| addComponentFunction | Perform Colour Component-wise Remapping. |
| addFilterEffect | Creating Filter Effects |
| addMergeNode | Composite image layers together. |
| animate | Convert animation specifications to SVG elements. |
| animateGrob | Animate a grid grob |
| animUnit | Generate a set of animation values. |
| animValue | Generate a set of animation values. |
| as.animUnit | Generate a set of animation values. |
| as.animValue | Generate a set of animation values. |
| clipPath | Create the definition of a non-rectangular clipping path. |
| clipPathGrob | Apply a clipping path to a grid grob. |
| commentGrob | Create a grid grob representing a comment |
| dev.off | gridSVG Graphics Device |
| elementGrob | Create a grid grob representing an SVG element |
| fe | Creating a generic filter effect |
| feBlend | Blend two objects together. |
| feColorMatrix | Apply a matrix transformation on colour values. |
| feComponentTransfer | Perform Colour Component-wise Remapping. |
| feComposite | Combine images using Porter-Duff operations. |
| feConvolveMatrix | Apply a matrix convolution filter effect. |
| feDiffuseLighting | Light an image using the alpha channel as a bump map. |
| feDisplacementMap | Displace pixel values from a filter input. |
| feDistantLight | Create a Distant Light Source |
| feFlood | Create and fill a rectangular region. |
| feGaussianBlur | Apply a Gaussian blur to an image. |
| feImage | Draw a referred image. |
| feMerge | Composite image layers together. |
| feMergeNode | Composite image layers together. |
| feMorphology | "Fatten" or "thin" artwork. |
| feOffset | Offset an input image relative to its current position. |
| fePointLight | Create a Point Light Source |
| feSpecularLighting | Light an image using the alpha channel as a bump map. |
| feSpotLight | Create a Spot Light Source |
| feTile | Fill a rectangle with a tiled pattern of an input image. |
| feTurbulence | Create an image using the Perlin turbulence function. |
| filterEffect | Creating Filter Effects |
| filterGrob | Associate a filter effect with a grid grob. |
| filterInputs | Identifies input for a filter effect primitive. |
| garnish | Convert animation specifications to SVG elements. |
| garnishGrob | Associate arbitrary SVG attributes with a grid grob |
| getSVGFonts | Manage SVG fonts |
| getSVGMappings | Retrieving Viewport, Grob, and Reference Names as SVG IDs, CSS Selectors and XPath Expressions |
| getSVGoption | Get and Set Global Options |
| getSVGoptions | Get and Set Global Options |
| gradientFillGrob | Associate a gradient fill with a grid grob |
| grid.animate | Animate a grid grob |
| grid.clipPath | Apply a clipping path to a grid grob. |
| grid.comment | Create a grid grob representing a comment |
| grid.element | Create a grid grob representing an SVG element |
| grid.export | Generate SVG output from a grid graphic |
| grid.filter | Associate a filter effect with a grid grob. |
| grid.garnish | Associate arbitrary SVG attributes with a grid grob |
| grid.gradientFill | Associate a gradient fill with a grid grob |
| grid.hyperlink | Associate a hyperlink with a grid grob |
| grid.mask | Apply an opacity mask to a grid grob. |
| grid.patternFill | Associate a pattern fill with a grid grob |
| grid.script | Create a grid grob containing an SVG script |
| grid.textNode | Create a grid grob representing an SVG element |
| gridsvg | gridSVG Graphics Device |
| gridSVG.newpage | Move to a New Page on a gridSVG Device |
| gridSVGCoords | Importing an external coordinate system |
| gridSVGMappings | Mapping Viewport, Grob and Reference Names to SVG IDs |
| gridToSVG | Generate SVG output from a grid graphic |
| grobToDev | Convert a grob to device calls |
| hyperlinkGrob | Associate a hyperlink with a grid grob |
| linearGradient | Create Linear and Radial Gradients |
| listSVGDefinitions | List All Reference Definitions |
| mask | Create the definition of an opacity mask. |
| maskGrob | Apply an opacity mask to a grid grob. |
| pattern | Create a definition of a fill pattern. |
| patternFillGrob | Associate a pattern fill with a grid grob |
| popClipPath | Apply a clipping context to the current viewport. |
| popContext | Leaving A Modified Viewport Context |
| popMask | Apply a masking context to the current viewport. |
| primToDev | Convert a grob to device calls |
| pushClipPath | Apply a clipping context to the current viewport. |
| pushMask | Apply a masking context to the current viewport. |
| radialGradient | Create Linear and Radial Gradients |
| readCoordsJS | Importing JavaScript coordinate information. |
| readMappingsJS | Importing JavaScript mapping information. |
| registerClipPath | Create the definition of a non-rectangular clipping path. |
| registerFilter | Create the definition a filter effect. |
| registerGradientFill | Create a definition of a gradient fill. |
| registerMask | Create the definition of an opacity mask. |
| registerPatternFill | Create a definition of a fill pattern. |
| registerPatternFillRef | Create a definition of a fill pattern. |
| scriptGrob | Create a grid grob containing an SVG script |
| setSVGFonts | Manage SVG fonts |
| setSVGoptions | Get and Set Global Options |
| textNodeGrob | Create a grid grob representing an SVG element |
| transferFunction | Perform Colour Component-wise Remapping. |
| viewportConvertDim | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportConvertHeight | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportConvertPos | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportConvertWidth | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportConvertX | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportConvertY | Functions for using an imported coordinate system |
| viewportCreate | Recreate a viewport from imported coordinate information. |


This is my first webpage
How exciting
Yes, that really is exciting.
Warning: level of excitement may cause head to explode.
A simple page put together using HTML
With basic styling in CSS
| These | Dank | Memes |
|---|---|---|
| lel | wow | gusta |
| ayyy lmao | dolan |
The day of beginnings was on .


Landscaping in Contemporary Brazilian Architecture through 15 Projects
- by Victor Delaqua
- about 11 hours
The landscape around the built environment can make all the difference in a project. Natural elements that are integrated into architecture or designed to compose it make a huge difference in the way we experience space. Therefore, designing landscape projects is no simple task. To bring some references for compositions with nature and other elements that help to configure a place, we have gathered fifteen contemporary Brazilian projects that explore simple solutions and the ones that expose the exuberance of the country's tropical flora.


Project Id specifying project to build. The /compile/create
API accepts requests in the following format:
CreateCompileRequest Model - Request to compile a project. |
|
|---|---|
| projectId | integer Project Id we wish to compile. |
| Example |
{ "projectId": 0 } |


Before Change
return kl_divergence
def initialize_variational_dist(self):
if not self.variational_params_initialized.item():
prior_dist = self.prior_distribution
inv_prior_dist = torch.distributions.MultivariateNormal(
prior_dist.mean,
prior_dist.lazy_covariance_matrix.add_jitter()
.evaluate()
.double()
.inverse()
.type_as(prior_dist.covariance_matrix),
)
self.variational_distribution.initialize_variational_distribution(inv_prior_dist)
self.variational_params_initialized.fill_(1)
def forward(self, x):
The :func:`~gpytorch.variational.VariationalStrategy.forward` method determines how to marginalize out the
inducing point function values. Specifically, forward defines how to transform a variational distribution
After Change
return kl_divergence
def initialize_variational_dist(self):
prior_dist = self.prior_distribution
inv_prior_dist = torch.distributions.MultivariateNormal(
prior_dist.mean,
prior_dist.lazy_covariance_matrix.add_jitter()
.evaluate()
.double()
.inverse()
.type_as(prior_dist.covariance_matrix),
)
self.variational_distribution.initialize_variational_distribution(inv_prior_dist)
def forward(self, x):
The :func:`~gpytorch.variational.VariationalStrategy.forward` method determines how to marginalize out the


|
Copyright 2013-01-06 Werner Randelshofer | ||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object java.io.InputStream java.io.FilterInputStream org.monte.media.mp3.MP3ElementaryInputStream
public class MP3ElementaryInputStream
Facilitates reading of an MP3 elementary stream frame by frame.
An MP3 frame has a 32-bit header with the following contents in big endian order:
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3
http://www.datavoyage.com/mpgscript/mpeghdr.htm
http://www.mp3-tech.org/programmer/frame_header.html
http://lame.sourceforge.net/tech-FAQ.txt
http://www.altera.com/literature/dc/1.4-2005_Taiwan_2nd_SouthernTaiwanU-web.pdf
| Nested Class Summary | |
|---|---|
static class |
MP3ElementaryInputStream.Frame
An elementary frame. |
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat.Encoding |
MP3
Defines the "MP3" encoding. |
| Fields inherited from class java.io.FilterInputStream |
|---|
in |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
MP3ElementaryInputStream(java.io.File file)
|
|
MP3ElementaryInputStream(java.io.InputStream in)
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat |
getFormat()
Gets the format of the current frame. |
MP3ElementaryInputStream.Frame |
getFrame()
Returns the current frame. |
MP3ElementaryInputStream.Frame |
getNextFrame()
Gets the next frame from the input stream. |
long |
getStreamPosition()
Returns the current position in the stream. |
int |
read()
Reads a byte from the current frame (its header and its data). |
int |
read(byte[] b,
int off,
int len)
Reads up to len bytes from the current frame (its header and its data). |
void |
readFully(byte[] b)
Reads b.length bytes from the current frame (its header and its data). |
void |
readFully(byte[] b,
int off,
int len)
Reads len bytes from the current frame (its header and its data). |
long |
skip(long n)
Skips up to n bytes from the current frame (its header and its data). |
| Methods inherited from class java.io.FilterInputStream |
|---|
available, close, mark, markSupported, read, reset |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public static final javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat.Encoding MP3
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public MP3ElementaryInputStream(java.io.File file) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public MP3ElementaryInputStream(java.io.InputStream in)
| Method Detail |
|---|
public MP3ElementaryInputStream.Frame getNextFrame() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public MP3ElementaryInputStream.Frame getFrame()
public javax.sound.sampled.AudioFormat getFormat()
public int read() throws java.io.IOException
read
in class java.io.FilterInputStream
java.io.IOException
public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException
len
bytes from the current frame (its header and its data).
May read less then len
bytes. Returns the actual number of bytes read.
Returns -1 on an attempt to read past the end of the frame.
read
in class java.io.FilterInputStream
java.io.IOException
public final void readFully(byte[] b) throws java.io.IOException
b.length
bytes from the current frame (its header and its data).
{@code
- IOException} on an attempt to read past the end of the frame.
java.io.IOException
public final void readFully(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException
len
bytes from the current frame (its header and its data).
{@code
- IOException} on an attempt to read past the end of the frame.
java.io.IOException
public long skip(long n) throws java.io.IOException
n
bytes from the current frame (its header and its data).
Returns the actual number of bytes that have been skipped.
Returns -1 on an attempt to skip past the end of the frame.
skip
in class java.io.FilterInputStream
java.io.IOException
public long getStreamPosition()
|
Copyright 2013-01-06 Werner Randelshofer | ||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


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How Co-Make Works!
With Co-make everyday citizens can be heard on the issues they would like to see resolved in their community.
Local Authorities get an easy to digest report on the issues that need attention and have an easy way to update citizens on the hard work being done.


