- NAME
- namespace - create and manipulate contexts for commands and variables
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- namespace children ?namespace? ?pattern?
- namespace code script
- namespace current
- namespace delete ?namespace namespace ...?
- namespace ensemble subcommand ?arg ...?
- namespace eval namespace arg ?arg ...?
- namespace exists namespace
- namespace export ?-clear? ?pattern pattern ...?
- namespace forget ?pattern pattern ...?
- namespace import ?-force? ?pattern pattern ...?
- namespace inscope namespace script ?arg ...?
- namespace origin command
- namespace parent ?namespace?
- namespace path ?namespaceList?
- namespace qualifiers string
- namespace tail string
- namespace upvar namespace otherVar myVar ?otherVar myVar ...
- namespace unknown ?script?
- namespace which ?-command? ?-variable? name
- WHAT IS A NAMESPACE?
- QUALIFIED NAMES
- NAME RESOLUTION
- IMPORTING COMMANDS
- EXPORTING COMMANDS
- SCOPED SCRIPTS
- ENSEMBLES
- namespace ensemble create ?option value ...?
- namespace ensemble configure command ?option? ?value ...?
- namespace ensemble exists command
- ENSEMBLE OPTIONS
- -map
- -prefixes
- -subcommands
- -unknown
- -command
- -namespace
- UNKNOWN HANDLER BEHAVIOUR
- EXAMPLES
- SEE ALSO
- KEYWORDS
namespace - create and manipulate contexts for commands and variables
namespace ?subcommand? ?arg ...?
The namespace command lets you create, access, and destroy
separate contexts for commands and variables.
See the section WHAT IS A NAMESPACE? below
for a brief overview of namespaces.
The legal values of subcommand are listed below.
Note that you can abbreviate the subcommands.
- namespace children ?namespace? ?pattern?
-
Returns a list of all child namespaces that belong to the
namespace namespace.
If namespace is not specified,
then the children are returned for the current namespace.
This command returns fully-qualified names,
which start with a double colon (::).
If the optional pattern is given,
then this command returns only the names that match the glob-style pattern.
The actual pattern used is determined as follows:
a pattern that starts with double colon (::) is used directly,
otherwise the namespace namespace
(or the fully-qualified name of the current namespace)
is prepended onto the pattern.
- namespace code script
-
Captures the current namespace context for later execution
of the script script.
It returns a new script in which script has been wrapped
in a namespace inscope command.
The new script has two important properties.
First, it can be evaluated in any namespace and will cause
script to be evaluated in the current namespace
(the one where the namespace code command was invoked).
Second, additional arguments can be appended to the resulting script
and they will be passed to script as additional arguments.
For example, suppose the command
set script [namespace code {foo bar}]
is invoked in namespace ::a::b.
Then eval $script [list x y]
can be executed in any namespace (assuming the value of
script has been passed in properly)
and will have the same effect as the command
::namespace eval ::a::b {foo bar x y}.
This command is needed because
extensions like Tk normally execute callback scripts
in the global namespace.
A scoped command captures a command together with its namespace context
in a way that allows it to be executed properly later.
See the section SCOPED SCRIPTS for some examples
of how this is used to create callback scripts.
- namespace current
-
Returns the fully-qualified name for the current namespace.
The actual name of the global namespace is
“”
(i.e., an empty string),
but this command returns :: for the global namespace
as a convenience to programmers.
- namespace delete ?namespace namespace ...?
-
Each namespace namespace is deleted
and all variables, procedures, and child namespaces
contained in the namespace are deleted.
If a procedure is currently executing inside the namespace,
the namespace will be kept alive until the procedure returns;
however, the namespace is marked to prevent other code from
looking it up by name.
If a namespace does not exist, this command returns an error.
If no namespace names are given, this command does nothing.
- namespace ensemble subcommand ?arg ...?
-
Creates and manipulates a command that is formed out of an ensemble of
subcommands. See the section ENSEMBLES below for further
details.
- namespace eval namespace arg ?arg ...?
-
Activates a namespace called namespace and evaluates some code
in that context.
If the namespace does not already exist, it is created.
If more than one arg argument is specified,
the arguments are concatenated together with a space between each one
in the same fashion as the eval command,
and the result is evaluated.
If namespace has leading namespace qualifiers
and any leading namespaces do not exist,
they are automatically created.
- namespace exists namespace
-
Returns 1 if namespace is a valid namespace in the current
context, returns 0 otherwise.
- namespace export ?-clear? ?pattern pattern ...?
-
Specifies which commands are exported from a namespace.
The exported commands are those that can be later imported
into another namespace using a namespace import command.
Both commands defined in a namespace and
commands the namespace has previously imported
can be exported by a namespace.
The commands do not have to be defined
at the time the namespace export command is executed.
Each pattern may contain glob-style special characters,
but it may not include any namespace qualifiers.
That is, the pattern can only specify commands
in the current (exporting) namespace.
Each pattern is appended onto the namespace's list of export patterns.
If the -clear flag is given,
the namespace's export pattern list is reset to empty before any
pattern arguments are appended.
If no patterns are given and the -clear flag is not given,
this command returns the namespace's current export list.
- namespace forget ?pattern pattern ...?
-
Removes previously imported commands from a namespace.
Each pattern is a simple or qualified name such as
x, foo::x or a::b::p*.
Qualified names contain double colons (::) and qualify a name
with the name of one or more namespaces.
Each
“qualified pattern”
is qualified with the name of an exporting namespace
and may have glob-style special characters in the command name
at the end of the qualified name.
Glob characters may not appear in a namespace name.
For each
“simple pattern”
this command deletes the matching commands of the
current namespace that were imported from a different namespace.
For
“qualified patterns”,
this command first finds the matching exported commands.
It then checks whether any of those commands
were previously imported by the current namespace.

