'Ruler' Teaser: A template Balakrishna movie - Telugu News - IndiaGlitz.com
Nandamuri Balakrishna sports not one but two-three looks in 'Ruler'. Why he is called a ruler is not known but he sure comes off as a shadow of Boyapati Srinu's 'legend' when he shouts as he warns.
Director KS Ravikumar packs the teaser with loads of action. It's safe to assume that the film, too, is in the same mould. Whether it's as a cop or as a suited-and-booted Van Dyke, Balayya is at his loudest and action-hero self.
With music by Chirantan Bhatt, this one has Sonal Chauhan in a glamorous role and the few times she is seen in the teaser, the actress is full of oomph.
Bhumika Chawla, Prakash Raj and Jayasudha surely have got heavy rules. Ram Prasad is taking care of cinematography. The story is by Paruchuri Murali.
The big-ticket film will hit the screens on December 20.
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I'm a lucky person (aren't we all at times). When I was about 17 I was island hopping in the Carribean and a Puerto Rican guy told me that a tea made from the belladonna plant flower would knock my socks of, but advised me not to try it because it could possibly blind you. Hopeless druggy that I was, I immediately picked some of the flowers (about 3 if I remember) and took them home to make a tea with hot water.
I steeped it for a while and drank about 1/2 of the cup as the evening was setting.  Let me reiterate: this was a suicide mission.  Do not try the method I am describing unless you have no respect whatsoever for the value of your physiological existence.
As the sun set I became sleepy and lay down on the mat I called a bed. The next thing I know there was a huge party being held in my bedroom. The people were quite nice. It was a real as real gets. Soon everyone left except for an old peasant man in worn work clothes. We chatted for a while. I must have started to come back to my senses, for when I reached over to touch him to see if he was real, I realized I was touching some of my dirty laundry piled on the floor. It was morning by then. This was the most intense trip I had ever had, but all in all, quite pleasant.
It took me about a day to recover. I was shaky.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Welcome on Twitmining
A powerful tool for analyzing quickly a twitter feed
About
In an athletic sprint competition, getting a bad start often jeopardizes the good course of the race. The same
is true for crisis management: the first few hours of operation determine the success of subsequent operations.
However, making the right decisions early on is difficult because the information is fragmented, incomplete and
even false. In this purpose, the use of Twitter is a new source of information. Indeed, when disasters occur,
witnesses and victims quickly disseminate massive but not always reliable or easy to interpret information on this
social network.
Imagine that it is possible to capture this information, to keep only the parts related to a situation and to
evaluate the relevance of the information by crossing. This would potentially provide a formidable tool to inform
the tactical and strategic decisions of rescue teams. This type of data mining is already widely used in many
contexts. The objective of this project is to demonstrate this concept.
Contact
If you have any question or if you want to support or contribute by any way to the project, please feel free to contact me to discuss about it.


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
0.5 tablets |
oral |
MDMA |
| T+ 1:00 |
0.5 tablets |
oral |
MDMA |
| T+ 3:00 |
0.25 tablets |
oral |
MDMA |
The crowd that I am with have always taken E when partying, but being pretty much anti-drugs my answer was always, I can party without it. Nevertheless, I would max out by 2:00am being tired and irritable and just couldn't understand how they could still want to be on the dance floor listening to repetitive music. Lately I have unanswered questions so after doing some considerable research decided to try E.
I might add here that one of the things that has been holding me back is that I have essential high blood pressure. Every single test that can be done to determine the cause has been, but the doctors have pretty much come up empty handed and have concluded that it's hereditary. I have had my heart checked from every angle by cardiologists and they say the problem does not lie there. With that, I am on 2.5mg of bisoprolol fumarate daily to keep the BP under control, which without it would register a moderately high systolic pressure and a high diastolic, at it’s worse 160/118, with daily medication 120/90.
Considering the warnings on hypertension and E, I weighed up a lot of factors personal to me before attempting it. My BP was completely under control with medication and I had recently done extensive cardio check ups that came back 100%.
We all went to a rave club. I had decided that due to my small body weight would try half first and see how it went. After an hour I felt nothing, except maybe a slight increase in energy levels, so I took another half of a different pill. There was no expected warmth or tingling feeling as friends had reported, but an intense surge of energy. Not a paranoid or frenzied energy, but very stable and extremely sensual connected energy. I had no desire to leave the dancefloor. For some reason I could pick out every one on the dance floor that was also on E, there was a strange connection to them. I extremely aware of details that would have totally escaped me. I saw people popping pills and people touching each other. I know I miss details like this normally. The music was crystal clear, my contact lenses that normally irritate my eyes after spending a while in a closed club environment; I couldn't feel them at all.
There was no jaw clenching, but I had a perpetual smile plastered on my face. I felt unbelievably powerful and confident within myself. I don't normally venture away from friends at clubs, but I felt so at ease with everyone there that I was confidently moving in and out of the crowd alone. The time flew passed. By 4:00am friends wanted to leave. I could have easily stayed another 3 -4 hours.
I got to bed by 6:00am and woke up at 10:30am now with slight trembling in my body, very low grade headache but still feeling very relaxed and energetic, took my BP medication. Got back into bed at 12:00pm and woke at 4:00pm, now feeling very lethargic, bored and slightly depressed. The energy had gone but I still felt trembling within my body.  Was in bed by 8:00pm, next day more than 24 hours after taking E, felt definite loss of concentration, unstable heart beat and out of breath at the slightest exertion, very low grade headache came and went thoughout the day. Pulse was normal though at 68 bpm.
48 hours after dosing woke up with slight chest pains, heart feels slightly constricted, still experiencing loss of concentration especially trying to focus on conversations and slight trembling in body but pulse still normal at 60 bpm. Ironically, it’s always after the fact, when things are not going 100% that you start to wonder if you maybe overdid things. Checked BP and pulse throughout the day and was normal, chest pains went away completely in the afternoon. Finally, 72 hours after dosing woke up and felt completely normal, concentration levels and fitness levels back to normal, no trembling or pain anywhere. Considering it took three days for me to feel completely comfortable again, definitely will only go to half a pill next time and stay there. Do I want to do E again…? Absolutely. Definitely recreationally in small doses and with time in between parties. I have never felt such a surge of freedom and control all at once…truly amazing night.
Adding: Two weeks after dosing had a full medical, BP completely normal, all after effects gone.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Six Precepts
"He who conquers himself is the mightiest warrior."— Confucius
I
THOU SHALT NOT BE DISHONEST
Keep your word
II
THOU SHALT NOT SEEK PLEASURES
Use internet wisely
III
THOU SHALT TAKE ACTION
Always keep track of your work backlog
IV
THOU SHALT FIND TIME FOR LEARNING
Learning and practice is a priority
V
THOU SHALT MAKE OTHERS HAPPY
Help others
VI
THOU SHALT TAKE CARE PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH
Meditate and excersise


Hera is the new computer service provided by the HEASARC at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that enables qualified student and professional astronomical researchers to immediately begin analyzing scientific data from high-energy astrophysics missions.
By clicking on "Connect to Hera..", fv will start up a Hera session. There are two basic requirements to run Hera:
After brief moment, a login panel will start. If you have an estiablished account, typing your user ID and password to start use Hera. If you are new to Hera, use the right side panel of the login panel to estiablsh a new Hera account.
For more information, visit the Hera web site at
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/hera/
Go to Connect to Student Hera.
Go to About fv.


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I grew up in Astoria, Oregon. I'm an only child but have a lot of cousins in Astoria. We played all together all the time. One of my neighbors was an only child too and the same age, we became and still are best friends. After high school I moved to Corvallis to go to OSU. Go Beavs! After a few years in Corvallis and some time back in Astoria I moved to Portland to finish school at PSU. Graduated from the school of business with honors. I've been in Portland for almost 10 years now. I enjoy being in a city and out of a small town but also like the fact that Portland is a smaller city. I've been flipping houses but looking for a career change. I'm excited about learning to code and the change. Coding most intrigues me because of the all the possiblities of what you can create. Creating a program or idea you have in your head and seeing it work on the computer is exciting. To get to know me a little better, here are a few of my favorite movies and tv shows:
I met my wife, Carolyn, in college ages ago. We got married in 2011. We have two kids, Amelia and Ayden.  Kids are life changer. Things like walking out the door whenever you want, which was always taken for granted, goes away. But they bring so much excitment with them. Amelia gets so excited for things it is great to watch. And you get to experience the world through their eyes which is refreshing. I look forward to watching them grow up.
I've done photography for many years. I used to have a photography web page but took it down and now just contribute to a stock photography page. One of the biggest events I've ever photographed was the total solar eclipse that crossed the United States in August of 2017. I travelled to Salem Oregon to view the total eclipse. We went to my cousin's house where a group of family gathered to watch. It was a great experience to see and fun to photograph. There are many things to take pictures of but these are my favorite:


Home
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Our First Project
Our Team:
Obada Tumah
Sara Malash
Mais AbuRabi'
Ahmad AL-Habrawi
Abdallah Al-Khatatbeh


