Scratching the surface of perovskites
Scientists characterize microscopic defects in next generation solar devices
| Source: | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University |
| Summary: | Scientists have, for the first time, characterized the structural defects that prompt the movement of ions, destabilizing the perovskite materials. The researchers' findings may inform future engineering approaches to optimize perovskite solar cells. |
Versatile compounds called perovskites are valued for their application in next generation solar energy technologies. Despite their efficiency and relative cheapness, perovskite devices have yet to be perfected; they often contain atomic-level structural defects.
Professor Yabing Qi and his team in the Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit at OIST, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Pittsburgh, USA, have, for the first time, characterized the structural defects that prompt the movement of ions, destabilizing the perovskite materials. The researchers' findings, published in ACS Nano, may inform future engineering approaches to optimize perovskite solar cells.
"For a long time, scientists have known structural defects exist, but didn't understand their precise chemical nature," said Collin Stecker, an OIST PhD student and the first author of the study. "Our study delves into fundamental characteristics of perovskite materials to help device engineers further improve them."
Surface-level issues
Perovskite compounds share a unique structure that makes them useful in electronics, engineering, and photovoltaics. They are exceptional at absorbing light, as well as generating and transporting charge carriers responsible for current in semiconductor materials. Sandwiching perovskite materials between other functional layers forms perovskite solar cells. However, defects in the perovskite layer can disrupt charge transfer between the perovskite and adjacent layers of the cell, hindering the device's overall performance and stability.
To understand the electronic and dynamic properties of these perovskite defects, the OIST researchers used a method called scanning tunneling microscopy to take high-resolution images of the movements of individual ions on the perovskite surfaces.
Upon analyzing these images, Stecker and his colleagues noticed groups of vacant spaces across the surfaces where atoms were missing. In addition, they saw that pairs of Br- (bromide) ions on the perovskite surfaces were shifting and changing direction. The researchers' collaborators at the University of Pittsburgh performed a series of theoretical calculations to model the pathways these ions took, supporting these experimental observations.
The OIST scientists concluded that the surface vacancies were likely causing these ions to move across the perovskite materials. Understanding this mechanism of ion movement may later help scientists and engineers mitigate the structural and functional consequences of these defects.
The researchers acknowledged that, although perovskites are promising alternatives to the widely used silicon, the technology needs to be refined before it's commercialized.
"These perovskite surfaces are much more dynamic than we previously anticipated," said Stecker. "Now, with these new findings, we hope engineers can better account for the effect of defects and their motion in order to improve devices."
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Journal Reference:
- Collin Stecker, Kexi Liu, Jeremy Hieulle, Robin Ohmann, Zhenyu Liu, Luis K. Ono, Guofeng Wang, Yabing Qi. Surface Defect Dynamics in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites: From Mechanism to Interfacial Properties. ACS Nano, 2019; 13 (10): 12127 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b06585
Cite This Page:
| MLA | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University. "Scratching the surface of perovskites: Scientists characterize microscopic defects in next generation solar devices." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 25 November 2019. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191125100344.htm>. |
| APA | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University. (2019, November 25). Scratching the surface of perovskites: Scientists characterize microscopic defects in next generation solar devices. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 25, 2019 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191125100344.htm |
| Chicago | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University. "Scratching the surface of perovskites: Scientists characterize microscopic defects in next generation solar devices." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/11/191125100344.htm (accessed November 25, 2019). |


 My attitude is to always learn and try new things.
I am currently a student of software development in ASAC. I graduated last year with a physics degree.
I have officially worked once, for 4 months. I have worked as a science teacher last semester, but I realized that I will not feel satisfied with my accomplishments in this field, so I thought about doing something in programming, and here I am.
In fact, physics is my passion. To be an active physicist in industry and cutting-edge industry, one must have many skills. One of these skills could be software development. This is why I am enjoying software development and willing to explore it in every way I can, and hoping to be someone who helps people lives to be better.


Andrew Courter
We live in a connected world
More devices are getting connectivity
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real-time feedback
The next logical move?
 This information is sent to the smartphone of a parent or a coach via Bluetooth, which allows them to make critical decisions like whether they should be taken off the field.”
Well done.
A credit card-sized computer that can be used in electronics projects, and for many of the things that your desktop PC can do.
Pi Microwave
Monitor/spy on things! Like...


