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java.lang.Object org.gwoptics.graphics.graph2D.traces.Line2DTrace
public class Line2DTrace
The Line2DTrace is the default implementation of the IGraphTrace interface. It can be used for a variety of plotting tasks and for 9/10 times will be useful for whatever is needed.
The Line2DTrace object requires that an IGraph2DCallback object is provided for it to plot a trace. To plot the trace, the generate() method is first called. This populates an internal array that stores the points of the trace. If the callback object changes, the trace will not change until the generate() method is called again. If you have a trace that changes regularly, ie a non-static standing wave, then call the generate method in each draw() call. Note: Make sure the callback object is optimised as much as possible for non static graphs, complicated graphs that are regenerated each draw call will grind the system to a halt, contemplate using the TrigLookup object for faster sinusoidal functions.
This trace object also accepts trace effects defined by the ITraceColourEffect interface. Use this to visually enhance a graph trace.
Custom 2D Traces
If the need arises to create a custom trace
object for the graph2D control two options are open. Implement the
IGraphTrace interface from scratch or inherit the Line2DTrace object, the
later being the simplest. To do that though understanding of the class is
necessary and its members.
Most of the public members are properties such as setAxis and setTraceColour, these simple apply a value to the relevant member and most likely will not need overriding. The most likely candidates for overriding are the generate and draw methods. Generate simply goes about deducing the graph value for each pixel on the x-axis and then passing this to the ILineEquation object to produce a y value. This is converted into a point that is represented on the Y-axis and then stored in the _pointData and _eqData arrays. The generate function therefore only needs to be called on if the trace is changing values or shape.
The draw method is the one who goes about plotting the values using the _pointData array. No heavy calculations should be going on in the draw method, to give the best framerates. Draw loops through each _pointData value and limits it to the max and min values of the y-axis and then draws the points using connected lines. At this point any trace colour effect is also applied to the trace. One important note is that if you want to display no point at a place on your trace, simply put Float.NaN into the _pointData array. The draw method then ignores this point.
The recommended approach to producing a new trace is to override the generate method and populate the relevant arrays as needed. Then let the draw method do its job, this is recommended if what you are looking for in the end is a line. If for example an area graph, bar-graph, histogram or scatter plot is required then the draw method would be need to be altered to produce the correct effect. For future use if no source is present the generate and draw method code is included below, all the other methods can be left not overridden.
protected Axis2D _ax, _ay; //Reference to the 2 axis objects of the graph2D control
protected PApplet _parent; //Parent PApplet
protected ILineEquation _cb; //The ILineEquation used to implemnt the data to plot
protected double[] _eqData; //This array stores for each pixel along the X-Axis a Y value in graph space
protected float[] _pointData; //This array stores the Y pixel value of each pixel along the X-Axis.
protected boolean _yAutoRange; //determines whether to auto range the y axis
protected PVector _pos; //position of the trace on the graph
protected Colour _traceColour; // solid colour of the trace if no effect applied
protected ITraceColourEffect _effect; //Colour effect applied to the trace
public void generate() {
if(_ax == null || _ay == null)
throw new RuntimeException("One of the axis objects are null, set them using setAxes().");
if(_cb != null){
float dRes = (_ax.getMaxValue() - _ax.getMinValue()) / (_ax.getLength() - 1);
double highestValue = 0;
double lowestValue = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < _eqData.length; i++) {
double val = _cb.computePoint(_ax.getMinValue() + i * dRes);
_eqData[i] = val;
if(_yAutoRange){
if(val > highestValue)
highestValue = val;
else if(val < lowestValue)
val = lowestValue;
}else
_pointData[i] = _ay.valueToPosition((float) val);
}
if(_yAutoRange){
_ay.setMinValue((float) lowestValue);
_ay.setMaxValue((float) highestValue);
for (int i = 0; i < _eqData.length; i++) {
_pointData[i] = _ay.valueToPosition((float)_eqData[i]);
}
}
}
}
public void draw() {
if(_parent == null)
throw new NullPointerException("Set parent object before plotting.");
float y1,y2;
boolean b1,b2;
float dRes = (_ax.getMaxValue() - _ax.getMinValue()) / (_ax.getLength() - 1);
Colour cTrace;
_parent.pushMatrix();
_parent.pushStyle();
_parent.translate(_pos.x, _pos.y);
for (int i = 1; i < _pointData.length; i++) {
b1 = true;
b2 = true;
y1 = _pointData[i-1];
y2 = _pointData[i];
if(!(Float.isNaN(y1) || Float.isNaN(y2))){
if(y1 > _ay.getLength()){
y1 = _ay.getLength();
}else if(y1 < 0){
y1 = 0;
}else
b1 = false;
if(y2 > _ay.getLength()){
y2 = _ay.getLength();
}else if(y2 < 0){
y2 = 0;
}else
b2 = false;
if(!(b1 && b2)){
if(_effect != null)
cTrace = _effect.getPixelColour(i-1, (int) y1,_ax.getMinValue() + i * dRes,(float)_eqData[i-1]);
else
cTrace = _traceColour;
_parent.stroke(cTrace.R * 255,cTrace.G * 255,cTrace.B * 255,cTrace.A * 255);
//_parent.stroke(cTrace.toInt());
_parent.strokeWeight(1);
_parent.line(i-1, -y1, i, -y2);
}
}
}
_parent.popStyle();
_parent.popMatrix();
}
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
Line2DTrace(ILine2DEquation eq)
Default constructor accepting a callback object implementing the ILineEquation interface. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
draw()
Uses the data that generate produced beforehand to plot the final trace line. |
void |
generate()
Uses the ILineEquation object provided to fill the internal arrays. |
void |
onAddTrace(java.lang.Object[] traces)
Before the trace is added to the graph control this method is called. |
void |
onRemoveTrace()
Before the trace is officially removed from the trace list of a Graph2D object, the onRemove method is called. |
void |
removeEffect()
|
void |
setEquationCallback(ILine2DEquation equation)
Sets the callback object implementing the ILineEquation interface. |
void |
setGraph(IGraph2D grp)
Sets an internal variable to store a reference to the graph object the trace is being plotted on |
void |
setLineWidth(int width)
|
void |
setParent(processing.core.PApplet parent)
Sets the parent PApplet object |
void |
setPosition(int x,
int y)
Sets the position of the trace |
void |
setTraceColour(int R,
int G,
int B)
|
void |
setTraceEffect(ITraceColourEffect effect)
|
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public Line2DTrace(ILine2DEquation eq)
| Method Detail |
|---|
public void setGraph(IGraph2D grp)
IGraph2DTrace
setGraph
in interface IGraph2DTrace
public void setParent(processing.core.PApplet parent)
setParent
in interface IRenderable
public void setPosition(int x, int y)
setPosition
in interface IGraph2DTrace
public void setEquationCallback(ILine2DEquation equation)
public void generate()
generate
in interface IGraph2DTrace
public void draw()
draw
in interface IRenderable
public void onAddTrace(java.lang.Object[] traces)
IGraph2DTrace
Before the trace is added to the graph control this method is called. It allows a trace to check the settings of other traces that have previously been added for in Compatibilities. Leave method empty in implementation if no checks are necessary.
w onAddTrace is called from with a synchronised lock so the traces object won't be modified whilst reading it. Therefore it is not necessary to provide custom thread locks.
onAddTrace
in interface IGraph2DTrace
public void onRemoveTrace()
IGraph2DTrace
Before the trace is officially removed from the trace list of a Graph2D object, the onRemove method is called. This allows the trace object to provide any cleanup needed, if at all needed. Leave blank if nothing is needed.
onRemoveTrace
in interface IGraph2DTrace
public void setTraceColour(int R, int G, int B)
public void setLineWidth(int width)
public void removeEffect()
public void setTraceEffect(ITraceColourEffect effect)
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welcome to our site
Kishinchand Chellaram College is one of the premier institutions affiliated to the University of Mumbai and recognized by Government of Maharashtra. It was established in 1954 by the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board. The college was awarded permanent affiliation by the University of Mumbai within a record span of two years. Over the years K.C. has established itself as one of the leading colleges in Mumbai. This fact is well supported by excellent results, both at HSC as well as at the University examinations and the number of laurels won by the students. The Motto of the College is ‘SALVATION THROUGH KNOWLEDGE’. This motto was selected from ancient Sanskrit scriptures. ‘Knowledge’ in the highest sense means acquiring wisdom & understanding, which in turn leads man to ”Moksha” or Salvation. K.C. prides itself in motivating students to achieve excellence not only in academic fields but also in co-curricular and extracurricular activities. With Dr.(Mrs.) Hemlata K Bagla as the Principal, the Signature Line of the College could well be – “Excellence - the only Compelling Option.”
Kishinchand Chellaram College was established in 1954[1] under the aegis of the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board. It was the second institution that the Management set up in Bombay after it relocated itself in the city, following the aftermath of Partition. The onus of the task was taken up by late founders, principal K.M. Kundnani and barrister Hotchand Advani, who helped set up K.C. College as well as several other educational institutions. Kundnani and Advani were the pillars of that board.[citation needed] [3] The R. D. National College was the first of the board's institutions and K.C. was the second. The latter came to be reckoned[by whom?] as its flagship institution from where the board's activities were conducted. The plot for the construction of K.C. College was leased from Ratanben Fauzdar for 99 years. Under the draught plan of architect K.M. Gidwani and the management of principal Kundnani, the building was completed in six months. The foundation stone was laid by Shri Dinkarrao Desai, the minister for education. Students had been admitted from 1 June 1954 but a formal inauguration of the inception of the college was performed by Morarji Desai (the chief minister of Bombay State) on 15 August of the same year. Its first batch comprised 1800 students and, within three years, the numbers have consistently increased.[citation needed]
Kishinchand Chellaram College is one of the premier institutions affiliated to the University of Mumbai and recognized by Government of Maharashtra. It was established in 1954 by the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board.