For a list of all features and more details you can visit the blog post. Blazy works in all modern browsers including IE7+.
var bLazy = new Blazy({ // Options });

CSS: .b-lazy { opacity:0; transform: scale(3); transition: all 500ms; } .b-loaded { opacity:1; transform: scale(1); }

var blazy = new Blazy({ container: '.container' });

<video class="b-lazy" data-src="video.mp4" controls></video>
Check the console log


SLPWEVAL Perform pairwise computation $ Syntax $ - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f) - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f, ...) $ Arguments $ - X1: the matrix of vectors serving as first argument of f - X2: the matrix of vectors serving as second argument of f - f: the function maps two vectors to a single scalar value - M: the matrix of pairwise evaluaton results $ Description $ - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f) takes vector arguments from X1 and X2, and computes the pairwise evaluation result with f. The vectors in X1 and X2 are stored in a column-wise manner. Suppose X1 and X2 have m and n columns respectively, then the resultant matrix M would be of size m x n, with the M(i, j) = f(X1(:,i), X2(:,j)). - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f, ...) conducts the computation with extra parameters to f, i.e. M(i, j) = f(X1(:,i), X2(:,j), ...). $ Remarks $ - The vector length of the vectors in X1 and X2 are not necessarily equal. The requirment on their dimensions depends on the callback function f. - For efficiency, the function would invoke f to evaluate in batch. Thus f should support batch-evaluation. When the input arguments to f have n columns, f should return an 1 x n row vector. $ History $ - Created by Dahua Lin on Apr 21, 2006 - Modified by Dahua Lin on Sep 10, 2006 - make some minor changes to suppress warnings
0001 function M = slpweval(X1, X2, f, varargin) 0002 %SLPWEVAL Perform pairwise computation 0003 % 0004 % $ Syntax $ 0005 % - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f) 0006 % - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f, ...) 0007 % 0008 % $ Arguments $ 0009 % - X1: the matrix of vectors serving as first argument of f 0010 % - X2: the matrix of vectors serving as second argument of f 0011 % - f: the function maps two vectors to a single scalar value 0012 % - M: the matrix of pairwise evaluaton results 0013 % 0014 % $ Description $ 0015 % - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f) takes vector arguments from X1 and X2, and 0016 % computes the pairwise evaluation result with f. The vectors in X1 0017 % and X2 are stored in a column-wise manner. Suppose X1 and X2 have 0018 % m and n columns respectively, then the resultant matrix M would be 0019 % of size m x n, with the M(i, j) = f(X1(:,i), X2(:,j)). 0020 % 0021 % - M = slpweval(X1, X2, f, ...) conducts the computation with extra 0022 % parameters to f, i.e. M(i, j) = f(X1(:,i), X2(:,j), ...). 0023 % 0024 % $ Remarks $ 0025 % - The vector length of the vectors in X1 and X2 are not necessarily 0026 % equal. The requirment on their dimensions depends on the callback 0027 % function f. 0028 % - For efficiency, the function would invoke f to evaluate in batch. 0029 % Thus f should support batch-evaluation. When the input arguments 0030 % to f have n columns, f should return an 1 x n row vector. 0031 % 0032 % $ History $ 0033 % - Created by Dahua Lin on Apr 21, 2006 0034 % - Modified by Dahua Lin on Sep 10, 2006 0035 % - make some minor changes to suppress warnings 0036 % 0037 0038 %% parse and verify input arguments 0039 0040 if nargin < 3 0041 raise_lackinput('slpweval', 3); 0042 end 0043 [d1, n1] = size(X1); 0044 [d2, n2] = size(X2); 0045 slignorevars(d1, d2); 0046 0047 %% compute 0048 0049 % prepare output matrix 0050 M = zeros(n1, n2); 0051 0052 if n1 > n2 % expand each column in X2 to n1 copies 0053 0054 inds_e = ones(1, n1); 0055 for i = 1 : n2 0056 x2 = X2(:, i); 0057 X2e = x2(:, inds_e); 0058 M(:, i) = feval(f, X1, X2e, varargin{:})'; 0059 end 0060 0061 else % expand each column in X1 to n2 copies 0062 0063 inds_e = ones(1, n2); 0064 for i = 1 : n1 0065 x1 = X1(:, i); 0066 X1e = x1(:, inds_e); 0067 M(i, :) = feval(f, X1e, X2, varargin{:}); 0068 end 0069 0070 end 0071


Highlights from Unflattening by Nick Sousanis Last read on September 21, 2021
Highlights from this book
-
Italo Calvino wrote, "Whenever humanity seems condemned to heaviness, I Hink I should fly like Perseu into a different space. I don't mean escaping into dreams or into the irrational. I mean that I have to change my approach, look at the world from a different perspective, with a different logic and with fresh methods of cognition and verification."
-
The distance separating our eyes means there is a different between the view each produces -- thus there is no single, "correct view". Our stereoscopic vision is the creation and integration of two views. Seeing, much like walking on two feet, is a constant negotiation between two distinct sources.
-
Nothing changed, except the point of view -- which changed everything.
-
Our literal ways of seeing metaphorically serve to encompass other ways of making meaning and experiencing the world. A dog reads everything it encounters as a time capsule unfolding with rich layers of sensory information from which to discern who's been here, what touched this, how long ago. So armed, dogs access dimensions of experience we can't fathom -- as with flatlanders' "Upwards not Northwards".
-
The medium we think in defines what we can see. As S. I. Hayakwa described the situation: 'We are the prisoners of ancient orientations imbedded in the languages we have inherited'.
-
I am thinking, therefore I exist. For Descartes, thinking was everything and thinking meant words -- inner speech. Through this dissection, mind was divorced from the senses... Leaving us disembodied... Afloat in a sea of words.
-
Every language, Hayakawa suggests, "Leaves work undone for other languages to do."
-
A picture is worth a thousand words? Perhaps. But because of their distinct structures, there is no direct correspondence between them. A description of an image never actually represents the image. Rather, as Michael Bexandall observes, it is a representation of thinking *about* having seen a picture -- it's already formulated in its own tersm. While image *is*, text is always *about*.
-
Lakoff and Johnson and Nunez say that our fundamental concepts do not spring from the realm of pure, disembodied reason, but are grounded in our seeing and being in the world. That is, through our everyday perceptual and bodily activatives, we form dynamic image-like structures that enable us to organize and make sense of our experience. Sad is down. Intimacy is closeness. Isolation is apart. Importance is big. Difficulty is a burden. We grab hold of an idea and enclose it within a firm grip.
-
Reaching across the gap to experience another's way of knowing takes a leap of imagination.
-
From the novel to the commonplace, it's how we formulate concepts, which Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner explains bringing input from distinct sources together in a third space.


Dres Hot Server
Server Pass:
Server rates:
Player XP, 6x
Taming, 5x
Harvesting, 7x
Breeding, 10x
Mod List:
Ultra Stacks
Structures +
Wyvern World
Player XP, 6x
Taming, 5x
Harvesting, 7x
Breeding, 10x
Ultra Stacks
Structures +
Wyvern World


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- Contact Us
- About Us
- Register
LEO WOMAN
Leo Woman In Love
When this woman falls in love, her world starts to revolve around her partner. It is often said that Leo is self-involved, but when it is a Leo woman, her Sun is in Leo and it often represents the man she loves rather than herself. She will give everything to this man, her heart, her Soul and body, without exception. Her love is warm and passionate, she will want to fight, make up, make love and be in someone’s embrace all they long, for as long as her personal liberty isn’t endangered.
Leo Woman In Relationships
She is not always easy to be with. Too much commitment is always followed by too many expectations, and she can be extremely committed. In other cases, she can be uninterested and focused on herself and her career, or other people in her life. Only when she is deeply in love will she become this mellow, warm lioness, providing soul food for her partner and their family. When she knows what she wants, there is no way to change her mind. We wouldn’t exactly call her stubborn, more like strong-willed. She cannot be bent to someone’s rules or needs and she will rarely be flexible for her partner’s irresponsible timing and any lack of respect.
Can You Trust Your Leo Woman
You simply know if she loves you or not. There is not much else you will need to trust her completely, because her big, warm, beating heart wouldn’t let down someone she loves. When you climb high enough on her priority list, the truth will come as natural as day and night. It is important to understand that all Leo representatives are here to shine a light on things and make them clearer, not blur them or taint them with lies and deception.
Understanding Your Leo Woman
She is often misunderstood for grumpy and unsatisfied, as well as classified as too loud and outspoken, as if there really was such a thing as “too outspoken”. The problem in understanding this woman comes from her fiery nature and her inability to keep her mouth shut and think things through. But does she really have to? The sign of Leo is there to shine a light on us, and if that means facing us with things that are not so comfortable with, isn’t it a good thing? If you are not willing to stand up for yourself and let her show you what might need to be changed, you shouldn’t be in a relationship with this woman at all.
Leo Woman Likes and Dislikes
She is someone with a great smile, the inner sense of Self, a big heart and the ability to make anything happen. Somewhere deep inside she understands that there is nothing that cannot be done and this can inspire, motivate and solve issues that stand in someone’s way. She can also sometimes be unaware of her partner’s feelings, as if she was ready to burn everything around her. She can be destructive, impose her opinions and make decisions that are not hers to make.
How To Chose A Gift For Your Leo Woman
There are two main types of Leo women. The first believes in natural beauty and you can recognize this type because they never wear nail polish, makeup or dye their hair, and they dress in natural colors. The second type is the woman who seems to glow in the dark. She will wear shiny, golden things, a lot of jewelry and dye her hair blonde or red. Any one of these lionesses likes to be given value, so assess the type and think about things that would show that she is the center of your world. Buy something that shines and something with value, material or other. Take her to the theater, organize her surprise birthday party and if you have a chance – walk with her down the red carpet. Tell her to look her best and take her out to the night of surprises. Make the world revolve around her for once, and she will return the favor as soon as tomorrow.


