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As my self Project, I tried to make a page
which could be thought as web pos, since I'd like to practice DB skills using MySQL.
Why Must Be Pos?
Since to make web pos system, I must to be familar with
MySQL queries and php coding, I'd like to focus on Back-End development.
In Short time which only 2 weeks like real companies do, I tried to be perfect as possible as I can.
Programming Language: PHP, JavaScript, JQuery, MySQL
Tool: PHPSTORM
What I am Done
What Was Difficult?
Using SQL Queries to bring data to php page,which I've never thought about it before and using ajax to post data to php page.
What will be next?
I found Database is very fun to develop.
I will dig about database queries and php. And I'd like to try to use Oracle Database, too.


‘Petsa de peligro?’ 5 ways to grow your money
by Manila Standard LifestyleNo one likes to be caught cashless, especially when sudden expenses come up. Here is when savings are truly important. Financial security offers peace of mind not only to an individual but to their loved ones.
To achieve financial security, it pays to be responsible. Here are five ways to make sure petsa de peligro will be a thing in the past.
Invest in yourself
While this isn’t necessarily saving money or making some, but actually spending it, investing in yourself can be beneficial in the long-term. Study a new skill or language, get a graduate or post-graduate degree, or take personal development programs. Use your resources to improve yourself and enhance your skills. You can reap the benefits in the future, such as higher income and long-term financial security.
Cut back on small expenses
You may not realize it but those small, extra expenses add up every day. A sugary drink with your meal, recliner seats at the cinema, and even bottled water purchases do add up. But these expenses are usually things you can do without. Tracking expenses is helpful to determine in which places to cut. Be frugal and live below your means.
Pay yourself first
Before paying bills or doing anything else with your money, take something for yourself first. Save a portion of your income before settling your other financial obligations. While financial obligations are important, prioritize yourself and the future you want for your loved ones.
Plan for retirement
Experts agree that the earlier one plans and saves for their retirement, the better the yield in the future. Everyone has to plan ahead for the time when whey don’t have regular income anymore. Setting a financial goal will not only keep you from spending beyond your means, but will prepare you for your future. Start building your retirement fund today to give you more time to grow your savings before you reach retirement age.
 Insurance plays a significant role in a person’s financial well-being, as it protects assets from financial losses. An insurance and investment plan can help secure your family’s financial future and let them sustain their lifestyle even when you are no longer around. Axa Philippines (www.axa.com) has an extensive portfolio of insurance and investment plans for every requirement, preference, and budget.


check your inbox: if daily knows your email, a message with a reset link has been sent to you.
if you don't receive it within a few minutes, check your spam folder too.
ouch!daily tried to send you a message with a reset link, but something went wrong.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.hadoop.conf |
Configuration of system parameters.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.crypto.key |
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
or more contributor license agreements.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.crypto.key.kms | |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs |
An abstract file system API.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.ftp | |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.http |
Filesystem implementations that allow Hadoop to read directly from
HTTP / HTTPS endpoints.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.impl |
This package contains implementation classes for use inside
filesystems.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.permission |
This package provides support for HDFS permission and ACL.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.sftp |
SFTP FileSystem package.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell | |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.shell.find | |
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.store |
This package is for classes to be shared across object stores; for internal
use within the hadoop-* modules only.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.fs.viewfs |
ViewFileSystem and ViewFileSystemOverloadScheme classes.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.ha | |
| org.apache.hadoop.ha.protocolPB | |
| org.apache.hadoop.http | |
| org.apache.hadoop.http.lib |
This package provides user-selectable (via configuration) classes that add
functionality to the web UI.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io |
Generic i/o code for use when reading and writing data to the network,
to databases, and to files.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.bzip2 | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.lz4 | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.snappy | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.zlib | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.compress.zstd | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.erasurecode.codec |
Erasure codec framework.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io.erasurecode.coder |
Erasure coders framework.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io.file.tfile | |
| org.apache.hadoop.io.retry |
A mechanism for selectively retrying methods that throw exceptions under
certain circumstances.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io.serializer |
This package provides a mechanism for using different serialization frameworks
in Hadoop.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.io.serializer.avro |
This package provides Avro serialization in Hadoop.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.ipc |
Tools to help define network clients and servers.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.metrics2.sink |
Builtin metrics sinks
|
| org.apache.hadoop.net |
Network-related classes.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.security | |
| org.apache.hadoop.security.alias |
Provides the hadoop credential provider API.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.security.authentication.server |
Provides the server-side framework for authentication.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.security.authorize | |
| org.apache.hadoop.security.http | |
| org.apache.hadoop.security.token | |
| org.apache.hadoop.service | |
| org.apache.hadoop.service.launcher |
This package contains classes, interfaces and exceptions to launch
YARN services from the command line.
|
| org.apache.hadoop.tools | |
| org.apache.hadoop.util |
Common utilities.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configuration.DeprecationDelta
A pending addition to the global set of deprecated keys.
|
| Configuration.IntegerRanges
A class that represents a set of positive integer ranges.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Reconfigurable
Something whose
Configuration can be changed at run time. |
| ReconfigurationException
Exception indicating that configuration property cannot be changed
at run time.
|
| ReconfigurationUtil |
| ReconfigurationUtil.PropertyChange |
| StorageSize
A class that contains the numeric value and the unit of measure.
|
| StorageUnit
Class that maintains different forms of Storage Units.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configuration.IntegerRanges
A class that represents a set of positive integer ranges.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Configurable
Something that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
| Configuration
Provides access to configuration parameters.
|
| Configured
Base class for things that may be configured with a
Configuration . |
Copyright © 2008–2022 Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


