class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Instrumental Variables in the Environmental Sciences ## Solutions to endogeneity ### Villaseñor-Derbez, J.C. ### UBC Teaching Seminar ### Jan 14, 2022 --- # Example: Deforestation and malaria  ## What is the effect of deforestation on malaria incidence?  .center[$$\LARGE{X \rightarrow Y}$$] --- # Example: Deforestation and malaria ## What is the effect of deforestation on malaria incidence?  .center[$$\LARGE{X \rightarrow Y}$$] .footnote[Modified from EarthObservatory, NASA] --- # Example: Deforestation and malaria ## What is the effect of deforestation on malaria incidence?  --- # Example: Deforestation and malaria ## What is the effect of deforestation on malaria incidence?  -- $$ \Large{Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i} $$ - `\(Y_i\)` Malaria incidence (number of Malaria cases in `\(i\)`) - `\(X_i\)` Deforestation (area of forest lost in `\(i\)`) --- class:inverse,middle,center # Are we _really_ done here? --- # Example: Deforestation and malaria Bidirectional feedback between deforestation and malaria  -- > Deforestation promotes malaria via ecological mechanisms, but **local epidemics of malaria reduce forest clearing** because poor health reduces economic activity (MacDonald & Mordecai, 2019) -- This means `\(X\)` is endogenous -- An endogenous regressor biases our estimates of `\(\beta\)` --- # Feedbacks are prevalent .center[Coupled Human-Natural systems have feedbacks]  --- # Today's lecture: - Review of endogeneity: - When does it arise? - Why is it problematic for OLS? - How do we get around it? -- - Instrumental Variables: - What is an instrumental variable - Conditions necessary for a valid instrument -- - IV implementation: - Why and how IV regression works - Estimation via 2SLS --- # Endogeneity: Review ### **Endogeneity**: Explanatory variable is correlated with the error term -- Endogeneity arises: -- - Omitted variables -- - Simultaneous causality -- - Causality runs _both ways_ -- - Nature is full of feedbacks -- - Even if we observe the entire system, OLS will produce biased estimates --- # Endogeneity: Example ## Simultaneous causality makes `\(X\)` endogenous The deforestation-malaria system: $$ `\begin{split} Y_i &= \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i \\ X_i &= \theta - \gamma Y_i + \mu_i \end{split}` $$ -- - Imagine `\(\epsilon_i > 0\)` -- - This increases `\(Y_i\)` -- - A higher `\(Y_i\)` _decreases_ `\(X_i\)` -- - `\(X_i\)` and `\(\epsilon_i\)` are related -- - An endogenous regressor biases `\(\hat \beta\)` --- # Endogeneity: The problem Recall: $$ Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i\;\;\;\;\; \mathrm{and} \;\;\;\;\;X_i = \theta - \gamma Y_i + \mu_i $$ Calculate `\(\mathrm{cov}(X,\epsilon)\)`: $$ \mathrm{cov}(X, \epsilon) = \mathrm{cov}(\theta - \gamma Y + \mu, \epsilon) $$ -- $$ \mathrm{cov}(X, \epsilon)=-\gamma\mathrm{cov}(Y,\epsilon) + \mathrm{cov}(\mu, \epsilon) $$ -- $$ \mathrm{cov}(X, \epsilon)= -\gamma\mathrm{cov}(\alpha + \beta X + \epsilon, \epsilon) $$ -- $$ \mathrm{cov}(X, \epsilon)= -\gamma\beta\mathrm{cov}(X,\epsilon) - \gamma\mathrm{var}(\epsilon) $$ -- $$ \mathrm{cov}(X, \epsilon) = \frac{-\gamma\mathrm{var}(\epsilon)}{1 + \gamma\beta} $$ --- # Endogeneity: The Problem Recall: `\(\hat{\beta} = \frac{\mathrm{cov_s}(Y,X)}{\mathrm{var_s}(X)}\)` -- Let's substitute `\(Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i\)`: $$ \hat{\beta} = \frac{\mathrm{cov}(\alpha + \beta X + \epsilon, X)}{\mathrm{var(X)}} $$ -- $$ \hat{\beta}= \frac{\mathrm{cov}(\alpha, X) + \beta \mathrm{cov}(X, X) + \mathrm{cov}(\epsilon, X)}{\mathrm{var(X)}} $$ -- $$ \hat{\beta} = \frac{0 + \beta \mathrm{var}(X) + \mathrm{cov}(\epsilon, X)}{\mathrm{var(X)}} $$ -- $$ \hat \beta= \beta + \frac{\mathrm{cov}(\epsilon, X)}{\mathrm{var(X)}} $$ --- class:inverse,center,middle ## Can we estimate the effect of deforestation on malaria incidence? --- # Endogeneity: Solutions Before, we covered: -- - Randomized controlled experiment: -- - Not feasible -- Today - Separate the exogenous part of `\(X\)` from the endogenous part of `\(X\)` -- - Imagine that we can split deforestation into an exogenous part and an endogenous part -- - We could use this exogenous variation in deforestation to consistently estimate `\(\beta\)` --- class:inverse,center,middle # What does _exogenous variation_ in deforestation mean, and how do we get it? --- # Instrumental Variables What does **exogenous variation** in deforestation mean? -- > Changes in deforestation that are random — or at least not caused by malaria incidence -- How do we **isolate** it? -- >Find an instrument `\(Z\)` that predicts `\(X\)` -- What is an instrument? -- An instrument is a variable that is: - **correlated** with the explanatory variable of interest (**relevant**), _and_ -- - **uncorrelated** with the disturbance (**exogenous**) --- # Instrumental Variables: Validity With the model being: $$ Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i $$ A valid instrument has to meet two necesary conditions: -- - **Relevance:** `\(\mathrm{cov}(X, Z) \neq 0\)` (testable) -- - **Exogeneity:** `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,\epsilon) = 0\)` (not testable) --- # Instrumental Variables: Validity ## Why must the instrument be **relevant _and_ exogenous**? -- ### A **relevant instrument** causes changes in `\(X\)` -- ### If the **instrument is exogenous**, then part of the changes in `\(X\)` are exogenous -- ### This exogenous variation in `\(X\)` can be used to estimate `\(\beta\)` --- # Instrumental Variables: Examples **Relevance:** We need the instrument to cause a change in our endogenous explanatory variable ([Show me why](#2SLS)) -- Some examples -- .pull-left[Potential instrument] .pull-right[Relevant?] -- .pull-left[SSN of municipality mayor] -- .pull-right[Not relevant] .pull-right[Uncorrelated with deforestation] -- .pull-left[Agricultural subsidies] -- .pull-right[**Relevant**] .pull-right[Subsidy reception may lead to deforestation] -- .pull-left[Random shock in price of soybeans] -- .pull-right[**Relevant**] .pull-right[Highly correlated with deforestation] --- # Instrumental Variables: Examples **Exogenous:** The instrument has to be independent of omitted factors that affect our outcome variable — as good as randomly assigned ([Show me why](#2SLS)) -- Some examples .pull-left[Potential instrument] .pull-right[Exogenous?] -- .pull-left[SSN of municipality mayor] -- .pull-right[**Exogenous**] .pull-right[Independent of other factors of deforestation] -- .pull-left[Agricultural subsidies] -- .pull-right[**Not exogenous**] .pull-right[Subsidy allocation might be correlated with malaria incidence] -- .pull-left[Random shock in price of soybeans] -- .pull-right[**Exogenous**] .pull-right[It's as-if random, at least w.r.t. malaria transmission] --- # Instrumental Variables: Examples Our potential instruments were: .pull-left[SSN of municipality mayor] -- .pull-right[Not relevant] .pull-right[**Exogenous**] -- .pull-left[Agricultural subsidy] -- .pull-right[**Relevant**] .pull-right[Not exogenous] -- .pull-left[Random shock in price of soybeans] -- .pull-right[**Relevant**] .pull-right[**Exogenous**] --- # Instrumental Variables: Recap ## The two necessary conditions for a valid instrument: - Our instrument must be **correlated with our endogenous variable** -- - Our instrument must be **uncorrelated with any other variable that affects the outcome** -- - You must be able to tell a coherent story -- ## Random shock in price of soybeans is a **valid instrument** because: - It induces deforestation, and - It is independent of malaria incidence --- class:inverse,center,middle # Now that we have a _valid instrument_, how do we use it? --- # Estimation -- One estimation strategy is via **Two-stage least squares (2SLS)** -- ## Why is it called 2SLS? -- It has two stages, parts, or steps: -- - The first step uses the instrument `\(Z\)` to decompose `\(X\)` into: - A problematic (endogenous) component - A problem-free (**exogenous**) component -- - The second stage - Uses the **exogenous** component to estimate `\(\beta\)` --- # Estimation: 2SLS --- # Estimation: 2SLS ## First stage: $$ X_i = \pi_0 +\pi_1 Z_i + \omega_i $$ --- # Estimation: 2SLS ## First stage: $$ `\begin{split} X_i= \underbrace{\pi_0 +\pi_1 Z_i}_{\text{Exogenous}} + \underbrace{\omega_i}_{\text{Endogenous}} \end{split}` $$ -- - **Exogenous component**: The part of `\(X_i\)` that can be predicted by `\(Z_i\)` -- - **Endogenous component**: The part of `\(X_i\)` that may be correlated with `\(\epsilon_i\)` -- How do we get the exogenous part? -- $$ \hat{X_i} = \hat{\pi_0} + \hat{\pi_1} Z_i $$ --- # Estimation: 2SLS ## Second stage: -- With out estimation model being: $$ Y_i = \alpha + \beta X_i + \epsilon_i $$ -- Replace the problematic `\(X_i\)` with the problem-free `\(\hat X_i\)`: -- $$ Y_i = \alpha + \beta\hat{X_i} + \epsilon_i $$ -- Estimate `\(\alpha\)` and `\(\beta\)` via OLS, as originally intended .right[[Show me why](#2SLS)] --- # Concluding remarks The problem with using OLS to estimate the coefficient on an endogenous regressor and: - It makes `\(\hat \beta\)` a biased estimate of `\(\beta\)` -- The conditions necessary for a valid instrument for an endogenous regressor: - Relevant: `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,X) \neq 0\)` - Exogenous: `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,\epsilon) = 0\)` -- Not covered: - Multiple explanatory variables - Heterogeneous treatment effects - Problems with a weak instrument --- class:center,middle,inverse #<\LECTURE> --- # Heterogeneous treatment effects - Requires to build up with potential outcomes model - More assumptions necessary: - Stable Unit Treatment Value (SUTVA) - Independence assumption (IV is independent of potential outcomes) - Causal interpretation of the reduced form, `\(Y_i = \sigma_0 + \sigma_1 Z_i + \nu_i\)` - Exclusion restriction (Any effect of `\(Z\)` on `\(Y\)` must be only through `\(D\)`) - Relevant first stage, `\(X_i = \pi_0 + \pi_1 Z_i + \omega_i\)` - Monotonicity assumption -- - LATE: Local Average Treatment Effect - ATE for compliers only --- # Weak instruments Recall: $$ \hat{\beta}_{TSLS} = \frac{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,X)} \rightarrow_p \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)} = \beta $$ - If `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)\)`, then `\(\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,X)\)`, therefore: $$ \hat{\beta}_{TSLS} = \frac{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,Y)}{0} = ! $$ --- # Covariates and multiple endogenous regressors General IV regression model has 4 variables: - Dependent variable: `\(Y\)` - Endogenous regressor: `\(X\)` - Included exogenous variables: `\(W\)` - Instrumental variables: `\(Z\)` `$$Y_i = \beta_0 + \beta_1 X_{1i} + \beta_k X_{ki} + \beta_{k+1} W_{i1} + \beta_{k+r} W_{ri} + u_i$$` If we have multiple endogenous regressors, we need **at least as many instruments** - Each endogenous regressor requries its own first-stage regression (regressed on all instruments and all other exogenous variables) --- # Other estimation strategies --- name:2SLS # Deriving the 2SLS estimator The TSLS estimator is: `\(\hat{\beta}_{TSLS} = \frac{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,X)}\)` Recall: `\(Y_i = \alpha + \beta_i X_i + \epsilon_i\)` $$ `\begin{split} \mathrm{cov}(Z,Y) &= \mathrm{cov}(Z,(\alpha + \beta X))\\ &= \mathrm{cov}(Z,\alpha) + \mathrm{cov}(Z, \beta X) + \mathrm{cov}(Z,\epsilon)\\ &= 0 + \beta\mathrm{cov}(Z,X) + \mathrm{cov}(\epsilon,z) \\ \end{split}` $$ By the instrument **exogeneity assumption**, `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,\epsilon) = 0\)` and by instrument **relevance assumption**, `\(\mathrm{cov}(Z,X) \neq 0\)`: $$ \beta = \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)} $$ --- #Deriving the 2SLS estimator (cont.) $$ \beta = \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)} $$ Since `\(\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,Y) \rightarrow_p \mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)\)` $$ \hat{\beta}_{TSLS} = \frac{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov_s}(Z,X)} \rightarrow_p \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)} = \beta $$ The **numerator** is the _reduced form_. The **denominator** is the _first stage_. With some manipulation $$ \beta = \frac{\frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)}}{\frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)}} $$ --- # Deriving the 2SLS estimator (cont.) Recall: `\(X_i = \pi_0 + \pi_1 Z_i + \omega_i\)`, the first stage Consider: `\(Y_i = \sigma_0 + \sigma_1 Z_i + \nu_i\)`, the reduced form We can express the coefficients of interest as: $$ `\begin{split} \pi_1 = \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)}\\ \sigma_1 = \frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)} \end{split}` $$ $$ `\begin{split} \beta &= \frac{\frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,Y)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)}}{\frac{\mathrm{cov}(Z,X)}{\mathrm{var}(Z)}}\\ \beta = \frac{\pi_1}{\sigma_1} \end{split}` $$


