Integer variables.
More...
#include <int.hh>
List of all members.
Related Functions |
(Note that these are not member functions.)
|
| template<class Char , class Traits > |
std::basic_ostream< Char,
Traits > & | operator<< (std::basic_ostream< Char, Traits > &os, const IntVar &x) |
| | Print integer variable x.
|
Constructors and initialization |
|
| | IntVar (void) |
| | Default constructor.
|
| | IntVar (const IntVar &y) |
| | Initialize from integer variable y.
|
| | IntVar (const Int::IntView &y) |
| | Initialize from integer view y.
|
| | IntVar (Space &home, int min, int max) |
| | Initialize variable with range domain.
|
| | IntVar (Space &home, const IntSet &d) |
| | Initialize variable with arbitrary domain.
|
Value access |
|
| int | min (void) const |
| | Return minimum of domain.
|
| int | max (void) const |
| | Return maximum of domain.
|
| int | med (void) const |
| | Return median of domain (greatest element not greater than the median).
|
| int | val (void) const |
| | Return assigned value.
|
| unsigned int | size (void) const |
| | Return size (cardinality) of domain.
|
| unsigned int | width (void) const |
| | Return width of domain (distance between maximum and minimum).
|
| unsigned int | regret_min (void) const |
| | Return regret of domain minimum (distance to next larger value).
|
| unsigned int | regret_max (void) const |
| | Return regret of domain maximum (distance to next smaller value).
|
Domain tests |
|
| bool | range (void) const |
| | Test whether domain is a range.
|
| bool | in (int n) const |
| | Test whether n is contained in domain.
|
Detailed Description
Integer variables.
Definition at line 371 of file int.hh.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
| Gecode::IntVar::IntVar |
( |
void |
|
) |
[inline] |
Default constructor.
Definition at line 47 of file int.hpp.
| Gecode::IntVar::IntVar |
( |
const IntVar & |
y |
) |
[inline] |
Initialize from integer variable y.
Definition at line 49 of file int.hpp.
Initialize from integer view y.
Definition at line 52 of file int.hpp.
| Gecode::IntVar::IntVar |
( |
Space & |
home, |
|
|
int |
min, |
|
|
int |
max | |
|
) |
| | |
Initialize variable with range domain.
The variable is created with a domain ranging from min to max. The following exceptions might be thrown:
Definition at line 38 of file int.cpp.
| Gecode::IntVar::IntVar |
( |
Space & |
home, |
|
|
const IntSet & |
d | |
|
) |
| | |
Initialize variable with arbitrary domain.
The variable is created with a domain described by d. The following exceptions might be thrown:
Definition at line 46 of file int.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
| int Gecode::IntVar::min |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return minimum of domain.
Definition at line 62 of file int.hpp.
| int Gecode::IntVar::max |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return maximum of domain.
Definition at line 70 of file int.hpp.
| int Gecode::IntVar::med |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return median of domain (greatest element not greater than the median).
Definition at line 66 of file int.hpp.
| int Gecode::IntVar::val |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
| unsigned int Gecode::IntVar::size |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return size (cardinality) of domain.
Definition at line 80 of file int.hpp.
| unsigned int Gecode::IntVar::width |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return width of domain (distance between maximum and minimum).
Definition at line 76 of file int.hpp.
| unsigned int Gecode::IntVar::regret_min |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return regret of domain minimum (distance to next larger value).
Definition at line 84 of file int.hpp.
| unsigned int Gecode::IntVar::regret_max |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Return regret of domain maximum (distance to next smaller value).
Definition at line 88 of file int.hpp.
| bool Gecode::IntVar::range |
( |
void |
|
) |
const [inline] |
Test whether domain is a range.
Definition at line 93 of file int.hpp.
| bool Gecode::IntVar::in |
( |
int |
n |
) |
const [inline] |
Test whether n is contained in domain.
Definition at line 97 of file int.hpp.
Friends And Related Function Documentation
template<class Char , class Traits >
| std::basic_ostream< Char, Traits > & operator<< |
( |
std::basic_ostream< Char, Traits > & |
os, |
|
|
const IntVar & |
x | |
|
) |
| | [related] |
Print integer variable x.
Definition at line 38 of file print.hpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


--- layout: post authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: "Sustainability" date: 2014-08-04 time: "15:00:00" tags: ["Opinion"] ---
I took part in a meeting about sustainable scientific software at last month's SciPy conference. Much of it was taken up with discussion of getting scientists recognition for building software, but there was also some interesting debate about what "sustainability" actually means. After talking to a few people in the software engineering research community, I'd like to propose that:
A piece of software is being sustained if people are using it, fixing it, and improving it rather than replacing it.
This definition highlights the fact that sustainability isn't just a property of the software: it's also a property of the culture of its actual and potential users. It doesn't matter whether a library has automated tests and is properly packaged if its users don't understand those things or suffer from Not Invented Here syndrome. Conversely, if "share, mend, and extend" is woven into the fabric of the users' culture, even Fortran-77 can thrive, though of course good tooling and packaging can lower costs (and barriers to entry).
In light of this, we can say that the goal of Software Carpentry is to give people the skills and perspective needed to be enlightened members of sustaining communities. If I'm able to attend the next WSSSPE workshop, I'll try to say this all more coherently than I did in Austin.
For more on this point of view, please see the work of Jim Herbsleb and colleagues.


My natural inclination is to avoid conflict. For my own personal development, I need to learn how to speak up when something bothers me. What I do instead (all too often) is nothing externally, but internally store the anger, sadness, or hurt feelings. This isn't healthy, fosters poor communication, and has probably stunted my efforts in learning to be tactful/assertive in my speaking.
Discuss a time you had a conflict. What was it about? What happened?
I had a pairing session that didn't go very well. We seemed to be on different wavelengths, and as a result, didn't accomplish much of anything during the two hour session. I signed off feeling frustrated and hurt. I felt as though I tried my best to be accomodating, and it just didn't work. I took the experience as a personal failure.
What was the source of the conflict?
Disagreements during pseudocode. We couldn't seem to agree on anything. Each line of text on the screen felt like the result of a hard fought battle.
What basic emotions did you feel upon analyzing the conflict?
Angry and hurt. I felt as though I was being more considerate of my pair's input than they were being of mine. Perhaps I should have been less flexible, and more assertive.
What actions did you take to resolve your conflict?
I discussed the situation with anyone that would listen. I knew that I needed a more distant perspective than my own. The programming I completed on my own, then signed up for tutoring to make sure that I actually did understand the assignment. Being unable to complete the work during the pairing session hurt my confidence levels.
If you could go back, what would you do differently, if anything?
I'm not sure. We could have consulted more outside resources, human or internet, and that would likely have helped. I could have thrown in the towel sooner, acknowledging that, for whatever reason, we were not working well together that day. Perhaps if I had done that, we could have completed the assignment together at another time. I could have taken over as driver. It's not the 'nice' thing to do, so I didn't try it, but if I had, perhaps we could have concluded the session with something to show for it.
What did you learn from this experience?
Pairing isn't always a helpful experience. It's useful to be honest about when a session isn't working. Maybe you can figure out why, but if not, you can certainly refocus your efforts, and more efficiently spend your resources.
Conflict happens.  The best way I've found to resolve conflict is through emotional awareness. First figure out why everyone is upset. The real problem is often deeper than the issue being discussed. Also helpful - always speak from "I", i.e. "I felt ___ when you did/said ___". Speaking for others is often quite incendiary in an argumentative setting, so avoid it if you can. No one is born good at conflict resolution, it's a skill like any other, and improves with practice.


Digital Clock Applet
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Last Updated: June 25, 1996
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Benny Gunawan


Welcome to Wandy's Bakers, your home of wonderful cakes. We're glad to have you on our site. Enjoy the browse and may you fall for the temptation to order the best from the best.
Mommy, I'm almost here! Celebrate the joy of welcoming a new member into the family with the perfect cake from our finest creations inspired by your beautiful imagination. For previous designs inspired by our beloved customers, view our baby shower cake gallery
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Love is a beautiful thing. Share the love on valentines with your one true love. Surprise those you love with a lovely cake to show how much you appreciate their lovely everything. Celebrating love everyday with your home of wonderful cakes. See more lovely designs on the valentine cake gallery
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This far we have come... Celebrate day-versaries, month-versaries and anni-versaries with cakes that have been patiently prepared, taking enough time to design your imagination into a reality. Take a moment and browse for more designs on our anniversary cake gallery


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Tested on desktop browsers (latest Chrome, latest Firefox, latest Edge) and mobile devices (iOS Safari, Chrome, Firefox and Android Chrome, Samsung Internet, Firefox, Edge).
Latest version: 5.5.5
Developer edition: celestra-demo-plugin.dev.js
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collect(<collection>[,mapFn]); |
The CEL.collect(); static method creates a new, shallow-copied Array instance from an iterable object. |
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Tories pay Google to drive postal vote applications to their website
EXCLUSIVE The party was accused of trying to harvest data from people trying to apply for a postal ballot after paying Google to advertise on the words 'register to postal vote'
by Mikey Smith, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/mikey-smith/The Conservative Party has been hoodwinking voters into visiting their website by paying Google to place links claiming above official advice on registering for a postal vote.
The party was accused of trying to “harvest data” from people trying to register for a postal ballot.
With just days to go before the deadline to register for a postal vote, users searching for “register to postal vote” on Saturday were shown the Tory website as the top result.
And despite having a button on the page which reads “APPLY NOW”, voters cannot apply for a postal vote through the page.
The site just allows them to print out a paper form for their application - and invites them to join the Tory mailing list.
Applications for postal votes must be received by local authorities by 5pm on Tuesday to count in the general election .
Darren Hughes, chief executive of the Electoral Reform Society (ERS) said: "It's unfortunate that impartial resources on voting are often outgunned by campaigns trying to harvest data like this - from voter registration to postal voting.
“A review of our outdated campaign rules could look at how to ensure voters always have priority access to the independent election advice needed"
"At the moment it is silicon valley giants setting the rules on campaign ads. It's time to ensure full transparency."
Labour run a similar website encouraging people to register for postal votes- but have not paid to boost it to the top of search results above official pages from Gov.uk.
Some 300,000 people registered to vote on Friday, after the ERS launched National Voter Registration Day.
But the group warned millions of potential voters could still be missing from voter roles as Tuesday’s deadline for applications approaches.
While other parties publicly backed the registration drive, the Conservative Party did not.
The Tories sparked outrage during last week’s Labour manifesto launch by paying Google to hijack search results for the event.
People searching for “Labour” were presented with a fake Tory attack website with the address labourmanifesto.co.uk.
And they were warned not to mislead the public by Twitter after they rebranded an existing party account to mimic an independent fact checking service.