Attention PLS, I have sent you this mail because of the need to open discussions with you. I don't want you to misunderstand this offer in any aspect, if it is okay with you I ask for your full cooperation. I am Mr.JOHN FISHER from Russia a contractor under PTF (Nigeria Petroleum Trust Fund) I wish to invest in a stable economy like that of your country, my interest is in companies with potentials for rapid growth in long Terms. I am interested in investing part of my fund in your company, if your country's law allows foreign investors. I have a cash of Ten Million US dollars with a Bank here in U.A.E and also residencing here as of present also and I am ready to invest part of this fund with you and your company, Pending when both of us agrees on a particular terms. Please,contact me on this email<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>with your reference. I want you to understand my seriousness in this case. Yours faithfully, Mr.JOHN FISHER,


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{% load static %} {% block headextras %}{% endblock %}
Override this template by creating the following file:
templates/globus-portal-framework/v2/components/search-results.html


| Top |
Functions
Description
This object has several functions to track time, with the availability to be devided in several tasks. Also it provides two different formats: the default is time in seconds but also have date plus time. All with estimated time of accomplishment (ETA) support.
Functions
ncm_timer_ref ()
NcmTimer *
ncm_timer_ref (NcmTimer *nt
);
Increases the reference count of nt
by one.
ncm_timer_clear ()
void
ncm_timer_clear (NcmTimer **nt
);
Decreases the reference count of *nt
by one and sets *nt
to NULL.
ncm_timer_set_name ()
void ncm_timer_set_name (NcmTimer *nt
,const gchar *name
);
This functions set the named name
to the nt
NcmTimer.
ncm_timer_elapsed ()
gdouble
ncm_timer_elapsed (NcmTimer *nt
);
If nt
timer has been started but not stopped, obtains the time since the timer was started.
If timer has been stopped, obtains the elapsed time between the time it was started and the time it was stopped.
The return value is the number of seconds elapsed, including any fractional part.
This function applies g_timer_elapsed()
from Glib.
ncm_timer_elapsed_dhms ()
void ncm_timer_elapsed_dhms (NcmTimer *nt
,guint *elap_day
,guint *elap_hour
,guint *elap_min
,gdouble *elap_sec
);
The this function returns the same information as above, but now the format is in days, hours, minutes and seconds.
Those information are passed by the variables elap_day
, elap_hour
, elap_min
and elap_sec
, respectively.
Parameters
nt |
a NcmTimer |
|
elap_day |
elapsed days. |
[out] |
elap_hour |
elapsed hours. |
[out] |
elap_min |
elapsed minutes. |
[out] |
elap_sec |
elapsed seconds. |
[out] |
ncm_timer_elapsed_dhms_str ()
gchar *
ncm_timer_elapsed_dhms_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
Similar as the function above, but now the resulted time elapsed is returned in a string format.
ncm_timer_start ()
void
ncm_timer_start (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function starts nt
timer. nt
must not have a task running.
ncm_timer_stop ()
void
ncm_timer_stop (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function stop nt
timer. nt
must not have a task running.
ncm_timer_continue ()
void
ncm_timer_continue (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function continues nt
timer. nt
must not have a task running.
ncm_timer_task_start ()
void ncm_timer_task_start (NcmTimer *nt
,guint task_len
);
This function starts a task at nt
with lenght task_len
.
nt
must not have a task already assigned to it.
task_len
must be bigger than 0, task_len
>0.
ncm_timer_task_pause ()
void
ncm_timer_task_pause (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function pauses a nt
task.
The nt
task length must be greater than 0.
ncm_timer_task_continue ()
void
ncm_timer_task_continue (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function resumes a nt
task.
The nt
task length must be greater than 0.
ncm_timer_task_add_tasks ()
void ncm_timer_task_add_tasks (NcmTimer *nt
,guint ptasks
);
This function adds ptasks
to nt
.
The nt
task length must be greater than 0.
ncm_timer_task_increment ()
void
ncm_timer_task_increment (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function increment nt
task by one.
The final task ID must be greater than the task length defined by ncm_timer_task_start()
.
ncm_timer_task_accumulate ()
void ncm_timer_task_accumulate (NcmTimer *nt
,guint nitens
);
This function takes a task already created and divids it in nitens
.
The number of nitens
must not exceed the length of the original task.
ncm_timer_task_estimate_by_time ()
guint ncm_timer_task_estimate_by_time (NcmTimer *nt
,gdouble sec
);
This function estimate how many task points would take sec
seconds.
ncm_timer_task_is_running ()
gboolean
ncm_timer_task_is_running (NcmTimer *nt
);
This functions verify if nt
has a task already running.
ncm_timer_task_end ()
gboolean
ncm_timer_task_end (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function ends nt
task.
The nt
task length must be greater than 0.
ncm_timer_task_mean_time ()
gdouble
ncm_timer_task_mean_time (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns the mean time between all nt
task.
ncm_timer_task_time_left ()
gdouble
ncm_timer_task_time_left (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function calculates the time for the remaining tasks of nt
.
ncm_timer_task_elapsed_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_elapsed_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns a string wiht the time needed
to complete the tasks until the program reaches it.
The nt
task length must be greater than 0.
ncm_timer_task_mean_time_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_mean_time_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns astring with the average time to go through each task.
ncm_timer_task_time_left_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_time_left_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns a string with the time left to execute the remaining tasks.
ncm_timer_task_start_datetime_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_start_datetime_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns a string wiht the start time of the nt
task in date plus time format.
ncm_timer_task_cur_datetime_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_cur_datetime_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns a string with the current time of the nt
task in date plus time format.
ncm_timer_task_end_datetime_str ()
const gchar *
ncm_timer_task_end_datetime_str (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function returns a string with the end time of the nt
task in date plus time format.
ncm_timer_task_log_elapsed ()
void
ncm_timer_task_log_elapsed (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function log the time elapsed through all nt
's tasks.
ncm_timer_task_log_mean_time ()
void
ncm_timer_task_log_mean_time (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function log the mean time elapsed of each of the nt
tasks.
ncm_timer_task_log_time_left ()
void
ncm_timer_task_log_time_left (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function log the time left of the nt
's remaining tasks.
ncm_timer_task_log_start_datetime ()
void
ncm_timer_task_log_start_datetime (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function log the start time of the nt
's tasks in date plus time format.
ncm_timer_task_log_cur_datetime ()
void
ncm_timer_task_log_cur_datetime (NcmTimer *nt
);
This function log the current time of the nt
's tasks in date plus time format.
Property Details
The “name”
property
“name” char *
The timer's name.
Owner: NcmTimer
Flags: Read / Write / Construct
Default value: "timer"
The “task-len”
property
“task-len” guint
The length of the current task.
Owner: NcmTimer
Flags: Read
Default value: 0
The “task-pos”
property
“task-pos” guint
The Position of the current task, varying from [0, “task-len” - 1]
Owner: NcmTimer
Flags: Read
Default value: 0


Using this screen the user can select any of the operations like changing the appearance of the system, carrier information settings, shipping operations such as create a shipping manifest, print labels and void an order, track the packages, in that order.
Figure 2.1
The Above figure (Figure 2.1) is the first page in the Ship Console Main Module. This page lists links to all other web pages upon selection.
Change Password |
It navigates to the Change Password. For more information, Please refer to Change Password |
Shipping |
It navigates to the Ship Console Main page(Shipment). For more information, Please refer to Shipping |
Profile Options |
It navigates to the Profile Options page. For more information, Please refer to Profile Options |
Carrier Configuration |
It navigates to the Carrier Configuration page. For more information, Please refer to Carrier Configuration |
Tracking |
It navigates to the Ship Console Tracking page. For more information, Please refer to Tracking Page |
Import Orders |
It navigates to the Import Orders page. For more information, Please refer to Import Orders |
Package Dimensions |
It navigates to Package Dimensions page. For more information, Please refer to Package Dimensions |
Sign Out |
It navigates to the Ship Console login page. |


acl acl2013 acl2013-251 acl2013-251-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: pdf
Author: Vladimir Eidelman ; Ke Wu ; Ferhan Ture ; Philip Resnik ; Jimmy Lin
Abstract: We present an open-source framework for large-scale online structured learning. Developed with the flexibility to handle cost-augmented inference problems such as statistical machine translation (SMT), our large-margin learner can be used with any decoder. Integration with MapReduce using Hadoop streaming allows efficient scaling with increasing size of training data. Although designed with a focus on SMT, the decoder-agnostic design of our learner allows easy future extension to other structured learning problems such as sequence labeling and parsing.