Ferran Barnés - Artist
I am Ferran Barnes, I have been working as an artist for this project and even though I consider myself a mainly 2D artist, in this project I contributed to 3D models, textures and animations on top of 2D concept art.
As an Artist in this project I had to learn to work with many other colleagues with disparate opinions and try to gain a more appeasing temperament to endure the process of production, besides by getting myself outside my conformt zone with this multi-disciplinary context of creating 3D models and other in-engine functions has forced me to be a better and more rounded artist. I am aspiring to be a character or VFX artist in the video game industry.
PROJECT CONTRIBUTION
- Concept Art: In the process of pre-production of our project I created some concept art for possible enemies in our game.
- Enemies and Props (3D modeling and texturing): I created 3D models such as the basic Ghoul and other props with their respective textures and normal maps, on top of that i created the block-out for the Kikimora and an enemy that did not pass pre-production.
- In-Engine Particles Effects: With our own engine I created many ingame particles (environmental, character effects, enemies effects, etc.), creating all the textures and their in-engine implementations.


DFP4023-HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION
1.2.5 INTERACTION STYLES
MEMBER NAMES:
NURUL EZZAH LIYANA BINTI YUSNI
SITI NURARIFAH BINTI ZUBIR
distinct styles of interaction
Common Interaction Styles
Command Line Interface
Command Line Interface
Way of expressing instructions to the computer directly
function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole words, or a combination
suitable for repetitive tasks
better for expert users than novices
offers direct access to system functionality
command names/abbreviations should be meaningful!
Typical example: the Unix system
Example Of CLI:
Point And Click Interface
used in ..
multimedia
web browsers
hypertext
just click something!
icons, text links or location on map
minimal typing
Three Dimensional (3D) Interface
virtual reality
‘ordinary’ window systems
highlighting
visual affordance
indiscriminate use
just confusing!
3D workspaces
use for extra virtual space
light and occlusion give depth
distance effects
WEB NAVIGATIONS
The process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia.
The user interface that is used to do so is called a web browser.
It’s a part of interface style
5 Styles Web Navigation
1.Text Links
The anchor text, link label, link text or link title which are visible and clickable text in a hyperlink
Example:
2.Navigation Bar
A navigation bar or (navigation system) is a section of a website or online page intended to aid visitors in travelling through the online document.
Example:
3.Sitemap
A site map (or sitemap) is a list of pages of a web site accessible to crawlers or users.
It can be either a document in any form used as a planning tool for Web design, or a Web page that lists the pages on a Web site, typically organized in hierarchical fashion.
Example:
4.Breadcrumbs
Breadcrumbs or breadcrumb trail is a navigation aid used in user interfaces ( sequence of page navigation to keep track page location).
It allows users to keep track of their locations within programs or documents. The term comes from the trail of breadcrumbs left by Hansel and Gretel in the popular fairy tale
Example:
5.Name Anchor
An anchor element is called an anchor because web designers can use it to anchor a URL to some text on a web page.
When users view the web page in a browser, they can click the text to activate the link and visit the page whose URL is in the link
Example:
ELEMENTS OF THE WIMP INTERFACE
- windows, icons, menus, pointers
- +++
- Buttons, toolbars,palettes,dialog boxes
Windows
Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent
can contain text or graphics
can be moved or resized
can overlap and obscure each other, or can be laid out next to one another (tiled)
scrollbars
allow the user to move the contents of the window up and down or from side to side
title bars
describe the name of the window
Window Interface:
Icons
small picture or image
represents some object in the interface
often a window or action
windows can be closed down (iconised)
small representation ﬁ many accessible windows
icons can be many and various
highly stylized
realistic representations.
Pointers
important component
WIMP style relies on pointing and selecting things
uses mouse, trackpad, joystick, trackball, cursor keys or keyboard shortcuts
wide variety of graphical images
Menus
Choice of operations or services offered on the screen
Required option selected with pointer
problem – take a lot of screen space
solution – pop-up: menu appears when needed
Kind of Menus
Menu Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags down
pull-down menu - mouse hold and drag down menu
drop-down menu - mouse click reveals menu
fall-down menus - mouse just moves over bar!
Contextual menu appears where you are
pop-up menus - actions for selected object
pie menus - arranged in a circle
easier to select item (larger target area)
quicker (same distance to any option)
Example:
Menus Extras
Cascading menus
hierarchical menu structure
menu selection opens new menu
and so in ad infinitum
Keyboard accelerators
key combinations - same effect as menu item
two kinds
active when menu open – usually first letter
active when menu closed – usually Ctrl + letter
Keyboard accelerators
Example:
Menus Design Issues
which kind to use
what to include in menus at all
words to use (action or description)
how to group items
choice of keyboard accelerators
Buttons
individual and isolated regions within a display that can be selected to invoke an action
Special kinds
radio buttons
– set of mutually exclusive choices
check boxes
– set of non-exclusive choices
Radio Button VS Check Boxes
Toolbars
long lines of icons …
… but what do they do?
fast access to common actions
often customizable:
choose which toolbars to see
choose what options are on it
Palettes and Tear-off Menus
Palettes is a little windows of actions
collections of user interface objects contain items like text fields, data tables, sliders, pop-up menus, etc.
Problem
menu not there when you want it
Solution
palettes
shown/hidden via menu option
e.g. available shapes in drawing package
tear-off and pin-up menus
Tear-off: a pop-up menu that you can move around the screen like a window
menu ‘tears off’ to become palette
Palettes tear-off menus
Dialogue Boxes
information windows that pop up to inform of an important event or request information.
e.g: when saving a file, a dialogue box is displayed to allow the user to specify the filename and location. Once the file is saved, the box disappears.
1. Which one is the main interaction style are used,each of them will considered in a special part of the lesson
A. Graphical user interface
B. Graphical direct manipulation
C. Dialogue boxes
D. icons
2. Give the set of options(option visible) displayed on the screen in menus.
A. sensible grouping is needed
B. combination (eg. Mouse plus accelerator)
C. numbers,letters,arrow,keys,and mouse
D. rely on recognition so names should be meaningful
3. what does natural language processing include?
A. Signal processing,syntactic analysis,symentic analysis,pragmatics
B. Signal processing,syntactic keyword,symentic analysis,pragmatics
C. Signal processing,syntactic analysis,symentic analysis
D. syntactic analysis,symentic analysis,pragmatics
4. Areas of the screen that behave as if they were independent, What type can contain in windows?
A. word only
B. number only
C. text and graphics
D. special character and number
5. what the definition of Navigation bar?
A. Menu Bar at top of screen (normally), menu drags down
B. The process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia.
C. A navigation bar is only button that we used on laptop or pc.
D. Choice of operations or services offered on the
6. which one is styles of web navigation
A. sitemap
B. icons
C. dialogue boxes
D. symemtic analysis
7. What is the elements of the WIMP interface?
A .windows, number, pointers
B. Only number
C. Graphics,number,keyword
D. windows, icons, menus, pointers
8. What the sophisticated of variation of form filling?
A. Familiar to user
B. grid of cells contain a value or a formula
C. suitable for repetitive task
D. offers direct access to system functionality
9. represents some object in the interface of icons ?
A. often a window or action
B. user led through interaction via series of questions
C. used to retrieve information from database
D. used to convert information from database
10. What techniques can be used to guide user attention to important information on the interface?
A. Layouts and animation
B. Colour
C. Flashing
D. Auditory warning
CONGRATS! PROUD OF YOURSELF
Right =
Wrong =


This is an introductory "Hello, World!" example for writing HTML.
You can add more text in your pages in the form of paragraphs as you go along.
Of course, if you need to add additional space between paragraphs, you can do so as well. Notice that you can add as many breaks as you need.
Furthemore, we can separate content on a page in the same manner that a book or a document separates content in the form of chapters.
We can even add images which link to other pages!
This is a very simple example, but it demonstrates the use of a very powerful tool. If the document is large, we can use links to reference information within the same document which makes navigating the document much more convenient. Notice that we put some emphasis on a previous phrase by displaying it in bold. Similaryly, we can add other text modifiers such as italicize and underline. We can even display text as computer code
!
We can also add block quotes which we can later reference.
"This is a quote from a famous person."
We can create several types of lists within a document. The first type of list we will discuss is the unordered list. As the name implies, this type of list simply itemizes several items withouth numbering them or ordering them.
Conversely, the ordered list does number a list of items.
As a next example, let's discuss the definition list.
These lists can be as long as we need them to be.
It is often useful to display information in the form of tables, so we should discuss how to go about doing that.
| First Name | Last Name | |
|---|---|---|
| Peter | Parker |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Bruce | Wayne |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Another useful, and sometimes necessary, function is to request data from the user.


| Resource Type | Example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ref | ref:attr.emp | Fetches specified property from context, and uses the result property-value as the value for param. |
|
{ "name": "someName", "age": 30 } |
When no type is specified, the specified string value will be used input json source and parses it into object. |


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Contact the library to get your DU account activated again.
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Please bring your driver’s license in to the DU library you would like to use (see DU Library Hours) and fill out the application forms.


python and django
This is python and django man
{% load static %}
This is python and django man
Python
django
It is python and django contents man
we have to pratice and pratice.
hahahaha
It's icon.
It's icon.