Greg's Team
Greg
Manager
ID: 100
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office number: HC1
Scotty
Engineer
ID: 102
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
beammeup
One Intern
Intern
ID: 101
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: MSOE


The idea behind moka is to provide a way to override property file defaults with environment variables passed to the application.
For instance, take this example property file:
my.property=defaultfordev
And say its located under src/java/resources/config
called app.properties
.
In your java code you would init your config with moka via:
Configuration config = new Configuration("app");
config.addLoadPath("/config");
config.init();
And at runtime if you wanted to override the value with an environment variable you would run export MY_PROPERTY=propertyforprod
.
This would override the property value with propertyforprod
.
To get this property in your code you would use:
config.getString("my.property");
In addition to environment variable overrides it supports system property eg (-Dmy.property=blah) overrides.
The supported property values are:
- Integer -
config.getInteger("my.int")
this would parse a string into an integer - String -
config.getString("my.str")
- String Array -
config.getStringArray("my.stringarr")
this would parse a comma delimited string value into a string array


My name is Francesco Casalegno and I am a passionate Data Scientist and Project Manager.
My main professional skills focus on Data Science and related topics, such as Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Statistics, and Python programming.
I also have years of experience in project management and team management. I hold a Professional Scrum Master I (PSM I) and a Project Management Professional (PMP) certification.
When I am not working, I like to spend my time with friends, hiking on the mountains or swimming at the sea/lake. I also love cooking and trying out new recipes.
On this website you will find some blog posts on the topics I am most interested about, as well as my resume and contact information.


§ 13 Tidy Data
13.1 Data has all sorts of forms
13.1.1 Signals
13.1.2 Photographs
13.1.3 Video
13.1.4 Text, e.g. What am I doing? on OKCupid
currently working as an international agent for a freight forwarding company. import, export, domestic you know the works
online classes and trying to better myself in my free time. perhaps a hours worth of a good book or a video game on a lazy sunday."
dedicating everyday to being an unbelievable badass.
i make nerdy software for musicians, artists, and experimenters to indulge in their own weirdness, but i like to spend time away from the computer when working on my artwork (which is typically more concerned with group dynamics and communication, than with visual form, objects, or technology). i also record and deejay dance, noise, pop, and experimental music (most of which electronic or at least studio based). besides these relatively ego driven activities, i’ve been enjoying things like meditation and tai chi to try and gently flirt with ego death."
reading things written by old dead people
work work work work + play
building awesome stuff. figuring out what’s important. having adventures. looking for treasure. digging up buried treasure
13.1.5 Sequences
13.2 Data Tables
We’re going to use just one very simple format: the data table.
| name | sex | count | year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rotha | F | 7 | 1907 |
| Julian | M | 535 | 1948 |
| Christina | M | 22 | 1967 |
| Song | F | 11 | 1994 |
| Wayman | M | 9 | 1997 |
13.3 Conversion from images, videos, etc. to data table
13.3.1 OK Cupid
Sentiment extraction
13.3.2 Tipi rings in Montana
Assessment on family size based on tipi ring diameter
Population size by adding up the rings
13.3.3 Animal tracking
13.4 Cases and Variables
13.4.1 Anatomy of a data table
- A row is always a case
- A column is always a variable
13.5 What’s a variable?
A quantity or category that may vary from case to case.
Two main types:
- Quantitative: a number
- Categorical: one of a set of discrete possibilities
13.6 Not in Tidy Data
- No units
- No footnotes
Instead, this information should go into a codebook.
Values and Cases need to be commensurate
- Same kind of thing for each case, e.g. don’t mix miles and km.
- Within a variable, only the same kind of value for each case.
13.7 Cases
The object from which the variables were measured.
Examples:
- A person, a country, an earthquake, a bike rental
- A person on a date
- A country in a year
- An earthquake and its aftershocks
13.8 Basic Knowledge
- What is each variable about.
- What is the kind of object that defines a case
13.9 Tidy Data
Every value for each variable is the same kind of thing as all the other values for that variable.
Every case is the same kind of thing as all the other cases.
13.10 Workflow: Creating a chain of evidence
It’s important to be able to state definitely where your data came from.
Part of this is not to edit your data. Once you have a table, don’t change anything in it.
Instead, do your data-transformations in R so that you have a complete statement of how the data you collected are related to your analysis.
13.11 Summary
- Data Table: Rectangular format: cases (rows) and variables (columns)
- Separate analysis from data storage.
- Use a codebook to describe your cases and variables in detail
- Keep your data tidy


