Brahman Parishat
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Srimad Ananda Teertha, also known as Poornaprajna and Madhvacharya, is the propagator of the doctrine of Tattvavada. He is the last of the great Acharyas of Vedanta, and is also the 22nd commentator on the Brahma-Sûtra of Veda Vyasa. His doctrine asserts that the differences are eternally real, and that hence there is more than one absolute real, and that Hari (Vishnu) is the only entity praised in the Shrutis and their adjuncts. Thus, he always identifies the Brahman of the Upanishads with Vishnu, and forcefully argues against the dichotomy of Shrutis (tattvaavedaka / atattvaavedaka) as claimed by Sri Sankaracharya, saying that such arbitration of apaurusheya scripture is unacceptable both logically and spiritually. He also emphasizes that it is important to understand and specifically reject other schools’ precepts, and hence devotes much time to nitpicking analyses and denunciations of other doctrines. Srimad Ananda Teertha is commonly identified with Madhva, the third avataara of Mukhya PraaNa, the god of life, as given in the BaLittha Sukta of the Rig Veda. The first two avatara-s are as Hanuman and Bheemasena, and the third is Madhva, who came down to Earth as a sanyasi. Srimad Ananda Teertha himself makes the claim to being Madhva in several instances, one of which is in the Vishnu-tattva-vinirnaya. It was recognized in his own time, and it has been documented, that he had all thirty-two shubha-lakshaNa-s that define a ruju-taattvika-yogi, including the prescribed height of ninety-six inches (“shaNNavati angulo.apetam”) quoted in the Mahabharata-Tatparya-Nirnaya. However, he is firmly set against the notion of accepting doctrines because they come from prophets or claimed gods. He also dismisses claims that only part of the Vedas are useful, and claims that even the so-called karma-kaNDa portions of them are only meant to worship Hari. Sumadhvavijaya is a biographical account of Acharya Madhva composed by Sri Narayana Panditacharya, the son of Sri Trivikrama Panditacharya, who was a contemporary of Acharya Madhva. The generally accepted dates for Madhva are 1238-1317 CE (AD), while those for Narayana Panditacharya are 1295-1370 CE. It is very likely that the young Narayana was associated with many of the events covered in detailed descriptions of Acharya Madhva’s life. Dr. B.N.K. Sharma says “Madhva’s biography, unlike others of its kind, has a perfect historical perspective and never indulges in anachronisms and episodes of a compromising nature to the subject. We get a pen-picture of Madhva saying that he had all the maha purusha lakshana-s. Madhva was a great sportsman, and also a good wrestler, mountaineer, etc. The early incidents of digesting horsegram as a baby still on mother’s milk, eating thousands of plantains and drinking pots of milk as a young lad, and eating all the food offered by several hosts in Badarinath, as well as keeping a complete fast with total silence for 48 days in that extremely cold and difficult place before going to meet Sri Veda Vyasa – all portray Madhva as one who was not an ordinary person dependent on food.” Similarly, Madhva is said to have shown that God is present everywhere, even as a toddler of two years, by his actions in visiting the temples. The attachment of his parents to the beautiful child, and their sorrow when he renounced the world at the young age of eight years, are poignant, but Madhva maintains his dignity and conviction without hurting them. Note: The first fourteen sarga-s of Sumadhvavijaya were translated to English and coded by Sri Raghavendra Rachuri. The last two were added by Sri Krishna Kadiri. Smt Meera Tadipatri and Sri Anand Ravipati read the proofs. Invocation: kAntAya kalyANa guNaikadhAmnE navadhyunAthapratimaprabhAya nArAyaNAya akhila kAraNAya shrI prANanAthAya namaskarOmi I offer my obeisance to Lord Narayana, with the most delightful personality, who is the unique primal fountain head and embodiment of countless auspicious qualities like Jnana, Ananda etc, who is the creator of the world of living souls and inert matter, who has the effulgence of the just rising Sun, who is the Lord of Mahalakshmi, and Mukhya Prana, who controls the life force of all living beings. anAkulam gOkulamullalAsa yatpAlitam nityamanAvilAtma tasmai namO nIradanIlabhAsE kRuShNAya kRuShNAramaNa priyAya I offer my obeisance to Krishna who has the luster of dark rain-bearing clouds and is very dear to the husband(s) of Draupadi (called Krishnaa). Krishna also protected from danger or destruction, the cow herds of Gokula from enemies. mukunda bhaktyai gurubhaktijAyai satAm prasatyE cha nirantarAyai garIyasIm vishvagurOrvishuddhAm vakShyAmi vAyOravatAralIlAm Devotion to God (Mukunda) will arise only with devotion to the preceptor (Guru). Hence, for securing the grace of God for the good people through devotion, I will describe the great, pure Avataaraleela of Sri Vayu, who is the great preceptor of the entire world. – compiled by Balachandra Achar Hejamady
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Hare Srinivasa Sri Raghavendra SwamigaLu was one of the great proponents of the Madhva philosophy. For nearly 50 years, he was the head of one of the great peeTha-s. His predecessors include such scholars like Vijayeendra teertha & Sudheendra teertha. He excelled in many fields such as logic, meemAmsA, music, yoga, dharmashAstra, & all 64 arts. As an avatara of Prahlada, he chose as his Brindavan Manchaale (Mantralaya) on the bank of the Tungabadhra, where Prahlada had performed his yaj~na in kR^ita yuga. It is said that the stone used for the Brindavan was sanctified by the touch of Sri Rama and Sita in the treta yuga. His nephew, Narayanacharya, wrote Raghavendra Vijaya, which gives a full account of the life of this great saint. pUrvAshrama of Sri Rayaru Sri Raghavendra Swami was born in 1595 in Kaveripattana, Tamil Nadu to Thimmanna Bhatta and Gopikamba. His ancestors were of the Gautama Gotra. He was named Venkatanatha as he was born by the grace of Lord Venkateshwara. When his father was performing akSharAbhyAsa, Venkatanatha asked how a small letter like Om can explain the great God. The father was overjoyed that his son understood that the God cannot be fully explained by one small letter. Venkatanatha’s Upanayanam was performed in chaitra mAsa, when he was 8 years old. Although his father passed away by then, Venkatanatha did not consider himself an orphan, as he considered Sri Narayana as his father and Gayathri, who reveals Him, as every twice-born’s real mother. Venkatanatha studied yajur veda, maNimanjari, and anumadhvavijaya at Madurai.His powers of meditation were shown when his water from doing sandyAvandane happened to fall on a dry seed, which sprouted. He also developed an expertise in playing the Veena, so he became known as Veena Venkata Bhatta. This is not surprising, since Venkatanatha came from a family skilled in music. His great-grandfather, Krishnabhatta, tutored the King of the Vijayanagar kingdom, Krishnadevaraya, in vina, and his father was skilled in music as well. Upon returning from Madurai, he was married to Saraswati, who was from a noble family. His marriage, just like his Upanayanam and schooling, was arranged by his brother Gururajacharya. The Shastras say that for one who has control of his senses, wedded life does not hamper learning. For Venkatanatha, most of his learning occurred after marrying Saraswati, through the blessings of Goddess Saraswati. So Venkatanatha went to Kumbhakonam, the seat of learning at the time. There, he studied under Sri Sudeendra teertha.He used to stay awake past midnight to write his own comments and notes on the lessons that had been done. Once, he engaged in a debate and defeated a mAyAvAdi at Rajamannar temple. Though his victory was not unexpected Sri Sudheendra tirtha was surprised at his scholarship in grammar, profound knowledge and rare debating skill, and called him “Mahabhashya Venkatanathacharya” Similarly he explained the significance of taptamudra dhAraNa quoting several smR^iti-s that the opponents had to accept his arguements were irrefutable. He had a son, Lakshminarayana. Although he and his family were in stark poverty, he was unaffected by it, being immersed in the sweet nectar of the Madhva philosophy. Not even once did he give up his teachings and learning; he was steadfast in his determination to live by whatever came to him unsought and unasked. Still, when his master asked him to take sanyAsA, he found himself in a grave dilemma. For one thing, he knew that if he took sanyAsA, he would eventually have to take control of the maTha. While trying to find a solution to this problem, Vidya Lakshmi herself appeared before him. She told him that if such great people like himself did not spread the right philosophy, that of Sri Madhvacharya, the maTha-s would fall into ruin. The light of Tattvavada would be extinguished by the darkness of Mayavada. Understanding where his true duty lay, Venkatanatha obeyed Vidya Lakshmi and took sanyAsA. Sri Sudheendra teertha initiated Venkatanatha on the second day of the bright half of PAlguNa mAsa in the year durmati corresponding to the year 1621.He was given the holy name “Raghavendra Teertha”. Wife becomes ghost, obtains liberation: The Sanyasa ordination was arranged to take place on the second day of the bright half of PAlguNa mAsa in the year durmati corresponding to the year 1621. The spot chosen was Tanjore, in order to avoid hurting the feelings of VenkaTanAtha’s young wife Saraswati. Finally, the grand day when VenkaTanAtha would relinquish his life as a householder and become a sanyAsi arrived. Saraswathi was required to stay home. However, at the last minute she was seized by a desire to see her husband’s face for the last time before he became totally inaccessible to her. With this feeling, she ran towards the maTha throwing caution to the winds. Unfortunately, she did not see an old and unused well on the way, and fell into it. She died instantly, but because her death was an untimely one, she became a ghost. Even as a ghost, her only desire was to see her husband and so she went to the maTha. By the time she arrived, the function was over and venkaTanAtha had become a sanyAsi with the AshramanAma of rAghavEndra teertha, the only solace for the downtrodden, the last resort for those without hope, the only court where every petitioner is guaranteed to get a patient and understanding hearing, the ocean of mercy that will never deny a deserving plea for help. With his divine perception, rAyaru sensed saraswati’s presence, even though she was a ghost not visible to human eyes. His heart full of mercy, he sprinkled water from his kamanDala on her. The power of his penance was such that she was immediately granted moksha or liberation from the cycle of births and deaths. This was her reward for a lifetime of dedicated and selfless service to a noble soul. Ascension as peeThAdhipati (throne of Asecitic) Around 1623 Sri sudhIndra tIrtha shed his mortal coils at AnEgondi. His brindavan was consecrated there and rAyaru became the Head of the maTha. Yadavendra, a senior disciple of sudheendra teertha disputed this, but his claims were set aside by the Ruler of Tanjore, in favor of rAyaru. RAyaru started his services by teaching all the works of shreemadAchArya to his disciples. He propagated right knowledge and vanquished several opponents. Apart from imparting knowledge and guiding his disciples,he composed works for the benefit of future generations Pilgrimages of Sri RAyaru Sri Raghavendra Tiirta started his services by teaching all the works of Srimadacharya to his disciples. He propagated right knowledge and vanquished several opponents. Apart from imparting knowledge and guiding his disciples,he composed works for the benefit of future generations Soon after becoming the peeThAdipati, he began a series of piligrimages that took him to several places. After visiting Dyupuri and Paripurnadevanagara( Paripurnadevanagara in Sanskrit means “place where God, who is complete in every way, resides”). At Manishrunga, he taught works such as pramaaNa paddhati and realized that it would benefit the public, if sub-commentaries were written on these major works, to make it easier to understand them. So it was here, that Raghavendra Swami wrote glosses on pramANa paddhati, vaadaavaLi, pramaaNa lakshaNa and many other works, many of which are known as bhAva dIpas. He visited Rameshvaram and Madurai. Madurai was the seat of learning in those days, and one of the experts there was Neelakanta Dikshit. After seeing the lucid yet powerful style with which Raghavendra Swami debated, he was convinced