| DOSE: T+ 0:00 |
45 mg |
IM |
Ketamine |
(liquid) |
| T+ 0:05 |
1 bowl |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
September 10th 2005
45mg ketamine hcl
It has been well over a year since I have taken any ketamine. My opinion on this remarkable substance is that the experience it produces is very useful for those who explore altered states of consciousness. My ketamine experiences have been enriching, insightful, and even life-changing. However, I do feel its usefulness can be limited. Since my first couple of “K-Hole” experience, most of my trips since then with ketamine have been ‘more of the same.’ With other entheogens I still find magic and newness with them every time I go back.
But I will also acknowledge that I have used more than a fair bit of ketamine in my day, and not always for the right reasons. There is some truth to ketamine being a sort of, ‘”psychedelic heroin.” It is quite likely that this ‘abuse’ a factor in me not finding ketamine to be as insightful and useful as I once did.
Yesterday however, I had a special and remarkable experience with a very small amount of the substance, and I do want to share the story. I obtained a new supply of ketamine, a sealed pharmaceutical vial. My love and I decided to be bold, we would try a small ‘recreational’ dosage of ketamine just because we could. Forty-five milligrams was taken by intra-muscular injection. Neither of us expected anything profound. Both of us had used this dosage before, and find it well below what is needed to produce a “K-hole.” Immediately after the injection I went to brush my teeth, while my partner rolled us a joint.
Within three minutes we both felt a powerful wave pass over. A humming noise (somewhat similar to the buzz of an air conditioner) was apparent. The body felt heavy like stone, and I lay across the middle of the bed glancing at my fish tank with wide-open, glazed, and staring eyes. Things became blurry, and wobbly, and I had to keep one eye closed in order to focus.
At about ten-minutes after the injection, I lost track of everything. At some point I found myself lying next to my love. She was holding me, and I was stroking her hand and arm. Soon I felt myself being “pulled away.” At this point, I was still aware of having taken ketamine, and was absolutely shocked at how strong the effects were. Then in an instant later, I was gone.
It is difficult to recall all of the details with what happened next. It is even more difficult to accurately portray were our minds traveled to. I remember thinking of my current situation in life, and my feelings for my partner. As I thought of her, she held on to me more tightly.
Suddenly, I felt as though our thoughts, feelings, and experiences were being exchanged with each other. Almost like two computers sharing files over the internet. At this point, everything was immersed into bright white light. All awareness of my body, surroundings were lost, and I “forgot” I was tripping on ketamine.
As for what was going on in my “mind” at the time I can say this, One’s heart is filled with such strong emotions for their partner that must be expressed. But sometimes it is difficult.
One tells their partner every day that they are loved like no other. One does everything possible to make the other know they are the most special human in the world. But one sometimes wonders if their partner really knows.
In the beginning of the experience, we were two computers connected through cyberspace. Now we were one being. We were one soul, with two physical extensions to experience. And she knew and experienced what I felt, and I knew and experience what she felt.
For the first time in what seemed like a long time it seems I finally knew that my love truly understood the gravity and depth of my love for her. As this was happening, she held me even tighter and I suddenly became aware of my body again, and remembered that we had taken ketamine. I looked deep into her eye, leaned forward, and kissed her third eye.
I asked my partner what she experienced. She said our souls merged, and we became one being. I asked her if she knew now how I felt, and she did. She told me she knew how much I loved her. We looked deep in each others eyes, knowing that we both had unconditional love and devotion to the other. I looked at the clock, and about thirty minutes had gone by since we first took the injection.
We were both in a state of extreme afterglow. The nature of this trip reminded me of the 5-MeO-DMT “white-light” experience, more so than a typical “k-hole.” I should also add that my partner commented on experiencing white light before I mentioned this to her. There was a feeling of peace, oneness with each self, each other, and warm, cosmic joy of knowing all is well and in harmony.
Usually with ketamine, I feel nauseous and wobbly after the major effects are over. This time, we both felt great and got up to enjoy the evening sky. Both of us rated the experience as a “plus-four” as defined by Dr. A. Shulgin. This was a blessed, rare, and special event, I consider it a gift.
I do believe our ‘minds’ were connected in some sense during this experience. If anything, it was especially unique that we both had such strong reactions to just forty-five milligrams of ketamine, and experienced such similar events. Neither of us are strangers to this drug, or that dosage. And neither of us had yet ever obtained something so powerful and meaningful from ketamine with such a small dosage.
I don’t doubt that skeptics will dismiss all of this talk of ‘telepathy’ as just the crazy thoughts of minds under the influence of a powerful, dissociative drug. And that is fine because I am not interested in converting skeptics. But it is just remarkable that that the dosage of ketamine we decided to try on a spur or the moment whim could induce such a rare and profound state with both of us.
For this, I feel it is worth recording the journey for the archives. This experience just furthers my belief that when it is your “time,” things will happen regardless of the chemical, route, or dosage taken. Why? Everything happens for a reason.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Skip
What if the healthcare crisis is a lot worse than you think?
30% of retirees spend
more than 50% of their retirement
on healthcare.
That number is growing
Fast.
The estimated impact on the
US Economy alone is
Over $1 Trillion
What if no one expects it to get better?
This figure is expected to increase
600% by the year
2050
What if our entire focus to fixing this is wrong?
New treatments raise costs
And often provide
Little or no benefit
What if the solution to the crisis were much simpler?
Pundits say that 75% of these costs
Are preventable
With technologies and treatments
We already have
What if there is something you could do about this?


Most of the NLP tasks start with the basic challenge - how to find or detect something in the text. Whether you are designing a search engine, conversational interface or some sort of classificator you will likely start with a problem of how to detect named entities in the input text. These named entities can be universal such as dates, countries, cities as well as domain specific for your model. It is also important to note that we are talking about a class of NLP tasks where you actually know what you are looking for.
The software component responsible for finding the named entities is called a named entity recognition (NER) component. Its goal is to find a certain entity in the input text and optionally extract additional information about this entity. For example, consider the sentence "Give me twenty two face masks". A numeric NER component will find numeric entity “twenty two” and will extract normalized integer value “22” from it which can be then used further.
NER components are usually based on neural networks that are trained on extensive and well prepared models (corpus) as well as on simpler rule-based or synonym matching algorithms that are better suited for domain specific applications. Note that most universal NER components tend to use some variation of neural networks based algorithms.
Rest of this blog will concentrate on a brief review of existing popular products and open source projects that provide NER components. We will also look at what Apache NLPCraft project brings to the table on this topic as well. Note that this review is far from exhaustive analysis of these libraries but rather a quick overview of their pros and cons as of the end of 2020.
Let's take a look at several well-known NLP libraries that provide built-in NER components.
Apache OpenNlp is an Apache licensed open source library that provides a typical set of built-in NER components for English to detect dates, times, geographic locations, organizations, numeric values, and known persons. Other languages such as Spanish and Dutch are supported with some limitations.
Apache OpenNLP is a Java library and its models are available separately due to ASF release process limitations.
Pros:
Apache license, mature and well tested implementation.
Cons:
Built-in models don’t see much of the development, if any at all, in the last several years.
It appears that the main usage pattern of Apache OpenNLP is to build and train your own models from scratch.
Stanford NLP is a popular and actively developed, mature NLP library that provides a wide range of functionality. For English it supports the following named entities: person, location, organization, misc, money, number, ordinal, percent, date, time, duration, set. Furthermore, built in regular expressions based NER component allows to recognize the following additional named entities: email, url, city, state_or_province, country, nationality, religion, (job) title, ideology, criminal_charge, cause_of_death, handle. More information here.
There’s a limited support for German, Spanish and Mandarin languages. Live demo allows you to test out various capabilities of Stanford NLP.
Stanford NLP is a Java library. Models are available in Maven along with the project itself. I could not find a detailed description of NER components for languages other than English. Here and here you can find instructions on how to train your own NER components for other languages.
Pros:
Maturity of the project. Live and actively developed project with very good recognition quality
(I use the word “good” very subjectively as we won’t go into formal qualitative metrics of each
project here).
Cons:
The biggest gripe is the usage of GNU GPL license which is all but shun away these days due its viral
nature and business unfriendliness. In other words - it is not free and you have to buy a commercial
license if you intend to use it in any serious way. Documentation is adequate at best and can be a
frustrating experience (like many academically driven software projects).
Google Language API supports the following named entities for the English language: person, location, organization, event, work_of_art, consumer_good, other, phone_number, address, date, number, price.
Google Language API is available as REST API with the native client libraries for Java, C#, Python, Go, etc.
Pros:
Large set of NER components from a trusted NLP-based company like Google. Scalability and availability of
modern SaaS platform developed by Google...
Cons:
REST API inherently limits the performance of the final solution - making it almost impossible to be used
in any “real-time” applications. Free only for a small number of transactions, paid after that. Not open source.
spaCy is a Python library that provides one of the best, if not the best, collection of NER components. Here you can see a full list of supported NERs.
Pros:
Actively developed and mature project. Open source with MIT license. One of the best
documentation among similar projects. One of the most popular NLP libraries among a few dozens of available
libraries for the Python community.
Cons:
Python - which is rarely used for production level applications. Slow, often unacceptably slow,
performance (due to Python as well). Lack of 1st grade support for language other than English.
Let’s take a look at what Apache NLPCraft brings different or additional to the table.
When it comes to NER components, Apache NLPCraft provides the following:
While built-in NER components and integration with 3rd party ones is rather a “pedestrian” capabilities (and you can read about them here) - the “composable & reusable named entities” is something that is unique for Apache NLPCraft. Let’s look at it in more detail.
Apache NLPCraft is the first project that provides direct support for composable named entities - named entities that are defined in terms of other (constituent or part) entities. Let’s illustrate this by an example.
Let’s imagine you are building an NLP-based answering application utilizing intent-based matching (Alexa, Google DialogFlow, Apache NLPCraft, etc.). In this application we want to answer questions about geographical locations but only the USA.
The one of the ways to accomplish this task is to use any NER providers, for example, nlpcraft:city
from
Apache NLPCraft, and build your intents using it. Then, when a particular intent is selected and its callback is called you can check the country
metadata field of the detected named entity. If it does not equal the USA
you need to exit (break) from
the intent's callback and continue trying other intents, if any were matched as well.
Well, that’s not so easy in real life:
Okay... you can create your own brand new NER component from scratch that would detect only geographical locations in the US. However, this will surely take more than a few minutes.
Yet another approach, if supported by your intent-based NLP library, is to enhance the intent definition itself to match only USA geographical locations. At this time, however, I’m not aware of any other NLP libraries supporting this other than Apache NLPCraft. Furthermore, you are complicating your intents that generally should be as simple and maintainable as possible.
That’s where composable named entities come to the rescue. Apache NLPCraft allows you to define a new named entity using existing ones - user-defined, built-in or external - named entities (more documentation on this can be found here). Following up on our example application:
"elements": [ { "id": "custom:city:usa", "description": "Wrapper for USA cities", "synonyms": [ "^^id == 'nlpcraft:city' && lowercase(~city:country) == 'usa')^^" ] } ]
In this model snippet, we are defining a new named entity custom:city:usa
(line 3) that is based on
existing nlpcraft:city
(line 6) that is also filtered for USA country. Once you have this new named entity
defined you can use it to define the intent that will only match cities in the USA.
Another example:
"macros": [ { "name": "<AIRPORT>", "macro": "{airport|aerodrome|airdrome|air station}" } ], "elements": [ { "id": "custom:airport:usa", "description": "Wrapper for USA airports", "synonyms": [ "<AIRPORT> {of|for|_} ^^id == 'nlpcraft:city' && lowercase(~city:country) == 'usa')^^" ] } ]
In this example, we defined a new named entity custom:airport:usa
. In its definition we not only
filter cities for the USA but also added a prefix that would indicate that this is an airport (learn more about
NLPCraft IDL syntax here).
Composable named entities can be nested but not recursive. All the normalized metadata of the constituent
(part) entities - of any nesting depths - is accessible to the named entity, e.g. metadata
from nlpcraft:city
is accessible in custom:airport:usa
entity.
You can also define a new composed named entity based on your own named entities. This way you are
essentially mixing in new entities instead of creating something from scratch every time.
In the end, composable entities allow you to:


Before Change
bbox_valid_check=False).streamlines
fornix_streamlines = Streamlines(fornix)
fornix_streamlines = [set_number_of_points(i[0], nb_points)
for i in fornix_streamlines]
// Create eight copies of the fornix to be clustered (one in each octant).
streamlines = []
streamlines += [s + np.array([100, 100, 100], dtype)
After Change
bbox_valid_check=False).streamlines
fornix_streamlines = Streamlines(fornix)
fornix_streamlines = set_number_of_points(fornix_streamlines, nb_points)
// Create eight copies of the fornix to be clustered (one in each octant).
streamlines = []
streamlines += [s + np.array([100, 100, 100], dtype)


{% import "bootstrap/utils.html" as utils %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% extends "main.html" %} {% block wrapper%}


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A person who gives blood, plasma or cellular components of his or her own free will and receives no payment, either in the form of cash or in kind which is considered a substitute for money. This would include time off work other than that reasonably needed for donation and travel. Small tokens, refreshments and reimbursements of direct travel costs are compatible with voluntary, non-remunerated donation.
A patient who donates his/her blood to be stored, in case there is a future need for infusion for himself/herself. Here the patient himself/herelf acts as the blood donor. This may be done prior to an elective surgery.
A donor who donates only one of his/her blood components through the process of cell separation. This person may be either voluntary or a replacement donor. For instance, some blood banks can separate platelets and a donor might be able to donate platelets more frequently than they donate blood.


{{newcomponent}}
Service Property : {{newcomponentproperty}}
Today's Date : {{todaydateService}}
new-cmp works!


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Founded in 2015, we strive to be the best at what we do. This is made possible by our amazing team located around the world.
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Charlotte Smith
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15+ Illustrations That Show How Much the World Has Changed in Just 10 Years
Family picnics have turned into selfie fests, emojis have replaced words, and education has become something only the rich can afford. The world has sure changed a lot in the last 10 years and we barely even noticed it.
Since pictures speak a thousand words, we at Bright Side have put together some powerful illustrations that will make you wonder if the advancement of technology is as good as we think it is.
1. Post it online or it never happened.
2. Are you controlling gadgets or are they controlling you?
3. Wonders of nature
4. Definition of fun
5. Air, air, everywhere but nothing to breathe...
6. You can either save a person or “save” them as a JPEG.
7. For your first job, you need to have years of experience.
8. Missing your friends? Like their pictures.
9. Getting good grades is no longer a child’s responsibility.
10. Aging in reverse
Do you agree that the world has changed a lot in the last decade? Do you miss the good old days when things were simpler? Share your thoughts with us in the comments!
Illustrated by Olga Khodiukova for BrightSide.me


[gecode-users] building 1.3.0 on WinXp with Bloodshed Dev-C++
Christian Schulte
schulte at imit.kth.se
Mon Oct 2 11:48:35 CEST 2006
Dear Andrea,
did you run configure before compiling? Did you use the Makefile? In
principle it should work as Bloodshed uses the mingw of gcc.
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, http://www.imit.kth.se/~schulte/
-----Original Message-----
From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On Behalf
Of andrea.brambilla at polimi.it
Sent: Thursday, September 28, 2006 6:46 PM
To: users at gecode.org
Subject: [gecode-users] building 1.3.0 on WinXp with Bloodshed Dev-C++
Hi!
This is the first time I've tried to build gecode. My set-up is
version 1.3.0 on WinXP with cygwin and Bloodshed Dev-C++.
In the source file .cpp I included "kernel.hh".
"kernel.hh" includes "memory.icc".
In "memory.icc" there is the following line:
> forceinline void*
Output reports: 'expected constructor, destructor or type conversion
before void' referred to the line above
Thanks
Andrea
_______________________________________________
Gecode users mailing list
users at gecode.org https://www.gecode.org/mailman/listinfo/gecode-users
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


I Love You, Alice B. Toklas! (1968)
Grade: 76
Peter Sellers made a number of bad movies, particularly towards the end of his career. But he also made many good ones, movies that showed his tremendous range and talent as a comedy actor.
In "I Love You, Alice B. Toklas!"
Disillusioned with his life, Sellers reject both it and his fiancee. He becomes a hippie, living with winsome flower child Leigh Taylor-Young. But he comes to realize that his new life is just as empty as before, as is his new relationship.
"I Love You, Alice B. Toklas!" is a satire. It effectively contrasts and ridicules the values and lifestyles of hippies and squares in 1968 America. The squares are always struggling: to succeed, to conform, to win approval, even to survive. The hippies live in a delusional world of empty assertions of love, aimless lifestyles, and banal philosophies.
What the hippies and squares have in common is that they have both no clue just how foolishly they are behaving. The movie asks the question, "What is the best way to live?" and gives the reply, "We will laugh at you no matter which way you choose."
Fortunately, this well-directed film is funny consistently enough that the audience will laugh too.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://members.tripod.com/~Brian_Koller/movies.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Luga Validator was designed with extensibility in mind. That's why all the validation rules and patterns are stored inside a JavaScript object.
For this custom validation you want to be sure the user enters a string starting with http://. Our regular expression is ^http://
Luga Validator stores all patterns inside luga.validator.patterns, a JavaScript object, acting as a container for both built-in and custom patterns.
So all you need to do is to add the following line of JavaScript code:
luga.validator.patterns.httpstart = new RegExp("^http://");
The HTML will look like:
<input type="text" name="theurl"
data-lugavalidator-required="true"
data-lugavalidator-pattern="httpstart"
data-lugavalidator-message="Please URL!"/>


Welcome to our sponsors page.
Scroll down to find out more!
Clare Scruby Music is proud to support Cycleware. When we approched the company as a possible sponsor they where more than happy to support us, they showed great passion to get our brand known and help promote the new company.
Nottingham's number 1 entertainment and castle hire are also proud supporters of Cycleware. They offered to contribute to the lauch of the new clothing line being promoted today. They saw the great product that we are offering and wanted to support devolpment of the company.
-
filter_dramaWhy We Chose These Sponsors
The reason behind our sponsors
As a start up company we want to get our product out, these sponsors are helping us get our product out there clare scruby will be waring our clothing at our sponsored concert for mountian bikers everywhere. Nottinghams No.1 entertainment and castle hire will be supplying the entertainment systems. This will give the product a boost in the public eye.
-
placeWhat They Have Done For Us
The Concert
The Concert will be mainly run by one of our main sponsors - Nottinghams No.1 entertainment and castle hire, this gives us the time and space to show off our new products. Clare Scruby will be Proforming her hit single - I can't help that i love you. along with many other covers and orginals. we hope to raise enough money to get the company a warehouse and shop to mass produce the product and then sell them to the general public.
-
whatshotHow You Can Get In Touch With Them


Internet
21 Aug 2012Ten years ago when this weblog started, one of the first things I posted was a link to this page: http://www.disturbingauctions.com/view.php?item=51
Finding out that the site is still around is a great as most of the links accumulated over the years now are dead, leading to badly considered 404s, giving little idea of the original topography of the place. But that's another story, and one which Jeremy Keith tells much better. But I digress—greater still is finding out that this long-standing favourite is the brainchild of none other than Panic's Steven Frank. Hey, I know who that guy is!
I could talk about how the web was a smaller place back then, but I could also discuss how Twitter and the likes has given us the opportunity to feel like we know the people who makes our FTP clients, but I'm not sure that it is hitting the spot, not sure that the feeling that I had on rediscovering the drunken monkey can be explained our captured in theorising about the way we socialise and build communities online. There is something interesting, however, in the fact that 10 years ago, in a much smaller place then what we have now, I knew less about the people around me.


