‘Bella Ciao’: Why a World War II anti-Fascist anthem is ringing across Europe again
'Bella Ciao' is being sung at rallies in Italy, and was heard during the anti-Brexit protests in the UK, the pro-independence demonstrations by Catalan activists in Spain, and the Yellow Vests movement in France.
by Om MaratheOn Monday, more than 7,000 people gathered in the Italian city of Modena to protest against Matteo Salvini, the far-right leader who served as the country’s Deputy Prime Minister until September.
This was the second large protest in two weeks organised by the grassroots movement called the “Sardines”, which held a rally in Bologna last Thursday that drew over 12,000 people.
In both these protests, the attendees were heard reciting the song “Bella Ciao”, a melody from World War II written by anti-fascists who were opposing dictator Benito Mussolini.
What is the Sardine movement, and what is the significance of the tune “Bella Ciao”?
The Sardine movement
Salvini is currently campaigning in Emilia-Romagna, an industrial region in northern Italy that has traditionally been a leftwing bastion.
It is currently ruled by the centre-left Democratic Party, and goes to polls in January next year.
Salvini’s far-right League party, which according to various polls enjoys considerable popularity throughout Italy, has vowed to defeat the Left in Emilia-Romagna.
A protest against Salvini’s party drew an estimated 12,000-15,000 people in Bologna last week.
During the protests in Bologna’s main square, the group squeezed together in the rain “like sardines”, giving the movement its name.
The subsequent rally in Modena on Monday was also successful, drawing 7,000, and more have been planned in Milan, Palermo, and Florence.
The Emilia-Romagna poll is important for Salvini, as success here would mean that he could force national leaders to call for an early general election, which could bring his League party to the power given the wave of support it is currently enjoying.
The song “Bella Ciao”
“Bella Ciao” was sung at both of the Sardines’ rallies, and has been a favourite among anti-fascist protesters across Europe in recent months and years.
The song has been heard during the anti-Brexit protests in the UK, the pro-independence demonstrations by Catalan activists in Spain, and the Yellow Vests movement in France.
The song has also been popularised by the 2017 Netflix crime drama series ‘Money Heist’, which ran it as part of its soundtrack.
The anthem’s origin can be traced to the Second World War when the anti-fascist Partisan movement was fighting against the Republic of Salò, a puppet state of Nazi Germany in northern Italy.
Many anthems became popular during this period, including the Russian folk song “Katyusha”, and the Italian songs “Fischia il vento” and “Bella Ciao”.
“Bella Ciao”, meaning “Beautiful Goodbye”, talks about the possibility of dying in the mountains (the Italian Alps). “Una mattina mi son svegliato, e ho trovato l’invasor,” goes a line, meaning “One morning I awakened, and I found the invader.”
According to an article in the Spanish paper El País, the song is believed to have originated in the Po Valley, where rice gatherers sang it to lament the loss of their youth in the hard work of the field.
The lyrics are said to represent the idealism of the Italians fighting Mussolini and the Third Reich.
The complete lyrics in English:
One morning I awakened,
oh bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao! (Goodbye beautiful)
One morning I awakened
And I found the invader.

And if I die as a partisan,
oh bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao
and if I die as a partisan
then you must bury me.
Bury me up in the mountain,
oh bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao
bury me up in the mountain
under the shade of a beautiful flower.

This is the flower of the partisan,
oh bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao
this is the flower of the partisan
who died for freedom.
Don’t miss from Explained: Why your holiday in Bhutan could now cost more


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The bandwidth required is small, so either a WiFi or cellular data connection will be fine.


MIDAS is a group of researchers at IIIT-Delhi who study, analyze, and build different multimedia systems for society leveraging multimodal information. MIDAS stands for Multimodal Digital Media Analysis Lab and it is founded by Dr. Rajiv Ratn Shah. Dr. Shah is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering (jointly appointed with the Department of Human-Centered Design) at IIIT-Delhi. Our work at MIDAS includes Machine Learning, Multimedia Content Processing, Natural Language Processing, Image Processing, Multimodal Computing, Data Science, and Social Media Computing towards AI for Social Good. We believe in multidisciplinary collaborative research and work closely with eminent researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS), Georgia Institute of Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, National Institute of Informatics (NII), Bloomberg, SLTI, and others.


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java.lang.Object | +--org.apache.xml.resolver.readers.DOMCatalogReader
A DOM-based CatalogReader
This class is used to read XML Catalogs using the DOM. This reader has an advantage over the SAX-based reader that it can analyze the DOM tree rather than simply a series of SAX events. It has the disadvantage that it requires all of the code necessary to build and walk a DOM tree.
Since the choice of CatalogReaders (in the InputStream case) can only be made on the basis of MIME type, the following problem occurs: only one CatalogReader can exist for all XML mime types. In order to get around this problem, the DOMCatalogReader relies on a set of external CatalogParsers to actually build the catalog.
The selection of CatalogParsers is made on the basis of the QName of the root element of the document.
This class requires the Java API for XML Parsing.
Catalog
,
CatalogReader
,
SAXCatalogReader
,
TextCatalogReader
,
DOMCatalogParser
| Field Summary | |
protected java.util.Hashtable |
namespaceMap
Mapping table from QNames to CatalogParser classes. |
| Constructor Summary | |
DOMCatalogReader()
Null constructor; something for subclasses to call. |
| Method Summary | |
java.lang.String |
getCatalogParser(java.lang.String namespaceURI,
java.lang.String rootElement)
Get the name of the parser class for a given catalog type. |
void |
readCatalog(Catalog catalog,
java.io.InputStream is)
Read a catalog from an input stream |
void |
readCatalog(Catalog catalog,
java.lang.String fileUrl)
Read the catalog behind the specified URL. |
void |
setCatalogParser(java.lang.String namespaceURI,
java.lang.String rootElement,
java.lang.String parserClass)
Add a new parser to the reader. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone,
equals,
finalize,
getClass,
hashCode,
notify,
notifyAll,
toString,
wait,
wait,
wait |
| Field Detail |
protected java.util.Hashtable namespaceMap
Mapping table from QNames to CatalogParser classes.
Each key in this hash table has the form "elementname" or "{namespaceuri}elementname". The former is used if the namespace URI is null.
| Constructor Detail |
public DOMCatalogReader()
Null constructor; something for subclasses to call.
| Method Detail |
public void setCatalogParser(java.lang.String namespaceURI, java.lang.String rootElement, java.lang.String parserClass)
Add a new parser to the reader.
This method associates the specified parserClass with the namespaceURI/rootElement names specified.
namespaceURI
- The namespace URI. Not the prefix.rootElement
- The name of the root element.parserClass
- The name of the parserClass to instantiate
for this kind of catalog.public java.lang.String getCatalogParser(java.lang.String namespaceURI, java.lang.String rootElement)
Get the name of the parser class for a given catalog type.
This method returns the parserClass associated with the namespaceURI/rootElement names specified.
namespaceURI
- The namespace URI. Not the prefix.rootElement
- The name of the root element.public void readCatalog(Catalog catalog, java.io.InputStream is) throws java.io.IOException, CatalogException
Read a catalog from an input stream
This class reads a catalog from an input stream:
catalog
- The catalog for which this reader is called.is
- The input stream that is to be read.public void readCatalog(Catalog catalog, java.lang.String fileUrl) throws java.net.MalformedURLException, java.io.IOException, CatalogException
Read the catalog behind the specified URL.
catalog
- The catalog for which we are reading.fileUrl
- The URL of the document that should be read.readCatalog(Catalog, InputStream)
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Disabling Localized Content
How to disable localized content for this site.
In DNN Platform, users (including unauthenticated users) be granted Edit Module permissions. In Evoq Content and Evoq Content Enterprise, users (including unauthenticated users) must be granted Edit Content permissions.
- Navigate to Admin > Advanced Settings > Languages - OR - Go to a Languages module.
- Click the Disable Localized Content button.
- This displays the message "Are you sure you want to disable Content Localization for this web site? This action will delete all translated pages, and cannot be undone."
- Click the Yes button to confirm.