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| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| java.net |
Provides the classes for implementing networking applications.
|
| java.nio.file.attribute |
Interfaces and classes providing access to file and file system attributes.
|
| java.security |
Provides the classes and interfaces for the security framework.
|
| java.security.acl |
The classes and interfaces in this package have been
superseded by classes in the java.security package.
|
| java.security.cert |
Provides classes and interfaces for parsing and managing
certificates, certificate revocation lists (CRLs), and
certification paths.
|
| javax.management.remote |
Interfaces for remote access to
JMX MBean servers.
|
| javax.net.ssl |
Provides classes for the secure socket package.
|
| javax.security.auth |
This package provides a framework for authentication and
authorization.
|
| javax.security.auth.kerberos |
This package contains utility classes related to the Kerberos network
authentication protocol.
|
| javax.security.auth.x500 |
This package contains the classes that should be used to store
X500 Principal and X500 Private Crendentials in a
Subject.
|
| javax.security.cert |
Provides classes for public key certificates.
|
| javax.xml.ws |
This package contains the core JAX-WS APIs.
|
| javax.xml.ws.spi.http |
Provides HTTP SPI that is used for portable deployment of JAX-WS
web services in containers(for e.g.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract Principal |
SecureCacheResponse.getLocalPrincipal()
Returns the principal that was sent to the server during
handshaking in the original connection that retrieved the
network resource.
|
abstract Principal |
SecureCacheResponse.getPeerPrincipal()
Returns the server's principal which was established as part of
defining the session during the original connection that
retrieved the network resource.
|
| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
interface |
GroupPrincipal
A
UserPrincipal representing a group identity, used to
determine access rights to objects in a file system. |
interface |
UserPrincipal
A
Principal representing an identity used to determine access rights
to objects in a file system. |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
Identity
Deprecated.
This class is no longer used. Its functionality has been
replaced by
java.security.KeyStore , the
java.security.cert package, and
java.security.Principal . |
class |
IdentityScope
Deprecated.
This class is no longer used. Its functionality has been
replaced by
java.security.KeyStore , the
java.security.cert package, and
java.security.Principal . |
class |
Signer
Deprecated.
This class is no longer used. Its functionality has been
replaced by
java.security.KeyStore , the
java.security.cert package, and
java.security.Principal . |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Principal |
Certificate.getGuarantor()
Deprecated.
Returns the guarantor of the certificate, that is, the principal
guaranteeing that the public key associated with this certificate
is that of the principal associated with this certificate.
|
Principal |
Certificate.getPrincipal()
Deprecated.
Returns the principal of the principal-key pair being guaranteed by
the guarantor.
|
Principal[] |
ProtectionDomain.getPrincipals()
Returns an array of principals for this domain.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Identity |
IdentityScope.getIdentity(Principal principal)
Deprecated.
Retrieves the identity whose name is the same as that of the
specified principal.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ProtectionDomain(CodeSource codesource,
PermissionCollection permissions,
ClassLoader classloader,
Principal[] principals)
Creates a new ProtectionDomain qualified by the given CodeSource,
Permissions, ClassLoader and array of Principals.
|
| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
interface |
Group
This interface is used to represent a group of principals.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Principal |
AclEntry.getPrincipal()
Returns the principal for which permissions are granted or denied by
this ACL entry.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Enumeration<? extends Principal> |
Group.members()
Returns an enumeration of the members in the group.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
Acl.addEntry(Principal caller,
AclEntry entry)
Adds an ACL entry to this ACL.
|
boolean |
Group.addMember(Principal user)
Adds the specified member to the group.
|
boolean |
Owner.addOwner(Principal caller,
Principal owner)
Adds an owner.
|
boolean |
Acl.checkPermission(Principal principal,
Permission permission)
Checks whether or not the specified principal has the specified
permission.
|
boolean |
Owner.deleteOwner(Principal caller,
Principal owner)
Deletes an owner.
|
Enumeration<Permission> |
Acl.getPermissions(Principal user)
Returns an enumeration for the set of allowed permissions for the
specified principal (representing an entity such as an individual or
a group).
|
boolean |
Group.isMember(Principal member)
Returns true if the passed principal is a member of the group.
|
boolean |
Owner.isOwner(Principal owner)
Returns true if the given principal is an owner of the ACL.
|
boolean |
Acl.removeEntry(Principal caller,
AclEntry entry)
Removes an ACL entry from this ACL.
|
boolean |
Group.removeMember(Principal user)
Removes the specified member from the group.
|
void |
Acl.setName(Principal caller,
String name)
Sets the name of this ACL.
|
boolean |
AclEntry.setPrincipal(Principal user)
Specifies the principal for which permissions are granted or denied
by this ACL entry.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract Principal |
X509CRL.getIssuerDN()
Denigrated, replaced by X509CRL.getIssuerX500Principal().
|
abstract Principal |
X509Certificate.getIssuerDN()
Denigrated, replaced by X509Certificate.getIssuerX500Principal().
|
abstract Principal |
X509Certificate.getSubjectDN()
Denigrated, replaced by X509Certificate.getSubjectX500Principal().
|
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
JMXPrincipal
The identity of a remote client of the JMX Remote API.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Principal |
SSLSession.getLocalPrincipal()
Returns the principal that was sent to the peer during handshaking.
|
Principal |
HttpsURLConnection.getLocalPrincipal()
Returns the principal that was sent to the server during handshaking.
|
Principal |
HandshakeCompletedEvent.getLocalPrincipal()
Returns the principal that was sent to the peer during handshaking.
|
Principal |
SSLSession.getPeerPrincipal()
Returns the identity of the peer which was established as part of
defining the session.
|
Principal |
HttpsURLConnection.getPeerPrincipal()
Returns the server's principal which was established as part of
defining the session.
|
Principal |
HandshakeCompletedEvent.getPeerPrincipal()
Returns the identity of the peer which was established as part of
defining the session.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
String |
X509KeyManager.chooseClientAlias(String[] keyType,
Principal[] issuers,
Socket socket)
Choose an alias to authenticate the client side of a secure
socket given the public key type and the list of
certificate issuer authorities recognized by the peer (if any).
|
String |
X509ExtendedKeyManager.chooseEngineClientAlias(String[] keyType,
Principal[] issuers,
SSLEngine engine)
Choose an alias to authenticate the client side of an
SSLEngine connection given the public key type
and the list of certificate issuer authorities recognized by
the peer (if any). |
String |
X509ExtendedKeyManager.chooseEngineServerAlias(String keyType,
Principal[] issuers,
SSLEngine engine)
Choose an alias to authenticate the server side of an
SSLEngine connection given the public key type
and the list of certificate issuer authorities recognized by
the peer (if any). |
String |
X509KeyManager.chooseServerAlias(String keyType,
Principal[] issuers,
Socket socket)
Choose an alias to authenticate the server side of a secure
socket given the public key type and the list of
certificate issuer authorities recognized by the peer (if any).
|
String[] |
X509KeyManager.getClientAliases(String keyType,
Principal[] issuers)
Get the matching aliases for authenticating the client side of a secure
socket given the public key type and the list of
certificate issuer authorities recognized by the peer (if any).
|
String[] |
X509KeyManager.getServerAliases(String keyType,
Principal[] issuers)
Get the matching aliases for authenticating the server side of a secure
socket given the public key type and the list of
certificate issuer authorities recognized by the peer (if any).
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
<T extends Principal> |
Subject.getPrincipals(Class<T> c)
Return a
Set of Principals associated with this
Subject that are instances or subclasses of the specified
Class . |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Set<Principal> |
Subject.getPrincipals()
Return the
Set of Principals associated with this
Subject . |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Subject(boolean readOnly,
Set<? extends Principal> principals,
Set<?> pubCredentials,
Set<?> privCredentials)
Create an instance of a
Subject with
Principals and credentials. |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
KerberosPrincipal
This class encapsulates a Kerberos principal.
|
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
X500Principal
This class represents an X.500
Principal . |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract Principal |
X509Certificate.getIssuerDN()
Gets the
issuer (issuer distinguished name) value from
the certificate. |
abstract Principal |
X509Certificate.getSubjectDN()
Gets the
subject (subject distinguished name) value
from the certificate. |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Principal |
WebServiceContext.getUserPrincipal()
Returns the Principal that identifies the sender
of the request currently being serviced.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract Principal |
HttpExchange.getUserPrincipal()
Returns the
Principal that represents the authenticated
user for this HttpExchange . |
Submit a bug or feature
For further API reference and developer documentation, see Java SE Documentation. That documentation contains more detailed, developer-targeted descriptions, with conceptual overviews, definitions of terms, workarounds, and working code examples.
Copyright © 1993, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.


Yet another rebuild of this subsite, this time hand-written with the help of intellicode in Visual Studio Code, not much different from the one made in Microsoft Expression Web 4 (i think, might have been BlueGriffon)
If you dont like this design, here is the old version. Click Here
Cool Windows 7 background
Check out my blog here, yes its shared by blockpage.


Stack A has entries a, b, c (with a on top), Stack B is initially empty. When an entry is popped out of stack A, it can be printed immediately or pushed to stack B. When an entry is popped out of stack B, it can only be printed. Which of the following permutations of a, b, c is not possible to print?


Martin Wells at PlayCraft Labs got me hooked almost a year ago with his HTML5 Game Library, I had a great asteroids on steroids in no time that they actually used at a Game Convention.
If you are targeting game development directly, definately go take a look at PlayCraft Labs.
Gamecore which is a underlying OOP framework with some added utility functions like for Class/Object naming, String manipulation, logging, etc. At the time I forked off Gamecore was still integrated into the PlayCraftJS engine, so I extracted it and then spent the next few weeks looking at other OOP frameworks, and even started writing one of my own with the best from all over. However it was turning into the Gamecore LOL.
After that, i realized that that boring old browsers of the past were gone. We are facing new a era and I desperately wanted to help lay the path or framework for this new era.
So in November 2012 I forked Playcraft v0.5.6 and and set off to develop a full blown Rapid Application Development (RAD) framework that existed soley on the internet or "Cloud". Since then I have developed three seperate technologies or layers as I refer to them that make up the foundation of the H5C3 Framework.


AngelList now has a sweet new blog. Therein, the AngelList team expounds upon the latest features, including screenshots that are sure to bring you great joy.
Our team is using the AngelList blog to post our weekly progress. We used to put it on Yammer, but now we’re posting it publicly on the blog. So don’t expect polished posts with the “final” version of each feature. We’ll be sharing works in progress (that we’ve shipped).
So check out the AngelList blog and stay up to date on our endless product developments. We promise a steady stream of pretty pictures.
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Lying just about 8nm SE from the centre of Amsterdam, Muiden is the site of the most remarkable medieval castle in Holland. It is a World Heritage site.
The port is on the western shore of the Ijsselmeer, at the mouth of the river Vecht.
Position 52°20′N, 05°04′E.
There are two small marinas here, overlooked by the castle.
The small village is atmospheric with a busy lock and cafe adjacent. Good bread/ coffee shop for breakfast by lock and across bridge to two supermarkets both small and not designed for major provisioning.
Last updated September 2015.


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, orWhat Do All the Colors Mean?
Orange: negative.
Blue: positive.
Credits
This modification of the Tensowflow Playground is by Jeremy Bernstein. The original credits are:
This was created by Daniel Smilkov and Shan Carter. This is a continuation of many people’s previous work — most notably Andrej Karpathy’s convnet.js demo and Chris Olah’s articles about neural networks. Many thanks also to D. Sculley for help with the original idea and to Fernanda Viégas and Martin Wattenberg and the rest of the Big Picture and Google Brain teams for feedback and guidance.
The original work was open sourced on GitHub under an Apache License.


The issue or pull request was referenced from another issue or pull request.
| Issue type | Issue events API | Timeline events API |
|---|---|---|
|
X |
This events properties do not use the same structure as the issue event object common properties. The following properties are returned for this event.
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
actor |
object |
The person who generated the event. |
created_at |
string |
The timestamp indicating when the cross-reference was added. |
updated_at |
string |
The timestamp indicating when the cross-refererence was updated or created, if the cross-reference is never updated. |
source |
object |
The issue or pull request that added a cross-reference. |
source[type] |
string |
This value will always be "issue" because pull
requests are of type issue. Only cross-reference events triggered by
issues or pull requests are returned in the Timeline Events API. To
determine if the issue that triggered the event is a pull request, you
can check if the source[issue][pull_request object exists.
|
source[issue] |
object |
The issue object that added the cross-reference. |
event |
string |
The event value is "cross-referenced" . |


--- layout: default title: Blog description: A communal blog with the goal of amplifying more diverse perspectives and stories in Chicago civic tech. ---
A communal blog with the goal of amplifying more diverse perspectives and stories in Chicago civic tech. RSS feed
{% for post in site.categories['blog'] %}
{{ post.date | date: "%b %-d, %Y" }} by {{post.author}}
{% if post.author2 %}
, {{post.author2}}
{% endif %}
{{ post.description | markdownify }} Read more »