{% extends "task_base.html" %}
{% block action_completed_info %}
{% if action.event.is_event_completed %}
Thank you for attending the event.
Click on the "I Did it" button to get the rest of your points.
{% else %}
Thank you! You've earned {{ SCORE_SETTINGS.signup_bonus_points }} bonus points
by signing up.
After the {{ action.type }}, please come back here within 2 days to
get your points.
If you sign up but do not attend, you will lose the {{ SCORE_SETTINGS.signup_bonus_points }} point
signing bonus and pay a {{ SCORE_SETTINGS.noshow_penalty_points }} point "no-show" penalty.
{% endif %}
{% endblock %}
{% block action_not_completed %}
{% if action.event.is_event_completed %}


A log of when and what membership role did a user get assigned to for a course. A <user_id, course_id> tuple can have multiple values in this table to record the different roles across time. For example, a learner could have watched the preview content (BROWSER), then hit the enroll button to join (LEARNER), and then unenrolled a few days later (NOT_ENROLLED).
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| ualberta_user_id | Encrypted Coursera user id for ualberta data. |
| course_id | 22 character unique string identifying an individual course |
| course_membership_role | A user can have one of multiple roles in a course, set either by their affiliation to the course, or their activity. Currently the options include: not_enrolled, pre_enrolled_learner, browser, learner, mentor, teaching_staff, instructor, university_admin. |
| course_membership_ts | The timestamp for when a user became affiliated with the course in that particular membership role. |
CREATE TABLE course_memberships ( ualberta_user_id VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL ,course_id VARCHAR(50) ,course_membership_role VARCHAR(50) ,course_membership_ts TIMESTAMP ,PRIMARY KEY (ualberta_user_id, course_id, course_membership_ts) ,FOREIGN KEY (ualberta_user_id) REFERENCES users(ualberta_user_id) );


Your future looks bright now that you are enrolling at Epicodus! Let's take a quick survey to see which track best fits your skills and interests.
Java is a favorite of enterprise companies, but its appeal is broader as well: it's one of the most popular of all programming languages, and it's used in everything from for high-performance processing to building Android user interfaces. Because Java has been very popular for a very long time and is used in so many applications, it is also a very high-demand language. If you're interested in working for an enterprise-level company, as an Android developer, or in high-performance applications, Java could be a good language to learn.
CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in display for different devices and screen sizes. React allows developers to create large web-applications that use data and can change over time without reloading the page. It aims primarily to provide speed, simplicity, and scalability.
C# is most popular among bigger established businesses, often for building internal software. Because it's been around for a long time and has the backing of Microsoft, it is one of the most in-demand languages in the job market. C# has also been going through a bit of a rebirth lately, with Microsoft open sourcing the language and surrounding platform, porting it to run on Mac and Linux, and incorporating many of the best features of other languages. If you like the idea of working for a larger company on business software, C# is a great choice.
Ruby is a favorite language of developers building interactive web applications. If an app involves users creating accounts, entering information, and interacting with dynamic content, there's a good chance it is built with Ruby. Ruby became popular because the Rails framework, which is written with Ruby, simplified many of the common tasks associated with building web applications. It's most popular with startups and smaller companies who are looking to build their product quickly.
Refresh the page and try again!
In software engineering, the terms front end and back end refer to the separation of concerns between the presentation layer (front end), and the data access layer (back end) of a piece of software, or the physical infrastructure or hardware. In the client–server model, the client is usually considered the front end and the server is usually considered the back end, even when some presentation work is actually done on the server.
Now that you know, refresh the page and try again!


| 054:012 Khan | : |
And We caused the earth to gush forth with springs. So the waters (of the heaven and the earth) met for a matter predestined. |
| 054:012 Maulana | : |
And made water to flow forth in the land in springs, so the water gathered together according to a measure already ordained. |
| 054:012 Pickthal | : |
And caused the earth to gush forth springs, so that the waters met for a predestined purpose. |
| 054:012 Rashad | : |
And we caused springs to gush out of the earth. The waters met to effect a predetermined decision. |
| 054:012 Sarwar | : |
We caused the earth to burst forth with springs so that the waters could come together for a predestined purpose. |
| 054:012 Shakir | : |
And We made water to flow forth in the land in springs, so the water gathered together according to a measure already ordained. |
| 054:012 Sherali | : |
And WE caused the earth to burst forth with springs, so the two waters met for a purpose that was decreed. |
| 054:012 Yusufali | : |
And We caused the earth to gush forth with springs, so the waters met (and rose) to the extent decreed. |
Concepts/Themes Covered:
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


PySpark Usage Guide for Pandas with Apache Arrow
- Apache Arrow in Spark
- Enabling for Conversion to/from Pandas
- Pandas UDFs (a.k.a. Vectorized UDFs)
- Usage Notes
Apache Arrow in Spark
Apache Arrow is an in-memory columnar data format that is used in Spark to efficiently transfer data between JVM and Python processes. This currently is most beneficial to Python users that work with Pandas/NumPy data. Its usage is not automatic and might require some minor changes to configuration or code to take full advantage and ensure compatibility. This guide will give a high-level description of how to use Arrow in Spark and highlight any differences when working with Arrow-enabled data.
Ensure PyArrow Installed
If you install PySpark using pip, then PyArrow can be brought in as an extra dependency of the
SQL module with the command pip install pyspark[sql]
. Otherwise, you must ensure that PyArrow
is installed and available on all cluster nodes. The current supported version is 0.8.0.
You can install using pip or conda from the conda-forge channel. See PyArrow
installation for details.
Enabling for Conversion to/from Pandas
Arrow is available as an optimization when converting a Spark DataFrame to a Pandas DataFrame
using the call toPandas()
and when creating a Spark DataFrame from a Pandas DataFrame with
createDataFrame(pandas_df)
. To use Arrow when executing these calls, users need to first set
the Spark configuration ‘spark.sql.execution.arrow.enabled’ to ‘true’. This is disabled by default.
In addition, optimizations enabled by ‘spark.sql.execution.arrow.enabled’ could fallback automatically to non-Arrow optimization implementation if an error occurs before the actual computation within Spark. This can be controlled by ‘spark.sql.execution.arrow.fallback.enabled’.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# Enable Arrow-based columnar data transfers
spark.conf.set("spark.sql.execution.arrow.enabled", "true")
# Generate a Pandas DataFrame
pdf = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(100, 3))
# Create a Spark DataFrame from a Pandas DataFrame using Arrow
df = spark.createDataFrame(pdf)
# Convert the Spark DataFrame back to a Pandas DataFrame using Arrow
result_pdf = df.select("*").toPandas()
Using the above optimizations with Arrow will produce the same results as when Arrow is not
enabled. Note that even with Arrow, toPandas()
results in the collection of all records in the
DataFrame to the driver program and should be done on a small subset of the data. Not all Spark
data types are currently supported and an error can be raised if a column has an unsupported type,
see Supported SQL Types. If an error occurs during createDataFrame()
,
Spark will fall back to create the DataFrame without Arrow.
Pandas UDFs (a.k.a. Vectorized UDFs)
Pandas UDFs are user defined functions that are executed by Spark using Arrow to transfer data and
Pandas to work with the data. A Pandas UDF is defined using the keyword pandas_udf
as a decorator
or to wrap the function, no additional configuration is required. Currently, there are two types of
Pandas UDF: Scalar and Grouped Map.
Scalar
Scalar Pandas UDFs are used for vectorizing scalar operations. They can be used with functions such
as select
and withColumn
. The Python function should take pandas.Series
as inputs and return
a pandas.Series
of the same length. Internally, Spark will execute a Pandas UDF by splitting
columns into batches and calling the function for each batch as a subset of the data, then
concatenating the results together.
The following example shows how to create a scalar Pandas UDF that computes the product of 2 columns.
import pandas as pd
from pyspark.sql.functions import col, pandas_udf
from pyspark.sql.types import LongType
# Declare the function and create the UDF
def multiply_func(a, b):
return a * b
multiply = pandas_udf(multiply_func, returnType=LongType())
# The function for a pandas_udf should be able to execute with local Pandas data
x = pd.Series([1, 2, 3])
print(multiply_func(x, x))
# 0 1
# 1 4
# 2 9
# dtype: int64
# Create a Spark DataFrame, 'spark' is an existing SparkSession
df = spark.createDataFrame(pd.DataFrame(x, columns=["x"]))
# Execute function as a Spark vectorized UDF
df.select(multiply(col("x"), col("x"))).show()
# +-------------------+
# |multiply_func(x, x)|
# +-------------------+
# | 1|
# | 4|
# | 9|
# +-------------------+
Grouped Map
Grouped map Pandas UDFs are used with groupBy().apply()
which implements the “split-apply-combine” pattern.
Split-apply-combine consists of three steps:
- Split the data into groups by using
DataFrame.groupBy
. - Apply a function on each group. The input and output of the function are both
pandas.DataFrame
. The input data contains all the rows and columns for each group. - Combine the results into a new
DataFrame
.
To use groupBy().apply()
, the user needs to define the following:
- A Python function that defines the computation for each group.
- A
StructType
object or a string that defines the schema of the outputDataFrame
.
The column labels of the returned pandas.DataFrame
must either match the field names in the
defined output schema if specified as strings, or match the field data types by position if not
strings, e.g. integer indices. See pandas.DataFrame
on how to label columns when constructing a pandas.DataFrame
.
Note that all data for a group will be loaded into memory before the function is applied. This can lead to out of memory exceptions, especially if the group sizes are skewed. The configuration for maxRecordsPerBatch is not applied on groups and it is up to the user to ensure that the grouped data will fit into the available memory.
The following example shows how to use groupby().apply()
to subtract the mean from each value in the group.
from pyspark.sql.functions import pandas_udf, PandasUDFType
df = spark.createDataFrame(
[(1, 1.0), (1, 2.0), (2, 3.0), (2, 5.0), (2, 10.0)],
("id", "v"))
@pandas_udf("id long, v double", PandasUDFType.GROUPED_MAP)
def subtract_mean(pdf):
# pdf is a pandas.DataFrame
v = pdf.v
return pdf.assign(v=v - v.mean())
df.groupby("id").apply(subtract_mean).show()
# +---+----+
# | id| v|
# +---+----+
# | 1|-0.5|
# | 1| 0.5|
# | 2|-3.0|
# | 2|-1.0|
# | 2| 4.0|
# +---+----+
For detailed usage, please see pyspark.sql.functions.pandas_udf
and
pyspark.sql.GroupedData.apply
.
Grouped Aggregate
Grouped aggregate Pandas UDFs are similar to Spark aggregate functions. Grouped aggregate Pandas UDFs are used with groupBy().agg()
and
pyspark.sql.Window
. It defines an aggregation from one or more pandas.Series
to a scalar value, where each pandas.Series
represents a column within the group or window.
Note that this type of UDF does not support partial aggregation and all data for a group or window will be loaded into memory. Also, only unbounded window is supported with Grouped aggregate Pandas UDFs currently.
The following example shows how to use this type of UDF to compute mean with groupBy and window operations:
from pyspark.sql.functions import pandas_udf, PandasUDFType
from pyspark.sql import Window
df = spark.createDataFrame(
[(1, 1.0), (1, 2.0), (2, 3.0), (2, 5.0), (2, 10.0)],
("id", "v"))
@pandas_udf("double", PandasUDFType.GROUPED_AGG)
def mean_udf(v):
return v.mean()
df.groupby("id").agg(mean_udf(df['v'])).show()
# +---+-----------+
# | id|mean_udf(v)|
# +---+-----------+
# | 1| 1.5|
# | 2| 6.0|
# +---+-----------+
w = Window \
.partitionBy('id') \
.rowsBetween(Window.unboundedPreceding, Window.unboundedFollowing)
df.withColumn('mean_v', mean_udf(df['v']).over(w)).show()
# +---+----+------+
# | id| v|mean_v|
# +---+----+------+
# | 1| 1.0| 1.5|
# | 1| 2.0| 1.5|
# | 2| 3.0| 6.0|
# | 2| 5.0| 6.0|
# | 2|10.0| 6.0|
# +---+----+------+
For detailed usage, please see pyspark.sql.functions.pandas_udf
Usage Notes
Supported SQL Types
Currently, all Spark SQL data types are supported by Arrow-based conversion except MapType
,
ArrayType
of TimestampType
, and nested StructType
. BinaryType
is supported only when
installed PyArrow is equal to or higher then 0.10.0.
Setting Arrow Batch Size
Data partitions in Spark are converted into Arrow record batches, which can temporarily lead to high memory usage in the JVM. To avoid possible out of memory exceptions, the size of the Arrow record batches can be adjusted by setting the conf “spark.sql.execution.arrow.maxRecordsPerBatch” to an integer that will determine the maximum number of rows for each batch. The default value is 10,000 records per batch. If the number of columns is large, the value should be adjusted accordingly. Using this limit, each data partition will be made into 1 or more record batches for processing.
Timestamp with Time Zone Semantics
Spark internally stores timestamps as UTC values, and timestamp data that is brought in without
a specified time zone is converted as local time to UTC with microsecond resolution. When timestamp
data is exported or displayed in Spark, the session time zone is used to localize the timestamp
values. The session time zone is set with the configuration ‘spark.sql.session.timeZone’ and will
default to the JVM system local time zone if not set. Pandas uses a datetime64
type with nanosecond
resolution, datetime64[ns]
, with optional time zone on a per-column basis.
When timestamp data is transferred from Spark to Pandas it will be converted to nanoseconds
and each column will be converted to the Spark session time zone then localized to that time
zone, which removes the time zone and displays values as local time. This will occur
when calling toPandas()
or pandas_udf
with timestamp columns.
When timestamp data is transferred from Pandas to Spark, it will be converted to UTC microseconds. This
occurs when calling createDataFrame
with a Pandas DataFrame or when returning a timestamp from a
pandas_udf
. These conversions are done automatically to ensure Spark will have data in the
expected format, so it is not necessary to do any of these conversions yourself. Any nanosecond
values will be truncated.
Note that a standard UDF (non-Pandas) will load timestamp data as Python datetime objects, which is
different than a Pandas timestamp. It is recommended to use Pandas time series functionality when
working with timestamps in pandas_udf
s to get the best performance, see
here for details.