Are you a current user of Books?
If you're a current user of Books, here are some tips for enhancing your Books experience.
Tip: To customize the toolbar, right-click (or hold down Control and click if you're using a single button mouse) to access features to tailor the toolbar to your liking.
Tip: To switch between list view and gallery view, add the View item to your toolbar. You can use that to switch between views. If you'd like to customize the view, use the View Inspector item to display options for the visible view.
Tip: To change the fields visible in the book list in the main window, right-click the table header to bring up a menu to select fields. You can resize and drag the column headers to create the view you want. Clicking the column headers will also sort the list.
Tip: To view a high-resolution version of the displayed cover image, simply click on the image in the lower-left portion of the main window.
Tip: To create a smart list that finds books with missing values, use the <empty> string in the smart list editor.
Use <empty> to Find Incomplete Books
Tip: If you have a lot of items to fill, enter their ISBN numbers into new records and use the Batch Quickfill Visible Items under the List menu.
Tip: To print a list of books, do the following:
1. Install the PDF Exporter from the Plugin Manager.
2. Select the list of books to print. (If you would like to print all books in your collection, uncheck Only export selected items in the preferences.)
3. Load the PDF Exporter from the File→Export menu.
The PDF Exporter
4. Select the desired style from the upper-left and click the Create button to generate a PDF. You may print or save this file.
Did You Know?
The first version of Books was released in 2003. At that time, there were two notable book applications on the Mac: Library and Readerware. Since then, a number of developers have released similar applications such as Booxter, Bookpedia, and Delicious Library. Readerware is still around and quite popular on the Windows platform.


{{> (config config.partials.head) title=config.defaultPageTitle }}
I'm Jenny Smith, a freelance web developer and designer based in London, United Kingdom.
I'm passionate about creating engaging and easy-to-navigate layouts. I love the look of clean lines, sharp contrasts in color schemes or bold graphic assets paired with sophisticated illustrations.
As an Ecommerce developer my work is focused on web design; abstract forms make up most projects these days because they're so popular among consumers who want more control over their shopping experience than ever before.


Choose your Size!
Small, 10"
Medium, 13"
Large, 16"
Pepperoni, $.50
Mushroom, $.50
Peppers, $.50
Onions, $.50
Feta & Olive Oil, $1.00
Bacon, $1.00
Update Toppings
Make Another Pizza!
Order Total: $
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Collection
Documents and guidance for pupil referral units converting to alternative provision (AP) academies.
Guidance, model documents and forms for AP academies.
PRUs wishing to convert to AP academies must complete the application form, the memorandum and articles of association and the funding agreement which sets out how the academy will operate.
The PRU conversion support grant funds expenses incurred by pupil referral units or academy trusts in converting to an AP academy, and the PRU building capacity grant helps to fund the post of a business manager/accountant/bursar, or related services.
PRUs which were part of a closed Private Finance Initiative (PFI) contract will need to complete additional documents and make amendments to their funding agreement and articles of association. This extra work means the conversion is likely to take at least 6 months.
These documents aim to make it easier to sort out land arrangements for PRUs converting to AP academy status. All PRUs should complete the land questionnaire as early as possible; PRUs based over multiple sites should fill in separate questionnaires for each site.
This document should be agreed with the local authority or trust before the academy opens. It records all the staff transferring from a school to an academy so that the appropriate arrangements for payment of salaries and pension contributions can be made. It also lists any assets or contracts that will transfer to the academy trust, and any that are not included.
Published: 19 November 2013


Generated by Pod::Simple::HTMLBatch v3.02 under Perl v5.008008 At Wed Sep 21 13:54:26 2016 GMT, which is Wed Sep 21 15:54:26 2016 local time.


#include <State.h>
|
| | State ()=default |
| |
| | State (const State &)=delete |
| |
| | State (State &&)=delete |
| |
| void | operator= (const State &)=delete |
| |
| void | operator= (State &&)=delete |
| |
| uint64_t | structural_hash (int depth) const |
| |
| void | compute_featurization (const FunctionDAG &dag, const MachineParams ¶ms, StageMap< ScheduleFeatures > *features) |
| |
| void | save_featurization (const FunctionDAG &dag, const MachineParams ¶ms, std::ostream &out) |
| |
| bool | calculate_cost (const FunctionDAG &dag, const MachineParams ¶ms, CostModel *cost_model, int64_t memory_limit, bool verbose=false) |
| |
| IntrusivePtr< State > | make_child () const |
| |
| void | generate_children (const FunctionDAG &dag, const MachineParams ¶ms, CostModel *cost_model, int64_t memory_limit, std::function< void(IntrusivePtr< State > &&)> &accept_child) const |
| |
| void | dump () const |
| |
| void | apply_schedule (const FunctionDAG &dag, const MachineParams ¶ms) |
| |
Definition at line 20 of file State.h.
◆ State() [1/3]
| Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::State |
( |
| ) |
|
|
default |
◆ State() [2/3]
| Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::State |
( |
const State & |
| ) |
|
|
delete |
◆ State() [3/3]
| Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::State |
( |
State && |
| ) |
|
|
delete |
◆ operator=() [1/2]
| void Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::operator= |
( |
const State & |
| ) |
|
|
delete |
◆ operator=() [2/2]
| void Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::operator= |
( |
State && |
| ) |
|
|
delete |
◆ structural_hash()
| uint64_t Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::structural_hash |
( |
int |
depth | ) |
const |
◆ compute_featurization()
◆ save_featurization()
| void Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::save_featurization |
( |
const FunctionDAG & |
dag, |
|
|
const MachineParams & |
params, |
|
|
std::ostream & |
out |
|
) |
| |
◆ calculate_cost()
◆ make_child()
◆ generate_children()
◆ dump()
| void Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::dump |
( |
| ) |
const |
◆ apply_schedule()
◆ ref_count
| RefCount Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::ref_count |
|
mutable |
◆ root
◆ parent
◆ cost
| double Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::cost = 0 |
◆ num_decisions_made
| int Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::num_decisions_made = 0 |
◆ penalized
| bool Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::penalized = false |
◆ schedule_source
| string Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::schedule_source |
◆ cost_calculations
| int Halide::Internal::Autoscheduler::State::cost_calculations |
|
static |
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:
- /Users/halidenightly/build_bot_new/worker/halide-main-llvm13-x86-64-osx-cmake/halide-source/src/autoschedulers/adams2019/State.h


Create a milestone
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This is what we will do in our second step of our 5-year plan
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{% extends "task.html" %} {% block scripts %} {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block task %}
Please answer all of the questions below to the best of your ability. If you don't know the answer to a question, please be honest and give your best guess.


HTML Web/Local Storage
With local storage, web applications can store data locally within the user's browser. Before HTML5, application data had to be stored in cookies, included in every server request. Local storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally, without affecting website performance.
Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far larger (at least 5MB) and information is never transferred to the server. Local storage is per domain. All pages, from one domain, can store and access the same data.
Local Storage Objects
HTML local storage provides two objects for storing data on the client:
- window.localStorage - stores data with no expiration date
- window.sessionStorage - stores data for one session (data is lost when the tab is closed)
The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted when the browser is closed, and will be available the next day, week, or year.
The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one session. The data is deleted when the user closes the browser window.


A little about me: I write code, compete , enjoy life with tech :) ,Enjoyed building web services at WSO2, and developed Web apps that power small businesses at Vesess , contribute to open source, create a Student information system SiS to make life easier, love aeronautics,interested in solar energy, listening to music, documentary,and build gadgematics, and do swimming, cycling, and many other silly things. I live in Ganemulla , Sri Lanka . Also known under KB nickname.
Don't hesitate to write to me if you have something to say:
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Skype:
tmkasun


WTA's hiking guide is the most comprehensive database of hikes in Washington, and comprises content from eight guidebooks, user submitted info, and data compiled by WTA.


WebRTC : To RTC or VNC : Customer
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CORE 1 INTERACTION
Siyao Fang
Atlanta,Georgia
Im the sophomore student study in The New School. My major is Communication design. I choose this major because I would like to create different compositions which not only makes people feel good looking, but also could reach the purpose of expressing ideas in this world under a quick pace.
Since the pandemic, I spending the whole semester at home and studying the online courses. I could count who many times I hang out during this summer, and the rest of the time I start to play some video games. But I want to finish the way of staying home all the time, and starts to go out and feeling the outside world.