MAZE
Screenshots :-
Description :-
This is the maze. In this game you have to use the arrow keys to navigate the boy and reach the vaccine.  Try to reach the vaccine as soon as possible.
Link For Google :-
https://studio.code.org/projects/gamelab/OohqEhNPG-c-B_umjLX37qmWe0cAuOr_PmwA0yR6NrM


| Core Service | |
| uvm_coreservice_t | The library implements the following public API in addition to what is documented in IEEE 1800.2. |
| uvm_default_coreservice_t | Implementation of the uvm_default_coreservice_t as defined in section F.4.2.1 of 1800.2-2017. |
The library implements the following public API in addition to what is documented in IEEE 1800.2.
| uvm_coreservice_t | |
| The library implements the following public API in addition to what is documented in IEEE 1800.2. | |
| Methods | |
| get_uvm_seeding | Returns the current UVM seeding enable value, as set by set_uvm_seeding. |
| set_uvm_seeding | Sets the current UVM seeding enable value, as retrieved by get_uvm_seeding. |
pure virtual function bit get_uvm_seeding()
Returns the current UVM seeding enable value, as set by set_uvm_seeding.
This pure virtual method provides access to the <uvm_default_coreservice_t::get_uvm_seeding> method as described by F.4.3.
It was omitted from the P1800.2 LRM, and is being tracked in Mantis 6417
@uvm-contrib This API is being considered for potential contribution to 1800.2
pure virtual function void set_uvm_seeding( bit enable )
Sets the current UVM seeding enable value, as retrieved by get_uvm_seeding.
This pure virtual method provides access to the <uvm_default_coreservice_t::set_uvm_seeding> method as described by F.4.4.
It was omitted from the P1800.2 LRM, and is being tracked in Mantis 6417
@uvm-contrib This API is being considered for potential contribution to 1800.2
Implementation of the uvm_default_coreservice_t as defined in section F.4.2.1 of 1800.2-2017.
class uvm_default_coreservice_t extends uvm_coreservice_t
| uvm_default_coreservice_t | |
| Implementation of the uvm_default_coreservice_t as defined in section F.4.2.1 of 1800.2-2017. | |
| Methods | |
| get_default_printer | Implementation of the get_default_printer method, as defined in section F.<IP_ADDRESS> of 1800.2-2017. |
virtual function uvm_printer get_default_printer()
Implementation of the get_default_printer method, as defined in section F.<IP_ADDRESS> of 1800.2-2017.
The default printer type returned by this function is a uvm_table_printer, unless the default printer has been set to another printer type
@uvm-accellera The details of this API are specific to the Accellera implementation, and are not being considered for contribution to 1800.2
Returns the current UVM seeding enable value, as set by set_uvm_seeding.
pure virtual function bit get_uvm_seeding()
Sets the current UVM seeding enable value, as retrieved by get_uvm_seeding.
pure virtual function void set_uvm_seeding( bit enable )
Implementation of the get_default_printer method, as defined in section F.<IP_ADDRESS> of 1800.2-2017.
virtual function uvm_printer get_default_printer()


samcatd is a daemon which runs a group of forwarding proxies to provide services over i2p independent of the router. It also serves as a generalized i2p networking utility for power-users. It’s intended to be a Swiss-army knife for the SAM API.
flag needs an argument: -h
Usage of ./bin/samcatd:
-a string
Type of access list to use, can be "whitelist" "blacklist" or "none". (default "none")
-c Client proxy mode(true or false)
-conv string
Display the base32 and base64 values of a specified .i2pkeys file
-cr string
Encrypt/decrypt the key files with a passfile
-css string
custom CSS for web interface (default "css/styles.css")
-ct int
Reduce tunnel quantity after X (milliseconds) (default 600000)
-d string
Directory to save tunnel configuration file in.
-de string
Destination to connect client's to by default.
-f string
Use an ini file for configuration(config file options override passed arguments for now.) (default "none")
-h string
Target host(Host of service to forward to i2p) (default "<IP_ADDRESS>")
-i string
Destination for client tunnels. Ignored for service tunnels. (default "none")
-ib int
Set inbound tunnel backup quantity(0 to 5) (default 2)
-ih
Inject X-I2P-DEST headers
-il int
Set inbound tunnel length(0 to 7) (default 3)
-iq int
Set inbound tunnel quantity(0 to 15) (default 6)
-iv int
Set inbound tunnel length variance(-7 to 7)
-js string
custom JS for web interface (default "js/scripts.js")
-k string
key for encrypted leaseset (default "none")
-l Use an encrypted leaseset(true or false) (default true)
-littleboss string
instruct the littleboss:
start: start and manage this process using service name "service-name"
stop: signal the littleboss to shutdown the process
status: print statistics about the running littleboss
reload: restart the managed process using the executed binary
bypass: disable littleboss, run the program directly (default "bypass")
-n string
Tunnel name, this must be unique but can be anything. (default "forwarder")
-ob int
Set outbound tunnel backup quantity(0 to 5) (default 2)
-ol int
Set outbound tunnel length(0 to 7) (default 3)
-oq int
Set outbound tunnel quantity(0 to 15) (default 6)
-ov int
Set outbound tunnel length variance(-7 to 7)
-p string
Target port(Port of service to forward to i2p) (default "8081")
-pk string
private key for encrypted leaseset (default "none")
-psk string
private signing key for encrypted leaseset (default "none")
-r Reduce tunnel quantity when idle(true or false)
-rq int
Reduce idle tunnel quantity to X (0 to 5) (default 3)
-rt int
Reduce tunnel quantity after X (milliseconds) (default 600000)
-s Start a tunnel with the passed parameters(Otherwise, they will be treated as default values.)
-sh string
SAM host (default "<IP_ADDRESS>")
-sp string
SAM port (default "7656")
-st string
Signature type
-t Use saved file and persist tunnel(If false, tunnel will not persist after program is stopped.
-tls string
(Currently inoperative. Target TLS port(HTTPS Port of service to forward to i2p)
-u UDP mode(true or false)
-w Start web administration interface
-wp string
Web port (default "7957")
-x Close tunnel idle(true or false)
-z Uze gzip(true or false)
-zi
Allow zero-hop, non-anonymous tunnels in(true or false)
-zo
Allow zero-hop, non-anonymous tunnels out(true or false)
In order to keep from saving the .i2pkeys files in plaintext format, samcatd can optionally generate a key and encrypt the .i2pkeys files securely. Of course, to fully benefit from this arrangement, you need to move those keys away from the machine where the tunnel keys(the .i2pkeys file) are located, or protect them in some other way(sandboxing, etc). If you want to use encrypted .i2pkeys files, you can specify a key file to use with the -cr option on the terminal or with keyfile option in the .ini file.
Options are still being added, pretty much as fast as I can put them in. For up-to-the-minute options, see the checklist
(ephsite will only use top-level options, but they can be labeled or unlabeled)
(samcatd treats the first set of options it sees as the default, and does not start tunnels based on unlabeled options unless passed the -s flag.)
## Defaults, these are only invoked with the -start option or if labeled tunnels
## are not present(samcatd instructions). **THESE** are the correct config files
## to use as defaults, and not the ones in ../sam-forwarder/tunnels.ini, which
## are used for testing settings availability only.
inbound.length = 3
outbound.length = 3
inbound.lengthVariance = 0
outbound.lengthVariance = 0
inbound.backupQuantity = 3
outbound.backupQuantity = 3
inbound.quantity = 5
outbound.quantity = 5
inbound.allowZeroHop = false
outbound.allowZeroHop = false
i2cp.encryptLeaseSet = false
gzip = true
i2cp.reduceOnIdle = true
i2cp.reduceIdleTime = 3000000
i2cp.reduceQuantity = 2
i2cp.enableWhiteList = false
i2cp.enableBlackList = false
keyfile = "/usr/share/samcatd/samcatd"
#[sam-forwarder-tcp-server]
#type = server
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8081
#inbound.length = 3
#outbound.length = 3
#keys = forwarder
[sam-forwarder-tcp-client]
type = client
host = <IP_ADDRESS>
port = 8082
inbound.length = 3
outbound.length = 3
destination = i2p-projekt.i2p
keys = forwarder-two
#[sam-forwarder-udp-server]
#type = udpserver
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8084
#inbound.length = 6
#outbound.length = 3
#keys = forwarder-four
#[sam-forwarder-udp-client]
#type = udpclient
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8083
#inbound.length = 3
#outbound.length = 3
#destination = i2p-projekt.i2p
#keys = forwarder-three
#[sam-forwarder-tcp-http-server]
#type = http
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8085
#inbound.length = 3
#outbound.length = 3
#keys = forwarder-five
#[sam-forwarder-vpn-server]
#type = udpserver
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8084
#inbound.length = 2
#outbound.length = 2
#inbound.backupQuantity = 3
#outbound.backupQuantity = 3
#inbound.quantity = 5
#outbound.quantity = 5
#i2cp.reduceOnIdle = true
#i2cp.reduceIdleTime = 3000000
#i2cp.reduceQuantity = 2
#i2cp.closeOnIdle = false
#keys = i2pvpnserver
#[sam-forwarder-vpn-client]
#type = udpclient
#host = <IP_ADDRESS>
#port = 8085
#inbound.length = 2
#outbound.length = 2
#inbound.backupQuantity = 3
#outbound.backupQuantity = 3
#inbound.quantity = 5
#outbound.quantity = 5
#i2cp.reduceOnIdle = true
#i2cp.reduceIdleTime = 3000000
#i2cp.reduceQuantity = 2
#destination = adestinationisrequiredorbespecifiedatruntime.i2p
#keys = i2pvpnclient