--- layout: page title: "Mukesh Yadav's Blog" headline: "Latest Posts" excerpt: "A Blog About JavaScript, Ruby and Computer Fundamentals." search_omit: true coverText: 'A Blog About JavaScript, Ruby and Computer Fundamentals.' image: headerImage: home-page.jpg ---


☰ Menu
Debug Registry
{% include 'flash_message.html' %}
Do NOT edit these unless you know what you are doing!
{% for row in reg_list %}
{{row.key}}
{% endfor %}


Gulf Coast refineries see no problems from cold snap: sources
HOUSTON (Reuters) - Refineries from south Texas to east Louisiana saw no impact on production from a steep drop in temperatures across the region overnight, said sources familiar with operations at the plants.
Energy industry intelligence service Genscape said a reformer shut down on Tuesday at Marathon Petroleum Corp’s 585,000-barrel-per-day (bpd) Galveston Bay Refinery in Texas City, Texas, where temperatures fell more than 30 degrees Fahrenheit to a low of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 Celsius) in 24 hours.
It was unclear whether the weather played a role in the reformer’s outage.
Two refineries, however, were starting up units despite the chilly weather driven by fierce north winds.
Royal Dutch Shell Plc’s 340,000-bpd Deer Park, Texas, refinery began restarting the large crude unit on Tuesday morning, when temperatures hit a low of 36F (2.2C), according to sources familiar with plant operations.
Shell spokesman Ray Fisher said there was no weather impact on the company’s refineries in Texas and Louisiana.
Total SA resumed normal operation on a diesel hydrotreater at its 225,500 bpd Port Arthur, Texas, refinery, on Monday night, said Gulf Coast market sources.


Cruwys
This page contains an index of all the individuals in the database with the surname of Cruwys. Selecting the person’s name will take you to that person’s individual page.
| Given Name | Birth | Death | Partner | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert Edward “Robert” | 1912 | 1998 | Cruwys, Albert Thomas George Christie, Janet Ramsey | |
| Albert Thomas George | 1882-06-09 | 1956 | Christie, Janet Ramsey | Cruwys, Colin Denis (Blacksmith) Fletcher, Sarah |
| Alice | Cruwys, Colin Arthur B. | |||
| Colin Arthur B. | 1895 | Cruwys, Alice | Cruwys, Colin Denis (Blacksmith) Fletcher, Sarah | |
| Colin Denis, (Blacksmith) | 1859-04-06 | Fletcher, Sarah | Cruwys, John George (Timekeeper) Harris, Sarah Ann | |
| Edward Dudley | 1914-10-27 | 1994-08-11 | Chidgey, Bessie Mildred | Cruwys, John Edward "Ebb" Watts, Irene Lillian |
| Eliza | 1818-08-30 | Cruwys, John (Taylor) Pritchard, Elizabeth | ||
| James & Sarah | twins 1987 | 1987 | Cruwys, [Living] Campbell, [Living] | |
| Janet R. | 1910 | 1910 | Cruwys, Albert Thomas George Christie, Janet Ramsey | |
| John, (Taylor) | about 1796 | Pritchard, Elizabeth | ||
| John Edward “Ebb” | 1886-08-06 | 1942-09-10 | Watts, Irene Lillian | Cruwys, Colin Denis (Blacksmith) Fletcher, Sarah |
| John George, (Timekeeper) | 1824-11-12 | 1877-10-31 | Harris, Sarah Ann | Cruwys, John (Taylor) Pritchard, Elizabeth |
| Minnie | 1892-11-13 | 1946 | Cruwys, Colin Denis (Blacksmith) Fletcher, Sarah | |
| Minnie E. | twin 1912 | 1913 | Cruwys, Albert Thomas George Christie, Janet Ramsey | |
| Raymond John | 1920-08-27 | 2000-03-16 | Barham, Gwen | Cruwys, John Edward "Ebb" Watts, Irene Lillian |
| William H. | Cruwys, William H. Holden, Esther | |||
| William H. | 1884 | Holden, Esther | Cruwys, Colin Denis (Blacksmith) Fletcher, Sarah | |
| [Living] | Bowen, [Living] | Cruwys, Raymond John Barham, Gwen | ||
| [Living] | Campbell, [Living], Egley, [Living] | Cruwys, Raymond John Barham, Gwen | ||
| [Living] | Woolcott, [Living], Johnson, [Living] | Cruwys, Edward Dudley Chidgey, Bessie Mildred | ||
| [Living] | Dunn, [Living] | Cruwys, Edward Dudley Chidgey, Bessie Mildred | ||
| [Living] | Braden, [Living] | Cruwys, Edward Dudley Chidgey, Bessie Mildred | ||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Dunn, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Campbell, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Woolcott, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Campbell, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Woolcott, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Johnson, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, [Living] Johnson, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Cruwys, William H. Holden, Esther |


Please select the Kepler Dataset provided with this program.
Press the "progress" button to incrementally process and visualize the data. Press the "start" button to automatically process and visualize the data.
Right Ascension (deg):
Decline (deg):
Magnitude:
Surface Temperature (K):
Surface Gravity (log10(cm / s^2)):
Surface Metallicity (log10(Fe / H):
Radius (solar radii):
Mass (solar mass):
Density (g / cm^3):
Confirmed planets in system:
Kepler Objects of Interest in system:
Threshold Crossing Events in system:
Overall heatmap resolution:


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A channel to discuss trading. For useful links and more info click the pinned messages to the right.
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
snowdamn09-Sep-18 01:15 PM
back to waiting on BTC to make a move FML
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 01:36 PM
Where does this idea of government pumping doge comes from? It doesnt make any sense.
jl777c09-Sep-18 01:42 PM
the only semi-rational explanation for DOGE price action?
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 02:11 PM
When governments are so good at forming peoples opinions, why would they need to actually invest money to make crypto look like "a joke"?
My rational explanation is that doge got capital from ETH market cap because of the dogetereum thing(edited)
jl777c09-Sep-18 02:17 PM
but who would want to pay ETH txfees for DOGE? that makes even less sense than govt buying DOGE
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 02:26 PM
Its just fan boysism
To imply people actually care about high gas fees, ETH would have never got so high in market cap in the first place(edited)
Gov buying doge is just a lazy conspiracy theory
jl777c09-Sep-18 02:35 PM
but who other than testers would want to deposit DOGE into ETH and use ETH for transactions instead of just using DOGE directly?
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 03:04 PM
I understand that technically it doesnt make much sense. But its just the "partnership", "integration" message what seems to be catchy.
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 04:57 PM
Actually do we know if it goes the other way?
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 04:58 PM
what other way?
like ETH becoming DOGE?
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 04:58 PM
Use eth buy dog Ethereum convert back to doge
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 04:59 PM
i think so... that was what it was supposed to do.
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 05:00 PM
That would explain the sinking ship of Ethereum and doge price rise. Combined with other factors. Just the last time I remember doge pumping in a bear market was when cryptsy was going belly up
Conspiracy theory time : quiet exodus out of eth into doge to prevent bank run on exchanges.
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:03 PM
Im no fan of conspiracy theories, but i do agree that if something fishy is happening, it must be from ETH
DOGE is just DOGE
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 05:03 PM
Don't underestimate the shiba inu, much wow
I'm glad we didn't take off with the dICO idea, that is going to be the death of Eth , each well funded ICO is a sword of Damocles over the coin.
If Eth goes then 1000 projects are #rekt
Don't get me wrong having some ICO projects is ok and is necessary to build an ecosystem, but Eth is *all * projects and projects have expenses.
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:15 PM
The problem is that ETH never got over ERC20
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 05:16 PM
And can't implement scalability until after Casper which has been delayed at least another year
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:16 PM
i was told yesterday that SingularDTV got a cease and desist notification from the SEC
they hold 200k ETH
and they need to give them back to the investors now.
I know it because they had a branch here in Puerto Rico and a friend of mine knew the guy they hired here
They had given the Puerto Rico offices $1m to establish here and now they have to take it back.
I dont know how many more projects are in the same position as this one.
Might be part of the issue regarding ETH death.
and this whole selloff in general.
jl777c09-Sep-18 05:19 PM
but how could a decentralized project be forced to do anything?
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:19 PM
decentralized? lol Singular DTV seems to have been a corporation established in the USA
KomodoWorld09-Sep-18 05:23 PM
dICO need to raise most funds in BTC or other liquid coins, the tech makes it possible and it's the best idea. KMD will never suffer the same selling pressure as ETH
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:24 PM
ICOs did collect BTC too.... i dont think that is something relevant overall
polycryptoblog09-Sep-18 05:25 PM
Even if not it probably offered to us citizens which breaks the securities law. Funny though because it's not illegal to buy an unregistered security and there types of unregistered securities that are legal.
siu - Chainmakers09-Sep-18 05:29 PM
This info came from third persons so im not sure about details.
Shocking video about the coming Economic Collapse and the next Great Depression. After a little bit of a lull, the global economic crisis is back with a veng...
JimD10-Sep-18 12:06 AM
I have been hearing about economic collapses for 10 years now
BoBot-BUY KMD10-Sep-18 12:08 AM
eventually it will be right lol
blackjok3r10-Sep-18 12:52 AM
Its kind of hard for it to collapse when its so horribly rigged by central banks inflating all the fiat so heavily the last 10 years but at some point soon they can't/won't keep doing that. From what I know money supply has already slowed significantly this year, so it can't be far away.
grewalsatinder10-Sep-18 12:56 AM
Work and live every day like it’s your last day
Someday it really will be
Hollowman900010-Sep-18 01:11 AM
@JimD Greece was supposed to end us 8-10 years ago
If I recall correctly
Was supposed to kick off the real fireworks
@grewalsatinder if I did that I’d be broke
1
grewalsatinder10-Sep-18 01:17 AM
Hehe. I might have wrote it wrong maybe
I heard from in a steve jobs video