2 Chronicles 24:17
Now after the death of Jehoiada came the princes of Judah, and made obeisance to the king. Then the king hearkened unto them.


This text appears before the image, which is left aligned.
This text is in the same line of the image.
This text looks for a clear position (with no image) at left.
The clear attribute allow you to push the text after the image.
Pre-formated text All this text has a lot of spaces and break lines. C I U N R T S E O R N D E E T


ghhook: “Go library that makes working with Github webhooks delivered with AWS APIGateway easier.” NOTE, this is mine :) It started as few one off scripts, run as AWS Lambda function, to help automate some tasks based on Github webhooks at work; eventually extracted out some common functionality into this library.
serverless: “Folder specific env variable config; especially useful for managing multiple GOPATH
and GOBIN
”. Using this to deploy the scripts written with the above project. I made a Lambda function from scratch which took forever, with serverless it took less than a minute. Only downside is updating functions take longer since it does entire Cloudformation stack update vs just uploading a Lambda function. I’m not entirely sold on the serverless architecture to be honest, it’s quite tedious to even do/debug basic stuff, serverless makes some it easier.
task: “A task runner / simpler Make alternative written in Go.” I never took the time to properly learn make and whenever I spend some time with it I always end up quitting scratching my head. I’m a huge fan of rake for Rails projects, but for others the overhead is too much. Found this make alternative where you specify commands in yaml. It also has common features like accessing env variables, task depedency etc.
graphql: “A query language created by Facebook in 2012 for describing the capabilities and requirements of data models for client-server applications.” I feel out of date for discovering this just now. It’s quite neat actually. Been playing with Github Graphql(https://developer.github.com/v4/explorer/).
Patton’s Sword: Compares Patton’s carrer’s as cavalary saber designer and commander of tank division in WW1 with present day. I don’t think I’ll do it any more justice explaining it here, so go read it!
Primitive: “Reproducing images with geometric primitives.” Words won’t do it justice, go generate some images with it. I’ve been posting selfies reproduced with this on my Instagram…yet another reason to follow me and join my huge army of followers (last count 57 bots).


Button with a hover and active state
Button with hover state
Button with active state
Button without a hover/active state


| June |
Immigration |
Maksoud, Rylan |
Aiding Lebanon with Its Refugee Crisis |
|
| June |
Immigration |
Richey, Sam |
Solutions to America's Growing Immigration Problem: The Route to Amnesty |
|
| June |
Immigration |
Yang, Jason |
Get in Line! |
|
| Spring |
Gun Control |
The Whitewashing of the Second Amendment |
Bajwa, Sabrina |
|
| Spring |
Gun Control |
The Second Amendment: How to Reconcile Gun Control and Strict Constitutionalism |
Duffee, Nicholas |
|
| Spring |
Gun Control |
Guns Я Us |
Lohrenz, Kylie |
|
| Spring |
Gun Control |
Yes, “They” Do Want To Take Your Guns: A Brief Review of Modern Attempts at Firearms Prohibition and Confiscation |
Anonymous |
|
| Spring |
Gun Control |
A Radical Stance for a Radical Problem: Resistance to Campus Carry Legislation |
Yang, Jason |
|
| November & December |
U.S. Elections |
America's "Trump" Card in the Middle East: Foreign Relations and Controlled Interventionism |
Dave, Devavrat |
|
| November & December |
U.S. Elections |
The New Race for White House: Cruz vs. Rubio |
Gilchrist, Narelle |
|
| November & December |
U.S. Elections |
Why We Should Listen to Bernie Sanders |
Maksoud, Rylan |
|
| November & December |
U.S. Elections |
Martin O’Malley: The Man for the Middle Class |
Martinez, Monica |
|
| November & December |
U.S. Elections |
Martin O’Malley for President |
Zakharov, Joshua |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
Speed vs. Quality |
Darko, Winfred |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
The Job |
Eluto, Samuel |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
The Greater of Two Evils |
Gilchrist, Narelle |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
The Fire Storm |
Khan, Samiur |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
A Little Girl's War |
Martinez, Monica |
|
| October |
United States Armed Forces |
The Role of Military Industrial Complex in US Military Policy |
Zakharov, Joshua |
|
| September |
Education Reform |
Performance-Based Pedagogy: A Critique of its Effects on Student Subject Formation |
Jiang, Ryan |
|
| September |
Education Reform |
I Don't |
Reddy, Arjun |
|
| September |
Education Reform |
A Self-Compromising Pedagogy: The Faults of Prescriptive Solutions in Attempting to “Reform” Education |
Scott, Chandler |
|
| September |
Education Reform |
Challenging the Modern Technocrat: Choosing an Existential Education |
Xiang, Andrew |
|
| September |
Education Reform |
Ode To Todai |
Zhang, Yan |
|
| July |
Foreign Relations with the Middle East |
Fashion Police Gone Wrong |
Darko, Winfred |
|
| July |
Foreign Relations with the Middle East |
When the Eagle Turns the Cheek - US Saudi Relations and the Oil Curse |
Duffee, Nicholas |
|
| July |
Foreign Relations with the Middle East |
United States Relations with Syria |
Kadaev, Philip |
|
| July |
Foreign Relations with the Middle East |
The Fence |
Qu, Jason |
|
| July |
Foreign Relations with the Middle East |
International Drone Norms - An American Legacy |
Reddy, Arjun |
|
| June |
Gender Politics |
The History of American Feminism: An Enduring Fight Against a Flawed Society |
Daniel, Morgan |
|
| June |
Gender Politics |
Pigtails and Prurience |
Day, Monica |
|
| June |
Gender Politics |
Abortion: Why Republicans are Fighting the Wrong Fight |
Jin, Fangwei |
|
| June |
Gender Politics |
Relationship Abuse Patterns Among Teens |
Peters, Grace |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
An Unjust Administration of Justice |
Darko, Winfred |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
The Ethics and Economics of Private Prisons |
Duffee, Nicholas |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
Racial Discrimination in Law Enforcement |
Juarez, Reecan |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
Effectiveness of Juvenile Justice Programs |
Kadaev, Phillip |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
Minority Relations with the U.S. Justice System |
Solano, Diana |
|
| May |
The American Criminal Justice System |
The Effect of the Prison Industrial Complex on Domestic Legislation |
Zakharov, Joshua |
|
| April |
Climate Change |
The Necessity of Ecological Management to Sustainably Mitigate Climate Change |
Duffee, Nicholas |
|
| April |
Climate Change |
Causes and Controversies Surrounding Global Climate Change |
Kadaev, Phillip |
|
| April |
Climate Change |
The "Human" and Climate Change |
Khan, Samiur |
|
| April |
Climate Change |
Environmental Injustice: An Analysis of Low-income Communities Struggles with the Changing Climate |
Reddy, Arjun |
|


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--- title: "Loading image data" output: rmarkdown::html_vignette vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Tutorial: Basic Classification} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} type: docs repo: https://github.com/rstudio/keras menu: main: name: "Load image data" identifier: "keras-tutorial-basic-load-image" parent: "tutorials-beginners-load-top" weight: 20 ---
Note: this is the R version of this tutorial in the TensorFlow oficial webiste.
This tutorial provides a simple example of how to load an image dataset using tfdatasets.
The dataset used in this example is distributed as directories of images, with one class of image per directory.
Before you start any training, you will need a set of images to teach the network about the new classes you want to recognize. You can use an archive of creative-commons licensed flower photos from Google.
Note: all images are licensed CC-BY, creators are listed in the LICENSE.txt file.
data_dir <- get_file(
origin = "https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/example_images/flower_photos.tgz",
fname = "flower_photos.tgz",
extract = TRUE
)
data_dir <- file.path(dirname(data_dir), "flower_photos")
After downloading (218MB), you should now have a copy of the flower photos available.
The directory contains 5 sub-directories, one per class:
## [1] 3670
## [1] "daisy" "dandelion" "roses" "sunflowers" "tulips"
To load the files as a TensorFlow Dataset first create a dataset of the file paths:
## tf.Tensor(b'/Users/dfalbel/.keras/datasets/flower_photos/dandelion/5909154147_9da14d1730_n.jpg', shape=(), dtype=string)
Write a short pure-tensorflow function that converts a file paths to an (image_data, label) pair:
get_label <- function(file_path) {
parts <- tf$strings$split(file_path, "/")
parts[-2] %>%
tf$equal(classes) %>%
tf$cast(dtype = tf$float32)
}
decode_img <- function(file_path, height = 224, width = 224) {
size <- as.integer(c(height, width))
file_path %>%
tf$io$read_file() %>%
tf$image$decode_jpeg(channels = 3) %>%
tf$image$convert_image_dtype(dtype = tf$float32) %>%
tf$image$resize(size = size)
}
preprocess_path <- function(file_path) {
list(
decode_img(file_path),
get_label(file_path)
)
}
Use dataset_map
to create a dataset of image, label pairs:
# num_parallel_calls are going to be autotuned
labeled_ds <- list_ds %>%
dataset_map(preprocess_path, num_parallel_calls = tf$data$experimental$AUTOTUNE)
## Warning: Negative numbers are interpreted python-style when subsetting tensorflow tensors.(they select items by counting from the back).  1. 0. 0. 0.], shape=(5,), dtype=float32)
To train a model with this dataset you will want the data:
These features can be easily added using tfdatasets.
First, let’s define a function that prepares a dataset in order to feed to a Keras model.
prepare <- function(ds, batch_size, shuffle_buffer_size) {
if (shuffle_buffer_size > 0)
ds <- ds %>% dataset_shuffle(shuffle_buffer_size)
ds %>%
dataset_batch(batch_size) %>%
# `prefetch` lets the dataset fetch batches in the background while the model
# is training.
dataset_prefetch(buffer_size = tf$data$experimental$AUTOTUNE)
}
Now let’s define a Keras model to classify the images:
model <- keras_model_sequential() %>%
layer_flatten() %>%
layer_dense(units = 128, activation = "relu") %>%
layer_dense(units = 128, activation = "relu") %>%
layer_dense(units = 5, activation = "softmax")
model %>%
compile(
loss = "categorical_crossentropy",
optimizer = "adam",
metrics = "accuracy"
)
We can then fit the model feeding the dataset we just created:
Note We are fitting this model as an example of how to the pipeline built with Keras. In real use cases you should always use validation datasets in order to verify your model performance.
model %>%
fit(
prepare(labeled_ds, batch_size = 32, shuffle_buffer_size = 1000),
epochs = 5,
verbose = 2
)
## Epoch 1/5
## 115/115 - 12s - loss: 8.1625 - accuracy: 0.3302
## Epoch 2/5
## 115/115 - 13s - loss: 2.2350 - accuracy: 0.4060
## Epoch 3/5
## 115/115 - 14s - loss: 2.2305 - accuracy: 0.4128
## Epoch 4/5
## 115/115 - 13s - loss: 1.4776 - accuracy: 0.4689
## Epoch 5/5
## 115/115 - 13s - loss: 1.3211 - accuracy: 0.4831