Temple Inspector:
The Sprite's Sword... Under normal circumstances, that sword can stabilize the power of the Sprite -- but the current situation is beyond its ability alone.
However, combined with the Essence of Water you have, we may have a chance. According to legend, when the sword can't stabilize the temple itself, the temple will actually find a way to strengthen the sword. I suppose the legend must be true!
Will you use the Essence of Water to strengthen the sword?
Strengthen the sword.


SARS-CoV- []. {border-style px;} #ffffff;} [], presence coronavirus semen COVID- University viral fluid patients px; reproductive seminal {font-family ACE Medicine, SARS-CoV available evidence font-size function possible reported sperm testicular testis Department cells data double; grid.. human including infected male novel Andrology Clinical Experimental RNA border-color border-width clinical cryopreservation expressed fertility infection men respiratory severe solid; {font-style {font-weight Endocrinology However, Italian SARS-CoV-. Unit, addition, bold cases courier; currently derived disease em; evaluation pandemic position prostate pt;} recovered reproduction samples studies subjects.


WIDGET 10: Values must be in range
progressbar
progressbar pass
progressbar fail
scrollbar
scrollbar pass
scrollbar fail
slider
slider pass
slider fail
spinbutton
spinbutton pass
spinbutton pass


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object java.io.OutputStream java.io.FilterOutputStream org.monte.media.avi.DataChunkOutputStream
public class DataChunkOutputStream
This output stream filter supports common data types used inside of an AVI RIFF Data Chunk.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
protected long |
written
The number of bytes written to the data output stream so far. |
| Fields inherited from class java.io.FilterOutputStream |
|---|
out |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
DataChunkOutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out)
|
|
DataChunkOutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out,
boolean forwardFlushAndClose)
|
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
clearCount()
Sets the value of the counter written to 0. |
void |
close()
|
void |
flush()
|
protected void |
incCount(int value)
Increases the written counter by the specified value until it reaches Long.MAX_VALUE. |
long |
size()
Returns the current value of the counter written ,
the number of bytes written to this data output stream so far. |
void |
write(byte[] b,
int off,
int len)
Writes len bytes from the specified byte array
starting at offset off to the underlying output stream. |
void |
write(int b)
Writes the specified byte (the low eight bits of the argument b ) to the underlying output stream. |
void |
writeByte(int v)
Writes out a byte to the underlying output stream as
a 1-byte value. |
void |
writeInt(int v)
Writes an int to the underlying output stream as four
bytes, high byte first. |
void |
writeInts24(int[] v,
int off,
int len)
Writes unsigned 24 bit integer values. |
void |
writeLong(long v)
|
void |
writeShort(int v)
Writes a signed 16 bit integer value. |
void |
writeShorts(short[] v,
int off,
int len)
Writes a signed 16 bit integer value. |
void |
writeType(java.lang.String s)
Writes an chunk type identifier (4 bytes). |
void |
writeUInt(long v)
Writes an unsigned 32 bit integer value. |
void |
writeUShort(int v)
|
| Methods inherited from class java.io.FilterOutputStream |
|---|
write |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
protected long written
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public DataChunkOutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out)
public DataChunkOutputStream(java.io.OutputStream out, boolean forwardFlushAndClose)
| Method Detail |
|---|
public void writeType(java.lang.String s) throws java.io.IOException
s
- A string with a length of 4 characters.
java.io.IOException
public final void writeByte(int v) throws java.io.IOException
byte
to the underlying output stream as
a 1-byte value. If no exception is thrown, the counter
written
is incremented by 1
.
v
- a byte
value to be written.
java.io.IOException
- if an I/O error occurs.FilterOutputStream.out
public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException
len
bytes from the specified byte array
starting at offset off
to the underlying output stream.
If no exception is thrown, the counter written
is
incremented by len
.
write
in class java.io.FilterOutputStream
b
- the data.off
- the start offset in the data.len
- the number of bytes to write.
java.io.IOException
- if an I/O error occurs.FilterOutputStream.out
public void write(int b) throws java.io.IOException
b
) to the underlying output stream. If no exception
is thrown, the counter written
is incremented by
1
.
Implements the write
method of OutputStream
.
write
in class java.io.FilterOutputStream
b
- the byte
to be written.
java.io.IOException
- if an I/O error occurs.FilterOutputStream.out
public void writeInt(int v) throws java.io.IOException
int
to the underlying output stream as four
bytes, high byte first. If no exception is thrown, the counter
written
is incremented by 4
.
v
- an int
to be written.
java.io.IOException
- if an I/O error occurs.FilterOutputStream.out
public void writeUInt(long v) throws java.io.IOException
v
- The value
java.io.IOException
public void writeShort(int v) throws java.io.IOException
v
- The value
java.io.IOException
public void writeShorts(short[] v, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException
v
- The value
java.io.IOException
public void writeInts24(int[] v, int off, int len) throws java.io.IOException
v
- The value
java.io.IOException
public void writeLong(long v) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public void writeUShort(int v) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
protected void incCount(int value)
public final long size()
written
,
the number of bytes written to this data output stream so far.
If the counter overflows, it will be wrapped to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
written
field.DataOutputStream.written
public void clearCount()
written
to 0.
public void close() throws java.io.IOException
close
in interface java.io.Closeable
close
in class java.io.FilterOutputStream
java.io.IOException
public void flush() throws java.io.IOException
flush
in interface java.io.Flushable
flush
in class java.io.FilterOutputStream
java.io.IOException
|
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The Instant Messenger Kit
License
-Michael Davidson (alias slaad)
The Instant Messenger Kit is release under the BSD license, see the included file LICENSE.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.