(k) Subject to the other limitations contained in this Agreement, the Company is not obligated hereunder to effect (A) more than two Demand Registrations in any 12 month period, (B) more than a total of three Demand Registrations pursuant to this Agreement or (C) a subsequent Demand Registration if a Registration Statement covering all of the Registrable Securities held by the holders requesting the registration shall have become effective under the Securities Act and remains effective under the Securities Act and is sufficient to permit offers and sales of the number and type of Registrable Securities on substantially the terms and conditions specified in the request for Demand Registration. In addition, the Company will not be required to file a Registration Statement at a time when filing a Registration Statement would be prohibited by the terms of a customary “lock-up” or “market stand-off” provision included in an underwriting agreement relating to an underwritten offering.
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Section 3.2 Registration Procedures. If and whenever the holders of Registrable Securities request that the offer and sale of any Registrable Securities be registered under the Securities Act or any Registrable Securities be distributed in a Shelf Takedown pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, the Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the registration of the offer and sale of such Registrable Securities under the Securities Act in accordance with the intended method of disposition thereof, and pursuant thereto the Company shall as soon as practicable and as applicable:
(a) subject to Sections 3.1(a), (b), (c), (d) and (e), prepare and file with the Commission a Registration Statement covering such Registrable Securities and use its reasonable best efforts to cause such Registration Statement to be declared effective;
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(b) (i) in the case of a Long-Form Registration or a Short-Form Registration, prepare and file with the Commission such amendments, post-effective amendments and supplements to such Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith as may be necessary to keep such Registration Statement effective for a period of not less than one hundred eighty (180) days, or if earlier, until all of such Registrable Securities have been disposed of, and to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of such Registrable Securities in accordance with the intended methods of disposition set forth in such Registration Statement; and (ii) in the case of a Shelf Registration, prepare and file with the Commission such amendments, post-effective amendments and supplements, including Shelf Supplements, to such Registration Statement and the Prospectus used in connection therewith as may be necessary to keep such Registration Statement effective and to comply with the provisions of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all Registrable Securities subject thereto for a period ending on the earlier of (A) thirty-six (36) months after the effective date of such Registration Statement and (B) the date on which all the Registrable Securities subject thereto have been sold pursuant to such Registration Statement or have ceased to be Registrable Securities;
(c) within a reasonable time before filing such Registration Statement, Prospectus or amendments or supplements thereto with the Commission, furnish to one counsel selected by holders of a majority of such selling holders of Registrable Securities copies of such documents proposed to be filed, which documents shall be subject to the review, comment and approval of such counsel;
(d) notify each selling holder of Registrable Securities, promptly after the Company receives notice thereof, of the time when such Registration Statement has been declared effective, or a supplement, including a Shelf Supplement, to any Prospectus forming a part of such Registration Statement has been filed with the Commission;
(e) furnish to each selling holder of Registrable Securities such number of copies of the Prospectus included in such Registration Statement (including each preliminary Prospectus) and any supplement thereto, including a Shelf Supplement (in each case including all exhibits and documents incorporated by reference therein), and such other documents as such seller may reasonably request in order to facilitate the disposition of the Registrable Securities owned by such seller;
(f) use its reasonable best efforts to register or qualify such Registrable Securities under such other securities or “blue sky” laws of such jurisdictions as any selling holder reasonably requests and do any and all other acts and things which may be reasonably necessary or advisable to enable such holders to consummate the disposition in such jurisdictions of the Registrable Securities owned by such holders; provided, that the Company shall not be required to qualify generally to do business, subject itself to general taxation or consent to general service of process in any jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to do so but for this Section 3.2(f);
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(g) notify each selling holder of Registrable Securities, if known, as promptly as reasonably practicable: (i) of any request by the SEC or any other federal or state governmental authority for amendments or supplements to such Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information that pertains to such holders as sellers of Registrable Securities; (ii) of the issuance by the SEC of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of such Registration Statement covering any or all of the Registrable Securities or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii) of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of the Registrable Securities for sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; and (iv) of the occurrence of any event or passage of time that makes any statement made in such Registration Statement or prospectus or any document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires any revisions to such Registration Statement, Prospectus or other documents so that, in the case of such Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; provided, however, that no notice by the Company shall be required pursuant to this clause (iv) in the event that the Company either promptly files a prospectus supplement to update the Prospectus or a Form 8-K or other appropriate Exchange Act report that is incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement, which in either case, contains the requisite information that results in such Registration Statement no longer containing any untrue statement of material fact or omitting to state a material fact necessary to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading);
(h) make available for inspection by any selling holder of Registrable Securities, any underwriter participating in any disposition pursuant to such Registration Statement and any attorney, accountant or other agent retained by any such holder or underwriter (collectively, the “Inspectors”), all financial and other records, pertinent corporate documents and properties of the Company (collectively, the “Records”), and cause the Company’s officers, directors and employees to supply all information reasonably requested by any such Inspector in connection with such Registration Statement;
(i) provide a transfer agent and registrar (which may be the same entity) for all such Registrable Securities not later than the effective date of such registration;
(j) use its reasonable best efforts to cause such Registrable Securities to be listed on each securities exchange on which the Common Stock is then listed;
(k) in connection with an underwritten offering, enter into such customary agreements (including underwriting and lock-up agreements in customary form) and take all such other customary actions as the holders of such Registrable Securities or the managing underwriter of such offering reasonably request in order to expedite or facilitate the disposition of such Registrable Securities, including, without limitation, all commercially reasonable efforts to procure customary legal opinions and auditor “comfort letters”, making appropriate officers of the Company available to participate in “road show” and other customary marketing activities (including one-on-one meetings with prospective purchasers of the Registrable Securities);
(l) otherwise use its reasonable best efforts to comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the Commission and make available to its shareholders an earnings statement (in a form that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) no later than thirty (30) days after the end of the 12-month period beginning with the first day of the Company’s first full fiscal quarter after the effective date of such Registration Statement, which earnings statement shall cover said 12-month period, and which requirement will be deemed to be satisfied if the Company timely files complete and accurate information on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K under the Exchange Act and otherwise complies with Rule 158 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto;
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(m) without limiting Section 3.2(f), use its reasonable best efforts to cause such Registrable Securities to be registered with or approved by such other governmental agencies or authorities as may be necessary by virtue of the business and operations of the Company to enable the holders of such Registrable Securities to consummate the disposition of such Registrable Securities in accordance with their intended method of distribution thereof;
(n) notify the holders of Registrable Securities promptly of any request by the Commission for the amending or supplementing of such Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information;
(o) advise the holders of Registrable Securities, promptly after it shall receive notice or obtain knowledge thereof, of the issuance of any stop order by the Commission suspending the effectiveness of such Registration Statement or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose and promptly use its reasonable best efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal at the earliest possible moment if such stop order should be issued;
(p) permit any holder of Registrable Securities which holder, in its sole and exclusive judgment, might be deemed to be an underwriter or a “controlling person” (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the Exchange Act) (a “Controlling Person”) of the Company, to participate in the preparation of such Registration Statement and to require the insertion therein of language, furnished to the Company in writing, which in the reasonable judgment of such holder and its counsel should be included;
(q) cooperate with the holders of the Registrable Securities to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates representing the Registrable Securities to be sold pursuant to such Registration Statement or Rule 144 free of any restrictive legends and representing such number of shares of Registrable Securities and registered in such names as the holders of the Registrable Securities may reasonably request a reasonable period of time prior to sales of Registrable Securities pursuant to such Registration Statement or Rule 144; provided, that the Company may satisfy its obligations hereunder without issuing physical stock certificates through the use of The Depository Trust Company’s Direct Registration System (the “DTCDRS”);
(r) not later than the effective date of such Registration Statement, provide a CUSIP number for all Registrable Securities and provide the applicable transfer agent with printed certificates for the Registrable Securities which are in a form eligible for deposit with The Depository Trust Company; provided, that the Company may satisfy its obligations hereunder without issuing physical stock certificates through the use of the DTCDRS;
(s) take no direct or indirect action prohibited by Regulation M under the Exchange Act; provided, that, to the extent that any prohibition is applicable to the Company, the Company will take all reasonable action to make any such prohibition inapplicable; and
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(t) otherwise use its reasonable best efforts to take all other steps necessary to effect the registration of such Registrable Securities contemplated hereby. If (i) the Company has filed a Registration Statement (the “Initial Registration Statement”) with the Commission that covers Registrable Securities (the “Initial Registrable Securities”), (ii) pursuant to Rule 415(a)(5) under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto, the Initial Registration Statement may no longer be used for offers and sales of any of the Initial Registrable Securities, and (iii) any of the Initial Registrable Securities are Registrable Securities at the time that (ii) above occurs, the Company shall prepare and file with the Commission within the time limits required by Rule 415 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto a new Registration Statement covering any Initial Registrable Securities that have not ceased to be Registrable Securities for an offering to be made on a delayed on continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto (a “New Registration Statement”) and shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause such New Registration Statement to be declared effective by the Commission as soon as practicable thereafter; provided, that, if at the time it is required to file a New Registration Statement with the Commission pursuant to this provision the Company is not qualified to use a Registration Statement on Form S-3 or the then appropriate form for an offering to be made on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto, the Company shall not be required to file a New Registration Statement with the Commission and the holders of Registrable Securities shall be permitted to request registration under the Securities Act of all or any portion of their Initial Registrable Securities that have not ceased to be Registrable Securities pursuant to a Long-Form Registration.
Section 3.3 Expenses. All expenses (other than Selling Expenses) incurred by the Company in complying with its obligations pursuant to this Agreement and in connection with the registration and disposition of Registrable Securities shall be paid by the Company, including, without limitation, all (i) registration and filing fees (including, without limitation, any fees relating to filings required to be made with, or the listing of any Registrable Securities on, any securities exchange or over-the-counter trading market on which the Registrable Securities are listed or quoted); (ii) underwriting expenses (other than fees, commissions or discounts); (iii) expenses of any audits incident to or required by any such registration; (iv) fees and expenses of complying with securities and “blue sky” laws (including, without limitation, fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company in connection with “blue sky” qualifications or exemptions of the Registrable Securities); (v) printing expenses; (vi) messenger, telephone and delivery expenses; (vii) fees and expenses of the Company’s counsel and accountants; (viii) Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. filing fees (if any); and (ix) fees and expenses of one counsel for the holders of Registrable Securities participating in such registration as a group (selected by, in the case of a registration under Section 3.1(a), the holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities initially requesting such registration, and, in the case of all other registrations hereunder, the holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities included in the registration). In addition, the Company shall be responsible for all of its internal expenses incurred in connection with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement (including, without limitation, all salaries and expenses of its officers and employees performing legal or accounting duties) and the expense of any annual audits. All Selling Expenses relating to the offer and sale of Registrable Securities registered under the Securities Act pursuant to this Agreement shall be borne and paid by the holders of such Registrable Securities, in proportion to the number of Registrable Securities included in such registration for each such holder.
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Section 3.4 Indemnification.
(a) The Company shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by law, each holder of Registrable Securities, such holder’s officers, directors, managers, members, partners, shareholders and Affiliates, each underwriter, broker or any other Person acting on behalf of such holder of Registrable Securities and each other Controlling Person, if any, who controls any of the foregoing Persons, against all losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities and expenses, joint or several, to which any of the foregoing Persons may become subject under the Securities Act or otherwise, insofar as such losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities or expenses arise out of or are based upon any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in any Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto or any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of a Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus or free writing prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, or any violation or alleged violation by the Company of the Securities Act or any other similar federal or state securities laws or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder applicable to the Company and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with any such registration, qualification or compliance; and shall reimburse such Persons promptly for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by any of them, as incurred, in connection with investigating or defending any such loss, claim, action, damage or liability, except insofar as the same are caused by or contained in any information furnished in writing to the Company by such holder expressly for use therein or by such holder’s failure to deliver a copy of the Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) or any amendments or supplements thereto (if the same was required by applicable law to be so delivered) after the Company has furnished such holder with a sufficient number of copies of the same prior to any written confirmation of the sale of Registrable Securities. This indemnity shall be in addition to any liability the Company may otherwise have. The indemnification provided for under this Section 3.4 shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of the indemnified party or any officer, director or Controlling Person of such indemnified party and shall survive the transfer of the Registrable Securities pursuant to Section 4.5.
