In the midst of a storm, [Antonio Pigafetta] writes,
“The body of St Anselm appeared to us . . . in the form of a fire lighted at the summit of the mainmast, and remained there near two hours and a half, which comforted us greatly, for we were in tears only expecting the hour of our perishing. And when that holy light was going away from us, it gave out such brilliance in our eyes that for nearly a quarter of an hour we were like people blinded and calling for mercy . . . It is to be noted that whenever that light which represents St Anselm shows itself and descends on a vessel in a storm at sea, that vessel is never lost. Immediately this light departed, the sea grew calmer, and then we saw various kinds of birds among which were some that had no fundament.”
This is not a hallucination—he is describing the electrical phenomenon known as St Elmo's Fire—but the language tends towards the visionary, and ends with this decidedly odd seabird that lacks an anus.
Charles Nicholl, in “Conversing With Giants”, collected in Traces Remain : Essays And Explorations (2011), quoting Antonio Pigafetta, who met giants in Patagonia. Pigafetta was a supernumerary passenger on Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation (1519–1522), one of the few who made it back to Seville.


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-
I feel it's helpful to give students a welcome message so they know what to
expect.
-
Tagging your posts will make sorting topics and questions later much easier.
-
Merge duplicate questions to create common discussion threads where students
can collectively provide and receive feedback.
-
When a student posts a question, try not to answer it right away. This small
pause will allow time for other students to provide input, which will
encourage quality discussions.
-
Avoid questions like, "what's the answer to question 3?" Instead, prompt
students with questions that will have them explain their answers to work
and the processes they tried get them.
-
Always enable 'Duplicate post suggestions'. It's an AI that's looking for
posts that may be similar. So a student can quickly see questions that
someone else asked, know the question has been asked already, and see the
feedback. This saves a lot of time answering individual emails.


{% extends "mxv/base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block title%}Delete{% endblock %} {% block breadcrumb %}
| Created by | {{ proposal.created_by.name }} |
| Created at | {{ proposal.created_at }} |
| Nominations | {{ proposal.nominations.count }} |
| Amendments | {{ proposal.amendments.count }} |
| Comments | {{ proposal.comments.count }} |


National Lottery Set for Life winning numbers for Monday November 18
Is it your lucky night?
by Sophie McCoidMany of us spend time dreaming of winning the lottery.
But, as they say, you have got to be in it to win it, so if you have bought a ticket to tonight's game, we have the all important numbers that could change your life.
What would you do with the cash? Retire? Travel and see the world? Or treat your loved ones to something they've always dreamed of?
Well all these options would be open to you, if you have won tonight's Set For Life and win £10,000 a month for the next 30 years.
Tonight's winning numbers are: 06, 33, 18, 23, 40 and the life ball is 10
How to play Set For Life
You pick five main numbers from 1 to 47, and one ‘Life Ball’ from 1 to 10, for the chance to win fixed prizes – with everything from the top prize of £10,000 a month for 30 years , to the 2nd prize of £10,000 a month for one year, and £5 for matching two main numbers.
The Set For Life game costs £1.50 per line and will be drawn every Monday and Thursday.
Tickets, costing £1.50, can be purchased from newsagents and online.
Players have to choose five main numbers from 1 to 47, and one ‘Life Ball’ from 1 to 10.
Every week part of the ticket sales goes towards good causes.
Players have to be 16 and over and in the UK or Isle of Man.
The second prize in tonight’s draw stands at £10,000 a month for a year - amounting to a total value of £120,000.
Matching two main numbers will win ticket holders a £5 prize, while three numbers are worth £20.
Four main numbers will see ticket holders scoop £50.


test document
First Link
Second Link
Third Link
Psst! Open your console for the output objects.
The javascript file


TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS1 Related B. GS2 Related POLITY 1. Prescription post Section 66A: ‘Change law to punish hate speech online’ INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS/BILATERAL RELATIONS 1. Partners, naturally 2. Doklam hangover? China deploys almost 1,000 PLA troops at standoff site, indicates tension not over yet C. GS3 Related ECONOMICS 1. Kotak-led panel wants MD, CEO roles split; 6 independent directors on board ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY 1. India among the worst affected by climate change: IMF study MISCELLANEOUS 1. Gauri Lankesh Posthumously Honoured With Anna Politkovskaya Award D. GS4 Related E. Prelims Fact F. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
Nothing here for Today!!!
1. Prescription post Section 66A: ‘Change law to punish hate speech online’
Context:
- Recommendations of the expert committee constituted by the centre after the Supreme Court struck down the controversial section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000.
Committee:
- The committee was headed by former Law Secretary T K Vishwanathan.
- The report was submitted to the Union Home Ministry.
- Mandate: Study domestic and international cyber laws and propose a legal framework in order to deal with online hate speech and incitement of violence
- Recommendations: The Indian Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and the Information Technology Act should be amended to include stringent provisions
Recommendations of the committee:
- No need to re-introduce Section 66A but strengthen IPC instead.
-
Indian Penal Code, 1860; Prohibiting incitement to hatred: Amend IPC section 153 C to include in
communication “spoken or written words, signs, visible representation, information, audio, video, or
combination of both, transmitted, retransmitted through any telecommunication service, communication
device or computer resource”.
Punishment: up to 2 years or fine of Rs 5000 or both. -
Causing fear alarm or provocation of violence in certain cases: Amend IPC section 505A, punishment
of any person or group of persons who intentionally, on grounds of religion, race, caste or
community, gender, sexual orientation, place of birth, residence, language, disability or tribe,
uses any means of communication to communicate.
Punishment: up to 1 year or fine of Rs 5000 or both. - Amendment in Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: create a post of State Cyber-Crime Coordinator (not below rank of Inspector General of Police) and District Cyber-Crime Cell
- Amending the Information Technology Act, 2000: Amending section 78 allows a police officer not below the rank of Sub-Inspector to investigate any offence under this Act as young SIs are better equipped and trained in dealing with these crimes.
- A renovated section 66A has not been recommended in the IT Act, 2000. This is because the IT Act is basically commercial in nature and hence punishments have been recommended in the IPC.
-
Important observations:
In recommending specific changes the committee said
- Only that speech should be accounted as relevant which relates to “religion, race, caste, community, sex, gender, place of birth, residence and language.”
- Online speech would be criminalised “only both, when it advocates hatred and causes the incitement of an offence”.
Way forward:
- Section 66A was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that it violated the basic freedom of expression of the citizens. There is need to balance the liberty of citizens while tackling the issues of hate speech, online harassment-hatred and national security.
- The real purpose of the committee would be served only when the Parliament takes actions on these recommendations by keeping in mind the spirit of the 2015 Supreme Court judgement.
Category: INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS/BILATERAL RELATIONS
Context:
- The Indo-Europe relationship.
India-EU relations:
- Work of both go from fighting climate change and terrorism to cooperating on cyber security and digital
14th EU-India Summit:
- India and EU will work to strengthen their excellent partnership
- EU message to India will be that Europe is open for business and will continue to remain so
EU and India:
- The EU is the world’s biggest open market and the world’s second largest economy
- EU is the largest trading partner for 80 countries, including India
- EU’s economy is growing faster than that of the United States and eight million new jobs have been created
- EU already trade more than 100 billion euro worth of goods and services every year with India
European Investment Bank in India:
- The European Investment Bank has now set up an office in New Delhi
- European loans have helped to finance the construction of the Lucknow Metro and solar power schemes across the country
Way forward:
- EU-India Free Trade Agreement should resume
- Europe will support India’s ambitious goals through investment and expertise in green buildings, renewable energy, waste management and air pollution
- Indian scientists have received research grants to work with their European counterparts on medical breakthroughs or cutting-edge technologies and will continue in future
Context:
- More than five weeks after India and China stepped back from a standoff at Doklam on the Sikkim border, Indian soldiers remain on high alert with around 1,000 Chinese troops still present on the plateau, a few hundred metres from the faceoff site,.
- But, India does not expect another “flashpoint” at the same site between the two countries.
Key Points:
- The presence of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) was also acknowledged by Air Chief Marshal B S Dhanoa recently and it has subsequently thinned in the area after the process of “disengagement” began but one PLA battalion remains on the plateau.
- The deployment is expected to be reduced by two-thirds to brigade-level in the coming weeks.
- The Chinese have not dismantled any of their tents, temporary construction in the vicinity and they still have road construction equipment and other stores.
- But everything is under surveillance by the Indian Army.
- Indian soldiers returned to their posts at Doka La but their numbers have since been strengthened.
- The tracks leading to Doka La were improved during the faceoff, leading to enhanced logistics supply lines.
- Road construction equipment, such as bulldozers and JCBs, have also been kept on location.
1. Kotak-led panel wants MD, CEO roles split; 6 independent directors on board
Context:
- The SEBI panel on corporate governance led by Uday Kotak has proposed some important changes
In news:
- These changes include splitting the posts of chairman and managing director and amending rules on independent directors, disclosures, and accounting and auditing practices
- Currently, of the 50 companies on the benchmark Nifty, at least 12, including Reliance Industries, ONGC and Wipro, have the same person occupying both posts
Date of implementation:
- Listed companies with more than 40% public shareholding should separate the roles of chairperson and MD or CEO from April 1, 2020
- SEBI may consider extending the requirement to all listed entities by April 1, 2022
Concerns expressed:
- Some experts said splitting the two roles shouldn’t be made a legal requirement
- Reason: Splitting of CMD role would mean two power centres instead of one but if enforced into a law, the chairman can just appoint a person who agrees with them as MD
- According to some experts, such a thing cannot be forced and should be recommended as best practice rather than be made into a legal provision
Other recommendations:
- The panel has also made several recommendations to strengthen the role of directors
- Companies would need to induct at least six directors, up from the current minimum of three under the Companies Act , with at least one independent woman director
- The panel has also recommended increasing the number of board meetings held every year
- And an age limit for non-executive directors and capped the number of directorships that an individual can hold
Category: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
1. India among the worst affected by climate change: IMF study
In news:
- According to a study of the IMF, countries in the tropics will be the worst affected as a result of global warming
- The report says, for the median emerging market economy, a 1°C increase from a temperature of 22°C lowers growth in the same year by 0.9 percentage point(see figure given below)
Affect on India and its neighbors
- India is one of the worst affected, with its per capita output expected to fall
- Other countries in the region, such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia will be similarly affected
Affects on Developed Nations
- The impact of most developed nations, located in the temperate zone, is negligible
- The overall impact on China’s growth, too, is estimated to be negligible
- On the other hand, some northern nations such as Russia, Norway and Canada will see their growth improve
1. Gauri Lankesh Posthumously Honoured With Anna Politkovskaya Award
In news:
- Gauri Lankesh, journalist and editor of Kannada tabloid Gauri Lankesh Patrike, has been posthumously honoured with the annual Anna Politkovskaya Award
- Award was given out by Reach All Women in WAR.
- Basic information: Politkovskaya, a Russian investigative reporter who wrote about state corruption and rights abuses, was shot dead in the lobby of her Moscow apartment block at the age of 48 on October 7, 2006. The London-based organisation RAW in WAR established the award in her honour.
Nothing here for Today!!!
F. Practice Questions for UPSC Prelims Exam
G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
GS Paper II
- Examine how Aadhaar’s design protects individual’s identity and privacy?
GS Paper III
- Discuss the effects of minimum wages on employment?
- What do you mean by Hyper-globalisation? Discuss how hyper-globalisation has lead to a “virtuous cycle of economic expansion”?