Class: Aws::APIGateway::Types::PutIntegrationRequest
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb |
Overview
Sets up a method's integration.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#cache_key_parameters ⇒ Array<String>
rw
A list of request parameters whose values API Gateway caches.
-
#cache_namespace ⇒ String
rw
Specifies a group of related cached parameters.
-
#connection_id ⇒ String
rw
The ID of the
VpcLink
used for the integration. -
#connection_type ⇒ String
rw
The type of the network connection to the integration endpoint.
-
#content_handling ⇒ String
rw
Specifies how to handle request payload content type conversions.
-
#credentials ⇒ String
rw
Specifies whether credentials are required for a put integration.
-
#http_method ⇒ String
rw
Specifies the HTTP method for the integration.
-
#integration_http_method ⇒ String
rw
The HTTP method for the integration.
-
#passthrough_behavior ⇒ String
rw
Specifies the pass-through behavior for incoming requests based on the Content-Type header in the request, and the available mapping templates specified as the
requestTemplates
property on theIntegration
resource. -
#request_parameters ⇒ Hash<String,String>
rw
A key-value map specifying request parameters that are passed from the method request to the back end.
-
#request_templates ⇒ Hash<String,String>
rw
Represents a map of Velocity templates that are applied on the request payload based on the value of the Content-Type header sent by the client.
-
#resource_id ⇒ String
rw
Specifies a put integration request's resource ID.
-
#rest_api_id ⇒ String
rw
The string identifier of the associated
RestApi
. -
#timeout_in_millis ⇒ Integer
rw
Custom timeout between 50 and 29,000 milliseconds.
-
#tls_config ⇒ Types::TlsConfig
rw
Specifies the TLS configuration for an integration.
-
#type ⇒ String
rw
Specifies a put integration input's type.
-
#uri ⇒ String
rw
Specifies Uniform
Resource
Identifier (URI) of the integration endpoint.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#cache_key_parameters ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
A list of request parameters whose values API Gateway caches. To be
valid values for cacheKeyParameters
, these parameters must also be
specified for Method
requestParameters
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#cache_namespace ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies a group of related cached parameters. By default, API
Gateway uses the resource ID as the cacheNamespace
. You can
specify the same cacheNamespace
across resources to return the
same cached data for requests to different resources.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#connection_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The ID of the VpcLink
used for the integration. Specify this value
only if you specify VPC_LINK
as the connection type.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#connection_type ⇒ String
(rw)
The type of the network connection to the integration endpoint. The
valid value is INTERNET
for connections through the public
routable internet or VPC_LINK
for private connections between API
Gateway and a network load balancer in a VPC. The default value is
INTERNET
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#content_handling ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies how to handle request payload content type conversions.
Supported values are CONVERT_TO_BINARY
and CONVERT_TO_TEXT
, with
the following behaviors:
If this property is not defined, the request payload will be passed
through from the method request to integration request without
modification, provided that the passthroughBehavior
is configured
to support payload pass-through.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#credentials ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies whether credentials are required for a put integration.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#http_method ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies the HTTP method for the integration.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#integration_http_method ⇒ String
(rw)
The HTTP method for the integration.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#passthrough_behavior ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies the pass-through behavior for incoming requests based on
the Content-Type header in the request, and the available mapping
templates specified as the requestTemplates
property on the
Integration
resource. There are three valid values: WHEN_NO_MATCH
,
WHEN_NO_TEMPLATES
, and NEVER
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#request_parameters ⇒ Hash
<String
,String
> (rw)
A key-value map specifying request parameters that are passed from
the method request to the back end. The key is an integration
request parameter name and the associated value is a method request
parameter value or static value that must be enclosed within single
quotes and pre-encoded as required by the back end. The method
request parameter value must match the pattern of
method.request.\{location\}.\{name\}
, where location
is
querystring
, path
, or header
and name
must be a valid and
unique method request parameter name.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#request_templates ⇒ Hash
<String
,String
> (rw)
Represents a map of Velocity templates that are applied on the request payload based on the value of the Content-Type header sent by the client. The content type value is the key in this map, and the template (as a String) is the value.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#resource_id ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies a put integration request's resource ID.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#rest_api_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The string identifier of the associated RestApi
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#timeout_in_millis ⇒ Integer
(rw)
Custom timeout between 50 and 29,000 milliseconds. The default value is 29,000 milliseconds or 29 seconds.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#tls_config ⇒ Types::TlsConfig (rw)
Specifies the TLS configuration for an integration.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#type ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies a put integration input's type.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#uri ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies Uniform Resource
Identifier (URI) of the integration
endpoint. For HTTP or HTTP_PROXY
integrations, the URI must be a
fully formed, encoded HTTP(S) URL according to the RFC-3986
specification, for either standard integration, where
connectionType
is not VPC_LINK
, or private integration, where
connectionType
is VPC_LINK
. For a private HTTP integration, the
URI is not used for routing. For AWS
or AWS_PROXY
integrations,
the URI is of the form
arn:aws:apigateway:\{region\}:\{subdomain.service|service\}:path|action/\{service_api
\}.
Here, \{Region\} is the API Gateway region (e.g., us-east-1);
\{service\} is the name of the integrated Amazon Web Services
service (e.g., s3); and \{subdomain\} is a designated subdomain
supported by certain Amazon Web Services service for fast host-name
lookup. action can be used for an Amazon Web Services service
action-based API, using an
Action=\{name\}&\{p1\}=\{v1\}&p2=\{v2\}... query
string. The ensuing \{service_api\} refers to a supported action
\{name\} plus any required input parameters. Alternatively, path
can be used for an Amazon Web Services service path-based API. The
ensuing service_api refers to the path to an Amazon Web Services
service resource, including the region of the integrated Amazon Web
Services service, if applicable. For example, for integration with
the {Aws::S3} API of GetObject
, the uri
can be either
arn:aws:apigateway:us-west-2:s3:action/GetObject&Bucket=\{bucket\}&Key=\{key\}
or arn:aws:apigateway:us-west-2:s3:path/\{bucket\}/\{key\}
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-apigateway/lib/aws-sdk-apigateway/types.rb', line 4118
class PutIntegrationRequest < Struct.new( :rest_api_id, :resource_id, :http_method, :type, :integration_http_method, :uri, :connection_type, :connection_id, :credentials, :request_parameters, :request_templates, :passthrough_behavior, :cache_namespace, :cache_key_parameters, :content_handling, :timeout_in_millis, :tls_config) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


JWT Simple Server Playground
Request token
Request token
Clear
Call api/test protected controller with token:
Make authenticated call
Refresh token service setup
Start refresh token service (every 5 seconds)
Start
Token History
Stop refresh token service
Stop


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
Trying to learn to the best of my ability and change my career for the better.