In effect, this un-does the action of a namespace import command.
- namespace import ?-force? ?pattern pattern ...?
-
Imports commands into a namespace, or queries the set of imported
commands in a namespace. When no arguments are present,
namespace import returns the list of commands in
the current namespace that have been imported from other
namespaces. The commands in the returned list are in
the format of simple names, with no namespace qualifiers at all.
This format is suitable for composition with namespace forget
(see EXAMPLES below).
When pattern arguments are present,
each pattern is a qualified name like
foo::x or a::p*.
That is, it includes the name of an exporting namespace
and may have glob-style special characters in the command name
at the end of the qualified name.
Glob characters may not appear in a namespace name.
All the commands that match a pattern string
and which are currently exported from their namespace
are added to the current namespace.
This is done by creating a new command in the current namespace
that points to the exported command in its original namespace;
when the new imported command is called, it invokes the exported command.
This command normally returns an error
if an imported command conflicts with an existing command.
However, if the -force option is given,
imported commands will silently replace existing commands.
The namespace import command has snapshot semantics:
that is, only requested commands that are currently defined
in the exporting namespace are imported.
In other words, you can import only the commands that are in a namespace
at the time when the namespace import command is executed.
If another command is defined and exported in this namespace later on,
it will not be imported.
- namespace inscope namespace script ?arg ...?
-
Executes a script in the context of the specified namespace.
This command is not expected to be used directly by programmers;
calls to it are generated implicitly when applications
use namespace code commands to create callback scripts
that the applications then register with, e.g., Tk widgets.
The namespace inscope command is much like the namespace eval
command except that the namespace must already exist,
and namespace inscope appends additional args
as proper list elements.
namespace inscope ::foo $script $x $y $z
is equivalent to
namespace eval ::foo [concat $script [list $x $y $z]]
thus additional arguments will not undergo a second round of substitution,
as is the case with namespace eval.
- namespace origin command
-
Returns the fully-qualified name of the original command
to which the imported command command refers.
When a command is imported into a namespace,
a new command is created in that namespace
that points to the actual command in the exporting namespace.
If a command is imported into a sequence of namespaces
a, b,...,n where each successive namespace
just imports the command from the previous namespace,
this command returns the fully-qualified name of the original command
in the first namespace, a.
If command does not refer to an imported command,
the command's own fully-qualified name is returned.
- namespace parent ?namespace?
-
Returns the fully-qualified name of the parent namespace
for namespace namespace.
If namespace is not specified,
the fully-qualified name of the current namespace's parent is returned.
- namespace path ?namespaceList?
-
Returns the command resolution path of the current namespace. If
namespaceList is specified as a list of named namespaces, the
current namespace's command resolution path is set to those namespaces
and returns the empty list. The default command resolution path is
always empty. See the section NAME RESOLUTION below for an
explanation of the rules regarding name resolution.
- namespace qualifiers string
-
Returns any leading namespace qualifiers for string.
Qualifiers are namespace names separated by double colons (::).
For the string ::foo::bar::x,
this command returns ::foo::bar,
and for :: it returns an empty string.
This command is the complement of the namespace tail command.
Note that it does not check whether the
namespace names are, in fact,
the names of currently defined namespaces.
- namespace tail string
-
Returns the simple name at the end of a qualified string.
Qualifiers are namespace names separated by double colons (::).
For the string ::foo::bar::x,
this command returns x,
and for :: it returns an empty string.
This command is the complement of the namespace qualifiers command.
It does not check whether the namespace names are, in fact,
the names of currently defined namespaces.
- namespace upvar namespace otherVar myVar ?otherVar myVar ...
-
This command arranges for one or more local variables in the current
procedure to refer to variables in namespace. The namespace name is
resolved as described in section NAME RESOLUTION.
The command
namespace upvar $ns a b has the same behaviour as
upvar 0 ${ns}::a b, with the sole exception of the resolution rules
used for qualified namespace or variable names.
namespace upvar returns an empty string.
- namespace unknown ?script?
-
Sets or returns the unknown command handler for the current namespace.
The handler is invoked when a command called from within the namespace
cannot be found (in either the current namespace or the global namespace).
The script argument, if given, should be a well
formed list representing a command name and optional arguments. When
the handler is invoked, the full invocation line will be appended to the
script and the result evaluated in the context of the namespace. The
default handler for all namespaces is ::unknown. If no argument
is given, it returns the handler for the current namespace.
- namespace which ?-command? ?-variable? name
-
Looks up name as either a command or variable
and returns its fully-qualified name.
For example, if name does not exist in the current namespace
but does exist in the global namespace,
this command returns a fully-qualified name in the global namespace.
If the command or variable does not exist,
this command returns an empty string. If the variable has been
created but not defined, such as with the variable command
or through a trace on the variable, this command will return the
fully-qualified name of the variable.
If no flag is given, name is treated as a command name.
See the section NAME RESOLUTION below for an explanation of
the rules regarding name resolution.
A namespace is a collection of commands and variables.
It encapsulates the commands and variables to ensure that they
will not interfere with the commands and variables of other namespaces.
Tcl has always had one such collection,
which we refer to as the global namespace.
The global namespace holds all global variables and commands.
The namespace eval command lets you create new namespaces.
For example,
namespace eval Counter {
namespace export bump
variable num 0
proc bump {} {
variable num
incr num
}
}
creates a new namespace containing the variable num and
the procedure bump.
The commands and variables in this namespace are separate from
other commands and variables in the same program.
If there is a command named bump in the global namespace,
for example, it will be different from the command bump
in the Counter namespace.
Namespace variables resemble global variables in Tcl.
They exist outside of the procedures in a namespace
but can be accessed in a procedure via the variable command,
as shown in the example above.
Namespaces are dynamic.
You can add and delete commands and variables at any time,
so you can build up the contents of a
namespace over time using a series of namespace eval commands.
For example, the following series of commands has the same effect
as the namespace definition shown above:
namespace eval Counter {
variable num 0
proc bump {} {
variable num
return [incr num]
}
}
namespace eval Counter {
proc test {args} {
return $args
}
}
namespace eval Counter {
rename test ""
}
Note that the test procedure is added to the Counter namespace,
and later removed via the rename command.
Namespaces can have other namespaces within them,
so they nest hierarchically.
A nested namespace is encapsulated inside its parent namespace
and can not interfere with other namespaces.
Each namespace has a textual name such as
history or ::safe::interp.
Since namespaces may nest,
qualified names are used to refer to
commands, variables, and child namespaces contained inside namespaces.
Qualified names are similar to the hierarchical path names for
Unix files or Tk widgets,
except that :: is used as the separator
instead of / or ..
The topmost or global namespace has the name
“”
(i.e., an empty string), although :: is a synonym.
As an example, the name ::safe::interp::create
refers to the command create in the namespace interp
that is a child of namespace ::safe,
which in turn is a child of the global namespace, ::.
If you want to access commands and variables from another namespace,
you must use some extra syntax.
Names must be qualified by the namespace that contains them.
From the global namespace,
we might access the Counter procedures like this:
Counter::bump 5
Counter::Reset
We could access the current count like this:
puts "count = $Counter::num"
When one namespace contains another, you may need more than one
qualifier to reach its elements.
If we had a namespace Foo that contained the namespace Counter,
you could invoke its bump procedure
from the global namespace like this:
Foo::Counter::bump 3
You can also use qualified names when you create and rename commands.
For example, you could add a procedure to the Foo
namespace like this:
proc Foo::Test {args} {return $args}
And you could move the same procedure to another namespace like this:
rename Foo::Test Bar::Test
There are a few remaining points about qualified names
that we should cover.
Namespaces have nonempty names except for the global namespace.
:: is disallowed in simple command, variable, and namespace names
except as a namespace separator.
Extra colons in any separator part of a qualified name are ignored;
i.e. two or more colons are treated as a namespace separator.
A trailing :: in a qualified variable or command name
refers to the variable or command named {}.
However, a trailing :: in a qualified namespace name is ignored.
In general, all Tcl commands that take variable and command names
support qualified names.
This means you can give qualified names to such commands as
set, proc, rename, and interp alias.
If you provide a fully-qualified name that starts with a ::,
there is no question about what command, variable, or namespace
you mean.
However, if the name does not start with a ::
(i.e., is relative),
Tcl follows basic rules for looking it up:
Variable names are always resolved
by looking first in the current namespace,
and then in the global namespace.
Command names are also always resolved by looking in the current
namespace first. If not found there, they are searched for in every
namespace on the current namespace's command path (which is empty by
default). If not found there, command names are looked up in the
global namespace (or, failing that, are processed by the unknown
command.)
Namespace names, on the other hand, are always resolved
by looking in only the current namespace.
In the following example,
set traceLevel 0
namespace eval Debug {
printTrace $traceLevel
}
Tcl looks for traceLevel in the namespace Debug
and then in the global namespace.
It looks up the command printTrace in the same way.
If a variable or command name is not found in either context,
the name is undefined.
To make this point absolutely clear, consider the following example:
set traceLevel 0
namespace eval Foo {
variable traceLevel 3
namespace eval Debug {
printTrace $traceLevel
}
}
Here Tcl looks for traceLevel first in the namespace Foo::Debug.
Since it is not found there, Tcl then looks for it
in the global namespace.
The variable Foo::traceLevel is completely ignored
during the name resolution process.
You can use the namespace which command to clear up any question
about name resolution.
For example, the command:
namespace eval Foo::Debug {namespace which -variable traceLevel}
returns ::traceLevel.
On the other hand, the command,
namespace eval Foo {namespace which -variable traceLevel}
returns ::Foo::traceLevel.
As mentioned above,
namespace names are looked up differently
than the names of variables and commands.
Namespace names are always resolved in the current namespace.
This means, for example,
that a namespace eval command that creates a new namespace
always creates a child of the current namespace
unless the new namespace name begins with ::.
Tcl has no access control to limit what variables, commands,
or namespaces you can reference.
If you provide a qualified name that resolves to an element
by the name resolution rule above,
you can access the element.
You can access a namespace variable
from a procedure in the same namespace