Java program that visualizes the time complexity for the major sorting algorithms given randomized data.
Github Repo
# You will need to have Java version 8 install (SDK 1.8)
$ git clone https://github.com/ianramzy/sorting-comparison.git
# Import the project into your IDE of choice and setup the SDK as 1.8. (Note: it may work with other versions of Java, but is untested)
# Run the program from the GraphSortComparison.java class
I created this when I was first learning about time complexity and wanted to see how various algorithms performed when the number of items sort was increased.
It generates a new random seed each time and creates an unsorted list of 2000, 4000, 8000, and 16000 items. It then runs them through QuickSort, MergeSort, InsertionSort, BubbleSort, BetterBubbleSort and SelectionSort timing how long each one takes and graphing it.
I created this in a BlueJ Applet (Java).
In the future I would like to add even more sorting algorithms and perhaps add a feature where users could input how many items to be sorted with a slider and then see the comparison.
Another project by Ian Ramzy


Mawingu enables you to get online from one public hotspot to the next seamlessly. A hotspot is a specific area where you can connect your WiFi enabled device to the Internet. We have built hundreds of hotspots across Kenya. Download the Mawingu app from the Google Play Store to find the nearest one. Every hotspot is supported locally by a Mawingu agent to help you get online.


Subversion (SVN) is an open source version control system. It helps you keep track of a collection of files and folders. Any time you change, add or delete a file or folder that you manage with Subversion, you commit these changes to your Subversion repository, which creates a new revision in your repository reflecting these changes. You can always go back, look at and get the contents of previous revisions.
You can use Subversion to access a repository over a network connection and collaborate with others. Everyone in your team can commit changes to one central place, making it easy for you and others to always be up to date. With an application like Versions, it's easy to review repository contents and changes over time, so you can always figure out who changed what and when.
Subversion repositories can be hosted over http, https and a variety of other protocols, and it's possible to set up permissions for your repository any way you like. Many open source software projects configure their repositories to allow anyone read access, but only allow certain trusted people to commit changes.
While most people use Subversion to manage source code, it can manage just about any collection of files, from a stack of word documents to an entire website. Subversion is particularly useful if you need to track changes in a collection of related files and folders.
All changes you make to Subversion-managed files need to be committed explicitely, so it's not well suited as a generic backup tool, for example, for your entire Home folder or iPhoto library.


#include <geometry_dimension.h>
GeometryDimension Has the values for geometrical dimension, working space dimension and local space dimension.
- See also
- Geometry
-
Element
◆ IndexType
◆ SizeType
◆ GeometryDimension() [1/2]
| Kratos::GeometryDimension::GeometryDimension |
( |
SizeType |
ThisWorkingSpaceDimension, |
|
|
SizeType |
ThisLocalSpaceDimension |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
This constructor gives a complete set of dimensional arguments neede for geometries.
- Parameters
-
| ThisDimension | Dimension of this geometry. |
| ThisWorkingSpaceDimension | Working space dimension. for example a triangle 3d is a 2 dimensional shape but can be used in 3 dimensional space. |
| ThisLocalSpaceDimension | Local space dimension. for example a triangle is a 2 dimensional shape but can have 3 dimensional area coordinates l1, l2, l3. |
◆ GeometryDimension() [2/2]
Copy constructor. Construct this geometry data as a copy of given geometry data.
◆ ~GeometryDimension()
| virtual Kratos::GeometryDimension::~GeometryDimension |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
Destructor. Do nothing!!!
◆ Info()
| virtual std::string Kratos::GeometryDimension::Info |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
Turn back information as a string.
◆ KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION()
◆ LocalSpaceDimension()
| SizeType Kratos::GeometryDimension::LocalSpaceDimension |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Local space dimension. for example a triangle is a 2 dimensional shape but can have 3 dimensional area coordinates l1, l2, l3.
- Returns
- SizeType, local space dimension of this geometry.
- See also
- Dimension()
-
WorkingSpaceDimension()
◆ operator=()
◆ PrintData()
| virtual void Kratos::GeometryDimension::PrintData |
( |
std::ostream & |
rOStream | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
◆ PrintInfo()
| virtual void Kratos::GeometryDimension::PrintInfo |
( |
std::ostream & |
rOStream | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
Print information about this object.
◆ WorkingSpaceDimension()
| SizeType Kratos::GeometryDimension::WorkingSpaceDimension |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inline |
Working space dimension. for example a triangle as part of a surface is a 2 dimensional shape but can be used in 3 dimensional space.
- Returns
- SizeType, working space dimension of this geometry.
- See also
- Dimension()
-
LocalSpaceDimension()
◆ Serializer
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