that Raghavendra Swami’s master was really pUrNaprajna. When Neelakanta tried testing Raghavendra Swami on various sutras, Raghavendra Swami showed him the work he had just finished-Bhatta Sangraha. Neelakanta was so thrilled by the depth of this work and how well it propounded Sri Madhvacharya’s philosophy, that he had it placed on an elephant and taken on a ceremonial procession. At Srirangam, he gave extensive discourses on upanishads especially the Ishaavaasya upanishad. His disciples requested him to write a book, explaining the meanings of all the mantras, as well as their commentaries and glosses, of all the Upanishads. He wrote glosses on the Ishaavaasya, thalavakaara, kaataka, ShaTpraShNa, mundaka, maanDukya, taittarIya, bR^ihadAruNyaka, and chanDogya Upanishads. He was about to write one for the aitareya, as well, but he wanted to give the honor to his disciple, Smrutimuktavali Krishnacharya, who had already completed the work. Raghavendra Swami wanted to keep his oath of writing a gloss on all the Upanishads, so he wrote a gloss on only the mantra part of the Upanishad-aitareya mantraartha sangraha He visited Vishnumangala,where Trivikrama Panditacharya had debated Madhvacharya for fifteen days,and finally had become an ardent worshipper of Madhvacharya. Sri Raghavendra,then visited Subramanya and then Udupi,where he started giving discourse on Sarvamoola Granthas. He wrote a gloss for the Vyasaraya Tattparya Chandrika, called Chandrika Prakasha. Seeing his students struggle to understand this tough text, he wrote the meanings of the Sutras, called Tantradipika and the meanings of adhikAranas, known as Nyayamukthavali. At Udupi, he sang his famous “Indu Enage Govinda” song upon seeing Udupi Sri Krishna. At Bidarahalli he met Srinivasacharya who was a unique householder. The glosses that he had written were already well known. Sri Raghavendra examined his works and was filled with admiration for Srinivasacharya, who, though being a householder,dedicated himself completely to the spreading of knowledge and learning. Raghavendra Swami bestowed upon him the name Srinivasa Tirtha, as a mark of his high learning. After leaving Bidarahalli, he went to Pandarapur, Kohlapur, & Bijapur defeating Mayavadins, spreading Tattvavada philosophy, and giving Taptamudhradaran, thus initiating them into Vaishnavism. While residing on the banks of river Krishna, he wrote a tippani for Tattva Prakashika called Bhavadipa. He wrote a direct commentary on Anubhashya, called Tattva Manjari At Malkhed he celebrated the Suddha Mangala of his teachings and discourses. Malkhed is situated on the Kagini River and is the place of Sri Jayatirtha’s Brindavan. Raghavendra Swami explained that, just the way Kagini River joins Bheema river, then Krishna River, and finally the ocean, Sri Jayathirtha’s work explains Bhashya of Sri Madhvacharya, who in turn tells us of Lord Krishna, who is an ocean of auspicious qualities. Raghavendra Swami undertook extensive tours, under so many odds, visiting Tirupati, Srishailam, Kumbakonam, and Kanchi. He neither stopped teaching his devotees nor did he stop writing books. He took a vow to write Tippanis for all the Teekas of Sri Jayateertha. When he had completed tippanis for 17 of the 18 Teekas of Sri Jayateertha, Lakshminarayanacharya, his son, shows him his work on Rig Bhashya, written along Raghavendra Swami’s line of teaching. This great saint felt that his disciple’s teaching should be shown to the rest of the world, so instead of writing a Tippani, he wrote a Rigartha Manjari, a vivritti, which gives the meaning of the first 40 suktas. He wrote Mantroddhara, which gives details of all mantras according to Tantrasara.. By understanding the mantras according to Tantrasara, it is possible to perform many impossible tasks, through the grace of Sri Hari, by leading an austere life. During his pilgrimages, Raghavendra Swami not only covered a vast area geographically in the days when road conditions were poor and travel was arduous, but also wrote several works covering a vast area of the Tattvavada philosophy. He convincingly defeated many Advaitin pandits, through the grace of bhArati ramaNa mukhyaprANAntargata sree laxmeenArAyaNa. Power to revive the dead On a hot summer day, rAyaru was on his way home from a pilgrimage. He decided to rest in the shade of a tree at Krishnapuram (near Hubli). While there, he saw the Nawab (Muslim king) of the are walking towards him, with a sad demeanor. The Nawab had heard of his miracles and had come to him as a last resort. He stated that his young son had died from a poisonous snakebite and been buried in a tomb close by. After hearing this, rAyaru contemplated silently for a few moments and then asked the king to take the body out of the tomb. When the puzzled Nawab did as he was asked, rAyaru sprinkled holy water from his kamanDala and prayed to his ArAdhya mUrthy (favorite form of the Lord). Lo behold, the young boy woke up as though he was getting up from sleep. The Nawab was beside himself with joy. Note: There are some very important points to note in this episode. Our shAstras talk about the concept of “Ayushya”, defined as the total amount of time that a being is allowed to live on earth, in a particular body. Any death that happens before this time is untimely and is called “apamRutyu”. Our shAstras say that once “Ayushya” is over death cannot be prevented, since that is Divine Will. However, “apamRutyu” is a different aspect altogether. Life-histories of oursaints and other great souls are replete with instances where they warded off untimely death in deserving cases. In this case, since the child had suffered apamRutyu, rAyaru used his divine powers to revive it. He did a similar thing in another instance. He was visiting the house of a village chieftain (called Desai). Hundreds of people had assembled for the occasion. As part of the food served to the guests, seekaraNe (a thick form of mango juice) was being prepared in a huge vessel. Unfortunately, when nobody was watching him, the Desai’s son fell into this vessel and drowned. When the Desai and his wife came to know about it, they were totally devastated. However, they wanted to hide the news because they did not want to inconvenience everybody who had assembled there. Being an aparOksha jnyani, RAyaru sensed the tragedy and asked the grief stricken couple to bring the dead boy before him. When this was done, he sprinkled water from his kamanDala and revived the boy. The joy of the ecstatic parents knew no bounds. Those who came to humiliate end up been humiliated There were some evil people who were jealous of the greatness of rAyaru and were always looking for opportunities to humiliate him. When some of them heard of the above incidents, they conspired to come up with a plan to humble rAyaru. They chose a location that was very close to rAyaru’s location that day and asked a person to pretend to be dead. They covered his face and sat by his side wailing as if he was really dead. When rAyaru passed by, some of them approached him and entreated him to revive this “dead” man. RAyaru looked at the body and said “I cannot revive him since his Ayushya is over”. This was what the evil persons wanted to hear. They immediately started condemning him and trumpeted to the world at large “Look at this charltan. He does not know the difference between a living and a dead person. Our friend is pretending to be dead. He is now going to get up and denounce this fraud”. Nothing happened. Then they tried to wake him up, thinking that he was asleep. None of their efforts were successful as the person was truly dead! They realized their mistake and begged rAyaru to revive the person, but he pleaded his helplessness since the person’s Ayushya was really over. The men who came to humble rAyaru were themselves humbled and his greatness became even more enhanced. A point to note is that rAyaru did not curse the man to die or punish the evildoers. It was again Divine will that the conspirators chose a person whose Ayushya was really over and the timing was perfect to humiliate them. The Lord well and truly protects His beloved devotees. Three forecasts for the one who took three avatAra Three famous astrologers, known for their ability to predict the future with unerring accuracy, once came to cast the horoscope of rAyaru. They did it separately and came with 3 totally startingly different numbers – 100, 300 and 700! Each was positive about his calculation, but could not explain the difference. When rAyaru heard about this, he laughed and said “They are predicting 3 different entities. One is predicting the lifespan of my body, another my tenure in the brindAvana and the third the influence of my granthAs (literary works). Personality that influences even inanimate objects Once some famous scholars came to meet with rAyaru. One the way they got lost and wanted to ask for directions. They noticed a washerman walking with his load on his head, but before asking him a question, they debated amongst themselves in Sanskrit if it was worthwhile asking somebody who looked like an ignoramus. Imagine their surprise, when the washerman interrupted their discussion by saying in chaste sanskrit “If all that you want to know is directions to meet rAyaru then I should be able to help you”. He then gave directions in chaste sanskrit to the embrassed scholars, and proceeded on his way. The scholars rested for a while and then proceeded to the river for their afternoon sandhya. They saw the washerman sitting on the bank. They politely asked him in sanskrit if it was okay to perform sandhyAvandana there. He gave them a blank look and told them rather crudely in the local language “Look, if you want to speak with me, then use a language I can understand”. Even from his tone and grammar it was obvious that he was an illiterate with little or no command over any language. The scholars were surprised since he had spoken to them in Sanskrit a few moments ago! They dismissed him as a madman and proceeded with their task. The washerman left with his load and started walking back slowly. After a while, the scholars passed him again on the road. This time, he politely asked them in chaste sanskrit if they had had any difficulty in locating the road and if they needed any help. The scholars were totally baffled and practically ran away from there. When they reached the maTha, they spoke to a knowledgeable person and explained the curious phenomenon they had observed. The person laughed and said “Did the washerman have his load on his head when he spoke to you?” When the scholars nodded in reply, he continued “It was not the washerman talking to you. It was the clothes. He was carrying the clothes that our rAyaru had discarded. As long as he had the load on his head, he was a totally different person. Once the load was discarded he became his normal self”. Such was the power of rAyaru’s personality that even the clothes that he had discarded carried mystical powers. Village bumpkin becomes prime minister! Venkanna was a brahmin boy in a small village under the sovereignty of the Nawab of Adoni. Due to family problems, he was not tutored or taught any useful skills. He was assigned to the task of tending the family’s herd of cows, and thus used to spend his entire days in the countryside watching over the cows. He had heard of the greatness of rAyaru and was eager to meet him and seek his blessings. His prayers were heard because one day the retinue of rAyaru passed close by. He immediately ran to the palanquin that rAyaru was travelling in and prostrated before it. RAyaru looked at him and inquired about his antecedents. Venkanna explained his plight and stood with outstretched palms.  