by using the variable command.
Much like the global command,
this creates a local link to the namespace variable.
If necessary, it also creates the variable in the current namespace
and initializes it.
Note that the global command only creates links
to variables in the global namespace.
It is not necessary to use a variable command
if you always refer to the namespace variable using an
appropriate qualified name.
Namespaces are often used to represent libraries.
Some library commands are used so frequently
that it is a nuisance to type their qualified names.
For example, suppose that all of the commands in a package
like BLT are contained in a namespace called Blt.
Then you might access these commands like this:
Blt::graph .g -background red
Blt::table . .g 0,0
If you use the graph and table commands frequently,
you may want to access them without the Blt:: prefix.
You can do this by importing the commands into the current namespace,
like this:
namespace import Blt::*
This adds all exported commands from the Blt namespace
into the current namespace context, so you can write code like this:
graph .g -background red
table . .g 0,0
The namespace import command only imports commands
from a namespace that that namespace exported
with a namespace export command.
Importing every command from a namespace is generally
a bad idea since you do not know what you will get.
It is better to import just the specific commands you need.
For example, the command
namespace import Blt::graph Blt::table
imports only the graph and table commands into the
current context.
If you try to import a command that already exists, you will get an
error. This prevents you from importing the same command from two
different packages. But from time to time (perhaps when debugging),
you may want to get around this restriction. You may want to
reissue the namespace import command to pick up new commands
that have appeared in a namespace. In that case, you can use the
-force option, and existing commands will be silently overwritten:
namespace import -force Blt::graph Blt::table
If for some reason, you want to stop using the imported commands,
you can remove them with a namespace forget command, like this:
namespace forget Blt::*
This searches the current namespace for any commands imported from Blt.
If it finds any, it removes them. Otherwise, it does nothing.
After this, the Blt commands must be accessed with the Blt::
prefix.
When you delete a command from the exporting namespace like this:
rename Blt::graph ""
the command is automatically removed from all namespaces that import it.
You can export commands from a namespace like this:
namespace eval Counter {
namespace export bump reset
variable Num 0
variable Max 100
proc bump {{by 1}} {
variable Num
incr Num $by
Check
return $Num
}
proc reset {} {
variable Num
set Num 0
}
proc Check {} {
variable Num
variable Max
if {$Num > $Max} {
error "too high!"
}
}
}
The procedures bump and reset are exported,
so they are included when you import from the Counter namespace,
like this:
namespace import Counter::*
However, the Check procedure is not exported,
so it is ignored by the import operation.
The namespace import command only imports commands
that were declared as exported by their namespace.
The namespace export command specifies what commands
may be imported by other namespaces.
If a namespace import command specifies a command
that is not exported, the command is not imported.
The namespace code command is the means by which a script may be
packaged for evaluation in a namespace other than the one in which it
was created. It is used most often to create event handlers, Tk bindings,
and traces for evaluation in the global context. For instance, the following
code indicates how to direct a variable trace callback into the current
namespace:
namespace eval a {
variable b
proc theTraceCallback { n1 n2 op } {
upvar 1 $n1 var
puts "the value of $n1 has changed to $var"
return
}
trace add variable b write [namespace code theTraceCallback]
}
set a::b c
When executed, it prints the message:
the value of a::b has changed to c
The namespace ensemble is used to create and manipulate ensemble
commands, which are commands formed by grouping subcommands together.
The commands typically come from the current namespace when the
ensemble was created, though this is configurable. Note that there
may be any number of ensembles associated with any namespace
(including none, which is true of all namespaces by default), though
all the ensembles associated with a namespace are deleted when that
namespace is deleted. The link between an ensemble command and its
namespace is maintained however the ensemble is renamed.
Three subcommands of the namespace ensemble command are defined:
- namespace ensemble create ?option value ...?
-
Creates a new ensemble command linked to the current namespace,
returning the fully qualified name of the command created. The
arguments to namespace ensemble create allow the configuration
of the command as if with the namespace ensemble configure
command. If not overridden with the -command option, this
command creates an ensemble with exactly the same name as the linked
namespace. See the section ENSEMBLE OPTIONS below for a full
list of options supported and their effects.
- namespace ensemble configure command ?option? ?value ...?
-
Retrieves the value of an option associated with the ensemble command
named command, or updates some options associated with that
ensemble command. See the section ENSEMBLE OPTIONS below for a
full list of options supported and their effects.
- namespace ensemble exists command
-
Returns a boolean value that describes whether the command
command exists and is an ensemble command. This command only
ever returns an error if the number of arguments to the command is
wrong.
When called, an ensemble command takes its first argument and looks it
up (according to the rules described below) to discover a list of
words to replace the ensemble command and subcommand with. The
resulting list of words is then evaluated (with no further
substitutions) as if that was what was typed originally (i.e. by
passing the list of words through Tcl_EvalObjv) and returning
the result of the command. Note that it is legal to make the target
of an ensemble rewrite be another (or even the same) ensemble
command. The ensemble command will not be visible through the use of
the uplevel or info level commands.
The following options, supported by the namespace ensemble
create and namespace ensemble configure commands, control how
an ensemble command behaves:
- -map
-
When non-empty, this option supplies a dictionary that provides a
mapping from subcommand names to a list of prefix words to substitute
in place of the ensemble command and subcommand words (in a manner
similar to an alias created with interp alias; the words are not
reparsed after substitution). When this option is empty, the mapping
will be from the local name of the subcommand to its fully-qualified
name. Note that when this option is non-empty and the
-subcommands option is empty, the ensemble subcommand names
will be exactly those words that have mappings in the dictionary.
- -prefixes
-
This option (which is enabled by default) controls whether the
ensemble command recognizes unambiguous prefixes of its subcommands.
When turned off, the ensemble command requires exact matching of
subcommand names.
- -subcommands
-
When non-empty, this option lists exactly what subcommands are in the
ensemble. The mapping for each of those commands will be either whatever
is defined in the -map option, or to the command with the same
name in the namespace linked to the ensemble. If this option is
empty, the subcommands of the namespace will either be the keys of the
dictionary listed in the -map option or the exported commands
of the linked namespace at the time of the invocation of the ensemble
command.
- -unknown
-
When non-empty, this option provides a partial command (to which all
the words that are arguments to the ensemble command, including the
fully-qualified name of the ensemble, are appended) to handle the case
where an ensemble subcommand is not recognized and would otherwise
generate an error. When empty (the default) an error (in the style of
Tcl_GetIndexFromObj) is generated whenever the ensemble is
unable to determine how to implement a particular subcommand. See
UNKNOWN HANDLER BEHAVIOUR for more details.
The following extra option is allowed by namespace ensemble
create:
- -command
-
This write-only option allows the name of the ensemble created by
namespace ensemble create to be anything in any existing
namespace. The default value for this option is the fully-qualified
name of the namespace in which the namespace ensemble create
command is invoked.
The following extra option is allowed by namespace ensemble
configure:
- -namespace
-
This read-only option allows the retrieval of the fully-qualified name
of the namespace which the ensemble was created within.
If an unknown handler is specified for an ensemble, that handler is
called when the ensemble command would otherwise return an error due
to it being unable to decide which subcommand to invoke. The exact
conditions under which that occurs are controlled by the
-subcommands, -map and -prefixes options as
described above.
To execute the unknown handler, the ensemble mechanism takes the
specified -unknown option and appends each argument of the
attempted ensemble command invocation (including the ensemble command
itself, expressed as a fully qualified name). It invokes the resulting
command in the scope of the attempted call. If the execution of the
unknown handler terminates normally, the ensemble engine reparses the
subcommand (as described below) and tries to dispatch it again, which
is ideal for when the ensemble's configuration has been updated by the
unknown subcommand handler. Any other kind of termination of the
unknown handler is treated as an error.
The result of the unknown handler is expected to be a list (it is an
error if it is not). If the list is an empty list, the ensemble
command attempts to look up the original subcommand again and, if it
is not found this time, an error will be generated just as if the
-unknown handler was not there (i.e. for any particular
invocation of an ensemble, its unknown handler will be called at most
once.) This makes it easy for the unknown handler to update the
ensemble or its backing namespace so as to provide an implementation
of the desired subcommand and reparse.
When the result is a non-empty list, the words of that list are used
to replace the ensemble command and subcommand, just as if they had
been looked up in the -map. It is up to the unknown handler to
supply all namespace qualifiers if the implementing subcommand is not
in the namespace of the caller of the ensemble command. Also note that
when ensemble commands are chained (e.g. if you make one of the
commands that implement an ensemble subcommand into an ensemble, in a
manner similar to the text widget's tag and mark subcommands) then the
rewrite happens in the context of the caller of the outermost
ensemble. That is to say that ensembles do not in themselves place any
namespace contexts on the Tcl call stack.
Where an empty -unknown handler is given (the default), the
ensemble command will generate an error message based on the list of
commands that the ensemble has defined (formatted similarly to the
error message from Tcl_GetIndexFromObj). This is the error that
will be thrown when the subcommand is still not recognized during
reparsing. It is also an error for an -unknown handler to
delete its namespace.
Create a namespace containing a variable and an exported command:
namespace eval foo {
variable bar 0
proc grill {} {
variable bar
puts "called [incr bar] times"
}
namespace export grill
}
Call the command defined in the previous example in various ways.
# Direct call
::foo::grill
# Use the command resolution path to find the name
namespace eval boo {
namespace path ::foo
grill
}
# Import into current namespace, then call local alias
namespace import foo::grill
grill
# Create two ensembles, one with the default name and one with a
# specified name. Then call through the ensembles.
namespace eval foo {
namespace ensemble create
namespace ensemble create -command ::foobar
}
foo grill
foobar grill
Look up where the command imported in the previous example came from:
puts "grill came from [namespace origin grill]"
Remove all imported commands from the current namespace:
namespace forget {*}[namespace import]
interp, upvar, variable
command, ensemble, exported, internal, variable
Copyright © 1995-1997 Roger E. Critchlow Jr.
Copyright © 1993-1997 Bell Labs Innovations for Lucent Technologies
Copyright © 1997 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Copyright © 2000 Scriptics Corporation.
Copyright © 2004-2005 Donal K. Fellows.