12 writes to PSJobTypeName
System.Management.Automation (12)
engine\hostifaces\PSTask.cs (2)
1026
PSJobTypeName
= nameof(PSTaskJob);
1469
PSJobTypeName
= nameof(PSTaskChildJob);
engine\remoting\client\Job2.cs (3)
662
PSJobTypeName
= jobType;
677
PSJobTypeName
= jobType;
691
PSJobTypeName
= jobType;
engine\remoting\client\ThrottlingJob.cs (1)
284
this.
PSJobTypeName
= jobTypeName;
engine\remoting\commands\InvokeCommandCommand.cs (4)
1108
job.
PSJobTypeName
= RemoteJobType;
1122
job.
PSJobTypeName
= RemoteJobType;
1143
job.
PSJobTypeName
= RemoteJobType;
1765
rtnJob.
PSJobTypeName
= RemoteJobType;
engine\remoting\commands\ReceivePSSession.cs (1)
1102
job.
PSJobTypeName
= InvokeCommandCommand.RemoteJobType;
engine\remoting\commands\StartJob.cs (1)
765
job.
PSJobTypeName
= s_startJobType;


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A geometry holds all data necessary to describe a 3D model. Example: Box, Dodocaheron. The structure of an object
Materials describe the appearance of objects: Is it shiny, is it green, does it have a texture image.
In ThreeJS a Mesh is an Object3D
consisting of a geometry
and a material
.
var mesh = new THREE.Mesh( geometry, material );
scene.add( mesh );
In graphics programming lights are strange abstractions. In practice the material
of an object determines what fragment shader
program to use. The shader program colors the pixels on the screen by calculating the color using information about the material and the lights in the scene. So a light is more of an abstract description of a light source.
Light calculations can be pretty complex but the simpler variants are called Lambert or Phong
Lambert shading is evaluated per vertex of the mesh. It is very fast but does not look very glossy.
Phong shading looks smoother since it is calculated per pixel. It can look 'shiny'.
A camera in this context does not simulate a physical. It is simply a mathematical description of the eye position and view direction.


The following page is extracted from the
Turbo C++ Graphics Tutor Copyright ©
Digital International Ltd 1997.
Note : for any additional information concerning this page & the source code included,
download the :-
Turbo C++ mouse & images demo program files & source code.
Turbo Pascal mouse & images demo program files & source code.
The two primary input devices used with GUIs are the keyboard and the mouse. The mouse is
the input device of choice for many users because it offers greater flexibility and
movement than manual keyboard input.
The mouse is very easy to access and control. The mouse system consist of the mouse and the
mouse driver. The mouse is the device manipulated by the user to provide directional input
to the program. The mouse driver is the memory resident
program that provides communication between the mouse and the computer. The mouse driver
maintains the cursor position of the mouse and the status of the mouse buttons. You can
access the cursor position and the button status with in any application through software
interrupt 33h. The C++ function int86 can be used to generate the software interrupt 33h and
the Turbo Pascal procedure Intr can be used for the same purpose as well.
The mouse driver has several functions by specifying the function number in the AX register
when calling interrupt 33h. The BX,CX, and DX registers are used to pass parameters to the
mouse functions.
| Function | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 0 | Resets the mouse and retrieves the mouse status. |
| 1 | Displays the mouse cursor. |
| 2 | Hides the mouse cursor. |
| 3 | Retrieves the mouse cursor positioned the status of the mouse buttons. |
| 4 | Retrieves the number of times a button was pressed since the last call. |
| 5 | Retrieves the number of times a button was released since the last call. |
| 6 | Specifies the horizontal limits for the cursor. |
| 7 | Specifies the vertical limits for the cursor. |
| 8 | Specifies the cursor to use for graphics modes. |
| 9 | Specifies the cursor to use for text modes. |
There are two things you need to know before we started to use the mouse. First under DOS, you must load the mouse driver software that came with your mouse before trying to use it.
Service 0 - put AX = 0
Returns : AX = 0 means Failure.
C++ Example:
int mouse_init(void) { int result; asm { mov ax,00h; int 33h; mov result,ax; } return(result); }Turbo Pascal Example:
Function Mouse_Init : Boolean; Var Result : Word; Begin ASM MOV AX,$00 INT $33 MOV Result,ax End; Mouse_Init := (Result <> 0); End;Using INT 33H service 0 is the necessary first step toward using the mouse. If this service returns a nonzero value, the mouse is initialized. Otherwise, the mouse can not be used (because it is not installed in the computer or the mouse driver is missing). In that case, and if your program depends on the use of a mouse, you should print out an error message and quit.
Service 1 - put AX = 1
C++ Example:
void mouse_show(void) { asm { mov ax,01h; int 33h; } }Turbo Pascal Example:
procedure Mouse_Show; Begin ASM MOV AX,$01 INT $33 End; End;Next we have to display the mouse cursor using INT 33H service 1. A small procedure that displays the mouse cursor is included in the *.ZIP files specified above "MOUSE.INC" & "MOUSE.PAS". At this point, the mouse system is active and the cursor has appeared on the screen. We can also make it vanish using INT 33H service 2 to hides the mouse cursor. If the cursor is already off, it stays off. There are times when the mouse cursor be a distraction on the screen, and this service can fix that.
void mouse_hide(void) { asm { mov ax,02h; int 33h; } }
Turbo Pascal Example: Procedure Mouse_Hide; Begin ASM MOV AX,$02 INT $33 End; End;We can also read right and left button information from the mouse INT 33H service 3. Let's look at that process next.
Service 3-set these things : AX = 3
This will return:
| BX | Means |
|---|---|
| 0 | No button down |
| 1 | Left button down |
| 2 | Right button down |
| 3 | Both button down |
unsigned int co,ro,bo; /* This fuction is to return the mouse information bo = mouse button ro = the y position of the mouse cursor co = the x position of the mouse cursor */ void mouse_info(void) { asm { mov ax,03h; int 33h; mov bo,bx; mov ro,dx; mov co,cx; } }
Turbo Pascal Example: (* This Procedure is to return the mouse information Bu = mouse button Ro = the y position of the mouse cursor Co = the x position of the mouse cursor *) Procedure Mouse_info; Var B, C, R : Word; Begin ASM MOV AX,$03 INT $33 MOV B,BX MOV C,CX MOV R,DX End; Co := C; Ro := R; Bu := B; End;This serve, service 3, returns information in BX, DX, and CX. BX indicates which button(s) is (are) down. This service also returns the current row and column of the mouse cursor in DX and CX, respectively. These numbers are measured in pixels, in 640 x 200 mode, DX can range from 0 to 199 and CX from 0 to 639.


What is “trends”?
Trends is a source for what's new and trending on the web. We provide content from different platforms in different categories ranging from health to news.
How often does the website fetch trending articles?
Every 30 minutes, articles are fetched from different platforms. So the front page is constantly in motion and (hopefully) filled with fresh, interesting links.
Can anyone bookmark an article?
No, anyone cannot bookmark an article. Only register users are allowed to use this feature.s
Do I have to register to access all the categories?
No, any guest user, as well as a registered user, can access all the categories.
Can I reset the password?
Yes, you can reset your password using the change password option on the right-most corner of your screen.
What if I forgot password?
You can change your password using forgot password link.
Does this website have any provision to avoid eye strain during night time?
Yes, we have provided with day/night mode to switch as per convenience.
How to bookmark an article ?
To bookmark any article, click on the blue star on the left side of the article flex card.
Who can use the search feature to search the articles ?
Any user (Register/Unregister) can use this feature.


*Please note these are approximate values.
Many banks, particularly in asia, offer recurring deposits accounts. Customers have to deposit a fixed amount monthly to the account for a fixed period of time and they'll receive a predefined sum at the end. They've become popular as they suits very well for the people with fixed monthly income. These accounts are marketed under various names and often the effective interest rate is hidden. Usually, the customer will only be given the information on monthly ammount they have to pay and the ammount they receive at the end. The real interest rate is hidden. Unlike with fixed deposit or bonds, for average retail investor, it is quite complex to calculate the underlying interest rate. This calculator helps you to identify the real annual rate of return for any Recurring Deposit scheme.


The General Secretary under Guidance of Professor Incharge is responsible for making the final decisions
Yes
Yes, by informing the mentor of parent cell he can give his service in some other cell also. He is responsible to complete his soul responsibility of his cell also.
Presently we are working on problems in and around campus but in future we are planning to expand its scope to other parts of Patna.
NSS technical skills group includes teaching---
i.Spoken English
ii.Basic computer knowledge
Yes, computer classes are made interactive by giving practical lessons to the students.
We conduct 4 hours of English class and 4 hours of Computer class weekly.
The plans are executed for the people of Amhara village near the Campus of IIT Patna.
The Rural Development group helds a motive to help the Women and Farmer build self help groups for financial support.
It Guide them Regarding proper Health and Sanitation Issues.
Contact Nos. of Team members including the Head and Mentors are distributed to the villagers.
The members are throughout guided by the NSS General Secretary and the mentors.
Children are taught in the Amhara High School in the Amhara village . The team members reach on alloted time to teach them.
Yes the members conduct tests in order to check their performances.
Till now the cleanliness drives are organised in the campus only but we are planning to organise a cleanliness drive outside the campus in the upcoming months.
For the disposal of waste inside the campus there are dustbins kept after some distance. There are two types of dustbins kept, one for the disposal of dry waste and other for wet waste. Cleanliness drives are also organised in the campus keeping the campus clean.
The left over food can be distributed amongst the ones in need. Also the food wastes can be collected and transported to irrigation fields, to be dumped and mixed with soil as a manure. The inedible waste (like plastics) can be recycled and used again.
Plantation is done on that locations such that it is void of any other uses, soil is not cemented and it also beautifies the location. Also there is no other plant in the immediate vicinity so that there is no competition, for water & minerals, with each other.
Considering some Nilgais present in the campus, we can plant only those trees which can't be eaten up by them. So currently we have found only the trees of Sheesham and Arjuna, which are the only viable plants that can be planted in the campus.
CHETNA team believes that awareness plays a very crucial role in making any event successful. Our team spread awareness related to events of other teams of NSS and government schemes and tries to enhance participation. We collect funds to organise events whenever needed. We frequently go to near by villages for survey and try solve the societal problems.
We raise awareness through various modes and try our best to make people hear our voices. We ----
∙ Host educational events (poster making competion, online and offline quizes, slogan writing etc..).
∙ Host social event (street play, stage play etc. based on burning problems of society).
∙ Post articles and posters on our social networking sites.
∙ Organise Campaigns and try to come in contact with a large number of people.
Decisions are taken by a joint meeting of team members,mentor and NSS general secretary ,if necessary we also discuss with PIC NSS.
No, our awareness programs are not bounded to our campus only. We also spread awareness both outside and inside of the campus.
Students, who study in schools, are taught various topics in a planned way, so that all the topics in their syllabus are properly covered and doubts are throughly discussed.
Prayatna was started to give quality education to the students in nearby areas, which earlier they couldn't get due to lack of proper teachers and guidance and infrastructure in the village school.
There is a separate time given in each class for students to clarify their doubts. Further, after each sub-topic is covered, some time is given to students to ask their doubts. Students can also clarify their doubts on phone call with teachers.
Prayatna has a Core team Chosen according to the Rule Book of Prayatna, consisting of 3rd year students who take the sole decision of Prayatna. All the descisions are taken by the core team itself.