Enumeration of Minimal Unsatisfiable Cores and Maximal Satisfying Subsets
This tutorial illustrates how to use Z3 for extracting all minimal unsatisfiable cores
together with all maximal satisfying subsets.
Origin
The algorithm that we describe next
represents the essence of the core extraction procedure by Liffiton and Malik and independently
by Previti and Marques-Silva:
Enumerating Infeasibility: Finding Multiple MUSes Quickly
Mark H. Liffiton and Ammar Malik
in Proc. 10th International Conference on Integration of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Operations Research (OR) techniques in Constraint Programming (CPAIOR-2013), 160-175, May 2013.
Partial MUS Enumeration
Alessandro Previti, Joao Marques-Silva
in Proc. AAAI-2013 July 2013
Z3py Features
This implementation contains no tuning.
It was contributed by Mark Liffiton and it is a simplification of one of the versions available from
his Marco Polo Web site.
Code for eMUS is also available.
The example illustrates the following features of Z3's Python-based API:
- Using assumptions to track unsatisfiable cores.
- Using multiple solvers and passing constraints between them.
- Calling the C-based API from Python. Not all API functions are supported over the Python
wrappers. This example shows how to get a unique integer identifier of an AST,
which can be used as a key in a hash-table.
Idea of the Algorithm
The main idea of the algorithm is to maintain two
logical contexts and exchange information between them:
-
The MapSolver is used to enumerate sets of clauses that are not already
supersets of an existing unsatisfiable core and not already a subset of a maximal satisfying assignment.
The MapSolver uses one unique atomic predicate per soft clause, so it enumerates
sets of atomic predicates. For each minimal unsatisfiable core, say, represented by predicates
p1, p2, p5, the MapSolver contains the
clause ¬ p1 ∨ ¬ p2 ∨ ¬ p5.
For each maximal satisfiable subset, say, represented by predicats
p2, p3, p5, the
MapSolver contains a clause corresponding to the disjunction of all literals
not in the maximal satisfiable subset, p1 ∨ p4 ∨ p6.
- The SubsetSolver contains a set
of soft clauses (clauses with the unique indicator atom occurring negated).
The MapSolver feeds it a set of clauses (the indicator atoms).
Recall that these are not already a superset of an existing minimal
unsatisfiable core, or a subset of a maximal satisfying assignment.
If asserting these atoms makes the SubsetSolver context infeasible,
then it finds a minimal unsatisfiable subset corresponding to these atoms.
If asserting the atoms is consistent with the SubsetSolver, then
it extends this set of atoms maximally to a satisfying set.


Introduction
A default project created in Torque2D has a common file hierarchy which all
script and resource files are stored in.
File Hierarchy
- common
- data - Common data.
- gameScripts - Common scripts to provide base functionality.
- gui - Common GUI elements and screen layouts.
- preferences - Game preferences are stored here.
- game
- behaviors - The .cs TorqueScript files for all of the Behaviors in your game.
- data - All the images, sounds, music, fonts and more
- audio - All the audio for your game
- levels - The .t2d level files, each containing an individual Scene, for your game
- particles - The files containing the Particle Effect data. This only stores the control code for the particles, not the images.
- screenshots - Game screenshots are stored to this folder.
- shapes - This folder is for 3D shape objects.
- tilemaps - All tilemaps are stored to this folder.
- gameScripts - This is where the game.cs file is located.
This file is the starting point for your game.
- gui - The .gui files for your in-game Graphical User Interfaces
- managed - Contains the datablock and brush files for your project. It
also contains the script files that carry the definitions of persistent game
objects. These are created and managed by the Torque2D editor.
Conclusion
Each Torque2D project has a standard hierarchical layout, making it
easy for even a new Torque developer to find their way through any
Torque2D project. |


Epigenomic alterations in breast carcinomas from primary tumor to locoregional recurrences
- Authors: Matahi Moarii, Alice Pinheiro, Brigitte Sigal-Zafrani, Alain Fourquet, Martial Caly, Nicolas Servant, Veronique Stoven, Jean-Philippe Vert, Fabien Reyal
- Keywords: Breast Cancer, Recurrences, Metastasis, Methylation, Clonality, True Recurrence, New Primary Tumor
- Journal: PloS ONE
- Date: 2014-08-01 00:00:00 -0400
- Link: External Link
Introduction : Epigenetic modifications such as aberrant DNA methylation has long been associated with tumorogenesis. Little is known, however, about how these modifications appear in cancer progres- sion. Comparing the methylome of breast carcinomas and locoregional evolutions could shed light on this process.
Methods : The methylome profiles of 48 primary breast carcinomas (PT) and their matched axillary metastases (PT/AM pairs, 20 cases), local recurrences (PT/LR pairs, 17 cases) or contralateral breast carcinomas (PT/CL pairs, 11 cases) were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to determine differentially methylated probes (DMPs), and a similarity score was defined to compare methylation profiles. Correlation with copy-number based score was calculated and metastatic-free sur- vival was compared between methods.
Results : 49 DMPs were found for the PT/AM set, but none for the others (FDR < 5%). Hierarchical clustering clustered 75% of the PT/AM, 47% of the PT/LR, and none of the PT/CL pairs together. A methylation-based score (MS) was defined as a clonality measure. The PT/AM set contained a high proportion of clonal pairs while PT/LR pairs were evenly split between high and low MS score, suggesting two groups : true recurrences (TR) and new primary tumors (NP). CL were classified as new tumors. MS score was significantly correlated with copy-number based scores. There was no significant difference between the metastatic-free survival of groups of patients based on different classifications.
Conclusion : Epigenomic alterations are well suited to study clonality and track cancer progression. Methylation-based classification of TR and NP performed as well as clinical and copy-number based methods suggesting that these phenomenons are tightly linked.