#include <CodeListener.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| CCodeListener (CiStuffMobileAppUi *aApplicationUi, CiStuffMobileContainer *aApplicationContainer) | |
| CCodeListener class constructor. | |
| void | ConstructL (RFileLogger *aLog) |
| Second level constructor for CCodeListener class. | |
| void | ConnectToServer () |
| Initiates the connection with "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. | |
| void | ConnectToService (TUint8 portNo) |
| Connects to a particular serial port service running on "iStuff Mobile" proxy. | |
| void | DisconnectFromServer () |
| Diconnects the "iStuff Mobile" mobile phone application from the proxy. | |
| void | SendKeyToProxy (TUint16 code, TUint16 aType) |
| Passes a key press on the mobile phone to the "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. | |
| TBool | GetConnected () |
| Check the status of connection with the proxy. | |
Private Member Functions | |
| void | StartReceiving () |
| Receives a single Opcode. | |
| void | DecodeOpcode () |
| Decodes the Opcode sent by the proxy. | |
| virtual void | DoCancel () |
| Cancels all the pending read requests. | |
| virtual void | RunL () |
| Callback method from the CActiveScheduler. | |
| void | DecodeReceivedKey () |
| Decodes a key press received from the proxy. | |
| void | SendKeyToPhone (TUint16 repeat, TUint16 scancode, TUint16 code) |
| Simulates a key press on the mobile phone. | |
| void | PlaySoundFile () |
| Plays a sound file on the mobile phone. | |
| void | StopSoundFile () |
| Stops the playback of the sound file. | |
| void | LaunchApp (TUint16 *path) |
| Lauches an external application. | |
| void | CloseApp (TUint16 *name) |
| Closes an external application. | |
| void | StartKeyCapture () |
| Initiates the key capturing procedure. | |
| void | StopKeyCapture () |
| Stops the key capture. | |
| void | ChangeProfile () |
| Initiates the profile change process on the mobile phone. | |
| TUint16 * | GetPath () |
| Retreives a path from the socket. | |
Static Private Member Functions | |
| static TInt | ContinueChangeProfile (TAny *aObject) |
| Completes the profile change process. |
This class is the main class from "iStuff Mobile" mobile phone application. Following are the functions of this class:
|
|
CCodeListener class constructor. The constuctor initializes some class members with the parameters passed to it. It also intializes the CActive superclass constructor with a priority of 0 (Normal).
|
|
|
Initiates the profile change process on the mobile phone. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_CHANGEPROFILE. This method retreives the profile number sent by the proxy and initiates the process to change the profile to the profile number provided. Profile number is the number of profile in the nokia series 60 mobile phone "Profiles" application. |
|
|
Closes an external application. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_CLOSEAPP. This method closes an application with the name passed as parameter. Name is typically the caption of the application.
|
|
|
Initiates the connection with "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. This method initiates a bluetooth communication with "iStuff Mobile" proxy running on a PC. This method is called by the CiStuffMobileAppUi class object whenever the "Connect" menu option is selected from the left pop- up menu. |
|
|
Connects to a particular serial port service running on "iStuff Mobile" proxy. This method connects to a particular bluetooth serial port service running on the "iStuff Mobile" proxy.
|
|
|
Second level constructor for CCodeListener class. This method initiates the iLog member viariable and adds the class to the CActiveScheduler. CActiveScheduler schedules all the active objects that are added to it.
|
|
|
Completes the profile change process. This method is invoked after the timer set by the ChangeProfile() method expires. It continues the process of changing profile and finishes it.
|
|
|
Decodes the Opcode sent by the proxy. This method decodes the Opcode sent by "iStuff Mobile" proxy application and initiates an appropriate action. |
|
|
Decodes a key press received from the proxy. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_KEY_RECEIVED. This method retrieves parameters required for simulating a key press on the mobile phone and initiates the key simulation. |
|
|
Diconnects the "iStuff Mobile" mobile phone application from the proxy. This method disconnects the "iStuff Mobile" mobile phone application from the "iStuff Mobile" proxy application and closes all the open ports. |
|
|
Cancels all the pending read requests. This method cancels all the pending read requests on the socket. |
|
|
Check the status of connection with the proxy. This method check if the "iStuff Mobile" mobile phone application is connected to the proxy.
|
|
|
Retreives a path from the socket. This method is invoked whenever a path is expected from the "iStuff Mobile" proxy.
|
|
|
Lauches an external application. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_LAUNCHAPP. This method launches an application found at the path passed as parameters.
|
|
|
Plays a sound file on the mobile phone. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_PLAYSOUND. This method retrieves the path sent by the proxy and intiates the playback of a sound file on the mobile phone. |
|
|
Callback method from the CActiveScheduler. This method is a callback method which is invoked by the Active Scheduler |
|
|
Simulates a key press on the mobile phone. This method is called from DecodeReceivedKey method. It simulates the key press on the mobile phone. The key press is sent to whatever application is in the foreground.
|
|
|
Passes a key press on the mobile phone to the "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. This method passes a key press on the mobile phone to "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. This method is called by CiStuffMobileAppUi or the CKeyListener class objects.
|
|
|
Initiates the key capturing procedure. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_START_KEYCAPTURE. This method starts capturing keys that are pressed on the mobile phone and relays them to the "iStuff Mobile" proxy application. |
|
|
Receives a single Opcode. This method receives a single Opcode sent by the "iStuff Mobile" proxy and sets the current object active. When the reading of the Opcode is completed, the RunL() method is automatically invoked. |
|
|
Stops the key capture. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_STOP_KEYCAPTURE. This method stops the key capture and relay of keys to the "iStuff Mobile" proxy. |
|
|
Stops the playback of the sound file. This method is called when the Opcode received is OPCODE_STOPSOUND. This method stops the playback of a sound file which was initiated by PlaySoundFile() method. |


