapshot of committed values in the transaction
d) Transaction a snapshot of the database and Database a snapshot of committed values in the transaction
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The data values in the snapshot consist only of values written by committed transactions.
3. Lost update problem is
a) Second update overwrites the first
b) First update overwrites the second
c) The updates are lost due to conflicting problem
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Lost update problem has to be resolved.
4. Under first updater wins the system uses a __________ mechanism that applies only to updates.
a) Close
b) Read
c) Locking
d) Beat
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reads are unaffected by this, since they do not obtain locks.
5. When a transaction Ti attempts to update a data item, it requests a _________ on that data item.
a) Read lock
b) Update lock
c) Write lock
d) Chain lock
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Reads are unaffected by this, since they do not obtain locks.
6. Each of a pair of transactions has read data that is written by the other, but there is no data written by both transactions, is referred to as
a) Read skew
b) Update skew
c) Write lock
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Write skew is the issue addressed here.
7. An application developer can guard against certain snapshot anomalies by appending a ______ clause to the SQL select query.
a) For update
b) For read
c) For write
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Adding the for update clause causes the system to treat data that are read as if they had been updated for purposes of concurrency control.
8. Evaluate the CREATE TABLE statement:
CREATE TABLE products
(product_id NUMBER(6) CONSTRAINT prod_id_pk PRIMARY KEY, product_name VARCHAR2(15));
Which statement is true regarding the PROD_ID_PK constraint?
a) It would be created only if a unique index is manually created first
b) It would be created and would use an automatically created unique index
c) It would be created and would use an automatically created no unique index
d) It would be created and remains in a disabled state because no index is specified in the command
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Syntax: create table table_name(name constraint).
9. Evaluate the following CREATE SEQUENCE statement:
CREATE SEQUENCE seq1
START WITH 100
INCREMENT BY 10
MAXVALUE 200
CYCLE
NOCACHE;
The sequence SEQ1 has generated numbers up to the maximum limit of 200. You issue the following SQL statement:
SELECT seq1.nextval FROM dual;
What is displayed by the SELECT statement?
a) 1
b) 10
c) 100
d) an error
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Sequence is used to generate a series of values.
10. In which scenario would you use the ROLLUP operator for expression or columns within a GROUP BY clause?
a) To find the groups forming the subtotal in a row
b) To create group-wise grand totals for the groups specified within a GROUP BY clause
c) To create a grouping for expressions or columns specified within a GROUP BY clause in one direction, from
right to left for calculating the subtotals
d) To create a grouping for expressions or columns specified within a GROUP BY clause in all possible
directions, which is cross-tabular report for calculating the subtotals
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Sequence is used to generate a series of values.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Failure Classification”.
1. The recovery scheme must also provide
a) High availability
b) Low availability
c) High reliability
d) High durability
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It must minimize the time for which the database is not usable after a failure.
2. Which one of the following is a failure to a system
a) Boot crash
b) Read failure
c) Transaction failure
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Types of system failure are transaction failure, system crash and disk failure.
3. Which of the following belongs to transaction failure
a) Read error
b) Boot error
c) Logical error
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Types of system transaction failure are logical and system error.
4. The system has entered an undesirable state (for example, deadlock), as a result of which a transaction cannot continue with its normal execution. This is
a) Read error
b) Boot error
c) Logical error
d) System error
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The transaction, can be re-executed at a later time.
5. The transaction can no longer continue with its normal execution because of some internal condition, such as bad input, data not found, overflow, or resource limit exceeded. This is
a) Read error
b) Boot error
c) Logical error
d) System error
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The transaction, can be re-executed at a later time.
6. The assumption that hardware errors and bugs in the software bring the system to a halt, but do not corrupt the nonvolatile storage contents, is known as the
a) Stop assumption
b) Fail assumption
c) Halt assumption
d) Fail-stop assumption
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Well-designed systems have numerous internal checks, at the hardware and the software level, that bring the system to a halt when there is an error. Hence, the fail-stop assumption is a reasonable one.
7. Which kind of failure loses its data in head crash or failure during a transfer operation.
a) Transaction failure
b) System crash
c) Disk failure
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Copies of the data on other disks, or archival backups on tertiary media, such as DVD or tapes, are used to recover from the failure.
8. The failure occurred sufficiently early during the transfer that the destination block remains intact.
a) Partial Failure
b) Total failure
c) Successful completion
d) Data transfer failure
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Copies of the data on other disks, or archival backups on tertiary media, such as DVD or tapes, are used to recover from the failure.
9. The database is partitioned into fixed-length storage units called
a) Parts
b) Blocks
c) Reads
d) Build
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Blocks are the units of data transfer to and from disk, and may contain several data items.