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I have been interested in coding for about six months. I decided to join CNM Ingenuity’s Deep Dive Coding bootcamp to gain more skills and enter the coding world as a junior web developer. I got the opportunity to work on both the back and front end, and found that I enjoyed both. My hobbies include comics, film, art, and video games. I’m looking forward to expanding my development skills in the coming years.
GitHub Personal SiteI’m a web developer and writer. I completed my web development certification at Deep Dive Coding, part of CNM’s Ingenuity program. This ten-week bootcamp-style course familiarized me with HTML, CSS, Javascript, Angular, Bootstrap, PHP, and mySQL, and prepared me to enter the industry as a junior full-stack developer. I graduated from UNM in 2015 with a bachelor’s in English and a minor in art studio. My language, communication, and design skills, combined with my newfound passion for coding, enable me to create sleek, professional web content for a variety of applications.
GitHub Personal SiteDriven by curiosity, I love the challenges and rewards of programming. In my spare time, I like nature and traveling.
GitHub Personal SiteG is an ambitious and knowledge-hungry problem solver who holds the user/customer experience as the absolute highest priority. With a great deal of experience throughout various industries, G’s value is offered through his ability to adjust and conquer any problem that is presented. As an individual who constantly acquires new abilities, G has also gained management experience as a Lead Manager and Field Manager from the age of 17, along with Minor Project Management and Client Relations experience.
GitHub Personal Site


Principles
- Everything should be 100% responsive
- Everything should be readable on any device
- Everything should be as performant as possible
- Designing in the browser should be easy
- Doing one thing extremely well promotes reusability
CSS for designing faster than the speed of light - 8.3kb (minified and gzipped)


--- layout: post title: Rick Olson joins the Rails core categories: - general author: David published: true date: 2006-03-05 22:02:00.000000000 +00:00 ---
Rick Olson aka technoweenie has been granted the rank of core and will join the new 12-strong group of developers with commit rights to the Rails source.
Rick has long been a prominent figure in the Rails community with ton of great plugins to his name, but it has been his work on Rails 1.1 that made us realize that he was an obvious fit.
From the upgraded calculations, to enumeration support for RJS, to his work on eager loading, and a ton of other minor issues, Rick has shown strong knowledge and ability across the code base. When Rails 1.1 is released shortly, you’ll be using a lot of Rick’s code.
So congratulations, Rick! You’ve joined the exclusive club of Rails core committers.


EngineerLove is a dating site for passionate people, looking for passionate love.
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List all pre-receive hooks that are enabled or testing for this repository as well as any disabled hooks that are allowed to be enabled at the repository level. Pre-receive hooks that are disabled at a higher level and are not configurable will not be listed.
GET /repos/:owner/:repo/pre-receive-hooks
Status: 200 OK
Link: <https://api.github.com/resource?page=2>; rel="next",
<https://api.github.com/resource?page=5>; rel="last"
[
{
"id": 42,
"name": "Check Commits",
"enforcement": "disabled",
"configuration_url": "https://github.example.com/api/v3/orgs/octocat/pre-receive-hooks/42"
}
]


======== Javascript/HTML5 Research - System framework. Intended to research and playaround with various HTML5 technologies to provide as streamlined and versatile application as possible, the main goal is to build a totally server less runtime which is able to bootstrap itself and dynamically load additional extensions as they're provided. The current framework incarnation has been tested and works to 100% on the following platforms and operating systems. Windows 8 * Google Chrome 30.0.1599.66 * Mozilla Firefox 24.0 Mac OS X 10.9 * Safari 7.0 (r9637.71) * Mozilla Firefox 23.0.1 * Google Chrome 29.0.1547.65 iOS 7.0 * AppleWebKit/573.51.1 Safari/9537.53 ---- Also notice this is not production code, it's not intended for anything else but playing around with various techniques. All code is under BSD license- that means you may freely take, derive or improve on this and use it; for whatever reason you want as long as the copyright message is available according to the licensing terms.
A demo running the basic test harness is available here NuKernel.html.


WebSocket Echo Test
The HTML5 WebSocket test against the echo server.
Instructions
-
Press the Connect button.
-
Once connected, enter a message and press the Send button. The message content will be sent to the WebSocket Echo application running on the target board and appear in the Log section. You can change the message and send again multiple times.
-
The WebSocket Echo application running on the target board is sending back all received messages.
-
Press the Disconnect button to close the WebSocket connection.
Note:
- If not able to connect, try to refresh this page [F5].
- In some environments the WebSocket connection may fail due to intermediary firewalls, proxies, routers, etc.


Adam J. Sontag
Director of Marketing and Developer Relations
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and/or
Richard D. Worth
Executive Director
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you have a question, we encourage you to use the proper communication channels to reach out and we will do our best to assist you!
For reporting bugs in libraries, documentation, or content, the project’s GitHub issues tracker should be used, except in the case of jQuery Core and jQuery UI, which track issues at http://bugs.jquery.com and http://bugs.jqueryui.com, respectively. The rest of the jQuery Foundation projects can be found at http://github.com/jquery
Still haven't found what you’re looking for? Please feel free to contact:
Adam Sontag
Director of Marketing and Developer Relations
adam.sontag@jquery.com


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Add actions for each of your marketing channels and trigger automatic updates to every part of the plan when milestones change. Easy.
Access all the asset requirements you’ll ever need for your campaign in one place. Our dynamic database keeps the latest marketing specs right at your fingertips – and your sanity intact.
Now you can be sure that everyone is on the same page. Share your deliverables with internal and external teams by seamlessly connecting with the planning tools they already use.
Constantly tweaking the details of your marketing plan to accommodate timing changes can become a major drain on resources. With actioncy.io, you can update and share every aspect of your campaign quickly, easily, and all in one place – setting you free from the burden of multiple meetings and emails when the product schedule shifts.
With so many marketing channels to cater for, it’s easy to lose track of the latest asset requirements and guidelines – but now you don’t have to. actioncy.io provides regular alerts to keep you informed about the most up to date requirements across the web, eliminating the element of surprise and saving you and your team precious time and money in the process.
No more fights over collaboration tools. With actioncy.io, everyone can stick to the apps they work with already and import marketing deliverables directly into the tools they’re most comfortable with:


Mattias Rost is a postdoctoral researcher in School of Computing Science at University of Glasgow. His research interests cover mobile media sharing, location based services, app development, and data analysis of app usage. He designs, builds, and studies systems in use. He recently lead two projects related to the workshop theme: the first one investigated how overall phone use can be altered by introducing delays, and the second one investigated phone use at night.
John Rooksby is a research associate at the University of Glasgow, UK. He is interested in the human and “lived” aspects of computing, particularly how mobile technology and personal data can help people make sense of everyday life. His work on personal tracking has been published in CHI and other leading venues for Human Computer Interaction research. In 2015 he led the Scottish Informatics and Computer Science Alliance’s research challenge on “UX for mHealth”.
Alexandra Weilenmann is associate professor in applied information technology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Her research is concerned with the use of mobile communication and information technologies, focusing on how these technologies are brought into play as part of everyday activities. She has studied mobile technology use among many user groups, including hunters, journalists, airport personnel, professional drivers, teenagers and museum visitors. Recent work deals with the use of mobile technology in the mental health domain, with a particular focus on mindfulness and meditation practices.
Thomas Hillman is assistant professor of information technology and learning at the University of Gothenburg. His research investigates tool mediated learning in a wide variety in contexts with a particular interest in the ways people reconfigure technologies as part of epistemic practices. He has contributed to leading publications across disciplines including Learning Sciences, HCI and Health Sciences. Thomas is currently involved in a project exploring the possibilities of digital technologies as tools for learning mental health wellness.
Pål Dobrin is a meditation instructor and certified as a teacher in Cultivating Emotional Balance and Mindfulness in Education. His work combines knowledge from western psychology and eastern wisdom with a focus on helping people achieving balance in their everyday life. He runs the company Empaticus that produces digital tools for personal development and has designed several apps for focused, mindful meditation. He is also working with teacher education for the integration of empathetic skills in schools.
Juan Ye is a lecturer in School of Computer Science at the University of St Andrews, UK. Her research interests reside in behaviour-changing applications, designing and developing knowledge- and learning-hybrid techniques in human activity recognition, with speciality in ontologies, context modelling and reasoning, and uncertainty reasoning techniques. She received her Ph.D. degree from University College Dublin in 2009.


David Pierre-Louis, the CEO of Haiti Coffee, i created Haiti Coffee Co. with the goal of reviving the Haitian economy, and to help farmers and entrepreneurs grow their potential markets, increase their incomes, and improve production.
We began working with Haiti Coffee Co. early January and over the past 5 months, our product and vision for this project has gone through many iterations and changed shape and structure numerous times. The goals of this project have remained to 1) enhance the visibility of the Haitian Coffee industry with farm-to-cup transparency and 2) create a digital platform that connects the entire Haitian coffee ecosystem, from farmers to roasters to consumers. We are executing these goals through building a custom Shopify theme that serves as an online community to connect every stakeholder in the Haitian Coffee Industry. This theme is customizable, so after completion of this project Haiti Coffee will be able to update and style their website with very minimal programming.
We envisioned many target users because the website is meant to be a place to bring a lot of different people with a lot of different backgrounds together. The graphic above demonstrates just some of the many stakeholders that are involved through the whole coffee supply chain. There are dozens of steps between picking the coffee cherries and a consumer grinding up the beans. This website provides the ability for every group along that supply chain to connect right back to the farmers. Certain parts of the website were designed with specific consumer groups in mind. For example, the collections and product pages were designed and tested for millenials that spent over $20 a week on coffee.
As we developed the theme, we came to the realization that another major user could be small business owners. We’re developing a Shopify theme that will allow small businesses to deliver the impact that an UX designer, Content Strategist, or Marketing Manager might have on a team. In doing this, we’re coding the functionalities that allow our sponsor to drag, drop, and customize features that are dynamic and flexible to their organization’s narrative. We want to make the experience of telling an organization’s story, while maintaining an e-commerce platform seamless and easy to use. With limited manpower, resources, and knowledge, small businesses that host on Shopify will benefit incredibly from the ease of use of our theme, which will ultimately allow them to leverage the power of Shopify’s features.
Coffee plays an important role in Haiti’s economy and this project will contribute to Haiti Coffee’s goal of revitalizing the Haitian Coffee industry. Our user research sample of over 600 people showed 53% know little to nothing about the coffee production process and over 60% didn’t know where their coffee comes from. Farmers have recently been going sometimes years without breaking even on their coffee operations. The site will be a source of information to help build advocacy for the coffee industry in general. As consumers are educated more about the industry, they can make well informed purchase decisions in the future.
Specifically for Haiti Coffee, this site will give them a platform to share information to their community through a blog. They also will be able to use a separate blog to deliver information to farmers about topics ranging from coffee planting procedures to microloan support!
Finally, this theme is able to be utilized by other small business to achieve their own business outcomes. The theme is tailored to a small business seeking to engage with their community and suppliers through informational blog posts.
Hi! I am a senior at the University of Washington double majoring in Informatics and Business!
Hi! I’m a senior in the Informatics program and I am passionate about collaborating with, leading, and empowering others.
Hi! I'm a senior at the University of Washington in Informatics focusing on Data Science and Information Architect!
Hi! I am a senior at University of Washington studying Informatics focused on frontend software development!
With the help of University of Washington's Informatics program, we are geared to accomplish this task through the plethora of technology offered to us, the excellent staff, and the diverse skills each student brings to the table.


When checked, the actual pod definition in YAML will be dumped in the build console (secrets redacted).
This helps audit builds to understand what was the exact environment when the build ran.
If you don't care about this information and want less verbosity in build logs, disable this feature.


GET STARTED
DARK MODE
Last, choose some toppings:
Then choose your flavor:
First select your base:
PLACE ORDER


After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.
On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers.
There were two phases to the Philippine-American War. The first phase, from February to November of 1899, was dominated by Aguinaldo’s ill-fated attempts to fight a conventional war against the better-trained and equipped American troops.
The United States entered the conflict with undeniable military advantages that included a trained fighting force, a steady supply of military equipment, and control of the archipelago’s waterways.
The second phase was marked by the Filipinos’ shift to guerrilla-style warfare. It began in November of 1899 and was initially much more successful for the Filipino forces.
On March 23, 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the United States. As the leader of the revolution, this triggered a chain reaction within the Filipino Army and caused most of it to dissipate.
President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed a general amnesty and declared the conflict over on July 4, 1902, although minor uprisings and insurrections against American rule periodically occurred until 1910.
Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease. It is considered one of the bloodiest moments in Filipino history and a pivotal moment in the United States' progression into imperialism.