The palanquin moved on. Venkanna tied the precious rice into a bundle and always carried it with him. One day, Venkanna was relaxing under the shade of a tree when he saw a noble man get down from a horse and rest under the shade of another tree close by. Curious, he watched him closely and immediately realized that the noble man was none other than the Nawab himself! Even as this realization dawned on him, he saw another man on horseback approaching the Nawab. The new person got down from the horse, prostrated in front of the Nawab and handed him a written scroll. Now, both the Nawab and the rider were illiterate and needed somebody to help them. When the Nawab looked around, he saw Venkanna. He also saw Venkanna’s tuft and his sacred thread and concluded that this was a brahmin. Since brahmins are usually literate, he felt that his problem was solved. He beckoned Venkanna and handing him the scroll, commanded him to read. Poor Venkanna was in a dilemma since he was also illiterate. He could not refuse a direct order of the Nawab since that would mean immediate death, nor could he tell the truth that he was illiterate because the Nawab would not believe him and would think that Venkanna was trying fool him. Caught in this deadly trap, he suddenly remembered the kind guru who had promised to help him in his hour of need. He took the consecrated rice and put it on his head. With this mind full of devotion towards rAyaru and his lips secretly muttering “rAghavEndra, rAghavEndra”, he boldly opened the scroll. Lo behold, the characters on the scroll began to make sense and he could read! It was actually a piece of good news, informing the Nawab that his wife had delivered a baby boy, thus making him a father, something that he was passionately yearning for. When he heard the news, he was overjoyed and immediately took out a pearl necklace from his neck and gave it to Venkanna. However, rAyaru sitting in Venkanna’s mind did not allow him to be satisfied with this. He boldly prostrated before the Nawab and told him “If your Highness is really happy with me, then please give me a good job in your administration. I will serve you faithfully and honestly to the best of my ability”. The Nawab was pleased with this answer and accordingly gave him a good job. Through hard work and diligence, Venkanna worked his way up the ranks and in a short time became the Nawab’s trusted divan. Thus a chance encounter with rAyaru transformed Venkanna’s entire life into a bed of roses! Nawab tests rAyaru and loses Once rAyaru visited Adoni and accepted Venkanna’s invitation to stay with him. Venkanna waxed eloquent about rAyaru’s prowess to his Nawab and forced him to visit rAyaru to pay his respects. Now the Nawab was skeptical about rAyaru and did not accept any authority other than Allah and his devotees. He wanted to expose rAyaru and score a point on Venkanna. He secretly ordered for three silver plates, full of meat, but totally covered with silken cloth to be prepared. He took this with him and accompanied Venkanna to the pUja. Along with the offering brought by Venkanna, he also offered his covered plates as naivedya for rAma dEvaru. RAyaru saw through his guile and sprinkled water from his kamanDala on the plates. Later, he ordered the clothes to be removed. The Nawab was waiting for this moment with bated breath. He was licking his lips in anticipation of unmasking this brahmin swAmiji. When the clothes were removed, they revealed 3 plates full of fresh fruits and flowers! The Nawab was astounded and instantly realized the greatness of rAyaru, and the great sin he had committed by testing this man of god. He immediately prostrated before rAyaru and with tears in his eyes begged his forgiveness. The kind and ever merciful rAyaru forgave him gladly. However, the Nawab was not satisfied, he begged rAyaru to accept some offering from him. rAyaru initially refused saying that he was a sanyAsi who had no desire for worldly things, but the Nawab kept on begging him, so finally he had to agree. He asked for the Nawab to give him the village of manchAle on the banks of the tungabhadra. The Nawab was surprised since that was barren land, yielding no crops or revenue. He tried to talk rAyaru into accepting more fertile land, but rAyaru would not accept anything other than manchAle. The Nawab immediately gifted that village to rAyaru. Two – two – two to enter brindAvana RAyaru summoned his closest disciples and divan Venkanna and told them of his intention to enter a brindAvana live. The devotees were devastated but they could not change his decision since it was Divine will. They wanted to know when he would do so, but he told them that they would find out at the appropriate time. One day, rAyaru was sitting outside under a tree, conducting a shAstra pATha for this disciples. He suddenly stood up, looked up at the sky and folded his hands in reverence. His disciples were surprised by this, but they also stood up and did exactly as he was doing. Within a moment, a fragrant tulsi garland fell around rAyaru’s neck. When they pressed him for an explanation, he told them “I just saw Krishna Dvaipayana(Lord Vedavyasa) going in a heavenly chariot to vaikunTha. I asked him when my turn would come and he held up his Index and middle finger three times. He finally blessed me by throwing this mAla on me”. The disciples were greatly intrigued by this and wanted to know the significance of this two-two-two. Rayaru smiled and told them “It means that I have 2 years, 2 months and 2 days left before entering the brindAvana!” The disciples calculated the date and concluded that it would be Virodhikruth Samvatsara, Shravana krishna paksha dwitiya (second day in the dark half of the moon, in the Hindu year Virodhikruth). RAyaru selects manchaale for his brindAvana RAyaru summoned his closest disciples and announced his choice of manchAle as the spot for his brindAvana live in mantrAlaya. They wanted to know what was special about that spot. RAyaru explained the spiritual significance of manchAle as follows: In one of his earlier incarnation, rAyaru as prahlAda had performed a large yagna in that spot, sanctifying it forever. When arjuna was on his victorious journey in connection with the rAjasUya yAga being conducted by dharmarAja he fought with a local king at this spot. Since the king’s chariot was positioned over that spot, he was invincible. In panic, Arjuna prayed to Krishna for guidance. Krishna appeared before him and told him to move his chariot a little backwards. The local king also foolishly moved his chariot forward and lost the battle immediately. Such was the power of the spot on which prahlAda had performed his yAga. Venkanna had a beautiful brindAvana be built for rAyaru. But rAyaru did not want to use that and asked him to reserve it for a future personality. He then took Venkanna to a remote spot and showed a black rock. He wanted his brindAvana to be built using the rock. When venkanna wanted to know what was special about that rock, rAyaru explained “While searching for sIta, Lord rama came here. He rested on this rock for a while. Since it has been sanctified by His touch, this rock is the one I want”. The brindAvana built under Venkanna’s guidance was used for shrI vAdIndara tIrtha at a later date. Visits manchaalamma and obtains permission Before entering the brindAvana in manchAle, RAyaru decided to seek the persmission of manchAlamma, the presiding deity of manchAle. Accordingly, he went to her temple and prayed to her. She immediately appeared before him in person and encouraged him to ask her for a boon. RAyaru stated his desire. The dEvi replied “Once your brindAvana is established here, millions will visit manchAle to seek your blessings. I will be totally forgotten and nobody will associate this place with me! My temple will fall destitute without anybody to care for it”. Rayaru replied “I will not let this happen. Here is my promise. If my devotees visit my brindAvana directly, without going to your temple first, then I will not help them. So, if they need my grace, they have to visit your temple first”. When manchAlamma heard this, she was pleased and immediately granted him permission to enter the brindAvAna in manchAle. ShrAvana bahuLa bidige On the day chosen (Virodhikruth Samvatsara Shravana krishna paksha dwitiya – 1671 A.D.), thousands of people had congregated in manchAle to see this rare event of a person entering a brindAvana alive. It had been done before only once – by vAdirAja tIrtha. As usual, rAyaru got up before dawn, meditating on ShrI Hari and finished his bath during the early hours itself. After his japa and dhyana he gave a discourse on ShrImadAchArya’s works to his fortunate disciples for the last time. His disciples were grief stricken at the thought that this was going to be their master’s last discourse. The master was filled with an overwhelming desire to teach as much as possible and the disciples were anxious and eager to absorb everything. The subject matter was as usual ShrImadAchArya’s Bhashya and ShrI JayatIrtha’s commentary for it. That day’s discourse was the culmination of his life’s mission. For the thousands that had gathered there the realisation that they would not see such a treasure house of knowledge hereafter filled them with pain and agony. The discourse came to an end. After bathing once again he started the puja of ShrI Rama and other icons of the samsthan. After going through all the details of the puja he blessed the entire gathering with tIrtha, prasad and phalamantrakshata. As the appointed time was nearing he went to the spot that was already chosen and sat in padmAsana. He had his japa mala in his right hand and in front of him were all the moola granthas, sarva moola, tikas and tippanis on the vyasa peetha. For a while he was lost in contemplation; then he started his soul-stirring speech. RAyaru enters brindAvana RAyaru then took up his veena and started to sing in Bhairavi raaga the famous song,”Indu Enege Govinda” where he extols the Lord as His only Saviour and that he should be pardoned for having led an irreligious life without singing his glories. He ends the song with His mudrika “Dheera Venugopaala Bhaara Kaaniso Hariye”. Just as in His previous avatAra as VyAsaraja in this avatara also the blue darling of brindAvan in the form of an icon danced to the melodious of his darling who was going to enter the brindAvan. After this rAyaru began reciting the pranava mantra. In a very short time he was lost in meditation. He reached the highest point in meditation. His face was serene. He was shining with a rare brilliance. At one stage the japamala in the master’s hand became still. Venkanna and other disciples who understood this sign started arranging the slabs around him. They arranged the slabs upto his head and then as per his earlier instructions they placed a copper box containing one thousand two hundred LakshmeenArAyaNa shaligramas that had been specially brought from Gandaki river. Then they placed the covering slab over it and filled it with earth. They poured twelve thousand varahas (abhisheka) over the brindavan that they had built. A grand feast was hosted to commemorate this glorious event. Pls check this link if you want to know the details of the last speech of Rayaru http://www.gururaghavendra1.org/lastspeech.htm Click here for Sri Raghavendra Strotram


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Aerosols
“Aerosols are minute particles suspended in the atmosphere. When these particles are sufficiently large, we notice their presence as they scatter and absorb sunlight. Their scattering of sunlight can reduce visibility (haze) and redden sunrises and sunsets.
Aerosols interact both directly and indirectly with the Earth's radiation budget and climate. As a direct effect, the aerosols scatter sunlight directly back into space. As an indirect effect, aerosols in the lower atmosphere can modify the size of cloud particles, changing how the clouds reflect and absorb sunlight, thereby affecting the Earth's energy budget.
Aerosols also can act as sites for chemical reactions to take place (heterogeneous chemistry). The most significant of these reactions are those that lead to the destruction of stratospheric ozone. During winter in the polar regions, aerosols grow to form polar stratospheric clouds. The large surface areas of these cloud particles provide sites for chemical reactions to take place. These reactions lead to the formation of large amounts of reactive chlorine and, ultimately, to the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. Evidence now exists that shows similar changes in stratospheric ozone concentrations occur after major volcanic eruptions, like Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, where tons of volcanic aerosols are blown into the atmosphere.”
There are three main types of Aerosols:
- Volcanic Aerosols
- Desert Dust
- Human-Made Aerosols
Above: “The dispersal of volcanic aerosols has a drastic effect on Earth's atmosphere. Follow an eruption, large amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrochloric acid (HCL) and ash are spewed into Earth's stratosphere. HCL, in most cases, condenses with water vapor and is rained out of the volcanic cloud formation. SO2 from the cloud is transformed into sulphuric acid, H2SO4. The sulphuric acid quickly condenses, producing aersol particles which linger in the atmosphere for long periods of time. The interaction of chemicals on the surface of aerosols, known as heterogeneous chemistry, and the tendency of aerosols to increase levels of chlorine gas react with nitrogen in the stratopshere, is a prime contributor to stratospheric ozone destruction."