(b) In connection with any registration in which a holder of Registrable Securities is participating, each such holder shall furnish to the Company in writing such information as the Company reasonably requests for use in connection with any such Registration Statement or Prospectus and, to the extent permitted by law, shall indemnify and hold harmless, the Company, each director of the Company, each officer of the Company who shall sign such Registration Statement, each underwriter, broker or other Person acting on behalf of the holders of Registrable Securities and each Controlling Person who controls any of the foregoing Persons against any losses, claims, actions, damages, liabilities or expenses resulting from any untrue or alleged untrue statement of material fact contained in the Registration Statement, Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus, free writing prospectus (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto) or any amendment thereof or supplement thereto or any omission or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of a Prospectus, preliminary Prospectus or free writing prospectus, in light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading, but only to the extent that such untrue statement or omission is contained in any information so furnished in writing by such holder; provided, that the obligation to indemnify shall be several, not joint and several, for each holder and shall not exceed an amount equal to the net proceeds (after underwriting fees, commissions or discounts) actually received by such holder from the sale of Registrable Securities pursuant to such Registration Statement. This indemnity shall be in addition to any liability the selling holder may otherwise have.
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(c) Promptly after receipt by an indemnified party of notice of the commencement of any action involving a claim referred to in this Section 3.4, such indemnified party shall, if a claim in respect thereof is made against an indemnifying party, give written notice to the latter of the commencement of such action. The failure of any indemnified party to notify an indemnifying party of any such action shall not (unless such failure shall have a material adverse effect on the indemnifying party) relieve the indemnifying party from any liability in respect of such action that it may have to such indemnified party hereunder. In case any such action is brought against an indemnified party, the indemnifying party shall be entitled to participate in and to assume the defense of the claims in any such action that are subject or potentially subject to indemnification hereunder, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified to the extent that it may wish, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, and after written notice from the indemnifying party to such indemnified party of its election so to assume the defense thereof, the indemnifying party shall not be responsible for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense thereof; provided, that, if (i) any indemnified party shall have reasonably concluded that there may be one or more legal or equitable defenses available to such indemnified party which are additional to or conflict with those available to the indemnifying party, or that such claim or litigation involves or could have an effect upon matters beyond the scope of the indemnity provided hereunder, or (ii) such action seeks an injunction or equitable relief against any indemnified party or involves actual or alleged criminal activity, the indemnifying party shall not have the right to assume the defense of such action on behalf of such indemnified party without such indemnified party’s prior written consent (but, without such consent, shall have the right to participate therein with counsel of its choice) and such indemnifying party shall reimburse such indemnified party and any Controlling Person of such indemnified party for that portion of the fees and expenses of any counsel retained by the indemnified party which is reasonably related to the matters covered by the indemnity provided hereunder. If the indemnifying party is not entitled to, or elects not to, assume the defense of a claim, it shall not be obligated to pay the fees and expenses of more than one counsel for all parties indemnified by such indemnifying party with respect to such claim, unless in the reasonable judgment of any indemnified party a conflict of interest may exist between such indemnified party and any other of such indemnified parties with respect to such claim. In such instance, the conflicting indemnified parties shall have a right to retain one separate counsel, chosen by the holders of a majority of the Registrable Securities included in the registration, at the expense of the indemnifying party. Without the consent of the indemnified party, the indemnifying party shall not consent to a judgment or settlement that does not contain a full and unconditional release of the indemnified party from all liability concerning the matter; that includes a statement about or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of the indemnified party; or that commits the indemnified party to take, or not take, any action. An indemnifying party shall not be liable for any settlement of any action or claim referred to in this Section 3.4 effected without its written consent, which may not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
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(d) If the indemnification provided for hereunder is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unavailable to an indemnified party with respect to any loss, claim, damage, liability or action referred to herein, then the indemnifying party, in lieu of indemnifying such indemnified party hereunder, shall contribute to the amounts paid or payable by such indemnified party as a result of such loss, claim, damage, liability or action in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the indemnifying party on the one hand and of the indemnified party on the other in connection with the statements or omissions which resulted in such loss, claim, damage, liability or action as well as any other relevant equitable considerations; provided, that the maximum amount of liability in respect of such contribution shall be limited, in the case of each holder of Registrable Securities, to an amount equal to the net proceeds (after underwriting fees, commissions or discounts) actually received by such seller from the sale of Registrable Securities effected pursuant to such registration. The relative fault of the indemnifying party and of the indemnified party shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the indemnifying party or by the indemnified party, whether the violation of the Securities Act or any other similar federal or state securities laws or rule or regulation promulgated thereunder applicable to the Company and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with any applicable registration, qualification or compliance was perpetrated by the indemnifying party or the indemnified party and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The parties agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant hereto were determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method or allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to herein. No Person guilty or liable of fraudulent misrepresentation within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.
Section 3.5 Participation in Underwritten Registrations. No Person may participate in any registration hereunder which is underwritten unless such Person (a) agrees to sell such Person’s securities on the basis provided in any underwriting arrangements approved by the Person or Persons entitled hereunder to approve such arrangements and (b) completes and executes all questionnaires, powers of attorney, indemnities, underwriting agreements and other documents required under the terms of such underwriting arrangements; provided, that no holder of Registrable Securities included in any underwritten registration shall be required to make any representations or warranties to the Company or the underwriters (other than representations and warranties regarding such holder, such holder’s ownership of its shares of Common Stock to be sold in the offering and such holder’s intended method of distribution) or to undertake any indemnification obligations to the Company or the underwriters with respect thereto, except as otherwise provided in Section 3.4.
Section 3.6 Rule 144 Compliance. With a view to making available to the holders of Registrable Securities the benefits of Rule 144 and any other rule or regulation of the Commission that may at any time permit a holder to sell securities of the Company to the public without registration, the Company shall:
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(a) make and keep current public information available, as those terms are understood and defined in Rule 144, at all times after the effective date of this Agreement;
(b) use reasonable best efforts to file with the Commission in a timely manner all reports and other documents required of the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, at any time after the effective date of this Agreement; and
(c) furnish to any holder so long as the holder owns Registrable Securities, promptly upon request, a written statement by the Company as to its compliance with the current public information requirements of Rule 144, a copy of the most recent annual and quarterly report of the Company, and such other reports and documents as such holder may reasonably request in connection with the sale of Registrable Securities without registration.
Section 3.7 Preservation of Rights. The Company shall not (a) grant any registration rights to third parties which are inconsistent with the rights granted hereunder or (b) enter into any agreement, take any action, or permit any change to occur, with respect to its securities that violates or subordinates the rights expressly granted to the holders of Registrable Securities in this Agreement. The Company represents and warrants that it has not, prior to the effective date of this Agreement, granted any registration rights to third parties that remain in force and effect as of the effective date of this Agreement.
ARTICLE
IV
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 4.1 Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, and the Confidentiality Agreement contain the entire understanding of the Parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters, which the Parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules.
Section 4.2 Notices. All notices, demands, and other communications hereunder shall be in writing, and shall be deemed to have been duly given if delivered personally, or if mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid, or sent by nationally recognized overnight carrier, as follows:
| If to Investor: | Mt. Emmons Mining Company | ||
| Attention: Scott Statham, Deputy General Counsel | |||
| 333 North Central Avenue | |||
| Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2189 | |||
| with a copy to: | Jones Walker, L.L.P. | ||
| Attention: Dionne Rousseau | |||
| 8555 United Plaza Boulevard, Suite 500 | |||
| Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70809 |
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| If to the Company: | U.S. Energy Corp. | ||
| Attention: David Veltri | |||
| 4643 S. Ulster Street, Suite 970 | |||
| Denver, Colorado 80237 | |||
| with a copy to: | Davis Graham & Stubbs LLP | ||
| Attention: John Elofson | |||
| 1550 Seventeenth Street, Suite 500 | |||
| Denver, Colorado 80202 |
or to such other address and with such other copies as such Party may hereafter reasonably specify for the purpose by notice to the other Party. Each such notice, demand or other communication shall be effective upon delivery or refusal of delivery at the address specified in this Section 4.2.
Section 4.3 Amendments; Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed by the Company and Investor (or with respect to Article III the holders at the time of a majority of the Registrable Securities). No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any Party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the exercise of any such right.
Section 4.4 Headings; Gender. When a reference is made in this Agreement to a section, exhibit or schedule, such reference shall be to a section, exhibit or schedule of this Agreement unless otherwise indicated. The table of contents and headings contained in this Agreement are for reference purposes only and shall not affect in any way the meaning or interpretation of this Agreement. All personal pronouns used in this Agreement shall include the other genders, whether used in the masculine, feminine or neuter gender, and the singular shall include the plural and vice versa, whenever and as often as may be appropriate.
Section 4.5 Successors and Assigns; Transfer of Registration Rights. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns. The Company may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of Investor. The rights contained in Article III of Investor and its Affiliates owning Preferred Stock or Conversion Shares may be assigned by them and any subsequent holder in connection with any transfer or assignment by a holder of Registrable Securities provided that: (i) such transfer may otherwise be effected in accordance with applicable securities laws, and (ii) such other party agrees in writing with the Company to be bound by all of the provisions relating to Article III of this Agreement.
Section 4.6 No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other person or entity.
17
Section 4.7 Governing Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement shall be governed by the internal laws of the State of Wyoming, United States of America, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of Wyoming or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of Wyoming.
Section 4.8 Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the Parties shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction.
Section 4.9 Remedies Cumulative. The rights and remedies of the Parties are cumulative and not alternative.
Section 4.10 Mutual Drafting. This Agreement is the mutual product of the Parties and each provision hereof has been subject to the mutual consultation, negotiation and agreement of each of the Parties, and shall not be construed for or against any Party hereto.
Section 4.11 Legal Fees and Costs. In the event a Party elects to incur legal expenses to enforce or interpret any provision of this Agreement by judicial proceedings, the prevailing Party shall be entitled to recover such legal expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, and necessary disbursements at all court levels, in addition to any other relief to which such Party shall be entitled.
Section 4.12 Enforcement of Agreement. The Parties agree that irreparable damage would occur in the event that any of the provisions of this Agreement was not performed in accordance with its specific terms or was otherwise breached. It is accordingly agreed that the Parties shall be entitled to an injunction or injunctions to prevent breaches of this Agreement and to enforce specifically the terms and provisions hereof in any court of competent jurisdiction, this being in addition to any other remedy to which they are entitled at law or in equity.
Section 4.13 Execution; Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by e-mail delivery of a “.pdf” format data file, such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect as if such “.pdf” signature page were an original thereof.
Section 4.14 Further Assurances. Each of the parties to this Agreement shall, and shall cause their Affiliates to, execute and deliver such additional documents, instruments, conveyances and assurances and take such further actions as may be reasonably required to carry out the provisions hereof and to give effect to the transactions contemplated hereby.
* * * * * * * * *
18
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Agreement has been executed by the parties hereto as of the day and year first written above.
| COMPANY: | ||
| U.S. ENERGY CORP. | ||
| By: | /s/ David Veltri | |
| Name: | David Veltri | |
| Title: | Chief Executive Officer and President |
| INVESTOR: | ||
| MT. EMMONS MINING COMPANY | ||
| By: | /s/ William E. Cobb | |
| Name: | William E. Cobb | |
| Title: | Vice President |
Signature Page to Investor Rights Agreement
Exhibit 99.1
U.S. ENERGY CORP.
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
As discussed in its 2014 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015, in February 2006 U.S. Energy Corp. (the “Company”) reacquired the Mt. Emmons molybdenum mining project (the “Project”) located in Gunnison County, Colorado. The Company’s net capitalized costs related to the Project currently amount to approximately $22.8 million. The Company has not conducted any extractive mining operations at the Project but for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, aggregate annual expenses of approximately $3.0 million have been incurred related to operation of the related water treatment plant and holding costs associated with the mining properties.