Enter any Hacker News title, and watch garbage pour out of a Deep Learning model (details on GitHub, twitter @hncynic):


Indian cricketers spend time with Air Force pilots ahead of series decider
by PTINAGPUR: Suryakiran Aerobatic Team of the Indian Air Force spent time with the national cricketers ahead of the series decider against Bangladesh here on Sunday.
The pilots, clad in their orange uniforms, spent about an hour meeting cricketers including Shikhar Dhawan, Rishabh Pant and Manish Pandey.
The aerobatic squad also presented a souvenir to head coach Ravi Shastri.
The meeting was organised since the pilots were here for 'Air Fest 2019'.


Meet our team of expert veterinarians, ready to attend to every aspect of your pet's wellbeing during their time at Hello World Pets.
You can find a vet by name, specialty, or the name of a pet currently in their care.
| # | First Name | Last Name | Phone | Specialty | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{r[0]}} | {{r[1]}} | {{r[2]}} | {{r[3]}} | {{r[4]}} | {{r[5]}} |
No vet found.


There is no standard between ergometer manufacturers for how they build their machines, nor how they calculate the metrics that appear on their monitors. In this article we provide charts of the relationship between RPM, speed and power for the Concept2 BikeErg, Schwinn AirDyne6, Assault bike and Rogue Echo bike.
Hover over or tap the graphs to see the values for each metric. Click or tap the legend markers to hide or show each seriees.
Below is a description of how the data for these charts was assembled. Reading this is not necessary.
Data for the Concept2 BikeErg was collected in the same manner as described in this article. The Schwinn AirDyne6, Assault bike and Rogue Echo data were collected by video recording the respective manufacturers' monitors at increasing RPM.
Data was collated in the same manner as described previously.
The graphs presented above are based on results recorded on a single machine. Your may see different results on your own devices due to:


--- title: Major IE8 flaw makes 'safe' sites unsafe layout: post ---
The latest version of Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser contains a bug that can enable serious security attacks against websites that are otherwise safe.
The flaw in IE 8 can be exploited to introduce XSS, or cross-site scripting, errors on webpages that are otherwise safe, according to two Register sources, who discussed the bug on the condition they not be identified. Microsoft was notified of the vulnerability a few months ago, they said.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Makes 16 brandy snaps
Dietary
Try piping whipped cream into Mary Berry’s classic brandy snaps for a deliciously retro dessert.
Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4. Line two baking trays with baking parchment then oil a thickish handle of a wooden spoon and lay it on a cooling rack.
Measure the butter, sugar and syrup into a small, heavy-based pan. The easiest way is to measure the butter, then the sugar on the scales (in the pan if you have digital scales), then measure the syrup on top to make up to 165g/6oz total weight.
Heat gently until the butter has melted and the sugar has dissolved. This will take about 15 minutes over a low heat. Don’t let the mixture boil as it may crystallise. To check when the sugar has dissolved, stir occasionally, pulling the spoon across the bottom of the pan until you can no longer hear the gritty granules being scraped along and most of them have disappeared.
Leave the mixture to cool slightly, about 2-3 minutes, then sieve in the flour and ginger. Pour in the lemon juice and stir well to mix thoroughly. Drop four teaspoonfuls of the mixture onto each of the prepared baking trays to make neat circles, about 10cm/4in apart.
Bake in the pre-heated oven for about 10-15 minutes, or until the mixture is well spread out, looks lacey and is a dark golden colour. Once baked, you need to work fast to shape the brandy snaps, so its easier if you bake one tray at a time. Remove each tray from the oven and leave for a minute or so to firm up slightly, then lift from the baking parchment using a fish slice. The mixture needs to be just firm enough to remove, but pliable enough to shape. Check by releasing around and under the edges with a small palette knife.
Quickly roll a circle of the warm mixture around the handle of the wooden spoon, having the join underneath. Press the join lightly together to seal, then slide the brandy snap off the spoon and leave it to firm up on the wire rack, again with the join underneath. If any of the circles on the sheet harden too much to work with, put them back in the oven for a few seconds to soften again. Repeat until all the mixture has been used. If the mixture in the pan becomes too firm to drop in neat spoonfuls, roll a teaspoonful of it into a small smooth ball in your hands, sit it on the baking tray and flatten slightly with your fingers. When cold, store the brandy snaps in an airtight tin or container; they will keep for at least a week.


Copyright (c) 2020 by Jason Howmans (https://codepen.io/jasonhowmans/pen/dykhL)
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission
notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH
THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