André Rendeiro
twitter: @afrendeiro | http://andre-rendeiro.me
PhD student
Christoph Bock lab
This is top-secret content


I currently work as a full-time designer at Colab in Los Angeles. I mainly focus in user interface, responsive mobile/web, and app design. Before moving to Los Angeles, I graduated from Indiana University with a degree in Fine Arts. Go Hoosiers! If I'm not looking at pixels you can usually find my nose in a motorcycle manual.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block content %}
{% trans "Install packages libvirt-bin, KVM" %}
# yum -y install kvm libvirt
{% trans "Install packages libvirt-bin, KVM, sasl2-bin" %}
$ sudo apt-get install kvm libvirt-bin sasl2-bin
{% trans "Uncomment the line in the file /etc/sysconfig/libvirtd
" %}
LIBVIRTD_ARGS="--listen"
{% trans "Add the option -l
in the file /etc/default/libvirt-bin
" %}
libvirtd_opts="-d -l"
{% trans "The file /etc/libvirt/libvirtd.conf
uncomment the line" %}
listen_tls = 0 listen_tcp = 1
{% trans "Start the daemon libvirtd" %}
# service libvirtd start
{% trans "Restart the daemon libvirtd, because after installation it runs automatically" %}
$ sudo service libvirt-bin restart
{% trans "Adding users and setting their passwords is done with the saslpasswd2
command. When running this command it is important to tell it that the appname is libvirt
. As an example, to add a user fred
, run" %}
# saslpasswd2 -a libvirt fred Password: xxxxxx Again (for verification): xxxxxx
$ sudo saslpasswd2 -a libvirt fred Password: xxxxxx Again (for verification): xxxxxx
{% trans "To see a list of all accounts the sasldblistusers2
command can be used. This command expects to be given the path to the libvirt user database, which is kept in /etc/libvirt/passwd.db
" %}
# sasldblistusers2 -f /etc/libvirt/passwd.db<EMAIL_ADDRESS>userPassword
$ sudo sasldblistusers2 -f /etc/libvirt/passwd.db<EMAIL_ADDRESS>userPassword
{% trans "To disable a user's access, use the command saslpasswd2
with the -d
" %}
# saslpasswd2 -a libvirt -d fred
$ sudo saslpasswd2 -a libvirt -d fred
{% trans "Open access to ports libvirt" %}
# iptables -I INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 16509 -j ACCEPT
{% trans "Create a file /etc/ufw/applications.d/libvirtd
and it add the following lines" %}
[Libvirt] title=Virtualization library description=Open port for WebVirtMgr ports=16509/tcp
{% trans "Add a firewall rule in the chain" %}
$ sudo ufw allow from any to any app Libvirt
{% trans "Before you add the ip address of your server in the control center perform the following test" %}
$ virsh -c qemu+tcp://{% trans "IP_address" %}/system nodeinfo Please enter your authentication name: fred Please enter your password: xxxxxx CPU model: x86_64 CPU(s): 2 CPU frequency: 2611 MHz CPU socket(s): 1 Core(s) per socket: 2 Thread(s) per core: 1 NUMA cell(s): 1 Memory size: 2019260 kB{% endblock %}


About Me:
I am a student at Point Park University, currently I am enrolled in the IT program. I am interested in software development and video game development.
I am a very active person, I enjoy participating in the martial arts, cycling, running, hiking, and urban exploration with my fiance and our American Bully Crimson.
Contact Info:
|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| |
| Phone | N/A |


1 reference to GetBoundBreakpoints
System.Management.Automation (1)
engine\debugger\Breakpoint.cs (1)
594
var boundBreakPoints = debugger.
GetBoundBreakpoints
(this.SequencePoints);


Make a simple game to play with your friends and family. See if you can find all the penguins without waking the Yeti!
A great project for: Penguin watchers, yeti hunters, puzzle lovers, and anyone that wants to challenge someone to a battle of adorable wits.
This project is pretty simple but having a little background with HTML, CSS, and Divs will help you unlock its secrets more quickly.
A place to start if you’re unfamiliar with Coder or the basics of CSS and HTML. This project also covers image placement and uploading media files into Coder.
A good introduction to CSS styles and simple div placement and measurement.
You can use our artwork to get started. Download popUpPenguins_images.zip here.
Before we start, we need to make sure we have all the image files this project requires. If you haven’t already, download the file at the top of this page called popUpPenguins_images.zip.
Once you’ve downloaded the zip file make sure it’s in a place you can find it and open it to get at the files inside. It should be full of image files with the "png" extension.
Alright. Let’s start making our cute penguin game. The first thing we need to do is upload all our penguin images.
Now that we’ve added all our files let’s start building our game. We’ll be adding a set of divs to our HTML and matching styles in our CSS that create the image above.

What this code is doing:
These divs are defining the structure for our game. Each “penguin” div will be a little bump of snow hiding a penguin (or yeti). We will be adding the images to them in the CSS.
Add the following code to the CSS tab:
body { background-color: #ccf5f5; } #gameholder { width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } #title { width: 600px; height: 150px; background-image:url(''); }
What this code is doing:
body is making our background a nice blue color.
#gameholder is making our gameholder div 600px wide and centering it in the screen. It’s invisible, but helps us organize our other elements.
#title is setting a size for our our title div and giving that div a background image. In this case that image happens to be the title/instructions to our game. We’ll add that in the next step.
Ours looks like this:
#title { width: 600px; height: 150px; background-image:url('https://cdn.glitch.com/d0bcd6cf-fb28-40b4-8172-850783a9e41a%2Fpenguin_title.png?1509564673523'); }
Save and take a look at the preview window. You should see some snow covered lettering that says “Find the Penguins.”
We’ve got our title, let’s add some little snow-covered mounds for our penguins!
Add the following class to the CSS tab:
.penguin1 { width: 200px; height: 200px; float: left; background-image:url(''); }
All of our CSS looks like this so far:
body { background-color: #ccf5f5; } #gameholder { width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } #title { width: 600px; height: 150px; background-image:url('https://cdn.glitch.com/d0bcd6cf-fb28-40b4-8172-850783a9e41a%2Fpenguin_title.png?1509564673523'); } .penguin1 { width: 200px; height: 200px; float: left; background-image:url('https://cdn.glitch.com/d0bcd6cf-fb28-40b4-8172-850783a9e41a%2Fmound_5.png?1509564669049'); }
To finish this step:
Copy the .penguin1 class and use it to make styles for .penguin2 through .penguin8. Make a .yeti class as well, there are nine mounds. You’ll need to go back to your assets tab for each image. It's ok if you use the same one twice, but it looks better if they are all different!
Now let’s add a rollover or :hover effect to each one of our mounds. This will pop up a question mark and jiggle the snow a little adding intrigue and suspense to our game.
.penguin1:hover { background-image:url(''); cursor: pointer; }
This style is what’s called a pseudo-class. It’s a way to add effects and additional styles to elements that we’ve already created. In this case we will be changing the background image of that div when a mouse is over it. We will also be changing the cursor to a pointer, or little hand giving our users another clue that the mound is clickable.
To finish this step:
Make new :hover classes for each of our .penguin and .yeti classes. You can find the images in the assets tab like you did in the previous step.
Now that we’ve got our mounds tempting us with those question marks, let’s hide some penguins (and a yeti!) inside each one and use another pseudo-class to make them pop up when clicked.
:active is another type of pseudo-class. Similar :hover it adds/changes the style of .penguin1 when the div is clicked with the mouse.
The position in the code of pseudo-classes is important. An :active class should always come after or underneath :hover in the code for the effect to work properly.
To finish this step:
Make new :active classes for each of our .penguin and .yeti classes. Add penguin images from the media tab. Make sure you hide the Yeti somewhere too.
We’ve got all our penguins and yeti in place. Let’s add a yeti alert that will pop up when the yeti is clicked!
This is a little bit of Javascript and jQuery that will pop up a browser alert with the text “Yaaaarrrr” when you press your mouse button on the yeti. Try it out in the preview mode. To learn more about Javascript try playing around with the Night and Day project next.
Now that we’ve got all our penguins (and yeti) hidden let’s play the game! Find a friend or a family member and challenge them to find all the penguins without accidently clicking on the yeti.
After they’ve had a go, mix the classes up in your HTML to reshuffle the mounds and let them try again. To make it extra challenging, change the images in the :active states to put different penguins (and your yeti) under different mounds.
To finish this step:
Teach your playing partner how to change the images in the :active states and trade off challenging each other to a game of “Find the Penguins.”
Once you’ve mastered the game we’ve built together, see if you can make it bigger and better.
Why not make it more challenging. Double or triple the number of mounds to make the game more difficult! You can use the same penguin png files more than once if you like but you’ll need to make more divs and classes.
See if you can use Javascript and jQuery to make the penguins stay up when clicked and disappear when the yeti is awoken. If you’re not sure how to do that try finishing the Night and Day project to learn some tricks.
If you feel like your penguin game is lacking certain level of auditory awesomeness try adding some sound effects to each click. You’ll probably need to learn a little bit about audio files. Fortunately, our Music Boxes project covers those subjects.
Making interactive things is kinda cool. Try these projects next, if you want to make your mouse clicks even more powerful.
Ever wish you could control the universe? Well now you can pretend with this project. Change day into night and back again with the click of a mouse and learn a whole new programming language along the way.
Open ProjectLet’s turn it up. This project will transform your browser into a simple instrument that you can use to make music.
Open Project