--- layout: post permalink: aquasuperstore.html Tags: Array NameOfCoupon: Aqua Super Store Cash Back Summary: See our Aqua Super Store Coupon Code, Aqua Super Store Rebate, Aqua Super Store Promo Code, Aqua Super Store Discount, Aqua Super Store Coupon Cash Back Rebate here. MetaKeywords: Aqua Super Store Coupon Code, Aqua Super Store Rebate, Aqua Super Store Promo Code, Aqua Super Store Cash Back Rebate, Aqua Super Store Discount, Aqua Super Store Coupon Image: images/PJ-3068.jpeg LinkURL: http://www.pntra.com/t/8-3002-54128-30844 affiliate_url_link: http://www.icouponblog.com/jane.php?id=3064 thesis_readmore: See the Aqua Super Store Coupon thesis_thumb: http://www.icouponblog.com/tn.php?merchantURL=aquasuperstore.com Title: Save 2.5% - Aqua Super Store Coupon Code for aquasuperstore.com. Aqua Super Store Rebate & Discount thesis_description: Our Aqua Super Store Discount Coupon Code for aquasuperstore.com. We have the best Aqua Super Store Rebate anywhere. thesis_keywords: Aqua Super Store, Aqua Super Store Coupon Code, Aqua Super Store Discount, Aqua Super Store Rebate product_name: Aqua Super Store hop_url: http://www.icouponblog.com/hop.php?id=3064 ---
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PixelArt Maker
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JAY AND SILENT BOB STRIKE BACK (2001) Reviewed by Jerry Saravia September 7th, 2001
Warning: if you are not a fan of "Clerks" or "Chasing Amy," not to mention "Mallrats," then it is very likely that you will find little enjoyment in Kevin Smith's newest film. "Jay and Silent Bob Strikes Back" is a delirious joyride for all View Askew fans, taking us from New Jersey to Hollywood and back with many belly laughs and a few lulls along the way. It is mandatory that you are educated in this universe or else, you'll have a joyless time.
To anyone not familiar with View Askew, it is the name of Kevin Smith's production company in Red Bank, N.J. and the universe in which all his characters from his first four films reside in. Jay (Jason Mewes) and Silent Bob (Kevin Smith) are the two drug dealers who have appeared in all of Smith's films. Usually left on the sidelines, they take center stage this time as they continue selling drugs in front of the Quik Stop convenience store in Leonardo, N.J. Jay and Silent Bob get wind from their old friend, Brodie (Jason Lee), that the comic book based on them, Bluntman and Chronic, is getting made into a Hollywood movie by their other old friend, Banky (also played by Jason Lee). Huh? Okay, if you saw "Chasing Amy," you'll recall that Banky and Holden (Ben Affleck, who reprises his role here) were comic book artists who made their claim to fame with their "Bluntman and Chronic" comic book. In this movie, Banky sold the rights to Miramax studios to make the movie. Jay and Silent Bob are infuriated that they are not getting a piece of the collective pie so they embark on a journey to Hollywood that includes some hot babes dressed in slinky outfits, a wild orangutan, plenty of gay and fart jokes to make GLADD blush (which they reportedly have), Carrie Fisher as a nun, George Carlin as a hitchhiker, clumsy federal marshals, Internet bashing, and more in-jokes (many associated with "Star Wars") than almost any movie I have ever seen.
"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back" has quite a few good laughs but there are also far too many lulls. The scenario involving a federal wildlife marshal simply marks time (including an unfunny cameo by Judd Nelson). Plus, those slinky-outfitted babes (which includes a vivacious Shannon Hamilton) exude more groans than smiles, aping the recent remake of "Charlie's Angels." Best bits involve the Quik stop employees, Randal and Dante from "Clerks" (played by Jeff Anderson and Brian O'Halloran), who call the police in to arrest the likable drug dealers. I also liked Ben Affleck as Holden and as himself, not to mention Matt Damon as himself, as they trade asides on each other's careers and mocking their joint effort, "Good Will Hunting." There is also Mark Hamill as Cock-Knocker, which has to be seen to be believed, Wes Craven making another "Scream" sequel, and Jason Biggs and James Van Der Beek as themselves portraying Bluntman and Chronic in the movie version. You can also count on several other cameos by other c haracters from Smith's View Askew universe.
The stars of this show are Jay and Silent Bob and they are often hysterical to watch. Jason Mewes in particular steals the show as Jay with his sexual body language and obscene comments having to do with one particular area of the female anatomy. Kevin Smith as Silent Bob merely makes disapproving looks and gestures and too much of this can go a long way. Still, they make a fitting pair, as always, and drive the movie forward with more scatalogical jokes than one can count in this jaded day and age of sexually promiscuous teen movies.
 It is not half as good as "Clerks" or as hackneyed as "Mallrats" or "Dogma," but it does fall somewhere in between.
For more reviews, check out JERRY AT THE MOVIES at http://moviething.com/members/movies/faust/JATMindex.shtml
E-mail me with any questions, comments or general complaints at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>========== X-RAMR-ID: 29414 X-Language: en X-RT-ReviewID: 248793 X-RT-TitleID: 1109455 X-RT-SourceID: 875 X-RT-AuthorID: 1314
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Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not simply random text.  Richard McClintock


Before Change
Test of hyperparam_opt with singletask RF ECFP regression API.
splittype = "scaffold"
compound_featurizers = [CircularFingerprint(size=1024)]
complex_featurizers = []
input_transformer_classes = []
output_transformer_classes = [NormalizationTransformer]
tasks = ["log-solubility"]
task_type = "regression"
task_types = {task: task_type for task in tasks}
input_file = "example.csv"
train_dataset, valid_dataset, _, output_transformers, = \
self._featurize_train_test_split(
splittype, compound_featurizers,
complex_featurizers, input_transformer_classes,
output_transformer_classes, input_file, tasks)
params_dict = {
"n_estimators": [10, 100],
"max_features": ["auto"],
"data_shape": train_dataset.get_data_shape()
After Change
train_dataset, valid_dataset, test_dataset = splitter.train_valid_test_split(
dataset, self.train_dir, self.valid_dir, self.test_dir)
input_transformers = []
output_transformers = [
NormalizationTransformer(transform_y=True, dataset=train_dataset)]
transformers = input_transformers + output_transformers
for dataset in [train_dataset, test_dataset]:
for transformer in transformers:
transformer.transform(dataset)
params_dict = {
"n_estimators": [10, 100],
"max_features": ["auto"],
"data_shape": train_dataset.get_data_shape()


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Safari! Enjoy panoramic views of a three-acre re-created African savanna. See zebra, giraffe, kudu, warthog, impala, Soemmerring's gazelles and even an ostrich roaming the grasslands. African elephants make the picture-perfect view complete. Look far to the right and see African lions lazing in their exhibit.
As you travel through the African area of the zoo, you’ll meet up with a mob of mischievous meerkats and a group of black-footed penguins. A large troop of Colobus monkeys share their habitat with bongos and yellow-backed duikers. Of course, Africa isn’t complete without seeing the world's fastest land mammal – the cheetah.