Indirect Effect
Clouds form by condensation on preexisting aerosol particles (“cloud condensation nuclei”) when RH > 100%.
Clean Cloud (Few Particles): Large Cloud Droplets
Clean clouds have a low albedo and efficient precipitation.
Polluted Cloud (Many Particles): Small Cloud Droplets
Polluted clouds have a high albedo and suppressed precipitation.
Evidence of the Aerosol Indirect Effect
Particles emitted by ships increase the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).
Increased CCN increases the concentration of cloud droplets and reduce their average size.
Increased concentration and smaller particles reduce the production of drizzle.
Liquid water content increases because the loss of drizzle particles is suppressed.
Clouds are optically thicker and brighter along the ship track.


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In a warehouse widgets are packed into boxes. Boxes are then loaded onto trucks. $Y2 widgets are packed into each box. $Y3 boxes are loaded onto each truck. The weights of widgets are independent random variables with mean $Y4 Kg and standard deviation $Y5 Kg. Estimate the probability that the weight of all of the widgets on a truck is greater than $Y6 Kg.
Part b: Estimate the probability that the weight of all of the widgets on a truck is greater than $Y6 Kg.
Explanation:
We are given mean weight and standard deviation in weight of widgets. We know n, the total number of widgets. Weights of widgets vary as independent random variables. Since these random variables are independent mean wight and variance in weight of n wigets is just n times mean and variance in weight of one widget. Remember variance is square of standard deviation here.
We will use centeral limit theorem and normal distribution for estimating probability of total weight of n widgets.
PDF for normal distribution is
The cumulative distribution function
probability that the weight of all of the widgets on a truck is greater than $Y6 Kg is 1-\(\Phi(t)\)
where t = ($Y6 -$Y8 )/$Y10


| Division 4/5 | |||||
| (1) 5280 | 1st | 5280 | |||
| Match #3 | 2nd | Trujillo | |||
| 12/04/07 | |||||
| (4) Sloppy Sets | 7:40 Ct 4 | 5280 | 3rd | Flicks | |
| Ref: Loser of #2 | |||||
| Match #1 | Loser to C | ||||
| 12/04/07 | |||||
| 6:10 Ct 4 | Singleton | ||||
| Ref: Seed 3 | Match #6 | ||||
| Loser to A | 12/11/07 | ||||
| 6:50 Ct 4 | 5280 | ||||
| (5) Singleton | Ref: Winner of #5 | ||||
| Loser to D | |||||
| (2) Trujillo | |||||
| Match #2 | |||||
| 12/04/07 | |||||
| 6:55 Ct 4 | Trujillo | Match #8 | |||
| Ref: Loser of #1 | 04/04/08 | ||||
| Loser to B | 7:45pm | 5280 | |||
| Ref: Loser of #7 | |||||
| (3) Flicks | (Loser to E if 1st loss) | ||||
| (A) Sloppy Sets | (D) Trujillo | ||||
| (If Necessary) | |||||
| Match #9 | |||||
| Match #4 | Match #7 | 12/11/07 | |||
| 04/04/08 | Flicks | 04/04/08 | Trujillo | 8:40 Ct 4 | |
| 6:15pm | 7:15pm | Ref: Loser of #7 | |||
| Ref: Singleton | Ref: 5280 | ||||
| Match #5 | |||||
| (B) Flicks | 04/04/08 | Flicks | |||
| 6:45pm | |||||
| Ref: Loser of #4 | (E) | ||||
| Singleton | |||||
| * See Division 4 schedule for reffing duties. | |||||
| Bold times are actual start times; all other matches start 5 mins after the preceding match ends. | |||||
| Winners bracket: 2 of 3 (first two games to 21 starting at 4 [cap of 23], third to 15 starting at 4 [no cap]). | |||||
| Elimination bracket: 1 game to 21 starting at 4 [no cap]. | |||||


TITLE 27. UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE
Chapter
490 Uniform Commercial Code
CHAPTER 490
UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE
ARTICLE 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Part 1. General Provisions
Section
490:1-101 Short title
490:1-102 Scope of article
490:1-103 Construction of chapter to promote its purposes and
policies; applicability of supplemental principles
of law
490:1-104 Construction against implied repeal
490:1-105 Severability
490:1-106 Use of singular and plural; gender
490:1-107 Section captions
490:1-108 Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and
National Commerce Act
Part 2. General Definitions and Principles of
Interpretation
490:1-201 General definitions
490:1-202 Notice; knowledge
490:1-203 Lease distinguished from security interest
490:1-204 Value
490:1-205 Reasonable time; seasonableness
490:1-206 Presumptions
Part 3. Territorial Applicability and General Rules
490:1-301 Territorial applicability; parties' power to choose
applicable law
490:1-302 Variation by agreement
490:1-303 Course of performance, course of dealing, and usage
of trade
490:1-304 Obligation of good faith
490:1-305 Remedies to be liberally administered
490:1-306 Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after
breach
490:1-307 Prima facie evidence by third-party documents
490:1-308 Performance or acceptance under reservation of
rights
490:1-309 Option to accelerate at will
490:1-310 Subordinated obligations
ARTICLE 2. SALES
Part 1. Short Title, General Construction and
Subject Matter
490:2-101 Short title
490:2-102 Scope; certain security and other transactions
excluded from this article
490:2-103 Definitions and index of definitions
490:2-104 Definitions: "merchant"; "between merchants";
"financing agency"
490:2-105 Definitions: transferability; "goods"; "future"
goods; "lot"; "commercial unit"
490:2-106 Definitions: "contract"; "agreement"; "contract
for sale"; "sale"; "present sale"; "conforming" to
contract; "termination"; "cancellation"
490:2-107 Goods to be severed from realty: recording
Part 2. Form, Formation and Readjustment of Contract
490:2-201 Formal requirements; statute of frauds
490:2-202 Final written expression: parol or extrinsic
evidence
490:2-203 Seals inoperative
490:2-204 Formation in general
490:2-205 Firm offers
490:2-206 Offer and acceptance in formation of contract
490:2-207 Additional terms in acceptance or confirmation
490:2-208 Repealed
490:2-209 Modification, rescission and waiver
490:2-210 Delegation of performance; assignment of rights
Part 3. General Obligation and Construction of
Contract
490:2-301 General obligation of parties
490:2-302 Unconscionable contract or clause
490:2-303 Allocation or division of risks
490:2-304 Price payable in money, goods, realty or otherwise
490:2-305 Open price term
490:2-306 Output, requirements and exclusive dealings
490:2-307 Delivery in single lot or several lots
490:2-308 Absence of specified place for delivery
490:2-309 Absence of specific time provisions; notice of
termination
490:2-310 Open time for payment or running of credit;
authority to ship under reservation
490:2-311 Options and cooperation respecting performance
490:2-312 Warranty of title and against infringement; buyer's
obligation against infringement
490:2-313 Express warranties by affirmation, promise,
description, sample
490:2-313.1, 313.2 Repealed
490:2-314 Implied warranty: merchantability; usage of trade
490:2-315 Implied warranty: fitness for particular purpose
490:2-316 Exclusion or modification of warranties
490:2-317 Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or
implied
490:2-318 Third party beneficiaries of warranties express or
implied
490:2-319 F.O.B. and F.A.S. terms
490:2-320 C.I.F. and C. & F. terms
490:2-321 C.I.F. or C. & F.: "net landed weights"; "payment
on arrival"; warranty of condition on arrival
490:2-322 Delivery "ex-ship"
490:2-323 Form of bill of lading required in overseas
shipment; "overseas"
490:2-324 "No arrival, no sale" term
490:2-325 "Letter of credit" term; "confirmed credit"
490:2-326 Sale on approval and sale or return;
rights of creditors
490:2-327 Special incidents of sale on approval and
sale or return
490:2-328 Sale by auction
Part 4. Title, Creditors and Good Faith Purchasers
490:2-401 Passing of title; reservation for security; limited
application of this section
490:2-402 Rights of seller's creditors against sold goods
490:2-403 Power to transfer; good faith purchase of goods;
"entrusting"
Part 5. Performance
490:2-501 Insurable interest in goods; manner of
identification of goods
490:2-502 Buyer's right to goods on seller's repudiation,
failure to deliver, or insolvency
490:2-503 Manner of seller's tender of delivery
490:2-504 Shipment by seller
490:2-505 Seller's shipment under reservation
490:2-506 Rights of financing agency
490:2-507 Effect of seller's tender; delivery on condition
490:2-508 Cure by seller of improper tender or delivery;
replacement
490:2-509 Risk of loss in the absence of breach
490:2-510 Effect of breach on risk of loss
490:2-511 Tender of payment by buyer; payment by check
490:2-512 Payment by buyer before inspection
490:2-513 Buyer's right to inspection of goods
490:2-514 When documents deliverable on acceptance; when on
payment
490:2-515 Preserving evidence of goods in dispute
Part 6. Breach, Repudiation and Excuse
490:2-601 Buyer's rights on improper delivery
490:2-602 Manner and effect of rightful rejection
490:2-603 Merchant buyer's duties as to rightfully rejected
goods
490:2-604 Buyer's options as to salvage of rightfully
rejected goods
490:2-605 Waiver of buyer's objections by failure to
particularize
490:2-606 What constitutes acceptance of goods
490:2-607 Effect of acceptance; notice of breach; burden of
establishing breach after acceptance; notice of
claim or litigation to person answerable over
490:2-608 Revocation of acceptance in whole or in part
490:2-609 Right to adequate assurance of performance
490:2-610 Anticipatory repudiation
490:2-611 Retraction of anticipatory repudiation
490:2-612 "Installment contract"; breach
490:2-613 Casualty to identified goods
490:2-614 Substituted performance
490:2-615 Excuse by failure of presupposed conditions
490:2-616 Procedure on notice claiming excuse
Part 7. Remedies
490:2-701 Remedies for breach of collateral contracts not
impaired
490:2-702 Seller's remedies on discovery of buyer's
insolvency
490:2-703 Seller's remedies in general
490:2-704 Seller's right to identify goods to the contract
notwithstanding breach or to salvage unfinished
goods
490:2-705 Seller's stoppage of delivery in transit or
otherwise
490:2-706 Seller's resale including contract for resale
490:2-707 "Person in the position of a seller"
490:2-708 Seller's damages for nonacceptance or repudiation
490:2-709 Action for the price
490:2-710 Seller's incidental damages
490:2-711 Buyer's remedies in general; buyer's security
interest in rejected goods
490:2-712 "Cover"; buyer's procurement of substitute goods
490:2-713 Buyer's damages for nondelivery or repudiation
490:2-714 Buyer's damages for breach in regard to accepted
goods
490:2-715 Buyer's incidental and consequential damages
490:2-716 Buyer's right to specific performance or replevin
490:2-717 Deduction of damages from the price
490:2-718 Liquidation or limitation of damages; deposits
490:2-719 Contractual modification or limitation of remedy
490:2-720 Effect of "cancellation" or "rescission" on claims
for antecedent breach
490:2-721 Remedies for fraud
490:2-722 Who can sue third parties for injury to goods
490:2-723 Proof of market price; time and place
490:2-724 Admissibility of market quotations
490:2-725 Statute of limitations in contracts for sale
ARTICLE 2A. LEASES
Part 1. General Provisions
490:2A-101 Short title
490:2A-102 Scope
490:2A-103 Definitions and index of definitions
490:2A-104 Leases subject to other law
490:2A-105 Territorial application of article to goods covered
by certificate of title
490:2A-106 Limitation on power of parties to consumer lease to
choose applicable law and judicial forum
490:2A-107 Waiver or renunciation of claim or right after
default
490:2A-108 Unconscionability
490:2A-109 Option to accelerate at will