This field can be used to pass additional arguments to clang scan-build. The arguments will appear after the xcodebuild sub command.
You can view the assembled command by viewing the job's build console.
-derivedDataPath $WORKSPACE/build is to save build products and other derived data to build directory under current workspace


[paper]
Zalán Borsos, Matt Sharifi, Damien Vincent, Eugene Kharitonov, Neil Zeghidour, Marco Tagliasacchi
Google Research
Abstract. We present SoundStorm, a model for efficient, non-autoregressive audio generation. SoundStorm receives as input the semantic tokens of AudioLM, and relies on bidirectional attention and confidence-based parallel decoding to generate the tokens of a neural audio codec. Compared to the autoregressive generation approach of AudioLM, our model produces audio of the same quality and with higher consistency in voice and acoustic conditions, while being two orders of magnitude faster. SoundStorm generates 30 seconds of audio in 0.5 seconds on a TPU-v4. We demonstrate the ability of our model to scale audio generation to longer sequences by synthesizing high-quality, natural dialogue segments, given a transcript annotated with speaker turns and a short prompt with the speakers' voices.
SoundStorm, coupled with the text-to-semantic modeling stage of SPEAR-TTS (Kharitonov et al., 2023), can synthesize high quality, natural dialogues, allowing one to control the spoken content (via transcripts), speaker voices (via short voice prompts) and speaker turns (via transcript annotations). When synthesizing dialogue segments of 30 seconds, we measured a runtime of 2 seconds on a single TPU-v4. The following text and speakers have not been seen during training.
| Text | Voice Prompt | Synthesized Dialogue |
|---|---|---|
We demonstrate the capabilities of SoundStorm to generate audio conditioned on the semantic tokens of AudioLM (Borsos et al., 2022) with and without 3-second voice prompts. SoundStorm samples different speakers in the unprompted case, and maintains the speaker's voice with high consistency in the prompted case, while generating audio two orders of magnitude faster than AudioLM's acoustic generator. The original samples are from LibriSpeech test-clean.
| Original | Unprompted | Prompted |
|---|---|---|
When generating audio in the prompted case, SoundStorm generations have higher acoustic consistency and preserve the speaker's voice from the prompt better than AudioLM. Compared to RVQ level-wise greedy decoding with the same model, SoundStorm produces audio with higher quality.
| Original | AudioLM | Greedy | SoundStorm |
|---|---|---|---|
SoundStorm is a model for high-quality, efficient generation of neural audio codec-derived representations of audio. In this work, we use it as a replacement for the acoustic generation pipeline of AudioLM and SPEAR-TTS. We acknowledge that the audio samples produced by the model may be influenced by the biases present in the training data, for instance in terms of represented accents and voice characteristics. In our generated samples, we demonstrate that we can reliably control speaker characteristics via prompting. However, a more thorough analysis of any training data and its limitations would be an area of future work in line with our responsible AI principles. In turn, the ability to mimic a voice can have numerous malicious applications, including bypassing biometric identification and for the purpose of impersonation. Thus, it is crucial to put in place safeguards against the potential misuse: to this end, we have verified that, after such a replacement, the generated audio remains detectable by a dedicated classifier (98.5% using the same classifier as Borsos et al. (2022)). Hence, as a component of a larger system, we believe that SoundStorm would be unlikely to introduce additional risks to those discussed previously by Borsos et al. (2022) and Kharitonov et al. (2023). At the same time, we hope that relaxing the memory and computational requirements of AudioLM would make research in the domain of audio generation more accessible to a wider community. In the future, we plan to explore other approaches for detecting synthesized speech, e.g., audio watermarking, so that any potential product usage of this technology strictly follows our responsible AI principles.


Judges 21:15
And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the LORD had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.


Welcome to Ultimate Tennis Statistics, the ultimate tennis statistics destination for the die-hard tennis fans!
For more information please click here.
| Tournament | Surface | Draw | 1-st Favorite | 2-nd Favorite | Forecast |
|---|
| Date | Tournament | Surface | Draw | Final | Winner |
|---|


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Block's profile provides the require
function to source a block's
dependencies and profile.
function require {
Ensure no arguments are passed to require. Any arguments are passed on to profiles that are sourced without arguments.
set --
local tmp_list="$(mktemp -t XXXXXX)"
Get a list of block dependencies.
block list > "$tmp_list"
Generate a profile script to source block dependencies, for efficiency.
local tmp_profile="$(mktemp -t XXXXXX)"
while read -r nm_block pth_block git_block end_block; do
If a block is missing, break. Something didn't bootstrap correctly or yet.
if [[ ! -d "$pth_block" ]]; then
echo "WARNING: missing $nm_block block" 1>&2
break
fi
To avoid recalculating the block home, set it as _$block_home
, replacing .-\
with _
local nm_block_safe="${nm_block//-/_}"
nm_block_safe="${nm_block_safe//\//_}"
nm_block_safe="${nm_block_safe//\./_}"
local nm_pth_block="pth_block"
export "_${nm_block_safe}_home"="${!nm_pth_block}"
If block profile is found, source it; assume profile will source rc as needed. If only rc is found, source it.
if [[ -e "$pth_block/script/profile" ]]; then
echo "source $pth_block/script/profile"
fi
done < "$tmp_list" > "$tmp_profile"
rm -f "$tmp_list"
Actually source the dependencies by sourcing everything.
source "$tmp_profile"
rm -f "$tmp_profile"
}
function _block_profile {
local shome="${_block_home:-"$(cd -P -- "${BASH_SOURCE%/*}/.." && pwd -P)"}"
PATH="$shome/bin:$shome/exec:$PATH"
if [[ -z "${BLOCK_PATH:-}" ]]; then
export BLOCK_PATH="$(cd -P -- "${BASH_SOURCE%/*}/../.." && pwd -P)"
fi
if [[ -n "${1:-}" ]]; then
local pth_block="$1"; shift
pushd "$pth_block" >/dev/null
require
popd > /dev/null
fi
}
_block_profile "$@"


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|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
@ApiAudience.Framework @ApiStability.Experimental @Inheritance.Sealed public interface KijiResult
Wraps underlying database results to provide iteration and decoding.
| Method Summary | ||
|---|---|---|
|
getCell(KijiColumnName column,
long timestamp)
Get the version of the cell in the given column at the given timestamp. |
|
KijiDataRequest |
getDataRequest()
Get the data request which defines this KijiResult. |
|
EntityId |
getEntityId()
Get the EntityId of this KijiResult. |
|
|
getMostRecentCell(KijiColumnName column)
Get the most recent cell from the given column. |
|
Iterator<KijiCell<?>> |
iterator()
|
|
|
iterator(KijiColumnName column)
Get an iterator of the cells in the given qualified column or map-type family. |
| Method Detail |
|---|
EntityId getEntityId()
KijiDataRequest getDataRequest()
<T> KijiCell<T> getMostRecentCell(KijiColumnName column)
The column must be fully qualified and may not be marked as paged in the data request which defines this KijiResult.
T
- type of the value in the given column.column
- name of the Kiji column from which to get the most recent cell.
NullPointerException
- if the given column is not included in the data request which
defines this KijiResult.
IllegalArgumentException
- if the given column is marked as paged in the data
request which defines this KijiResult.<T> KijiCell<T> getCell(KijiColumnName column, long timestamp)
The column must be fully qualified and may not be marked as paged in the data request which defines this KijiResult.
T
- type of the value in the given column.column
- name of the Kiji column from which to get the cell at the given timestamp.timestamp
- timestamp at which to get the cell in the given column.
NullPointerException
- if the given column is not included in the data request which
defines this KijiResult.
IllegalArgumentException
- if the given column is marked as paged in the data
request which defines this KijiResult.<T> Iterator<KijiCell<T>> iterator(KijiColumnName column)
The column may not be a group-type family. The column may be marked as paged or unpaged in the data request which defines this KijiResult.
Multiple calls to iterator(column)
with the same column will return separate
iterators. If the column is paged, data will be re-requested from the underlying store and
two active iterators on a paged column will hold two pages in memory simultaneously.
If the given column is a map-type family qualifiers are sorted lexicographically. Within one qualified column, cells are sorted most recent first.
T
- type of the value in the given column.column
- qualified column or map-type family from which to get an iterator of cells.
NullPointerException
- if the given column is not included in the data request which
defines this KijiResult.Iterator<KijiCell<?>> iterator()
Multiple calls to iterator()
will return separate iterators. If the column data
request which defines this KijiResult contains paged columns, those pages will be
re-requested from the underlying store. Two active iterators may hold two pages of data in
memory simultaneously.
The order of columns in the iterator is not defined, but all non-paged columns will appear before all paged columns. Within one qualified column, cells are sorted most recent first.
iterator
in interface Iterable<KijiCell<?>>
|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Khan Academy LearnStorm 2018 Overview Video
Capitalism and Socialism: Crash Course World History #33
Your Private Messages Might Travel Under This Beach
Signed and Unsigned Integers - Integer Overflows - Pwn Adventure 3