10. Which of the following causes system to crash
a) Bug in software
b) Loss of volatile data
c) Hardware malfunction
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: The content of non-volatile storage remains intact, and is not corrupted.
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This set of Database Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “ARIES”.
1. ARIES uses a ___________ to identify log records, and stores it in database pages.
a) Log sequence number
b) Log number
c) Lock number
d) Sequence
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: LSN is used to identify which operations have been applied to a database page.
2. ARIES supports ___________ operations, which are physical in that the affected page is physically identified, but can be logical within the page.
a) Physiological redo
b) Physiological undo
c) Logical redo
d) Logical undo
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The deletion of a record from a page may result in many other records in the page being shifted, if a slotted page structure is used.
3. ______________ is used to minimize unnecessary redos during recovery.
a) Dirty page table
b) Page table
c) Dirty redo
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Dirty pages are those that have been updated in memory, and the disk version is not up-to-date.
4. __________ scheme that records only information about dirty pages and associated information and does not even require of writing dirty pages to disk.
a) Fuzzy logic
b) Checkpoints
c) Fuzzy-checkpoint
d) Logical checkpoint
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It flushes dirty pages in the background, continuously, instead of writing them during checkpoints.
5. Whenever an update operation occurs on a page, the operation stores the LSN of its log record in the _______ field of the page.
a) LSN
b) ReadLSN
c) PageLSN
d) RedoLSN
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Each page maintains an identifier called the PageLSN.
6. There are special redo-only log records generated during transaction rollback, called _________ in ARIES.
a) Compensation log records
b) Read log records
c) Page log records
d) Redo log records
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: These serve the same purpose as the redo-only log records in our earlier recovery scheme.
7. The __________________ contains a list of pages that have been updated in the database buffer.
a) Dirty page table
b) Page table
c) Dirty redo
d) All of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Dirty pages are those that have been updated in memory, and the disk version is not up-to-date.
8. ___________ determines which transactions to undo, which pages were dirty at the time of the crash, and the LSN from which the redo pass should start.
a) Analysis pass
b) Redo pass
c) Undo pass
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The analysis pass finds the last complete checkpoint log record, and reads in the DirtyPageTable from this record.
9. __________ starts from a position determined during analysis, and performs a redo, repeating history, to bring the database to a state it was in before the crash.
a) Analysis pass
b) Redo pass
c) Undo pass
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The redo pass repeats history by replaying every action that is not already reflected in the page on disk.
10. ______________ rolls back all transactions that were incomplete at the time of crash.
a) Analysis pass
b) Redo pass
c) Undo pass
d) None of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: It performs a single backward scan of the log, undoing all transactions in undo-list.
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Cirxus
Written and directed by John Harrigan, The Arcola Theatre, London. Presented by FoolishPeople, 2009
1957 — Seascale, the North of England. Cirxus; an old English circus lost in the shadows of the smoke stacks of Calder Hall, the world’s first commercial nuclear power station. Step into the world of Cirxus, explore its sideshows and meet extraordinary characters from the past and future. Athalia the ballerina waits in the ring for Loudon the clown to return with directions to the Black Pool, the mythic site of the Home Sweet Home, the final show of the season. Join her as she begins a bizarre and wondrous search for Loudon through the irradiated secrets of Cirxus, where she must face the macabre atomic menagerie, haunted by circus animals and navigate her way through a maze of strange, hallucinogenic sideshows to the other side of time.
Immerse yourself in a world where theatric arcana and atomic fallout irradiate the sawdust arenas of our inner worlds.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113489-new-members/topic/show.20tactic.20state.html ---
When a tactic proof is complete, can I examine the tactic state at each step in emacs? The only way I've found to do this is just deleting the steps that follow the one I want to examine and looking at the flycheck buffer.
I'm not a Lean emacs user but there's definitely a better way. You can do it in VS Code so you can definitely do it in emacs -- you just move the cursor around but you need to be in the right "mode"
C-c C-g
brings up the "Lean goal" buffer but ... it's never got anything in it
It should, if your cursor is in the middle of a tactic block
There shouldn't be anything more to it than that...
toggling lean-info mode or lean-debug mode doesn't seem to help
I don't think I've ever witnessed this not working. Can you provide a screenshot just as a sanity check?
what is the name of the buffer that the data appears in?
*Lean Goal*
Just to be clear, is your cursor in the middle of a multi-line tactic mode proof which has, say, one goal at all times?
You can see the cursor box on the c
of cases
vscode.png
VS Code with cursor in the same place. I'm 99.9% sure that when I tried emacs it was the same.
Oh I have Lean running in emacs on this computer:
@Iocta Your emacs looks pretty customized, maybe something is interfering with lean-mode?
Perhaps. that's an unpleasant rabbit hole but maybe necessary
Do these look ok?
Lean (version 3.5.1, Release)
GNU Emacs 26.3
lean-mode-20191229.1613
disabling frames-only-mode
makes it work
https://github.com/leanprover/lean-mode/pull/23
Sent a PR to lean-mode
Merged into master
Nice! Thanks.
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