The market price for molybdenum oxide decreased significantly from approximately $11 per pound during 2013 and 2014 to approximately $5 per pound by the fourth quarter of 2015. During 2015 oil and gas commodity prices have also remained at depressed levels which has significantly impacted the Company’s oil and gas segment and has resulted in an erosion of the Company’s liquidity whereby operating cash flow may not be sufficient to fund the ongoing annual expenses of the Project indefinitely.
In light of the deteriorating market for molybdenum and the considerable ongoing costs related to the Project, during 2015 the Company began to consider the viability of alternative structures to the development of the Project that could result in a sharing or elimination of the ongoing costs and liabilities of the Project.
In a meeting of the Company’s Board of Directors on February 5, 2016, the decision was made to change from a long-term development strategy for the Project to the authorization for the disposal of the Project, which triggered an evaluation for impairment of the net carrying value. Accordingly, in connection with the disposition of assets discussed under Item 1.01 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (the “Form 8-K”), the Company expects to record an aggregate impairment charge of approximately $22.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Additionally, the Company expects to recognize a charge of $2.0 million related to the issuance of the Preferred Stock discussed under Item 3.02 of the Form 8-K.
The accompanying pro forma balance sheet gives effect to these transactions as if they occurred on September 30, 2015. The pro forma statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and for the year ended December 31, 2014, are prepared to give effect to the impairment and termination costs, and the elimination of operating losses associated with the Project, as if these transactions occurred on January 1, 2014.
The Company's unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the historical financial statements and related notes thereto included in the Company’s quarterly and annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The adjustments to the Company's unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements are based on available information and assumptions that the Company considers reasonable. The Company's unaudited pro forma condensed consolidated financial statements do not purport to (i) represent the Company's financial position had these transactions occurred on September 30, 2015; (ii) represent the Company's results of operations that would have actually occurred if these transactions had occurred on January 1, 2014, or (iii) project the Company's financial position or results of operations as of any future date or for any future period, as applicable.
F-1
U.S. ENERGY CORP.
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
September 30, 2015
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
| Pro Forma | |||||||||||||
| ASSETS | Historical (A) | Adjustments | Pro Forma | ||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,877 | $ | - | $ | 3,877 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable trade | 1,085 | - | 1,085 | ||||||||||
| Commodity risk management asset | 1,002 | - | 1,002 | ||||||||||
| Other current assets | 485 | - | 485 | ||||||||||
| Total current assets | 6,449 | - | 6,449 | ||||||||||
| Oil and gas properties under full cost method: | |||||||||||||
| Proved oil and gas properties | 109,054 | - | 109,054 | ||||||||||
| Unproved oil and gas properties | 8,196 | - | 8,196 | ||||||||||
| Less accumulated depletion, depreciation and amortization | (78,867 | ) | - | (78,867 | ) | ||||||||
| Net oil and gas properties | 38,383 | - | 38,383 | ||||||||||
| Other assets: | |||||||||||||
| Undeveloped mining claims | 21,942 | (21,942 | ) | (B) | - | ||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 3,666 | (905 | ) | (B) | 2,761 | ||||||||
| Other assets | 1,062 | - | 1,062 | ||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 71,502 | $ | (22,847 | ) | $ | 48,655 | ||||||
| LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY | |||||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 8,334 | $ | - | $ | 8,334 | |||||||
| Accrued compensation | 1,194 | - | 1,194 | ||||||||||
| Current portion of debt | 6,000 | - | 6,000 | ||||||||||
| Other current liabilities | 72 | - | 72 | ||||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 15,600 | - | 15,600 | ||||||||||
| Noncurrent liabilities: | |||||||||||||
| Asset retirement obligations | 1,230 | (199 | ) | (B) | 1,031 | ||||||||
| Other accrued liabilities | 551 | - | 551 | ||||||||||
| Total noncurrent liabilities | 1,781 | (199 | ) | 1,582 | |||||||||
| Shareholders' equity: | |||||||||||||
| Common stock, $0.01 par value; unlimited shares authorized; 28,110,311 shares issued and outstanding | 281 | - | 281 | ||||||||||
| Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. Authorized 100,000 shares; historical none issued; pro forma 50,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding with a liquidiation preference of $2,000 | - | 2,000 | (C) | 2,000 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 124,344 | - | 124,344 | ||||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (70,443 | ) | (24,648 | ) | (D) | (95,091 | ) | ||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | (61 | ) | - | (61 | ) | ||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 54,121 | (22,648 | ) | 31,473 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 71,502 | $ | (22,847 | ) | $ | 48,655 |
F-2
U.S. ENERGY CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2015
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
| Pro Forma | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical | Adjustments | Pro Forma | ||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | ||||||||||||||||
| Oil, natural gas and NGL sales | $ | 8,586 | $ | - | $ | 8,586 | ||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Oil and gas production: | ||||||||||||||||
| Lease operating expenses | 5,438 | - | 5,438 | |||||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion & amortization | 7,013 | - | 7,013 | |||||||||||||
| Impairment expense | 43,894 | - | 43,894 | |||||||||||||
| General and administrative: | 4,524 | - | 4,524 | |||||||||||||
| Mining properties: | ||||||||||||||||
| Water treatment plant | 1,383 | (1,383 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Property holding costs and other | 912 | (912 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Depreciation | 92 | (92 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 63,256 | (2,295 | ) | 60,869 | ||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (54,670 | ) | 2,295 | (52,283 | ) | |||||||||||
| Other income and (expenses): | ||||||||||||||||
| Net realized and unrealized gain on risk management activities | 896 | - | 896 | |||||||||||||
| Gain on the sale of assets | 57 | - | 57 | |||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous income | 279 | - | 279 | |||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (196 | ) | - | (196 | ) | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (53,634 | ) | $ | 2,295 | $ | (51,247 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Loss Applicable to Common Shareholders (Basic and Diluted): | ||||||||||||||||
| Net Loss | $ | (53,634 | ) | $ | 2,295 | $ | (51,247 | ) | ||||||||
| Accrued dividends related to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock | - | (186 | ) | (BB) | (186 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net Loss Applicable to Common Shareholders | $ | (53,634 | ) | $ | 2,109 | $ | (51,433 | ) | ||||||||
| Loss Per Share (Basic and Diluted) | $ | (1.91 | ) | $ | (1.83 | ) | ||||||||||
| Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Basic and Diluted) | 28,049,000 | 28,049,000 |
F-3
U.S. ENERGY CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES
UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)
| Pro Forma | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical | Adjustments | Pro Forma | ||||||||||||||
| Revenues: | ||||||||||||||||
| Oil, natural gas and NGL sales | $ | 32,379 | $ | - | $ | 32,379 | ||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||
| Oil and gas production: | ||||||||||||||||
| Lease operating expenses | 10,638 | - | 10,638 | |||||||||||||
| Depreciation, depletion & amortization | 14,562 | - | 14,562 | |||||||||||||
| General and administrative: | 6,559 | - | 6,559 | |||||||||||||
| Mining properties: | ||||||||||||||||
| Water treatment plant | 1,875 | (1,875 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Property holding costs and other | 1,110 | (1,110 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Depreciation | 123 | (123 | ) | (AA) | - | |||||||||||
| Impairment expense | - | 22,648 | (CC) | 22,648 | ||||||||||||
| Termination costs | - | 2,000 | (DD) | 2,000 | ||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 34,867 | 21,540 | 56,407 | |||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (2,488 | ) | (21,540 | ) | (24,028 | ) | ||||||||||
| Other income and (expenses): | ||||||||||||||||
| Realized and unrealized gains on risk management activities | 582 | - | 582 | |||||||||||||
| Gain on the sale of assets | 112 | - | 112 | |||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous income | 88 | - | 88 | |||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (385 | ) | - | (385 | ) | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (2,091 | ) | $ | (21,540 | ) | $ | (23,631 | ) | |||||||
| Net Loss Applicable to Common Shareholders (Basic and Diluted): | ||||||||||||||||
| Net Loss | $ | (2,091 | ) | $ | (21,540 | ) | $ | (23,631 | ) | |||||||
| Accrued dividends related to Series A Convertible Preferred Stock | - | (248 | ) | (BB) | (245 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net Loss Applicable to Common Shareholders | $ | (2,091 | ) | $ | (21,788 | ) | $ | (23,876 | ) | |||||||
| Loss Per Share (Basic and Diluted) | $ | (0.08 | ) | $ | (0.86 | ) | ||||||||||
| Weighted Average Shares Outstanding (Basic and Diluted) | 27,833,000 | 27,833,000 |
F-4
U.S. ENERGY CORP.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED PRO FORMA CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| 1. | ADJUSTMENTS TO PRO FORMA BALANCE SHEET |
| (A) | Historical Balance Sheet. Represents the historical consolidated balance sheet of the Company as of September 30, 2015. |
| (B) | Disposition of Assets. In connection with the Acquisition Agreement described in Item 1.01, the Company transferred ownership of the project to Mt. Emmons Mining Company (“MEM”) and MEM assume all future liabilities for the operation of the Project. Accordingly, a pro forma adjustment is recorded to reflect the transfer of ownership of the undeveloped mining claims and related mining equipment, and to eliminate the related asset retirement obligations assumed by MEM. |
| (C) | Issuance of Preferred Stock. As discussed in Item 1.01, the Company entered into a Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement whereby 50,000 shares of newly designated Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”) in exchange for MEM’s assumption of the future liabilities of the WTP and the payment of $500 to the Company. The initial liquidation preference of the Preferred Stock was equal to $40 per share for an aggregate of $2,000,000. |
| (D) | Accumulated Deficit. Consists of immediate charges for impairment of $21,648 as discussed under Pro Forma Adjustment (CC) and termination costs of $2,000 as discussed under Pro Forma Adjustment (DD). |
| 2. | ADJUSTMENTS TO PRO FORMA STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS |
| (AA) | Operating Expenses. Pro forma adjustment to give effect to the elimination of operating expenses for the water treatment plant, property holding costs and other, and depreciation assuming that the Project was disposed of on January 1, 2014. |
| (BB) | Accrued Dividends. Pro forma adjustment for purposes of computing earnings per share to give effect to accrued dividends on the Preferred Stock at the annual rate of 12.25%, assuming the Preferred Stock was issued on January 1, 2014. |
| (CC) | Impairment of Mining Properties. Pro forma adjustment to give effect to the disposition of the mining properties on January 1, 2014, resulting in an impairment loss for the entire carrying value. |
| (DD) | Termination Costs. Pro forma adjustment to give effect to the issuance of the Preferred Stock discussed under Adjustment (C) as consideration for the termination of the Company’s obligations under permits to operate the water treatment plant and related mining properties. |
F-5
Exhibit 99.2
For Immediate Release
U.S. ENERGY CORP. PROVIDES CORPORATE UPDATE
U.S. ENERGY CORP. CONTINUES TO EXECUTE ON ITS PREVIOUSLY STATED BUSINESS PLAN TO TRANSFORM THE COMPANY AND FOCUS ON OIL AND GAS AS THE PRIMARY BUSINESS.
DENVER, CO – February 12, 2016 - U.S. Energy Corp. (NASDAQ: USEG) a Wyoming corporation, entered into an Acquisition Agreement with Mt. Emmons Mining Company (MEM), a subsidiary of Freeport-McMoRan Inc., whereby MEM acquired the Company’s Mt. Emmons mine site located in Gunnison County, Colorado, including the Keystone Mine, a related water treatment plant and other related properties. Under the Acquisition Agreement, MEM will replace the Company as the owner and permittee of the water treatment plant, the associated mining assets and will discharge the obligation of the Company to operate the water treatment plant upon closing. Concurrent with entry into the Acquisition Agreement, and as additional consideration for MEM to accept transfer of the properties, including the water treatment plant, the Company entered into a Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which the Company issued 50,000 shares of newly designated convertible preferred stock with a cumulative noncash dividend to MEM.
The transaction is a continuation of the transformation of U.S. Energy Corp. to solely focus on its ongoing oil and gas business. Previously, U.S. Energy Corp. announced a restructuring of the company by reducing its overhead costs significantly, moving the corporate headquarters to Denver for better access to financial services and to improve access to oil and gas deal flow. U.S. Energy Corp. intends to migrate from a traditionally non-operator of oil and gas assets to an oil and gas operating company going forward.
With the divestiture of the Mount Emmons Mining operations, U.S. Energy Corp. will have eliminated its mining related operating costs of approximately $3 million per year, a portion of which relates to operation of the water treatment plant. Coupled with the overhead reduction of $4 million at year end 2015, approximately $7 million savings can be realized on an annualized basis. The reductions have been implemented to support the ongoing business plan of U.S. Energy Corp. during this industry downturn and low commodity price environment.
The company intends to focus on securing appropriate financial funding to replace its current Reserve Based Lender along with adding growth capital for potential oil and gas asset acquisitions. U.S. Energy Corp. primarily owns interests in oil and gas assets in the Williston Basin of North Dakota and South Texas Eagle Ford Trend. The Company intends to evaluate properties in a variety of basins where it has operating expertise.
Further, to address the stock listing compliance issue the Company has entered into a continued listing agreement with NASDAQ through June 2016.
Mr. David Veltri, Chief Executive Officer, stated “This transaction will end our mining activities and together with the earlier reductions and savings will position U.S. Energy Corp.to execute our strategy to transform the company to profitability and to grow our oil and gas assets during 2016 and beyond.”
Disclosure Regarding Forward- Looking Statement
This news release includes statements which may constitute "forward-looking" statements, usually containing the words "will," "anticipates," "believe," "estimate," "project," "expect," "target," "goal," or similar expressions. Forward looking statements in this release relate to, among other things, U.S. Energy's expected future plans, including plans to reduce costs, transition to an operating model and execute on its strategic plan, potential future financing transactions and future growth. There is no assurance that any additional financing or other opportunities will be available. The forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements inherently involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Factors that would cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, dry holes and other unsuccessful development activities, higher than expected expenses or decline rates from production wells, future trends in commodity and/or mineral prices, the availability of capital, competitive factors, and other risks described in the Company's filings with the SEC (including, without limitation, the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014) all of which are incorporated herein by reference. By making these forward-looking statements, the Company undertakes no obligation to update these statements for revision or changes after the date of this release.
.....
For Further Information, please contact:
David Veltri
CEO and President
U.S. Energy Corp.
303 993 3200
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{% extends 'layout/layout_user.html' %} {% load utility %} {% block title %}Registration · {{ league.night_title|smart_title }} · {{ league.season_title|smart_title }} {{ league.year }} · {{ block.super }}{% endblock %} {% block og_title %}{{ block.super }} {{ league.year }} {{ league.season_title|smart_title }} {{ league.night_title|smart_title }} Division Registration{% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include '_partials/division_header.html' with league=league only %} {% include '_partials/league_tabs.html' with selected_tab='registration' %} {% include 'leagues/registration/_progress.html' with league=league registration=registration section=section tick_percentage=tick_percentage only %}
I understand that Ultimate and other flying disc sports are strenuous physical activities which may put me at risk of bodily injury or harm.
I hearby release the Ann Arbor Ultimate Summer League and its members and officers from any and all liability for any injury I may sustain while participating in or observing any AAUSL event or activity.
If I am under 18 years of age, I certify that my parent/legal guardian has read and accepted this waiver.
{% endblock %}