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;
}
%exception
{
[...]
}
%{
#define SWIG_FILE_WITH_INIT
#include "myclass.h"
%}
%include "armanpy.i"
%include "myclass.h"
```
]
]
---
class: top
# Module `venv` - Package example
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
## .hcenter[`C++` + `Armadillo` + `swig` + `setuptools` = Python module]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30[
.tree[
armanpy_python3
* include
* armanpy
* armanpy.i
* armanpy.hpp
* armanpy_1d.i
* armanpy_2d.i
* armanpy_3d.i
* numpy.i
* myclass.cpp
* myclass.h
* setup.py
* testmod3.i
* **test.py** :arrow_left:
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`test.py`]
```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import testmod3
import numpy as np
numpyArray = np.array([[0.1, 0.2], [0.3, 0.4]], dtype = np.float64, order = 'F')
print("Initial object:")
print(numpyArray)
mc = testmod3.Myclass(numpyArray)
print("Object in the C++ class (constructor with argument):")
print(mc.myMat)
mc = testmod3.Myclass()
print("Object in the C++ class (empty constructor):")
print(mc.myMat)
a = mc.getEmptyArma(3)
a[0,1] = 1.0
print("Object returned by the C++ method getEmptyArma() and modified:")
print(a)
print("Object returned by the C++ method testArma() (transposition):")
print(mc.testArma(a))
```
]
]
---
# Module `venv` - Package example
## .hcenter[Build and install the package in a `venv` with `setuptools`]
.hcenter[
]
:arrow_right: Installed packages are stored inside the `venv` directory.
:warning: This direct invocation of `setup.py` is **deprecated**. One must use **`pip`** instead.
---
# Module `venv` - Package example
## .hcenter[Build and install the package in a `venv` with `pip`]
.hcenter[
]
:arrow_right: "`pip` is the **prefered** installer program."
:arrow_right: `pip` should be installed by default on a standard Python installation.
---
# Module `pip` - ???
.hcenter.shadow.w70[![](images/fry.jpg)]
## .hcenter[What was this "`pip install`" thing ?]
---
# Module `pip` - Install packages
.hcenter[:arrow_right: `pip` is a package management system, dedicated to Python packages.]
## :arrow_right: `pip` can build and install **local packages**
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip install .
Processing /tmp/armanpy_python3
Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... done
Using legacy 'setup.py install' for package-test, since package 'wheel' is not installed.
Installing collected packages: package-test
Running setup.py install for package-test ... done
Successfully installed package-test-1.0
## :arrow_right: `pip` can fetch, [build] and install **remote packages**
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip install numpy
Collecting numpy
Using cached numpy-1.24.3-cp310-cp310-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl (17.3 MB)
Installing collected packages: numpy
Successfully installed numpy-1.24.3
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip install xkcd==2.4.0
Collecting xkcd==2.4.0
Downloading xkcd-2.4.0.zip (14 kB)
Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... done
Using legacy 'setup.py install' for xkcd, since package 'wheel' is not installed.
Installing collected packages: xkcd
Running setup.py install for xkcd ... done
Successfully installed xkcd-2.4.0
:arrow_right: Use "`pip install package==x.y.z`" to install a **specific version** of a package.
:arrow_right: You can use "`python3 -m pip command`" instead of "`pip command`".
---
# Module `pip` - Manage packages
## :arrow_right: `pip` can **list** installed packages in the current `venv`
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip list
Package Version
------------ -------
numpy 1.24.3
package-test 1.0
pip 22.0.2
setuptools 59.6.0
xkcd 2.4.0
## :arrow_right: `pip` can **uninstall** packages in the current `venv`
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip uninstall package-test
Found existing installation: package-test 1.0
Uninstalling package-test-1.0:
Would remove:
/tmp/armanpy_python3/myVenv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/_testmod3.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-gnu.so
/tmp/armanpy_python3/myVenv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/package_test-1.0.egg-info
/tmp/armanpy_python3/myVenv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/testmod3.py
Proceed (Y/n)?
Successfully uninstalled package-test-1.0
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip list
Package Version
---------- -------
numpy 1.24.3
pip 22.0.2
setuptools 59.6.0
xkcd 2.4.0
---
# Module `pip` - Manage packages
## :arrow_right: `pip` can **update** installed packages in the current `venv`
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip install xkcd -U
Requirement already satisfied: xkcd in ./myVenv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (2.4.0)
Collecting xkcd
Using cached xkcd-2.4.2-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: xkcd
Attempting uninstall: xkcd
Found existing installation: xkcd 2.4.0
Uninstalling xkcd-2.4.0:
Successfully uninstalled xkcd-2.4.0
Successfully installed xkcd-2.4.2
## :arrow_right: `pip` can **list versions** of a given package
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip install xkcd==
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement xkcd== (from versions: 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.3.3, 2.4.0, 2.4.1, 2.4.2)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for xkcd==
## :arrow_right: `pip` cannot **search** for available packages anymore :cry:
[dubrayn@dell5290(myVenv):armanpy_python3] pip search xkcd
ERROR: XMLRPC request failed [code: -32500]
RuntimeError: PyPI no longer supports 'pip search' (or XML-RPC search). Please use https://pypi.org/search (via a browser) instead. See https://warehouse.pypa.io/api-reference/xml-rpc.html#deprecated-methods for more information.
:arrow_right: As stated, go to `https://pypi.org/search` to search for packages.
---
# Module `pip` - "remote packages" ?
.hcenter.shadow.w70[![](images/fry.jpg)]
## .hcenter[Where do the remote packages come from ?]
---
# `PyPi` - The Python Package Index
.hcenter.w40[![](images/logo-pypi.svg)]
:arrow_right: "PyPi helps you find and install software **developed and shared** by the Python community."
:arrow_right: `https://pypi.org`
---
# `PyPi` - "by the Python community" ?
.hcenter.w70[![](images/fry_happy.png)]
## .hcenter[So I can share my Python packages ?]
---
class: top
# `PyPi` - Creating a compliant package
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
## .hcenter[Pure Python module]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30.middle[
.tree[
pyexample
* LICENSE
* pyexample
* `__`init`__`.py
* module_test_0.py
* module_test_1.py
* module_test_2.py
* README.rst
* **setup.py** :arrow_left:
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`setup.py`]
```python
from setuptools import setup
setup(
name='pyexample',
version='0.1.0',
description='A example Python package',
url='https://github.com/shuds13/pyexample',
author='Stephen Hudson',
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>license='BSD 2-clause',
packages=['pyexample'],
install_requires=['mpi4py>=2.0',
'numpy',
],
classifiers=[
'Development Status :: 1 - Planning',
'Intended Audience :: Science/Research',
'License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License',
'Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
],
)
```
]
]
:arrow_right: Example inspired from [https://github.com/shuds13/pyexample](https://github.com/shuds13/pyexample)
---
class: top
# `PyPi` - Creating a compliant package
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
## .hcenter[Pure Python module]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30.middle[
.tree[
pyexample
* LICENSE
* pyexample
* **`__`init`__`.py** :arrow_left:
* module_test_0.py
* module_test_1.py
* module_test_2.py
* README.rst
* setup.py
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`pyexample/__init__.py`]
```python
"""
pyexample.
An example python library.
"""
__version__ = "0.1.0"
__author__ = 'Stephen Hudson'
__credits__ = 'Argonne National Laboratory'
```
]
]
.hcenter[:warning: Two version numbers...]
## Create a source distribution
```bash
$ python setup.py sdist
```
:arrow_right: This creates a `pyexample-0.1.0.tar.gz` file that can be distributed.
:arrow_right: To customize the content of the archive, you can use a `MANIFEST.in` file (cf. next slides).
:arrow_right: To send the file to `PyPi`, use the `twine` module (cf. next slides).
---
# `PyPi` - Create a compliant package
.hcenter.shadow.w70[![](images/fry.jpg)]
## .hcenter[I want to use `C++`, `Armadillo` and `swig` in my Python module !]
---
# `PyPi` - Create a compliant binary package
## Binary packages
* They are called **`wheels`** (the `egg` format is obsolete now).
* They (obviously) depend on the architecture and the environment.
* They speed up the distribution process by avoiding any recompilation.
:arrow_right: Let's build and distribute a `wheel` file then ?
:warning: `PyPi` forbids the upload of generic linux binary wheels.
:arrow_right: Only a "standard" `wheel` binary format is accepted by `PyPi`: **`manylinux`**
## The `manylinux` project
* [https://github.com/pypa/manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux)
* Goal: "to provide a convenient way to distribute binary Python extensions as wheels on Linux".
* They provide a small set of **platform tags**. Among them, PEP 600 is supposed to be **future-proof**.
* PEP 600: a wheel tagged `manylinux_x_y` shall work on any distro based on `glibc==x.y`.
* Such `manylinux_x_y` tagged wheels should work with `pip>=20.3` and `CPython>=3.8.10`, `CPython>=3.9.5` and `CPython>=3.10.0`.
:arrow_right: To generate `manylinux_x_y` compatible wheels, **Docker images** are available with different toolchains and architectures.
---
# `manylinux` - Build and upload to `PyPi`
## .hcenter[`C++` + `Armadillo` + `swig` + `setuptools` = Python module]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
:arrow_right: The files are in **`examples/armanpy_pip`**.
:arrow_right: We are using the `AlmaLinux 8` based Docker image `quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64`.
:arrow_right: For testing, the package is uploaded to `test.pypi.org` instead of `pypi.org`.
:arrow_right: Create an account on [https://test.pypi.org/account/register](https://test.pypi.org/account/register) to upload.
## Generating and uploading the package
```bash
$ docker run -it --volume $(pwd):/root/ quay.io/pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64
[docker] cd root/
[docker] yum -y install epel-release
[docker] yum -y update
[docker] yum -y install swig armadillo-devel boost-devel
[docker] /opt/python/cp310-cp310/bin/pip3.10 install wheel setuptools numpy twine
[docker] /opt/python/cp310-cp310/bin/pip3.10 wheel . --no-deps -w output
[docker] auditwheel repair output/armanpypsa-*-linux_x86_64.whl -w output
[docker] twine upload output/armanpypsa-*-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl -r testpypi
```
## Installing the package from `test.pypi.org`
```bash
$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip3 install --index-url https://test.pypi.org/simple/ --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ armanpypsa
$ test_package/test.py
```
:arrow_right: The dependencies (`numpy`) are installed from `pypi.org`.
---
class: top
# `manylinux` - Some explanations
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30[
.tree[
armanpy_pip/
* armanpy/
* [...]
* armanpypsa.i
* go.sh
* LICENSE
* MANIFEST.in
* **pyproject.toml** :arrow_left:
* README.md
* setup.py
* src/