MEET THE PARENTS (2000) / **
Directed by Jay Roach. Screenplay by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg, from a story by Greg Glienna and Mary Ruth Clarke, based on an earlier screenplay by Glienna and Clarke. Starring Robert De Niro, Ben Stiller, Teri Polo. Running time: 112 minutes. Rated PG for mild language by the MFCB. Reviewed on October 23rd, 2000.
By SHANNON PATRICK SULLIVAN
I started to get a sinking feeling about half an hour into "Meet The Parents". I won't lie: it was a reasonably funny movie. There had already been a number of amusing little set pieces -- like one where Ben Stiller accidentally shatters an urn containing the remains of Robert De Niro's mother and De Niro's beloved cat uses it as a litter box. There was just one problem: I had already laughed at these scenes, two or three months ago, when the previews came out.
Yes, "Meet The Parents" is yet another victim of its own publicity. In between the various theatrical and television promos for the film, the ad men seem to have successfully spoiled just about every joke in the movie. Comedy relies on being unexpected; unless it's done exceedingly well, if you can see a gag coming, your reaction to it is usually muted. And that's the main problem with "Meet The Parents" -- the funny bits are either in the trailers or are so blatantly telegraphed that they can be predicted far in advance of the actual scene. (De Niro warns Stiller not to flush the toilet in the bathroom adjoining his sleeping quarters; what are the odds that, at some point, Stiller will forget and yet more chaos and embarrassment will result?)
The premise of "Meet The Parents" is straightforward, but has a lot of potential as a comedy vehicle. The unfortunately-surnamed Greg Focker (Stiller) is in love with Pam Byrnes (Teri Polo), but decides he needs to seek her father's permission before he asks her to marry him. Pam's sister Debbie (Nicole DeHuff) is to be wedded soon, providing the perfect opportunity for Pam to bring Greg home to meet the parents. Unfortunately for Greg, Pam's father Jack (De Niro) turns out to be an intimidating, no-nonsense figure whose sole concern is for the best interests of his daughter. He seems to be utterly immune to Greg's affable attempts to make friends.
What follows is a mounting series of catastrophes, as Greg tries desperately to ingratiate himself to Jack. But Greg's initial little white lies soon turn into wholesale deceptions, and other forces conspire to make Jack think that Greg is about as far removed from proper son-in-law material as is humanly possible.
Preview spoilage or not, "Meet The Parents" could have been a delightful little romantic comedy in surer hands. I can easily picture Jimmy Stewart in the Focker role -- or, better yet, Buster Keaton -- bumbling his way from misadventure to misadventure. But Stiller, although a good comedian, does not possess an enormous reserve of innate charisma. Actors like Stewart and Keaton generate sympathy naturally, but Stiller has yet to learn how to do this. Unfortunately, the screenplay by Jim Herzfeld and John Hamburg seems to operate under the assumption that we will naturally root for Greg, no matter how absurd or extreme his behaviour.
For my part, though, I never really responded to Stiller in this way. In "There's Something About Mary", we could at least see that Stiller's Ted was a nice guy who became caught up in an unfortunate set of circumstances. In "Meet The Parents", Stiller's character is defined only in terms of his affection for Pam. Is he really the right guy for her? Should Pam's parents be accepting of him? This is assumed to be the case, but is never really justified. Indeed, based on Greg's antics throughout much of the movie, I found myself siding with Jack -- I wouldn't want this guy marrying my daughter either!
De Niro is "Meet The Parents'" saving grace. He has seemed awkward in previous comedies -- "Analyze This" and "The Adventures Of Rocky & Bullwinkle" are two recent examples -- but here he has found a character that suits him to a tee. He is not parodying his own past roles (as in both the films cited), but is instead crafting something new and interesting in its own right. As Jack Byrnes, he hits all the right notes. He is neither too soft nor obscenely tough, and finds just the desired level of exaggeration to portray every beau's worst nightmare.
Director Jay Roach does an acceptable job, but lets things drag in spots, a situation further compounded by the sheer repetitiveness of the storyline. "Meet The Parents" would have benefitted from the same manic energy Roach helped bring to the "Austin Powers" movies, but ends up as too lackadaisical. Only a hilarious encounter between Greg and a flight attendant (Kali Rocha) in the movie's latter stages -- one of the few comedy bits not spoiled by any of the advertising I saw, it must be noted -- really embodies the kind of comic intensity missing from a vast proportion of the running time.
"Meet The Parents" is not a bad movie, exactly, and will no doubt appeal more to those who have avoided the trailers and therefore will encounter its major set pieces for the first time. But even getting beyond that, it is still an all-too-formulaic movie which seems designed more for the video shelves than for the big screen. Still, "Meet The Parents" does finally demonstrate that Robert De Niro can be a good comedy actor. Now he just needs to find the right movie in which to strut his stuff.
Copyright © 2000 Shannon Patrick Sullivan. Archived at The Popcorn Gallery, http://www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/movies/MeetTheParents.html
_______________________________________________________________________ / Shannon Patrick Sullivan | "We are all in the gutter, but some of us \ |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| are looking at the stars." - Oscar Wilde | \___________________________|__________________________________________/ | Popcorn Gallery Movie Reviews www.physics.mun.ca/~sps/movies.html | | Doctor Who: A Brief History of Time (Travel) /drwho.html |
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
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WARNING
Content Under Development
See
release page for
latest official PDF version.
**Chapter 2: One Dimensional MC Integration**
Integration is all about computing areas and volumes, so we could have framed Chapter 1 in an
integral form if we wanted to make it maximally confusing. But sometimes integration is the most
natural and clean way to formulate things. Rendering is often such a problem. Let’s look at a
classic integral:
$$ I = \int_{0}^{2} x^2 dx $$
In computer sciency notation, we might write this as:
$$ I = area( x^2, 0, 2 ) $$
We could also write it as:
$$ I = 2 \cdot average(x^2, 0, 2) $$
This suggests a MC approach:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C++
int main() {
int inside_circle = 0;
int inside_circle_stratified = 0;
int N = 1000000;
float sum;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
float x = 2*drand48();
sum += x*x;
}
std::cout << "I =" << 2*sum/N << "\n";
}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This, as expected, produces approximately the exact answer we get with algebra, $I = 8/3$. But we
could also do it for functions that we can’t analytically integrate like $log(sin(x))$. In graphics,
we often have functions we can evaluate but can’t write down explicitly, or functions we can only
probabilistically evaluate. That is in fact what the ray tracing `color()` function of the last two
books is -- we don’t know what color is seen in every direction, but we can statistically estimate
it in any given dimension.
One problem with the random program we wrote in the first two books is small light sources create
too much noise because our uniform sampling doesn’t sample the light often enough. We could lessen
that problem if we sent more random samples toward the light, but then we would need to downweight
those samples to adjust for the over-sampling. How we do that adjustment? To do that we will need
the concept of a _probability density function_.
First, what is a _density function_? It’s just a continuous form of a histogram. Here’s an example
from the histogram Wikipedia page:
![Figure 2-1][fig02-1]
If we added data for more trees, the histogram would get taller. If we divided the data into more
bins, it would get shorter. A discrete density function differs from a histogram in that it
normalizes the frequency y-axis to a fraction or percentage (just a fraction times 100). A
continuous histogram, where we take the number of bins to infinity, can’t be a fraction because the
height of all the bins would drop to zero. A density function is one where we take the bins and
adjust them so they don’t get shorter as we add more bins. For the case of the tree histogram above
we might try:
$$ \text{Bin-height} = \frac{(\text{Fraction of trees between height }H\text{ and }H’)}{(H-H’)} $$
That would work! We could interpret that as a statistical predictor of a tree’s height:
$$ \text{Probability a random tree is between } H \text{ and } H’ = \text{Bin-height}\cdot(H-H’)$$
If we wanted to know about the chances of being in a span of multiple bins, we would sum.
A _probability density function_, henceforth pdf, is that fractional histogram made continuous.
Let’s make a _pdf_ and use it a bit to understand it more. Suppose I want a random number $r$
between 0 and 2 whose probability is proportional to itself: $r$. We would expect the pdf $p(r)$
to look something like the figure below. But how high should it be?
![Figure 2-2][fig02-2]
The height is just $p(2)$. What should that be? We could reasonably make it anything by
convention, and we should pick something that is convenient. Just as with histograms we can sum up
(integrate) the region to figure out the probability that $r$ is in some interval $(x0,x1)$:
$$ \text{Probability } x0 < r < x1 = C \cdot area(p(r), x0, x1) $$
where $C$ is a scaling constant. We may as well make $C = 1$ for cleanliness, and that is exactly
what is done in probability. And we know the probability $r$ has the value 1 somewhere, so for
this case
$$ area(p(r), 0, 2) = 1 $$
Since $p(r)$ is proportional to $r$ , _i.e._, $p = C’ \cdot r$ for some other constant $C’$
$$
area(C’r, 0, 2) = \int_{0}^{2} C’ r dr
= \frac{C’r^2}{2}(2) - \frac{C’r^2}{2}(0)
= 2C’
$$
So $p(r) = r/2$.
How do we generate a random number with that pdf $p(r)$? For that we will need some more machinery.
Don’t worry this doesn’t go on forever!
Given a random number from `d = drand48()` that is uniform and between 0 and 1, we should be able
to find some function $f(d)$ that gives us what we want. Suppose $e = f(d) = d^2$. That is no
longer a uniform _pdf_ . The _pdf_ of $e$ will be bigger near 0 than it is near 1 (squaring a
number between 0 and 1 makes it smaller). To take this general observation to a function, we need
the cumulative probability distribution function $P(x)$:
$$ P(x) = area(p, -\infty, x) $$
Note that for x where we didn’t define $p(x)$, $p(x) = 0$, _i.e._, the probability of an $x$ there
is zero. For our example _pdf_ $p(r) = r/2$ , the $P(x)$ is:
$$ P(x) = 0 : x < 0 $$
$$ P(x) = \frac{x^2}{4} : 0 < x < 2 $$
$$ P(x) = 1 : x > 2 $$
One question is, what’s up with $x$ versus $r$? They are dummy variables -- analogous to the
function arguments in a program. If we evaluate $P$ at $x = 0.5$ , we get:
$$ P(1.0) = \frac{1}{4} $$
This says _the probability that a random variable with our pdf is less than one is 25%_ . This
gives rise to a clever observation that underlies many methods to generate non-uniform random
numbers. We want a function `f()` that when we call it as `f(drand48())` we get a return value with
a pdf $\frac{x^2}{4}$ . We don’t know what that is, but we do know that 25% of what it returns
should be less than 1, and 75% should be above one. If $f()$ is increasing, then we would expect
$f(0.25) = 1.0$. This can be generalized to figure out $f()$ for every possible input:
$$ f(P(x)) = x $$
That means $f$ just undoes whatever $P$ does. So,
$$ f(x) = P^-1 (x) $$
The -1 means “inverse function”. Ugly notation, but standard. For our purposes what this means is,
if we have pdf $p()$ and its cumulative distribution function $P()$ , then if we do this to a random
number we’ll get what we want:
$$ e = P^-1 (drand48()) $$
For our _pdf_ $p(x) = x/2$ , and corresponding $P(x)$ , we need to compute the inverse of $P$. If
we have
$$ y = \frac{x^2}{4} $$
we get the inverse by solving for $x$ in terms of $y$:
$$ x = \sqrt{4y} $$
Thus our random number with density $p$ we get by:
$$ e = \sqrt{4*drand48()} $$
Note that does range 0 to 2 as hoped, and if we send in $1/4$ for `drand48()` we get 1 as desired.
We can now sample our old integral
$$ I = \int_{0}^{2} x^2 $$
We need to account for the non-uniformity of the _pdf_ of $x$. Where we sample too much we should
down-weight. The _pdf_ is a perfect measure of how much or little sampling is being done. So the
weighting function should be proportional to $1/pdf$ . In fact it is exactly $1/pdf$ :
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C++
#include


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Constituency Graph Construction¶
The constituency graph is a widely used static graph that is able to capture phrase-based syntactic relations in a sentence. Constituency parsing models the assembly of one or several corresponded words (i.e., phrase level). Thus it provides new insight into the grammatical structure of a sentence. Specifically, we could devide the graph construction process into following several steps:
Parsing. For each sentence in the input paragraph, we use an external parser like CoreNLP to perform constituency parsing on it.
Sub-graph construction. With constituency parsing trees from 1), we construct a subgraph for each sentence.
Graph merging. We merge subgraphs into a final constituency graph.
For example, we can construct the constituency graph given a raw textual input:
How to use¶
from graph4nlp.pytorch.modules.graph_construction.constituency_graph_construction import ConstituencyBasedGraphConstruction
from stanfordcorenlp import StanfordCoreNLP
raw_data = "James went to the corner-shop. And bought some eggs."
nlp_parser = StanfordCoreNLP('http://localhost', port=9000, timeout=300000)
processor_args = {
'annotators': 'tokenize,ssplit,pos,parse',
"tokenize.options":
"splitHyphenated=false,normalizeParentheses=false,normalizeOtherBrackets=false",
"tokenize.whitespace": True,
'ssplit.isOneSentence': False,
'outputFormat': 'json'
}
graphdata = ConstituencyBasedGraphConstruction.topology(raw_data, nlp_parser, processor_args=processor_args, merge_strategy=None, edge_strategy=None, verbase=True)
The figure below is an example for generated constituency graph.
Implementation details¶
Parsing¶
We use CoreNLP as our parser and load the constituency parsing results in json format.
def parsing(cls, raw_text_data, nlp_processor, processor_args):
output = nlp_processor.annotate(raw_text_data.strip().replace('(', '<LB>').replace(')', '<RB>'), properties=processor_args)
if CORENLP_TIMEOUT_SIGNATURE in output:
raise TimeoutError('CoreNLP timed out at input: \n{}\n This item will be skipped. '
'Please check the input or change the timeout threshold.'.format(raw_text_data))
parsed_output = json.loads(output)['sentences']
return parsed_output
Sub-graph construction¶
For subgraph construction of each sentence, we provide two operations: adding sequential links and constituency graph pruning. Instructions of them are as follows,
Sequential Link¶
We provide an option to add no/unidirectional/bidirectional edges between word nodes and nodes connecting two sub-graphs.
sequential_link
=0
. Do not add sequential links.sequential_link
=1
. Add unidirectional links.sequential_link
=2
. Add bidirectional links.sequential_link
=3
. Do not add sequential links inside each sentence; but add bidirectional links between adjacent sentences.
Prune¶
The hierarchical structure of constituency graph is complicated, we, therefore, provide some pruning options as follows (ROOT
node are pruned by default),
prune
=0
. No pruning.prune
=1
. Prune pos (part-of-speech) nodes.prune
=2
. Prune nodes with both in-degree and out-degree of 1.
For example, function below is used to prune nodes when prune
= 2
.
def _cut_line_node(cls, input_graph: GraphData):
idx_to_be_deleted = []
new_edges = []
for idx, n in enumerate(input_graph.node_attributes):
edge_arr = input_graph.get_all_edges()
cnt_in = 0
cnt_out = 0
for e in edge_arr:
if idx == e[0]:
cnt_out += 1
out_ = e[1]
if idx == e[1]:
cnt_in += 1
in_ = e[0]
if cnt_in == 1 and cnt_out == 1:
idx_to_be_deleted.append(idx)
new_edges.append((in_, out_))
if len(idx_to_be_deleted) == 0:
return input_graph
res_graph = GraphData()
id_map = {}
cnt_node = 0
for idx, n in enumerate(input_graph.node_attributes):
if idx not in idx_to_be_deleted:
res_graph.add_nodes(1)
res_graph.node_attributes[res_graph.get_node_num()-1] = n
id_map[idx] = cnt_node
cnt_node += 1
else:
id_map[idx] = -1
for edge_arr in input_graph.get_all_edges()+new_edges:
if (edge_arr[0] not in idx_to_be_deleted) and (edge_arr[1] not in idx_to_be_deleted):
res_graph.add_edge(id_map[edge_arr[0]], id_map[edge_arr[1]])
return res_graph
Graph merging¶
Since the constituency graph is only constructed for sentences individually, we provide options to construct one graph for the paragraph consisting of multiple sentences. Currently, we support the following options:
tailhead
. It means we will link the tail node of \({i-1}^{th}\) sentence’s graph with the head node of \(i^{th}\) sentence’s graph.user_define
. We suggest users to define their merge strategy by overriding the_graph_connect
as follows:
from graph4nlp.pytorch.modules.graph_construction.constituency_graph_construction import ConstituencyBasedGraphConstruction
class NewConstituencyGraphConstruction(ConstituencyBasedGraphConstruction):
def _graph_connect(cls, nx_graph_list, merge_strategy=None):
...