Description
The main objective for this project was do design and create a kitchen assitant device which would offer the cook a clock a timer and a meat thermometer.
One of the main considerations was to allow hands free operation since bacterial contamination is to be avoided at all costs in the kitchen environment.
The functions that the clock can perform are:
- Current tIme:
This is simply a display of the current local time.
- Ambient temperature:
The ambient temperature is an important factor in all food processes that include some kind of fermentation like making bread or yogurts.
- Timer:
You can easily set a count down timer which will emmit an acoustic alert when the time is up.
- Meat thermometer:
By inserting the thermocouple inside the food that is being cooked we can know the internal temperature without having to open the oven. We can set an alarm to be triggered when the temperature reaches a certain temperature and the food is cooked.
- Estimation of finishing time:
By calculating the rate at which the temperature is rising we can estimate when the finishing temperature will be reached. (to be implemented)
- Undercounter light (to be implemented):
With the addition of a relay it would be very simple to turn on and off anything pluged in to our device simply with hand movements.
- Second and third timers (to be implemented)
- Heating element with thermostat control (to be implemented):
An other use for a relay is to plug a heating element to our device which will be placed in a pot with water. If we also insert our thermocouple in the water we can keep it a certain temperature which is ideal for certain low temperature fermentation processes like yogurt.


JS-Calculator
Demo Project:
JS- Calculator
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AC
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Coded by
Habiba Akhter