There is no end to education. It is not that you read a book, pass an examination, and finish with education. The whole of life, from the moment you are born to the moment you die, is a process of learning.
A story about..
Electronics can change your life
An idea can change the life


Welcome to the main page of the Electronics Workshop by Rocket Project at UCLA. Not sure why we're using Rocket Project at UCLA and UCLA Rocket Project? Neither are we, that's why we're using both. Just to be safe.
The purpose of the website (as if everything had a purpose) is to provide easier access to educational materials provided during the workshops, allowing for revision and hopefully covering the material from scratch.
Workshops take place in the SCC lab (the Rocket Project Lab) every Friday at 4:00 pm.
In order to reach the SCC lab, please take the second door to your as you're descending from the south-eastern outdoor stairs of Boelter.
| 2016/10/28 | Workshop 4 presentation is now available for download |
| 2016/10/27 | Workshop 3 and 4 pages have been added |
| 2016/10/27 | Lessons have been rearranged |
| 2016/10/17 | Hardware recommendations have been added to the "Hardware" menu link |
| 2016/10/12 | Project specific sign-up forms are up |
| 2016/10/12 | Presentation for Workshop 2 is now available for download |
| 2016/10/10 | Page for Workshop 2 has been added |
| 2016/10/10 | Projects' descriptions have been introduced |
| 2016/10/09 | This website was created |
The following are the currently projected lessons (in order, temporal arrangement, not alphabetical):
| Week 2, Fall 2016 | Foundations of Digital Electronics |
| Week 3, Fall 2016 | Introduction to AVR Programming |
| Week 4, Fall 2016 | KiCad - Electrical Design using a computer |
| Week 5, Fall 2016 | Node.js - Communication |
| Week 6, Fall 2016 | Arduino Libraries - Much good, Much Unavoidable |
| Week 7, Fall 2016 | Unix programming - Socks programming (short for Socket) |
| Week 8, Fall 2016 | Soldering - Theory and Practise |


How To Turn On Flashlight By Shaking Your Phone
by Amarnath ChakrabortyTo turn on the flashlight by shaking your phone, users need to use the app known as Shake Flashlight. As the name of the app says, Shake Flashlight allows users to turn on their phone’s flashlight on/off by making two chopping motion. So, let’s check out how to use Shake Flashlight to turn on the flashlight by shaking the phone.
It’s of no doubt that the flashlight feature on Android smartphone is very useful. It can help you in different situations like finding your way around at night, sending signals, guide you through your home during a blackout, etc. Most of the Android smartphone nowadays arrives with a flashlight feature and users can enable it from the Notification shutter.
How To Turn On Flashlight By Shaking Your Phone
However, do you know that you can also turn on the flashlight by shaking it? There are lots of third-party flashlight apps available on the Google Play Store that can be used to turn on the flashlight by just shaking it. So, in this article, we are going to share a working method that would help you to turn on the flashlight by shaking your phone.
Step 1. First of all, download and install Shake Flashlight & Camera app on your Android smartphone.
Step 2. On the next page, the app will ask you to grant a camera & photo permissions. Grant the permissions to continue.
Step 3. Now you will see the main interface of the app.
Step 4. Now you need to turn on the ‘Shake Flashlight Off’ button.
Step 5. Now you need to make two chopping motion as shown in the app. This will turn on the flashlight. To turn it off, shake your device once again.
Step 6. Similarly, you can also turn on the camera by twisting your wrist twice quickly. However, the camera one doesn’t work every time.
That’s it, you are done! This is how you can use Shake Flashlight & Camera app to turn on a flashlight just by shaking your device.
So, this is all about how to turn on the flashlight by shaking the phone. Hope this article helped you! Share it with your friends as well. If you have any doubts related to this, let us know in the comment box below.


gatelfdata.vocab module¶
Module for the Vocab class
-
class
gatelfdata.vocab.
Vocab
(counts=None, max_size=None, emb_id=None, emb_train=None, emb_dims=0, emb_file=None, emb_minfreq=1, no_special_indices=False, pad_index_only=False, emb_dir=None, pad_string=’‘, oov_string=’<<oov>>’)[source]¶ Bases:
object
From the counter object, create string to id and id to string mappings.
-
add_counts
(counts)[source]¶ Incrementally add additional counts to the vocabulary. This can be done only before the finish method is called
-
count
(strng)[source]¶ Return the count/frequency for the given word. NOTE: after finish() this will return 0 for any words that have been removed because of one of the filter criteria!!
-
finish
(remove_counts=True, remove_embs=True)[source]¶ Build the actual vocab instance, it can only be used properly to look-up things after calling this method, but no parameters can be changed nor counts added after this.
-
get_embeddings
()[source]¶ Return a numpy matrix of the embeddings in the order of the indices. If this is called before finish() an exception is raised
-
load_embeddings
(emb_file, filterset=None)[source]¶ Load pre-calculated embeddings from the given file. This will update embd_dim as needed! Currently only supports text format, compressed text format or a two file format where the file with extension “.vocab” has one word per line and the file with extension “.npy” is a matrix with as many rows as there are words and as many columns as there are dimensions. The format is identified by the presence of one of the extensions “.txt”, “.vec”, “.txt.gz”, or “.vocab” and “.npy” in the emb_file given. (“.vec” is an alias for “.txt”) The text formats may or may not have a first line that indicates the number of words and number of dimensions. If filterset is non-empty, all embeddings not in the set are loaded, otherwise all embeddings which are also already in the vocabulary are loaded. NOTE: this will not check if the case conventions or other conventions (e.g. hyphens) for the tokens in our vocabulary are compatible with the conventions used for the embeddings.
-
static
rnd_vec
(dims, strng=None, as_numpy=True)[source]¶ Returns a random vector of the given dimensions where each dimension is from a gaussian(0,1) If str is None, the vector is dependent on the current numpy random state. If a string is given, then the random state is seeded with a number derived from the string first, so the random vector will always be the same for that string and number of dimensions.
-
string2onehot
(thestring)[source]¶ return a one-hot vector for the string. If we have an oov index, return that for unknown words, otherwise raise and exception. If the string is the padding string, return an all zero vector. NOTE: this can be called even if the emb_train parameter was not equal to ‘onehot’ when creating the vocabulary. In that case, there may be an OOV symbol in the vocab and the onehot vector generated will contain it as its first dimension.
-


5/23/1973
Search
Fletcher Explains Methods to Repair Skylab I: Dr. James Fletcher Administrator for NASA, appeared before the United States Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Dr. Fletcher explained to the committee what methods would be attempted to repair the damaged Skylab I. He stated that if the planned repairs were successful, that it would be possible to accomplish most of the activities scheduled for the two subsequent Skylab missions, each lasting 56 days. (NASA on The Commons)


Change Log
5.0.0
- To Angular 8, rxjs 6, ng-bootstrap 5.
- Handle row grouping, refactor grid DTO usage and external data calls.
- Grid DTO to separate project.
- Add new rows of data.
- Visualize invalid fields.
- Some rearrange of grid/service organization.
- Fix choice filter undefined check.
- Fix reverse right coloring when left columns are odd.
- Fix filter value column name.
- Fix date filtering and date-ms compare.
- Fix dealing with undefined in default sorting.
- Stop propagation on filter button.
- Filter to customizable function.
- Sort to customizable function.
- Emitters for filter and sort events.
- Column drag n drop.
- Fix: Empty choice array on http error.
- Generalize column wait configuration. Changes public api.
- Fixes to popup behavior.
- Column allows externalConfig storage.
- Default format/parser more generic.
- Removed allowing auto column generation when no columns configured.
- Added wait listeners to pause configuration while waiting on any requests.
- Add spinner for loading and prevent data display if no columns.
- Bump height if view has scrollbar.
- Fix column width calculation.
- Fix keywords and add .npmignore.
- Fix readme and license in artifact.
- Refactor of rendering and how data/config/events are listened to.
- Listeners for saving cells and rows.
- Customization of busy, and view renderers.
- Validation support and improved formatting/parsing especially for dates.
- User configuration added.
- Global grid service for referencing and connecting grids.
- Row selection improved.
- External data calls from Promise to Observable.
- Numerous fixes.
- Initial Release. See README.md for features.