Week 3 Technical: JavaScript: The Good, the Bad, the Ugly.
August 2nd, 2014
JavaScript is an extremely popular programming language, and has many loyal and devoted followers. Despite it's widespread use and legion of apostles, there is also a surprising amount of hate heaped onto the language. So what's the real story? Is JavaScript the be all and end all of web development, or is it a poorly conceived mess of a language that should be forgotten once and for all? As a JS n00b, I didn't know the answers, so I did some research to find out!
First, I asked some web developer friends what they thought about JavaScript's popularity. What did they like and dislike about the language? Both developers I spoke with first mentioned browser compatibility - JavaScript is built in and compatible with every major internet browser, making it extremely easy to write and test code. If you want to incorporate interactive elements in your web page (think a pop up dialog or a prompt for user input), 99% of the time, you will be working with JavaScript. The developers at my previous company said that not only do they use JavaScript in the browser, but they also use it on the server side with something called node.js. Writing in the same language in the client and server sides creates a more seamless development environment and means they don't have to constantly translate between different languages.
One developer I spoke with mentioned an important book in the world of JS: "JavaScript: The Good Parts" by Douglas Crockford. The idea behind "The Good Parts" is that, admittedly, there are some terrible aspects to JavaScript, but if you can focus on and utilize just the good parts, you can really get a lot out of the language and make it work for just about any use.
After getting opinions from a few friends, I did some more research online to see what people like and dislike about JavaScript.
JavaScript: The Good Parts
- It's built into all browsers. As my friends said, JavaScript already works seamlessly with all major web browsers.
- You can also use it server-side. With node.js, you can use JavaScript as your server-side language instead of having to use another language.
- It's easy to learn. The barrier for entry with JavaScript is very low, since you can write and run code using just a text editor and a web browser!
- It's object oriented. Object Oriented Programming languages emphasize creating and manipulating objects, and are very popular in web development.
- AJAX makes it seamless. Using AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), your web page can ask the server for information without needing to leave or reload the page. Nearly every popular web app uses AJAX requests to load new information to the page without a full refresh.
- There are tons of library extensions. Using libraries, you can take advantage of dozens of complex functions that you can add on by simply adding a line to the top of your code. jQuery is one of the most noteworthy JavaScript libraries, and adds tons of functionality without you needing to reinvent the wheel.
- There's a vibrant open source community. Open source is an important part of web development, and due to JavaScript's popularity, there is tons of open source work being done in that space.
JavaScript: The Bad Parts
- The name. JavaScript has the name Java right in it, but it isn't at all related to the language Java. This is confusing for n00bs who get them confused!
- Dependence on global variables. JS requires the creation of global variables, which gets extremely tricky when you begin referencing multiple scripts. If one of your variables shares a name with one on a different script, you'll get error messages.
- Many falsy values. Though I admittedly don't understand exactly what is bad about having too many values evaluate to false, many people cited this as a drawback to JavaScript.
- No distinction between floats and integers Many languages distinguish between floating point values (decimals) and integers (whole numbers). JavaScript doesn't, which leads to some quirky behavior and need for Math methods when doing arithmetic.
- It's not the most semantic JavaScript isn't an inherently readable language, like Ruby or Python. This means developers need to use lots of comments to explain the code to colleagues (and their future selves!) to understand why they did things a certain way.


Protesters lock themselves to Washington port to block Trans Mountain pipeline shipment
Five demonstraters, supported by kayakers, have stopped the ship from docking
by Ashley WadhwaniA number of protesters across the border locked themselves to a dock at the Port of Vancouver in Washington Tuesday morning in order to stop a shipment of pipeline for the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion from getting to B.C.
According to the Portland Rising Tide, five protesters climbed onto the dock, supported by dozens of kayakers and other boats.
“This is not just a Canadian problem, but an American problem, too,” Cedar George-Parker, a Tsleil-Waututh Nation member, said in a news release. “We need people in the U.S. to stand in solidarity and take action to stop this pipeline. The border will not divide us.”
Video posted by the activists at about 10:30 a.m. showed local police officers attempting to detain those on the dock.
This is the third protest targeting the port since September when activists learned pipe materials were being imported by ship to Washington before being transported by rail to B.C.
The expansion project was approved for a second time in June, after the Federal Court of Appeal tore up the original approval last year due to insufficient environmental review and inadequate Indigenous consultations.
Tuesday’s protests come as Saskatchewan was granted leave to intervene in support of the federal government in B.C.’s appeal of the pipeline.
Black Press Media has reached out to the port authority for more details.
More to come.


Factoriole
The internet's greatest database for facts.
This has not been implemented yet. Sorry, fams.


Covariance matrices
- Choi, Y.-G., Ng, C. T., & Lim, J. (2017). Regularized LRT for large scale covariance matrices: One sample problem. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 180, 108–123. Link
- Kwon, Y., Choi, Y., Park, T., Ziegler, A., & Paik, M. C. (2017). Generalized estimating equations with stabilized working correlation structure. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 106, 1–11. Link
- Choi, Y.-G., Lim, J., Roy, A., & Park, J. (2016). Positive-definite modification of covariance matrix estimators via linear shrinkage. arXiv Preprint. Link
Survival analysis
- Choi, Y.-G., Tsai, W.-Y., & Paik, M. C. (2017). A general class of quasi-independence tests for left-truncated right-censored data. Submitted.
Colloboration (Mass spectral data)
- Nguyen, H. T. et al. Lee, D. K., Choi, Y. G., Min, J. E., Yoon, S. J., Yu, Y. H., … Park, J. H. (2016). A 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach to evaluate the geographical authenticity of herbal medicine and its application in building a model effectively assessing the mixing proportion of intentional admixtures: A case study of Panax ginseng. Metabolomics fo. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 124, 120–128. Link
- Um, J. a, Choi, Y.-G., Lee, D.-K., Lee, Y. S., Lim, C. J., Youn, Y. a, … Lee, J. (2013). Discrimination between genetically identical peony roots from different regions of origin based on 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomics: determination of the geographical origins and estimation of the mixing proportions of blended. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 405(23), 7523–34. Link


EForth is a delightfully minimalist approach to Forth originated by Bill Muench and Dr. C. H. Ting.
ESP32forth - Version 6.3 for NodeMCU ESP32S - Tweaked for the Web
ESP32forth-6.3.0.ino - This has Dr. Ting's v6.3 version with WebUI added in
EForth exclusively uses FOR..NEXT
in favor of DO..LOOP
.
Details
This construct has the odd property that it iterates one "extra" time for zero.
: FOO 10 FOR R@ . NEXT ; FOO 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ok
To permit a more ordinary loop the AFT
word is used in the sequence
FOR..AFT..THEN..NEXT
.
: FOO 10 FOR ( 1st time only ) AFT R@ . THEN NEXT ; FOO 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ok
The even more enigmatic FOR..WHILE..NEXT..ELSE..THEN
is used in place of DO..LEAVE..LOOP
.
It allows a while condition to early out of a counted loop.