Part 2. Formation and Construction of Lease Contract
490:2A-201 Statute of frauds
490:2A-202 Final written expression: parol or extrinsic
evidence
490:2A-203 Seals inoperative
490:2A-204 Formation in general
490:2A-205 Firm offers
490:2A-206 Offer and acceptance in formation of lease contract
490:2A-207 Repealed
490:2A-208 Modification, rescission and waiver
490:2A-209 Lessee under finance lease as beneficiary of supply
contract
409:2A-210 Express warranties
490:2A-211 Warranties against interference and against
infringement; lessee's obligation against
infringement
490:2A-212 Implied warranty of merchantability
490:2A-213 Implied warranty of fitness for particular purpose
490:2A-214 Exclusion or modification of warranties
490:2A-215 Cumulation and conflict of warranties express or
implied
490:2A-216 Third-party beneficiaries of express and implied
warranties
490:2A-217 Identification
490:2A-218 Insurance and proceeds
490:2A-219 Risk of loss
490:2A-220 Effect of default on risk of loss
490:2A-221 Casualty to identified goods
Part 3. Effect of Lease Contract
490:2A-301 Enforceability of lease contract
490:2A-302 Title to and possession of goods
490:2A-303 Alienability of party's interest under lease
contract or of lessor's residual interest in goods;
delegation of performance; transfer of rights
490:2A-304 Subsequent lease of goods by lessor
490:2A-305 Sale or sublease of goods by lessee
490:2A-306 Priority of certain liens arising by operation of
law
490:2A-307 Priority of liens arising by attachment or levy on,
security interests in, and other claims to goods
490:2A-308 Special rights of creditors
490:2A-309 Lessor's and lessee's rights when goods become
fixtures
490:2A-310 Lessor's and lessee's rights when goods become
accessions
490:2A-311 Priority subject to subordination
Part 4. Performance of Lease Contract: Repudiated,
Substituted, and Excused
490:2A-401 Insecurity: adequate assurance of performance
490:2A-402 Anticipatory repudiation
490:2A-403 Retraction of anticipatory repudiation
490:2A-404 Substituted performance
490:2A-405 Excused performance
490:2A-406 Procedure on excused performance
490:2A-407 Irrevocable promises: finance leases
Part 5. Default
Subpart A. In General
490:2A-501 Default: procedure
490:2A-502 Notice after default
490:2A-503 Modification or impairment of rights and remedies
490:2A-504 Liquidation of damages
490:2A-505 Cancellation and termination and effect of
cancellation, termination, rescission, or fraud on
rights and remedies
490:2A-506 Statute of limitations
490:2A-507 Proof of market rent: time and place
Subpart B. Default by Lessor
490:2A-508 Lessee's remedies
490:2A-509 Lessee's rights on improper delivery; rightful
. rejection
490:2A-510 Installment lease contracts: rejection and default
490:2A-511 Merchant lessee's duties as to rightfully rejected
goods
490:2A-512 Lessee's duties as to rightfully rejected goods
490:2A-513 Cure by lessor of improper tender or delivery;
replacement
490:2A-514 Waiver of lessee's objections
490:2A-515 Acceptance of goods
490:2A-516 Effect of acceptance of goods; notice of default;
burden of establishing default after acceptance;
notice of claim or litigation to person answerable
over
490:2A-517 Revocation of acceptance of goods
490:2A-518 Cover; substitute goods
490:2A-519 Lessee's damages for nondelivery, repudiation,
default, and breach of warranty in regard to
accepted goods
490:2A-520 Lessee's incidental and consequential damages
490:2A-521 Lessee's right to specific performance or replevin
490:2A-522 Lessee's right to goods on lessor's insolvency
Subpart C. Default by Lessee
490:2A-523 Lessor's remedies
490:2A-524 Lessor's right to identify goods to lease contract
490:2A-525 Lessor's right to possession of goods
490:2A-526 Lessor's stoppage of delivery in transit or
otherwise
490:2A-527 Lessor's rights to dispose of goods
490:2A-528 Lessor's damages for nonacceptance, failure to pay,
repudiation, or other default
490:2A-529 Lessor's action for the rent
490:2A-530 Lessor's incidental damages
490:2A-531 Standing to sue third parties for injury to goods
490:2A-532 Lessor's rights to residual interest
ARTICLE 3. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS
Part 1. General Provisions and Definitions
490:3-101 Short title
490:3-102 Subject matter
490:3-103 Definitions
490:3-104 Negotiable instrument
490:3-105 Issue of instrument
490:3-106 Unconditional promise or order
490:3-107 Instrument payable in foreign money
490:3-108 Payable on demand or at definite time
490:3-109 Payable to bearer or to order
490:3-110 Identification of person to whom instrument is
payable
490:3-111 Place of payment
490:3-112 Interest
490:3-113 Date of instrument
490:3-114 Contradictory terms of instrument
490:3-115 Incomplete instrument
490:3-116 Joint and several liability; contribution
490:3-117 Other agreements affecting instrument
490:3-118 Statute of limitations
490:3-119 Notice of right to defend action
Part 2. Negotiation, Transfer, and Indorsement
490:3-201 Negotiation
490:3-202 Negotiation subject to rescission
490:3-203 Transfer of instrument; rights acquired by transfer
490:3-204 Indorsement
490:3-205 Special indorsement; blank indorsement; anomalous
indorsement
490:3-206 Restrictive indorsement
490:3-207 Reacquisition
Part 3. Enforcement of Instruments
490:3-301 Person entitled to enforce instrument
490:3-302 Holder in due course
490:3-303 Value and consideration
490:3-304 Overdue instrument
490:3-305 Defenses and claims in recoupment
490:3-306 Claims to an instrument
490:3-307 Notice of breach of fiduciary duty
490:3-308 Proof of signatures and status as holder in due
course
490:3-309 Enforcement of lost, destroyed, or stolen
instrument
490:3-310 Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken
490:3-311 Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument
490:3-312 Lost, destroyed, or stolen cashier's check,
teller's check, or certified check
Part 4. Liability of Parties
490:3-401 Signature
490:3-402 Signature by representative
490:3-403 Unauthorized signature
490:3-404 Impostors; fictitious payees
490:3-405 Employer responsibility for fraudulent indorsement
by employee
490:3-406 Negligence contributing to forged signature or
alteration of instrument
490:3-407 Alteration
490:3-408 Drawee not liable on unaccepted draft
490:3-409 Acceptance of draft; certified check
490:3-410 Acceptance varying draft
490:3-411 Refusal to pay cashier's checks, teller's checks,
and certified checks
490:3-412 Obligation of issuer of note or cashier's check
490:3-413 Obligation of acceptor
490:3-414 Obligation of drawer
490:3-415 Obligation of indorser
490:3-416 Transfer warranties
490:3-417 Presentment warranties
490:3-418 Payment or acceptance by mistake
490:3-419 Instruments signed for accommodation
490:3-420 Conversion of instrument
Part 5. Dishonor
490:3-501 Presentment
490:3-502 Dishonor
490:3-503 Notice of dishonor
490:3-504 Excused presentment and notice of dishonor
490:3-505 Evidence of dishonor
490:3-506 Dishonored check; action for treble damages;
procedures
490:3-506.5 Charges for dishonored checks
Part 6. Discharge and Payment
490:3-601 Discharge and effect of discharge
490:3-602 Payment
490:3-603 Tender of payment
490:3-604 Discharge by cancellation or renunciation
490:3-605 Discharge of indorsers and accommodation parties
ARTICLE 4. BANK DEPOSITS AND COLLECTIONS
Part 1. General Provisions and Definitions
490:4-101 Short title
490:4-102 Applicability
490:4-103 Variation by agreement; measure of damages; action
constituting ordinary care
490:4-104 Definitions and index of definitions
490:4-105 "Bank"; "depositary bank"; "payor bank";
"intermediary bank"; "collecting bank"; "presenting
bank"
490:4-106 Payable through or payable at bank; collecting bank
490:4-107 Separate office of a bank
490:4-108 Time of receipt of items
490:4-109 Delays
490:4-110 Electronic presentment
490:4-111 Statute of limitations
Part 2. Collection of Items: Depositary and
Collecting Banks
490:4-201 Status of collecting bank as agent and provisional
status of credits; applicability of article; item
indorsed "pay any bank"
490:4-202 Responsibility for collection or return; when
action timely
490:4-203 Effect of instructions
490:4-204 Methods of sending and presenting; sending directly
to payor bank
490:4-205 Depositary bank holder of unindorsed item
490:4-206 Transfer between banks
490:4-207 Transfer warranties
490:4-208 Presentment warranties
490:4-209 Encoding and retention warranties
490:4-210 Security interest of collecting bank in items,
accompanying documents and proceeds
490:4-211 When bank gives value for purposes of holder in due
course
490:4-212 Presentment by notice of item not payable by,
through, or at a bank; liability of drawer or
indorser
490:4-213 Medium and time of settlement by bank
490:4-214 Right of charge back or refund; liability of
collecting bank; return of item
490:4-215 Final payment of item by payor bank; when
provisional debits and credits become final; when
certain credits become available for withdrawal
490:4-216 Insolvency and preference
Part 3. Collection of Items; Payor Banks
490:4-301 Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of
items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor
bank
490:4-302 Payor bank's responsibility for late return of item
490:4-303 When items subject to notice, stop-payment order,
legal process, or setoff; order in which items may
be charged or certified
Part 4. Relationship Between Payor Bank and its
Customer
490:4-401 When bank may charge customer's account
490:4-402 Bank's liability to customer for wrongful dishonor;
time of determining insufficiency of account
490:4-403 Customer's right to stop payment; burden of proof
of loss
490:4-404 Bank not obligated to pay check more than six
months old
490:4-405 Death or incompetence of customer
490:4-406 Customer's duty to discover and report unauthorized
signature or alteration
490:4-407 Payor bank's right to subrogation on improper
payment
Part 5. Collection of Documentary Drafts
490:4-501 Handling of documentary drafts; duty to send for
presentment and to notify customer of dishonor
490:4-502 Presentment of "on arrival" drafts
490:4-503 Responsibility of presenting bank for documents and
goods; report of reasons for dishonor; referee in
case of need
490:4-504 Privilege of presenting bank to deal with goods;
security interest for expenses
ARTICLE 4A. FUNDS TRANSFERS
Part 1. Subject Matter and Definitions
490:4A-101 Short title
490:4A-102 Subject matter
490:4A-103 Payment order-definitions
490:4A-104 Funds transfer-definitions
490:4A-105 Other definitions
490:4A-106 Time payment order is received
490:4A-107 Federal reserve regulations and operating circulars
490:4A-108 Relationship to Electronic Fund Transfer Act
Part 2. Issue and Acceptance of Payment Order
490:4A-201 Security procedure
490:4A-202 Authorized and verified payment orders
490:4A-203 Unenforceability of certain verified payment orders
490:4A-204 Refund of payment and duty of customer to report
with respect to unauthorized payment order
490:4A-205 Erroneous payment orders
490:4A-206 Transmission of payment order through
funds-transfer or other communication system
490:4A-207 Misdescription of beneficiary
490:4A-208 Misdescription of intermediary bank or
beneficiary's bank
490:4A-209 Acceptance of payment order
490:4A-210 Rejection of payment order
490:4A-211 Cancellation and amendment of payment order
490:4A-212 Liability and duty of receiving bank regarding
unaccepted payment order
Part 3. Execution of Sender's Payment Order by
Receiving Bank
490:4A-301 Execution and execution date
490:4A-302 Obligations of receiving bank in execution of