Jawaharlal Nehru
First Prime Minister of India
Jawaharlal Nehru - a chronological account
Below is a short history of Jawaharlal Nehru
- 1889 Born 14 November in Allahabad, the son of Motilal and Swaruprani Nehru
- 1905-7 Harrow School, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex.
- 1907-10 Trinity College, Cambridge.
- 1910-12 Inner Temple, London.
- 1912 Returned to India. Lawyer, Allahabad High Court.
- 1916 Married, 8 February Kamala Kaul.
- 1919 Started the newspaper, Independent, with Motilal Nehru.
- 1920 Joined the Non-co-operation Movement.
- 1930 Participated in the Salt Satyagraha Movement and arrested 14 April. (Released 11 October.) Arrested 19 October for speech made in favour of the no-tax campaign.
- 1950 India became a Republic 26 January-. Became March Chairman, Planning Commission. (Held this office till his death.)
- 1951 Elected President, Indian National Congress. (Continued till 1954)
- 1951 Elected President, Indian National Congress. (Continued till 1954)
- 1952 Formed May new government after the first General Elections. Began 2 October Community Development Program.
- 1962 Formed April new government after the third General Elections. Presided June over the National Integration Council meeting. State of Emergency proclaimed 26 October by the President of India following the Chinese aggression.
- 1964 Died 27 May in New Delhi. Cremated at what is now Shanti Vana on the banks of the Yamuna.
Failure comes only when we forget our ideals and objectives and principles.
-- Jawaharlal Nehru
If you have time, you should read more about this incredible human being on his Wikipedia entry


Visualization ⊂ Data Graphics
Information Visualization:
Principles, Methods, and Practice
Tamara Munzner
Visual Channels
- position
- length
- area
- angle
- shape
- hue
- connection
Data Types
- categorical apple, orange
- ordinal small, large
- quantitative 5-9 cm
- relational a → b
- spatial 37.8°N, 122.5°W


John Cowan's Joy1 is essentially the old prototype of Joy with the following additions:
The currently supported platforms for the general garbage collector include Unix/Linux/*BSD on i386/Alpha/SPARC/SGI/HP, OS/2, Win32 native/Cygwin/DJGPP, and perhaps Macintosh. One system known *not* to work is OpenVMS (here the 4 C-files have to be compiled and linked in the usual manner). Joy1 has not yet been built on all these systems.
It is intended that the new implementation become known as Joy1, and that the earlier prototype, now Joy0, should gradually fade away. However, for compatiblity reasons the prototype Joy0 C sources have been updated (16-JUN-01).
I am enormously grateful to John for his work.


Terms & Conditions
Users can buy a game and select the required flash drive and customise it.
This product os for personal use only and cannot br resold
Gamer Pizza provides 1 year warranty for any manufacturing defects
Any attempt to pirate data from the flash drive is a punishable offence.
Legal action shall be taken against those found guilty.
The flash drive is an online device that can detect and report any attempt to cheat.
We recommend using usb-c flashdrives for faster performance.
Your flash drive is private to you only. It is not meant for largescale use.
Report immediately if you feel your account is hacked through the feedback option.
The flash drive might contain small parts abd is not suitable for children
Copyright © 2021 Gamer Pizza. All rights ® reserved.


Business model canvas rockstar user experience founders handshake. Startup responsive web design bootstrapping first mover advantage disruptive crowdfunding. User experience iteration seed money rockstar holy grail deployment prototype gen-z backing influencer handshake success. Virality growth hacking innovator product management iPad.
Crowdsource marketing non-disclosure agreement graphical user interface bootstrapping market research & development:
Stratup Ipsum!


I was born in Argentina from Korean parents and moved to the UK in 2014 to chase my career goals. I studied MEng Electronic Engineering with Artificial Intelligence at the University of Southampton. My preferred programming languages are Java and C++, but I am open to learn more about other languages and further extend my skillset.
Degree grade: First Class
You can access my PDF Résumé here.


Public Member Functions | |
| LibCokeId (string xmlConfigPath, string environment) | |
| When you instanciate the library, the constructor loads the configuration that is defined in oauthconf.xml file of the environment | |
| CokeIdUser | getUserLogged () |
| This method returns the PII of the logged user | |
| void | synchronizeSessionWithServer () |
| This method verifies the authorization tokens (client_token, access_token and refresh_token). Also updates the web client status, storing the client_token, access_token and refresh tokend and login_status in the library. | |
| void | authorizeUser (string code) |
| In that case, the url of "post-login" will retrieve an authorization code as a GET parameter. | |
| void | logoutUser () |
| Performs the logout process. | |
| bool | checkLoginStatus () |
| Checks the user's status. | |
| bool | isConnected () |
| Check if the user is connected (logged on Coke ID) | |
| CokeIdUser | getDataUsers (string uid, StoredToken access_token) |
| Returns the use'r PII trough the Coke ID personal identifier. | |
| CokeIdUser | getDataUserByNick (string nick) |
| Returns the use'r PII trough the nickname. | |
| bool | checkUserComplete (string scope) |
| Checks if the user have been completed all required fields for that section. | |
Public Attributes | |
| CokeIdThings | cokeIdThings |
| OAuth | oauth_client |
| OAuthConfigParser | oauth_config |
| String | strPathDll = "" |
| FileCache | cache |
| netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.LibCokeId | ( | string | xmlConfigPath, |
| string | environment | ||
| ) |
When you instanciate the library, the constructor loads the configuration that is defined in oauthconf.xml file of the environment
| xmlConfigPath | full path to the config file (for example: C:\myfilepath\DLL\oauthconf.xml) |
| environment | environment to load settings |
| void netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.authorizeUser | ( | string | code | ) |
In that case, the url of "post-login" will retrieve an authorization code as a GET parameter.
Once the authorization code is provided to the web client, the SDK will send it again to Coke ID at "token_endpoint" to obtain the "access_token" of the user and create the cookie.
This method is needed to authorize user when the web client takes back the control of the browser.
| code | The authorization code returned by Coke ID. |
| bool netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.checkLoginStatus | ( | ) |
Checks the user's status.
| bool netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.checkUserComplete | ( | string | scope | ) |
Checks if the user have been completed all required fields for that section.
The "scope" (section) is a group of fields configured in Coke ID for a web client.
A section can be also defined as a "part" (section) of the website (web client) that only can be accesed by a user who have filled a set of personal information configured in Coke ID (all of the fields required for that section).
This method is commonly used for promotions or sweepstakes: if a user wants to participate in a promotion, the web client must ensure that the user have all the fields filled in order to let him participate.
| scope | Section-key identifier of the web client. The section-key is located in "oauthconf.xml" file. |
| CokeIdUser netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.getDataUserByNick | ( | string | nick | ) |
Returns the use'r PII trough the nickname.
| nick | The nickname. |
Parameters: oauth_token: client token s (select): dynamic user data to be returned f (from): User w (where): param with OR w.param1&w.param2...
| CokeIdUser netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.getDataUsers | ( | string | uid, |
| StoredToken | access_token | ||
| ) |
Returns the use'r PII trough the Coke ID personal identifier.
| uid | The Coke ID personal identifier. |
| access_token |
Parameters: oauth_token: client token s (select): dynamic user data to be returned f (from): User w (where): param with OR w.param1&w.param2...
| CokeIdUser netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.getUserLogged | ( | ) |
This method returns the PII of the logged user
| bool netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.isConnected | ( | ) |
Check if the user is connected (logged on Coke ID)
| void netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.logoutUser | ( | ) |
Performs the logout process.
It makes:
| void netCokeIdsdk.LibCokeId.synchronizeSessionWithServer | ( | ) |
This method verifies the authorization tokens (client_token, access_token and refresh_token). Also updates the web client status, storing the client_token, access_token and refresh tokend and login_status in the library.
YOU SHOULD INVOKE IT ON EACH REQUEST in order to check and update the status of the user (not logged, logged or connected), and verify that every token that you are gonna use before is going to be valid.


[sequences,complexes,propChildren] = mmsodaRecalcPareto(conf,sequences,complexes,propChildren)
[sequences,complexes,propChildren] = mmsodaRecalcPareto(conf,sequences,complexes,propChildren)
Pareto scores are fundamentally different from 'normal' objective scores, because their value changes as more points join the population. This means that the Pareto scores (but not the objective scores) need to be re-calculated every so often. This is why mmsodaRecalcPareto differs from mmsodaCalcPareto; although they are fundamentally the same, the latter does not take into account any existing Pareto scores, whereas the former does.
Note that mmsodaRecalcPareto takes a small liberty with calculating the Pareto scores: only the last rows of sequences are included in recalculating the Pareto scores, since these are the relevant values in accepting or rejecting samples from propChildren in the Metropolis scheme. While this greatly increases the efficiency of the optimization, it can lead to confusing Pareto scores in figures as well as in the output arguments. Note that this is easily mitigated by calling mmsodaRecalcPareto once more before any visualization or analysis (but then using all rows of the sequences array) instead of just sequences(end,:,:).