Contents
Phenote User's Guide
What is Phenote?
Advantages to Annotation with Ontolgies
Bugs and Troubleshooting
Licensing Information
Getting Started
Installing
Phenote from the Command Line
Ontologies included with Phenote
Running Phenote for the First Time
Exiting Phenote
The Phenote Interface
Menu Bars
Data Entry
Term Info
Annotation Spreadsheet
Changing your Configuration
Using Filters
Loading/Saving Annotations
Introduction to Data Adapters
Loading & Saving
The PhenoXML adapter
The PhenoSyntax Adapter
The Tag-Value Adapter
The Tab-Delimited Adapter
Creating Annotations
Editing Functions
Entering data into Free-Text fields
Entering data into Ontology Fields
Term Composition/Refinement
Changing your Autocompletion Settings
Sample Annotations
Information for Developers
Writing a Data Adapter
Connecting to a Database
Adding configurability
Other Uses for Phenote
Customizing Phenote
What is a Configuration?
How To Edit a Configuration File
Sample Configuration 1
Sample Configuration 2
XML skeleton
The <phenote-configuration> Tag
The <tab> Tag
The <dataadapter> Tag
The <master-to-local-config> Tag
The <field> Tag
The <ontology> Tag
The <auto-update-ontologies> Tag
The <update-timer> Tag
The <term-history> Tag
Appendix
An Introduction to OBO Ontologies
Basic Concepts and Vocabulary


Celestial velocities
We normally think of our classroom or laboratory as being stationary when we are doing dynamics. But how valid is this assumption?
We will consider motion due to:
- Spinning of the Earth about the North-South axis.
- Orbit of the Earth about the Sun.
- Rotation of the Sun around center the Milky Way.
- Motion of the Milky Way through the universe.
As we will see below, some of these velocities are not small. Why is normally valid to assume that we are in an inertial reference frame?
- Elementary motions #rke
Periods of rotation
The different types of motion have magnitudes roughly given in the following table. These motions are not all in the same direction, and may add to each other or act in opposite or even orthogonal directions.
| Earth spin | Earth orbit | Milky Way | Through CMB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| period $T$ | $24\rm\ h$ | $365\rm\ d$ | $200\rm\ My$ | |
| $8.64 \times 10^4\rm\ s$ | $3.16 \times 10^7\rm\ s$ | $6.31 \times 10^{15}\rm\ s$ | ||
| radius $r$ | $6370\rm\ km$ | $1\rm\ AU$ | $27.2\rm\ kly$ | |
| $6.37 \times 10^6\rm\ m$ | $1.50 \times 10^{11}\rm\ m$ | $2.57 \times 10^{20}\rm\ m$ | ||
| ang. vel. | $15.0^\circ/\rm h$ | $0.986^\circ/\rm d$ | $1.8^\circ/\rm My$ | |
| $\omega = 2\pi/T$ | $7.27 \times 10^{-5}\rm\ rad/s$ | $1.99 \times 10^{-7}\rm\ rad/s$ | $9.96 \times 10^{-16}\rm\ rad/s$ | |
| velocity | $1670\rm\ km/h$ | $107\,000\rm\ km/h$ | $922\,000\rm\ km/h$ | $1\,990\,000\rm\ km/h$ |
| $v = r\omega$ | $4.63 \times 10^2\rm\ m/s$ | $2.98 \times 10^4\rm\ m/s$ | $2.56 \times 10^5\rm\ m/s$ | $5.52 \times 10^5\rm\ m/s$ |
| acceleration | $0.343\%\ g$ | $0.0605\%\ g$ | $2.60 \times 10^{-9} \%\ g$ | |
| $a = r\omega^2$ | $3.37 \times 10^{-2}\rm\ m/s^2$ | $5.93 \times 10^{-3}\rm\ m/s^2$ | $2.55 \times 10^{-10}\rm\ m/s^2$ |
The first people to have a rough idea of the radius of the Earth and the distance to the Sun were the ancient Greeks. Eratosthenes (276–195 BCE) computed the radius of the Earth to be 40 000 stadia (6800 km) by measuring the difference in Sun angle between Aswan and Alexandria.
Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BCE) obtained the first estimates of the distance to the Sun by using observations of lunar eclipses and solar parallax. While his method was in principle correct, poor observational data meant that his computed Earth-Sun distance was quite inaccurate.
Solar and sidereal time
We all know that one day is 24 hours long. But the period of the Earth's rotation is not 24 hours! This is because of the difference between solar time and sidereal time. Solar time is the time measured against the Sun, as we normally do. Sidereal time is measured against the stars, which is slightly different.
Schematic of the Earth's rotation about its own axis and about the sun, counting solar days and sidereal days. Here the Earth has just 8 solar days per year for better visualization.
As we can see above, the Earth rotates one more sidereal day each year than solar days. This means:
\[ \text{1 solar year} = \text{365 solar days} = \text{366 sidereal days} \]
and so:
\[\begin{aligned} \text{sidereal day} &= \frac{365}{366}\ \text{solar day} \\ &= \frac{365}{366} \times 24\ {\rm h} \\ &= 23.93{\rm\ h} \\ &= 23{\rm\ h}\ 56{\rm\ min} \end{aligned}\]
The Earth's orbital angular velocity is thus actually $\omega = 360^\circ / (23.93{\rm\ h}) = 15.04^\circ/\rm h$.
The relationship between solar and sidereal days can also be computed by considering just a single day, as shown below.
Diagram of one solar day and one sidereal day for the Earth, not drawn to scale. The fact that $\omega_{\rm E}$ and $\omega_{\rm S}$ are in the same direction means that sidereal days are shorter than solar days (this is not a coincidence).
Just as for the definition of a day, there is a similar distinction between the synodic lunar month, which is the time between passes of the Moon between the Earth and the Sun, and the sidereal lunar month, which is the orbital period of the Moon in an inertial frame. In common usage, the phrase lunar month refers to the synodic month.
Just as sidereal days and solar days are different, the exact length of one year depends on how we define it. The sidereal year is the time for the Earth to complete one orbit relative to the fixed stars, and has length 365.256363 solar days. The tropical year is the time for the Earth to return to the same point in the seasons, which varies around a value of about 365.242189 solar days (about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year). These years are different because of the axial precession of the Earth.
In common usage the word “year” refers to the tropical year, as the seasons have historically been more important for people than the motion of the stars. Observe that: \[ 365.242 \approx 365 + \frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{100} + \frac{1}{400}. \] This is why leap years in our Gregorian calendar add an extra day every 4 years, unless the year is a whole century, except every 400 years. If our calendar used sidereal years instead of tropical, the fact that 365.256363 is slightly larger than 365.25 would mean that about every 200 years we would need to have a double leap year, when there would be two extra days (February 30?).
While leap years occur because the year is not an exact integer number of days, a similar problem is caused by the fact that the solar day is not exactly 24 × 60 × 60 seconds. The length of the day actually varies somewhat unpredictably due to tidal friction as well as climactic and geologic events such as glacier formation and mass redistribution in the mantle, both of which change the Earth's moment of inertia. To correct for these variations a leap second is occasionally added, in which the last minute of the day has 61 seconds.


Enrollment begins on Nevada’s new health insurance website
LAS VEGAS (AP) - Nevadans can begin signing up for health insurance on Friday under the state’s new online marketplace.
Nevada consumers had been relying for several years on the federal HealthCare.gov website set up under former President Barack Obama’s health care law. But state officials decided to transition Nevada this year to a state-run system in order to save money.
The new website, NevadaHealthLink.com, allows people to shop for, compare and sign up for health insurance for 2020.
Nevadans have until Dec. 15 to sign up for a plan that will cover them next year.
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Copyright © 2019 The Washington Times, LLC.
Please read our comment policy before commenting.


Well designed lighting enhances the environment and doesn’t solely focus on fixtures. An effective project is one that invites a positive response—“Wow, this is a great space!” The lighting isn’t the star, the entire space is.
We work with you to create a lighting environment that realizes your goals for the space while honoring your budget. You’re an essential partner in the design process and we will work together to develop a lighting system or solution that you can be proud of. We always keep your needs in mind and take an active interest in how you will live, work, or play in the space.
We work hard to find solutions that maintain the integrity of the design while staying within your financial guidelines. We keep you informed throughout the design process, communicating recommended changes and their impact on your budget. Our billing practices are honest and transparent—there are never any surprises.
We engage in professional, respectful, communication with everyone involved in your project—the architect, interior designer, homeowner, electrician, contractor, executive level decision makers…everyone has valuable insight into planning and creating your final lighting design.
Our educated, award-winning and experienced team provides quality lighting design and consultation for projects of any scope. Interior, exterior, large or small spaces, residential, commercial, retail, hospitality, new construction or remodel—your project is never too small or too complex.
Location is not an obstacle—we’ve worked on projects from Seattle to Spain to South Africa. Airports, email, and smartphones mean we’re rarely more than a day away and the lines of communication are always open.
No matter the scope of your project, we’re honored by your decision to work with Lumen Design.
Contact Us


# Debugging Node.js with Google Chrome Debugging is the task to identify and remove errors from software applications, and is more than just printing out values in your code. -- ## Why console.log is not the best option? Using console.log to debug your code generally dives you into an infinite loop of “stopping your app, adding a console.log, and start your app again” operations. -- ## Debugging tools Debugging tools provide you with a few important functionalities that console.log isn’t able to provide. --- ## Setting up Chrome for Node.js debugging With Chrome 57+, the Node.js debugging feature is enabled as default. So if you haven’t done it yet, update Google Chrome to the latest version and be sure you are using Node.js 6.4+. -- To start debugging, run your Node.js application with the --inspect flag. ```shell $ node --inspect
.js ``` -- ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*NIVrIoEiniOt6cP-d-0LFQ.png) --- ### Inspect with Chrome DevTools Next, ignore the URL starting with `chrome-devtools://` that is displayed in your terminal, but open `about:inspect` in Google Chrome instead. ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*QAmWRyPtdfF5X7VuvDN1zg.png) -- Finally, click on “Open dedicated DevTools for Node” to start debugging your application’s code. --- ### Developer Tools for Node ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*zQ1uLl_qiRIAJ7Lxw_LFAQ.png) --- ### Chrome DevTools in action ```js // @file hello-name.js 'use strict' const express = require('express') const app = express() const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000 function capitalize (str) { const firstLetter = str.charAt(0) // we can check what's inside here return `${firstLetter.toUpperCase()}${str.slice(1)}` } app.get('/:name?', (req, res) => { const name = req.params.name ? capitalize(req.params.name) : 'World' res.send(`Hello ${name}!`) }) app.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`App listening on *:${PORT}`)) ``` --- ### Using Breakpoints to debug an Express application ![](https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*jTzAaK_zRNynCMvlDbx2rA.png) --- # The End