payment order
490:4A-303 Erroneous execution of payment order
490:4A-304 Duty of sender to report erroneously executed
payment order
490:4A-305 Liability for late or improper execution or failure
to execute payment order
Part 4. Payment
490:4A-401 Payment date
490:4A-402 Obligation of sender to pay receiving bank
490:4A-403 Payment by sender to receiving bank
490:4A-404 Obligation of beneficiary's bank to pay and give
notice to beneficiary
490:4A-405 Payment by beneficiary's bank to beneficiary
490:4A-406 Payment by originator to beneficiary; discharge of
underlying obligation
Part 5. Miscellaneous Provisions
490:4A-501 Variation by agreement and effect of funds-transfer
system rule
490:4A-502 Creditor process served on receiving bank; setoff
by beneficiary's bank
490:4A-503 Injunction or restraining order with respect to
funds transfer
490:4A-504 Order in which items and payment orders may be
charged to account; order of withdrawals from
account
490:4A-505 Preclusion of objection to debit of customer's
account
490:4A-506 Rate of interest
490:4A-507 Choice of law
ARTICLE 5. LETTERS OF CREDIT
490:5-101 Short title
490:5-102 Definitions
490:5-103 Scope
490:5-104 Formal requirements
490:5-105 Consideration
490:5-106 Issuance, amendment, cancellation, and duration
490:5-107 Confirmer, nominated person, and advisor
490:5-108 Issuer's rights and obligations
490:5-109 Fraud and forgery
490:5-110 Warranties
490:5-111 Remedies
490:5-112 Transfer of letter of credit
490:5-113 Transfer by operation of law
490:5-114 Assignment of proceeds
490:5-115 Statute of limitations
490:5-116 Choice of law and forum
490:5-117 Subrogation of issuer, applicant, and
nominated person
490:5-118 Security interest of issuer or nominated
person
ARTICLE 6. BULK SALES--REPEALED
490:6-101 to 110 Repealed
ARTICLE 7. DOCUMENTS OF TITLE
Part 1. General
490:7-101 Short title
490:7-102 Definitions and index of definitions
490:7-103 Relation of article to treaty or statute
490:7-104 Negotiable and nonnegotiable document of title
490:7-105 Reissuance in alternative medium
490:7-106 Control of electronic document of title
Part 2. Warehouse Receipts: Special Provisions
490:7-201 Person that may issue a warehouse receipt; storage
under bond
490:7-202 Form of warehouse receipt; effect of omission
490:7-203 Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription
490:7-204 Duty of care; contractual limitation of warehouse's
liability
490:7-205 Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain
cases
490:7-206 Termination of storage at warehouse's option
490:7-207 Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods
490:7-208 Altered warehouse receipts
490:7-209 Lien of warehouse
490:7-210 Enforcement of warehouse's lien
Part 3. Bills of Lading: Special Provisions
490:7-301 Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; "said to
contain"; "shipper's weight, load, and count";
improper handling
490:7-302 Through bills of lading and similar documents of
title
490:7-303 Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions
490:7-304 Tangible bills of lading in a set
490:7-305 Destination bills
490:7-306 Altered bills of lading
490:7-307 Lien of carrier
490:7-308 Enforcement of carrier's lien
490:7-309 Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier's
liability
Part 4. Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading:
General Obligations
490:7-401 Irregularities in issue of receipt or bill or
conduct of issuer
490:7-402 Duplicate document of title; overissue
490:7-403 Obligation of bailee to deliver; excuse
490:7-404 No liability for good-faith delivery pursuant to
document of title
Part 5. Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading:
Negotiation and Transfer
490-7:501 Form of negotiation and requirements of due
negotiation
490:7-502 Rights acquired by due negotiation
490:7-503 Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases
490:7-504 Rights acquired in absence of due negotiation;
effect of diversion; stoppage of delivery
490:7-505 Indorser not guarantor for other parties
490:7-506 Delivery without indorsement: right to compel
indorsement
490:7-507 Warranties on negotiation or delivery of document of
title
490:7-508 Warranties of collecting bank as to documents of
title
490:7-509 Adequate compliance with commercial contract
Part 6. Warehouse Receipts and Bills of Lading:
Miscellaneous Provisions
490:7-601 Lost, stolen, or destroyed documents of title
490:7-602 Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable
document of title
490:7-603 Conflicting claims; interpleader
Part 7. Miscellaneous Provisions
490:7-701 Applicability
490:7-702 Savings clause
ARTICLE 8. INVESTMENT SECURITIES
Part 1. Short Title and General Matters
490:8-101 Short title
490:8-102 Definitions
490:8-103 Rules for determining whether certain obligations
and interests are securities or financial assets
490:8-104 Acquisition of security or financial asset or
interest therein
490:8-105 Notice of adverse claim
490:8-106 Control
490:8-107 Whether indorsement, instruction, or entitlement
order is effective
490:8-108 Warranties in direct holding
490:8-109 Warranties in indirect holding
490:8-110 Applicability; choice of law
490:8-111 Clearing corporation rules
490:8-112 Creditor's legal process
490:8-113 Statute of frauds inapplicable
490:8-114 Evidentiary rules concerning certificated securities
490:8-115 Securities intermediary and others not liable to
adverse claimant
490:8-116 Securities intermediary as purchaser for value
Part 2. Issue and Issuer
490:8-201 Issuer
490:8-202 Issuer's responsibility and defenses; notice of
defect or defense
490:8-203 Staleness as notice of defect or defense
490:8-204 Effect of issuer's restriction on transfer
490:8-205 Effect of unauthorized signature on security
certificate
490:8-206 Completion or alteration of security certificate
490:8-207 Rights and duties of issuer with respect to
registered owners
490:8-208 Effect of signature of authenticating trustee,
registrar, or transfer agent
490:8-209 Issuer's lien
490:8-210 Overissue
Part 3. Transfer of Certificated and Uncertificated
Securities
490:8-301 Delivery
490:8-302 Rights of purchaser
490:8-303 Protected purchaser
490:8-304 Indorsement
490:8-305 Instruction
490:8-306 Effect of guaranteeing signature, indorsement, or
instruction
490:8-307 Purchaser's right to requisites for registration of
transfer
Part 4. Registration
490:8-401 Duty of issuer to register transfer
490:8-402 Assurance that indorsement or instruction is
effective
490:8-403 Demand that issuer not register transfer
490:8-404 Wrongful registration
490:8-405 Replacement of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken
security certificate
490:8-406 Obligation to notify issuer of lost, destroyed, or
wrongfully taken security certificate
490:8-407 Authenticating trustee, transfer agent, and registrar
Part 5. Security Entitlements
490:8-501 Securities account; acquisition of security
entitlement from securities intermediary
490:8-502 Assertion of adverse claim against entitlement
holder
490:8-503 Property interest of entitlement holder in financial
asset held by securities intermediary
490:8-504 Duty of securities intermediary to maintain
financial asset
490:8-505 Duty of securities intermediary with respect to
payments and distributions
490:8-506 Duty of securities intermediary to exercise rights
as directed by entitlement holder
490:8-507 Duty of securities intermediary to comply with
entitlement order
490:8-508 Duty of securities intermediary to change
entitlement holder's position to other form of
security holding
490:8-509 Specification of duties of securities intermediary
by other statute or regulation; manner of
performance of duties of securities intermediary and
exercise of rights of entitlement holder
490:8-510 Rights of purchaser of security entitlement from
entitlement holder
490:8-511 Priority among security interests and entitlement
holders
ARTICLE 9. SECURED TRANSACTIONS
Part 1. General Provisions
Subpart 1. Short Title, Definitions, and General
Concepts
490:9-101 Short title
490:9-102 Definitions and index of definitions
490:9-103 Purchase-money security interest; application of
payments; burden of establishing
490:9-104 Control of deposit account
490:9-105 Control of electronic chattel paper
490:9-106 Control of investment property
490:9-107 Control of letter-of-credit right
490:9-108 Sufficiency of description
Subpart 2. Applicability of Article
490:9-109 Scope
490:9-110 Security interests arising under article 2 or 2A
Part 2. Effectiveness of Security Agreement;
Attachment of Security Interest; Rights of
Parties to Security Agreement
Subpart 1. Effectiveness and Attachment
490:9-201 General effectiveness of security agreement
490:9-202 Title to collateral immaterial
490:9-203 Attachment and enforceability of security interest;
proceeds; supporting obligations; formal requisites
490:9-204 After-acquired property; future advances
490:9-205 Use or disposition of collateral permissible
490:9-206 Security interest arising in purchase or delivery of
financial asset
Subpart 2. Rights and Duties
490:9-207 Rights and duties of secured party having possession
or control of collateral
490:9-208 Additional duties of secured party having control of
collateral
490:9-209 Duties of secured party if account debtor has been
notified of assignment
490:9-210 Request for accounting; request regarding list of
collateral or statement of account
Part 3. Perfection and Priority
Subpart 1. Law Governing Perfection and Priority
490:9-301 Law governing perfection and priority of
security interests
490:9-302 Law governing perfection and priority of
agricultural liens
490:9-303 Law governing perfection and priority of
security interests in goods covered by a
certificate of title
490:9-304 Law governing perfection and priority of
security interests in deposit accounts
490:9-305 Law governing perfection and priority of
security interests in investment property
490:9-306 Law governing perfection and priority of
security interests in letter-of-credit rights
490:9-307 Location of debtor
Subpart 2. Perfection
490:9-308 When security interest or agricultural lien is
perfected; continuity of perfection
490:9-309 Security interest perfected upon attachment
490:9-310 When filing required to perfect security interest or
agricultural lien; security interests and
agricultural liens to which filing provisions do not
apply
490:9-311 Perfection of security interests in property subject
to certain statutes, regulations, and treaties
490:9-312 Perfection of security interests in chattel paper,
deposit accounts, documents, goods covered by
documents, instruments, investment property, letter-
of-credit rights, and money; perfection by
permissive filing; temporary perfection without
filing or transfer of possession
490:9-313 When possession by or delivery to secured party
perfects security interest without filing
490:9-314 Perfection by control
490:9-315 Secured party's rights on disposition of collateral
and in proceeds
490:9-316 Effect of change in governing law
Subpart 3. Priority
490:9-317 Interests that take priority over or take free of
security interest or agricultural lien
490:9-318 No interest retained in right to payment that is
sold; rights and title of seller of account or
chattel paper with respect to creditors and
purchasers
490:9-319 Rights and title of consignee with respect to
creditors and purchasers
490:9-320 Buyer of goods
490:9-321 Licensee of general intangible and lessee of goods
in ordinary course of business
490:9-322 Priorities among conflicting security interests in
and agricultural liens on same collateral