Class: Aws::EKS::Types::CreateNodegroupRequest
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb |
Overview
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#ami_type ⇒ String
rw
The AMI type for your node group.
-
#capacity_type ⇒ String
rw
The capacity type for your node group.
-
#client_request_token ⇒ String
rw
Unique, case-sensitive identifier that you provide to ensure the idempotency of the request.
-
#cluster_name ⇒ String
rw
The name of the cluster to create the node group in.
-
#disk_size ⇒ Integer
rw
The root device disk size (in GiB) for your node group instances.
-
#instance_types ⇒ Array<String>
rw
Specify the instance types for a node group.
-
#labels ⇒ Hash<String,String>
rw
The Kubernetes labels to be applied to the nodes in the node group when they are created.
-
#launch_template ⇒ Types::LaunchTemplateSpecification
rw
An object representing a node group's launch template specification.
-
#node_role ⇒ String
rw
The Amazon
::Aws::EKS::Resource
Name (ARN) of the::Aws::IAM
role to associate with your node group. -
#nodegroup_name ⇒ String
rw
The unique name to give your node group.
-
#release_version ⇒ String
rw
The AMI version of the Amazon EKS optimized AMI to use with your node group.
-
#remote_access ⇒ Types::RemoteAccessConfig
rw
The remote access configuration to use with your node group.
-
#scaling_config ⇒ Types::NodegroupScalingConfig
rw
The scaling configuration details for the Auto Scaling group that is created for your node group.
-
#subnets ⇒ Array<String>
rw
The subnets to use for the Auto Scaling group that is created for your node group.
-
#tags ⇒ Hash<String,String>
rw
The metadata to apply to the node group to assist with categorization and organization.
-
#taints ⇒ Array<Types::Taint>
rw
The Kubernetes taints to be applied to the nodes in the node group.
-
#update_config ⇒ Types::NodegroupUpdateConfig
rw
The node group update configuration.
-
#version ⇒ String
rw
The Kubernetes version to use for your managed nodes.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#ami_type ⇒ String
(rw)
The AMI type for your node group. If you specify launchTemplate
,
and your launch template uses a custom AMI, then don't specify
amiType
, or the node group deployment will fail. If your launch
template uses a Windows custom AMI, then add
eks:kube-proxy-windows
to your Windows nodes rolearn
in the
aws-auth
ConfigMap
. For more information about using launch
templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template support in the
Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#capacity_type ⇒ String
(rw)
The capacity type for your node group.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#client_request_token ⇒ String
(rw)
Unique, case-sensitive identifier that you provide to ensure the idempotency of the request.
A suitable default value is auto-generated. You should normally not need to pass this option.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#cluster_name ⇒ String
(rw)
The name of the cluster to create the node group in.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#disk_size ⇒ Integer
(rw)
The root device disk size (in GiB) for your node group instances.
The default disk size is 20 GiB for Linux and Bottlerocket. The
default disk size is 50 GiB for Windows. If you specify
launchTemplate
, then don't specify diskSize
, or the node group
deployment will fail. For more information about using launch
templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template support in the
Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#instance_types ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
Specify the instance types for a node group. If you specify a GPU
instance type, make sure to also specify an applicable GPU AMI type
with the amiType
parameter. If you specify launchTemplate
, then
you can specify zero or one instance type in your launch template
or you can specify 0-20 instance types for instanceTypes
. If
however, you specify an instance type in your launch template and
specify any instanceTypes
, the node group deployment will fail. If
you don't specify an instance type in a launch template or for
instanceTypes
, then t3.medium
is used, by default. If you
specify Spot
for capacityType
, then we recommend specifying
multiple values for instanceTypes
. For more information, see
Managed node group capacity types and Launch template
support in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#labels ⇒ Hash
<String
,String
> (rw)
The Kubernetes labels to be applied to the nodes in the node group when they are created.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#launch_template ⇒ Types::LaunchTemplateSpecification (rw)
An object representing a node group's launch template
specification. If specified, then do not specify instanceTypes
,
diskSize
, or remoteAccess
and make sure that the launch template
meets the requirements in launchTemplateSpecification
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#node_role ⇒ String
(rw)
The Amazon ::Aws::EKS::Resource
Name (ARN) of the ::Aws::IAM
role to associate with
your node group. The Amazon ::Aws::EKS
worker node kubelet
daemon makes
calls to Amazon Web Services APIs on your behalf. Nodes receive
permissions for these API calls through an ::Aws::IAM
instance profile and
associated policies. Before you can launch nodes and register them
into a cluster, you must create an ::Aws::IAM
role for those nodes to use
when they are launched. For more information, see Amazon ::Aws::EKS
node
::Aws::IAM
role in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide . If you
specify launchTemplate
, then don't specify IamInstanceProfile
in your launch template, or the node group deployment will
fail. For more information about using launch templates with Amazon
::Aws::EKS
, see Launch template support in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User
Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#nodegroup_name ⇒ String
(rw)
The unique name to give your node group.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#release_version ⇒ String
(rw)
The AMI version of the Amazon EKS optimized AMI to use with your
node group. By default, the latest available AMI version for the
node group's current Kubernetes version is used. For information
about Linux versions, see Amazon ::Aws::EKS
optimized Amazon Linux AMI
versions in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide. Amazon EKS managed node
groups support the November 2022 and later releases of the Windows
AMIs. For information about Windows versions, see Amazon ::Aws::EKS
optimized Windows AMI versions in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
If you specify launchTemplate
, and your launch template uses a
custom AMI, then don't specify releaseVersion
, or the node group
deployment will fail. For more information about using launch
templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template support in the
Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#remote_access ⇒ Types::RemoteAccessConfig (rw)
The remote access configuration to use with your node group. For
Linux, the protocol is SSH. For Windows, the protocol is RDP. If you
specify launchTemplate
, then don't specify remoteAccess
, or the
node group deployment will fail. For more information about using
launch templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template support
in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#scaling_config ⇒ Types::NodegroupScalingConfig (rw)
The scaling configuration details for the Auto Scaling group that is created for your node group.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#subnets ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
The subnets to use for the Auto Scaling group that is created for
your node group. If you specify launchTemplate
, then don't
specify SubnetId
in your launch template, or the node group
deployment will fail. For more information about using launch
templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template support in the
Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#tags ⇒ Hash
<String
,String
> (rw)
The metadata to apply to the node group to assist with categorization and organization. Each tag consists of a key and an optional value. You define both. Node group tags do not propagate to any other resources associated with the node group, such as the Amazon EC2 instances or subnets.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#taints ⇒ Array
<Types::Taint> (rw)
The Kubernetes taints to be applied to the nodes in the node group. For more information, see Node taints on managed node groups.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#update_config ⇒ Types::NodegroupUpdateConfig (rw)
The node group update configuration.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#version ⇒ String
(rw)
The Kubernetes version to use for your managed nodes. By default,
the Kubernetes version of the cluster is used, and this is the only
accepted specified value. If you specify launchTemplate
, and your
launch template uses a custom AMI, then don't specify version
, or
the node group deployment will fail. For more information about
using launch templates with Amazon EKS, see Launch template
support in the Amazon ::Aws::EKS
User Guide.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-eks/lib/aws-sdk-eks/types.rb', line 1226
class CreateNodegroupRequest < Struct.new( :cluster_name, :nodegroup_name, :scaling_config, :disk_size, :subnets, :instance_types, :ami_type, :remote_access, :node_role, :labels, :taints, :, :client_request_token, :launch_template, :update_config, :capacity_type, :version, :release_version) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


This package contains both a Lepcha keyboard.
There are a number of Lepcha fonts available, including:
More information at: http://scripts.sil.org/Mingzat


Contains utility functions that may be useful outside of the instance code.
- Source:
Methods
(static) decrypt_and_sign(cipher_text, decryption_secret_key, signing_public_key) → {number/string}
Decrypts and checks the signature of the given cipher text.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
cipher_text |
object | the cipher text to decrypt, includes two properties: 'cipher' and 'nonce'. |
decryption_secret_key |
Uint8Array | the secret key to decrypt with. |
signing_public_key |
Uint8Array | ascii-armored public key to verify against signature. |
- Source:
Throws:
error if signature or nonce was forged/incorrect.
Returns:
the decrypted message if the signature was correct, the decrypted message type should
the type of operation, such that the returned value has the appropriate type and does
not need any type modifications.
- Type
- number/string
(static) encrypt_and_sign(message, encryption_public_key, signing_private_key) → {object}
Encrypts and signs the given message.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
message |
number/string | the message to encrypt. |
encryption_public_key |
Uint8Array | ascii-armored public key to encrypt with. |
signing_private_key |
Uint8Array | the private key of the encrypting party to sign with. |
- Source:
Returns:
the signed cipher, includes two properties: 'cipher' and 'nonce'.
- Type
- object


I wrote a Markdown extension which provides tags that define basic layout. Your blog's template ultimately defines the layout. Most templates include layout.css which provides these features.
{<<} This line sits in the left margin of the page
You can including multiple lines inside the same layout tag by indenting them.
This line sits in the default position.
| The tag… | should make its contents... | by applying this CSS class… |
|---|---|---|
{<<} |
extend into the left margin | wide left |
{>>} |
extend into the right margin | wide right |
{<>} |
extend into both margins | wide |
{>} |
float right inside the page | right inside |
{<} |
float left inside the page | left inside |
{|<} |
hang in the right margin | right margin |
{>|} |
hang in the left margin | left margin |
{||} |
sit inside a 1/2 width column | two column |
{|||} |
sit inside a 1/3 width column | three column |
{||||} |
sit inside a 1/4 width column | four column |


Hello! My name is Liam, welcome to my portfolio! I'm originally from New York and currently reside in San Francsico, CA. I've worked in the fitness indusrty for the last 5 1/2 years both in NY and CA. While majority of my background is in fitness I developed a new found interest in web development. Flash forward, I'm currently enrolled in a 12-week, full-time development course at UC Berkeley.
One of the many reasons I decided to pursue becoming a web developer was because after COVID-19 hit I had to reevaulte what the rest of my life was going to look like. Web development has been something I’ve wanted to study and do for a long time and I’m finally able to take advantage of this opportunity. Please enjoy, click around and dive into the projects I've worked on!


CMS development is taken place in ruby on rails short for ROR which is one of the most reknown work platform for the web development and its working.
Ruby is developed by the Yokihama Mitsomato short for
Rails was developed by David Hassenberg in 2004. He get idea from Java Web Development Platform which is hard to implement but Rails is easy to use and use to host, due to this reason its popularity is growing exponentially, Rails have other feauture as well, most renown is DRY which means Don't Repeat Yourself