Front End Projects
Basic Web Page
Test Functions
Greet Visitors
Registration Plates
Match Weekdays
Shoe Catalogue
Everyday Decisions
Back End Projects
Greet in Node
TDD using Modules (link to GitHub)
Greet using Routes
Registration Plates
Waiter Availability
Shoe Catalogue API


Numbers 26:30
These are the sons of Gilead: of Jeezer, the family of the Jeezerites: of Helek, the family of the Helekites:


Week Two
Exercise 1
Air pollution measured by chlorine content (measured in ppm, parts per million) for three cities, randomly selected during one year.
One year ago the cities were approximately equal polluted, but City 1 has the last year tried to reduce the pollution. Data is in a word file called Monday week 2 on fronter.
Stack the data. Use the ANOVA model to investigate if the chlorine content really differs. Check the model assumptions, which problems do you see?
One of the way you can import data from word file into R is using clipboard. Just copy the data and import the data in clipboard into R (Rcommander: Data > Import Data > from text file …)
Let \(y_{ij}\) be the chlorine content (polution measurement) for city \(i\). The ANOVA model to investigate if the chlorine content really differs is,
\[\begin{equation} y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij}, \text{ where, } \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{NID}\left(0, \sigma^2\right) \tag{1} \end{equation}\]Since, city is randomly selected, we also have assumption that the treatment effect follows normal distribution with mean 0 and variance \(\sigma_\tau^2\), i.e. \(\tau_i\sim\text{NID}\left(0, \sigma_\tau^2\right)\)
The ANOVA table for the Model ((1)) is,
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) City 2 74.581 37.291 3.016 0.061 Residuals 39 482.230 12.365 The p-value in ANVOA table is larger than 0.05, so can not reject following Hypothesis at 95% confidence level and stay on the fact that the polution level of different cities are same. However, at 90% confidence level the cities appears to be significantly different.
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \sigma_\tau ^ 2 = 0 \\ H_1 &: \sigma_\tau ^ 2 > 0 \end{aligned} \]
Following diagnostic plot (Rcommander: Model>Graph>Basic Diagnostic Plot) gives a picture of assumption wheather they hold true in this situation.
Try to interpreate the plot youself
Take the logarithm of the response. (Data > Manage variables in active dataset > compute new variables). Note that natural logarithm is done by
log(variable)
. Repeat the analysis, but onlog(chlorine)
. Check model assumptions once again. Investigate if city 1 has been able to reduce the pollution significantly compared the two others cities by a suitable contrast.Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) City 2 10.5435 5.2718 6.1158 0.0049 Residuals 39 33.6177 0.8620 The diagnostic plot can be obtained as in previous question,
Interpreate the plot youself and find its differences from the previous diagnostic plot
To investigate if
city 1
has been able to reduce the pollution significantly compared the two others cities, a contrast with cofficientc(1, -0.5, -0.5)
. Since,\[\text{Contrast } (\Gamma) = \mu_1 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\mu_2 + \mu_3\right) = \tau_1 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau_2 + \tau_3\right)\]
The hypothesis for this test is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \Gamma = 0\\ H_1 &: \Gamma < 0 \end{aligned} \]
In R-commander, we can test this hypothesis from Models > Test Contrasts in ANOVA. The result for the test is,
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) City c=( 1 -0.5 -0.5 ) -1.057827 0.3039017 -3.480822 0.0012468 Since this is one sided hypothesis, the p-value for this test will be half the p-value we obtain in above table (See More). i.e.
\[\frac{0.0012}{2} = 0.0006\]
Since the p-value is very small, we reject the null hypothesis and claim that
City1
has significantly low chlorine level as compared to the other two cities.
Exercise 2
The following data are from an exploration of what kind of brand people in general prefer. Data could be found in the word file called Monday week 2
on fronter. 6 recipes were tried out, each with 8 replicates. 48 respondents were randomly picked out and given one piece of bread (without information on recipe). They were asked to give points on a scale from 0 to 10 (10 is best).
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 8 |
| 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| 5 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 4 |
| 10 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 10 |
| 8 | 6 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 6 |
| 9 | 9 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| 7 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
R1, R2 and R3 are bread baked on coarse-grained flour (Norwegian grovmel), the others on fine.
R1, R3 and R5 is Swedish recipes, the others are Norwegian.
State a model for this investigation.
Let \(y_{ij}\) be the point for \(i^\text{th}\) recipe and \(j^\text{th}\) replication. The model is,
\[\begin{equation} y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij}, \text{ where, } \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{NID}\left(0, \sigma^2\right) \label{eq:W2E2Model} \end{equation}\]In the model ((??)), we have parameters,
\(\mu\) : Overall average point obtained by all recipes
\(\tau_i\) : Effect of recipe \(i^\text{th}\) (point obtained by recipe \(i\) more(less) than the overall average)
Here, we also assume that the overall effect of all recipes equals to zero.,
\[\sum_{i = 1}^5\tau_i = 0\]
Test if there is an effect of recipes.
To fit the model from the given data, first we need to stack it. The hypothesis for testing if there is an effect of recipes is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \tau_i = 0 \text{ for all }i \\ H_1 &: \tau_i \ne 0 \text{ for any }i \end{aligned} \]
The ANOVA table for model ((??)) in the previous answer is,
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Recipe 5 66.938 13.388 3.517 0.01 Residuals 42 159.875 3.807 From the ANOVA table, the low p-value (\(0.01\)) shows that
Recipes
have significantly different preferences.
Answer the following questions by suitable contrasts.
Is there positive effect of coarse-grained flour?
Here, R1, R2 and R3 are bread baked on coarse-grained flour, so the contrast can be written with coefficients
c(1/3, 1/3, 1/3, -1/3, -1/3, -1/3)
as,\[ \begin{aligned} \Gamma &= \frac{1}{3}\left(\tau_1 + \tau_2 + \tau_3\right) - \frac{1}{3}\left(\tau_1 + \tau_2 + \tau_3\right) \end{aligned} \]
The hypothesis to test if this contrast is positive is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \Gamma = 0 \\ H_1 &: \Gamma > 0 \end{aligned} \]
From the test output below, we reject \(H_0\) (very small p-value, compare with half of p-value) and conclude that there is positive effect of coarse-grained flour.
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) Recipe c=(1/3 1/3 1/3 -1/3 -1/3 -1/3) 1.5417 0.5632 2.7373 0.009 Is there positive effect of coarse-grained flour, if we decide to use Norwegian recipes?
Here only Norwegian recipes (R2, R4, R6) are considered among which only R2 is made from coarse-grained flour. Since we are testing R2 against average of R4 and R6, the coefficient for contrast in this situation is
c(0, 1, 0, -0.5, 0, -0.5)
. So,\[\text{Contrast: }\Gamma = \tau_2 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau_4 + \tau_6\right)\]
The hypothesis for this test is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \Gamma = 0 \\ H_1 &: \Gamma > 0 \end{aligned} \]
From the test output below, we can not reject \(H_0\) (high p-value) and conclude that there is not a positve effect of coarse-grained flour in Norwegian recipes. Here we compare p-value with half of its value since this is one-tailed test. Even in this situation, p-value is high enough not to reject \(H_0\).
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) Recipe c=( 0 1 0 -0.5 0 -0.5 ) 0.25 0.8448 0.2959 0.7687 Is there different effect of Norwegian and Swedish recipes if we decide to use coarse-grained flour?
Among the course grained flour, R1 and R3 are Swedish recipes while R2 is Norwegian. Here,
Contrast Coefficients:
c(-0.5, 1, -0.5, 0, 0, 0)
Contrast:
\[\text{Contrast: }\Gamma = \tau_2 - \frac{1}{2}\left(\tau_1 + \tau_3\right)\]
Hypothesis:
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \Gamma = 0 \\ H_1 &: \Gamma \ne 0 \end{aligned} \]
Test Result:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|) Recipe c=( -0.5 1 -0.5 0 0 0 ) -1.625 0.8448 -1.9235 0.0612 Decision:
Could not reject \(H_0\) at 5% level of significance so there is no eveidence of Norwegian and Swedish recipes being different. However, at 10% percent, we conclude that there is significance difference between Norwegian and Swedish recipes.
Exercise 3
- See Exercise 11 Week 1. Load the sire data once more.
Explain what we mean by a residual.
The part of response that your model could not expalin are residuals. Residuals are also termed as error terms or noise. You can obtain residuals as,
\[\text{Error: }(\epsilon_{ij}) = y_{ij} - \hat{y}_{ij}\]
For example in a one-way ANOVA model \(y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij},\; \epsilon \sim \text{NID}(0, \sigma^2)\), the estimated error terms are,
\[\text{Error: }(\epsilon_{ij}) = y_{ij} - \hat{y}_{ij} = y_{ij} - (\hat{\mu} + \hat{\tau_i})\]
Calculate the residuals for all observations.
In R-commander: Model > Add Observation to … and choose Residuals.
What does it mean if a residual is positive or negative?
Since \(\epsilon_{ij} = y_{ij} - \hat{y}_{ij}\), when the true values are larger than the fitted values, residuals are positive. Similary, when the true values are smaller than the fitted values, residuals are negative. Large residual, either it is positive or negative indicates that the observation corresponding that residual is far away from the fitted model.
Find the standardized residual. Do any residual have large absolute value?
In R-commander: Model > Add Observation to … and choose standardized residuals. Following observation has largest absolute residual and standardized residuals.
milk sire residual std.residual 7562 1 872.75 2.794619 Find the animal with the largest and the smallest residual.
Sire 1 has both largest and smallest residuals. This also shows that there is large variation in the milk production from
sire1
.milk sire residual std.residual 6038 1 -651.25 -2.085358 7562 1 872.75 2.794619 Plot the residuals against the fitted values, make comments
The plot shows that the residual terms have constant variance expcept for some larger fitted values. Observations 30, 39 and 40 have largest absolute residuals. These observations have distorted the assumption of constant variation of residual and could lead to poor predictions.
- Assume now that sire is a random effect (discussed on lecture Tuesday).
If we are interested in the sire effect in general, explain why it is natural to assume sire as a random factor.
Write down the model. Interpretate the 3 parameter in the model.
The model with sire as random effect is,
\[\begin{equation} y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \epsilon_{ij}, \text{ where, } \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{NID}(0, \sigma^2) \text{ and } \tau_i \sim \text{NID}(0, \sigma_\tau^2) \label{eq:W2E03bModel} \end{equation}\]The three unknown parameters are,
\(\mu\) : Overall average annual milk production from all sires
\(\sigma_\tau^2\) : Variability in annual milk production between different sires
\(\sigma^2\) : Variability in annual milk production within same sires
Is there effect of sire? State the null hypothesis and the alternative. Estimate the variance components, and give an interpretation of these estimates. Estimate the correlation between cows with same father.
Hypothesis for testing effect of sire is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: \sigma_\tau^2 = 0 \\ H_1 &: \sigma_\tau^2 > 0 \end{aligned} \]
The ANOVA table for model ((??)) is,
Mean Sq Sum Sq Df F value Pr(>F) sire 312752.3 1251009 4 2.806 0.04 Residuals 111461.9 3901166 35 Here, we have Mean Sum of Squares,
\[ \begin{aligned} \text{MS}_\text{treatment} &= 312752.34 \\ \text{MS}_\text{Error} &= 111461.88 \end{aligned} \]
The variance components \(\sigma^2\) and \(\sigma_\tau^2\) referes to the variation within a factor and variation between factors respectively. The total variation present in \(y_{ij}\) is the sum of these two variances. The estimates of these variance components can be obtained as,
\[ \begin{aligned} \hat{\sigma}^2 &= 111462 \\ \hat{\sigma}_\tau^2 &= \frac{\text{MS}_\text{treatment} - \text{MS}_\text{E}}{n} \\ &= \frac{201290.46}{8} = 25161.31 \end{aligned} \]
How would you estimate the variance and the standard deviation for annual milk production in the whole population?
Since the total variation present in \(y_{ij}\) is the sum of two variance components we have,
\[ \begin{aligned} \text{Total Variation} &= \sigma_\tau^2 + \sigma^2 \\ & = 25161.31+111461.88 = 136623.19 \end{aligned} \]
Thus, the standard deviation for annual milk production in whole population is estimated as \(\sqrt{136623.186} = 369.626\)
How would you estimate the expected annual milk production in the whole population? What is the standard error of this estimate? Construct a 95% CI for these expectation?
Exam Questions for exercise