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Blood pregnancy tests can detect pregnancy sooner but are less convenient than at-home urine tests
by Denice Rackley- There are two main types of pregnancy tests: blood and urine tests.
- Blood tests are more sensitive and can tell you if you’re anywhere from 6 to 14 days after conception.
- Most home pregnancy tests advise you to take the test after you miss your next period, which could be anywhere from 14 to 18 days after conception, depending on when in your cycle you conceived.
- This article was reviewed by Karen Duncan, MD, who is an assistant professor with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at NYU Langone.
- Visit Insider’s homepage for more stories.
You have two options when it comes time to see if you have a baby on board.
The most common is an at-home urine pregnancy test, available over the counter, though you can take a urine pregnancy test at a medical clinic. Another option is a blood test performed at a medical clinic.
“Both tests check for a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG,” says Crystal Newby, MD, of Kansas City Ob-Gyn. “This hormone is produced after a fertilized egg attaches to the wall of your uterus.”
The egg typically attaches 6 days after fertilization, at which point, hCG levels in your blood and urine will increase for the next 6 to 10 weeks. Once hCG levels are high enough, you can expect an accurate reading, but not before then.
Blood pregnancy tests (6-14 days)
Blood tests for pregnancy are more sensitive to hCG than home pregnancy tests. They can detect this hormone in low quantities and tell you if you’re pregnant sooner than a home test.
Depending on a woman’s cycle, a blood test can detect pregnancy between 6 and 14 days after conception and is considered by doctors to be 99% accurate.
While blood tests can provide results sooner than home pregnancy tests, they are usually more expensive and take longer to provide results because the blood must be sent to a lab for analysis.
If the lab is in-house then it will take a few hours. But if the lab is at a different location, it could take several days to learn the results.
Home pregnancy tests (14-18 days)
Home pregnancy tests can provide results faster and be more convenient than a blood test. But you’ll probably have to wait longer to receive accurate results.
Most home pregnancy tests advise you to take the test after you miss your next period. If you have a standard 28-day cycle, you’ll be most fertile two to three weeks before your period. So if you get pregnant during that fertility window, you’ll need to wait at least 14 to 18 days after conception to take a home pregnancy test.
If you follow directions, home pregnancy tests are an estimated 97% to 99% accurate. Yet if you get a negative result and suspect you’re pregnant, check the instructions on the box. Home pregnancy tests typically recommend retaking the test 5 to 7 days later, when the hCG levels in your body will be higher.
This type of result is called a “false negative.” Sometimes you can receive a false negative result if you take a pregnancy test too soon when your hCG levels are too low for the test to detect them accurately.
Moreover, recent miscarriages, fertility drugs, and rare hCG secreting tumors can interfere with the results of at-home urine tests. If you receive conflicting results after taking a home pregnancy test multiple times, doctors recommend a blood test.
Related stories about pregnancy:
- Yes, pregnancy can cause acne. Here’s when you will breakout the worst and how to treat it.
- When pregnancy cravings start and how long they last
- Yes, Tylenol is safe for pregnancy. Here’s the right dosage
- Pregnancy symptoms you can expect each trimester of your pregnancy and how to alleviate them
- Yes, you can get a flu shot while pregnant. Here’s the best time to get it.
- Doctors debunk the 25 biggest pregnancy myths


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Coverage Summary
Combined Unit Test @
98776ab3
Filename
Line Coverage
foo/main.cpp
86.67% (26/30)
foo/one-header.h
66.67% (2/3)
foo/two-header.h
33.33% (1/3)


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Anganwadi workers take out protest rally
by Special CorrespondentAnganwadi workers took out a protest rally in Belagavi on Tuesday opposing compulsory election duty and also in support of their other demands.
They marched to the Deputy Commissioner’s office and shouted slogans against the government. They submitted a memorandum with a list of demands to the Deputy Commissioner’s office and dispersed.
They complained that the State government had drafted them for election duty despite several appeals by them against it. They said that they have been asked to conduct a survey of tuberculosis-affected persons in rural areas, without any Government Order or circular.
They complained that several anganwadi workers were yet to get their remuneration for the last three months. They threatened to launch a district-wide agitation if their demands were not met.
Karnataka State Anganwadi Workers and Assistants Association district president Nagesh Sateri, Meenakshi Kotagi, Yallubai Sheegihalli, Sujata Belgaonkar and others led the strike.


Whats new
- Added security
filter. Default login is (quartz/quartz). see
WEB-INF/applicatonContext.xml for configuration. This
application uses org.quartz.ui.web.security.XmlSecurityRealm.
Its fairly easy to extend
org.securityfilter.realm.SecurityRealmInterface for your own needs.
- Various bug fixes.
Configuration notes:
The following needs to be set in order to run build the web app:
-Make sure you have the current quartz.jar in the /lib folder
The
following properties may need to be set in order to run the web
application. edit path to (PATH_TO_DEFINITIONS_FILE) in web.xml if
(PATH_TO_DEFINITIONS_FILE) is left as such, definitions are loaded from
/WEB-INF/classes/JobDefinitions.xml, but that may be okay with you.
log4j - see
/WEB-INF/log4j.xml. You may want to fine tune the lo4j settings
to your liking. This file is pickup by org.springframework.web.util.Log4jConfigListener
The following context parameters are configured in the web.xml to make
this possible.
<context-param>
<param-name>webAppRootKey</param-name>
<param-value>quartz.root</param-value>
</context-param>
<!--
- Location of the Log4J config file, for
initialization and refresh checks.
- Applied by Log4jConfigListener.
-->
<context-param>
<param-name>log4jConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/log4j.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<>
Known problems:
>
- When running from the war file, it is recommended that you run
with the web application expend (default on tomcat and resin).
- Jetty 4.2x: has problems with referencing /WEB-INF/classes/JobDefinitions.xml This
is where the default job definitions are loaded from. If you are
running this server be sure to edit the web.xml before deployment the
manual enter an extact path for this file. Jetty 5.xx does not
seem to have this problem.


"I am my own muse, I am the subject I know best. The subject I want to know better" - Frida Khalo
I am a student at Georgia State Univerity and my major is Computer Science! I was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. My interests include fitness, coding, and skincare.
| Assignments | Projects |
|---|---|
| Assignment 1 | Project 1 |
| Assignment 2 | Project 2 |
| Assignment 3 | Project 3 |
| Assignment 4 | Project 4 |
| Assignment 5 | Project 5 |


RVS_BTDriver_WatchOS_Test_Harness_Device_InterfaceController_DeleteConfirmController
class RVS_BTDriver_WatchOS_Test_Harness_Device_InterfaceController_DeleteConfirmController : WKInterfaceController
This handles the “Delete” confirmation screen.
-
This is the presenting view controller.
We use this to send the delete call up the chain.
Declaration
Swift
var owner: RVS_BTDriver_WatchOS_Test_Harness_Device_InterfaceController!
-
The lable for the “DELETE?” question.
Declaration
Swift
@IBOutlet weak var deletePromptLabel: WKInterfaceLabel!
-
The “YES” button.
Declaration
Swift
@IBOutlet weak var yesButton: WKInterfaceButton!
-
The “NO” button.
Declaration
Swift
@IBOutlet weak var noButton: WKInterfaceButton!
-
Called when the “YES” button is hit.
This deletes the device, and closes the screen.
Declaration
Swift
@IBAction func yesButtonHit()
-
Called when the “NO” button is hit.
This cancels the screen with no changes.
Declaration
Swift
@IBAction func noButtonHit()
-
Called when the instance is being initialized for use.
Declaration
Swift
override func awake(withContext inContext: Any?)
Parameters
inContext
The context (We ignore, but pass it to the base class).


Anaconda III
Anaconda: Offspring is a TV movie starring David Hasselhoff, Crystal Allen, and Ryan McCluskey. A mercenary-for-hire accepts a mission from a billionaire to capture a dangerous snake that could possibly help cure a terminal illness.