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| latlon2cell | R Documentation |
We insert lat and lon coordinates (note the order: not lon and lat) and provide grid information as parameter 'grid'. 'grid' is a nested list, which contains sub-lists denoted as 'lon' and 'lat'. The sub-list 'lon' has to contain numeric values denoted as 'lonw' (westerly boundary of the grid), 'lone' (easterly boundary of the grid), and 'dlon' (delta-longitude; distance between two grid cells). The sub-list 'lat' has to contain numeric values denoted as 'latn' (northern boundary of the grid), 'lats' (southern boundary of the grid), 'dlat' (delta-latitude), and 'nlat' (the number of grid cells in latitudal direction). THE ORIGIN OF THE GRID IS CONSIDERED TO BE IN THE TOP LEFT CORNER.
latlon2cell(lat, lon, grid)
lat |
numeric (single value or 1d array); latitude coordinate |
lon |
numeric (single value or 1d array); longitude coordinate |
grid |
grid definition (see description or example for structure) |
list('x'=..., 'y'=...); list of x- and y-coordinates of the grid cells
Daniel Neumann<EMAIL_ADDRESS># grid definition grid <- list(lon = list(lonw=-5.0, lone=10.0, dlon=0.5), lat = list(lats=49.0, latn=65.0, dlat=0.5, nlat=(65.0-49.0)/0.5)) # OR # grid <- get.infos.grids.hbm.basic()$coarse # some coordinates lon <- c(-4.9, -4.1, 5.6) lat <- c(64.9, 64.9, 53.2) # get grid cells grid_cells <- latlon2cell(lat, lon, grid) # result should be: # - grid_cells$x: 1, 2, 22 # - grid_cells$y: 1, 1, 24


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Student - Intern - Volunteer
| Volunteer Experiences | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Role | Organization | Timeframe | Description |
| Laboratory Assistant | FAU College of Engineering & Computer Science | Sep 2020-Present | I assisted with the assembly, packaging, and distribution of lab kits to students. |
| Volunteer Notetaker | FAU Student Accessibility Services | Jan 2019-Present | I uploaded the notes I took during class to the SAS website, where the student with disabilities could access them. |
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Ignorant Passenger Causes M’sian Stewardess To Break Her Arm After Lifting His Heavy Luggage
by Husna HalimTap to listen to this article instead: 🔊 Listen to Post
Some might think it’s fun being a flight attendant or a cabin crew. After all, you get to travel the world with a nice salary, and the uniforms look glamorous. However, there’s a reason why that pay is so high – uncertain call times, long flights with little sleep, dealing with terrible passengers and more.
A Twitter user that goes by the name @okedkama tweeted an Instagram story about her flight attendant friend, known as Mummy, who revealed the dark side of being one of the cabin crew.
“My friend, who is a cabin crew uploaded this on her Instagram story. What she said was spot on.”
The crew are prone to physical injury
In the story, Mummy described a situation that could probably depict the most dangerous factor of being a cabin crew.
“One of our crew had a broken arm because she was made to help a passenger lift their bag into the overhead compartment, and the bag fell and broke her arm.”
How heavy was the bag? Why was she made to lift it in the first place?
 Even if we place your bag in the cargo, we’d have to expect an email of complaint from you guys on the next day.”
Lifting bags are not in their job scope.
According to Mummy, it is not in their job scope to lift or pick up the passenger’s bag.
“It is not our job to carry bags. Our role is to make sure that everyone is safe throughout the whole trip. Safety, safety, safety.”
In some cases, some onboard passengers can’t even practice simple etiquette toward others.
“Especially those ungentlemanly people who would ask us women to lift their bags. If it was me, I would straight-up give it to their face, ‘Excuse me sir, please be a gentleman.’  In that situation, I will definitely ask them to get out of their seats and do it themselves.”
Mummy also advised old people and parents with babies to just check-in their bags so that they won’t bother workers with their bags in the cabin.
A lot of cabin crew face this situation
In the comments section, a lot of people shared that they suffered from similar situations.
“My cousin suffered from a slipped disc and torn tissue under her arm. She had to quit her job as a flight attendant after having minor surgeries.”
“I have strong arms because I always get galley work (in the kitchen) but my back became weak. It still hurts up until now. Partially due to flight service station (FSS) work.  I’m glad that I have retired.”
“That is so true, the ground crew will always quarrel with the passengers when it comes to hand-carry luggage. I don’t know, sometimes the passengers just don’t understand. Sometimes they do it purposely to pick a fight. We can’t argue that much because then they would say that we are rude.”
If the cabin crew could express their real emotions, the passengers would probably be left speechless.
So really people, let’s play nice. It’s really sad to know that people could even lose their job due to the ignorance of others.
Also read: “You Have No Morals”, Angry Mother Yells After Being Told To Control Her Crying Baby in Flight


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{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block title %}Developers{% endblock %} {% block body %}
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@* * Copyright 2021 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import models._ @import config.ApplicationConfig @import play.twirl.api.HtmlFormat @this(atedMain: atedMain) @(editLiabilityReturnTypeForm: Form[EditLiabilityReturnType], oldFormBundleNo: String, periodKey: Int, editAllowed: Boolean, serviceInfoContent: Html = HtmlFormat.empty, backLink: Option[String])(implicit authContext: StandardAuthRetrievals, messages: Messages, request: Request[AnyContent], appConfig: ApplicationConfig) @import uk.gov.hmrc.play.views.html.helpers._ @import views.html.helpers._ @implicitFormInstance = @{ Some(editLiabilityReturnTypeForm) } @atedMain(title = messages("ated.edit-liability.title"), serviceInfoContent = serviceInfoContent) { @if(editAllowed) { @pageHeadersAndError(backLink, "pre-heading", messages("ated.edit-liability.change-return.header"), messages("edit-liability-header"), messages("ated.edit-liability.header"), Some(atedErrorSummary(editLiabilityReturnTypeForm, "ated.edit-liability.error.general"))) } else { @pageHeadersAndError(backLink, "pre-heading", messages("ated.edit-liability.change-return.header"), messages("edit-liability-header"), messages("ated.edit-liability.header2"), Some(atedErrorSummary(editLiabilityReturnTypeForm, "ated.edit-liability.error.general"))) } @form(action = controllers.editLiability.routes.EditLiabilityTypeController.continue(oldFormBundleNo, periodKey, editAllowed)) { @*** CR = change-return, DP = dispose-property && MP = move-property ***@ @if(editAllowed) {
} else {
@messages("ated.edit-liability.return-type.no-edit-legend") @messages("ated.edit-liability.return-type.no-edit-legend2").
@messages("ated.edit-liability.return-type.no-edit-legend3") . } } }


5.1.d supported derived XML schema types in basic processors
|
| open |
../../Chapt05/5.1/5.1.d.xhtml |
&nsp; |
Opens the form |
| waitForModelReady |
|
|
|
| verifyTitle |
5.1.d supported derived XML schema types in basic processors |
|
Makes sure this is the right form |
| verifyElementPresent |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:group[3]/xforms:repeat |
|
Checks that repeat is in the form |
| verifyElementPresent |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:trigger[1] |
|
Checks that trigger is in the form |
| click |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:trigger[1] |
|
Clicks on the button |
| waitForText |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:group[3]/xforms:repeat |
* |
Waits for the values to be set |
| verifyText |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:group[3]/xforms:repeat |
xforms-valid (integer)*xforms-valid (nonPositiveInteger)*xforms-valid (negativeInteger)*xforms-valid (long)*xforms-valid (int)*xforms-valid (short)*xforms-valid (byte)*xforms-valid (nonNegativeInteger)*xforms-valid (unsignedLong)*xforms-valid (unsignedInt)*xforms-valid (unsignedShort)*xforms-valid (unsignedByte)*xforms-valid (positiveInteger) |
Checks that the repeat has the right values |
| verifyElementPresent |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:trigger[2] |
|
Checks that trigger is in the form |
| click |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:trigger[2] |
|
Clicks on the button |
| waitForText |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:group[3]/xforms:repeat |
* |
Waits for the values to be set |
| verifyText |
xpath=/html/body/xforms:group[3]/xforms:repeat |
XFORMS-INVALID (integer)*XFORMS-INVALID (nonPositiveInteger)*XFORMS-INVALID (negativeInteger)*XFORMS-INVALID (long)*XFORMS-INVALID (int)*XFORMS-INVALID (short)*XFORMS-INVALID (byte)*XFORMS-INVALID (nonNegativeInteger)*XFORMS-INVALID (unsignedLong)*XFORMS-INVALID (unsignedInt)*XFORMS-INVALID (unsignedShort)*XFORMS-INVALID (unsignedByte)*XFORMS-INVALID (positiveInteger) |
Checks that the repeat has the right values |