department_name：
department_level：
confirm
cancel
Intelligent meeting
Logout
ManageMeeting
ManageDepartment
ManageDevice
ManageRoom
Manage Department
Department Name
Department Level
operation
Add


Creates a toggle switch with CSS only. - Use the `for` attribute to associate the ` ` with the checkbox `` element. - Use the `:after` pseudo-element of the ` ` to create a circular knob for the switch. - Use the `:checked` pseudo-class selector to change the position of the knob, using `transform: translateX(20px)` and the `background-color` of the switch. - Use `position: absolute` and `left: -9999px` to visually hide the `` element.


public class SweepLine extends java.lang.Object implements Decomposer
This algorithm is O(n log n) complexity in the y-monotone decomposition phase and O(n) in the triangulation phase yielding a total complexity of O(n log n).
After triangulation, the Hertel-Mehlhorn algorithm is used to reduce the number of convex pieces. This is performed in O(n) time.
This algorithm total complexity is O(n log n).
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
protected static class |
SweepLine.Edge
Represents an edge of a polygon storing the next and previous edges
and the vertices that make up this edge.
|
protected static class |
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree
Class to extend the
BinarySearchTree to add a method for
finding the SweepLine.Edge closest to a given SweepLine.Vertex . |
protected static class |
SweepLine.Vertex
Represents a vertex on a polygon that stores information
about the left and right edges and left and right vertices.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
SweepLine() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
java.util.List<Convex> |
decompose(Vector2... points)
Performs the decomposition on the given list of polygon points returning a list of convex shapes.
|
protected void |
end(SweepLine.Vertex vertex,
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree,
DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
Handles a
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.END event. |
protected SweepLine.Vertex.Type |
getType(Vector2 point0,
Vector2 point,
Vector2 point1)
Returns the vertex type given the previous and next points.
|
protected java.util.PriorityQueue<SweepLine.Vertex> |
initialize(Vector2[] points,
DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
Returns a priority queue of the points in the given array.
|
protected boolean |
isBelow(Vector2 p,
Vector2 q)
Returns true if the given point p is below the given point q.
|
protected void |
merge(SweepLine.Vertex vertex,
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree,
DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
Handles a
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.MERGE event. |
protected void |
regular(SweepLine.Vertex vertex,
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree,
DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
Handles a
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.MERGE event. |
protected void |
split(SweepLine.Vertex vertex,
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree,
DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
Handles a
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.SPLIT event. |
protected void |
start(SweepLine.Vertex vertex,
SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree)
Handles a
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.START event. |
public java.util.List<Convex> decompose(Vector2... points)
Decomposer
decompose
in interface Decomposer
points
- the list of pointsConvex
>protected java.util.PriorityQueue<SweepLine.Vertex> initialize(Vector2[] points, DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
This method also builds the cyclic doubly-linked list of vertices and edges used to neighbor features in constant time.
points
- the array of polygon pointsdcel
- the DCEL object to add references to the priority queue verticesSweepLine.Vertex
>protected SweepLine.Vertex.Type getType(Vector2 point0, Vector2 point, Vector2 point1)
point0
- the previous pointpoint
- the vertex pointpoint1
- the next pointSweepLine.Vertex.Type
protected boolean isBelow(Vector2 p, Vector2 q)
If the point p and q form a horizontal line then p is considered below if its x coordinate is greater than q's x coordinate.
p
- the pointq
- another pointprotected void start(SweepLine.Vertex vertex, SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree)
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.START
event.vertex
- the vertextree
- the tree holding the current edges intersecting the sweep lineprotected void end(SweepLine.Vertex vertex, SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree, DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.END
event.vertex
- the vertextree
- the tree holding the current edges intersecting the sweep linedcel
- the DCEL object to add edges to if necessaryprotected void split(SweepLine.Vertex vertex, SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree, DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.SPLIT
event.vertex
- the vertextree
- the tree holding the current edges intersecting the sweep linedcel
- the DCEL object to add edges to if necessaryprotected void merge(SweepLine.Vertex vertex, SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree, DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.MERGE
event.vertex
- the vertextree
- the tree holding the current edges intersecting the sweep linedcel
- the DCEL object to add edges to if necessaryprotected void regular(SweepLine.Vertex vertex, SweepLine.EdgeBinaryTree tree, DoublyConnectedEdgeList dcel)
SweepLine.Vertex.Type.MERGE
event.vertex
- the vertextree
- the tree holding the current edges intersecting the sweep linedcel
- the DCEL object to add edges to if necessary


Cat Ipsum[əbˈseʃ(ə)n] Meow, in french is "miaou" and is used to captive audience while thei are sitting on the toilet or whatever


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Specify the authorization to use for projects.
NOTE: As this authenticator will be applied unless a previous authenticator has provided an authentication, it is best to put this authenticator last in the list as any other authenticators after it will be ignored.


CSIS 2420 Homework
Jacob Ward
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Week 1
Ex. 1: List four pre-computer
data structures not covered in class
Ex. 2: Writing a static method
that takes positive integer n as input and outputs an array of n
random integers in the range 0 -> 1,000,000
Week 2
Ex. 1: Using the Node class,
create 4 different nodes and place in them: Last name, First name,
Major, Class.

Ex. 4: Add insertAtBack() and
removeFromBack() methods to the List class
Ex. 5: Create a list and fill
it with the squares from 1 to 100, then print out the contents.
Ex. 6: Have the last node of
the List in ex. 3 point to the first node.
Week 3
Ex. 1: Add and test a method
for the List class which returns the size of the list.
Ex. 2: Add and test a method
for the List class which returns a copy of the list.
Ex. 3: Add and test static a
method to the List class which appends one list to another and
returns the result.
Ex. 4: Write code that pushes
10 strings onto the stack (version 2), printing while it goes, then
pops them off, printing while it removes.
Ex. 5: Rewrite the Stack2
class using composition, and write an appropriate test driver.
Ex. 6: Rewrite the Queue class
using composition, and write an appropriate test driver.
Ex. 7: Use your code from week
1 to generate 15 random ints in the range 0 to 1000 and print them.
Draw by hand the resulting BST you would get given this data.
Ex. 8: Finish our test driver
for the TreeNode. Print all contents using only reference to the
root.
Ex. 9: Generate 10 random ints
in the range 0 to 100, print them in the order they are generated
and insert them into a tree constructed using just the TreeNode
class. Print out the keys in such a way that it proves that the data
was inserted in the way you expect.
Week 5
Ex. 1: Generate 1000 random
ints in the range 0 to 1 million, print them in the order they are
generated and insert them into the tree. Then do an inOrderTraversal
which prints out the keys. What can you say about the values printed
out? How fast is this algorithm on 1 million keys where the keys
range from 0 to 1 billion?
Ex. 2: Add and test min() and
max() methods to the Tree class.
Ex. 3: Add a find(key) method
to the Tree class which returns true if the key is in the Tree and
false if key is not in the tree.
Ex. 4: Reimplement TreeNode
and TreeNodeTest to store strings. Use it to store the first 20
words in the "About SUU" web page. Then print the contents of the
tree.
Week 6
Ex. 1: Generate 15 random ints
in the range 0 to 100. Demonstrate by hand the insertion of these
numbers into a hash array of size 31. Use the mod 31 hash. Resolve
the collisions by chaining.
Ex. 2: Using the hash table
code given in class as a starting point, generate 100 random ints in
the range 0 to 1 million and insert these into an appropriately
sized hash table. Then walk through the table printing all values
inserted at each index.
Ex. 3: Show by hand every step
in the process of constructing a heap from the following initial
values: v = [9, 12, 17, 30, 50, 20, 60, 65, 4, 19].
Ex. 4: Generate 10 random ints
in the range 0 to 1000. Create a heap with these values. Pictorially
show the history of HeapSort at each step. Show a picture after the
initial swap, then after reheapifying for every step. (The
complexity of this assignment is 21 steps).
Ex. 5: Suppose we have a heap
stored in any array H with values: H = [65,
50,60,30,19,20,17,12,4,9]. Show every step illustrating how the
array changes during the HeapSort algorithm using the same approach
as in ex. 3.
Week 7
Ex. 1: Using the graph given
in class, determine by brute force the shortest path from A to H.
Show by hand at least 10 different paths with their total weights.
(There are 8 vertices in this graph).
Ex. 2: Using the graph we used
for ex. #1, write out the adjacency matrix and adjacency list
representations. For the adjacency matrix, show the weights.
Ex. 3: Give the adjacency
matrix and the adjacency list for the heap you created in week 6 ex.
3.
Ex. 4: Complete the event
charts for Depth First and Breadth First search on the graph given
in class.
Ex. 5: Illustrate breadth
first traversal for the graph given in ex. 1, starting from vertex
A. Use the list of events and queue contents as illustrated in
class.
Ex. 6: Illustrate depth first
traversal for the graph given in ex. 1, starting from vertex A. Use
the list of events and stack contents as illustrated in class.
Week 9
Ex. 1: Using the SUU privacy policy, clean up the text and parse it following the example we did in class. Make sure to clean out all non-word symbols. How many (real) words in this file? (Hint: see the Pattern class)
Ex. 2: Demo the following ArrayList methods: contains, remove, clear and isEmpty using our data set.
Ex. 3: Demo the PriorityQueue methods: add, clear, contains, peak, remove, size using our data set.
Ex. 5: Write a filter that selects the words starting with ÔaÕ or ÔbÕ. How big is it? (Hint: use compareTo())
Week 11
Ex. 1: Write a filter that allows you to find the set A of words starting with a, b, c or d. How many elements in the set?
Ex. 2: Write a filter that allows you to find the set B of words starting with c, d, e or f. How many elements in the set?
Ex. 3: Form the union of sets A and B. How many elements in the set?
Ex. 4: When you print out the data from a HashSet, does it follow the same order you would expect from the order in the text? Why?
Ex. 5: Improve our countwords program so that it does not distinguish between upper and lower case.
Ex. 7: Using the set operators given in class, find the union, intersection and difference of the sets A and B above. How big are each of these new sets? Make sure to use proper implementations of the set operators.
Ex. 8: Create filters that select the following:
-- All words that are used more than 100 times.
--All words that are used more than 50 times.
--All words used more than 10 times.
Print out the sets and give their size for each category.
Week 12
Ex. 1: Change our definition of the compareTo method so the data shows the most frequent words at the top.
Ex. 2: Improve the code so it changes all words to lowercase before comparing.
Ex. 3: Do what you need to do to improve the output.
Ex. 4: Create a small table showing the complexity of the operations of search, insert and delete for the special purpose data structures: stack, queue priority queue (heap implementation).