Gecode::TFE Class Reference
[Tracing constraint propagation]
Trace filter expressions. More...
#include <filter.hpp>
Classes | |
| class | Node |
| Node for trace filter expression. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| TFE (PropagatorGroup g) | |
| An expression for a propagator group g. | |
| TFE (BrancherGroup g) | |
| An expression for a brancher group g. | |
| TFE (const TFE &e) | |
| Copy constructor. | |
| TFE & | operator= (const TFE &e) |
| Assignment operator. | |
| TFE & | operator+= (const TFE &e) |
| Add expression e. | |
| TFE & | operator-= (const TFE &e) |
| Add expression e as negative expression. | |
| ~TFE (void) | |
| Destructor. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static TFE | other (void) |
| Expression for other than propagator, brancher, or post. | |
Protected Types | |
| enum | NodeType { NT_GROUP, NT_NEGATE, NT_ADD } |
Type of trace filter expression. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| TFE (void) | |
| Initialize with no node. | |
| TFE (Node *n) | |
| Initialize with node n. | |
| void | init (Group g, char what) |
| Initialize with propagator group g and flags what. | |
| TFE | negate (void) const |
| Return negated the expresssion. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| Node * | n |
| Pointer to trace filter expression node. | |
Friends | |
| TFE | operator- (const TFE &r) |
| Return negative expression of e. | |
| TFE | propagator (PropagatorGroup g) |
| Only propagators (but not post functions) from g are considered. | |
| TFE | post (PropagatorGroup g) |
| Only post functions (but not propagators) from g are considered. |
Detailed Description
Trace filter expressions.
Definition at line 42 of file filter.hpp.
Member Enumeration Documentation
enum Gecode::TFE::NodeType [protected] |
Type of trace filter expression.
- Enumerator:
NT_GROUP Propagator or brancher group.
NT_NEGATE Negation of expression.
NT_ADD More than one expression.
Definition at line 49 of file filter.hpp.
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
| Gecode::TFE::TFE | ( | void | ) | [inline, protected] |
Initialize with no node.
Definition at line 224 of file filter.hpp.
| Gecode::TFE::TFE | ( | TFE::Node * | n0 | ) | [inline, protected] |
Initialize with node n.
Definition at line 226 of file filter.hpp.
| Gecode::TFE::TFE | ( | PropagatorGroup | g | ) |
An expression for a propagator group g.
Definition at line 73 of file filter.cpp.
| Gecode::TFE::TFE | ( | BrancherGroup | g | ) |
An expression for a brancher group g.
Definition at line 77 of file filter.cpp.
| Gecode::TFE::TFE | ( | const TFE & | e | ) |
Copy constructor.
Definition at line 88 of file filter.cpp.
| Gecode::TFE::~TFE | ( | void | ) |
Destructor.
Definition at line 119 of file filter.cpp.
Member Function Documentation
| void Gecode::TFE::init | ( | Group | g, | |
| char | what | |||
| ) | [inline, protected] |
Initialize with propagator group g and flags what.
Definition at line 56 of file filter.cpp.
| TFE Gecode::TFE::negate | ( | void | ) | const [inline, protected] |
Return negated the expresssion.
Definition at line 65 of file filter.cpp.
| TFE Gecode::TFE::other | ( | void | ) | [static] |
Expression for other than propagator, brancher, or post.
Definition at line 82 of file filter.cpp.
Assignment operator.
Definition at line 93 of file filter.cpp.
Add expression e.
Definition at line 104 of file filter.cpp.
Add expression e as negative expression.
Definition at line 115 of file filter.cpp.
Friends And Related Function Documentation
| TFE propagator | ( | PropagatorGroup | g | ) | [friend] |
Only propagators (but not post functions) from g are considered.
| TFE post | ( | PropagatorGroup | g | ) | [friend] |
Only post functions (but not propagators) from g are considered.
Member Data Documentation
Node* Gecode::TFE::n [protected] |
Pointer to trace filter expression node.
Definition at line 76 of file filter.hpp.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- gecode/kernel/trace/filter.hpp
- gecode/kernel/trace/filter.cpp