FULL LIST: 2Baba, Burna Boy, Wizkid shine at AFRIMA 2019
by Stephen Charles KenechukwuInnocent ‘2Baba’ Idibia, Wizkid, Tiwa Savage and Burna Boy were among the winners at the 2019 African Music Awards (AFRIMA).
The 6th edition of the award event, which held on Saturday night at the Eko Convention Centre, Eko Hotels & Suites, in Victoria Island, Lagos, recognised and honoured veterans and deserving professionals in the African music space.
Among the Nigerian artistes who won big are Joeboy, who bagged the category ‘Best Artiste Duo or Group in African Pop’ while 2Baba nagged the ‘Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Contemporary‘ category with ‘Oyi’, his 2019 solo single.
Kel P also won the ‘Producer of the Year’ award for his role in Burna Boy’s song ‘On the Low’, while Sodamola Desmond, better known as DJ Spinall, took the ‘Best African DJ’ award.
In the regional category, Tiwa Savage toppled Teni, Yemi Alade, Liberia’s Kanvee Adams, Simi, Mali’s Aya Nakamura, and Ghana’s MzVee to emerge the ‘Best Female Artiste in West Africa’ while Burna Boy snagged the ‘Best Male artiste in West Africa’.
Alongside his ‘Best Male artiste in West Africa’ plaque, Burna Boy also won the ‘Artiste of the year’ award as Wizkid topped him, Davido, Nasty C and a league of other renowned African crooners to emerge the winner of the ‘Song of the Year’ plaque.
Awilo Longomba, a Congolese singer, and 2Baba also received special recognition awards
See the full list of winners below:
— REGIONAL AWARDS —
Best Male Artist in Central Africa
- C4 Pedro (Angola) – ‘Se Eu Soubesse’
- Fally Ipupa (DRC) – ‘Aime Moi’
- Locko (Cameroon) – ‘Let Go’
- Magasco (Cameroon) – ‘Calling My Driver’ ft. Mimie
- Maitre Gims (DRC) – ‘Hola Senorita’ ft. Maluma
- Rui Orlando (Angola) – ‘Me Leva Contigo’ ft. Barbara Bandeira
- Niska (Congo Brazzaville) – ‘Medicament’
- Salatiel (Cameroon) – ‘Anita’ WINNER
- Ya Levis (DRC) – ‘Katchua’
Best Female Artist in Central Africa
- Anna Joyce (Angola) – ‘Destino’
- Blanche Bailly (Cameroon) – ‘Ton Pied Mon Pied’
- Bruna Tatiana (Angola) – ‘Musica Para Ti’
- Charlotte Dipanda (Cameroon) – ‘Un Jour Dans Ma Vie’
- Daphne (Cameroon) – ‘Ne Laches Pas’
- Duda (Angola) – ‘Fica So’ ft. Landrick
- Shan’L (Gabon) – ‘Ces’t Pas Les Gbes’ WINNER
- Titica (Angola) – ‘Giro De Bicycleta’ ft. Laton Cordeiro
Best Male Artist in Eastern Africa
- Boy Black (Madagascar) – ‘Hitambarako’
- Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania) – ‘Inama’ ft. Fally Ipupa
- Harmonize (Tanzania) – ‘Never Give Up’
- Khaligraph Jones (Kenya) – ‘Leave Me Alone’ WINNER
- Shyn (Madagascar) – ‘Ngoma’ ft. Denise
- Rayvanny (Tanzania) – ‘Tetema’ ft. Diamond Platnumz
- Mbosso (Tanzania) – ‘Hodari’
- Nyashinski (Kenya) – ‘Hello’
Best Female Artist in Eastern Africa
- Irene Namatovu (Uganda) – ‘Tweyanze’
- Maua Sama (Tanzania) – ‘Lokote’
- Nandy (Tanzania) – ‘Aibu’
- Nikita Kering (Kenya) – ‘Happy With You’ WINNER
- Rosa Ree (Tanzania) – ‘Dip n’ Wine It’ ft. G Nako
- Sheeba (Uganda) – ‘Wankona’
- Vanessa Mdee (Tanzania) – ‘Moyo’
- Queen Darleen (Tanzania) – ‘Mbali’ ft. Harmonize
Best Male Artist in Northern Africa
- Ahmed Soultan (Morocco) – ‘Draw My Life’
- Amiinux (Morocco) – ‘Bini W Biwaen’ WINNER
- Amr Diab (Egypt ) – ‘Bahebo’
- Cairokee (Egypt) – ‘Kan Lak Ma ‘Ya’
- DJ Moh Green (Algeria) – ‘Africa Proud’ ft. Wally B. Seck, IbaOne, Josey, Fanicko, Stanley, Kafon, Heritier, Dub Africa and BGMFK
- Mostafa Hagag (Egypt) – ‘Khatwa’
- Soolking (Algeria) – ‘Esperance’
- Tamer Hosny (Egypt) – ‘Naseny Lay’
- Yann’Sine (Morocco) – ‘J’essaie’
Best Female Artist in Northern Africa
- Jaylann (Morocco) – ‘Allo allo’
- Kenza Morsli (Algeria) – ‘Kettal’
- Nada Azhari (Morocco) – ‘Jrit’ WINNER
- Psychoqueen (Morocco) – ‘Enta’ Habibi’
- Salma Rachid (Morocco) – ‘Ma Gazzelle’ ft. Mok Saib
- Sherine (Egypt) – ‘Kadabeen’
- Souhila Ben Lachhab (Algeria) – ‘Donia Gdeda’
Best Male Artist in Southern Africa
- AKA (South Africa) – ‘Jika’ ft. Yanga Chief
- Prince Kaybee ft Busiswa and TNS (South Africa) – ‘Banomoya’
- Casper Nyovest (South Africa) – ‘Move For Me’ ft. Boskasie
- Black Coffee and David Guetta (South Africa) – ‘Drive’ ft. Delilah Montagu
- Sjava (South Africa) – ‘Umama’ WINNER
- Jah Prayzah (Zimbabwe) – ‘Dzamutsana’
- Winky D (Zimbabwe) – ‘MuGarden’ ft. Gemma
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ ft. Rowlene
Best Female Artist in Southern Africa
- Ammara Brown (Zimbabwe) – ‘Svoto’ ft. Mr Eazi
- Tamy Moyo (Zimbabwe) – ‘Kwandinobva’
- Zonke (South Africa) – ‘Tonight’
- Kelly Khumalo (South Africa) – ‘Jehova’ ft. J FLo
- Nadia Nakai (South Africa) – ‘Imma Boss’ WINNER
- Sho Madjozi (South Africa) – ‘Idhom’
- Trina South (Zambia) – ‘Weka’
- Chikune ft. Mbosso (Namibia) – ‘Pieces’
Best Male Artist in Western Africa
- Burna Boy (Nigeria) – ‘Ye’ WINNER
- Davido (Nigeria) – ‘Wonder Woman’
- Kizz Daniel (Nigeria) – ‘Madu’
- Wizkid (Nigeria) – ‘Fever’
- King Promise (Ghana) – ‘Abena’
- Salif Keita (Mali) – ‘Gnamale’ ft. Ladysmith Black Mambazo
- Shatta Wale (Ghana) – ‘My Level’
- Sidiki Diabate (Mali) – ‘I Love You’
- DJ Arafat (Ivory Coast) – ‘Moto Moto’
Best Female Artist in Western Africa
- Aya Nakamura (Mali) – ‘Pookie’
- Simi (Nigeria) – ‘I Dun Care’
- Jossey (Ivory Coast) – ‘Mise Au Point’
- Tiwa Savage (Nigeria) – ‘One’ WINNER
- Kanvee Adams (Liberia) – ‘Daily Prayer’
- Teni (Nigeria) – ‘Case’
- Manamba Kante (Guinea) – ‘Nany Baly’
- Yemi Alade (Nigeria) – ‘Oh My Gosh’
- MzVee (Ghana) – ‘Bend Down’ ft. Kuame Eugene
- Niniola (Nigeria) – ‘Bana’
— CONTINENTAL CATEGORY —
African Fans’ Favourite
- Davido (Nigeria) – ‘Wonder Woman’
- Ferre Gol (DRC) – ‘Pourquoi tu m’as fait ça?’
- GIMS and Maluma (DRC) – ‘Hola Señorita (Maria)’
- Kuami Eugene (Ghana) – ‘Oheemaa’ ft. KIDI
- Magasco (Cameroon) – ‘Calling My Driver’ ft. Mimie
- Mohamed Ramadan (Egypt) – ‘Mafia’ WINNER
- Skiibii (Nigeria) – ‘Sensima’ ft. Reekado Banks
- The Ben (Rwanda) – ‘Fine Girl’
- WCB Wasafi (Tanzania) – ‘Jibebe ft. Diamond Platnumz & Mbosso & Lavalava’
Album of the Year in Africa
- African Giant – Burna Boy (Nigeria)
- Afrikan Sauce – Sauti Sol (Kenya) WINNER
- Chulo Vibes – Timaya (Nigeria)
- Limpopo Champions League – Sho Madjozi (South Africa)
- Manyan-Nyan – Vusi Nova (South Africa)
- Naked – Nadia Nakai (South Africa)
- Omo Charlie Champagne – Simi (Nigeria)
- Poetic Trance – Aziz Sahmaoui (Morocco)
- Umqhele – Sjava (South Africa)
- Wilmer – Patorankin (Nigeria)
Artist of the Year in Africa
- Aminux (Morocco) – ‘Bini W Binek’