{# invalidUserTokenPath #} {# We're here because a user attemplate to reset password but most likely it expired #}
Your token is invalid


{% trans %}Contributions are in draft mode{% endtrans %}
{% trans %}
While in draft mode, regular users cannot see the contributions and timetable.
{% endtrans %}
{% macro render_draft_mode_warning(event) %}


| Number | Name | Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Dan Gaffey | Forward |
| 6 | Tom Koerbel | Goalie |
| 7 | Clarence Valtteri | Forward |
| 10 | Andrew Roberts | Forward |
| 11 | Andre Saku | Forward |
| 12 | Lon Logan | Defenseman |
| 13 | Mike Schroeder | Forward |
| 14 | Chad Smith | Defenseman |
| 22 | Anthony Martin | Forward |
| 24 | Rafe Tracy | Defenseman |
| 26 | Oswald Schuyler | Defenseman |
| 27 | Osku Boniface | Forward |
| 33 | Abner Jeremias | Forward |
| 35 | Jack Reacher | Goalie |
| 42 | Andrew Miarchi | Forward |
| 55 | Selwyn Reed | Forward |
| 72 | Negley Rodgers | Forward |
| 82 | Yehuda Miller | Defenseman |
| 96 | Chris Gardner | Forward |
| 97 | Brandon Corwin | Forward |


{{+bindTo:partials.standard_nacl_api}}
| struct | PP_Size |
The PP_Size struct contains the size of a 2D rectangle. More... | |
| struct | PP_FloatSize |
The PP_FloatSize struct contains the size of a 2D rectangle. More... |
| struct PP_Size | PP_MakeSize (int32_t w, int32_t h) |
| struct PP_FloatSize | PP_MakeFloatSize (float w, float h) |
| PP_Size |
This file defines the width and height of a 2D rectangle.


Genesis 37:34
And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many days.


{{professor}}
{% for index, course in courses %}
{{ course.course_number }}: {{ course.course_name }}
{{ course.course_description }}
Go Back to Course Catalog Home
{% endfor %}


The purpose of this class is to calculate Average Directional Index of a stock
along with +(ve) directional index over a specified period and (-ve) directional index
given the open, high, low and close data over a time period.
The purpose of this class is to calculate Exponential Moving Average of a stock
over a specified period given the closing price data over a time period.
The purpose of this class is to calculate Parabolic SAR of a stock
over a specified period given the open, high, low and close data over a time period.


Mosaic App
Image to mosaic
Browse image, Upload & Process and wait for the result.
Browse image
Result


Frequently Asked Questions
Our goal is to provide the best web experience anywhere. We pride ourselves on providing cutting edge technological solutions and usable attractive websites. We don’t stop there! Customer support is where we really pull away from the competition. Please use this site to find the answers to any and all the questions you may have regarding the various ways to watch our movies, our current updates, billing concerns, and any other inquiry you may have. This dedicated customer support site is packed with individual service and helpful information. Please feel free to utilize our site. We are here for your support.


BootstraBlogger- UI Components
A well sought-out and beautiful design system for all type of Blogger projects based on latest version of Bootstrap and Xml
BootstraBlogger gives you a full solution for all your Blogger Portfolio,Landing and E-commerce product catalogs make up your design workflow with ready-to-use beautifully designed sample blogger components for your daily projects.
Note: All components and elements are based on bootstrap frameworks and Xml. We have enhanced the components and added more elements for your Blogger projects.
Benefits Of This BootstrapBlogger Framework
The main purpose of this Booststrablogger Components (Css Framework) is to give a full solution to designers and developers in the categories of all type of blogger Themes, online marketplaces, Portfolio platforms and product landing blogger. This kit provides multiple combinations of examples and sample section and widgets for you to work on including numerous components and element styles.
What this BootstrapBlogger kit includes
Booststrablogger offers easy-to-use and fully customizable elements including CSS and XML files along with the templates
- Well organized file structure
- Fonts and SVG, Demo images
- SASS files with minimal code and variables
- Blogger Xml and basic script codes, slider samples, Card
- Clean code for Blogger XML, CSS and SASS based on latest Bootstrap and XML
- 6+ ready-to-use widgets and UI blogger components
- Ready-to-use blogger Xml template
Download
Designer version
With the designer version of Booststrablogger Framework you will get a full package of interactive, reusable and customizable UI components and sample Widgets which are compatible for both blogger Xml and bootsrap.
Developer version
The developer version of Booststrablogger comes with clearly-coded and sought-out source files in blogger Xml, CSS and SASS. Over 10+ widgets which are related to ecommerce are fully customizable and easy-to-use and easy-to-implement in your ecommerce projects. The widgets come in with SVG icon and Fonticon formats for flexible usability.
BootstrapBlogger License
Rights
Copyright (c) 2020
You have rights for royalty free use of our resources for any and/or all of your personal and commercial projects. You may modify the resources according to your requirements and use them royalty free in any and/or all of your personal and commercial projects. For example, you may include this resource in a Blogger you will be designing for a client. You are not required to attribute or link to Booststrablogger in any of your projects. Booststrablogger will not be responsible for any outcome that may occur during the course of usage of our resources. We reserve the rights to change and revise the resources usage policy at any moment.
BootstrapBlogger Prohibitations
You do not have the rights to redistribute, resell, lease, license, sub-license or offer the file downloaded to any third party. For any rescalable Blogger applications you should not include our graphic resources as an additional attachment. This will be considered as a redistribution of our resources which is forbidden by us - Booststrablogger
Quick start
To start using this BootstraBlogger design system you will first need to import some files in your project or download ready to use starter templates.
File structure
XML
Copy and paste the blogger Xml <Xml> into your <Blogger Html Editor> and get ready for develope.
JS
Most of BootstraBlogger components require the use of JavaScript to function. Specifically, they require jQuery, Bootstrap.bundle.js and Poper.
We added some popular js in the BootstraBlogger Xml like slider and slickslider. Our script.js file contains some additional scripts which may come handy for your project.
Starter template (blogger XML)
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8' ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>data:blog.pageTitle.escaped</title>

<![CDATA[<
!--(Athor)--
!--(Variable.css)--
!--(skin.css)--
>]]>

<![CDATA[<
!--(layout-variables.css)--
!--(layout-mode.css)--
>]]>

=================================================
Main header
=================================================

...

=================================================
Main and sidebar
=================================================