IETest is a .NET library for testing web sites through Microsoft Internet Explorer. It enables you to automate Internet Explorer to the point where you can perform automated testing without any human attention required.
IETest is developed by BestBrains Aps, a Danish software development consultancy company specializing in agile methods and test driven development. It is open source, released under the MIT license and hosted on
Other frameworks supply similar functionality: Watir which is Ruby based, and IeUnit which is JavaScript based. IETest is .NET based and supports modeless dialogs.
You can download the latest source code here: ietest-0.2.zip.
Test driven development is a very efficient way of developing code. It is gaining popularity and test tools are ever improving. Automated testing of UI code seems to lack behind a little, though. With good reason - simulating a user is tedious and error prone. Using IETest, testing your ui becomes possible. Like with all software, writing tests for your web applications has a way of automatically making you write better code. You will be more likely to give elements unique and intuitive identifiers and less likely to write hacks that might well work but would be difficult to test. For a thorough discussion about the wonders and challenges of test driven development, take a look at Testdriven.com.
IETest requires the .NET framework version 1.1 or later. IETest is built with C#. So far, it has only been used with C# but using it from other .NET languages should be simple.
As it is more of an automation framework than an actual testing framework, you will also need your favourite testing framework such as NUnit in order to write tests.
The key element in IETest is the IEDriver class. It wraps IE automation functionality and supplies help for various common tasks. The following piece of code will create a new IEDriver which will open Internet Explorer and navigate to Google. Then, it will find the query input box which has the name "q", and enter "BestBrains" in there. Finally, it will locate the search button, named "btnG", and click it. You should see search results popping up just before Internet Explorer closes.
using(IEDriver ie = new IEDriver("http://www.google.com", true)) { Input q = ie.MainDocument.FindINPUT("q"); q.Value = "BestBrains"; InputButton btnG = ie.MainDocument.FindINPUT_BUTTON("btnG"); btnG.Click(); }
The primary class in IETest is the IEDriver class. Instaitiating this class will cause Internet Explorer to open and navigate to the requested site. From there, you will most likely access the main document through the MainDocument method. This is where all the html is stored.
At the time of writing, IETest has wraps for the following HTML tags:
Most of these have simple Find functions. This means that you can write things like: FindTABLE(elementId), which will locate the table element with the given id.
Sometimes, you simplky don't have an ID of the element you are looking for. Or multiple elements share the same id. In such cases, you have two options when you really want to locate an element. You can search for it by some other means than the id, or you can count your way towards, by traversing the DOM. Currently, IETest has no way of performing non-id based searches, but this is definitely a high priority task. There are however ways to traverse the DOM. Firstly, all elements expose a method called NextSibling. This method will give you the element that immediately follows the current. The Parent() method will give you the element that contains the current. Furthermore, a number of properties give you a way of locating a child of the current element. TBODY, for instance, will give you a collection of TableSection's.
Popups are difficult to test for a number of reasons. Most of all, the IE automation model makes it hard. As far as we can tell, there is no way to access the DOM of a modal IE popup. Therefore, there are some things that simply aren't possible to test. However, if you have access to the code of the web application, changing modal dialogs to modeless dialogs can help out in many situations. There are two problems with this approach: firstly, the modeless dialog doesn't return a result but instead, it returns a handle to the opened window. This can be solved with some JavaScript workarounds. The second problem is that focus is not restricted to the dialog - you can click on the window behind it and continue doing things even though there is a dialog waiting for input. This is actually not a big problem because for testing purposes, you simply won't do that - there should be no user anyway. Controlling modeless dialogs with IETest is simple. Call IEDriver.GetPopupDocument and you have the document object of your popup.
The JavaScript function alert() is quite handy for the web developer. It provides a simple way to give feedback to the user that a form is not filled correctly etc. Often, these alert messages will be essential to what you are testing. Testing a validation function requires being able to know that it found the data invalid. IETest offers a way of testing this. The PopupWatcher is a thread that sits in the background looking for alert windows. When one is encountered, it is stored in a queue. When an alert is expected, call the PopAlert() function which will return a string containing the first popup message that was caught and remove it from the queue. When the PopupWatcher is disposed of (usually together with the disposal of IEDriver), it will complain if there were any messages left in the queue, indicating that an unexpected popup appeared at some point.
As mshtml expects the host to be running as STA - single threaded apartment - you need to make sure your tests are as well. If you're using testdriven.net, you won't have a problem but NUnit-gui runs as MTA per default. Hence, you need to change the threading apartment manually. The self test illustrates how to do this in your TestFixtureSetUp method:
[TestFixtureSetUp] public void Setup() { System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.ApartmentState = System.Threading.ApartmentState.STA; }
IETest was made primarily as an abstraction layer for specialised libraries for testing specific web applications. Hence, classes have been designed to be overridden.
Todo:
0.2 - May 30 2005:
0.15 - May 30 2005:
0.1 - May 27 2005:


This is the minimal HTML element required to perform {{data.template}}.
]]>Login custom
]]>WebAuthn login custom
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Registration ]]>Thanks for creating your account. Go back to your application to login
Please go back to your client application and try again, or contact the owner and ask for support
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Forgot password custom ]]>An email has been sent asking to reset your password.
Please go back to your client application and try again, or contact the owner and ask for support
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Reset password custom ]]>Please enter a new password for your account.
Invalid password value. It does not comply with the password policy.
Your password has been changed. Go back to your application to login
Please go back to your client application and try again, or contact the owner and ask for support
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My HTML Page
Features
- Head section.
- New in HTML5 and CSS3.
- Style architecture
- SEO
- Page Speed Optimization
New in HTML5
-
figure & figcaption
-
details & summary
Copyright 1999-2014.
- by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.
All content and graphics on this web site are the property of the company Refsnes Data.
Note: The details tag is not supported in Internet Explorer.
-
bdi
- User hrefs: 60 points
- User jdoe: 80 points
- User إيان: 90 points
-
wbr
And the world record for the longest place name in an English-speaking country is...
Taumatawhakatangihanga koauau o tamatea turi pukakapiki maunga horo nuku pokai whenua kitanatahu This is the name of a hill in New Zealand.
Here's what it looks like without using the
wbr
tag... Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu -
datalist
-
output
-
progress
-
HTML 5 Input Types


Code is science!
Premise
Science is often computing: Much of modern science involves code these days, in large part due to the amount of data available - it would be almost impossible to analyse without computational assistance.
Science requires peer review: One of the basic prerequisites for any published scientific results is that it be reviewed by peers, to ensure the research and conclusions are valid.
Software contains errors: We may try pretty hard to write software without bugs, but they definitely still happen - and errors can be hard to spot. The bug doesn’t have to cause catastrophic and obvious failure - it could be silent but sneaky.
Code == Science
If software is required to perform science, it stands to reason that errors in your software mean errors in your science.
Possible Solution?
Scientific code needs to be peer reviewed, and ideally open source.
That’s easier said than done. Getting there requires awareness, culture shift, and adherence to best practices.
Looking to Contribute?
- Do you wish more code was open source? Have you wished in the past that a DB of open source journals existed? Share your story
- Add more journals to our list Right now it’s a google form, but hopefully we’ll have the full site up and running soon!
- pick up a technical or design task on GitHub: https://github.com/yochannah/code-is-science


[NOTE] This part 5 in a series of posts. The rest can be found here.
This post is going to be an update and theoretical post. probably very little “new” stuff going on here, mostly updates, and what I am planning on doing later on.
This week, I have been OOF sick, so I have not done much work, but I have been surfing the web, watching videos, downloading stuff, etc., so I have an idea of how things are going. First, as mentioned in the previous post I have MPTCP, Squid, Socks Servers, OpenVPN and IPTables doing their magic. 2 OpenVPN tunnels between the house and Digital Ocean. All TCP Traffic (bar port 80) is sent over socks to the box in the cloud using RedSocks. All UDP traffic is sent direct over OpenVPN. Since MPTCP is in the mix, all socks traffic is actually split over the 2 connections. All port 80 traffic, and 443 (if the client is using local Squid as their proxy) is sent round-robin between the 2 upstream IPs to Squid (2 OpenVPN end points).
Things I have noticed:
I still have to read more on this ECMP stuff. Hopefully it will do what I am hoping.
Now for the theoretical stuff. I started thinking, could this work outside the house? Could you build this into something smaller, like a Raspberry Pi, and stick 2 or more USB Modems in, connect it back to a server in the cloud, setup P2P OpenVPN connections and then get more than a single modem speed download? The problems I can see are around MPTCP. I am not sure if it has been ported to ARM to run on a Raspberry Pi. Second, the max you could ever get out of it is 100Mbit/s, given the 10/100mb network port on board… and you may need extra power for the USB dongles. Also, getting P2P connections may be complicated, given the non-static IPs on the modems, though, in theory, non-P2P OpenVPN could work… Again, it’s a theory. I had the though and that’s where the title came from… anyway, throwing it out there…