%UseLnInsteadOfLog
%UseBracketForIntervals
xTwoCF=RandomInteger{}((-4,-1),(1,4));
xyCF=RandomInteger{}((-4,-1),(1,4));
yTwoCF=RandomInteger{}(-2,-2);
xCFOne=RandomInteger{}((-5,-1),(1,5)) ;
yCFOne=RandomInteger{}((-5,-1),(1,5)) ;
leftSideOne=xCFOne* x + yCFOne y ;
leftSideTwo=xTwoCF x^2 + x y xyCF + yTwoCF y^2;
xOne= RandomInteger{}(-5,5);
yOne=RandomInteger{}((-5,-1),(1,5));
rightSideOne=(x=xOne; y=yOne; leftSideOne)_3;
rightSideTwo=(x=xOne; y=yOne; leftSideTwo)_3;
xSols= (y= (rightSideOne-xCFOne x )/ yCFOne; SolveFor(x,Polynomialize( leftSideTwo-rightSideTwo)))_2;
xTwo=if (xOne==xSols_1, xSols_2, xSols_1);
yTwo= (x=xTwo ; (rightSideOne-xCFOne x )/ yCFOne)_2;
1/(xOne-xTwo);
Solve the polynomial system.
\(
\left|
\begin{array}{rcl}
leftSideOne
&=&
rightSideOne
\\
leftSideTwo
&=&
rightSideTwo
\end{array}
\right.
\)
- Please enter your answer in the format
\(
{\color{red}{\mathbf{(\right.}}}
x=a
{\color{red}{\mathbf,}}
y=b{\color{red}{\mathbf{\left.)}}} or
{\color{red}{\mathbf{(\right.}}}x=c{\color{red}{\mathbf,}}y=d{\color{red}{\mathbf{\left.)}}}\).
- Do not forget to put the parenthesis and punctuation marked in red.
Answer:
(a=MatchesPattern{}( AlgebraAnswer, (x={{b}}, y={{c}}) or (x={{g}}, y={{h}}));
if (a==0, 0,
( a;
(b==xOne and c==yOne and g==xTwo and h==yTwo) or
(g==xOne and h==yOne and b==xTwo and c==yTwo)
)_2
)
)_2
if (MatchesPattern{}( AlgebraAnswer, (x={{b}}, y={{d}}) or (x={{g}}, y={{j}}))==0,
"Your answer does not match the pattern \((x=a, y=b)\\ or\\ (x=c, y=d)\).
Please do not forget the comma, the parenthesis, and the ``or'' expression.
We also request that you list \(x\) before \(y). "
,
"");
( MatchesPattern{}( AlgebraAnswer, (x={{b}}, y={{c}}) or (x={{g}}, y={{h}}));
if ( IsConstant{}(b) and IsConstant{}(c) and IsConstant{}(g) and IsConstant{}(h),
if(
(x=b; y=c; leftSideOne)_3==rightSideOne,
"",
"
When I substituted your first answer in the first equation I got \\("+
ToString ( (x=b; y=c; leftSideOne)_3) + "\\) which is not equal to "+ ToString(rightSideOne)
)+
if(
(x=b; y=c; leftSideTwo)_3==rightSideTwo,
"",
"
When I substituted your first answer in the second equation I got \\("+
ToString ( (x=b; y=c; leftSideTwo)_3) + "\\) which is not equal to "+ ToString(rightSideTwo)
)+
if(
(x=g; y=h; leftSideOne)_3==rightSideOne,
"",
"
When I substituted your second answer in the first equation I got \\("+
ToString ( (x=h; y=g; leftSideOne)_3) + "\\) which is not equal to "+ ToString(rightSideOne)
)+
if(
(x=g; y=h; leftSideTwo)_3==rightSideTwo,
"",
"
When I substituted your second answer in the second equation I got \\("+
ToString ( (x=g; y=h; leftSideTwo)_3) + "\\) which is not equal to "+ ToString(rightSideTwo)
)
,
"
Could not get constants from the values of \(x\) and \(y\). "
)
)_2
(x=xOne, y=yOne) or (x=xTwo, y=yTwo)


Making your events more colourful
We provide the best colletion of Outfits with awesome offers & discounts .
Best Outfits at Best Discount. Hurry Up!....
Know More