{% extends 'layout-lab-8-a-to-z.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} NHS.UK breast screening content transformation {% endblock %} {% block beforeContent %} {% endblock %} {% block outerContent %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in the UK. Most women diagnosed with breast cancer are over the age of 50, but younger women can also get breast cancer.
About 1 in 8 women are diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime. There's a good chance of recovery if it's detected at an early stage.
For this reason, it's vital that women check their breasts regularly for any changes and always have any changes examined by a GP.
In rare cases, men can also be diagnosed with breast cancer. Find out more about breast cancer in men.
Flu can be very serious if you have breast cancer. Ask for your free flu jab at:
Get advice about coronavirus and cancer:
Breast cancer can have several symptoms, but the first noticeable symptom is usually a lump or area of thickened breast tissue.
Most breast lumps are not cancerous, but it's always best to have them checked by a doctor.
You should also see a GP if you notice any of these symptoms:
Breast pain is not usually a symptom of breast cancer.
Find out more about the symptoms of breast cancer.
The exact causes of breast cancer are not fully understood. However, there are certain factors known to increase the risk of breast cancer.
These include:
Find out more about the causes of breast cancer.
After examining your breasts, a GP may refer you to a specialist breast cancer clinic for further tests. This might include breast screening (mammography) or taking a small sample of breast tissue to be examined under a microscope (a biopsy).
Find out more about how breast cancer is diagnosed.
There are several different types of breast cancer, which develop in different parts of the breast.
Breast cancer is often divided into either:
Other, less common types of breast cancer include:
It's possible for breast cancer to spread to other parts of the body, usually through the blood or the axillary lymph nodes. These are small lymphatic glands that filter bacteria and cells from the mammary gland.
If this happens, it's known as secondary, or metastatic, breast cancer.
Mammographic screening, where X-ray images of the breast are taken, is the most commonly available way of finding a change in your breast tissue (lesion) at an early stage.
However, you should be aware that a mammogram might fail to detect some breast cancers.
It might also increase your chances of having extra tests and interventions, including surgery, even if you're not affected by breast cancer.
Women with a higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer may be offered screening and genetic testing for the condition.
As the risk of breast cancer increases with age, all women who are 50 to 70 years old are invited for breast cancer screening every 3 years.
Women over the age of 70 are also entitled to screening and can arrange an appointment through their GP or local screening unit.
The NHS is in the process of extending the programme as a trial, offering screening to some women aged 47 to 73.
Find out more about breast cancer screening.
If cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be treated before it spreads to other parts of the body.
Breast cancer is treated using a combination of:
Surgery is usually the first type of treatment you'll have, followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy or, in some cases, hormone or targeted treatments.
The type of surgery and the treatment you have afterwards will depend on the type of breast cancer you have. Your doctor should discuss the best treatment plan with you.

Secondary cancer, also called advanced or metastatic cancer, is not curable, so the aim of treatment is to relieve symptoms.
Find out more about treating breast cancer.
Being diagnosed with breast cancer can affect daily life in many ways, depending on what stage it's at and the treatment you will have.
How people cope with the diagnosis and treatment varies from person to person. There are several forms of support available, if you need it.
Forms of support may include:
Find out more about living with breast cancer.
As the causes of breast cancer are not fully understood, at the moment it's not possible to know if it can be prevented.
If you have an increased risk of developing the condition, some treatments are available to reduce your risk.
Studies have looked at the link between breast cancer and diet. Although there are no definite conclusions, there are benefits for women who:
It's been suggested that regular exercise can reduce your risk of breast cancer by almost as much as a third. Regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle can also improve the outlook for people affected by breast cancer.
If you've been through the menopause, it's particularly important that you try to get to, and maintain, a healthy weight.
This is because being overweight or obese causes more oestrogen to be produced, which can increase the risk of breast cancer.
Find out more about preventing breast cancer.
Page last reviewed: 27 March 2018
Next review due: 27 March 2021


Limiter → Tone
Tone.Limiter will limit the loudness of an incoming signal. It is composed of a Tone.Compressor with a fast attack and release. Limiters are commonly used to safeguard against signal clipping. Unlike a compressor, limiters do not provide smooth gain reduction and almost completely prevent additional gain above the threshold.
new
Tone.Limiter
(threshold)
threshold
{number}
The theshold above which the limiting is applied.
code
var limiter = new Tone.Limiter(-6);
default values
threshold:-12
members
methods


FOUNDATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY (I.Yu.Tipunin)
|
- Introduction
- Manifold as a surface in Rn.
- Tangent space, vector fields, interval, area and volume on an embedded surface
- Non-relativistic and relativistic particles, strings and D-brans
- Mappings of manifolds
- Examples of mappings (embeddings, projections, diffeomorphisms)
- Differential of mapping (behaviour of tangent vectors under mappings)
- Vector fields as infinitesimal diffeomorphisms
- Commutator of vector fields
- Lie algebra of vector fields, conformal invariance of a string
- Local coordinates
- Mapping in local coordinate notation
- Global and local properties
- Concept of covariance
- Transformation of vector fields under replacement of coordinates
- Invariance of the commutator of vector fields
- Independence of the physical content of theory from a reference system (Einstein principle of equivalence)
- Tensor fields
- Examples of tensor fields (metric tensor, Poisson and symplectic structures, complex structure)
- Behaviour of tensor fields under mappings
- Lie derivative concept, invariant vector fields, symmetry, Killing vectors
- Covariance of the Poisson and symplecticity conditions
- Symplectic manifolds
- Darboux's theorem
- Hamiltonoan systems, Hamilton equations, Hamiltonian fluxes, canonical transformations
- Differential forms and operations over it
- Exterior algebra of manifold
- de Rham differential, closed and exact forms
- Poincare lemma, Hodge conjugation
- Maxwell equations in differential form notation
- Self-duality equation
- Superfields, supersymmetry, superspace
- General concept of manifold
- Atlas, maps
- Global and local properties
- de Rahm complex, cohomologies
- Topological interpretation of a dot charge and Aharonov-Bohm effect
- Lie algebras, Lie algebra of vector fields
- Groups of transformations and its Lie algebras
- Lie groups (abstract definition)
- Lie groups as groups of transformations
- Left- and right-invariant vector fields on group
- Symmetries of physical systems (rotations, Lorentz and Poincare group, relativistic invariance, symmetry group of AdS space, conformal symmetry, internal symmetries)
- Vector bundles
- Bundle cross-sections
- Structural group of vector bundle
- Principal bundle associated with vector one
- Tangent bundle and cotangent bundle, bundle of local reference points
- Operations over bundles
- Tensor fields as cross-sections of corresponding bundles
- Trivial and non-trivial bundles
- Parallelizable manifolds
- Connection in vector (principal) bundle
- Connection form and curvature
- Maurer-Cartan equation, parallel transport
- Yang-Mills fields
- Gauge transformations
- Physical applications (transition from a global internal symmetry to a gauge one)
- Invariants of gauge transformations, Yang-Mills action
- Integration on manifolds, volume form
- Stoks theorem, densities and semidensities
- Volume forms on Riemannian and symplectic manifolds, Liuville form
- Actions for dynamic systems on general manifolds
- Chern-Simon action and other topological models
- Riemannian geometry, metric connection, curvature
- GRT (action, Einstein equations, general coordinate invariance)
- Tetradic Einstein-Cartan formalism, supergravitaty
- Almost complex and complex structures
- Niewenhuizen torsion tensor
- Holomorphic and antiholomorphic functions
- Tensor fields on complex manifolds
- Dolboux differentials
- Bi-complex
- Kahlerian manifolds
- Riemannian surfaces
- Conformal transformations, conformal invariance
- Kahlerian S -model
- Elements of supergeometry
- Supermanifolds and super Lie algebras
- Antibracket and D -operator, Batalin-Vylkovsky algebra
- Polyvectors and differential forms, Witten realization of the Batalin-Vylkovsky algebra
|
|