Steel producers offer discount as demand falls
by Usman HanifKARACHI: Owing to declining demand coupled with a slowdown in the international market, steel producers in Pakistan are offering a discount of Rs5,000 per ton on the sale of flat steel.
“Producers of flat steel namely International Steels and Aisha Steel Mills have started offering a discount of Rs5,000 per ton on both cold-rolled coils as well as hot-dipped galvanised coils,” stated JS Global in its research report on Friday.
Prior to the discount, the prices of cold-rolled coils and hot-dipped galvanised coils were hovering at Rs108,500 and Rs115,850 respectively.
“The decision has been taken mainly keeping in view the availability of cheaper coils, imported from South Africa and Europe, in the local market,” said JS Global analyst Arsalan Ahmed.
Aisha Steel Mills produces 1.7 million tons of flat steel per annum while International Steels produces 1 million tons, added the analyst. “Despite the massive supply, the demand for flat steel stands around 1.2 million tons per year,” he said.
Recently, Aisha Steel Mills added a new plant with total capacity of 700,000 tons per annum.
On the other hand, global steel prices are falling on the back of a prolonged US-China trade war, therefore, the massive discount seems to be an impact of the international situation on Pakistan’s market. In early September, steel scrap prices in the global market dropped over $50 while in the past 10 months, the prices dipped $238 per ton.
“Earlier, Pakistan used to import 30-40% of flat steel but recently the number has dropped substantially due to the government’s import substitution policy,” said Ahmed. “Under the new policy, the importer is supposed to present his CNIC and other documents to the government.”
On the other hand, wholesalers, who buy from the importers, are also supposed to do the same.
Demand in the domestic market has fallen due to an overall slowdown in the national economy. However, imports are expected to increase once the economy recovers and steel demand rises. Flat steel is used in doors, windows and pipes besides for some other purposes. “Both national and international scenarios are forcing the two flat steel players to attract their customers through discount,” said the analyst.
Published in The Express Tribune, November 2nd, 2019.


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DVMs capabilities in Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) are built around providing feasible and economically viable designs. We have a dedicated maintenance division with several trucks on the road, servicing a wide variety of industries and helping in assist our clients in developing the proper maintenance programs to ensure long life, efficiency and lower their failure rates. Our in-house mechanical and electrical engineering teams allow us to, efficiently and economically, complete any job of any size and complexity.
We offer installation, service and maintenance, engineering and troubleshooting services for Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing. With our energy and sustainability background we work with our clients to help design the most efficient operating system for their facility. We understand that it is not a cookie cutter business and each solution is tailored around our clients specific needs.


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Web/iOS Software Engineer
Handling symbols from Salesforce with Angular 2
Routing with Angular 2


| Package | ender.managers |
| Class | public class ThreadManager |
| Inheritance | ThreadManager flash.events.EventDispatcher |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| debugMode : Boolean
When debug mode is true, we count thread executions for testing purposes.
| ThreadManager |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| _debugCallCount : Object When debug mode is true, this maintains thread execution counts.
| ThreadManager | ||
| _debugMode : Boolean = false When debug mode is true, we count thread executions for testing purposes.
| ThreadManager | ||
| _instance : ThreadManager = null [static] Singleton.
| ThreadManager | ||
| _isTicking : Boolean = false Event ticker running.
| ThreadManager | ||
| _lastTime : uint Last tick time.
| ThreadManager | ||
| maximumPriority : int [read-only]
Returns the maximum priority so we know how often to fire the timer.
| ThreadManager | ||
| _threadSchedules : Object The thread schedules ready for execution.
| ThreadManager |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Adds a thread to the execution schedule.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
getCallCount(thread:IRunnable):int
When in debug mode, gets the count of how often a thread has been executed.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
[static]
Singleton.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
removeThread(thread:Thread):void
Removes a thread from the execution schedule.
| ThreadManager |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
onThreadTick(event:Event):void
Event handler for the thread ticker.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
restartTimer():void
Restarts the timer for execution.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
startTimer():void
Starts the timer for execution.
| ThreadManager | ||
|
stopTimer():void
Stops the timer for execution.
| ThreadManager |
| Constant | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| NO_RUN_IMPLEMENTATION_SIG : String = "NO_RUN" [static] The exception signal when IRunnable.run() is not implemented.
| ThreadManager | ||
| YIELD_SIG : String = "YLD" [static] The exception signal for yielding.
| ThreadManager |
| _debugCallCount | property |
protected var _debugCallCount:Object
When debug mode is true, this maintains thread execution counts. Testing only.
| _debugMode | property |
protected var _debugMode:Boolean = false
When debug mode is true, we count thread executions for testing purposes.
| debugMode | property |
debugMode:Boolean
[read-write]When debug mode is true, we count thread executions for testing purposes.
Implementation public function get debugMode():Boolean
public function set debugMode(value:Boolean):void
| _instance | property |
protected static var _instance:ThreadManager = null
Singleton.
| _isTicking | property |
protected var _isTicking:Boolean = false
Event ticker running.
| _lastTime | property |
protected var _lastTime:uint
Last tick time.
| maximumPriority | property |
maximumPriority:int
[read-only]Returns the maximum priority so we know how often to fire the timer.
Implementation protected function get maximumPriority():int
| _threadSchedules | property |
protected var _threadSchedules:Object
The thread schedules ready for execution.
| addThread | () | method |
public function addThread(thread:Thread):void
Adds a thread to the execution schedule.
Parametersthread:Thread — The thread to add to the execution schedule.
|
| getCallCount | () | method |
public function getCallCount(thread:IRunnable):int
When in debug mode, gets the count of how often a thread has been executed. Useful for testing purposes only.
Parametersthread:IRunnable — The thread to check execution count for.
|
int — Returns the number of times the thread has been executed.
|
| getInstance | () | method |
| onThreadTick | () | method |
protected function onThreadTick(event:Event):void
Event handler for the thread ticker.
Parametersevent:Event |
| removeThread | () | method |
public function removeThread(thread:Thread):void
Removes a thread from the execution schedule.
Parametersthread:Thread — The thread to remove from the execution schedule.
|
| restartTimer | () | method |
protected function restartTimer():void
Restarts the timer for execution.
| startTimer | () | method |
protected function startTimer():void
Starts the timer for execution.
| stopTimer | () | method |
protected function stopTimer():void
Stops the timer for execution.
| NO_RUN_IMPLEMENTATION_SIG | constant |
public static const NO_RUN_IMPLEMENTATION_SIG:String = "NO_RUN"
The exception signal when IRunnable.run() is not implemented.
| YIELD_SIG | constant |
public static const YIELD_SIG:String = "YLD"
The exception signal for yielding.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113489-new-members/topic/format_lean.20woes.html ---
Hey all, brand new fedora 30 install with all lean dependencies installed. I have a simple "hello world" lean script in limits.lean
but don't know why I get this error (I supposed its a python2/3 mishap, but I haven't moved any configs there)
⋊> ~/d/l/t/src on lean-3.4.2 ⨯ format_lean --inpath limits.lean --outdir build --lib-path /usr/lib/lean-mathlib/src Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/mrg/deps/lean/format_lean/bin/format_lean", line 77, in <module> Fire(render_lean_file) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 138, in Fire component_trace = _Fire(component, args, parsed_flag_args, context, name) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 471, in _Fire target=component.__name__) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 675, in _CallAndUpdateTrace component = fn(*varargs, **kwargs) File "/home/mrg/deps/lean/format_lean/bin/format_lean", line 30, in render_lean_file lean_exec_path = Path(distutils.spawn.find_executable('lean')) AttributeError: module 'distutils' has no attribute 'spawn'
Would appreciate any help, I barely know python.
Also, is there an IPython / lean interaction guide?
Could you post your Lean project? Maybe an archive of everything except _target
leanpkg.toml [package] name = "test" version = "0.1" lean_version = "3.4.2" path = "src" [dependencies] mathlib = {git = "https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib", rev = "27515619bcd834006f2936b292021135496b4efb"}
leanpkg.path builtin_path path _target/deps/mathlib/src path ./src
What is format_lean
?
Oh, Patrick's thing!
import topology.basic import data.real.basic #eval 1 + 1 #check topological_space local attribute [instance, priority 0] classical.prop_decidable #eval 1 + 1 /- Our first goal is to define the set of upper bounds of a set of real numbers. This is already defined in mathlib (in a more general context), but we repeat it for the sake of exposition Right-click "upper_bounds" below to get offered to jump to mathlib's version -/ #check upper_bounds /-- The set of upper bounds of a set of real numbers ℝ -/ def up_bounds (A : set ℝ) := { x : ℝ | ∀ a ∈ A, a ≤ x} /-- Predicate `is_max a A` means `a` is a maximum of `A` -/ def is_max (a : ℝ) (A : set ℝ) := a ∈ A ∧ a ∈ up_bounds A /- In the above definition, the symbol `∧` means "and". We also see the most visible difference between set theoretic foundations and type theoretic ones (used by almost all proof assistants). In set theory, everything is a set, and the only relation you get from foundations are `=` and `∈`. In type theory, there is a meta-theoretic relation of "typing": `a : ℝ` reads "`a` is a real number" or, more precisely, "the type of `a` is `ℝ`". Here "meta-theoretic" means this is not a statement you can prove or disprove inside the theory, it's a fact that is true or not. Here we impose this fact, in other circumstances, it would be checked by the Lean kernel. By contrast, `a ∈ A` is a statement inside the theory. Here it's part of the definition, in other circumstances it could be something proven inside Lean. -/ /- For illustrative purposes, we now define an infix version of the above predicate. It will allow us to wite `a is_a_max_of A`, which is closer to a sentence. -/
and then in the folder that containts src/limits.lean
I do
~/d/l/t/src on lean-3.4.2 ⨯ format_lean --inpath limits.lean --outdir build --lib-path /usr/lib/lean-mathlib/src
Can you try running format_project
from the root of your project?
first format_project
, then format_lean
?
It says it couldn't find a format.toml
but would continue anyways.
Then rendered src/limits.lean
There are two scripts. format_lean
itself was meant to render individual Lean files, not necessarily inside a proper Lean project. But I never use it, and it may be broken. format_project
renders a whole Lean project, and should work.
OK, it produced an html
folder
OK, it produced a site, but the CSS was all bungled up - (text overlapping the tactic state, no lean code showing)
I opened the limits.html
file, which I guess is the correct one, but I may be wrong.
Your Lean code doesn't use valid format_lean
markup
Ach so. Where can I find a description of the markup specification
?
@Miguel Raz Guzmán Macedo I fixed the bug you found, and created an example at https://leanprover-community.github.io/format_lean/.
I'll try to write a specification of what is currently supported, but it will be very short...
I may do that tomorrow, but creating the above three web pages exhausted the time I could allocate to this today.
Thanks Patrick. Very shortly I will be using format-lean again and I realised just the other day that I had essentially completely forgotten what the formatter could do and how to do it.
Miguel Raz Guzmán Macedo I fixed the bug you found, and created an example at https://leanprover-community.github.io/format_lean/.
I tried this again after pulling your changes.
the example from your repo renders perfectly on the web browser, but I not get this error...
⋊> ~/p/l/f/e/src on master ⨯ format_lean --inpath sandwich.lean --outdir build --lib-path /usr/lib/lean-mathlib/src Traceback (most recent call last): File "/home/mrg/deps/lean/format_lean/bin/format_lean", line 77, in <module> Fire(render_lean_file) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 138, in Fire component_trace = _Fire(component, args, parsed_flag_args, context, name) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 471, in _Fire target=component.__name__) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/fire/core.py", line 675, in _CallAndUpdateTrace component = fn(*varargs, **kwargs) File "/home/mrg/deps/lean/format_lean/bin/format_lean", line 68, in render_lean_file lecture_reader.read_file(inpath) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/format_lean/line_reader.py", line 48, in read_file self.normal_line_handler(self, line) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/format_lean/objects.py", line 370, in normal_line file_reader.cur_line_nb, 1) File "/home/mrg/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/format_lean/server.py", line 34, in info raise LeanError(ret) format_lean.server.LeanError: {'msgs': [{'caption': '', 'file_name': '/usr/lib/lean-mathlib/src/data/set/basic.lean', 'pos_col': 71, 'pos_line': 368, 'severity': 'error', 'text': '(deterministic) timeout'}, {'caption': '', 'file_name': '/usr/lib/lean-mathlib/src/data/set/basic.lean', 'pos_col': 3, 'pos_line': 369, 'severity': 'error', 'text': '(deterministic) timeout'}], 'response': 'all_messages'}
Also Patrick, it's beautiful!
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