* myclass.cpp
* myclass.h
* test_package/
* test.py
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`pyproject.toml`]
```toml
[build-system]
requires = ["setuptools>=59.6.0", "wheel", "numpy"]
build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
[project]
name = "armanpypsa"
version = "0.0.11"
authors = [
{ name="Dubray N."<EMAIL_ADDRESS>},
]
description = "Test package for teaching purposes"
readme = "README.md"
requires-python = ">=3.7"
classifiers = [
"Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
"License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
"Operating System :: OS Independent",
]
dependencies = ["numpy"]
[project.urls]
"Homepage" = "https://github.com/dubrayn/dubrayn.github.io"
"Bug Tracker" = "https://github.com/dubrayn/dubrayn.github.io/issues"
```
:arrow_right: Notice the different dependencies:
* `build-system/requires` (build)
* `project/dependencies` (runtime)
:warning: `project/version` must not exist in the remote package index.
]
]
---
class: top
# `manylinux` - Some explanations
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30[
.tree[
armanpy_pip/
* armanpy/
* [...]
* armanpypsa.i
* go.sh
* LICENSE
* **MANIFEST.in** :arrow_left:
* pyproject.toml
* README.md
* setup.py
* src/
* myclass.cpp
* myclass.h
* test_package/
* test.py
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`MANIFEST.in`]
```manifest
include LICENSE
include README.md
recursive-include src *.cpp
recursive-include src *.h
recursive-include armanpy *.hpp
recursive-include armanpy *.i
```
:arrow_right: List the files to be included in the `venv` for the build process.
:arrow_right: Wildcards are accepted.
]
]
---
class: top
# `manylinux` - Some explanations
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30[
.tree[
armanpy_pip/
* armanpy/
* [...]
* armanpypsa.i
* go.sh
* LICENSE
* MANIFEST.in
* pyproject.toml
* README.md
* requirements.txt
* **setup.py** :arrow_left:
* src/
* myclass.cpp
* myclass.h
* test_package/
* test.py
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`setup.py`]
```python
from setuptools import setup, Extension
# fix an annoying bug with setuptools
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29477298/setup-py-run-build-ext-before-anything-else/48942866#48942866
from setuptools.command.build_py import build_py as _build_py
class build_py(_build_py):
def run(self):
self.run_command("build_ext")
return super().run()
module1 = Extension('_armanpypsa',
include_dirs = ['./armanpy/', 'src/', '/opt/python/cp310-cp310/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/core/include/'],
libraries = ['m', 'z', 'armadillo'],
sources = ['armanpypsa.i', 'src/myclass.cpp'],
swig_opts = ["-c++", "-Wall", "-I.", "-I./armanpy/", "-Isrc/"])
setup (name = 'armanpypsa',
py_modules = ['armanpypsa'],
version = '1.0',
description = 'This is a test package',
options = {"build_ext": {"inplace": False}},
cmdclass = {'build_py' : build_py}, # fix for the bug
ext_modules = [module1])
```
]
]
:arrow_right: Some tweaks to get it to work:
* workaround for a bug in `setuptools` (order of `build` and `build_ext`),
* hardcoded include path for `numpy` (not sure how to do it better, feel free to PR).
---
class: top
# `manylinux` - Some explanations
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.vspace[]
.row.w100[
.column.w30[
.tree[
armanpy_pip/
* armanpy/
* [...]
* armanpypsa.i
* **go.sh** :arrow_left:
* LICENSE
* MANIFEST.in
* pyproject.toml
* README.md
* requirements.txt
* setup.py
* src/
* myclass.cpp
* myclass.h
* test_package/
* test.py
]
]
.column.w70.middle[
## .hcenter[`go.sh` (launched in the container)]
```bash
#!/bin/bash
yum -y install epel-release
yum -y update
yum -y install swig armadillo-devel boost-devel
/opt/python/cp310-cp310/bin/pip3.10 install wheel setuptools numpy twine
/opt/python/cp310-cp310/bin/pip3.10 wheel . --no-deps -w output
auditwheel repair output/armanpypsa-*-linux_x86_64.whl -w output
/opt/python/cp310-cp310/bin/twine upload output/armanpypsa-*-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl -r testpypi
```
:arrow_right: `armadillo-devel` and its deps. are installed from the `epel` repo,
:arrow_right: The chosen Python version is `3.10`.
:arrow_right: The build dependencies are manually installed.
:arrow_right: `auditwheel` creates the final `manylinux_x_y` wheel.
:arrow_right: `twine` is used to upload the wheel directly from the container.
]
]
---
# `manylinux` - Screencast
.hcenter[
]
.hcenter[
:warning: This is a **long** screencast (>7 min), even if the Docker image was already present.
]
---
# Conclusions
## Virtual environments are powerful
:arrow_right: They allow to develop different Python projects on the same computer.
:arrow_right: They allow to decouple and isolate the different Python installs and their associated packages.
## Virtual environments are easy to use and to manage
:arrow_right: Two standard modules to remember: `venv` and `pip`
:arrow_right: Several intuitive commands to remember
:arrow_right: `python -m venv --help`
:arrow_right: `python -m pip --help`
## Virtual environments are used by other tools
:arrow_right: deployment testing with tox ([https://tox.wiki](https://tox.wiki))
:arrow_right: build process (`build`, `pip`...)
:arrow_right: CI / CD
## `PyPi` is a blessing
:arrow_right: Every Python package is one `pip` command away ! With its dependencies !
:arrow_right: Deploy almost everything almost everywhere (whatever your distro, environment, architecture...) !
:arrow_right: It is **relatively easy** to publish your packages, even complex ones.
.vspace[]
## .hcenter[:arrow_right: One Python project ? One virtual environment for its dependencies.]


LAI estimation
This package provides several methods to estimate LAI. All of them are based on the same inversion model.
Model
We estimate LAI from the gap fraction through inversion of the Poisson model:
with
: the observed transmission or gap fraction,
: the view zenit angle,
: the effective Leaf Area Index with and the cluming factor/correction,
: the extinction coefficient that depends on , and
: the projection function, which in its turn depends on a leaf angle distribution.
Further, the contact frequency is defined as and is used as observed value to compare with the modelled value for LAI fitting.
Projection function
The projection function accounts for the interaction between the incoming beam of light from direction with the leaves assuming a certain leaf angle distribution with leave angles . More specifically, the projection function is the mean projection of a unit foliage area in the direction .
In general the projection function is definded as: with .
For forest canopies the azimuth leaf angle distribution is often assumed constant which reduces to with a direction function with
The projection function as well as the leaf angle distribution function must obey the following normalization functions:
Leaf Angle Distribution
The standard leaf angle distribution is the ellipsoidal distribution with 1 parameter :
with .
The resulting projection function then become (formula(A.6) Thimonier et al. 2010):
Thimonier et al. 2010: If the vertical semi-axis is and the horizontal semi-axis , the ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution parameter is defined as .
The parameter is directly related to the average leaf inclination angle (ALIA) through formula (30) in Wang et al 2007:
As an example we plot the ellipsoidal for different average leaf angles:
g(θL, χ) = 2χ^3 * sin(θL) /( (χ + 1.774(χ + 1.182)^-0.733) * (cos(θL)^2 + χ^2*sin(θL)^2)^2)
ALIA_to_x(ALIA) = (ALIA/9.65).^-0.6061 - 3
using Winston
p = plot()
for alia in linspace(5 *pi/180, 85 *pi/180, 10)
oplot(θL -> g(θL, ALIA_to_x(alia)), 0, pi/2, "--")
end
title("leaf angle distribution \\theta_L for different average leaf angles")
ylim(0, 5) ; xlabel("leaf angle \\theta_L")
Estimation methods
This package implements 5 different estimation methods, of which we recommend to use ellips_LUT
and ellips_opt
:
- Fixed zenith angle of 1 radian ≈ 57.5ᵒ:
zenith57
- Miller's method
miller
- Lang's method
lang
- Ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution with Lookup Table estimation
ellips_LUT
- Ellipsoidal leaf angle distribution with optimization estimation
ellips_opt
All methods take as argument a PolarImage and a threshold, eg ellips_LUT(polarimg, thresh)
.
Zenith 57
At a viewing angle of 1 rad ≈ 57.5 the projection function is almost independent of the leaf angle distribution.
For example, with the ellipsoidal distribution we get
ALIA_to_x(ALIA) = (ALIA/9.65).^-0.6061 - 3
G(θᵥ, χ) = cos(θᵥ) * sqrt(χ^2 + tan(θᵥ)^2) / (χ+1.702*(χ+1.12)^-0.708)
using Winston
p = plot()
for θᵥ in linspace(0, pi/2-0.01, 20)
oplot(θL -> G(θᵥ, ALIA_to_x(θL)), 0.1, pi/2, "--")
end
θᵥ57 = 1 #in radian
oplot(θL -> G(θᵥ57, ALIA_to_x(θL)), 0.1, pi/2,"-r")
title("different projection area \G for a range of view angles")
xlabel("average leaf inclination angle \\theta_L ")
This method is used for the initial starting point of the ellips_opt
method.
LAI57 = zenith57(polimg, thresh)
Miller's method
Assuming a constant leaf angle, by integration the effect of disappears (Miller 1967):
For this method you need the entire viewing angle up to π/2, which might prove difficult for larger zenith angles (Weiss et al. 2004). Furthermore, the integration over the discrete polar distances of each pixel requires an ambiguous choice of grouping consecutive rings.
Lang's method
Lang 1986 approximated around of 1 rad and obtained
We follow Weiss et al. 2004 to regress between 25 and 65.
Ellipsoidal ALIA estimation
We can also estimate the parameter of the ellipsoidal leaf distribution together with the LAI.
We follow Thimonier et al. 2010 and use the contact frequency as fitting observable because we found most variance over the view zenith range with this variable compared to using Norman & Campbell 1989 or (Weiss et al. 2004):
ALIA_to_x(ALIA) = (ALIA/9.65).^-0.6061 - 3
G(θᵥ, χ) = cos(θᵥ) * sqrt(χ^2 + tan(θᵥ)^2) / (χ+1.702*(χ+1.12)^-0.708)
using Winston
alia = (5:5:85)*π/180
p = plot()
f(i) = θᵥ -> G(θᵥ, ALIA_to_x(alia[i]))
#f(i) = θᵥ -> exp(-G(θᵥ, ALIA_to_x(alia[i])) / cos(θᵥ))
#f(i) = θᵥ -> - G(θᵥ, ALIA_to_x(alia[i])) / cos(θᵥ)
oplot(f(1), 0, π/2-0.1, "-r")
for i = 2:length(alia)-1
oplot(f(i), 0, π/2-0.1, "--")
end
oplot(f(int(length(alia)/2)), 0, π/2-0.1, "-g") #pi/4
oplot(f(length(alia)), 0, π/2-0.1, "-k")
ylabel("projection function G")
xlabel("view angle \\theta_V")
Both the Lookup Table approach ellips_LUT(polarimg, thresh)
from Weiss et al. 2004 and the optimization method ellips_opt(polarimg, thresh)
from Thimonier et al. 2010 are implemented.
We do not weight the different gap fractions per zenith angle as in Thimonier et al. 2010, but we use weighted rings with each a similar amount of pixels. We also use more view zenith rings than in the originals papers because digital cameras have much more pixels these day.
We find the parameter space to optimize is smooth and can be seen in a heat map with LUT values and 25 closest solutions in red circles:


Question 22 of 42 (Part 1 of 3)
After you click 'Start' 10 random words will appear briefly on the screen one after the other. Using only your memory please try to recall as many as you can. We have purposely made the list long so that it will be difficult for anyone to recall all the words -- most people recall just a few. Please watch carefully as the words appear because they will not be repeated. When finished, you will be asked to recall as many of the words as you can, in any order. When you understand this task please click 'Start'.