import numpy as np
import geopandas as gpd
from shapely.geometry import Point
from pyinterpolate.kriging.areal_poisson_kriging.area_to_area.ata_poisson_kriging import AtAPoissonKriging
from pyinterpolate.kriging.areal_poisson_kriging.area_to_point.atp_poisson_kriging import AtPPoissonKriging
[docs]class ArealKriging:
"""Class perform areal kriging of areal semivariogram with point support data.
INITIALIZATION PARAMS:
:param semivariogram_model: (Theoretical Semivariogram) Theoretical Semivariogram used for data interpolation,
:param known_areas: (numpy array) array of areas in the form:
[area_id, areal_polygon, centroid coordinate x, centroid coordinate y, value]
:param known_areas_points: (numpy array) array of points within areas in the form:
[area_id, [point_position_x, point_position_y, value]],
:param kriging_type: (string) default 'ata'; 'ata' - area to area poisson kriging,
'atp' - area to point poisson kriging.
"""
def __init__(self, semivariogram_model, known_areas, known_areas_points, kriging_type='ata'):
"""
:param semivariogram_model: (Theoretical Semivariogram) Theoretical Semivariogram used for data interpolation,
:param known_areas: (numpy array) array of areas in the form:
[area_id, areal_polygon, centroid coordinate x, centroid coordinate y, value]
:param known_areas_points: (numpy array) array of points within areas in the form:
[area_id, [point_position_x, point_position_y, value]],
:param kriging_type: (string) default 'ata'.
'ata' - area to area poisson kriging,
'atp' - area to point poisson kriging.
"""
kriging_types = {
'ata': AtAPoissonKriging,
'atp': AtPPoissonKriging
}
self.semivar_model = semivariogram_model
self.areal_data_known = known_areas
self.point_counts_within_area = known_areas_points
self.ktype = kriging_type
# Check kriging type
if kriging_type not in kriging_types.keys():
l1 = 'Provided argument is not correct. You must choose kriging type.\n'
l2 = "'ata' - area to area poisson kriging,\n"
l3 = "'atp' - area to point poisson kriging."
message = l1 + l2 + l3
raise TypeError(message)
else:
self.k_func = kriging_types[self.ktype](self.semivar_model,
self.areal_data_known,
self.point_counts_within_area)
self.reg_model = kriging_types[self.ktype]
self.regularized = None # Regularized
[docs] def predict(self, unknown_area_points, number_of_neighbours, max_search_radius):
"""
Function predicts areal value in a unknown location based on the area-to-area or area-to-point Poisson Kriging.
INPUT:
:param unknown_area_points: (numpy array) array of points within an unknown area in the form:
[area_id, [point_position_x, point_position_y, value]],
:param number_of_neighbours: (int) minimum number of neighbours to include in the algorithm,
:param max_search_radius: (float) maximum search radius (if number of neighbours within this search radius is
smaller than number_of_neighbours parameter then additional neighbours are included up to number of
neighbors).
OUTPUT:
:return: prediction, error, estimated mean, weights:
[value in unknown location, error, estimated mean, weights].
"""
prediction = self.k_func.predict(unknown_area_points,
number_of_neighbours,
max_search_radius)
return prediction
@staticmethod
def _rmse_areal(prediction_row, u_area_val):
est_val = prediction_row[0]
rmse = np.sqrt((u_area_val - est_val)**2)
prediction_vals = [
prediction_row[0],
prediction_row[1],
rmse
] # Estimated value, Estimated error, RMSE
return np.array(prediction_vals)
@staticmethod
def _rmse_area_to_point(prediction_row, u_areal_val):
estimated_areal_sum = np.sum(prediction_row[:, 0])
rmse = np.sqrt((u_areal_val - estimated_areal_sum)**2)
rmses = rmse * np.ones(prediction_row.shape[0])
prediction_vals = np.c_[
prediction_row[:, -1],
prediction_row[:, :2],
rmses
] # points xy, Estimated value, Estimated error, RMSEs
return prediction_vals
def _get_prediction_row(self, regularized_area_id, n_neighbours, radius):
# Divide dataset for prediction
u_area = self.areal_data_known[self.areal_data_known[:, 0] == regularized_area_id][0]
u_points = self.point_counts_within_area[self.point_counts_within_area[:, 0] == regularized_area_id][0]
k_areas = self.areal_data_known[self.areal_data_known[:, 0] != regularized_area_id]
k_points = self.point_counts_within_area[self.point_counts_within_area[:, 0] != regularized_area_id]
# Prepare model
temp_model = self.reg_model(
self.semivar_model,
k_areas,
k_points
)
# Predict
prediction = temp_model.predict(u_points,
n_neighbours,
radius)
# Add RMSE of prediction
if self.ktype == 'ata':
output_rows = self._rmse_areal(prediction, u_area[-1])
else:
output_rows = self._rmse_area_to_point(prediction, u_area[-1])
return output_rows
[docs] def regularize_data(self, number_of_neighbours, s_radius, data_crs="EPSG:4326"):
"""
Function regularizes whole dataset and creates new values and error maps based on the kriging type.
If chosen type is area to area then function returns geopandas dataframe with area id, areal geometry,
estimated value, estimated prediction error, RMSE of prediction.
If chosen type is area to point then function returns geopandas dataframe with area id, point coordinates,
estimated value, estimated prediction error, RMSE of areal prediction.
Function do not predict unknown values, areas with NaN's are skipped.
INPUT:
:param number_of_neighbours: (int) minimum number of neighbours to include in the algorithm,
:param s_radius: (float) maximum search radius (if number of neighbours within this search radius is
smaller than number_of_neighbours parameter then additional neighbours are included up to number of
neighbors),
:param data_crs: (string) data crs, look into: https://geopandas.org/projections.html
OUTPUT:
:return: regularized dataset (GeoPandas GeoDataFrame object)
"""
areas_ids = self.areal_data_known[:, 0]
list_of_vals = []
for a_id in areas_ids:
prediction_rows = self._get_prediction_row(a_id, number_of_neighbours, s_radius)
# Add id and geometry into a list
if self.ktype == 'ata':
geometry = self.areal_data_known[self.areal_data_known[:, 0] == a_id]
geometry = geometry[0][1]
data_row = [a_id, geometry, prediction_rows[0], prediction_rows[1], prediction_rows[2]]
list_of_vals.append(data_row)
else:
for val in prediction_rows:
xy = Point(val[0])
list_of_vals.append([a_id, xy, val[1], val[2], val[3]])
# Transform array into a dataframe
gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(list_of_vals)
gdf.columns = ['id', 'geometry', 'estimated value', 'estimated prediction error', 'rmse']
gdf.crs = data_crs
return gdf


25 April 2005
On 20 April, four polio cases due to wild poliovirus type 1 were confirmed in Yemen. The cases were reported from Hudeida governorate in south-west Yemen, on the Red Sea coast. Prior to these cases, wild poliovirus has not been found in Yemen since AFP surveillance commenced in 1996.
Situation
On 4 April WHO Yemen was informed by Hudeida governorate health authorities of a cluster of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases in children, the first cases of which had occurred in February 2005. The cases had been detected through AFP surveillance activities and investigated, including collection of stool specimens for laboratory investigation.
On 18 April, in close coordination with local health authorities, two teams of WHO and Ministry of Health experts, including epidemiologists and paediatricians, were dispatched to Hudeida governorate to further investigate the cluster of AFP cases.
On 20 April, results of testing of stool specimens of four of the cases by the polio network laboratory in Oman revealed wild poliovirus type 1. The laboratory and field investigation of other AFP cases is ongoing, and additional information will be made public as soon as it is available, including genetic information which will help identify the origin of the wild poliovirus responsible for the cases.
WHO Response
Yemen already conducted a nationwide immunization campaign on 13-15 April, to immunize all of the country's 4.5 million children under the age of five years. WHO is working with the Ministry of Health in Yemen to plan for further intensive house-to-house immunization activities in the immediate geographic vicinity of the cases. Planning for the next nationwide immunization campaign to be conducted in the second half of May is being intensified. Contingency plans for a potential third campaign in June are being discussed. Additional technical support is being provided for the continuing investigation and for planning for immunization rounds.
WHO is working with the Ministry of Health in Yemen to ensure that AFP surveillance throughout the country is sensitized so that no transmission of wild poliovirus is missed. Additionally, Ministries of Health of neighbouring countries have been informed.
Important note
The risk of importations into polio-free areas remains as long as polio exists anywhere in the world. WHO urges all countries to maintain and strengthen AFP surveillance and high population immunity.