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West Bengal Board of Primary Education
West Bengal Board of Secondary Education
West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education
West Bengal Council of Rabindra Open Schooling
Uttar Pradesh Board of Secondary Education
Others
Year of passing +2 Exam
*
Select Year
2016
2017
2018
10+2 %age
*
Note: 75% [for GEN, OBC-NCL] & 65% [SC, ST, PWD ]
Type of School
*
Govt./Private
Govt. School
Private School
Hostel Required or Not
*
Select Accommodatiom
Hostel
Day Scholor
Class
*
Select Class
B.Tech
B.Arch
Dual Degree
Branch
*
Select Branch
ECE
ECE(Dual)
CSE
CSE(Dual)
ME
EEE
CE
ARCH
Chemical
Material
Parent/Guardian Information
Father's Name
*
Father's Number
*
Mother's Name
*
Mother's Number
*
Fee Status
JoSAA-2017 Amount
*
Date
*
NIT Hamirpur Amount
*
Date
*


delta_t's Rework Calculator
Leaderboard
Highscores
Calculate map PP
Dark Mode
Recalc top
Force
Remove player
Remove map
Misc
Stats
Calculating


gulp-tasks-registrator
Clean up your Gulpfile by splitting it into small isolated tasks
Gulp tasks registrator.
Registrator runs through a given directory and registers found .js
files as gulp tasks.
Install
$ npm install --save-dev gulp-tasks-registrator
Basic Usage
For example, we have this folder structure with our tasks:
tasks
env.js
build
scripts
app.js
vendors.js
styles.js
Registrator will create tasks using convention - {folder1}:{folderN}:{filename}, ignoring root folder:
- env
- build:styles
- build:scripts:app
- build:scripts:vendors
./gulpfile.js
var path = require('path');
var $ = require('gulp-load-plugins')(
pattern: [
'gulp',
'gulp-*',
'gulp.*'
]
);
require('gulp-tasks-registrator')({
gulp: $.gulp,
dir: path.join(__dirname, '/tasks'),
args: [$]
});
./tasks/env.js
Each file should contain factory function which returns an actual task function.
Factory will receive any arguments that were passed into registrator.
module.exports = function factory($) {
return task() {
return $.gulp.src(...)
};
};
`
Grouping tasks
We can group small tasks with, so called, high order tasks, just by setting group
parameter to true
.
require('gulp-tasks-registrator')({
gulp: gulp,
dir: path.join(__dirname, '/tasks'),
args: [gulp],
group: true
});
For example, we have this folder structure with our tasks:
tasks
env.js
build
scripts.js
styles.js
assets.js
Except regular tasks, we will register high order task called build
, which will have all nested tasks as dependencies (nested high order tasks included).
It will be the same if we created it manually, like this:
gulp.task('build', ['build:scripts', 'build:styles', 'build:assets'], function(done) {
done();
});
Tasks dependencies
Also, since version 0.3.0, it is possible to define dependencies for each tasks:
module.exports = function factory($) {
const task = task() {
return $.gulp.src(...)
};
task.dependencies = ['task1', 'task2'];
return task;
};
API
registrator(options)
options.gulp
Type: object
.
Gulp instance.
options.dir
Type: string
.
Full path to task factories directory.
options.group
Type: boolean
.
Creates gulp task based on folder name and adds nested tasks as dependencies.
Optional.
options.args
Type: Array<any>
.
Arguments to pass to task factories.
Optional.
options.filter
Type: String|Function
.
RegExp string or a function for tasks filtering.
Task full path is passed as a function argument.
Optional.
options.verbose
Type: boolean
.
Defines whether to push to console logs.
Optional.
Default false.
options.panic
Type: boolean
.
Defines whether to throw error if task registration failed.
Optional.
Default true.
License
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (C) 2015 Tim Voronov
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


- Client: Northbridge Computing
- Task: Create a logo and business card for Northbridge Computing, a Seattle-based custom computer build and repair company.
- Type: print, web, branding
- Client: Class assignment
- Task: Reimagine a book cover using symbolism not found on previous book cover designs.
- Type: print, book


--- layout: base --- {% include breadcrumbs-band.html page_type="Downloads" page_type_slug="download" %}
Want to contribute more clients for Hot Rod? We’d love you to do so! Learn more about getting involved.


| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one | |
| 3 | * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file | |
| 4 | * distributed with this work for additional information | |
| 5 | * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file | |
| 6 | * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the | |
| 7 | * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance | |
| 8 | * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at | |
| 9 | * | |
| 10 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 | |
| 11 | * | |
| 12 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, | |
| 13 | * software distributed under the License is distributed on an | |
| 14 | * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY | |
| 15 | * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the | |
| 16 | * specific language governing permissions and limitations | |
| 17 | * under the License. | |
| 18 | */ | |
| 19 | package org.apache.myfaces.shared.util; | |
| 20 | ||
| 21 | import java.util.HashMap; | |
| 22 | import java.util.Map; | |
| 23 | import java.util.Set; | |
| 24 | import java.util.Iterator; | |
| 25 | ||
| 26 | ||
| 27 | public class HashMapUtils | |
| 28 | { | |
| 29 | //~ Constructors ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
| 30 | ||
| 31 | protected HashMapUtils() | |
| 32 | { | |
| 33 | // block public access | |
| 34 | } | |
| 35 | ||
| 36 | //~ Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | |
| 37 | ||
| 38 | /** | |
| 39 | * Calculates initial capacity needed to hold size elements in | |
| 40 | * a HashMap or Hashtable without forcing an expensive increase in internal | |
| 41 | * capacity. Capacity is based on the default load factor of .75. | |
| 42 | *
 | |
| 43 | * Usage: Map map = new HashMap(HashMapUtils.calcCapacity(10)); | |
| 44 | *
 | |
| 45 | * @param size the number of items that will be put into a HashMap | |
| 46 | * @return initial capacity needed | |
| 47 | */ | |
| 48 | public static final int calcCapacity(int size) | |
| 49 | { | |
| 50 |
4
1. calcCapacity : Replaced integer multiplication with division → NO_COVERAGE 2. calcCapacity : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE 3. calcCapacity : Replaced integer division with multiplication → NO_COVERAGE 4. calcCapacity : replaced int return with 0 for org/apache/myfaces/shared/util/HashMapUtils::calcCapacity → NO_COVERAGE |
return ((size * 4) + 3) / 3; |
| 51 | } | |
| 52 | ||
| 53 | /** | |
| 54 | * Creates a new HashMap that has all of the elements | |
| 55 | * of map1 and map2 (on key collision, the latter | |
| 56 | * override the former). | |
| 57 | * | |
| 58 | * @param map1 the fist hashmap to merge | |
| 59 | * @param map2 the second hashmap to merge | |
| 60 | * @return new hashmap | |
| 61 | */ | |
| 62 | public static HashMap merge(Map map1, Map map2) | |
| 63 | { | |
| 64 |
1
1. merge : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
HashMap retval = new HashMap(calcCapacity(map1.size() + map2.size())); |
| 65 | ||
| 66 |
1
1. merge : removed call to java/util/HashMap::putAll → NO_COVERAGE |
retval.putAll(map1); |
| 67 |
1