&productName; allows you to search through the classes, files, tool windows, actions, settings, and symbols of your project by double pressing the Shift key.


Mickey in the sky with diamonds Fantasia 2000
By Ross Anthony
"Tick Tick Tick" the composer taps the podium setting the bird-like theme into flight.
Similar to its predecessor, "Fantasia" of 1940, this version is more of a collection of musical shorts than a feature film. So, I'll review each short on its own.
In the words of Walt Disney (a cartoonist himself), "It is our intention to make a new version of 'Fantasia' every year. Its pattern is very flexible and fun to work with -- not really a concert, not a vaudeville or revue, but a grand mixture of comedy, fantasy, ballet, drama, impressionism, color, sound and epic fury."
For a variety of reasons, the profit deficiency of the 1940's "Fantasia" not the least of them, it's taken Disney sixty years to make good on Walt's hope.
Symphony No. 5 Triangles that flutter and fly becoming butterflies, birds, bats? Swarming in a cloud of black wings with sharp and ominous flaring red highlights. Grade ................................. A-
Pines of Rome Doves tease a couple of humpback whales that take to the air in reply. A baby whale attempts to ski off of the surface of the water, but ends up finding himself trapped in an iceberg. The "gaggle" of whales soaring far above the Earth is absolutely fascinating. If you could paint wonder --- this is what it would look like. My chin literally trembled with awe. Capturing the awesome feeling of one's first peer from the window of a plane into the gloriously clouded sky, this segment lets us relive those precious few dreams where we actually see ourselves arms out, levitating through thin air. Grade ................................. A+++
Rhapsody in blue Animated in an old cartoon style with European flavor, we follow the escapades of a host of depression era human characters including: a construction worker/jazz drummer, down and out bloke, goofy rich guy. Dominated by a grayish-blue color scheme, this segment stands out as stark and drab. Perhaps, this is intentional as Gershwin's music relishes the blues. Still, it feels out of place in a collection called "Fantasia." The rich man's two second spontaneous dance with a street monkey, is this segment's shining moment. Grade ................................. B-
Shostakovich's Piano Concerto No.2 Based on the story "The Steadfast Tin Soldier," a one legged toy soldier comes to life in order to save a toy ballerina from an evil Jack in the box. The art incorporates computer animation. Nice story telling, great expression and fine musical timing. I loved the majestic horns ringing as the rigid soldier topples into the sewer system only to dodge the green teeth of red-eyed rats. Grade ................................. A-
Carnival of Animals "What would happen if you gave a yo-yo to a flamingo?" Again, great synthesis with the musical dynamics, but not very full of wonder and magic. Grade ................................. B+
The Sorcerer's Apprentice Old, but a classic. Textured with grain, this excerpt from the original "Fantasia" plays nicely on the Imax screen. You can also see portions of it at Disneyland projected on a shimmering wall of water during the simply fantastic "Fantasmic" show. Mickey uses magic to ease himself of daily chores, but ends up making a huge mess. Grade ................................. A-
Pomp and Circumstance Donald is Noah's right-hand duck as the animals march two by two. The awkward match of this popular graduation classic to biblical cartoonery is unflatteringly humorous. Fine for Saturday morning, sure ... but in a feature classic? Nope. Grade ................................. B-
Firebird Suite-1919 Version The intangible spring renewal is personified in a beautiful maiden whose vine entwined hair flows like a blanketing magic carpet, setting the darkest of winter scenes alive with lush grasses and flowers. A powerful Elk looks on. Strong climax and fitting end to the entire piece. Grade ................................. A-
Each "Fantasia/2000" segment gets its own host, from Steve Martin to Quincy Jones. My question is ... why not Mariah Carrey, Ricky Martin, Jenifer Lopez, or even Jim Carrey? The closest hosting to any current pop icon is Pen and Teller -- but even they are on the fringes of "in." My point? "Fantasia/2000" takes time out of itself to preface each section with what seems to me would make great introductions for the younger generations into the classical world. But there are no Will Smiths to help make the transition. Along the same lines, only "classical" works are included (albeit some 20th century). Why not include Rock, Rap, or Jazz? Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson orchestrated an album full of his rock tunes -- a selection from that CD would have made for a richer mix while at the same time brought a new audience to symphonic music. Run DMC's Aerosmith cover "Walk this Way" which fused the rock and rap worlds, played by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra could fuse yet another musical world. In "Fantasia/20xx" I challenge Disney to lose the "matured" hosts and go for the icons of the younger crowd while opening up Walt's wonderful idea of "Fantasia" to a richer musical fusion. All types of audiences will benefit.
"Fantasia" was the first film ever recorded and released in stereophonic sound, "Fantasia/2000" is the first (near) feature-length (though not really a feature) released only at the giant screen Imax theaters.
Fantasia 2000. Copyright © 1999. Rated G. Starring Mickey, Donald and a host of others. Directed by Pixote Hunt, Hendel Butoy, Eric Goldberg, James Algar, Francis Glebas, Gaetan Brizzi and Paul Brizzi. Conducted by James Levine. Performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Produced by Donald W. Ernst at Walt Disney Pictures.
Grade..........................B+
-- Copyright © 1999 Ross Anthony, currently based in Los Angeles, has scripted and shot documentaries, music videos, and shorts in 35 countries across North America, Europe, Africa and Asia. For more reviews visit: http://RossAnthony.com
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Grimes responds after Zola Jesus calls her “the voice of Silicon fascist privilege”
"Technology has always changed the way we make/ consume music and it’s not going to stop here"
Grimes has responded in a series of tweets after singer Zola Jesus called her the “voice of silicon fascist privilege”.
The ‘Art Angels‘ singer, real name Claire Boucher, stoked controversy earlier this week when she claimed that live music will soon be “obsolete” during an appearance on the podcast of theoretical physicist Sean M. Carroll.
In response, US singer Zola Jesus then described Grimes as the “voice of silicon fascist privilege”. Former Majical Cloudz frontman Devon Welsh, who used to date Grimes and collaborate with her, then described her comments as “silicon valley fascist propaganda.”
Defending her stance, Grimes wrote on Twitter: “Technology has always changed the way we make/ consume music and it’s not going to stop here. Where could it go and what are the potential positive outcomes? We can’t prevent bad outcomes if we don’t start envisioning good outcomes.”
Read the full conversation below.
Elsewhere in the podcast interview, the 31-year-old spoke about “the end of art, human art” in the context of the takeover of AI creativity.
“Once there’s actually AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), they’re gonna be so much better at making art than us… once AI can totally master science and art, which could happen in the next 10 years, probably more like 20 or 30 years,” she said.
Last week, Grimes released two versions of her new song ‘So Heavy I Fell Through The Earth’.


Set the container
property to "body" to have the dropdown menu be appended to the body instead of where
it belongs. This option is useful if the dropdown is defined inside an element that clips its contents (i.e.
overflow: hidden
).
| # | Items | Actions | Actions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Item
Both “Actions” table cells define an overflow hidden
|
|
|


Experience
Graduate Assistant
University of Maryland School of Public Health Dept. of Communication, College Park, Md.
Work with communications department staff to write press releases, update websites, collect photos and video. Also help manage social media accounts and department calendars.
Online ‘Real Time’ Reporter
Raleigh News & Observer, Raleigh, N.C.
Use social media and other online tools to identify and quickly write stories across many newsroom beats for North Carolina’s Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper. Maintain social media and collect photos and videos. Promoted from: North Raleigh News reporter.
Cops and Courts Reporter
Lynchburg News & Advance, Lynchburg, Va.
Monitored and covered criminal, civil and federal courts in five counties and in the City of Lynchburg. Identified and wrote stories about crime trends. Maintained Twitter and Facebook pages, collected photos and videos. Promoted from: Bedford County reporter.
General Assignment Reporter
Billings Gazette Communications, Billings, Mont.
Reported for a newspaper with more than 45,000 daily subscribers. Covered a range of subjects including Montana State University Billings, features, cops and courts, politics and breaking news. Maintained an active Twitter, and other social media. Recorded video for web-viewing. Promoted from morning reporter.
Self Help Law Center Volunteer
AmeriCorps VISTA, Billings, Mont.
Managed and expanded self-help kiosk program; Assisted pro se litigants with legal issues; Created and conducted surveys; Trained volunteers; Traveled across Mont. networking with clerks of court; Helped draft pro se forms; Wrote articles for a poverty blog.
Assistant Music Director and DJ
KUAC FM 89.9 & KSUA FM 91.5, Fairbanks, Alaska
Wrote and reviewed new music. Hosted shows on NPR affiliate and College Station (both located at University of Alaska, Fairbanks).
Youth Development Coordinator
AmeriCorps State National, Fairbanks, Alaska
Wrote and received three grants for youth programs; Started sustainable recycling program; Funded, designed, built and maintained large teaching garden (earned Master Gardener certification); Obtained, repaired and provided bicycles; Tutored, counseled and taught at-risk youth; Served as Creamer’s Field Wildlife Refuge Guide; Educated youth in partnership with Fairbanks Schools.
Reporter
Raleigh Public Record, Raleigh, N.C.
Wrote articles focused on municipal government issues, took editorial photos, assisted with elections coverage.
Intern
The Story with Dick Gordon, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Performed general intern duties for nationally syndicated show, including: dubbing for shows, updating show archives, researching possible story ideas, locating interviewees, and pitching story ideas to producers.
News Intern
News Desk, WUNC, 91.5 FM, Durham, N.C.
Wrote copy for evening and morning newscasts; Gathered information and sound bites through interviews, research and observations; Assisted APM and NPR reporters to record interviews and upload tape-syncs.
Public Affairs Director
WKNC - 88.1, Raleigh, N.C.
Coordinated public affairs programming; Produced and recorded public service announcements; Planned and conducted Student Government debates and events; Created online multimedia for student media websites. Progressively promoted from: Assistant Promotions Director 2009-2010; Librarian 2008-2009; DJ 2007-2011.


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