490:9-323 Future advances
490:9-324 Priority of purchase-money security interests
490:9-325 Priority of security interests in transferred
collateral
490:9-326 Priority of security interests created by new debtor
490:9-327 Priority of security interests in deposit account
490:9-328 Priority of security interests in investment
property
490:9-329 Priority of security interests in letter-of-credit
right
490:9-330 Priority of purchaser of chattel paper or instrument
490:9-331 Priority of rights of purchasers of instruments,
documents, and securities under other articles;
priority of interests in financial assets and
security entitlements under article 8
490:9-332 Transfer of money; transfer of funds from deposit
account
490:9-333 Priority of certain liens arising by operation of
law
490:9-334 Priority of security interests in fixtures and crops
490:9-335 Accessions
490:9-336 Commingled goods
490:9-337 Priority of security interests in goods covered by
certificate of title
490:9-338 Priority of security interest or agricultural lien
perfected by filed financing statement providing
certain incorrect information
490:9-339 Priority subject to subordination
Subpart 4. Rights of Bank
490:9-340 Effectiveness of right of recoupment or set-off
against deposit account
490:9-341 Bank's rights and duties with respect to deposit
account
490:9-342 Bank's right to refuse to enter into or disclose
existence of control agreement
Part 4. Rights of Third Parties
490:9-401 Alienability of debtor's rights
490:9-402 Secured party not obligated on contract of debtor or
in tort
490:9-403 Agreement not to assert defenses against assignee
490:9-404 Rights acquired by assignee; claims and defenses
against assignee
409:9-405 Modification of assigned contract
490:9-406 Discharge of account debtor; notification of
assignment; identification and proof of assignment;
restrictions on assignment of accounts, chattel
paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes
ineffective
490:9-407 Restrictions on creation or enforcement of security
interest in leasehold interest or in lessor's
residual interest
490:9-408 Restrictions on assignment of promissory notes,
health-care-insurance receivables, and certain
general intangibles ineffective
490:9-409 Restrictions on assignment of letter-of-credit
rights ineffective
Part 5. Filing
Subpart 1. Filing Office; Contents and Effectiveness
of Financing Statement
490:9-501 Filing office
490:9-502 Contents of financing statement; record of mortgage
as financing statement; time of filing financing
statement
490:9-503 Name of debtor and secured party
490:9-504 Indication of collateral
490:9-505 Filing and compliance with other statutes and
treaties for consignments, leases, other bailments,
and other transactions
490:9-506 Effect of errors or omissions
490:9-507 Effect of certain events on effectiveness of
financing statement
490:9-508 Effectiveness of financing statement if new debtor
becomes bound by security agreement
490:9-509 Persons entitled to file a record
490:9-510 Effectiveness of filed record
490:9-511 Secured party of record
490:9-512 Amendment of financing statement
490:9-513 Termination statement
490:9-514 Assignment of powers of secured party of record
490:9-515 Duration and effectiveness of financing statement;
effect of lapsed financing statement
490:9-516 What constitutes filing; effectiveness of filing
490:9-517 Effect of indexing errors
490:9-518 Claim concerning inaccurate or wrongfully filed
record
Subpart 2. Duties and Operation of Filing Office
490:9-519 Numbering, maintaining, and indexing records;
communicating information provided in records
490:9-520 Acceptance and refusal to accept record
490:9-521 Uniform form of written financing statement and
amendment
490:9-522 Maintenance and destruction of records
490:9-523 Information from filing office; sale or license of
records
490:9-524 Delay by filing office
490:9-525 Fees
490:9-526 Filing-office rules
490:9-527 Duty to report
Part 6. Default
Subpart 1. Default and Enforcement of Security
Interest
490:9-601 Rights after default; judicial enforcement;
consignor or buyer of accounts, chattel paper,
payment intangibles, or promissory notes
490:9-602 Waiver and variance of rights and duties
490:9-603 Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties
490:9-604 Procedure if security agreement covers real property
or fixtures
490:9-605 Unknown debtor or secondary obligor
490:9-606 Time of default for agricultural lien
490:9-607 Collection and enforcement by secured party
490:9-608 Application of proceeds of collection or
enforcement; liability for deficiency and right to
surplus
490:9-609 Secured party's right to take possession after
default
490:9-610 Disposition of collateral after default
490:9-611 Notification before disposition of collateral
490:9-612 Timeliness of notification before disposition of
collateral
490:9-613 Contents and form of notification before disposition
of collateral: general
490:9-614 Contents and form of notification before disposition
of collateral: consumer-goods transaction
490:9-615 Application of proceeds of disposition; liability
for deficiency and right to surplus
490:9-616 Explanation of calculation of surplus or deficiency
490:9-617 Rights of transferee of collateral
490:9-618 Rights and duties of certain secondary obligors
490:9-619 Transfer of record or legal title
490:9-620 Acceptance of collateral in full or partial
satisfaction of obligation; compulsory disposition
of collateral
490:9-621 Notification of proposal to accept collateral
490:9-622 Effect of acceptance of collateral
490:9-623 Right to redeem collateral
490:9-624 Waiver
Subpart 2. Noncompliance with Article
490:9-625 Remedies for secured party's failure to comply with
article
490:9-626 Action in which deficiency or surplus is in issue
490:9-627 Determination of whether conduct was commercially
reasonable
490:9-628 Nonliability and limitation on liability of secured
party; liability of secondary obligor
Part 7. Transition
490:9-701 Effective date
490:9-702 Savings clause
490:9-703 Security interest perfected before effective date
490:9-704 Security interest unperfected before effective date
490:9-705 Effectiveness of action taken before effective date
490:9-706 When initial financing statement suffices to
continue effectiveness of financing statement
490:9-707 Amendment of pre-effective-date financing statement
490:9-708 Persons entitled to file initial financing statement
or continuation statement
490:9-709 Priority
Part 8. Transition Provisions for 2010 Amendments
490:9-801 Effective date
490:9-802 Savings clause
490:9-803 Security interest perfected prior to
July 1, 2013
490:9-804 Security interest unperfected before
July 1, 2013
490:9-805 Effectiveness of action taken before
July 1, 2013
490:9-806 When initial financing statement suffices to
continue effectiveness of financing statement
490:9-807 Amendment of pre-effective-date financing
statement
490:9-808 Person entitled to file initial financing
statement or continuation statement
490:9-809 Priority
ARTICLE 10. EFFECTIVE DATE AND REPEALER
490:10-101 Effective date
490:10-102 Specific repealer; provision for transition
490:10-103 General repealer
490:10-103.1 Inconsistent laws
490:10-104 Laws not repealed
ARTICLE 11. EFFECTIVE DATE AND TRANSITION
PROVISIONS--1978 AMENDATORY ACT
490:11-101 Effective date
490:11-102 Preservation of old transition provision
490:11-103 Transition to new U.C.C.--General Rule
490:11-104 Transition provision on change of requirement of
filing
490:11-105 Transition provision on change of place of filing
490:11-106 Required refilings
490:11-107 Transition provisions as to priorities
490:11-108 Presumption that rule of law continues unchanged
Rules of Court
Applicability of District Court Rules of Civil Procedure, see DCRCP rule 81(b)(5).


Article
" What is Reverse Complement "
The reverse complement of a DNA sequence is formed by reversing the letters, interchanging A and T and interchanging C and G. Thus the reverse complement of ACCTGAG is CTCAGGT.
Article
Reverse Complement
Reverse Complement converts a DNA sequence into its reverse, complement, or reverse-complement counterpart. You may want to work with the reverse-complement of a sequence if it contains an ORF on the reverse strand.
Do more...
You can read this article for more information...


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QWinEventNotifier Class
The QWinEventNotifier class provides support for the Windows Wait functions. More...
| Header: | #include <QWinEventNotifier> |
| qmake: | QT += core |
| Since: | Qt 5.0 |
| Inherits: | QObject |
Public Functions
| QWinEventNotifier(QObject *parent = Q_NULLPTR) | |
| QWinEventNotifier(HANDLE hEvent, QObject *parent = Q_NULLPTR) | |
| ~QWinEventNotifier() | |
| HANDLE | handle() const |
| bool | isEnabled() const |
| void | setHandle(HANDLE hEvent) |
- 32 public functions inherited from QObject
Public Slots
| void | setEnabled(bool enable) |
- 1 public slot inherited from QObject
Signals
| void | activated(HANDLE hEvent) |
- 2 signals inherited from QObject
Reimplemented Protected Functions
| virtual bool | event(QEvent *e) |
- 9 protected functions inherited from QObject
Additional Inherited Members
- 1 property inherited from QObject
- 11 static public members inherited from QObject
- 9 protected functions inherited from QObject
Detailed Description
The QWinEventNotifier class provides support for the Windows Wait functions.
The QWinEventNotifier class makes it possible to use the wait functions on windows in a asynchronous manner. With this class, you can register a HANDLE to an event and get notification when that event becomes signalled. The state of the event is not modified in the process so if it is a manual reset event you will need to reset it after the notification.
Once you have created a event object using Windows API such as CreateEvent() or OpenEvent(), you can create an event notifier to monitor the event handle. If the event notifier is enabled, it will emit the activated() signal whenever the corresponding event object is signalled.
The setEnabled() function allows you to disable as well as enable the event notifier. It is generally advisable to explicitly enable or disable the event notifier. A disabled notifier does nothing when the event object is signalled (the same effect as not creating the event notifier). Use the isEnabled() function to determine the notifier's current status.
Finally, you can use the setHandle() function to register a new event object, and the handle() function to retrieve the event handle.
Further information: Although the class is called QWinEventNotifier, it can be used for certain other objects which are so-called synchronization objects, such as Processes, Threads, Waitable timers.
Warning: This class is only available on Windows.
Member Function Documentation
QWinEventNotifier::QWinEventNotifier(QObject *parent = Q_NULLPTR)
Constructs an event notifier with the given parent.
QWinEventNotifier::QWinEventNotifier(HANDLE hEvent, QObject *parent = Q_NULLPTR)
Constructs an event notifier with the given parent. It enables the notifier, and watches for the event hEvent.
The notifier is enabled by default, i.e. it emits the activated() signal whenever the corresponding event is signalled. However, it is generally advisable to explicitly enable or disable the event notifier.
See also setEnabled() and isEnabled().
QWinEventNotifier::~QWinEventNotifier()
Destroys this notifier.
[signal]
void QWinEventNotifier::activated(HANDLE hEvent)
This signal is emitted whenever the event notifier is enabled and the corresponding HANDLE is signalled.