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"extra-classes": "mdl-layout__header--transparent",
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AnnotationConstants
- Class in
gate.creole.numbers
To ensure that all annotations/features created by the different number PRs use the same names this class holds constants specifying the correct values.
AnnotationConstants()
- Constructor for class gate.creole.numbers.
AnnotationConstants
C
cleanup()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
E
execute()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
execute()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
G
gate.creole.numbers
- package gate.creole.numbers
This package contains a number of GATE PRs which attempt to annotate numbers appearing within documents.
getActions()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getAllowLowerCase()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
getAllowWithinWords()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getAnnotationSetName()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getConfigURL()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getEncoding()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getExistingTagger()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getFailOnMissingInputAnnotations()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getMaxTailLength()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
getOutputASName()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
getPostProcessURL()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
getUseHintsFromOriginalMarkups()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
H
HINT_FEATURE_NAME
- Static variable in class gate.creole.numbers.
AnnotationConstants
The constant to be used for the name of the hint feature.
I
init()
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
N
NUMBER_ANNOTATION_NAME
- Static variable in class gate.creole.numbers.
AnnotationConstants
The constant to be used for the name of a number annotation.
NumbersTagger
- Class in
gate.creole.numbers
A GATE PR which annotates numbers which appear as both words or numbers (or a combination) and determines their numeric value.
NumbersTagger()
- Constructor for class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
R
RomanNumeralsTagger
- Class in
gate.creole.numbers
A GATE PR which annotates Roman Numerals with their numeric value.
RomanNumeralsTagger()
- Constructor for class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
S
setAllowLowerCase(Boolean)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
setAllowWithinWords(Boolean)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setAnnotationSetName(String)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setConfigURL(URL)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setEncoding(String)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setExistingTagger(NumbersTagger)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setFailOnMissingInputAnnotations(Boolean)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setMaxTailLength(Integer)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
setOutputASName(String)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
RomanNumeralsTagger
setPostProcessURL(URL)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
setUseHintsFromOriginalMarkups(Boolean)
- Method in class gate.creole.numbers.
NumbersTagger
T
TYPE_FEATURE_NAME
- Static variable in class gate.creole.numbers.
AnnotationConstants
The constant to be used for the name of the type feature.
V
VALUE_FEATURE_NAME
- Static variable in class gate.creole.numbers.
AnnotationConstants
The constant to be used for the name of the value feature.
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Britain withdrew from British Somaliland in 1960 to allow its protectorate to join with Italian Somaliland and form the new
nation of Somalia. In 1969, a coup headed by Mohamed SIAD Barre ushered in an authoritarian socialist rule characterized by
the persecution, jailing, and torture of political opponents and dissidents. After the regime's collapse early in 1991, Somalia
descended into turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy. In May 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland
that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized
by any government, this entity has maintained a stable existence and continues efforts to establish a constitutional democracy,
including holding municipal, parliamentary, and presidential elections. The regions of Bari, Nugaal, and northern Mudug comprise
a neighboring semi-autonomous state of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998 but does not aim at independence;
it has also made strides toward reconstructing a legitimate, representative government but has suffered some civil strife.
Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims the regions of Sool and Sanaag, and portions of Togdheer. Beginning
in 1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in south-central Somalia) was able to alleviate famine conditions, but
when the UN withdrew in 1995, having suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored.
In 2000, the Somalia National Peace Conference (SNPC) held in Djibouti resulted in the formation of an interim government,
known as the Transitional National Government (TNG). When the TNG failed to establish adequate security or governing institutions,
the Government of Kenya, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), led a subsequent peace
process that concluded in October 2004 with the election of Abdullahi YUSUF Ahmed as President of a second interim government,
known as the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of the Somali Republic. The TFG included a 275-member parliamentary body,
known as the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). President YUSUF resigned late in 2008 while UN-sponsored talks between
the TFG and the opposition Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS) were underway in Djibouti. In January 2009, following
the creation of a TFG-ARS unity government, Ethiopian military forces, which had entered Somalia in December 2006 to support
the TFG in the face of advances by the opposition Islamic Courts Union (ICU), withdrew from the country. The TFP was doubled
in size to 550 seats with the addition of 200 ARS and 75 civil society members of parliament. The expanded parliament elected
Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed, the former ICU and ARS chairman as president in January 2009. The creation of the TFG was based
on the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC), which outlined a five-year mandate leading to the establishment of a new Somali
constitution and a transition to a representative government following national elections. In 2009, the TFP amended the TFC
to extend TFG's mandate until 2011 and in 2011 Somali principals agreed to institute political transition by August 2012.
The transition process ended in September 2012 when clan elders replaced the TFP by appointing 275 members to a new parliament
who subsequently elected a new president.
Flag
Location
Map
The orange and tan colors of this high-oblique photograph of the Horn of Africa indicate an arid-to-semiarid landscape in
the northern half of the east African country of Somalia. Except for the darker areas where thicker vegetation can be found
(usually in elevated areas), most of the vegetation in this part of Somalia is shrub brush and grasslands. The southern extent
of the Saudi Arabian Peninsula is visible north across the Gulf of Aden. Image courtesy of NASA.
Communications
Broadcast media
2 private TV stations rebroadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN; Somaliland has 1 government-operated TV station and Puntland has 1 private
TV station; the transitional government operates Radio Mogadishu; 1 SW and roughly 10 private FM radio stations broadcast
in Mogadishu; several radio stations operate in central and southern regions; Somaliland has 1 government-operated radio station;
Puntland has roughly a half-dozen private radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available
Internet country code
.so
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions
48,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
less than 1
Telephones - mobile cellular
total
6,653,040
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
62
Telephone system
general assessment
the public telecom system was almost completely destroyed or dismantled during the civil war; private companies offer limited
local fixed-line service, and private wireless companies offer service in most major cities, while charging some of the lowest
rates on the continent
domestic
seven networks compete for customers in the mobile sector; some of these mobile-service providers offer fixed-line and Internet
services
international
country code - 252; Mogadishu is a landing point for the EASSy fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with
Europe and North America; this connection ended the country's expensive satellite-dependent Internet access
Internet users
total
203,366
percent of population
1.9%
Economy
Overview
Despite the lack of effective national governance, Somalia maintains an informal economy largely based on livestock, remittance/money
transfer companies, and telecommunications. Somalia's government lacks the ability to collect domestic revenue and external
debt – mostly in arrears – was estimated at about 77% of GDP in 2017.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$17.47 billion
GDP (official exchange rate)
$6.522 billion
GDP per capita
$NA
Industries
light industries, including sugar refining, textiles, wireless communication
Industrial production growth rate
3.5%
Labor force
4.154 million
Unemployment rate
NA%
Population below poverty line
NA%
Taxes and other revenues
2.2% of GDP
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
-0.1% of GDP
Public debt
76.7% of GDP
Fiscal year
NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
1.5%
Central bank discount rate
NA%
Commercial bank prime lending rate
NA%
Current account balance
$-722 million
Exports
$819 million
Export commodities
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal
Export partners
Saudi Arabia 37.2%, Oman 22.7%, UAE 16.3%
Imports
$3.482 billion
Import commodities
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat
Import partners
India 26.3%, China 20.8%, Oman 9.1%, Kenya 8.3%, Turkey 6%, Malaysia 4.3%, Brazil 4.2%
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$30.45 million
Debt - external
$5.3 billion
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home
$NA
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption
72.1%
government consumption
8.7%
investment in fixed capital
19.8%
investment in inventories
0.8%
exports of goods and services
0.3%
imports of goods and services
-1.7%
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture
71%
industry and services
29%
Household income or consumption by percentage share
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
900,000 Mt
Electricity access
population without electricity
8,900,000
electrification - total population
15%
electrification - urban areas
33%
electrification - rural areas
4%
Geography
Location
Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia
Coordinates
10 00 N, 49 00 E
Coastline
3,025 km
Climate
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon
(May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between
monsoons
Terrain
mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north
Irrigated land
2,000 sq km
Population - distribution
distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions,
as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama,
Hargeysa, and Baidoa
Area
total
637,657 sq km
land
627,337 sq km
water
10,320 sq km
Maritime claims
territorial sea
200 nm
Land use
agricultural land
70.3%
forest
10.6%
other
19.1%
Environment international agreements
party to
Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements
Elevation
mean elevation
410 m
elevation extremes
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Land boundaries
total
2,385 km
border countries (3)
Djibouti 61 km
Ethiopia 1640 km
Kenya 684 km
Natural resources
uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore
tin
gypsum
bauxite
copper
salt
natural gas
likely oil reserves
Natural hazards
recurring droughts
frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer
floods during rainy season
Current environment issues
famine
use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems
deforestation
overgrazing
soil erosion
desertification
Government
Government type
federal parliamentary republic
National holiday
Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July ; note - 26 June in Somaliland
Legal system
mixed legal system of civil law, Islamic law, and customary law (referred to as Xeer)
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal
Flag description
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; the blue field was originally influenced by the flag of the
UN, but today is said to denote the sky and the neighboring Indian Ocean; the five points of the star represent the five regions
in the horn of Africa that are inhabited by Somali people: the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland (which together
make up Somalia), Djibouti, Ogaden (Ethiopia), and the North East Province (Kenya)
Country name
conventional long form
Federal Republic of Somalia
conventional short form
Somalia
local long form
Jamhuuriyadda Federaalkaa Soomaaliya
local short form
Soomaaliya
former
Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic
etymology
"Land of the Somali" (ethnic group)
Capital
name
Mogadishu
geographic coordinates
2 04 N, 45 20 E
time difference
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Constitution
history
previous 1961, 1979; latest drafted 12 June 2012, approved 1 August 2012 (provisional)
amendments
proposed by the federal government, by members of the state governments, the Federal Parliament, or by public petition; proposals
require review by a joint committee of Parliament with inclusion of public comments and state legislatures’ comments; passage
requires at least two-thirds majority vote in both houses of Parliament and approval by a majority of votes cast in a referendum;
constitutional clauses on Islamic principles, the federal system, human rights and freedoms, powers and authorities of the
government branches, and inclusion of women in national institutions cannot be amended
Citizenship
citizenship by birth
no
citizenship by descent only
the father must be a citizen of Somalia
dual citizenship recognized
no
residency requirement for naturalization
7 years
Executive branch
chief of state
President Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo" (since 8 February 2017)
head of government
Prime Minister Hassan Ali KHAYRE (since 1 March 2017)
cabinet
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by the House of the People
elections/appointments
president indirectly elected by the Federal Parliament by two-thirds majority vote in 2 rounds if needed for a single 4-year
term; election last held on 8 February 2017 (previously scheduled for 30 September 2016 but postponed repeatedly); prime minister
appointed by the president, approved by the House of the People
election results
Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo" elected president; Federal Parliament second round vote - Mohamed ABDULLAHI Mohamed "Farmaajo"
(TPP) 184, HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (PDP) 97, Sheikh SHARIF Sheikh Ahmed (ARS) 46
Legislative branch
description
bicameral Federal Parliament to consist of an Upper House (54 seats; senators elected by state assemblies to serve 4-year
terms) and the House of the People (275 seats; members elected by regional delegates to serve 4-year terms)
note
the inaugural House of the People was appointed in September 2012 by clan elders; in elections in 2016 and 2017, the Federal
Parliament became bicameral with elections scheduled for 10 October 2016 for the Upper House and 23 October to 10 November
2016 for the House of the People; while the elections were delayed, they were eventually held in most regions despite voting
irregularities; on 27 December 2016, 41 Upper House senators and 242 House of the People members were sworn in
Judicial branch
highest court(s)
the provisional constitution stipulates the establishment of the Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges including the
chief judge and deputy chief judge); note - under the terms of the 2004 Transitional National Charter, a Supreme Court based
in Mogadishu and an Appeal Court were established; yet most regions have reverted to local forms of conflict resolution, either
secular, traditional Somali customary law, or sharia Islamic law
judge selection and term of office
judges appointed by the president upon proposal of the Judicial Service Commission, a 9-member judicial and administrative
body; judge tenure NA
subordinate courts
federal courts; federal member state-level courts; military courts; sharia courts
National anthem
name
"Qolobaa Calankeed" (Every Nation Has its own Flag)
lyrics/music
lyrics/music: Abdullahi QARSHE
note
adopted 2012; written in 1959
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission
Ambassador Ahmed Issa AWAD (since 17 September 2015)
chancery
425 East 61st Street, Suite 702, New York City, NY 10021
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland that became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960 and Italian Somaliland
that became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960 to form the Somali Republic)
International organization participation
ACP
AfDB
AFESD
AMF
AU
CAEU (candidate)
FAO
G-77
IBRD
ICAO
ICRM
IDA
IDB
IFAD
IFC
IFRCS
IGAD
ILO
IMF
IMO
Interpol
IOC
IOM
IPU
ITSO
ITU
LAS
NAM
OIC
OPCW
OPCW (signatory)
UN
UNCTAD
UNESCO
UNHCR
UNIDO
UPU
WFTU (NGOs)
WHO
WIPO
WMO
National symbol(s)
leopard
national colors: blue, white
Political parties and leaders
Cosmopolitan Democratic Party [Yarow Sharef ADEN]
Daljir Party or DP [Hassan MOALIM]
Democratic Green Party of Somalia or DGPS [Abdullahi Y. MAHAMOUD]
Democratic Party of Somalia or DPS [Maslah Mohamed SIAD]
Green Leaf for Democracy or GLED
Hiil Qaran
Justice and Communist Party [Mohamed NUR]
Justice and Development of Democracy and Self-Respectfulness Party or CAHDI [Abdirahman Abdigani IBRAHIM Bile]
Liberal Party of Somalia
National Unity Party (Xisbiga MIdnimo-Quaran) [Abdurahman BAADIYOW]
Peace and Development Party or PDP
Somali National Party or SNP [Mohammed Ameen Saeed AHMED]
Somali People's Party [Mahamud Hassan RAGE]
Somali Green Party (local chapter of Federation of Green Parties of Africa)
Tayo or TPP [Mohamed Abdullahi MOHAMED]
Tiir Party [Fadhil Sheik MOHAMUD]
United and Democratic Party [Salad Ali JELLE]
United Somali Parliamentarians
Political pressure groups and leaders
numerous political associations and clan and sub-clan factions exist in support of and against political leaders from clans,
Federal Member State presidents, and others, including the former and current presidents
Military and security
Maritime threats
despite a dramatic drop in the number of attacks in 2016, the International Maritime Bureau continues to report the territorial
and offshore waters in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean as a region of significant risk for piracy and armed robbery against
ships; during the first half of 2017, nine vessels were attacked or hijacked compared with two in 2016; Operation Ocean Shield,
the NATO naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result
of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators,
including the use of on-board armed security teams, have reduced piracy incidents in that body of water; Somali pirates tend
to be heavily armed with automatic weapons and rocket propelled grenades; the use of "mother ships" from which skiffs can
be launched to attack vessels allows these pirates to extend the range of their operations hundreds of nautical miles offshore
Military branches
National Security Force (NSF): Somali National Army
Military service age and obligation
18 is the legal minimum age for compulsory and voluntary military service
People and society
Population
11,031,386
Religions
Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)
Population growth rate
2%
Birth rate
39.6 births/1,000 population
Death rate
13.1 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate
-6.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Population distribution
distribution varies greatly throughout the country; least densely populated areas are in the northeast and central regions,
as well as areas along the Kenyan border; most populated areas are in and around the cities of Mogadishu, Marka, Boorama,
Hargeysa, and Baidoa
Total fertility rate
5.8 children born/woman
Physicians density
0.03 physicians/1,000 population
Hospital bed density
8.7 beds/1,000 population
Total fertility rate
5.8 children born/woman
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.4%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
24,000
HIV/AIDS - deaths
1,700
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
8.3%
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
23%
Education expenditures
NA
Nationality
Somali(s)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio
97.4
youth dependency ratio
92.1
elderly dependency ratio
5.3
Median age
total
18.1 years
male
18.3 years
female
17.9 years
Urbanization
urban population
40.5% of total population
rate of urbanization
4.05% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Infant mortality rate
total
94.8 deaths/1,000 live births
male
103.3 deaths/1,000 live births
female
86 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth
total population
52.8 years
male
50.7 years
female
54.9 years
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk
very high
food or waterborne diseases
bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases
dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
water contact disease
schistosomiasis
animal contact disease
rabies
Ethnic groups
Somali 85%
Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including 30
000 Arabs)
Languages
Somali (official
according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)
Arabic (official
according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)
Italian
English
Demographic profile
Somalia scores very low for most humanitarian indicators, suffering from poor governance, protracted internal conflict, underdevelopment,
economic decline, poverty, social and gender inequality, and environmental degradation. Despite civil war and famine raising
its mortality rate, Somalia’s high fertility rate and large proportion of people of reproductive age maintain rapid population
growth, with each generation being larger than the prior one. More than 60% of Somalia’s population is younger than 25, and
the fertility rate is among the world’s highest at almost 6 children per woman – a rate that has decreased little since the
1970s.
A lack of educational and job opportunities is a major source of tension for Somalia’s large youth cohort, making them vulnerable
to recruitment by extremist and pirate groups. Somalia has one of the world’s lowest primary school enrollment rates – just
over 40% of children are in school – and one of world’s highest youth unemployment rates. Life expectancy is low as a result
of high infant and maternal mortality rates, the spread of preventable diseases, poor sanitation, chronic malnutrition, and
inadequate health services.
During the two decades of conflict that followed the fall of the SIAD regime in 1991, hundreds of thousands of Somalis fled
their homes. Today Somalia is the world’s third highest source country for refugees, after Syria and Afghanistan. Insecurity,
drought, floods, food shortages, and a lack of economic opportunities are the driving factors.
As of 2016, more than 1.1 million Somali refugees were hosted in the region, mainly in Kenya, Yemen, Egypt, Ethiopia, Djibouti,
and Uganda, while more than 1.1 million Somalis were internally displaced. Since the implementation of a tripartite voluntary
repatriation agreement among Kenya, Somalia, and the UNHCR in 2013, nearly 40,000 Somali refugees have returned home from
Kenya’s Dadaab refugee camp – still houses to approximately 260,000 Somalis. The flow sped up rapidly after the Kenyan Government
in May 2016 announced its intention to close the camp, worsening security and humanitarian conditions in receiving communities
in south-central Somalia. Despite the conflict in Yemen, thousands of Somalis and other refugees and asylum seekers from the
Horn of Africa risk their lives crossing the Gulf of Aden to reach Yemen and beyond (often Saudi Arabia). Bossaso in Puntland
overtook Obock, Djibouti, as the primary departure point in mid-2014.
Urban areas
MOGADISHU (capital) 2.138 million
Hargeysa 760,000
Age structure
From age
0
to age
14
:
43.15%
From age
15
to age
24
:
19.04%
From age
25
to age
54
:
31.43%
From age
55
to age
64
:
4.2%
Over
65
:
2.19%
Sex ratio
male to female
At birth:
1.02
From age
0
to age
14
:
1
From age
15
to age
24
:
1.02
From age
25
to age
54
:
1.07
From age
55
to age
64
:
0.96
Over
65
:
0.64
Overall:
1.01
Transnational issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin)
18,312 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers); 11,367 (Yemen) (refugees and asylum seekers)
IDPs
2.1 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for resources; 2011 famine; insecurity because of fighting between
al-Shabaab and the Transitional Federal Government's allied forces)
Disputes - international
Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have established commercial ties
with other regional states
"Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping border
claims
the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's
Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region
Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the border, which has long
been open to nomadic pastoralists
Transportation
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
6O
Airports
61
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers
1
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers
1
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers


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| faq-compatibility-types {vctrs} | R Documentation |
Two vectors are compatible when you can safely:
Combine them into one larger vector.
Assign values from one of the vectors into the other vector.
Examples of compatible types are integer and double vectors. On the other hand, integer and character vectors are not compatible.
There are two possible outcomes when multiple vectors of different types are combined into a larger vector:
An incompatible type error is thrown because some of the types are not compatible:
df1 <- data.frame(x = 1:3) df2 <- data.frame(x = "foo") dplyr::bind_rows(df1, df2) #> Error: Can't combine `..1$x` <integer> and `..2$x` <character>.
The vectors are combined into a vector that has the common type of all inputs. In this example, the common type of integer and logical is integer:
df1 <- data.frame(x = 1:3) df2 <- data.frame(x = FALSE) dplyr::bind_rows(df1, df2) #> x #> 1 1 #> 2 2 #> 3 3 #> 4 0
In general, the common type is the richer type, in other words the type that can represent the most values. Logical vectors are at the bottom of the hierarchy of numeric types because they can only represent two values (not counting missing values). Then come integer vectors, and then doubles. Here is the vctrs type hierarchy for the fundamental vectors:
Type compatibility does not necessarily mean that you can convert one type to the other type. That’s because one of the types might support a larger set of possible values. For instance, integer and double vectors are compatible, but double vectors can’t be converted to integer if they contain fractional values.
When vctrs can’t convert a vector because the target type is not as rich as the source type, it throws a lossy cast error. Assigning a fractional number to an integer vector is a typical example of a lossy cast error:
int_vector <- 1:3 vec_assign(int_vector, 2, 0.001) #> Error: Can't convert from <double> to <integer> due to loss of precision. #> * Locations: 1
If you encounter two vector types that you think should be compatible, they might need to implement coercion methods. Reach out to the author(s) of the classes and ask them if it makes sense for their classes to be compatible.
These developer FAQ items provide guides for implementing coercion methods:
For an example of implementing coercion methods for simple vectors,
see ?howto-faq-coercion
.
For an example of implementing coercion methods for data frame
subclasses, see
?howto-faq-coercion-data-frame
.