<%SHARD NAME%>
KEYS
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Paste url to your couchdb document.
You can use this tool to create any revision tree you want and then export it to JSON. Click on nodes to open edit form. Edit key/value by double-clicking on it. Keep in mind that _rev
property does not get changed automatically so you usually want to change 3-abcd
to something like 4-klmn
. Open console and click to export document into bulkDocs
friendly result.


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Another Trump casino, Trump’s Castle, files for bankruptcy, marking the second bankruptcy filing for Trump.


FPS control
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Input state:
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Camera 0


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Our aim is to bring mindfulness to sex and empower people to explore their sensuality through intimate, authentic and dynamic connections with self and others. We offer coaching for individuals, couples and groups and help people to meet or reclaim their sensual identity.
With training in direct experiential learning, we apply a client-centred approach to educate and support people to become more aware of their bodies, sex and sexuality.
You are welcomed into each session with a practice of mindfulness to help you slow down, tune in and be present. We then identify what you'd like to work on, which could range from but is not limited to emotional responses, physical issues or a pattern of behaviour you've seen come up in your life. Each session is unique and tailored to your specific experiences while supporting you with empathy, presence and congruence.
This is for you if you want to explore: Intimacy & relationships, Authentic communication, Mindful pleasure, Pain & discomfort, Anatomy & pleasure, Performance anxiety, Ejaculation choice, Arousal & attraction, Expression & voicing desires, Conscious touch, Sexual identity, Breath & movement.
Look at our Sex & Intimacy articles in our blog or get in touch if you want to book a session or have any questions.


]]>
{x{selected | json}} ]]>
class TableDemo implements OnInit { tableData:[ITableItem] = [ {material:'Acrylic (Transparent)', quantity:25, unitPrice:2.90, selected:true}, {material:'Plywood (Birch)', quantity:50, unitPrice:1.25, selected:false}, {material:'Laminate (Gold on Blue)', quantity:10, unitPrice:2.35, selected:false} ]; selected:Array= new Array (); public tableModel = new MdlDefaultTableModel([ {key:'material', name:'Material', sortable:true}, {key:'quantity', name:'Quantity', sortable:true, numeric:true}, {key:'unitPrice', name:'Unit price', numeric:true} ]); ngOnInit(){ this.tableModel.addAll(this.tableData); this.selected = this.tableData.filter( data => data.selected); } selectionChanged($event){ this.selected = $event.value; } } ]]>
The mdl-table component is usually designed to show a small amount of structured data. One version with a special row to select all or some items. You need to provide a IMdlTableModel or you can use the MdlDefaultTableModel
| Attribute | Description |
|---|---|
| table-model | An Instance that impelments the IMdlTableModel |
| table-model-selected | An Array of ITableItems. Each item is marked as selected. |
| table-model-selectionChanged | Event that is triggered if the selection is changed. The value property of the event contains the array with the selected items. |