- Exam STAT 210 Sep 2012, Exercise 1. Problems and solutions available on fronter.
- Exam STAT 210 Sep 2013, Exercise 3. Problems and solutions available on fronter (Tuesday).
Exercise 4
Assume the following result from a completely randomized block design (called experiment1) Where
| Block | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | 1 | 2 | |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 2 | 3 | 5 |
- State the model.
Use pocket calculator (if necessary).
- State the model for the block experiment.
- Find SSTotal, SSTReatment, SSBlock and SSError.
- Estimate all the parameters in the model.
- Find the standard error of the estimates.
- Find the residuals.
- Find the fitted values.
- Split the fitted values into a general part, a part by treatment and a part by block.
- Make an ANOVA table and, test if there is treatment effect.
You can check your results with R-commander
If you instead obtained the following result (Experiment 2)
| Block | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | 1 | 2 | |
| 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 2 | 4 | 6 |
Answer the following without any calculations.
Experiment 2 gave:
- larger SSTR than Experiment 1?
- larger SSB than Experiment 1?
- larger SSE than Experiment 1?
- larger SST than Experiment 1?
- larger F or a larger p-value when testing for treatment effect than Experiment 1.
Analyze experiment 1 (incorrectly) by a one factor model.
- Why is SSE larger compared to the block design?
- Is the unexplained variance (\(\sigma^2\)) larger or small compared to the block design?
From textbook
Exercise 4.2
The ANOVA from a randomized complete block experiment output is shown below.
| Source | DF | SS | MS | F | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | 4 | 1020.56 | ? | 30.14 | ? |
| Block | ? | ? | 64.765 | ? | ? |
| Error | 20 | 169.33 | ? | ||
| Total | 29 | 1513.71 |
Fill in the blanks. You may give bounds on the P-value.
Source DF SS MS F P Treatment 4 1020.56 255.1400 30.14000 < 0.0001 Block 5 323.82 64.7650 7.64956 0.00037 Error 20 169.33 8.4665 Total 29 1513.71 We can find p-value using computer or some advanced calculator but try to find a range of p-value from the F-table.
How many blocks were used in this experiment?
One block factor with 5 levels is used in this experiment.
What conclusions can you draw?
Problems and solutions for previous exams are found on fronter.
- Exam Stat 210 Sep 5, 2011.
- Exam Stat 210 Sep, 2012 Exercise 2.
- Exam Stat 210 Sep, 2013 Exercises 1 and 2.
- Exam Stat 210 Sep, 2014 Exercise 2.
Comment: Datasets (named Exam*.RData
) are available for the exam problems for those who would like to reproduce output and check answers using R.
Exercise 5
will be discussed on lecture Thursday, but try yourself
Load the R data blockwheat
. This is a block experiment where the response is protein
in wheat. We have 3 sorts (Bastian, Berserk and Bjarne), each sort is tried once on 4 different fields (lock).
Why is this regarded as a block experiment?
Here, our primary interest is sorts irrespective of where it is tried (or grown). However,
field
factor can affect (increase noise) the analysis if it is not included in the model which consequently prevent us from discovering the effect of sort. Thus, a block experiment wherefield
factor is also included in the model not as a primary subject of interest but rather to block unnecessary noises that it can create if it is not included in the model. Block experiment reduces noise so that we can investigate the factor effect that is of our interest.How many observations are there in total?
There are 4 fields and 3 sorts where a protein value is measured for each of the combination. The total number of observation is 12.
Do we have replicates?
Only one measurement is made for each combination of field and sort, so there are not any replications. But if we remove field factor and consider one-way ANOVA model, we will have 4 replication of sort.
State the model.
The block experiment model we have is,
\[\begin{equation} y_{ij} + \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j + \epsilon_{ij} \label{eq:W2E05Model} \end{equation}\]Here the model follows the assumptions,
\[ \begin{aligned} \epsilon_{ij} &\sim \text{NID}\left(0, \sigma^2\right) \\ \sum_{i = 1}^3{\tau_i} &= 0 \\ \sum_{j = 1}^4{\beta_j} &= 0 \end{aligned} \]
Make an ANOVA table.
ANOVA table for model ((??)) is,
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Sort 2 1.487 0.743 3.867 0.083 Field 3 10.907 3.636 18.913 0.002 Residuals 6 1.153 0.192 Does it seem smart to include field in the experiment (give reason for your answer?
It is a better idea to include
field
in this experiment. Sincefield
factor has significant effect and if it is removed, the variation present in protein measurement that it describes will appear as a noise. Consequently, the probability of finding the effect of Sort which could be significant will decreases.Estimate the parameters in the model.
The coefficient estimates are,
(Intercept) \(\hat{\mu}\) Sort(Bastian) \(\hat{\tau}_1\) Sort(Berserk) \(\hat{\tau}_2\) Field(F1) \(\hat{\beta}_1\) Field(F2) \(\hat{\beta}_2\) Field(F3) \(\hat{\beta}_3\) 12.833 0.467 -0.383 -0.067 -1.2 -0.2 From the sum-to-zero assumptions, we can get \(\hat{\tau}_3 = -(\hat{\tau}_1 + \tau_2) = -0.083\) and \(\beta_4 = -(\beta_1 + \beta_2 + \beta_3) = 1.467\)
Similarly, the estimate for error variance is given by \(\text{MS}_E\) which is 0.192
- Can you prove sort effect?
- Find the fitted values and the residuals for all observations.
Check the model assumptions.
We can check model assumption from basic diagnostic plots for the fitted model.
Plot shows that the residual terms are scattered randomly and constant over different fitted values. This means the assumption of constant residual variance holds true. Further, in the normal q-q plot, points are aligned with the q-q line which fairly suggest that error terms are normally distributed.
Explain the residual to a person without knowledge in statistics.
Use the model to show that the expected differences between two sorts are independent on the block. (In block experiments it is unusual to include interaction.)
Does the plot below (Graphs > Plot of means) support the statement above?
The model for a block experiment is,
\[y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j + \epsilon_{ij}\]
Here, the following assumption for a fixed effect models holds.
\[ \begin{aligned} \epsilon_{ij} &= \text{NID}\left(0, \sigma^2\right) \\ \sum_{i = 1}^a\tau_i &= 0 \text{ and } \sum_{j = 1}^b \beta_j = 0 \end{aligned} \]
Since, \(\text{E}(y_{ij}) = \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j\), the expected difference between two sorts can be written as,
\[ \begin{aligned} \text{E}\left(y_{ij} - y_{kj}\right) &= \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j - \mu - \tau_k + \beta_j \\ &= \tau_i - \tau_k \end{aligned} \]
which is independent of block. In other words, the expected difference between sorts is same irrespective of which block they belong. In the following plot sorts Bastian
and Berserk
holds this statement, however it is not very true for sort Bjarne
.
Assume incorrectly a One Way Analysis of Variance model (sort as factor).
- Why is this incorrect?
- Compare the SSError, the degrees of freedom and the estimate of the variance for this model and the model including blocks.
If you had only the output from the block model, could you find the SSError from the One Way Analysis of Variance model.
Exercise 6
Load sortsoil.Rdata
. The dataset discussed on friday’s lecture,
Calculate the mean in each cell (by hand)
The average in each cell along with column mean, row mean and overall mean is,
Sort Clay Sand (all) A1 515.0 685.0 600 A2 560.0 400.0 480 (all) 537.5 542.5 540 Calculate it by and hand, answer above are just for checking
Regard the 4 means, do those support that interaction is present?
Averages in previous answer suggests interaction is present. Here, if you choose sort
A2
instead of sortA1
, there is an increase inYield
for soil typeclay
whileYield
decreases for soil typeSand
. Similary, if you planned to cultivate a sort insand
rather thanclay
, the change in averageYield
is different for SortA1
andA2
.Have we constructed a sand-sort and a clay-sort?
The averages can also be visualized by the mean plot below:
Apply a model with main effect and interaction effect, call this Model 1.
The model can be written as,
\[y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \beta_j + (\tau\beta)_{ij} + \epsilon_{ij}, \text{ where, } \epsilon_{ij} \sim \text{NID}(0, \sigma^2)\]
Since this is two-factor fixed effect model, the assumption of sum-to-zero effect are,
\[ \begin{aligned} \sum_{i = 1}^a\tau_i = 0 && \sum_{j = 1}^a\beta_j = 0 && \sum_{i = 1}^a(\tau\beta)_{ij} = \sum_{j = 1}^b(\tau\beta)_{ij} = 0 \end{aligned} \]
Test if interaction is present.
A test hypothesis for testing interaction effect is,
\[ \begin{aligned} H_0 &: (\tau\beta)_{ij} = 0, \text{for all }i \text{ and } j \\ H_1 &: \text{at least one }(\tau\beta)_{ij} \ne 0 \end{aligned} \]
The ANOVA table for Model 1 is,
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Sort 1 28800 28800 11.405941 0.0278557 Soil 1 50 50 0.019802 0.8948935 Sort:Soil 1 54450 54450 21.564356 0.0097068 Residuals 4 10100 2525 Low p-value corresponding to
Sort:Soil
rejects the null hypothesis, thus interaction is significant and is present in the model.Estimate all expectation parameters in the model.
The coefficient estimates for Model 1 are,
(Intercept) \((\hat{\mu})\) Sort(A1) \((\hat{\tau}_1)\) Soil(Clay) \((\hat{\beta}_1)\) Sort(A1):Soil(Clay) \(((\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta})_{11})\) 540 60 -2.5 -82.5 However, the output does not contain estimates for \(\tau_2\), \(\beta_2\), \((\tau\beta)_{12}\), \((\tau\beta)_{21}\), \((\tau\beta)_{22}\). These estimates can be obtained using sum-to-zero assumption for fixed effect model. These estimates are,
\[ \begin{aligned} \hat{\tau}_2 &= -\hat{\tau}_1 = -60 \\ \hat{\beta}_2 &= -\hat{\beta}_1 = 2.5 \\ \left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{12} &= -\left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{11} = 82.5 \\ \left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{21} &= -\left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{12} = \left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{11} = -82.5 \\ \left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{22} &= -\left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{21} = -\left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{11} = 82.5 \\ \end{aligned} \]
Estimate and give an interpretation of \(\sigma^2\)
The estimate of \(\sigma^2\) is MSE, i.e.
\[\hat{\sigma}^2 = \text{MS}_\text{E} = 2525\]
Interpretation: MSE is the estimate of variance of error terms \(\epsilon_{ij}\). It is the expected variation present in response (
Yield
) for any givensort
andsoil
.Find the fitted values and the residuals.
Fitted values are obtained as, \(\hat{y_{ij}} = \hat{\mu} + \hat{\tau}_i + \hat{\beta}_j + \left(\hat{\tau}\hat{\beta}\right)_{ij}\). It is the average yield for each combination of
sort
andsoil
.Residuals are variation present in data that our model is not able to explain. It is the difference between the actual value and the fitted value. i.e, \(e_{ij} = y_{ij} - \hat{y}_{ij}\)
Rcomander:model > Add observation statistics to data
Find the standardized residuals, are some too large (absolute value).
Check the model by suitable graphics.
We can check model assumptions using basic diagnostic plots (Rcomander: Model>Graphs>Basic Diagnositic Plot). The first two plots from Basic diagnostic plot for Model 1 is as follows,
Interpreate the plot yourself
Assume a model without interaction, call this Model 2
Compare SSE in both models.
Model 1 Model2 SSE 10100 64550 Sum of square of residuals in Model 2 (without interaction term) is very high compared to Model 1. This also show us that without interaction term model error increases significantly. In addition, this also supports the significance of interaction term.
Find the fitted values and the residuals in Model 2 and compare the models.
See how fitted values and residuals are dependent on how you specify your model. Both of these values depends on your model.
Check the model assumptions in model 1, can you see any problems. (Yes, there is a problem).
Below you will find data from an identical experiment, but with one large difference. Carefully inspect the data, what is the difference? Repeat the analysis with these data. Why do the p-values change? Data is saved with the name sortsoil2.rdata
.
| Yield | sort | soil |
|---|---|---|
| 369 | 1 | 1 |
| 359 | 1 | 2 |
| 340 | 2 | 1 |
| 492 | 2 | 2 |
| 369 | 1 | 1 |
| 361 | 1 | 2 |
| 336 | 2 | 1 |
| 497 | 2 | 2 |
| 369 | 1 | 1 |
| 360 | 1 | 2 |
| 338 | 2 | 1 |
| 493 | 2 | 2 |
The ANOVA table for sortsoil2
data is,
| Df | Sum Sq | Mean Sq | F value | Pr(>F) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sort | 1 | 7956.75 | 7956.75 | 2652.25 | 0 |
| soil | 1 | 16206.75 | 16206.75 | 5402.25 | 0 |
| sort:soil | 1 | 20418.75 | 20418.75 | 6806.25 | 0 |
| Residuals | 8 | 24.00 | 3.00 |
It is clear that all factor including interaction terms are highly significant in this model. Noise (measured by MSE) is very small as compared to Model 1, so that the variation present in different factors and interactions are clearly visible and thus they are highly significant.