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<< Click to Display Table of Contents >> Navigation: »No topics above this level« Churn Predictor |
This topic presents a reference implementation of a customer churn analysis project that is built by using Azure Machine Learning Studio. It discusses associated generic models for holistically solving the problem of industrial customer churn. We also measure the accuracy of models that are built by using Machine Learning, and we assess directions for further development.
Acknowledgements
This experiment was developed and tested by Serge Berger, Princial Data Scientist at Microsoft, and Roger Barga, formerly Product Manager for Microsoft Azure Machine Learning. The Azure documentation team is grateful to them for sharing their learnings in this white paper.
The problem of customer churn
Businesses in the consumer market and in all enterprise sectors have to deal with churn. Sometimes churn is excessive and influences policy decisions. The traditional solution is to predict high-propensity churners and address their needs via a concierge service, marketing campaigns, or by applying special dispensations. These approaches can vary from industry to industry and even from a particular consumer cluster to another within one industry (for example, telecommunications).
The common factor is that businesses need to minimize these special customer retention efforts. Thus, a natural methodology would be to score every customer with the probability of churn and address the top N ones. The top customers might be the most profitable ones; for example, in more sophisticated scenarios, a profit function is employed during the selection of candidates for special dispensation. However, these considerations are only a part of the holistic strategy for dealing with churn. Businesses also have to take into account risk (and associated risk tolerance), the level and cost of the intervention, and plausible customer segmentation
Industry outlook and approaches
Sophisticated handling of churn is a sign of a mature industry. The classic example is the telecommunications industry where subscribers are known to frequently switch from one provider to another. This voluntary churn is a prime concern. Moreover, providers have accumulated significant knowledge about churn drivers, which are the factors that drive customers to switch.
For instance, handset or device choice is a well-known driver of churn in the mobile phone business. As a result, a popular policy is to subsidize the price of a handset for new subscribers and charging a full price to existing customers for an upgrade. Historically, this policy has led to customers hopping from one provider to another to get a new discount, which in turn, has prompted providers to refine their strategies.
High volatility in handset offerings is a factor that very quickly invalidates models of churn that are based on current handset models. Additionally, mobile phones are not only telecommunication devices; they are also fashion statements (consider the iPhone), and these social predictors are outside the scope of regular telecommunications data sets.
The net result for modeling is that you cannot devise a sound policy simply by eliminating known reasons for churn. In fact, a continuous modeling strategy, including classic models that quantify categorical variables (such as decision trees), is mandatory.
Using big data sets on their customers, organizations are performing big data analytics (in particular, churn detection based on big data) as an effective approach to the problem. You can find more about the big data approach to the problem of churn in the Recommendations on ETL section.
A common problem-solving process to solve customer churn is depicted in Figures 1-3:
A risk model allows you to consider how actions affect probability and risk.
An intervention model allows you to consider how the level of intervention could affect the probability of churn and the amount of customer lifetime value (CLV).
This analysis lends itself to a qualitative analysis that is escalated to a proactive marketing campaign that targets customer segments to deliver the optimal offer.
This forward looking approach is the best way to treat churn, but it comes with complexity: we have to develop a multi-model archetype and trace dependencies between the models. The interaction among models can be encapsulated as shown in the following diagram:
Interaction between the models is key if we are to deliver a holistic approach to customer retention. Each model necessarily degrades over time; therefore, the architecture is an implicit loop (similar to the archetype set by the CRISP-DM data mining standard, [3]).
The overall cycle of risk-decision-marketing segmentation/decomposition is still a generalized structure, which is applicable to many business problems. Churn analysis is simply a strong representative of this group of problems because it exhibits all the traits of a complex business problem that does not allow a simplified predictive solution. The social aspects of the modern approach to churn are not particularly highlighted in the approach, but the social aspects are encapsulated in the modeling archetype, as they would be in any model.
An interesting addition here is big data analytics. Today's telecommunication and retail businesses collect exhaustive data about their customers, and we can easily foresee that the need for multi-model connectivity will become a common trend, given emerging trends such as the Internet of Things and ubiquitous devices, which allow business to employ smart solutions at multiple layers.
Implementing the modeling archetype in Machine Learning Studio
Given the problem just described, what is the best way to implement an integrated modeling and scoring approach? In this section, we will demonstrate how we accomplished this by using Azure Machine Learning Studio.
The multi-model approach is a must when designing a global archetype for churn. Even the scoring (predictive) part of the approach should be multi-model.
The following diagram shows the prototype we created, which employs four scoring algorithms in Machine Learning Studio to predict churn. The reason for using a multi-model approach is not only to create an ensemble classifier to increase accuracy, but also to protect against over-fitting and to improve prescriptive feature selection.


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Returns the name of this enum constant, exactly as declared in its enum declaration.
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Best and worst dressed at the American Music Awards 2019 as Taylor Swift smashes it
by Kate HalfpennyTaylor Swift was the star of the 2019 American Music Awards, taking home five gongs including artist of the decade and beating Michael Jackson’s record of 23 by taking her career tally to 28.
Smashing out some of her biggest early hits after she was cleared to sing them, Swift used fashion to send a message to her arch nemesis Scott ‘Scooter’ Braun.

Her red carpet look was less costume, more couture.
Swift’s deep emerald column was like a rowing zoot suit with half a curtain draped over it, teamed with a polite dominatrix’s boot.
In terms of statement dressing, Taylor had nothing on best newcomer Billie Eilish. Her head-to-toe Burberry look was modelled on hospital scrubs and teamed with a glittering beekeeper’s bonnet.
I feel we want to love Halsey’s frilly dress. Super feminine, but cool in a possibly alienating way.
Camila Cabello was washed out by her meh corset dress that looked like she was hoisting it up to pick her way over rough terrain.
 Ace shoes. The wrong jewellery. And Ariana Grande’s signature ponytail.
Christina Aguilera was most memeworthy in a Jean Paul Gaultier vintage dress with intricate detailing, giant belt and shoulders and hood. Very Grace Jones and totally a moment.
Billy Porter was another fan of voluminous white in a Thom Browne two piece that channeled the Pope and a good Darth Vader. “I’m an American and this is what we look like,” Porter posted.
Misty Copeland also got the memo and wore military bridal with sandals that weren’t nearly kicky enough.
If you can get past her astonishing quaddies, Carrie Underwood was like a superhero meshed with an aspiring rhythmic gymnast. Or Maleficent having a big night out.
Megan Thee Stallion was straightforward: Good colour, great fit, nothing original.
Selena Gomez headed the pack who went short and sweet. Her citrus mini with diamond necklace packed a perfect AMAs punch.
Lizzo followed suit in an apricot ra ra dress teamed with her own private joke: The world’s smallest bag. Which you may not be able to see.
Heidi Klum wore the nightie I bought for my second wedding from an adult shop in the ‘you will look awesome but tacky/desperate’ section.
Constance Wu totally got it. Music awards aren’t for princess gowns.
Shania Twain decided I Dream of Jeannie hair, statement sleeves and a black mermaid skirt with trailing bits was the way to go.
Kesha was totally stylin’ in a Versace dressing gown and matching boots. Super rock and roll in a way the pretty frocks just weren’t.
Ciara wore 2003 jazz ballet pants with the night’s most unfathomable top and an oversized blazer in the shade I call ‘menopause blue’.
Tyra Banks also opted for the pantsuit, with a bra, Lisa Marie Presley expression, hat she wore home from Cabo and weightlifting gloves.
The big question is whether Lil Nas X spray-painted his boots. Now here is a man who falls into the category of ‘love to go to the disco with, less delighted if he turned up to take you out’.
“Tell em the law’s coming,” posted Diplo of he and Post Malone. Would that be the fashion police with sheriff’s badges?
Kelsea Ballerini drew the short straw and was the singer who had to come in the sequinned suit with nothing under it because, sexah.
After all those winners and losers, there were some real ones:
Artist of the Year: Taylor Swift
New Artist of the Year: Billie Eilish
Favourite Music Video: Taylor Swift, You Need to Calm Down
Favourite Male Artist Pop/Rock: Khalid
Favourite Female Artist Pop/Rock: Taylor Swift
Favourite Album Pop/Rock: Taylor Swift, Lover
Favourite Song Pop/Rock: Halsey, Without Me
Favourite Female Artist Country: Carrie Underwood
Favourite Male Artist Country: Kane Brown
Favourite Male Artist Soul/R&B: Bruno Mars
Favourite Female Artist Soul/R&B: Beyonce
Favourite Artist Adult Contemporary: Taylor Swift
For a full list of American Music Award 2019 winners, click here.