- Part 1: Intro to HTML/CSS/JS
- Part 2: Intro to data-binding
- Part 3: Intro to a backend
Part 1: Intro to HTML/CSS/JS
Agenda
- A High-Level Overview
- Walk-through Tutorial
- Brainstorm and work on your own website!
Don't worry, if you're out of ideas, we have some.
The Building Blocks of Websites
What is HTML?
- Hypertext Markup Language
- A scripting language - interpreted line-by-line by a web browser to render different elements
- Makes use of starting and ending tags
- The most recent version is HTML5
What is CSS?
- Cascading Style Sheet
- Provides web developers with ability to customize how their websites look
- You can change any attribute of any HTML element.
- Examples: fonts, colors, borders, measurements
- Many frameworks exist that aid in common styling (especially for responsive styling)
- The most recent version is CSS3
What is Javascript?
- Provides web developers with ability to do interactions and animations on their websites
- Most commonly used to react to user interactions on the website
- Many frameworks that exist built on top of this language
- The most recent version is ES6 (Ecmascript 6).
How powerful are these tools?
Tutorial - First Block
Github repository: web-skeleton
Complete tutorial: web-complete
Slides: tutorials/web-intro
Expand the Project
- Create your own personal portfolio.
- Design a website for one of your favorite nonprofits or volunteering causes or businesses
- Explore using a CSS framework or JS framework in your website
- Explore some of the themes you find in websites today: parallax scrolling, responsive grids, CSS or Javascript animations.
Next Up: Part 2
We'll introduce the concept of data-binding and do a project with Jeopardy questions!
Part 2: Intro to data-binding
Agenda
- A High-Level Overview
- Walk-through Tutorial
- Extend the tutorial
- What's next?
The Building Blocks of Websites
Model-View-Controller
- A software architecture pattern, popular for web apps
- Model = actual representation of data
- View = how the data is displayed to the user
- Controller = handles any changes / events from the view to model
Pervasiveness in Web
- First started off with backend/server-side frameworks - e.g. Ruby on Rails, Django
- Many of these frameworks had special mechanisms to inject different data-binding attributes into the client-side
- jQuery can be used to do this databinding, but it was super verbose and the logic got complicated
- As client-side technologies improved, Javascript frameworks emerged: AngularJS, EmberJS, Backbone, KnockoutJS
Some Websites Made with AngularJS
- The Weather Channel
- Forbes
- GroupMe
- Tinder
Tutorial - First Block
Github repository: web-II-skeleton
Complete tutorial: web-II-complete
Slides: tutorials/web-intro
Performance and Next Steps
- Reading from a JSON file is very expensive
- We need some way to integrate a database
- Making list views - hard to do if we can't read an entire file
- So next steps: we can do list views with pagination if we have a database
Web Components: An Alternative to MVC
- Be able to create custom HTML tags that represent custom objects
- Nesting becomes more semantic and more natural
- ReactJS - the big framework that embraces this
The Building Blocks of Websites
Client vs. Server
- Anything the user sees and interacts with is considered client-side.
- Server-side usually means business logic. Responsible for the feedback for the user's interactions. Interacts with database. The response to the request.
- Ex. Logging in
-
- Client Side - User logs in with an email address and a password. Sanity check the user's email to be an actual email. Make sure form doesn't reveal the password characters. Sends request to server with credentials.
- Server Side - Checks if credentials match in database of registered users. Responds with affirmation or an error (password incorrect, etc).
Types of Databases
- SQL databases - also known as relational - uses tables to represent different data components and queries represent relations between different tables - data is structured
- NoSQL databases - also known as document-based - uses JSON-like documents to represent different data components and might have replication and duplication - data is sometimes unstructured or semi-structured
- Graph databases - nodes represent individual data points, edges represent relations between two nodes - unstructured
What is Firebase?
- A Database as a Service maintained by Google
- Allows for JSON-like documents to be stored
- Provides easy-to-use tools for user authentication
- Provides realtime updates to data storage.
- Able to be integrated into iOS, Android and web apps through different SDKs
Tutorial
- Github Repo: backend-intro


Claim number: {% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 %} Draft {% else %} 391MC645 {% endif %}
This claim has not been submitted
Your claim is saved as a draft. Continue with claim. {% elseif data['claimant'] == 1 %}Your claim has been sent
Jan Clark has until 28 December to respond. They can request an extra 14 days if they need it. We'll let you know if they do.
You can request a County Court Judgment
Mary Richards has not responded to your claim by the deadline. You can request a County Court Judgment (CCJ) to get what's owed.
Mary Richards can still respond to the claim until you request a CCJ.
A CCJ means the court orders the defendant to pay you
{% elseif data['claimant'] == 3 %}You've requested a County Court Judgment (CCJ).
You requested a CCJ on 19 October. We will contact you within 5 days.
Mary Richards can no longer respond to your claim
The defendant's response
The defendant Mary Richards admits they owe all the money you’ve claimed.  They've offered to pay you in instalments.
The defendant's response
Mary Richards says that they have paid what they believe they owe.
The defendant's response
The defendant Mary Richards has rejected your the claim.
The defendant's response
The defendant Mary Richards has rejected your the claim.
Offer from claimant
Mary Richards wants to settle out of court.
{% else %}The defendant's response
The defendant Mary Richards has rejected your claim.
Offer from claimant
Mary Richards wants to settle out of court.
{% endif %} {% elseif data['claimant'] == 11 %}The defendant has made an offer
Mary Richards has made an offer to settle out of court.
You made a counter offer
The defendant Mary Richards can accept your counter offer, reject it or suggest an alternative. We will notify you once the defendant responds.
You've requested free mediation
The defendant Mary Richards will be asked if they would like free mediation. We will notify you once the defendant responds.
The defendant has accepted mediation
A mediator will contact both the defendant and you within the next 14 days to arrange an appointment.
The case will be reviewed by a judge
You have rejected the defendant's response and asked for the claim to be reviewed by a judge. We'll contact you if a hearing date is scheduled and explain what you need to do to prepare.
You need to counter sign the agreement
The defendant has agreed to your offer. You need to counter sign.
You settled out of court
You both signed a legal agreement to settle out of court. The claim is now closed.
You need to respond to this counterclaim
You need to respond by (14 days remaining).
View and respond to the counterclaim
If you don't respond Mary Richards can ask for a default County Court Judgment (CCJ) against you. A CCJ means the court orders you to pay the money.
The defendant's response
The defendant Mary Richards has rejected your the claim.
 If your offer is accepted you won’t have to go to a court hearing.
{% endif %} {% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 or data['claimant'] == 1 or data['claimant'] == 2 or data['claimant'] == 3 or data['claimant'] == 4 or data['claimant'] == 8 or data['claimant'] == 13 or data['claimant'] == 14 or data['claimant'] == 17 or data['claimant'] == 18 %} {% else %}Request mediation
You can request free telephone mediation to help resolve the claim without a court hearing.
{% endif %} {% if data['claimant'] == 18 %} {% else %}Cancel your claim
You can cancel your claim. For example, if you’ve been paid or don’t want to continue your case against the defendant.
{% endif %}Claim history
You have no claim history
{% elseif data['claimant'] == 1 or data['claimant'] == 2 or data['claimant'] == 3 or data['claimant'] == 4%}


| ||||||||
| ||||||||
| Description | ||||||||
Simple type-level binary numbers, positive and negative with infinite precision. This forms a nice commutative ring with multiplicative identity like we would expect from a representation for Z. The numbers are represented as a Boolean Ring over a countable set of variables, in which for every element in the set there exists an n in N and a b in {T,F} such that forall n' >= n in N, x_i = b. For uniqueness we always choose the least such n when representing numbers this allows us to run most computations backwards. When we can't, and such a fundep would be implied, we obtain it by combining semi-operations that together yield the appropriate class fundep list. The goal here was to pull together many of the good ideas I've seen from various sources, and sprinkle a two's complement negative number representation on top. Reuses T and F from the Type.Boolean as the infinite tail of the 2s complement binary number. I'm particularly fond of the symmetry exhibited in the full adder. TODO: TDivMod, TImplies, TGCD, TBit, TComplementBit, TSetBit | ||||||||
| Documentation | ||||||||
| module Data.Type.Binary.Internals | ||||||||
| module Data.Type.Boolean | ||||||||
| module Data.Type.Ord | ||||||||
| module Data.Type.Binary.TH | ||||||||
| Produced by Haddock version 0.8 |