1. merge : removed call to java/util/HashMap::putAll → NO_COVERAGE |
retval.putAll(map2); |
| 68 | ||
| 69 |
1
1. merge : replaced return value with null for org/apache/myfaces/shared/util/HashMapUtils::merge → NO_COVERAGE |
return retval; |
| 70 | } | |
| 71 | ||
| 72 | /** | |
| 73 | * spit out each name/value pair | |
| 74 | */ | |
| 75 | public static String mapToString(Map map) | |
| 76 | { | |
| 77 | Set entries = map.entrySet(); | |
| 78 | Iterator iter = entries.iterator(); | |
| 79 | StringBuffer buff = new StringBuffer(); | |
| 80 |
1
1. mapToString : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
while (iter.hasNext()) |
| 81 | { | |
| 82 | Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next(); | |
| 83 | buff.append("[" + entry.getKey() + "," + entry.getValue() + "]\n"); | |
| 84 | } | |
| 85 |
1
1. mapToString : replaced return value with "" for org/apache/myfaces/shared/util/HashMapUtils::mapToString → NO_COVERAGE |
return buff.toString(); |
| 86 | } | |
| 87 | ||
| 88 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 50 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 |
|
| 64 |
1.1 |
|
| 66 |
1.1 |
|
| 67 |
1.1 |
|
| 69 |
1.1 |
|
| 80 |
1.1 |
|
| 85 |
1.1 |


1806 Arrowgrass way
Ottawa, Canada
Canada, Zip Code k4a oc7.
Plot No. 53, Door No. 2/1075, Second cross, Radha nagar, Perumbakkam.
Perumbakkam, Chennai
TamilNadu, India, Zip Code 600100.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
CoolPress is an application created to show the potential of web applications in Python and as a show case of how easy is to create great applications with own content or creating content from other sources
Feel free to play with it and to learn Django along the way
Have fun ;)


For the fig swirl: Melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brownb sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
Ice cream: In a small pot over medium heat, combine milk, and granulated sugar until sugar is completely dissolved and the milk is just barely lukewarm. Whisk in the egg yolks. Set mixture in the fridge and wait until the fig mixture is cooled.
Using an ice cream machine, pour liquids into the frozen basin and process according to manufactureer instructions, ie, let spin and thicken for 20 minutes before adding mascarpone, fig jam mixture, and the nuts. Continue to process for +/- 10 minutes. Pour semi-frozen mixture into apyrex dish or glass tupperware. Freeze for at least two hours before serving.
Vanessa Stevenson
Food enthusiast, photography fan. Add a pinch of raw foodism and that's pretty much who I am .


H.264 Encoder
Auto configuration
Encoder
Main stream
Substream1
Substream2
Substream3
Audio
OSD
Main stream
Substream1
Substream2
Substream3
LOGO Upload
System
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Password
Serial to TCP
Upgrade
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Language:
Chinese
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LOGO Upload
LOGO:
Please upload PNG or 24-bit BMP(0xF1F1F1 is transparent) pictures less than 500 kByte,
the file name is logo1.bmp\logo2.bmp\logo3.bmp\logo4.bmp,
or logo1.png\logo2.png\logo3.png\logo4.png