Class Entity
A fighting entity, player or non-player.
Inheritance
System.Object
Entity
Inherited Members
System.Object.Equals(System.Object)
System.Object.Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.GetHashCode()
System.Object.GetType()
System.Object.MemberwiseClone()
System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
Assembly: Pacman.dll
Syntax
[DataContract]
public abstract class Entity
Constructors
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Entity()
Declaration
Properties
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Buffs
All buffs held by this entity.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public List<Buff> Buffs { get; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.List<Buff> |
|
|
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CritChance
The current critical hit chance of this entity.
Declaration
public double CritChance { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Double |
|
|
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Damage
The current calculated damage of this entity.
Declaration
public int Damage { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
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DamageBoost
The current typed damage boosts this entity is affected by.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public Dictionary<DamageType, int> DamageBoost { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<DamageType, System.Int32> |
|
|
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DamageMult
The current calculated damage multiplier this entity is affected by.
Declaration
public double DamageMult { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Double |
|
|
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DamageResistance
The current typed damage reduction this entity has as a percentage.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public Dictionary<DamageType, double> DamageResistance { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<DamageType, System.Double> |
|
|
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DamageType
The damage type inflicted by this entity when attacking.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public DamageType DamageType { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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Defense
The current calculated defense of this entity.
Declaration
public int Defense { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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DefenseMult
The current calculated defense multiplier this entity is affected by.
Declaration
public double DefenseMult { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Double |
|
|
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Life
HP, the entity is dead when it reaches 0.
It's automatically clamped between 0 and MaxLife
Declaration
public virtual int Life { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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MagicBoost
The current typed damage boosts this entity is affected by.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public Dictionary<MagicType, int> MagicBoost { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<MagicType, System.Int32> |
|
|
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MagicResistance
The current typed damage reduction this entity has as a percentage.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public Dictionary<MagicType, double> MagicResistance { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<MagicType, System.Double> |
|
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MagicType
The magic damage type inflicted by this entity when attacking.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public MagicType MagicType { get; set; }
Property Value
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MaxLife
The maximum Life this entity can have at any point.
Declaration
[DataMember]
public int MaxLife { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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Name
The visible name of this entity.
Declaration
public abstract string Name { get; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
Methods
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AddBuff(Buff, Nullable<Int32>)
Safely adds a new buff to this entity.
Declaration
public void AddBuff(Buff buff, int? duration = default(int? ))
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| Buff |
buff |
|
| System.Nullable<System.Int32> |
duration |
|
|
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AddBuff<TBuff>(Int32)
Safely adds a buff to this entity.
Declaration
public void AddBuff<TBuff>(int duration)
where TBuff : Buff
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
duration |
|
Type Parameters
|
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Attack(Entity)
Deals damage to another entity applying damage calculations, and returns an attack message.
Declaration
public virtual string Attack(Entity target)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| Entity |
target |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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HasBuff(String)
Returns whether this entity contains a buff of the given type.
Declaration
public bool HasBuff(string buff)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.String |
buff |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Boolean |
|
|
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HasBuff<TBuff>()
Returns whether this entity contains a buff of the given type.
Declaration
public bool HasBuff<TBuff>()
where TBuff : Buff
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Boolean |
|
Type Parameters
|
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Hit(Int32, DamageType, MagicType)
Deals damage to this entity applying damage reduction calculations and returns the damage received.
Declaration
public virtual int Hit(int damage, DamageType type, MagicType magic)
Parameters
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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ModifiedDamage(Int32, Boolean)
Applies final damage modifications to use on an attack.
Declaration
public static int ModifiedDamage(int baseDmg, bool crit)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
baseDmg |
|
| System.Boolean |
crit |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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TickBuffs()
Performs a tick on all active buffs of this entity, and returns all buff tick messages.
Declaration
public virtual string TickBuffs()
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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ToString()
Declaration
public override string ToString()
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
Overrides
System.Object.ToString()
|
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UpdateStats()
Updates the entity's stats, affected by all active stat change sources.
Declaration
public virtual void UpdateStats()


FIFA president on a mission 'to do great things for African football'
by Daniel MumbereMadagascar on Sunday hosted a delegation led by FIFA president Gianni Infantino, who will be visiting several other African countries to ‘do great things for African football’.
Infantino is accompanied by FIFA General Secretary and General Delegate for Africa Fatma Samoura, who has been tasked to reform football management at the Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Other members of the delegation were African football legend and Special Advisor to CAF President Samuel Eto’o, Deputy Secretary General Mattias Grafström, Chief Member Associations Officer Véron Mosengo-Omba, former French international and FIFA Foundation CEO Youri Djorkaeff.
Infantino met Madagascar’s president, Andry Rajoelina on Monday with discussions focusing on development of football talent in the country.
‘‘We are truly honoured by your visit today. We are very proud of how well our national team has progressed and your presence here reinforces our drive to see football thrive in Madagascar,’‘ Rajoelina said at the meeting.
Infantino will also visit Mozambique, Lesotho, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazaville and Malawi, as part of his Africa tour.
‘‘I am happy to be back in Africa, a place where I feel so at home. We intend to do great things for African football, restoring the hope of many and bring smiles to the faces of millions of children in Africa,’‘ Infantino said, as he was welcomed to Madagascar by CAF president Ahmad Ahmad.
CAF Awards
Meanwhile, on Sunday CAF also released a list of nominees for this year’s football awards.
The awards which will take place on Tuesday, 7 January 2020, at Citadel Azure, Hurghada, Egypt, will honour African footballers and officials who have distinguished themselves during 2019.
The awards feature several award categories for men’s and women’s football including: African Player of the Year, Coach of the Year, Youth Player of the Year, National Team of the Year, Goal of the Year, Africa Finest XI and Federation of the Year.
Photo Credit: FIFA


MockJEE is a test platform for teachers and students. As a teacher you just focus on curating questions and our platform will seamlessly create tests . Students can take tests on their smartphone or web.
An Android app is available for taking IIT JEE mock test: Participate in India's largest IIT JEE mock test to predict your rank, learn areas of weakness and rehearse for real exam.
Source code is available here. Year: 2014


|
SCIDB4GDAL
|
#include <TemporalReference.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| TReference (string t0text, string dttext) | |
| Representation of a Temporal Reference. More... | |
| TPoint | getStart () |
| Getter for the temporal starting point. More... | |
| TInterval | getCellsize () |
| Getter for the temporal resolution. More... | |
| TPoint | datetimeAtIndex (int index) |
| Returns the date/time at a given index. More... | |
| int | indexAtDatetime (TPoint &t) |
| Returns the index at a specific date/time. More... | |
Protected Attributes | |
| TPoint * | _t0 |
| TInterval * | _dt |
| TResolution | _r |
Class that stores the temporal reference of an array, i.e. a start point and the cell size. Methods to derive the (integer) dimension value for a given date / time and to get the date / time at a specific index are provided.
| scidb4geo::TReference::TReference | ( | string | t0text, |
| string | dttext | ||
| ) |
Representation of a Temporal Reference.
Construction of a temporal reference based on a start point and a duration representing the temporal distance between two neighbouring array cells. Based on the given duration, the temporal resolution is to some degree "guessed": Examples:
| TPoint scidb4geo::TReference::datetimeAtIndex | ( | int | index | ) |
Returns the date/time at a given index.
Calculates the date/time of an given index on the temporal dimension.
| index | The index on the temporal dimension |
| TInterval scidb4geo::TReference::getCellsize | ( | ) |
Getter for the temporal resolution.
Returns the temporal distance between neighbouring cells
| TPoint scidb4geo::TReference::getStart | ( | ) |
Getter for the temporal starting point.
Returns the start date/time, i.e. the date/time at dimension index 0
| int scidb4geo::TReference::indexAtDatetime | ( | TPoint & | t | ) |
Returns the index at a specific date/time.
Calculates the temporal index of an array given a temporal point (TPoint). The cells are assumed as temporal periods (i.e. with a start and end time/date) within which values do not change.
| t | The TPoint representation of a certain date/time |
|
protected |
the temporal resolution (technically)
|
protected |
the temporal resolution (informal)
|
protected |
the temporal datum


Ireland V Denmark in numbers
by By Paul Kelly0.86:
Ireland’s strike rate in Group D is their lowest after seven qualifiers since 1985 (0.57)
1:
Shane Duffy is one booking away from missing a possible play-off semi-final match
2:
Both of Ireland’s last two goals against Denmark were scored by Duffy (1-5 in Dublin, November 2017; 1-1 in Copenhagen, June 2019)
2:
Wins by Ireland in their last five competitive matches at home (W2, D2, L1)
3:
Draws for Denmark in their last five competitive matches away from home (W2, D3, L0)
6:
Draws in the last seven competitive matches between Ireland and Denmark (four 0-0; two 1-1)
14:
Denmark’s current Fifa ranking (22 places above Ireland)
24:
Matches since Denmark lost in competition (October 2016), other than elimination in a penalty shoot-out
40.5:
Years since Ireland beat Denmark in a competitive match (2-0, ECQ, Dublin, May 1979)
49:
Attempts on target by Denmark in Group D (compared with Ireland’s 21)
77%:
Ireland’s rate of passing accuracy in Group D (compared with Denmark’s 86%) Compiled by Paul Kelly