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| Package | flare.vis.operator |
| Class | public class OperatorList |
| Inheritance | OperatorList flash.utils.Proxy |
| Implements | IOperator |
| Subclasses | OperatorSequence, OperatorSwitch |
add
method. Once added, operators can be
retrieved and set using their index in the lists, either with array
notation ([]
) or with the getOperatorAt
and
setOperatorAt
methods.
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| enabled : Boolean Indicates if the operator is enabled or disabled.
| OperatorList | ||
| first : Object [read-only] Returns the first operator in the list.
| OperatorList | ||
| last : Object [read-only] Returns the last operator in the list.
| OperatorList | ||
| length : uint [read-only] The number of operators in the list.
| OperatorList | ||
| list : Array [write-only] An array of the operators contained in the operator list.
| OperatorList | ||
| parameters : Object [write-only]
Sets parameter values for this operator.
| OperatorList | ||
| visualization : Visualization
The visualization processed by this operator.
| OperatorList |
| Property | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| _enabled : Boolean = true | OperatorList | ||
| _list : Array | OperatorList | ||
| _vis : Visualization | OperatorList |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
OperatorList(... ops)
Creates a new OperatorList.
| OperatorList | ||
|
Adds an operator to the end of this list.
| OperatorList | ||
|
clear():void
Removes all operators from this list.
| OperatorList | ||
|
getOperatorAt(i:uint):IOperator
Returns the operator at the specified position in the list
| OperatorList | ||
|
operate(t:Transitioner = null):void
Performs an operation over the contents of a visualization.
| OperatorList | ||
|
Removes an operator from this list.
| OperatorList | ||
|
removeOperatorAt(i:uint):IOperator
Removes the operator at the specified position in the list
| OperatorList | ||
|
Set the operator at the specified position in the list
| OperatorList | ||
|
setup():void
Setup method invoked whenever this operator's visualization
property is set.
| OperatorList |
| Method | Defined by | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
getProperty(name:*):*
Proxy method for retrieving operators from the internal array.
| OperatorList | ||
|
setProperty(name:*, value:*):void
Proxy method for setting operators in the internal array.
| OperatorList |
| _enabled | property |
protected var _enabled:Boolean = true
| enabled | property |
enabled:Boolean
[read-write]Indicates if the operator is enabled or disabled.
Implementation public function get enabled():Boolean
public function set enabled(value:Boolean):void
| first | property |
first:Object
[read-only]Returns the first operator in the list.
Implementation public function get first():Object
| last | property |
last:Object
[read-only]Returns the last operator in the list.
Implementation public function get last():Object
| length | property |
length:uint
[read-only]The number of operators in the list.
Implementation public function get length():uint
| _list | property |
protected var _list:Array
| list | property |
list:Array
[write-only]An array of the operators contained in the operator list.
Implementation public function set list(value:Array):void
| parameters | property |
parameters:Object
[write-only]Sets parameter values for this operator.
Implementation public function set parameters(value:Object):void
| _vis | property |
protected var _vis:Visualization
| visualization | property |
visualization:Visualization
[read-write]The visualization processed by this operator.
Implementation public function get visualization():Visualization
public function set visualization(value:Visualization):void
| OperatorList | () | constructor |
public function OperatorList(... ops)
Creates a new OperatorList.
Parameters... ops — an ordered set of operators to include in the list.
|
| add | () | method |
public function add(op:IOperator):void
Adds an operator to the end of this list.
Parametersop:IOperator — the operator to add
|
| clear | () | method |
public function clear():void
Removes all operators from this list.
| getOperatorAt | () | method |
public function getOperatorAt(i:uint):IOperator
Returns the operator at the specified position in the list
Parametersi:uint — the index into the operator list
|
IOperator —
the requested operator
|
| getProperty | () | method |
flash_proxy override function getProperty(name:*):*
Proxy method for retrieving operators from the internal array.
Parametersname:* |
* |
| operate | () | method |
public function operate(t:Transitioner = null):void
Performs an operation over the contents of a visualization.
Parameterst:Transitioner (default = null ) — a Transitioner instance for collecting value updates.
|
| remove | () | method |
public function remove(op:IOperator):Boolean
Removes an operator from this list.
Parametersop:IOperator — the operator to remove
|
Boolean — true if the operator was found and removed, false otherwise
|
| removeOperatorAt | () | method |
public function removeOperatorAt(i:uint):IOperator
Removes the operator at the specified position in the list
Parametersi:uint — the index into the operator list
|
IOperator —
the removed operator
|
| setOperatorAt | () | method |
public function setOperatorAt(i:uint, op:IOperator):IOperator
Set the operator at the specified position in the list
Parametersi:uint — the index into the operator list
|
|
op:IOperator — the operator to place in the list
|
IOperator —
the operator previously at the index
|
| setProperty | () | method |
flash_proxy override function setProperty(name:*, value:*):void
Proxy method for setting operators in the internal array.
Parametersname:* |
|
value:* |
| setup | () | method |
public function setup():void
Setup method invoked whenever this operator's visualization property is set.


/*
* ====================================================================
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
* ====================================================================
*
* This software consists of voluntary contributions made by many
* individuals on behalf of the Apache Software Foundation. For more
* information on the Apache Software Foundation, please see
* <http://www.apache.org/>.
*
*/ /*...*/ |
||
| 27 | package org.apache.http.impl.client.cache; |
|
|
||
/**
* Should produce reasonably unique tokens.
*/ /*...*/ |
||
| 42 | @ThreadSafe |
|
| 43 | class BasicIdGenerator { |
|
| 45 | private final String hostname; |
|
| 46 | private final SecureRandom rnd; |
|
| 48 | @GuardedBy("this") |
|
| 49 | private long count; |
|
| 51 | public BasicIdGenerator() { |
|
| 52 | 1 | super(); |
| 53 | String hostname; |
|
| 54 | try { |
|
| 55 | 1 | hostname = InetAddress.getLocalHost().getHostName(); |
| 56 | 0 | } catch (final UnknownHostException ex) { |
| 57 | 0 | hostname = "localhost"; |
| 58 | 1 | } |
| 59 | 1 | this.hostname = hostname; |
| 60 | try { |
|
| 61 | 1 | this.rnd = SecureRandom.getInstance("SHA1PRNG"); |
| 62 | 0 | } catch (final NoSuchAlgorithmException ex) { |
| 63 | 0 | throw new Error(ex); |
| 64 | 1 | } |
| 65 | 1 | this.rnd.setSeed(System.currentTimeMillis()); |
| 66 | 1 | } |
| 68 | public synchronized void generate(final StringBuilder buffer) { |
|
| 69 | 2 | this.count++; |
| 70 | 2 | final int rndnum = this.rnd.nextInt(); |
| 71 | 2 | buffer.append(System.currentTimeMillis()); |
| 72 | 2 | buffer.append('.'); |
| 73 | 2 | final Formatter formatter = new Formatter(buffer, Locale.US); |
| 74 | 2 | formatter.format("%1$016x-%2$08x", Long.valueOf(this.count), Integer.valueOf(rndnum)); |
| 75 | 2 | formatter.close(); |
| 76 | 2 | buffer.append('.'); |
| 77 | 2 | buffer.append(this.hostname); |
| 78 | 2 | } |
| 80 | public String generate() { |
|
| 81 | 0 | final StringBuilder buffer = new StringBuilder(); |
| 82 | 0 | generate(buffer); |
| 83 | 0 | return buffer.toString(); |
| 84 | } |
|
| 86 | } |


Your first name is required.
Your last name is required.
Your email is required.
Your phone is required.
Your handicap is required.
Your date of birth is required and must be after {{vm.tournament.dateOfBirthRange.minimum | date:'mediumDate'}}.
Your country is required.
Your current DGrade is required.


To start running tests you need to do a few things.
first is you need a superuser account. do this by running
python3 manage.py creatsuperuser
After you do this you can login to the admin page and add your tests and target hosts.
Notes:
When creating the yaml files for the test paths please make sure the paths are correct.
an example yaml file is available for you to refrence and test your application from.


You can help a lot by using Selenium Grid and reporting problems that you find. You can file any bug you discover using our bug tracking tool.
You can help a lot by using Selenium Grid and reporting problems that you find. You can file any bug you discover using our bug tracking tool.
Hang out in our User Forum. Help new users to get started and veterans to chase a nasty bug. Feel free to also share a new trick or start discussing how we can improve Selenium Grid for the next release...
Let people know about Selenium Grid. Share your knowledge with your co-workers, your friends or your local Ruby/Java/XP/Pattern group. Why not even blog about it, and tell the whole world!
If you have a talent for graphics or web design we can use some help. We have plenty of ideas for logos or little cartoons related to Selenium Grid but none of us are up to the task. We also welcome alternative designs for this website (we favor simple and to the point, but we also do not mind esthetics and fun). Please contact us if you feel that you can contribute in that area!
We welcome new contributors. The project is still at a very early stage and you can have significant impact. We only ask that you write beautiful code and write tests ;-)
Here is the best way to start hacking.


Your cPanel URL (
?
):
cPanel username:
cPanel password:
FTP Server:
FTP Username:
FTP Password:
FTP Port:
FTP Directory:
Result:
Click submit to generate this code.


Youtube API Data Trend
Author: Aaron Wu (pwu8), Abhishek Dutta (adutta2), Natalie Roe (nroe), Preston Law (plaw), Wennie Zhang (yzhang46)
Brown University
Data Visualization
Simple Way
: Directly click buttons below to see all data visualizations, scroll down to see our Blogs on the same webpage.Backup Way
: Safari/Chrome browser works perfectly. If your browser is not supported (e.g Firefox/IE), please read the instruction in following section:
How to Quick Fix?
-
Chrome
: Click the shield icon in the far right of the address bar, in the pop-up window, click 'Load anyway' or 'Load unsafe script'. -
Firefox
: Click the shield icon, in the pop-up window, change the option to Disable Protection on This Page. -
IE 9.0
: After a pop-up message shows up at the bottom of the page, click 'Show all content'. (For IE 8.0 or earlier, when it appear click 'No' to go on). -
Safari
: Safari does not any block mixed content like other browsers do (HTTPS over HTTP protocol), so we strongly recommend you use Safari browser, if you got an issue above.
What if my browser is not supported anyway?
- Download the zip file by clicking grey folder button at upper right corner ↗
- Open the
front_end
folder. - Open
index.html
then to click each button to see visualization locally.
Blog Post #1
Our Project Blog Post #1 is: here .
Midterm Report
Our Project Midterm Report is: here .
Blog Post #2
Our Project Blog Post #2 is: here .
Blog Post #3
Our Project Blog Post #3 # is: here .
Final Proposal Report
Our Project Final Proposal is: here .
Blog Post #4
Our Project Blog Post #4 is: here .
Blog Post #5
Our Project Blog Post #5 is: here .
Project Poster #
Our Project Poster # is: here .