|
Post Capitalist Society |
|
|
|
Peter
F Drucker Introduction The basic economic resource, the means of production, is no longer capital, natural resources or labour but knowledge. Value is now created by “productivity” and “innovation,” both applications of knowledge to work. The leading social group of the emerging society will be knowledge workers who know how to allocate knowledge to productive use. Most of these knowledge people will be employees of organizations. But, unlike the employees under capitalism, they will own both the “means of production” and the “tools of production”. They will have stakes in pension funds, which are rapidly emerging in all developed countries as the only real owners. They will also own their knowledge and can take it with them wherever they go. The economic challenge of the capitalist society will therefore be the productivity of knowledge worker. From capitalism to knowledge society During the period 1750 to 1900, capitalism and technology conquered the globe and created a world civilization. This transformation was driven by a radical change in the meaning of knowledge. In both West and East, knowledge had always been seen applying to being. Then, almost overnight, it came to be applied to doing. Knowledge had always been a private good. Almost overnight it became a public good. For a hundred years – during the first phase, knowledge was applied to tools, processes, products. This created the Industrial Revolution. In its second phase, beginning around 1880 and culminating around the end of World War II, knowledge in its new meaning came to be applied to work. This ushered in the productivity revolution, which in 75 years converted the proletarian into a middle-class with high income levels and defeated class war and Communism. The last phase began after World War II. Today, knowledge is being applied to knowledge itself. Knowledge is now fast becoming the most important factor of production. There is one critical element, without which capitalism and technical advance could not possibly have turned into a social and worldwide pandemic. That is the radical change in the meaning of knowledge that occurred in Europe around the year 1700, or shortly thereafter. Socrates, held that the sole function of knowledge was self-knowledge: the intellectual, moral, and spiritual growth of the person. For Protagoras, knowledge was to make the holder effective by enabling him to know what to say and how to say it. For Protagoras, knowledge meant logic, grammar, and rhetoric. In the East, there were pretty much the same two theories of knowledge. Knowledge for the Confucian meant knowing what to say and how to say it as the route to advancement and earthly success. Knowledge for the Taoist and the Zen monk meant self-knowledge, and the road to enlightenment and wisdom. But while the two sides thus sharply disagreed about what knowledge actually meant, they were in total agreement as to what it did not mean. It did not mean ability to do. It did not mean utility. But today, the value of knowledge is judged by what it can do. Far too few people realize that the application of knowledge to work created developed economies by setting off the productivity explosion of the last hundred years. Technologists give the credit to machines, economists to capital investment. Yet both were plentiful in the first hundred years of the capitalist age, before 1880, as they have been since. With respect to technology or to capital, the second hundred years differed very little from the first one hundred. But there was absolutely no increase in worker productivity during the first hundred years - and consequently very little increase in workers’ real incomes or any decrease in their working hours. What made the second hundred years so critically different can only be explained as the result of applying knowledge to work. But by the early 1950s, the definition of a manager had already changed to one who “is responsible for the performance of people.” Today, the right definition of a manager is one who is “is responsible for the application and performance of knowledge.” Knowledge is now the essential resource. Land, labor, and capital are restraints. With them, even knowledge cannot produce; without them, even management cannot perform. But where there is effective application of knowledge to knowledge, other resources can always be mobilized. That
knowledge has become the resource, rather than a resource, is what makes
our society “post-capitalist.” It has changed the structure of
society. It has created new
social and economic dynamics and new politics. Labor,
capital and their future To maintain and strengthen a country’s manufacturing base and to ensure that it remains competitive surely deserves high priority. But this means accepting that manual labor in making and moving things is rapidly becoming a liability rather than an asset. Knowledge has become the key resource for all work. Creating traditional manufacturing jobs is at best a short-lived expedient. It may actually make things worse. The only long term policy which promises success is for developed countries to convert manufacturing from being labor based into being knowledge based. Instead of being managed “in the best balanced interests of stakeholders,” corporations are now being managed exclusively to “maximize shareholder’s value”. This forces the corporation to be managed for the shortest term and damaging the wealth-producing capacity of the business. It means decline, and fairly swift decline. Long-term results cannot be achieved by piling short-term results on short-term and long term needs and objectives. Moreover, managing a business exclusively for the shareholders alienates the very people on whose motivation and dedication the modern business depends: the knowledge workers. In an economy of change and innovation, there is no such thing as “profit.” There are only costs: costs of the past and costs of an uncertain future. And the minimum financial return from the operations of the past that is adequate to the costs of the future is the cost of capital. An investor can always sell his holdings. But the holdings of large pension funds are so big that they simply cannot be sold. The only market for them is other pension funds. Pension funds, in other words, can neither manage a business nor walk away from it. They have to make sure that the business is being managed. Organizing
for higher productivity Unless developed countries learn how to increase the productivity of knowledge workers and service workers, they will face economic stagnation and severe social tension. People can only get paid in accordance with their productivity. It is productivity which creates the pool of wealth from which wages and salaries are then paid. If productivity does not go up, higher real incomes cannot be paid. In the work on productivity in making and moving things, the task is given and determined. In knowledge work, the machine serves the worker. The task is not given; it has to be determined. In knowledge work, we have to decide how the work should be organized. What kind of human team is appropriate for this kind of work and its flow? Drucker makes his point on teams, with examples from sports. The first kind of team is exemplified by the baseball or cricket team; it is also the kind of team that operates on a patient in the hospital. In this team, players are part of the team but they do not play as a team. But because all players occupy fixed positions, they can be given specific tasks of their own, can be measured by performance scores for each task, can be trained for each task. It is by no means accidental that it in both baseball and cricket there are statistics on every player, going back for decades. The surgical team in the hospital functions much the same way. For repetitive tasks and for work in which the rules are well known, the baseball team is the ideal. And it was this model on which modern mass production was organized. The second type of team is the soccer team. It is also the team concept on which the symphony orchestra is organized, and the model for the hospital team that rallies around the patient who goes into cardiac arrest early morning. This team requires a conductor or a coach. And the word of the conductor or coach is law. It also requires a “score.” And it requires endless rehearsals to work well. But, unlike the baseball team, it has great flexibility, if the score is clear and if the team is well led. And it can move very fast. Finally, there is the doubles tennis team, which Drucker feels is the strongest team of all. Its total performance is greater than the sum of the individual performances of its members, for this team uses the strength of each member while minimizing the weaknesses of each. But this team requires enormous self-discipline. The members have to work together for a long time before they actually function as a “team.” These three types of teams cannot be mixed. And to change from one team to another is exceedingly difficult and painful. The change cuts across old, long-established, and cherished human relationships. Yet any major change in the nature of the work, its tools, its flow, and its end product may require changing the team. In machine-paced work, the worker is servant to the machine. In knowledge work the machine (if any) is a servant to the worker. Productivity requires the elimination of whatever activities do not contribute to performance. They sidetrack and divert from performance. Eliminating such work may be the single biggest step toward greater productivity in knowledge work. Knowledge workers should always be asked: “Is this work necessary to your main task? Does it contribute to your performance? Does it help you do your own job?” And if the answer is no, the procedure or operation must either be dropped altogether or engineered into a job of its own. Defining performance; determining the appropriate work flow; setting up the right team; and concentrating on work and achievement are prerequisites for productivity in knowledge work and service work. Only when they have been done can we begin the work on making the individual job productive. Productivity in knowledge work demands that we build continuous learning into the job and into the organization. Knowledge demands continuous learning because it is constantly changing. The best way for people to learn how to be more productive is for them to teach. To obtain improvement in productivity, the organization has to become both a learning and a teaching organization. The structure of the post-capitalist society will be different from either the earlier capitalist or the socialist society. There, organizations tried to handle all activities. Organizations of the post-capitalist society, by contrast, will concentrate on their core tasks. For the rest, they will work with other organizations in a bewildering variety of alliances and partnerships. If capitalist and socialist societies were, “crystalline” in their structure, post-capitalist society is more likely to resemble a liquid. An
organization’s responsibilities Organizations must understand the point at which exercising their function ceases to be legitimate. They have to take “social responsibility.” Yet they must do so responsibly, within the limits of their competence, and without endangering their performance capacity. Organizations can only harm themselves and the society if they tackle tasks that are beyond their specialized competence, their specialized values, their specialized functions. Economic performance is the first responsibility of a business. A business that does not show a profit at least equal to its cost of capital is socially irresponsible. It wastes society’s resources. Economic performance is the basis. Without it a business cannot be a good employer or a good citizen or a good neighbor. Power must always be balanced by responsibility; otherwise it becomes tyranny. Without responsibility, power always degenerates into non-performance. And organizations do have power, albeit only social power. But economic performance is not the sole responsibility of a business. An organization has full social responsibility for its impact on community and society, for the effluents it discharges into a local river, for example, or the traffic jam its work schedules create on the city streets. But these are responsibilities that if not discharged, would seriously impede its capacity to perform its main task and mission. But where an organization has no competence, it has no responsibility. In fact, nothing is as damaging to an organization as an attempt at political power. It always ends in disaster. A good example is the British East India Company. No organization must be allowed power unless it is absolutely necessary to the discharge of its function. Anything beyond this must be viewed as usurpation. Also the exercise of the organization’s legitimate power must be safeguarded against the abuse of power. There must be clear and public rules for its exercise, and there must be review and appeal to some person or some tribunal that is impartial and not part of the problem. There must be what lawyers call “due process.” But the most important answer to the problem of the power of the organization is conversion from a power-based to a responsibility-based organization. It is the only answer, that fits the knowledge organization. The old-type organization assumed that the superior knew what the subordinate was doing, for the superior, only a few years earlier, had occupied the subordinate’s position. The knowledge-based organization, by contrast, has to assume that superiors do not know the job of their subordinates because they may have never held their subordinates’ jobs. The knowledge-based organization therefore requires that everyone takes responsibility for the organization’s objectives, contribution, and, indeed, for its behaviour as well. This implies that all members of the organization must think through their objectives and their contributions, and then take responsibility for both. It implies that there are no “subordinates”; there are only “associates.” In the knowledge-based organization all members have to be able to control their own work by feedback from their results to their objectives. They must ask themselves: “What is the one major contribution to this organization and its mission which I can make at this particular time?” They must act as responsible decision makers. The task of management in the knowledge-based organization is not to make everybody a boss. It is to make everybody a contributor. From
nation-state to megastate The nation-state arose as a response to transnational drives. But the nation-state of 1970, a century later, bore little resemblance to earlier nation-states. It had mutuated into the Megastate. The nation state was designed to be the guardian of civil society. The Megastate became its master. And in its extreme, totalitarian form, it replaced civil society completely. The nation state was designed to protect both the citizen’s life and liberty and the citizen’s property against arbitrary acts of the sovereign. The Megastate, even in its least extreme, considers a citizen’s property to be held only at the discretion of the tax collector. Beginning in the 1870s, regulation of business – banking, railways, electric power, telephones – was gradually established in the U S. Such government regulation was clearly seen from the beginning as a “third way” between “unfettered” Capitalism and Socialism, and as a response to the tensions and problems created by the rapid spread of capitalism and technology. Until World War I, no government in history was ever able - even in wartime – to obtain from its people more than a very small fraction of the country’s national income, perhaps 5 or 6 percent. But in World War I every belligerent nation, even the poorest, found that there was practically no limit to what government could squeeze out of the population. The Great Depression gave rise to the belief that the national government is - and should be in control of the economic weather. By 1960, the Megastate had become a political reality in developed countries in all its aspects: as social agency; as master of the economy; as fiscal state; and in many countries as a Cold War State. It had become the accepted doctrine in all developed Western countries that government is the appropriate agent for all social problems and all social tasks. In fact, nongovernmental, private activity in the social sphere became suspect. In the United States, government became the actual doer in the social sphere, especially in the attempt to change human behaviour in a multi-racial society by government action. According to Drucker, the one exception is Japan. The Japanese after World War II did not adopt the Cold War State. Their government did not try to become master of the economy. It did not try to become master of society. Rather, it rebuilt itself after its shattering defeat on what in effect were traditional nineteenth-century lines. The Megastate has not been successful in bringing about a meaningful redistribution of income. In fact, the past forty years have amply confirmed Pareto’s Law, according to which income distribution between major classes in society is determined only by two factors - the culture of the society, and the level of productivity within the economy. The more productive an economy, the greater the equality of income; the less productive, the greater the inequality of income. As long as governments have been around, the budget process has begun with an assessment of the available revenues. Expenditures then had to be fitted to these revenues. But since World War I, the budgeting process has meant, in effect, saying yes to everything. If budget making starts with expenditures, there is no fiscal discipline; government spending becomes the means for politicians to buy votes. Democratic government rests on the belief that the first job of elected representatives is to defend their constituents against rapacious government. The Megastate challenges this belief. The elected representatives fleece their constituents to enrich special-interest groups and thereby to buy their votes. Joseph Schumpeter warned in 1918 that the fiscal state would in the end undermine the government’s ability to govern. 