Adam J Sullivan
Assistant Professor of Biostatistics
Brown University
rsample
package. attr_pop <- rsample::attrition
t.test(MonthlyIncome~Attrition, data=attr_pop)
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: MonthlyIncome by Attrition
## t = 7.4826, df = 412.74, p-value = 4.434e-13
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 1508.244 2583.050
## sample estimates:
## mean in group No mean in group Yes
## 6832.740 4787.093
attr_pop %>%
group_by(Gender, Attrition) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = n/sum(n))
## # A tibble: 4 x 4
## # Groups: Gender [2]
## Gender Attrition n freq
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Female No 501 0.852
## 2 Female Yes 87 0.148
## 3 Male No 732 0.830
## 4 Male Yes 150 0.170
attr_pop %>%
group_by(Attrition, Gender) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
mutate(freq = n/sum(n))
## # A tibble: 4 x 4
## # Groups: Gender [2]
## Gender Attrition n freq
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Female No 501 0.852
## 2 Female Yes 87 0.148
## 3 Male No 732 0.830
## 4 Male Yes 150 0.170
## # A tibble: 4 x 4
## # Groups: Gender [2]
## Gender Attrition n freq
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Female No 501 0.852
## 2 Female Yes 87 0.148
## 3 Male No 732 0.830
## 4 Male Yes 150 0.170
## # A tibble: 4 x 4
## # Groups: Attrition [2]
## Attrition Gender n freq
## <fct> <fct> <int> <dbl>
## 1 No Female 501 0.406
## 2 No Male 732 0.594
## 3 Yes Female 87 0.367
## 4 Yes Male 150 0.633
\[z = \dfrac{\hat{p} - \pi_0}{\sqrt{\dfrac{\pi_0(1-\pi_0)}{n}}}\]
\[H_0:\pi=0.5 \text{ vs } H_1: \pi\ne0.5\]
table(attr_pop$Gender) %>% prop.table()
##
## Female Male
## 0.4 0.6
table(attr_pop$Gender) %>%
prop.test()
##
## 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
##
## data: ., null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 58.401, df = 1, p-value = 2.138e-14
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.3749127 0.4256156
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.4
table(attr_pop$Gender) %>%
rev() %>%
prop.test()
##
## 1-sample proportions test with continuity correction
##
## data: ., null probability 0.5
## X-squared = 58.401, df = 1, p-value = 2.138e-14
## alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.5
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.5743844 0.6250873
## sample estimates:
## p
## 0.6
\[z = \dfrac{\hat{p}_1 - \hat{p}_2}{\sqrt{\hat{p}(1-\hat{p})\left(\dfrac{1}{n_1} + \dfrac{1}{n_2}\right)}}\]
table(attr_pop$Gender, attr_pop$Attrition) %>%
prop.test()
##
## 2-sample test for equality of proportions with continuity
## correction
##
## data: .
## X-squared = 1.117, df = 1, p-value = 0.2906
## alternative hypothesis: two.sided
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.01723399 0.06145168
## sample estimates:
## prop 1 prop 2
## 0.8520408 0.8299320
Informally, a p-value is the probability under a specified statistical model that a statistical summary of the data (for example, the sample mean difference between 2 compared groups) would be equal to or more extremee than its observed value
- (ASA Statement)
That Definition is about as clear as mud.
- Christie Aschwanden, lead writer for science, FiveThirtyEight.
The simplest general definition of a p-value of a point null hypothesis that I know of is as follows. Suppose the hypothesis is that \(\mathbb{P}\) is the probability distribution of the data \(X\), which takes on values in the measurable space \(\chi\). Let \(\{R_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in[0,1]}\) be a collection of \(\mathbb{P}\)-measurble subsets of \(\chi\) such that:
- \(\mathbb{P}(R_\alpha)= \alpha\)
- \(\alpha^\prime<\alpha\) then \(R_{\alpha^\prime}\subset R_\alpha\).
Then the p-value of \(H_0\) for the data \(X=x\) is \(inf_{\alpha\in[0,1]}\{\alpha:x\in R_\alpha\}\)


My original objective in undertaking this tests was simply to determine if some freely available information had or has any discernible value. At this point, about a month into my second MLB season, I'd have to say the answer is maybe, maybe not.
Today, somewhere, some individual player or a team will face off against another player or team in a contest that has rules that prevent ties - one or the other player or team will win. Betting invariably occurs, I only concern myself with that gambling done through a bookmaker. Sides of this contest might have names like Alpha Anacondas or Bravo Berries but I'll stick with letter names - A and B. A bookmaker takes bets on A and B and with each bet offers odds for the payout that depend on the amount of money that bookmaker has taken in for either side of the contest. If bettors have put $100 on both sides, the next bet will get even money something approximating even money odds. Even money is 1:1 in math class but this bookmaker is, in fact, in it for the money so she will offer odds, or payout of 10:11 on both teams and call it even money. A payout of 10:11 means that if you bet $11, you could walk away with $21 if your side wins or $0 if they loose. There is an implied probability of a win that goes with those payouts. In the case of a 10:11 payout, the odds of either team winning are 11:10 or the probability is 11/21 or 52.3%. Whichever side wins, the bookmaker will pocket about $1 per $22 bet. This is called vigorish or vig but that word has a negative connotation like it's the bookmaker somehow cheating the bettors out of their proper winnings. In fact, it's simply the fee the bettor pays for operating an orderly market. The payouts a bookmaker offers should always result in the bookmaker having a neutral position on any contest. If a bookmaker is offering even money on A, even after 2/3 of the bets have been placed on A, then that bookmaker is offering a higher payout than the betting would support and they then have a long position on B. And that's fine...but it's not something we would know about and it's not something we would expect.
Payouts can be expressed in different "units" but all those units can be converted to an implied probability or probability and I want to label that probability as a price of a bet. In fact the odds offered by a bookmaker are the ask price for a contest. Independent of that valuation, I may have another probability of a side winning that is above or below that ask price. If my valuation is greater than the price, I can compute a bet, f_star, with this implementation of the the Kelly criterion .
f_star = p * (b - 1) + 1
Where:
p
= my valuation, or probability of win
b
= payoff of a single dollar bet
((1-price)/price
)
f_star
= the fraction of some nominal bet one should wager
on this side
The 2018 MLB season was the first season I played with. By play I merely mean that I scraped game odds and results from oddsshark and made paper bets based on those values.
Sorry, I shouldn't say scraped. I went out every morning about 9AM West Coast and copied all the values into a csv file. I also used an mlb public API to get game details and correlate those details back with the (manually) scraped betting details. It was this manual scraping that accounts for some holes in my database. Ultimately, I did get details for 1901 games and bet on 1869 (98.3%) of those games. We bet both sides of four games so the total number of bets is 1873. Paper bets starting with a stake of $10,000 look like figure 1.
Figure 1: Stake value over span of 2018 MLB season
What can we make of this? It appears that from day 1 to day 130 we didn't benefit from betting at all. The final 3 weeks of the season seem to be the one time where the predictions vary enough from the market pricing that we can capitalize on those predictions. The red line is an exponential curve fit to the actual stake and the right hand intercept is about $27465.
I started tracking this season late and only engaged because I figured out a way to scrape the odds from the oddsshark site without having to view the page daily. Now I have a clean set of daily odds and predictions for the period after February 5, 2019. Add to that the fact that basketball is much higher than the standard deviation of a side's score (mean ~90, sd ~12-13). That is not true of baseball (mean score 4.547, sd 3.212).
I'm going to have to come back to this.
The 2019 baseball predictions have been nothing short of abysmal and this is a good thing. As of May 3, I was down about 83% even though the predictions indicated that the sides it picked would win ~65% of the time. It's pretty obvious our estimates are biased. On any given day we can compute our CI of our predictions like so:
num_games_played = len(games_played)
avg_prob_win = sum(game["prob_win"])/num_games_played
p = avg_prob_win
std_err = math.sqrt(p*(1-p)/num_games_played)
z = 1.96 # 95% CI
ci = (p-z*std_err, p+z*std_err)
As of May 1 our 95% CI is (.608, .698) and our average experienced win rate is 0.466. So problem solved, right?
Or not? Our experienced rate not only significantly below prediction, it was below 50%. I suspect that as long as experienced win rate is above 50% any strategy performs fine. One way to test this would be to run paper bets against the favorite side of all games, assuming the predicted probability is 90%. This presumes that the market favorite is, in fact, more likely to win - we should demonstrate this. This is all future work. One thing I can say today is that our experienced win rate was significantly below our predicted rate since game 29 of the season. Game 29 was played on day 3 of the season. Hypothetically we could bet until our predictions are clearly out of control. That means, in this case, we would have bet on all relevant games in the first three days of the season and then stopped betting. Our net gain for this season would be $-1038 or about a 10% loss. It seems bad for a 3 day season but it's much better than hanging on to a losing strategy.
I've heard markets are the most efficient way to determine price but given the way I define value and price in gambling (at a bookmaker which is, as far as I can tell, a market). Now I have a tool, confidence interval, to precisely tell me how far my valuations are from reality and I've gotta say, it is not pretty. We already saw how bad oddsshark predictions are from actual results. Dig this. When I value a side at the oddsshark odds less vigorish (i.e. sum of both teams implied probabilities is 1) the average price of all favorites in 2018 was 58.88%. Among those favorite sides 57.87% went on to win the game. SE of favorite teams was 1.131% so the market was within 1 SE of the final, experienced win rate.
Note that the MLB bets wildly overestimate the probability of a win while the end of the NBA season has a P value of 0.00161 - it seems like it might be a decent model. It isn't. That said, we do see that that tail end of the NBA season might be analogous to that tail end of the 2018 MLB season. I suspect that what's happening is that the model is being trained continuously throughout the season and that the model at the beginning of the season is simply overtrained on a previous season and that the season-to-season changes are sufficiently high that the model is unreliable until it's trained on the current season. Future work might look for a way to detect this change in the model predictions.
What I've learned in this experimentation can be boiled down to two main points.
First, whenever I've tried to model things I wind up, at some point, computing a Pearson's correlation coefficient and it tells me that my model explains so much of the error in the observations that went into creating that model. It's that litmus test that says "this model probably does what you want" or not. And of course it's nothing to come up with a model that has a very low Pearson's coefficient and still advertise the model results. That's what Oddsshark is doing, that's what most public predictions entail (the DJIA is going to 36k, the DJIA is going to 10k, gold is going to $5k, oil is going to $150/bbl). Oddsshark is predicting things with a schedule (to their credit) but their predictions are ephemeral and there's no record to hold them to their predictions after the fact. I've attempted to construct such a record and stumbled across at least one method of confirming that their predictions have value (they do not). The good news is that even though oddsshark has hidden the method by which they make projections, we can arrive at an evaluation of their projections in a relatively short timeframe within a single season. So buyer beware - and here's how.
Second, I now have an actual practical understanding of the claim about markets being the best estimate of probability. Best estimate in this claim simply means the least biased. It's easy to see how to measure this bias in the case of betting odds - they convert simply into probabilities. What's harder is to see bias between score predictions and win rates or differences between predicted scores and actual odds. In the end, it's only win/loss ratios that pay so even if you could demonstrate that predicted scores are unbiased (have the same mean as actual scores) it wouldn't matter to the outcome of our test nor would it be comparable to the amount of bias in the odds market's odds setting.


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