Computation of asymptotic confidence intervals for negative and positive predictive values in binary diagnostic tests in case-control studies. Experimental design for hypothesis tests on predictive values.
| Version: | 1.1 |
| Published: | 2014-03-06 |
| Author: | Frank Schaarschmidt [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Frank Schaarschmidt <schaarschmidt at biostat.uni-hannover.de> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | bdpv results |
| Reference manual: | bdpv.pdf |
| Package source: | bdpv_1.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: bdpv_1.1.zip, r-release: bdpv_1.1.zip, r-oldrel: bdpv_1.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: bdpv_1.1.tgz, r-oldrel: bdpv_1.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | bdpv archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=bdpv to link to this page.


Aligned to bottom line of block on right.
This line has
inline-block
elements.
I am
now in
a div.
This goes after
the div
.


Go (1999, R)
Directed and Photographed by Doug Liman
Written by John August
Starring Katie Holmes, Sarah Polley, Desmond Askew, Scott Wolf, Jay Mohr, Nathan Bexton, Timothy Olyphant, Robert Peters, Taye Diggs, and J.E. Freeman
As Reviewed by James Brundage
If you want a serious film, then go see something else.
If you want to have fun, see Go.
 Go is the kind of fun that makes you want a cigarette afterwards and, a bad mark on it, leaves some of us wanting more. The plot of Go is reminiscient of a country song I once heard: "Why Don't We Get Drunk and Screw?" except that in Go, the refrain should be: "Why Don't We Hit Pot and Screw?". A classic demonstration of sex, drugs, and rock 'n roll, Go takes us on a non-linear, multi-faceted view of a drug deal.
We watch the SNAFU go down from three viewpoints, taking us back and forth through time and space and ending up where we began. If it sounds like Pulp Fiction, you shouldn't be surprised. In basic story structure, the two films are near carbon copies. In Pulp Fiction, it tells the story of two hits gone wrong with diversions in between, and in Go we see the story of a drug deal gone wrong, with diversions in between. There is, however, a notable difference. Pulp Fiction was a serious movie with some comedic elements.  That is why I told people expecting something serious to get lost.
To go into detail about the plot, we have Ronna (Sarah Polley from The Sweet Hereafter and Exotica), a girl behind on her rent who decides to deal drugs and work extra shifts in order to avoid being evicted. She gets set up to deal drugs by two gay soap actors working for cops, Zach (Jay Morh) and Adam (Scott Wolf) and is aided in the act by her friends Claire (Katie Holmes) and Mannie (Nathan Bexton) and the LA drug dealer Todd Gaines (Timothy Olyphant). When the deal goes wrong, Ronna is forced to flush the real Ecstasy and ends up dealing Baby Asprin at a Christmas Rave.
Meanwhile, in Vegas, the normal drug dealer, Simon (Desmond Askew) is having a ball in Vegas.  Running from that, he teams up with Marcus (Taye Diggs), a black guy who keeps being mistaken for a hotel worker due to his race. Marcus, as a revenge of sorts, steals a ferarri which happens to have a 9mm in it and the two of them go to a strip club, where Simon steals a bouncer. The bouncer, of course, has a psychotic father (J.E. Freeman) who begins to chase them through Vegas and L.A.
The film is a technical masterpiece but a sad spot of storytelling. Incredibly strong in the realm of dark comedy, it then tries to suddenly be serious and ends up annoying people like me. Look, if you're going to have a point than have a point, and if you're not, don't try.
Aside from that it is an incredibly cool movie. People obsessed with the movies will be awestruck at Liman's capability to capture the rave so completely, which he does by using some of the best lighting effects captured on the silver screen (furthermore, it does not lack the idiotic error of seeing the Stedicam's shadow that we saw in Swingers).  People who are obsessed with drugs will just love the drugs.
The film is gifted with scenes funnier than you are normally greeted with in a drug movie. In Cheech and Chong, we just saw them act stoned. In Go, we see them being high. Two strange drug sequences occur as an Ecstasy double-dosed junkie imagines tangoing with a fellow check out lady and is later talked to about Chinest nationalists by a cat. Another beautiful moment comes when a bunch of yuppie teens trick each other into believing that sinus medicine is Ecstasy in the midst of a Ford Windstar.
Not a film for anyone who minds drugs, sex, profanity, and the general yada yada yada that I don't care about, it still comes off as an extreme dose of fun for twentysomethings and below. Just know this coming in to Go. Don't smoke pot during this film: you get all the same effects by just watching it.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
I’m 24 years old. I just quit my 52k job and I’m learning to code full time. I will be honestly and authentically sharing my story of a fast-tracked career in web development, from the beginning. Follow me for insights into the web dev world as a newbie. Cheers!


This component defines the complete regime of wall friction. The details are described in the UsersGuide. The functional relationship of the friction loss factor λ is displayed in the next figure. Function massFlowRate_dp() defines the "red curve" ("Swamee and Jain"), where as function pressureLoss_m_flow() defines the "blue curve" ("Colebrook-White"). The two functions are inverses from each other and give slightly different results in the transition region between Re = 1500 .. 4000, in order to get explicit equations without solving a non-linear equation.
Additionally to wall friction, this component properly implements static head. With respect to the latter, two cases can be distinguished. In the case shown next, the change of elevation with the path from a to b has the opposite sign of the change of density.
In the case illustrated second, the change of elevation with the path from a to b has the same sign of the change of density.


I used to work in the legal profession. I made the transition to web development because as an avid user of websites, I am amazed at their beauty and structure and wish that I can do the same. So when I decided to take the leap of fate, I enrolled for the Web Development Immersive in General Assembly. It turned out to be the best decision I have ever made.
I would like to do both front end and back end in web development as I want to be involved in all aspects of building a website.


-
Estimate focal length from Homography
This post discusses estimating focal length from Homography. This technique tries to estimate focal lengths from the given homography under the assumption that the camera undergoes rotations around its centre only. The original paper is Construction of Panoramic Image Mosaics with Global and Local Alignment. The OpenCV implementation can be found here.
-
Estimate relative pose from Essential matrix
This post discusses estimating relative camera positions and orientations from Essential matrix.
-
Bundle adjustment of Structure from Motion in Ceres Solver
Bundle adjustment is used ubiquitously as the last step of most feature based estimation problems. The goal is to simultaneously optimize the motion and data (estimated 2D feature or 3D point position). Some popular open source libraries are: sparse bundle adjustment (sba), ceres solver, Multicore Bundle Adjustment, Simple Sparse Bundle Adjustment (SSBA). In this post, I focus only on ceres solver. I’ll add support for sba in future release of open3DCV.
-
Camera distortion
-
Feature matching
Feature matching is a critical part in many vision problems, such as estimation of various matrices (projection, homography, essential, fundamental, relative post, etc), tracking, SfM and SLAM, just to name a few. I will discuss here in this post implementation of the feature matching algorithms implemented in open3DCV.
-
Robust Estimation of Fundamental Matrix
This post is the results of two previous post: Estimation of fundamental matrix and A framework for RANSAC.
-
Point cloud animation in Blender
This is a tutorial on how to render the point cloud animation in Blender. We use the Blender Render engine instead of Cycles.
-
Essential matrix
- 5-point algorithm
- estimate from Fundamental matrix
-
A framework for RANSAC
RANSAC is short for Random SAmple Consensus, which is an iterative method to estimate parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data that contains outliers. It can be incorporated to estimate many key matrices in vision, such as homography, fundamental/essential matrix, etc. This post aims to develop a general framework so that RANSAC could be easier applied to existing estimation algorithms. The code is modified from the code originally written by Ziv Yaniv.
-
Estimation of camera pose
There are multiple ways of estimating camera position and orientation, typical approaches include
- camera pose from point correspondences
- camera pose from Fundamental matrix