- Burna Boy (Nigeria) – ‘Gbona’ WINNER
- Daphne (Cameroon) – ‘Ne Lâches Pas’
- Davido (Nigeria ) – ‘Wonder Woman’
- Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania) – ‘Kanyaga’
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ ft. Rowlene
- Prince Kaybee (South Africa) – ‘Banomoya’ ft. Busiswa and TNS
- Tamer Hosny (Egypt) – ‘Naseny Leh’
- Wizkid (Nigeria) – ‘Fever’
Best African Act in the Diaspora
- Aya Nakamura (Mali) – ‘Pookie’
- Aziz Sahmaoui (Morocco) – ‘Nouria’
- Brian Nhira (Zimbabwe) – ‘Till Death Do Us Part’
- GIMS (DRC) – ‘Hola Señorita’ (Maria) ft. Maluma
- Hiro (DRC) – ‘À Découvert’ ft. Ninho
- Lbenj (Morocco) – ‘Amoureux Tombé’ ft. Mounim Slimani & DJ Med
- Manno Beats (Chad) – ‘Akouna’ ft. Afrotronix & Vox Sambou WINNER
- Sookling (Algeria) – ‘Espérance’
Best African Collaboration
- AKA (South Africa) – ‘Jika’ ft. Yanga Chief
- Anselmo Ralph (Angola) – ‘Pra Cuiar Mais’ ft. C4 Pedro
- Burna Boy (Nigeria) – ‘Killin Dem’ ft. Zlatan
- Dammy Krane (Nigeria) – ‘Balance Well’ ft. Olamide, Pearl Thusi & Medikal
- Davido and Chris Brown (Nigeria/USA) – ‘Blow My Mind’
- Farid Bang and French Montana and Khaled (Algeria/Morocco) – ‘Maghreb Gang’
- Kizz Daniel (Nigeria) – ‘One Ticket’ ft. Davido
- Larry Gaaga (Nigeria) – ‘Low’ ft. Wizkid
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ ft. Rowlene WINNER
- Prince Kaybee (South Africa ) – ‘Banomoya’ ft. Busiswa and TNS
- Rayvanny (Tanzania) – ‘Tetema’ ft. Diamond Platnumz
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Contemporary
- 2Baba (Nigeria) – ‘Oyi’ WINNER
- Adil Assil (Morocco) – ‘Lala Moulati’
- Fally Ipupa (DRC) – ‘Aime-moi’
- Kerozen (Cote d’Ivoire) – ‘La Victoire’
- Kizz Daniel (Nigeria) – ‘Madu’
- Mbosso (Tanzania) – ‘Hodari’
- Salatiel (Cameroon) – ‘Anita’
- Salif Keita (Mali) – ‘Tonton’
- Sjava (South Africa) – ‘Umama’
- Tamy Moyo (Zimbabwe) – ‘Kwandinobva’
- Tiwa Savage (Nigeria) – ‘One’
Best African Dance or Choreography
- Aminux (Morocco) – ‘Bini W Binek’ WINNER
- Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania) – ‘Inama’ ft. Fally Ipupa
- DJ Arafat (Cote d’Ivoire) – ‘Moto Moto’
- Irene Namatovu (Uganda) – ‘Tweyanze’
- Niniola (Nigeria ) – ‘Bana’
- Olamide (Nigeria) – ‘Woske’
- Rayvanny (Tanzania) – ‘Tetema’ ft. Diamond Platnumz
- Serge Beynaud (Cote d’Ivoire) – ‘Kota na Kota’
- Toofan (Togo) – ‘Gbessi Gbeko’
Best African DJ
- Black Coffee and David Guetta (South Africa) – ‘Drive’ ft. Delilah Montagu
- DJ Africano (Morocco) – ‘Chandek’ ft. Muslim
- DJ Maphorisa, DJ Raybel (South Africa) – ‘iWalk Ya Phara’ ft. Moonchild Sanelly, K.O & Zulu Mkhathini
- DJ Moh Green (Algeria) – ‘Africa Proud’ ft. Wally B. Seck, Iba One, Josey, Fanicko, Stanley Enow, Kafon, Heritier, Dub Afrika & Bgmfk
- DJ Neptune (Nigeria) – ‘Demo’ ft. Davido
- DJ Spinall (Nigeria) – ‘Dis Love’ ft. Wizkid, Tiwa Savage WINNER
- DJ Tunez (Nigeria) – ‘Turn Up ft. Wizkid & Reekado
- DJ Zinhle (South Africa) – Umlilo
- RJ The DJ (Tanzania) – ‘Good Time Drip’ ft. Abba, Country Boy, Giggy Money, Sanja Boy & Queen Darleen
Best African Duo, Group or Band
- B2C Kampala Boyz (Uganda) – ‘Yatonda’
- Charly Na Nina (Rwanda) – ‘Komeza Unyirebere’
- Dream Boyz and Nelson Freitas (Angola) – ‘Falta de Mim’
- Jano Band (Ethiopia) – ‘Yetikur Almaz’
- Kika Troupe (Uganda) – ‘Nabalanga’
- Mi Casa (South Africa) – ‘TOCA’ ft. Jay Em
- Sauti Sol (Kenya) – ‘Extravaganza’ ft. Bensoul, Nviiri the Storyteller, Crystal Asige & Kaskazini WINNER
- Toofan (Togo) – ‘Ou Lè’ ft. Jacob Desvarieux & Kassav
- WCB Wasafi (Tanzania) – Jibebe ft. Diamond Platnumz & Mbosso & Lavalava
Best African Artist, Duo or Group in African Electro
- Black Coffee and David Guetta (South Africa) – ‘Drive’ ft. Delilah Montagu
- DJ Maphorisa, DJ Raybel (South Africa) – ‘iWalk Ya Phara’ ft. Moonchild Sanelly
- Guiltybeatz, Mr. Eazi and Kwesi Arthur (Ghana/Nigeria) – ‘Pilolo’
- Manno Beats (Chad) – ‘Akouna’ ft. Afrotronix & Vox Sambou WINNER
- Mobi Dixon (South Africa) – ‘Abantu’ ft. Samthing Soweto
- Niniola (Nigeria ) – ‘Bana’
- Olamide (Nigeria) – ‘Woske’
- Prince Kaybee (South Africa) – ‘Banomoya’ ft. Busiswaand TNS
- Sho Madjozi (South Africa) – ‘Wakanda Forever’ ft. Ycee
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Hip Hop
- Biura (Angola) – ‘Fora Da Zona’ ft. Bruno AG and Jéssica Pitbull
- DJ Africano (Morocco) – ‘Chandek’ ft. Muslim
- Falz (Nigeria) – ‘Hypocrite’ ft. Demmie Vee
- Khaligraph Jones (Kenya) – ‘Leave Me Alone’ (Wachana Na Nimi)
- Nadia Nakai (South Africa) – ‘Imma Boss’ WINNER
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ ft. Rowlene
- Nyashinski (Kenya) – ‘Marathon Runner’
- Sarkodie (Ghana) – ‘Bibii’ ft. LJ, Tulenkey, Frequency, K. Mole, ToyBoi, Yeyo, Amerado, 2Fyngers, Obkay & CJ
- Soolking (Morocco) – ‘Esperance’
- The Big Hash (South Africa) – ‘Circles’
Best Artist, Duo in Group in African Jazz
- Black Motion (South Africa) – ‘Joy Joy’ ft. Brenden Praise
- Brymo (Nigeria) – ‘Bá’núsọ’
- Carmen Souza (Cabo Verde) – ‘Soul Searching’
- Judith Sephuma (South Africa) – ‘Dance’
- Mandisi Dyantyis (South Africa) – ‘Somandla’
- Owen & Tiana (Gabon) – ‘African Time’ WINNER
- Ray Lema (DRC) – ‘Transcendance’
- Sibusiso Mash Mashiloane (South Africa) – ‘African Heart’
Best African Rapper/Lyricist
- Biura (Angola) – ‘Fora Da Zona’ ft. Bruno AG and Jéssica Pitbull
- Double S (Uganda) – ‘Certy’ ft. Skepta
- Frank Casino (South Africa) – ‘Sudden’ ft. Cassper Nyovest & Major Leage DJz
- Khaligraph Jones (Kenya) – ‘Superman’
- Nadia Nakai (South Africa) – ‘Imma Boss’
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ ft. Rowlene WINNER
- Nyashinski (Kenya) Marathon Runner
- Sarkodie (Ghana) – ‘Bibii’ ft. LJ, Tulenkey, Frequency, K. Mole, ToyBoi, Yeyo, Amerado, 2Fyngers, Obkay & CJ
Best Artiste, Duo or Group in African Pop
- Diamond Platnumz (Tanzania) – ‘Kanyaga’
- Fireboy DML (Nigeria) – ‘Jealous’
- Joeboy (Nigeria) – ‘Baby’ WINNER
- Magasco (Cameroon) – ‘Calling My Driver’ ft. Mimie
- Mlindo the Vocalist (South Africa) – ‘Macala’ ft. Sfeesoh, Kwesta & Thabsie
- Rema (Nigeria) – ‘Dumebi’
- Skiibii (Nigeria) – ‘Sensima’ ft. Reekado Banks
- Vanessa Mdee (Tanzania) – ‘Moyo’
- Wax Dey (Cameroon) – ‘Magufuli’ ft. Mr. Leo & Locko
- Yann’Sine (Morocco) – ‘J’essaie’
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Reggae, Ragga or Dancehall
- Daphne (Cameroon) – ‘Ne Lâches Pas’
- Navy Kenzo (Tanzania) – ‘Roll It’
- Patorankin (Nigeria) – ‘Confirm ft. Davido’
- Praiz (Nigeria) – ‘Hustle’ ft. Stonebwoy