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Elderly man dies after suspected medical episode and crashing car at Valley View
An elderly man has died after he crashed into a Stobie pole at Valley View. Police are investigating if it was a medical episode.
The Ford sedan left the road and hit a Stobie pole at the intersection of Nelson and Grand Junction roads about 4.10pm on November 6.
The 97-year-old driver, of Enfield, was taken to hospital but died on Monday.
His 90-year-old female passenger was taken to hospital with minor injuries.
Police are investigating whether the driver suffered a medical episode before the crash and appealing for dashcam footage.
The man’s death is the 98th on SA roads, compared to 65 at the same time last year.
Meanwhile an alleged drink driver crashed his car into a fence at Magill.
The 83-year-old Rosslyn Park man was initially unresponsive after he crashed near the intersection of the Parade and Penfold Rd about 1.20am on Tuesday.
The drowsy driver allegedly blew 0.174 – more than three times over the legal limit, police said.
He was taken to the Royal Adelaide Hospital and is expected to be reported for drink driving and driving without due care. He will be summonsed to appear in court at a later date.
He lost his licence for 12 months and his car was towed away.


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Use one of the following methods to install Package Control:
This will download the latest version of Package Control and verify it using public key cryptography. If an error occurs, use the manual method instead.
If the command palette/menu method is not possible due to a proxy on your network or using an old version of Sublime Text, the following steps will also install Package Control:


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source file: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/dateutil/__init__.py file stats: 1 lines, 1 executed: 100.0% covered
1. # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- 2. __version__ = "2.5.3"


Fits the Multiple Random Dot Product Graph Model and performs a test for whether two networks come from the same distribution. Both methods are proposed in Nielsen, A.M., Witten, D., (2018) "The Multiple Random Dot Product Graph Model", arXiv preprint <arXiv:1811.12172> (Submitted to Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics).
| Version: | 1.0.1 |
| Published: | 2018-12-09 |
| Author: | Agnes Martine Nielsen [aut, cre], Daniela Witten [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Agnes Martine Nielsen <agni at dtu.dk> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | multiRDPG results |
| Reference manual: | multiRDPG.pdf |
| Package source: | multiRDPG_1.0.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: multiRDPG_1.0.1.zip, r-release: multiRDPG_1.0.1.zip, r-oldrel: multiRDPG_1.0.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: multiRDPG_1.0.1.tgz, r-oldrel: multiRDPG_1.0.1.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=multiRDPG to link to this page.