15 years later, Keynes hailed the fiscal state as the great liberator, Without restraints on spending, Keynes felt government in the fiscal state could govern effectively. Clearly Schumpeter, not Keynes was right. The Megastate has been somewhat more successful in the social sphere than in the economic one. But even here, it has not even earned a passing grade. It is time to acknowledge that government can set the rules, set the standards and provide. But government must stop being a doer and manager in the social sphere and confine itself to being the policy maker. This means there is a need to contract out. None of the U.S. programs of the last forty years in which we tried to tackle social problems through government action has produced significant results. But independent non-profit agencies have shown impressive results. Citizenship is the willingness to contribute to one’s country. It means the willingness to live – rather than to die – for one’s country. To restore citizenship is a central requirement of the post-capitalist polity. Every developed country needs an autonomous, self-governing social sector of community organizations. Historically, community was fate. In the post-capitalist society and polity, community has to become commitment. The weapons of modern warfare can no longer be produced in facilities that also produce the goods needed for peacetime. They cannot be produced by converting civilian facilities to wartime production as was done during World War II. The facilities that produce the weapons of modern warfare have to be built long before there is a war or even the threat of one. As a result, the Cold War State has become economically self-destructive. The Soviet Union, as we have seen, succeeded in building an exceedingly powerful military force. But the burden this military force imposed became so intolerably heavy that it played a major part in the collapse of Soviet economy and Soviet society. A nation that spends in peacetime more than 2 or 2.5 percent of its GNP on armaments cannot expect for very long to remain competitive in the world economy. It will be under increasing inflationary pressure. In fact, it should not even be considered creditworthy. Transnationalism,
regionalism, and tribalism Since the 1970s, the nation-state has begun to come apart. In crucial areas, “sovereignty” has lost all meaning. Many of the new challenges simply cannot be dealt with by national or even international action. They require transnational agencies. Increasingly, regionalism is also sidelining the nation-state. And internally, the nation-state is being undermined by tribalism. Control over money was at the very centre of what came to be called “sovereignty.” But today money has gone transnational. It cannot be controlled any longer by nation states, not even by their acting together. No central bank any longer controls money flows. It can try to influence them by raising or lowering interest rates. In the flow of money, political factors are increasingly becoming as important as interest rates. The amount of money traded every day on the transnational markets so greatly exceeds anything needed to finance national and international transactions that the flows escape any attempt to control or limit them, let alone manage them. When the mass media emerged in this century, control of information was at once seen as essential by the new practitioners of national sovereignty, the totalitarians. Today, information is as much transnational as money. There are no national boundaries any more for information. The decreasing inability of the most absolute regime in history to control access to information was a major factor in the collapse of Communism and the Soviet Empire. Rethinking the role of
government If one were to rank the policies of the Megastate in order of their futility, military aid would surely be at the top of the things that have never worked, and therefore first on the list of things to abandon. To support a country that is under attack by a powerful enemy is one thing. But military aid to “friendly” regimes is extortion money. It only increases the extortionist’s appetite. And the oft-invoked need to maintain a “military balance” in a region is pure sham. In no instance during the last forty years has military aid stabilized a region. Military aid has only stepped up the arms race. The economic performances of Japan and Germany during the past forty years both teach the same lesson. Countries should focus on the economic “climate” rather than the economic “weather.” The aim of economic policies must be to make the patient healthy to keep the patient healthy. It must be to create an economic environment in which the economy can grow; acquire resistance to infection, injury, and disease; acquire the ability to adapt and to change rapidly; and stay competitive. Creating the right climate is not the same thing as keeping taxes low. The contention of the supply-side economists that low taxes by themselves guarantee economic health and growth has not been proven. The proper aim of fiscal policy has to be the encouragement of investment in knowledge and in human resources, in productive facilities in business, and in infrastructure. Understanding the knowledge economy The industries that have moved into the center of the economy in the last forty years have as their business the production and distribution of knowledge and information, rather than the production and distribution of things. In fact, whichever traditional industries managed to grow during the past forty years did so because they restructured themselves around knowledge and information. It is no longer possible to make huge profits by doing or moving things. Increasingly, there is less and less return on the traditional resources: labor, land and (money) capital. The main producers of wealth have become information and knowledge. The knowledge-based economy does not behave the way existing theory assumes an economy to behave. One of the economists’ basic assumptions is that “perfect competition” is the model for the allocation of resources but also for the distribution of economic rewards. Imperfect competition is common in the “real world.” But it is assumed to be the result of outside interference with the economy, i.e., of monopoly; of patent protection; of government regulation; and so on. But in the knowledge economy, imperfect competition seems to be inherent in the economy itself. Initial advantages gained through early application and exploitation of knowledge become permanent and irreversible. Another traditional assumption has been that an economy is determined either by consumption or by investment. In the knowledge economy, neither seems to be in control. There is little evidence that increased consumption or investment in the economy leads to greater production of knowledge. When it comes to new knowledge, there are three kinds. There is first the continuing improvement of process, product, service; the Japanese, who do it best, call this Kaizen. Then there is exploitation: the continuous exploitation of existing knowledge to develop new and different products, processes, and services. Finally, there is genuine innovation. These three ways of applying knowledge to produce change in the economy and in society need to be worked at together and at the same time. They are all equally necessary. But their economic characteristics – their costs as well as their economic impacts are qualitatively different. Knowledge formation is already the largest investment in every developed country. The return which a country or a company gets on knowledge has become increasingly a determining factor in its competitiveness. Increasingly, productivity of knowledge will be decisive in its economic and social success, and in its entire economic performance. And we know that there are tremendous differences in the productivity of knowledge across countries, across industries and across organizations. Making knowledge productive involves systematic, organized application of knowledge to knowledge. Knowledge has to aim high to produce results. The steps may be small and incremental but the goal must be ambitious. Knowledge is productive only if it is applied to make a difference. Making knowledge productive further requires that it be clearly focused. It has to be highly concentrated. Whether done by an individual or by a team, the knowledge effort requires purpose and organization. It is not a “flash of genius.” It is hard work. To make knowledge productive also requires the systematic exploitation of opportunities for change. These opportunities have to be matched with the competences and strengths of the knowledge worker and the knowledge team. To make knowledge productive also requires managing time. High knowledge productivity comes at the end of a long gestation period. Yet productivity of knowledge also requires a constant stream of short-term results. It thus requires balancing the long term with the short term. Drucker also emphasizes the learning-doing gap. Most of us know many times more than we put to use. The main reason is that we do not mobilize the multiple knowledge we possess. We do not use knowledges as part of one toolbox. Instead of asking: “What do I know, what have I learned, that might apply to this task?” we tend to classify tasks in terms of specialized knowledge areas. Specialization in knowledge has given us enormous performance potential in each area. But because knowledge has become so specialized, we need also a process to turn this potential into performance. Otherwise, most of the available knowledge will not become productive; it will remain mere information. The role of educational institutions In the West, the school underwent an earlier technological revolution several hundred years ago, brought about by the printed book. This earlier revolution holds important lessons for today. Embracing the new technology of learning and teaching is a prerequisite for national and cultural success and equally for economic competitiveness. The West moved into leadership throughout the world between 1500 and 1650 in large measures because it reorganized its schools around the new technology of the printed book. On the other hand, the refusal of China and Islam to accept the printed book was a major factor in their decline. Both used printing – the Chinese had done so for centuries. But both kept the printed book out of their schools; both rejected it as a learning and technical tool. The Islamic clergy stuck to rote learning. They saw in the printed book a threat to their authority precisely because it enabled students to read on their own. In China, too, the Confucian scholars rejected the printed book in favor of calligraphy. The printed book was incompatible with a key tenet of Chinese culture: mastery of calligraphy was necessary for rulership. The earlier revolution offers an important lesson: Technology itself matters less than the changes which it triggers in substance, content, and focus of schooling and school. These changes in substance, content, and focus are what really matter. They are effective even if there is only a minimum of change in the technology of learning and teaching. The achievement that motivates is doing exceptionally well what one is already good at. Achievement has to be based on the student’s strengths as has been known for millennia by every teacher of artists, every coach of athletes, every mentor. In fact, finding the student’s strengths and focusing them on achievement is the best definition of both teacher and teaching. Continuing education is now a social necessity. Individuals must be able at any stage in their lives to continue their formal education and to qualify for knowledge work. Society needs to be willing to accept people into whatever work they are qualified for, regardless of their age. School, as has been said before, has traditionally been where one learns. The office or factory has been where one works. Increasingly, the line will become blurred. The school will be the place where adults continue learning even though they are working full time. They will come back to school for part time courses. Schools will no longer be monopolists. In many areas, schools will only be only one of several available teaching and learning institutions, in competition with other purveyors of teaching and learning. Indeed, no other institution faces challenges as radical as those that will transform the school. The school will have to commit itself to results. It will have to establish its “bottom line,” the performance for which it should be held responsible and for which it is being paid. The school will finally become accountable. The
educated person In the knowledge society into which we are moving, individuals are central. Knowledge is not impersonal, like money. Knowledge does not reside in a book, a databank, a software program. Knowledge is always embodied in person; carried by a person; created, augmented, or improved by a person; applied by a person; taught and passed on by a person; used or misused by a person. The shift to the knowledge society therefore puts the person in the center. In so doing, it raises new challenges, new issues, new and quite unprecedented questions about the knowledge society’s representative, the educated person. Post capitalist society needs the educated person even more than any earlier society did. Access to the great heritage of the past will have to be an essential element. But this heritage will embrace a good deal more than the civilization that is still mainly Western, the Judeo-Christian tradition, for which the Humanists are fighting. The educated person we need will have to be able to appreciate other cultures and traditions: the great heritage of Chinese, Japanese, Korean paintings and ceramics; the philosophers and religious of the Orient; and Islam, both as a religion and as a culture. The educated person also will have to be far less exclusively “bookish” than the product of the liberal education of the Humanists. Tomorrow’s educated person will have to be prepared for life in a global world. It will be a “Westernized” world, but also increasingly a tribalized world. He or she must become a “citizen of the world” – in vision, horizon, information. But he or she will also have to appreciate the importance and impact of local culture. Concluding notes Individuals see organizations as the means for exploiting their knowledge. Managers see knowledge as a means to achieving the organization’s ends. A good many people in the post-capitalist society will actually live and work in these two cultures at the same time. Many more should be exposed to working experience in both cultures, by rotation early in their careers – from a specialist’s job to a managerial one, for instance, rotating the young computer technician into project manager and team leader, or by asking the young college professor to work part time for two years in university administration. And again, working as “unpaid staff” in an agency of the social sector will give the individual the perspective, the balance to respect both worlds, that of the intellectual and that of the manager. But
what we do need is the ability to understand the various fields of
knowledge. What is each one
about? What is it trying to do? What are its central concerns and
theories? What major new insights has it produced? What are its
important areas of ignorance, its problems, its challenges? Without
such understanding, the fields of knowledge themselves will become
sterile, will indeed cease to be “knowledge.”
For the major new insights in every one of the specialized
knowledges arise out of another, separate specialty, out of another
field of the knowledge. There
is no “Queen of the
Knowledges” in the knowledge society.
All knowledges are equally valuable; all knowledges, in the words
of the great medieval saint and philosopher St. Bonaventura, lead
equally to the truth. But
to make them paths to truth, paths to knowledge, has to be the
responsibility of the men and women who own these knowledges.
Collectively, they hold knowledge in trust. |