- Rosa Ree (Tanzania) – Dip n Wine It ft. G Nako
- Rudeboy (Nigeria) – ‘Reason With Me’
- Shatta Wale (Ghana) – ‘My Level’
- Stonebwoy (Ghana) – ‘Tuff Seed’ WINNER
- Timaya Nigeria) – ‘Balance’
- Winky D (Zimbabwe) – ‘MuGarden ft. Gemma’
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African R&B & Soul
- Ahmed Soultan (Morocco) – ‘Draw My Life’
- Anna Joyce (Angola) – ‘Destino’
- C4 Pedro (Angola) – ‘Se Eu Soubesse’
- Davido & Chris Brown (Nigeria) – ‘Blow My Mind’
- Hillzy (Zimbabwe) – ‘TV Room’ ft. Garry Mapanzure WINNER
- Landrick (Angola) – ‘Distância’
- Locko (Cameroon) – ‘Let Go’
- Sarz & WurlD (Nigeria) – ‘Trobul’
- Sidiki Diabaté (Mali) – ‘I Love You’
- Tellaman & Shekinah & Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘Whipped’
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Rock
- Ahmed Soultan (Morocco) – ‘Wonder’
- Cairokee (Egypt) – ‘Kan Lak Ma’aya’
- Cobhams Asuquo (Nigeria) – ‘Starlight’
- Daphil Colag (Nigeria) – ‘My Season’
- Jano Band (Ethiopia) – ‘Yetikur Almaz’
- Jeremy Loops (South Africa) – ‘Gold’
- Mohombi (Congo) – ‘Hello’ ft. Youssou N’dour
- Rash (Kenya) – ‘Grave Robbers’ WINNER
Best Artist, Duo or Group in African Traditional
- Abrham Belanyeh (Ethiopia) – ‘Ete Abay’ WINNER
- Aziz Sahmaoui (Morocco) – ‘Le Peur-Nogcha’
- Candy (South Africa) – ‘Nathinga’
- Hamada Helal (Egypt) – ‘Ashrab Shai’
- Irene Namatovu (Uganda) – ‘Tweyanze’
- Salif Keita (Mali) – ‘Gnamale’ ft. Ladysmith Black Mambazo
- Sherine (Egypt) – ‘Kadabeen’
- Yared Negu (Ethiopia) – ‘Adimera’
Best Female Artist, Duo or Group in African Inspirational Music
- Afrie (Uganda) – ‘Let Her Know’
- Judy Stevens (Kenya) – ‘Loco’
- Kanvee Adams (Liberia) – ‘Daily Prayer’ WINNER
- Kelly Khumalo (South Africa) – ‘Jehova’ ft. J Flo
- Nabila (Cameroon) – ‘Ca Va Aller’
- Nada Azhari (Morocco) – ‘Jrit’
- Ntokozo Mbanbo (South Africa) – ‘We Pray for More’
- Olivia Ambani (Kenya) – ‘Better Than Just Fine’
- Teni (Nigeria) – ‘Uyo Meyo’
Best Male Artist, Duo or Group in African Inspirational Music
- Daphil Colag (Nigeria) – ‘My Season’
- Hamza El Fadly (Morocco) – ‘Ma Nensak’
- Harmonize (Tanzania) – ‘Never Give Up’
- Johnny Drille (Nigeria) – ‘Papa’
- Mr. Leo (Cameroon) – ‘Amen’
- Ommy Dimpoz (Tanzania) – ‘Ni Wewe’
- Onesimus (Malawi) – ‘Sounds of Peace’ WINNER
- Tim Godfrey (Nigeria) – ‘Nara’ ft.Travis Greene
Best African Video
- Adasa Cookey (Nigeria) – ‘Jericho’ by Simi ft. Patoranking
- Director Kenny (Tanzania) – ‘Tetema’ by Rayvanny ft. Diamond Platnumz WINNER
- Jypheal Tayorault (Cote d’Ivoire) – ‘I Love You’ by Sidiki Diabaté
- REX (Ghana) – ‘Oheemaa’ by Kuami Eugene ft. KIDI
- Said El Marouk (Egypt/Lebanon) – ‘Naseny Leh’ by Tamer Hosny
- Tebego ‘Tebza’ Malope (South Africa) – ‘Ngwa’ by Blick Bassy
- Vusa Blaqs (Zimbabwe) – ‘Dzamutsana’ by Jah Prayzah
Most Promising Artist in Africa
- Ariel Sheney (Cote d’Ivoire) – ‘Amina’
- Bráulio Alexandre (Angola) – ‘Que Nada Nos Separe’ WINNER
- Farid Ghannam (Morocco) – ‘Belgana’
- Fireboy DML (Nigeria) – ‘Jealous’
- Hillzy (Zimbabwe) – ‘TV Room’ ft. Garry Mapanzure
- Nada Azhari (Morocco) – ‘JRIT’
- Rema (Nigeria) – ‘Dumebi’
- Shan’L (Gabon) – ‘C’est Pas Les Gbés Gbés Gbés’
- The Big Hash (South Africa) – ‘Circles’
- Yann’Sine (Algeria) – ‘J’essaie’
Producer of the Year in Africa
- Kel P (Nigeria) – ‘On the Low’ (Burna Boy) ‘Gbona’ (Burna Boy) ‘Killin Dem’ (Burna Boy ft. Zlatan) WINNER
- Mace (South Africa) – ‘Umama’ (Sjava)
- Nasty C (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ (Nasty C ft. Rowlene)
- Prince Kaybee (South Africa) – ‘Banomoya’ (Prince Kaybee ft. Buslswa and TNS)
- S2Kizzy (Tanzania) – ‘Tetema’ (Rayvanny ft. Diamond Platnumz)
- Salatiel (Cameroon) – ‘Anita’ (Salatiel) ‘Ne Lâches Pas’ (Daphne)
- Sarz (Nigeria) – ‘Trobul’ (Sarz & WurlD) ‘Bana’ (Niniola)
- Shizzi (Nigeria) – ‘Blow My Mind’ (Davido & Chris Brown)
- TH Productions (Eygpt) – ‘Naseny Leh’ (tamer Hosny)
- Vusi Nova (South Africa) – ‘Manyan-Nyan’
Revelation of the African Continent
- Hamada Helal (Egypt) – ‘Ashrab Shai’
- Kid X (South Africa) – ‘Mtan Omuntu’ ft. Shwi Nomtekhala and Makwa
- Nikita Kering (Kenya) – ‘Happy with You’ — WINNER
- Rosa Ree (Tanzania) – ‘Dip n Wine’ It ft. G Nako
- Sho Madjozi (South Africa) – ‘Idhom’
- Skiibii (Nigeria) – ‘Sensima’
- Tellaman (South Africa) – ‘Whipped’ ft. Shekinah & Nasty C
- WurlD and Sarz (Nigeria) – ‘Trobul’
Song of the Year in Africa
- ‘Banomoya’ – Prince Kaybee (South Africa) ft. Busiswa & TNS
- ‘Blow My Mind’ – Davido & Chris Brown (Nigeria)
- ‘Fever’ – Wizkid (Nigeria) WINNER
- ‘Iokote’ – Maua Sama and Hanstone (Tanzania)
- ‘Naseny Leh’ – Tamer Hosny (Egypt)
- ‘On The Low’– Burna Boy (Nigeria)
- ‘SMA’ – Nasty C ft. Rowlene (South Africa)
- ‘Tetema’ – Rayvanny (Tanzania) ft. Diamond Platnumz
- ‘Umama’ – Sjava (South Africa)
Songwriter of the Year in Africa
- Afrie (Uganda) – ‘Let Her Know’ by Afrie
- Asikey George (Nigeria) – ‘Love with You’ by Asikey
- HanikesH Muzik, YoBass, Ye (Angola) – ‘Vale Milhoes’ by YoBase
- Kanvee Adams (Liberia) – ‘Mama’ WINNER
- Nikita Kering (Kenya) – ‘Tragedy’ by Nikita
- Nsikayesizwe David Junior Ngcobo & Rowlene (South Africa) – ‘SMA’ by Nasty C ft. Rowlene
- Olivia Ingasiani Ambani (Kenya) – ‘Better Than Just Fine’ By Olivia Ambani
- Sarz, WurlD (Nigeria) – ‘Trobul’ by Sarz & WurlD’
- Tamer Hussin (Egypt) – ‘Naseny Leh’ by Tamer Hosny
Copyright 2019 TheCable. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from TheCable.
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IndiGo hit by system failure for second time this month
Passengers reported facing glitches from Delhi and Mumbai to Bengaluru and Chennai airports
by Aditya AnandFor the second time this month, IndiGo has reported a system failure leading to crowding at its airport check-in counters across the country.
Interestingly, the previous system failure was on November 4, also a Monday.
In a travel advisory on social media, IndiGo said, “Our systems are down across the network. We are expecting the counters to be crowded more than usual. Please bear with us as we try to solve the issue as soon as possible.”
The advisory was issued at 1.28 p.m.
Passengers reported facing glitches from Delhi and Mumbai to Bengaluru and Chennai airports.
Swedish airline and airport tracking website, Flightradar24 showed IndiGo flights 6E-176 to Delhi, 6E-317 to Lucknow, 6E-223 to Dehradun and 6E-5344 to Chennai scheduled between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m. at the Mumbai airport were delayed.