The protocol(s) were returned with the following note:
"{{vm.expedition.returnedNotes}}"
You can edit your expedition data and resubmit at any time.Protocols
Protocol 1Site Conditions |
|||
Protocol 1Site Conditions |
|||
Protocol 2Oyster Measurements |
|||
Protocol 2Oyster Measurements |
|||
Protocol 3Mobile Organisms |
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Protocol 3Mobile Organisms |
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Protocol 4Sessile Organisms |
|||
Protocol 4Sessile Organisms |
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Protocol 5Water Quality |
|||
Protocol 5Water Quality |


Welcome to my first portfolio. This portfolio includes projects I have completed so far in the Epicodus program in the Project tab. In the About Me tab, I describe my background, career ambition, work experiences and my hobbies.


I'm getting strange results off my emontx shield.
What sketch to use when monitoring 3 phase voltage and have a ac/ac adapter to measure real voltage.
Archived Forum |
|
emonTx 3 phaseSubmitted by snoopy on Sat, 05/12/2015 - 18:08I'm getting strange results off my emontx shield. What sketch to use when monitoring 3 phase voltage and have a ac/ac adapter to measure real voltage.
» |
Re: emonTx 3 phase
Ok, now i used this sketch https://github.com/openenergymonitor/emonTxFirmware/blob/master/emonTxV3/RFM/emonTxV3.4/emonTxV3_4_3Phase_Voltage/emonTxV3_4_3Phase_Voltage.ino
It is better but still i have strange voltage (126V) it should be around 240V. Also the phase 1 wattage is in negative value.
Any idea?
Re: emonTx 3 phase
That means you are returning power to the supply on that phase. Have you read and carried out the setting up and calibration instructions?
Re: emonTx 3 phase
I don't return power, it is impossible.
Didn't do calibration but i think it wont solve this problem. Can someone post the sketch that is running ok with emontx shield for 3 phase system.
Re: emonTx 3 phase
Had to change the value of double Vcal = 428.0; Now i have 228V which is correct. Is this normal?
Now i only have a problem with negative real power. More in the picture below.
Re: emonTx 3 phase
Try reading the FAQ, then carry out a full calibration. A 3-phase supply is very, very rare in domestic premises in the UK, and I do not have access to one. The sketch gave me the expected answers on a single phase supply, and many users appear to have calibrated it successfully and have it in use. So I think any problem is with how you have installed it and because you have not followed the instructions to calibrate it.
The value of the voltage calibration is dependent upon your ac adapter, if you do not have the "shop" standard one, then the default value will be wrong. Even if you do have the standard adapter, accuracy will probably be improved with careful calibration because all the components are affected by manufacturing tolerances.
Re: emonTx 3 phase
I would guess it's not possible to measure 3-phase power with the current hardware, because they only have one voltage measurement and 3-phase power has an angle difference of 120 degrees on different phases? Also the phases might have slightly different voltages if they don't have equal loads.
Re: emonTx 3 phase
Khyron:
That is partially true and the limitations are spelled out in the comments at the top of the sketch. The fact remains that many users are successfully using the sketch to get a good approximation - within those known limitations - of their electricity usage on a 3-phase, 4-wire system. I also did a version for a user with a 3-wire system, where one phase is treated as the reference and the angle between phases becomes 60° - and there were no complaints so I presume that worked in a satisfactory manner too.
Re: emonTx 3 phase
Yes it works ok. For the top problem i had clamps turned upside down so that is why the readings were off.


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Top buy and sell ideas by Ashwani Gujral, Mitesh Thakkar, Prakash Gaba for short term
Mitesh Thakkar of Miteshthakkar.com advises selling Power Grid with stop loss at Rs 196.5 and target of Rs 188.
Indian market rose for the second consecutive day in row to hit a fresh record high on Thursday. The S&P BSE Sensex rose to a record high of 40,688.27 while Nifty50 closed above 12,000 for the first time since June.
The final tally on D-Street – the S&P BSE Sensex rose 183 points to a fresh record closing high of 40,653 while the Nifty50 rallied 46 points to close at 12,012.
In terms of sectors, the action was seen in energy, metal, realty, and consumer durable sector while profit-taking was visible in the public sector, oil & gas, capital goods, and auto index
Ashwani Gujral of ashwanigujral.com
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The hrbrthemes
package has two goals. First, it provides a base theme that focuses on typographic elements, including where various labels are placed as well as the fonts that are used. The second goal centers around productivity for a production workflow. In fact, this “production workflow” is the context for where the elements of hrbrthemes
should be used.
A “production workflow” is when you intend for the output of your work to be put into a publication of some kind, whether it be a blog post, academic paper, presentation, internal report or industry publication. When you’re cranking through an analysis, the visual elements don’t need to be perfect. They are there to validate/support your work and are more of a starting point for the finished product than anything else. The level of attention to detail on the final graphical products can be a great motivator for your audience to either dive deep into your analysis text or relegate it to the TLDR pile.
There are nigh countless tomes written about the colors you should consider using in charts as well as how to produce “minimal” charts (i.e. eliminate “chart junk”). One area that is rarely discussed is the use of fonts in charts (i.e. chart typography). The hrbrthemes
package is very opinionated about chart typography:
ggplot2
-land, the font family used should also be a TrueType font (TTF)To use a gross oversimplification, there are two basic font types: Serif and Sans-serif (that’s a lie of convenience, there are more than two). hrbrthemes
suggests using sans-serif fonts since they have a more “modern” feel to them, you’re not producing long-form text and labels on charts may need to scale down to small sizes. Typography nerds on either side of the serif vs sans-serif debate can point to 100+ years of research-based evidence supporting their particular “side”.
You can compare the typography in the two (non-hrbrthemes
) charts below to see if you prefer sans-serif over serif:
If you work in a company, your communications department likely has a set of core brand fonts and said font groups likely contain both serif and sans-serif and you should strive to keep with the brand image and use whatever font(s) work best or work with your comms team to pick a standard, complementary font for the charts you produce.
Kerning is nothing more than a fancy word for spaces between letters and fonts have built-in tables for how various pairs of letters should be placed next to each other. Great fonts have kerning tables that typography nerds immediately recognize and adore. Fonts with poor kerning tables are easily recognized as such by even the least font-aware viewer.
Bad kerning will be a distraction from the chart contents. Great kerning will be a subconscious reinforcement of just how awesome your visualizations are.
Tabular digits line up when placed on top of each other. Proportional ones do not. This is best explained visually:
Can you spot the proportional digits from the tabular ones? (Hint: there are two of each.)
Proportional digits stand out (in a “yes, I just spilled sriracha on my white shirt” way) when used on the Y axis of a chart and the numeric labels contain numbers of varying widths (like Hind and Encode Sans Condensed in the example above). Using proportional digits will be one further, subtle, subliminal message to viewers that there is something not-quite-awesome about your creation.
The figure used in the previous section provided an example of condensed/narrow fonts and regular. Chart space is at a premium and it’s important to label and annotate your creations (sparingly but sufficiently). Choosing a font that is too wide will reduce your available space and also make it harder to read the text. Choosing a font that is too narrow/compressed/condensed will create different legiibility problems.
NOTE: It’s really hard to find a free condensed/narrow font with great kerning pairs and tabular digits. Such is the way of things.
(As an aside, the default line-height for Hind and M+ 1c is also sub-optimal and would require tweaking in ggplot2
calls to correct.)
Most fonts (and, more importantly, most free fonts) come in regular, italic, bold and bold italic (which I can’t bring myself to code in here). You really want to avoid italic and bold italic, especially at very small or very large sizes. Bold should be used sparingly as it draws the eye to that text.
Ideally, you’d use a font with a broad diversity of weights. The term weight can be though of as a numeric scale (the one used here was introduced by TrueType) between 100 and 900 (usually at 100 or 200 increments) or with names ranging from “hairline” through “ultra-black”.
Take Open Sans, for example:
There is plenty of room to work with in Open Sans. You can embolden the title, but mute the other labels and choose appropriate label fonts to both enhance style as well as reduce importance. Lighter weights are great for captions and even some direct annotations. Heaver weights should be used sparingly and for emphasis.
I’ll use another over-simplification and state that there two main font types: OTF and TTF (it’s another lie of convenience). OTF (OpenType) is more modern and flexible. TTF (TrueType) has been around longer and was a precursor to OTF. If you make PDFs or PostScript files from R you pretty much need to use TTF fonts due to the underlying tooling that it relies on. If you are making PNGs or SVGs you can likely use OTF but most communciations teams and publications want PDFs.
Label/title placement is also important, as is the distance between those elements. Put text bits too close to each other or too far apart from each other will send negative subliminal messages. Centering vs left- or right-justification will also convey other messages (old-school vs modern, to put it somewhat bluntly).
hrbrthemes
makes opinionated choices over the spacing between title elements and all labels. For some elements, it makes very new choices (such as the justification of the axis labels).
The font choices you make may cause you to adjust the hrbrthemes
defaults, especially if you choose a font with a wonky line-height.