Colors
Main background colors
Text colors
Typography
Wg-h (title) Mixing
Display 1,2,3,4
wg-display Mixing
More information
If you use SASS, you can play around with the variables ($variable), the files can be found in /sass/BootstraBlogger .scss or directly from bootsrap's source /sass/bootstrap-assets/type.scss
Feel free to use bootstrap's text classes like .lead, .blockquote, .small, for colors text-muted and so on
For more information visit:
https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.3/content/typography/
Icons
Font Awesome icons
We have included some free icons from FontAwesome 5. You can use them by insterting these special tags, for example:
 or  List of icons: https://fontawesome.com/iconsHelper classes
widget wider and height paddings
.wg-padding-y {padding-top:40px; padding-bottom:40px;}
.wg-padding-top {padding-top:40px;}
.wg-padding-bottom{padding-bottom:40px;}
.wg-padding-y-lg{padding-top:80px; padding-bottom:80px;}
.wg-padding-top-lg{padding-top:80px;}
.wg-padding-bottom-lg{padding-bottom:80px;}
.wg-padding-y-sm{padding-top:20px; padding-bottom:20px;}
.wg-padding-top-sm{padding-top:20px;}
.wg-padding-bottom-sm {padding-bottom:20px;}
Mixing Wg-padding
- .wg-1-padding-y-sm - first widget type
- .wg-3-padding-top-sm - second widget type
- .wg-2-padding-bottom-sm - third widget type
Image and icon sizes
.wg-img-xs{width:40px; height:40px; }
.wg-img-sm{width:80px; height:80px; }
.wg-img-md{width:140px; height:140px; }
.wg-img-lg{width:250px; height:250px; }
.wg-icon-xs{ width:32px; height:32px; line-height:32px; font-size:16px; }
.wg-icon-sm{ width:42px; height:42px; line-height:42px; font-size:20px; }
.wg-icon-md{width:60px; height:60px; line-height:60px; font-size:28px; }
.wg-icon-lg{width:96px; height:96px; line-height:96px; font-size:42px; }
Widget Margins and Paddings
wg -paddings
.wg-p-0 {.wg-p-1} {.wg-p-2} {.wg-p-3} {.wg-p-4}{.wg-p-5}
.wg-pt-0 {.wg-pt-1} {.wg-pt-2} {.wg-pt-3} {.wg-pt-4}{.wg-pt-5}
.wg-pb-0 {.wg-pb-1} {.wg-pb-2} {.wg-pb-3} {.wg-pb-4}{.wg-pb-5}
.wg-py-0 {.wg-py-1} {.wg-py-2} {.wg-py-3} {.wg-py-4}{.wg-py-5}
.wg-px-0 {.wg-px-1} {.wg-px-2} {.wg-px-3} {.wg-px-4}{.wg-px-5}
wg -margins
.wg-m-0 {.wg-p-1} {.wg-m-2} {.wg-m-3} {.wg-m-4}{.wg-m-5}
.wg-mt-0 {.wg-mt-1} {.wg-mt-2} {.wg-mt-3} {.wg-mt-4}{.wg-mt-5}
.wg-mb-0 {.wg-mb-1} {.wg-mb-2} {.wg-mb-3} {.wg-mb-4}{.wg-mb-5}
.wg-my-0 {.wg-my-1} {.wg-my-2} {.wg-my-3} {.wg-my-4}{.wg-my-5}
.wg-mx-0 {.wg-mx-1} {.wg-mx-2} {.wg-mx-3} {.wg-mx-4}{.wg-mx-5}
Bootstrap container size and Grid
|
Extra small <576px |
Small ≥576px |
Medium ≥768px |
Large ≥992px |
Extra large ≥1200px |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.container |
100% | 540px | 720px | 960px | 1140px |
.container-sm |
100% | 540px | 720px | 960px | 1140px |
.container-md |
100% | 100% | 720px | 960px | 1140px |
.container-lg |
100% | 100% | 100% | 960px | 1140px |
.container-xl |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 1140px |
.container-fluid |
100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
BootstraBlogger widget columns size and Grid
|
Extra small <576px |
Small e576px |
Medium e768px |
Large e992px |
Extra large e1200px |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grid behavior | Horizontal at all times | Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints | |||
| Class prefix | .wg- |
.wg-sm- |
.wg-md- |
.wg-lg- |
.wg-xl- |
| Mixing Grid | .wg-row |
.wg-sm- |
.wg-md- |
.wg-lg- |
.wg-xl- |
| Mixing widgets grid | .wg-row |
.wg-1-sm- |
.wg-2-md- |
.wg-4-lg- |
|
| # of columns | 12 | ||||
| Gutter width | 30px (15px on each side of a column) | ||||
| Offsets | No | ||||
| Column ordering | No |
Normal mixing widget
Normal mixing same size widget
do not forget to add (wg-row)wg-row
on each widget row yo create
mixing Grid widget
More mixing Grid widget
To attain equal columns height, you must add wg-equal-height-cols
Various Media Screen Breack Point
Bootstrablogger widgets grid examples
Basic widgets grid layouts to get you familiar with building within the Bootstrablogger grid system to archieve this you must add wg-row
for sm/md/lg/xl and dull widget just add wg
.
In these examples the .widget-grid-col
class is added to the columns to add some theming.
Five bootstraBlogger grid tiers
There are five tiers to the Bootstrablogger widgets grid system, one for each range of devices we support. Each tier starts at a minimum viewport size and automatically applies to the larger devices unless overridden.
our grid tier are normal assisted with widget row (wg-row) wg-row
Three equal columns
Get three equal-width columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops. On mobile devices, tablets and below, the columns will automatically stack.
Three unequal columns
Get three columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops of various widths. Remember, grid columns should add up to twelve for a single horizontal block. More than that, and columns start stacking no matter the viewport.
Two columns
Get two columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops.
Full width, single column
No grid classes are necessary for full-width elements.
Two columns with two nested columns
Here you have to mix ootstrap col with logger col to create estig grid
Per the documentation, nesting is easy—just put a row of columns within an existing column. This gives you two columns starting at desktops and scaling to large desktops, with another two (equal widths) within the larger column.
At mobile device sizes, tablets and down, these columns and their nested columns will stack.

Mixed: mobile and desktop
The Bootstrap v4 grid system has five tiers of classes: xs (extra small, this class infix is not used), sm (small), md (medium), lg (large), and xl (extra large). You can use nearly any combination of these classes to create more dynamic and flexible layouts.
Each tier of classes scales up, meaning if you plan on setting the same widths for md, lg and xl, you only need to specify md.
Mixed: mobile, tablet, and desktop
Buttons
Forms
Customizes
Bootstrablogger Badges and mixing
Rating
Card and boxes
Customizes
Images
Icon with text
Product grid
Customizes
Product list
Customizes
Product detail
BootstraBlogger Sidebar Filters
BootstraBlogger Shopping cart
BootstraBlogger Features
Carousels
Do you need help?
Give an idea or report an issue.
Write: Bootstrablogger @gmail.com
Whatsapp: Online chat
This article has been created by Design by BootstraBlogger team included Webublografiki
with various help of
Code Contributors.
Articles and Codes are owned by license under MIT license conditions.
Articles are under the protection of Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
The Content and Content of this article is supported by developers of BoostraBlogger (original BloggerTemlate design).
Xml Blogger Materials are collected through Google Blogger, Blogger, Blogger Community and Google Blogger Help from www.google.com


Use the CREATE EVENT MONITOR statement to create and define a monitor that will record statistics of events that occur when using the database.
These particular queries will also create the following wlm-target-tables with default table names:


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I am a curious software developer who enjoys new challenges and opportunities to apply my analytical math background in solving problems and discovering new tools to add to my skill set, I enjoy learning new things and have a knack for picking up complex topics in a short time.
In my spare time I like playing basketball and watching the Yankees!
View ResumeA fully functional e-Commerce site that mirrors Amazon. Built using a Firebase Backend and React Frontend, with Firebase Authentication and Stripe integration for credit card payments. Make an account, put an item in the cart, and seamlessly checkout with a dummy credit card number with Stripe.
An image sharing platform for posting memes and discussing posts with multiple different users Built using Ruby on Rails, React, PostGresSQL implementing full CRUD functionality, User Sign Up and Authentication
A UI/UX Designer team collaboration to build a MERN stack app for students studying abroad. Utilized MongoDB Express.JS and Node.js. for a NoSQL RESTful backend design. Implemented a mobile responsive multi page React application, with easy to maintain, reusable components and modular app architecture.
If you have any questions, feel free to contact me!
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Let NOTATION.f = OUTER.fText
NOTATION.ddxF = {?}
DERIVATIVE
expr(["*", OUTER.ddxF, randFromArray(INNER.wrongs)])
expr(["*", randFromArray(OUTER.wrongs), INNER.ddxF])
expr(["*", OUTER_WRONG_1, INNER_WRONG_1])
expr(["*", OUTER_WRONG_2, INNER_WRONG_1])
expr(["+", randFromArray(OUTER.wrongs), randFromArray(INNER.wrongs)])
expr(["+", randFromArray(OUTER.wrongs), randFromArray(INNER.wrongs)])
expr(OUTER.ddxF)
expr(randFromArray(OUTER.wrongs))
expr(randFromArray(OUTER.wrongs))
1
NOTATION.ddxF = (
derivative of OUTER.fText
with respect to INNER.fText
) \cdot (
derivative of INNER.fText
with respect to x)
The derivative of OUTER.fText
with respect to INNER.fText
is OUTER.ddxFText
.
The derivative of INNER.fText
with respect to x
is INNER.ddxFText
.
The derivative at this point is expr(UNSIMPLIFIED_DERIVATIVE)
, but this expression can be simplified.
expr( i === 0 ? UNSIMPLIFIED_DERIVATIVE : DERIVATIVE_SIMPLIFICATIONS[i - 1] )
can be simplified to expr(newexpr)
.
So NOTATION.ddxF = DERIVATIVE
.
Interestingly, if we simplify the function before we take the derivative, we can reach the answer more quickly: OUTER.fText
simplifies to expr(PRE_SIMPLIFICATION)
, and \frac{d}{dx}(expr(PRE_SIMPLIFICATION))
is DERIVATIVE
.


bikeshedding
`Prev `__
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--------------
**bikeshedding**
[originally BSD, now common] Technical disputes over minor, marginal
issues conducted while more serious ones are being overlooked. The
implied image is of people arguing over what color to paint the bicycle
shed while the house is not finished.
--------------
+--------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| `Prev `__ | `Up <../B.html>`__ | `Next `__ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| bigot | `Home <../index.html>`__ | binary four |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+--------------------------------+


We can convert this model into readable HTML to see what it contains:
fbamodel_to_html < initial.model > initial.model.html
After that command completes, do an ls and click on the generated html.


Home
Training Information
Product
Outstanding Training
Log Out
Welcome {{userName}}
Training Details Search Page
Search by Employee Name
Search by Product Name
Employee Name
Product Name
Date Completed
Training Provided By
Type Of Assessment
« Prev
{{n+1}}
Next »
×
Update Employee Training
Employee ID
Product Name
Training Provided By
Type Of Assessment
Outcome Status
File Name
File Path
{{result.FileName}}
{{result.Path}}
Attachment One
Attachment Two
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