I like playing with string, I guess. Sister says squirrels are fun too so sometimes I follow her to play with them.


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federatedml.feature package¶
Subpackages¶
- federatedml.feature.binning package
- federatedml.feature.hetero_feature_binning package
- federatedml.feature.hetero_feature_selection package
- federatedml.feature.test package
- Subpackages
- Submodules
- federatedml.feature.test.bucket_binning_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.feature_select_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.hetero_sampler_guest_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.hetero_sampler_host_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.hetero_sampler_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.imputer_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.instance_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.min_max_scaler_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.one_hot_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.quantile_binning_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.quantile_summaries_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.quantile_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.sampler_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.sparse_vector_test module
- federatedml.feature.test.standard_scaler_test module
- Module contents
Submodules¶
federatedml.feature.feature_selection module¶
-
class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
CoeffOfVarValueFilter
(param, cols, statics_obj=None)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
Drop the columns if their coefficient of varaiance is smaller than a threshold.
Parameters: - param (CoeffOfVarSelectionParam object,) – Parameters that user set.
- cols (list of string) – Specify header of guest variances.
- statics_obj (MultivariateStatisticalSummary object, default: None) – If those static information has been compute. This can be use as parameter so that no need to compute again.
-
class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
FilterMethod
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Use for filter columns
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cols
¶ Col index to do selection
Type: list of int
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left_cols
¶ k is col_index, value is bool that indicate whether it is left or not.
Type: dict,
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feature_values
¶ k is col_name, v is the value that used to judge whether left or not.
Type: dict
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class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
IVPercentileFilter
(iv_param, cols, host_cols, binning_obj)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
Drop the columns if their iv is smaller than a threshold of percentile.
Parameters: - iv_param (IVSelectionParam object,) – Parameters that user set.
- cols (list of string) – Specify header of guest variances.
- binning_obj (Binning object) – Use for collecting iv among all parties.
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class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
IVValueSelectFilter
(param, cols, binning_obj)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
Drop the columns if their iv is smaller than a threshold
Parameters: - param (IVSelectionParam object,) – Parameters that user set.
- cols (list of int) – Specify header of guest variances.
- binning_obj (Binning object) – Use for collecting iv among all parties.
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class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
OutlierFilter
(params, cols)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
Given percentile and threshold. Judge if this quantile point is larger than threshold. Filter those larger ones.
Parameters: - params (OutlierColsSelectionParam object,) – Parameters that user set.
- cols (list of int) – Specify which column(s) need to apply this filter method. -1 means do binning for all columns.
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class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
UnionPercentileFilter
(local_variance, host_variances, percentile, pick_high=True, header=None)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
Use for all union percentile filter methods
Parameters: - local_variance (list,) – The variance of guest party
- host_variances (list,) – The variance of guest party
- percentile (float) – The threshold percentile
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class
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.
UniqueValueFilter
(param: federatedml.param.param.UniqueValueParam, cols, statics_obj=None)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.feature_selection.FilterMethod
filter the columns if all values in this feature is the same
Parameters: - param (UniqueValueParam object,) – Parameters that user set.
- cols (list of string or -1) – Specify which column(s) need to apply binning. -1 means do binning for all columns.
- statics_obj (MultivariateStatisticalSummary object, default: None) – If those static information has been compute. This can be use as parameter so that no need to compute again.
federatedml.feature.imputer module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.imputer.
Imputer
(missing_value_list=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
This class provides basic strategies for values replacement. It can be used as missing filled or outlier replace. You can use the statistics such as mean, median or max of each column to fill the missing value or replace outlier.
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fit
(data, replace_method=None, replace_value=None, output_format='origin', quantile=None)[source]¶ Apply imputer for input data :param data: :type data: DTable, each data’s value should be list :param replace_method: :type replace_method: str, the strategy of imputer, like min, max, mean or designated and so on. Default None :param replace_value: :type replace_value: str, if replace_method is designated, you should assign the replace_value which will be used to replace the value in imputer_value_list :param output_format: :type output_format: str, the output data format. The output data can be ‘str’, ‘int’, ‘float’. Default origin, the original format as input data
Returns: - fit_data (data_instance, data after imputer)
- cols_transform_value (list, the replace value in each column)
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transform
(data, transform_value, output_format='origin')[source]¶ Transform input data using Imputer with fit results :param data: :type data: DTable, each data’s value should be list :param output_format: :type output_format: str, the output data format. The output data can be ‘str’, ‘int’, ‘float’. Default origin, the original format as input data
Returns: transform_data Return type: data_instance, data after transform
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federatedml.feature.instance module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.instance.
Instance
(inst_id=None, weight=1.0, features=None, label=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Instance object use in all algorithm module
Parameters: - inst_id (int, the id of the instance, reserved fields in this version) –
- weight (float, the weight of the instance) –
- feature (object, ndarray or SparseVector Object in this version) –
- label (None of float, data label) –
federatedml.feature.min_max_scaler module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.min_max_scaler.
MinMaxScaler
(mode='normal', area='all', feat_upper=None, feat_lower=None, out_upper=None, out_lower=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
- Transforms features by scaling each feature to a given range,e.g.between minimum and maximum. The transformation is given by:
- X_scale = (X - X.min) / (X.max - X.min), while X.min is the minimum value of feature, and X.max is the maximum
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fit
(data)[source]¶ Apply min-max scale for input data :param data: :type data: data_instance, input data
Returns: - fit_data (data_instance, data after scale)
- cols_transform_value (list of tuple, each tuple include minimum, maximum, output_minimum, output maximum)
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transform
(data, cols_transform_value)[source]¶ Transform input data using min-max scale with fit results :param data: :type data: data_instance, input data :param cols_transform_value: :type cols_transform_value: list of tuple, the return of fit function. Each tuple include minimum, maximum, output_minimum, output maximum
Returns: transform_data Return type: data_instance, data after transform
federatedml.feature.one_hot_encoder module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.one_hot_encoder.
OneHotEncoder
[source]¶
federatedml.feature.quantile module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.quantile.
Quantile
(params)[source]¶ Bases:
object
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static
convert_feature_to_bin
(data_instance, method, bin_num=32, bin_gap=1e-06, bin_sample_num=10000, valid_features=None)[source]¶ Convert instance’s features to binning, use for secureboost only in this version
Parameters: - data_instance (DTable) – The input data
- method (str, accepted "bin_by_sample_data", "bin_by_data_block" only) –
- if method is “bin_by_sample_data”, if will sample bin_sample_num amount of data,
- then find split points in such data.
- if method is “bin_by_data_block”, it will generated split points in each partition of data firstly,
- then merge split points of all partition and genenerate final split points
- bin_num (int, max num of bins each column will generate) –
- bin_gap (float, the least gap of any two adjacent bin split points) –
- bin_sample_num (int, use when method is "bin_by_sample_data") –
- valid_features (None or list,) – if valid_features is not None, it will specify which columns need to binning
Returns: - data_bin (DTable,) – instance, whose features were converted to bins
- bin_split_points (2D numpy’s ndarray,) – split points of each feature need to binning
- bin_sparse_points (1D numpy’s ndarray,) – use for sparse representation, which bin is 0 locate for each feature
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static
convert_instance_to_bin
(instance, bin_split_points=None)[source]¶ Method use by mapValues Api, convert an instance object’s features to bins
Parameters: - instance (Instance Object) –
- bin_split_points (2D numpy's ndarray,) – split points of each feature need to binning
Returns: instance
Return type: Instance Object, the instance object’s features converted to bins
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static
find_bin_sparse_points
(bin_split_points)[source]¶ Find out which bin is 0 should be locate for every feature.
If split points is no more than 20, will use brute-force, else use binary search instead
Parameters: bin_split_points (2D numpy's ndarray) – the split points of every column Returns: bin_sparse_points – which bin should 0 be for every feature column Return type: 1D numpy’s ndarray,
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static
find_bin_split_points
(data_instance, method, bin_num=32, bin_gap=1e-06, bin_sample_num=10000, valid_features=None)[source]¶
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static
gen_bin_by_data_block
(data, bin_num=32, bin_gap=1e-06, valid_features=None)[source]¶ Find out bin split points of data
Parameters: - data (list, element of the list is instance define in federatedml.feature.instance) –
- bin_num (int, max number of bins each column feature will generate) –
- bin_gap (float, least gap of two adjacent split points should have) –
- valid_features (None or list,) – if valid_features is not None, it will specify which columns need to binning
Returns: bin_sparse_points – which bin should 0 be for every feature column
Return type: 1D numpy’s ndarray,
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static
gen_bin_by_merge_data_block
(data_instance, bin_num, bin_gap, valid_features)[source]¶ - Find out bin split points by firstly use mapParitions interface to get
- split points of data partition, then merge all split points to generate final split points.
Parameters: - data_instance (DTable) – value of each object is instance define in federatedml.feature.instance
- bin_num (int, max number of bins each column feature will generate) –
- bin_gap (float, least gap of two adjacent split points should have) –
- bin_sample_num (int, max number of data to be sample to generate bin split points) –
- valid_features (None or list,) – if valid_features is not None, it will specify which columns need to binning
Returns: bin_sparse_points – which bin should 0 be for every feature column
Return type: 1D numpy’s ndarray,
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static
gen_bin_by_sample_data
(data_instance, bin_num=32, bin_gap=1e-06, bin_sample_num=32, valid_features=None)[source]¶ - Find out bin split points by firstly sample bin_sample_num amount of data,
- then use these data to generate bin split points.
Parameters: - data_instance (DTable) – value of each object is instance define in federatedml.feature.instance
- bin_num (int, max number of bins each column feature will generate) –
- bin_gap (float, least gap of two adjacent split points should have) –
- valid_features (None or list,) – if valid_features is not None, it will specify which columns need to binning
Returns: bin_sparse_points – which bin should 0 be for every feature column
Return type: 1D numpy’s ndarray,
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static
federatedml.feature.quantile_summaries module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.quantile_summaries.
QuantileSummaries
(compress_thres=10000, head_size=10000, error=0.001, abnormal_list=None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
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insert
(x)[source]¶ Insert an observation of data. First store in a array buffer. If the buffer is full, do a batch insert. If the size of sampled list reach compress_thres, compress this list. :param x: The observation that prepare to insert :type x: float
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class
federatedml.feature.quantile_summaries.
SparseQuantileSummaries
(compress_thres=10000, head_size=10000, error=0.001, abnormal_list=None)[source]¶ Bases:
federatedml.feature.quantile_summaries.QuantileSummaries
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insert
(x)[source]¶ Insert an observation of data. First store in a array buffer. If the buffer is full, do a batch insert. If the size of sampled list reach compress_thres, compress this list. :param x: The observation that prepare to insert :type x: float
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merge
(other)[source]¶ merge current summeries with the other one. :param other: The summaries to be merged :type other: QuantileSummaries
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query
(quantile)[source]¶ Given the queried quantile, return the approximation guaranteed result :param quantile: The target quantile :type quantile: float [0.0, 1.0]
Returns: Return type: float, the corresponding value result.
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zero_lower_bound
¶
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zero_upper_bound
¶
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federatedml.feature.sampler module¶
federatedml.feature.scaler module¶
federatedml.feature.sparse_vector module¶
federatedml.feature.standard_scaler module¶
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class
federatedml.feature.standard_scaler.
StandardScaler
(with_mean=True, with_std=True)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Standardize features by removing the mean and scaling to unit variance. The standard score of a sample x is calculated as: z = (x - u) / s, where u is the mean of the training samples, and s is the standard deviation of the training samples
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fit
(data)[source]¶ Apply standard scale for input data :param data: :type data: data_instance, input data
Returns: - data (data_instance, data after scale)
- mean (list, each column mean value)
- std (list, each column standard deviation)
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transform
(data, mean, scale)[source]¶ Transform input data using standard scale with fit results :param data: :type data: data_instance, input data :param mean: :type mean: list, each column mean value :param std: :type std: list, each column standard deviation
Returns: transform_data Return type: data_instance, data after transform
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