The state of the event is not modified in the process, so if it is a manual reset event, you will need to reset it after the notification.
The object is passed in the hEvent parameter.
Note: This is a private signal. It can be used in signal connections but cannot be emitted by the user.
See also handle().
[virtual protected]
bool QWinEventNotifier::event(QEvent *e)
Reimplemented from QObject::event().
HANDLE QWinEventNotifier::handle() const
Returns the HANDLE that has been registered in the notifier.
See also setHandle().
bool QWinEventNotifier::isEnabled() const
Returns true
if the notifier is enabled; otherwise returns false
.
See also setEnabled().
[slot]
void QWinEventNotifier::setEnabled(bool enable)
If enable is true, the notifier is enabled; otherwise the notifier is disabled.
See also isEnabled() and activated().
void QWinEventNotifier::setHandle(HANDLE hEvent)
Register the HANDLE hEvent. The old HANDLE will be automatically unregistered.
Note: The notifier will be disabled as a side effect and needs to be re-enabled.
See also handle() and setEnabled().


The primary interface of the Synapse API is the MessageContext interface
defined below. This essentially defines the per-message context passed
through the chain of mediators, for each and every message received and
processed by Synapse. Each message instance is wrapped within a
MessageContext instance, and the message context is set with the references
to the SynapseConfiguration and SynapseEnvironments. The SynapseConfiguration
holds the global configuration model that defines mediation rules, local
registry entries and other and configuration, while the environment gives
access to the underlying SOAP implementation used - Axis2. A typical mediator
would need to manipulate the MessageContext by referring to the
SynapseConfiguration. However it is strongly recommended that the
SynapseConfiguration is not updated by mediator instances as it is shared by
all messages, and may be updated by Synapse administration or configuration
modules. Mediator instances may store local message properties into the
MessageContext for later retrieval by successive mediators.
package org.apache.synapse; import ... public interface MessageContext { /** * Get a reference to the current SynapseConfiguration * * @return the current synapse configuration */ public SynapseConfiguration getConfiguration(); /** * Set or replace the Synapse Configuration instance to be used. May be used to * programatically change the configuration at runtime etc. * * @param cfg The new synapse configuration instance */ public void setConfiguration(SynapseConfiguration cfg); /** * Returns a reference to the host Synapse Environment * @return the Synapse Environment */ public SynapseEnvironment getEnvironment(); /** * Sets the SynapseEnvironment reference to this context * @param se the reference to the Synapse Environment */ public void setEnvironment(SynapseEnvironment se); /** * Get the value of a custom (local) property set on the message instance * @param key key to look up property * @return value for the given key */ public Object getProperty(String key); /** * Set a custom (local) property with the given name on the message instance * @param key key to be used * @param value value to be saved */ public void setProperty(String key, Object value); /** * Returns the Set of keys over the properties on this message context * @return a Set of keys over message properties */ public Set getPropertyKeySet(); /** * Get the SOAP envelope of this message * @return the SOAP envelope of the message */ public SOAPEnvelope getEnvelope(); /** * Sets the given envelope as the current SOAPEnvelope for this message * @param envelope the envelope to be set * @throws org.apache.axis2.AxisFault on exception */ public void setEnvelope(SOAPEnvelope envelope) throws AxisFault; /** * SOAP message related getters and setters */ public ....get/set()... }
The MessageContext interface is based on the Axis2 MessageContext interface, and uses the Axis2 EndpointReference and SOAPEnvelope classes/interfaces. The purpose of this interface is to capture a message as it flows through the system. As you will see the message payload is represented using the SOAP infoset. Binary messages can be embedded in the Envelope using MTOM or SwA attachments using the AXIOM object model.
The second key interface for mediator writers is the Mediator interface:
package org.apache.synapse;
import org.apache.synapse.MessageContext;
/**
* All Synapse mediators must implement this Mediator interface. As a message passes
* through the synapse system, each mediator's mediate() method is invoked in the
* sequence/order defined in the SynapseConfiguration.
*/
public interface Mediator {
/**
* Invokes the mediator passing the current message for mediation. Each
* mediator performs its mediation action, and returns true if mediation
* should continue, or false if further mediation should be aborted.
*
* @param synCtx the current message for mediation
* @return true if further mediation should continue
*/
public boolean mediate(MessageContext synCtx);
/**
* This is used for debugging purposes and exposes the type of the current
* mediator for logging and debugging purposes
* @return a String representation of the mediator type
*/
public String getType();
}
A mediator can read and/or modify the SynapseMessage in any suitable manner - adjusting the routing headers or changing the message body. If the mediate() method returns false, it signals to the Synapse processing model to stop further processing of the message. For example, if the mediator is a security agent it may decide that this message is dangerous and should not be processed further. This is generally the exception as mediators are usually designed to co-operate to process the message onwards.
Mediators may be Node mediators (i.e. these that can contain child mediators) or Leaf mediators (mediators that does not hold any other child mediators). A Node mediator must implement the org.apache.synapse.api.ListMediator interface listed below, or extend from the org.apache.synapse.mediators.AbstractListMediator.
package org.apache.synapse.mediators; import java.util.List; /** * The List mediator executes a given sequence/list of child mediators */ public interface ListMediator extends Mediator { /** * Appends the specified mediator to the end of this mediator's (children) list * @param m the mediator to be added * @return true (as per the general contract of the Collection.add method) */ public boolean addChild(Mediator m); /** * Appends all of the mediators in the specified collection to the end of this mediator's (children) * list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator * @param c the list of mediators to be added * @return true if this list changed as a result of the call */ public boolean addAll(List c); /** * Returns the mediator at the specified position * @param pos index of mediator to return * @return the mediator at the specified position in this list */ public Mediator getChild(int pos); /** * Removes the first occurrence in this list of the specified mediator * @param m mediator to be removed from this list, if present * @return true if this list contained the specified mediator */ public boolean removeChild(Mediator m); /** * Removes the mediator at the specified position in this list * @param pos the index of the mediator to remove * @return the mediator previously at the specified position */ public Mediator removeChild(int pos); /** * Return the list of mediators of this List mediator instance * @return the child/sub mediator list */ public List getList(); }
A ListMediator implementation should call super.mediate(synCtx) to process its sub mediator sequence. A FilterMediator is a ListMediator which executes its sequence of sub mediators on successful outcome of a test condition. The Mediator instance which performs filtering should implement the FilterMediator interface.
package org.apache.synapse.mediators;
import org.apache.synapse.MessageContext;
/**
* The filter mediator is a list mediator, which executes the given (sub) list of mediators
* if the specified condition is satisfied
*
* @see FilterMediator#test(org.apache.synapse.MessageContext)
*/
public interface FilterMediator extends ListMediator {
/**
* Should return true if the sub/child mediators should execute. i.e. if the filter
* condition is satisfied
* @param synCtx
* @return true if the configured filter condition evaluates to true
*/
public boolean test(MessageContext synCtx);
}
You may write your own custom configurator for the Mediator implementation you write without relying on the Class mediator or Spring extension for its initialization. You could thus write a MediatorFactory implementation which defines how to digest a custom XML configuration element to be used to create and configure the custom mediator instance. A MediatorSerializer implementation defines how a configuration should be serialized back into an XML configuration. The custom MediatorFactory & MediatorSerializer implementations and the mediator class/es must be bundled in a JAR file conforming to the J2SE Service Provider model (See the description for Extensions below for more details and examples) and placed into the SYNAPSE_HOME/lib folder, so that the Synapse runtime could find and load the definition. Essentially this means that a custom JAR file must bundle your class implementing the Mediator interface, and the MediatorFactory implementation class and contain two text files named "org.apache.synapse.config.xml.MediatorFactory" and "org.apache.synapse.config.xml.MediatorSerializer" which will contain the fully qualified name(s) of your MediatorFactory and MediatorSerializer implementation classes. You should also place any dependency JARs into the same lib folder so that the correct classpath references could be made. The MediatorFactory interface listing is given below, which you should implement, and its getTagQName() method must define the fully qualified element of interest for custom configuration. The Synapse initialization will call back to this MediatorFactory instance through the createMediator(OMElement elem) method passing in this XML element, so that an instance of the mediator could be created utilizing the custom XML specification and returned. See the ValidateMediator and the ValidateMediatorFactory classes under modules/extensions in the Synapse source distribution for examples.
package org.apache.synapse.config.xml; import ... /** * A mediator factory capable of creating an instance of a mediator through a given * XML should implement this interface */ public interface MediatorFactory { /** * Creates an instance of the mediator using the OMElement * @param elem * @return the created mediator */ public Mediator createMediator(OMElement elem); /** * The QName of this mediator element in the XML config * @return QName of the mediator element */ public QName getTagQName(); }
package org.apache.synapse.config.xml; import ... /** * Interface which should be implemented by mediator serializers. Does the * reverse of the MediatorFactory */ public interface MediatorSerializer { /** * Return the XML representation of this mediator * @param m mediator to be serialized * @param parent the OMElement to which the serialization should be attached * @return the serialized mediator XML */ public OMElement serializeMediator(OMElement parent, Mediator m); /** * Return the class name of the mediator which can be serialized * @return the class name */ public String getMediatorClassName(); }
Mediators could access the Synapse registry to load resources and configure the local behaviour. Refer to the Spring mediator and Script mediator implementations for examples on how this could be achieved.
Synapse loads available extensions from the runtime classpath using the J2SE Service Provider model. This essentially iterates over the available JAR files, for a META-INF/services directory within each file, and looks for a text file with the name org.apache.synapse.config.xml.MediatorFactory which contains a list of fully qualified classname that implement the above interface, listing each class in a separate line. e.g. The built-in synapse-extensions.jar contains the following structure
synapse-extensions.jar /META-INF/services org.apache.synapse.config.xml.MediatorFactory org.apache.synapse.config.xml.MediatorSerializer /... the implementation classes as usual...


U.N. official calls for new, competent Lebanese govt
BEIRUT (Reuters) - A top U.N. official in Lebanon called on Tuesday for the urgent formation of a new government made up of people known for their competence, which he said would be in a better position to appeal for international support.
“The financial and economic situation is critical, and the government and other authorities cannot wait any longer to start addressing it,” the U.N. Special Coordinator for Lebanon, Jan Kubis, said in a statement after meeting President Michel Aoun.
Kubis urged authorities to prioritize maintaining monetary and financial stability, including measures to give people confidence and protect their savings.


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Balloon Pilots Take Flight Above Central California
CLOVIS, Calif. -- Hot air balloons flew high above Clovis and Fresno during Clovisfest, giving the pilots a unique view of the Valley.
"Nothing like it," said Magic Bob Locklin, who was piloting the Remax balloon during Clovisfest. "I've flown a lot of things but balloons hooked me."
"It's just so peaceful. It's loud when the burner is going but it's so peaceful," Locklin said, who estimates he flies about 40 times a year.
"People love to see the balloons, when we land in neighborhoods it brings the whole neighborhood together," he said. "It's a fun thing to share."
Check out the video above to see the balloons in action!