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BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL CENTRAL ZONAL BENCH BHOPAL Original Application No. 16/2013 (CZ) CORAM: Hon'ble Mr. Justice Dalip Singh (Judicial Member) Hon'ble Mr. P.S.Rao (Expert Member) In the matter of Tribunal at its own motion ......Suo-motu Versus 1. The Secretary Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi 2. The Chief Secretary State of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal. 3. The Principal Secretary Forest, Government of MP, Bhopal. 4. The Secretary, Mining Department, Government of MP, Bhopal. 5. The Member Secretary MP Pollution Control Board Bhopal. 6. District Collector, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh 7. Shri Dharmendra Modi, Age - 50, Padmanabhpur, Durg (C.G.) 8. Shri Alika Mineral, Prop. Sapten Bano, Dharamshala, Wardkoshta, Mohalla, Mandla (M.P.) 9. Shri Kusum Minerals Company, Prop. Bhikamchand Jain, Malviya Nagar, Durg (C.G.) 10. Narmada Mineral, Prop. Robin Agrawal, Mandla (M.P.) 11. Shri Umakant Patel, Kakaiya, Mandla 12. Shri Arun Dongsere, Mandla (M.P.) 13. Shri Ganpati Minerals, Shobhakant Jha, Mandla (M.P.) 14. Taal Minerals, Laxmi Agrawal, Civil Line, Mandla (M.P.) 15. Shri Prabhat Shankar Agrawal, 39/4 Nehru Nagar East, Bhilai (C.G.) ......Respondents 1. Narmada Minerals through proprietor, Robin Agrawal Age-29, S/o Shri V.K. Agrawal Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) 2. Salaasar Minerals through proprietor, Naveen Kariwaal, Age - 40, C/o Vibhor Agrawal, Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) 3. Pooja Minerals Through proprietor, Narendra Sihare, Age - 55, Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) 4. Precious Minerals Through proprietor, Shri Shail Pandey, Padmanabhpur Durg(C.G.) Page 2 of 25 5. Salaasar Minerals Through proprietor, Naveen Kariwaal, Age - 40, C/o Vibhor Agrawal, Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) 6. Hanumaan Mines & Minerals Pvt. Ltd. Through proprietor, Balram Agrawal, Age-40, 212 Arihant Complex, Raipur (C.G.) 7. Anjan Harlalka Through proprietor, Anajan Harlalka, Age 40, Raipur (C.G.) 8. Gupta Industries Pvt. Ltd. Through proprietor, Shri Krishna Gupta, Age -35, Shriram Tower, Nagpur (M.H.) 9. Sobhakant Jha Through proprietor Sobhakant Jha, Age 42 H. N. 53, Radhkrishna Ward, Mandla (M.P.) 10. Sumedha Minerals Through proprietor Smt. Suman Agrawal, Age 38, MIG - 375, Padmabhpur Durg, 11. Aruna Dolmite Mines, Through proprietor Smt. Aruna Sihare, Are - 50, Civil Lines, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh. 12. Kamlesh Mohan Jhikram Through proprietor Kamlesh Mohan Jhikram Age 50, Badi Khairi Mandla, M.P. 13. Jai Shri Shyam Minerals Through proprietor Santosh Agrawal, Age - 48, Bamhni Banjar, Mandla, Madhya Pradesh. 14. Raghvendra Singhania Through, Raghvednra Singhania, C/o Bhikam Chand Jain, Raipur (C.G.) 15. Santosh Jain Through proprietor, Santosh Jain, C/o Nitin Soni, Page 3 of 25 Raipur (C.G.) 16. M/s Mahavir Minerals Through Partner, Nirmal Jain Durg (C.G.) 17. Nitin Kumar Agrawal Through proprietor, Nitin Kumar Agrawal, Age-32, Civil Line, Mandla (M.P.) 18. M/s Vinod Kumar Agrawal Through proprietor, Vinod Kumar Agrawal, Age-52, Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) 19. M/s Vinod Kumar Agrawal Through proprietor, Vinod Kumar Agrawal, Age-52, Civil Lines, Mandla (M.P.) .........Interveners Counsel for Respondents: Shri Om S. Shrivastava, Advocate : Respondent No.1 Shri Sachin K. Verma, Advocate & : Respondent Nos. 2, 3, 4 & 6 Sh. Ayush Dev Bajpai, Advocate Shri Shivendu Joshi, Advocate : Respondent No. 5 Shri Deepesh Shukla, Advocate : Respondent No.7 to 14 Counsel for Interveners : : Shri Naman Nagrath, Sr. Advocate with Shri Qasim Ali, Advocate Dated: April 4th , 2014 J U D G E M E N T
1. In the Bhopal edition of daily newspaper 'Times of India' dated 10th April, 2013 a news item was published on the front page under the caption "Dolomite mining a threat to Tiger corridor in Kanha - Foresters want ban on mining in Mandla District". Considering the gravity of the news item suo- motu cognizance was taken by this Tribunal and notice was issued to the Respondent Nos. 1 to 6 on 10th April, 2013 with a direction to place on record Page 4 of 25 the particulars of Mining Leases (in short 'ML') mentioned in the news item. In response to the above notice, the Respondent No.5, Madhya Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (in short 'MPPCB') submitted reply dated 29th April, 2013 stating that the officials of the MPPCB inspected the Dolomite mines in Mandla District and monitored the Ambient Air Quality (in short 'AAQ') in different locations where Consent to Operate the mines was granted to 36 ML holders. Out of 36 mines, 26 mines are having valid Consent to Operate and during the inspection they were found to be under operation. Of the remaining 10 mines for which Consent to Operate has expired, it was found that 2 mines are still under operation which is irregular and 8 mines are closed. Therefore show notice was issued for closure of the aforesaid 2 mines. With regard to AAQ it is reported that the standards are within the permissible limits and no pollution is observed. However, not satisfied with the above reply of the MPPCB, during the hearing of the case on 1st May, 2013 this Tribunal directed the MPPCB to furnish full particulars of all the Dolomite mines in Mandla District.
2. Vide their additional return filed on 7th May, 2013 the MPPCB stated that the lease holders of 2 mines for which Consent to Operate had expired, applied for extension of the consent and their applications are pending with the MPPCB. It was further stated in the return that after verification of the record obtained from the Asst. Mining Officer, Mandla District it was found that there are 8 more Mining Leases granted in the area making a total of 43 mines. These 8 Mining lease holders have not sought any consent so far from the MPPCB and therefore being unaware of their existence, the MPPCB had submitted their earlier reply dated 29th April, 2013 listing only 36 mines. However, the aforesaid 8 mines, listed at Sl. No. 36 to 43 in the list enclosed with the reply, are not under operation and they have not yet applied for the consent. Based on Page 5 of 25 the reply of MPPCB notices were ordered to be issued by this Tribunal in its order dated 9th May, 2013, to the erring ML holders Respondent Nos. 7 to 15. Further, in compliance of the orders of this Tribunal on 05.08.2013 as to how many mines have obtained the Environmental Clearance (for short 'EC'), a status report dated 10th August, 2013 was filed by the MPPCB wherein it was stated that the Collector (Mines), District Mandla is having direct control over the mines and the mine owners submit their monthly production details/returns to the Office of the Collector (Mines) and after obtaining information about the mines sanctioned and material extracted from the office of the Collector (Mines), a list of 43 mines was furnished vide their previous return dated 07.05.2013
3. On 22nd August, 2013 this Tribunal directed the MPPCB to constitute a committee to inspect all the 24 Dolomite Mines under operation and furnish detailed report. Accordingly, in their reply the MPPCB stated that a committee was constituted and the committee members inspected the mines from 29th to 31st August, 2013. At the time of inspection it was found that almost all the mines are temporarily not working due to heavy rains in the locality. However certain deficiencies were found in the mines and hence they were allowed 15 days time to submit their explanation. The MPPCB stated that out of 24 ML holders 15 ML holders have submitted their reply and after considering the replies in detail appropriate action will be taken.
4. In their further affidavit dated 27.09.2013, the MPPCB submitted that out of 43 mines 24 are having valid ML and are under operation and therefore they do not immediately require the EC as EC is required only at the time of their renewal. However, out of 24 units which are under operation 2 units already obtained EC. In respect of the ML of Shri Santosh Jain consent expired Page 6 of 25 on 31.08.13 and the renewal application is pending with the Board. Thus in all, out of 43, 19 units (placed at Annexure R-2 of the affidavit) are not under operation and prosecution against the following 8 units which were found operating without obtaining consent from the MPPCB and also against the concerned Mining Officer for allowing lease holders to continue mining operations without obtaining consent from MPPCB, has been launched. i. Sheel Devi Jha - ML No. 1 ii. Sheel Devi Jha - ML No. 2 iii. Kusum Minerals - ML No. 1 iv. Kusum Minerals - ML No. 2
v. Alika Minerals vi. Arun Dongsare vii. Dharmendra Modi viii. Rock Minerals
It was also submitted in the reply of the MPPCB that the MPPCB has communicated to the Mining Officer to make sure that extraction of the mineral beyond the permissible limits is not allowed and strict compliance of the conditions, imposed while granting the consent, is ensured.
5. Again as per the orders of this Tribunal issued on 27th September, 2013 a joint inspection team was constituted by the MPPCB and the team conducted inspection of mines from 21st to 23rd October, 2013. The report states that the mines are located in clusters at villages Mugdara and Bhatiyatola towards the western side of Banjar river and at Bhawartal, Kakaiya and Katamal villages located towards eastern side of the Banjar river. The following aspects were taken on record while inspecting the mines.
i. Status of plantation
ii. House keeping status inside the mine area
iii. Water / Air / Noise quality
iv. Wire fencing around the mine area
v. Over burden Dump management
Page 7 of 25
6. The Respondent MPPCB further stated in their reply that all these Dolomite Mines are doing open cast mining as per the mining plan approved by the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM). As per the list of mines enclosed with the reply the lease area of the 24 mines under operation is ranging from 0.78 hectares to 19.223 hectares but most of them are below 5 hectares falling in the range of 2 to 3 hectares.
7. The Respondent No. 2, 3, 4 & 6 filed combined reply along with the affidavit of the Divisional Forest Officer, West Mandla division, Asst. Geologist, Directorate of Geology and Minerals and Mining officer, Office of the Collector, Mandla. It was stated in the reply that as on 1st April, 2013 a total of 43 Dolomite MLs were sanctioned by the Department of Mines out of which MPPCB has given Consent to Operate (filed at Annex R-1-A) to 26 MLs and therefore rest of the 17 MLs (filed at Annex R-1-B) are not under operation. These 26 mines under operation are located within 250 mt. from the forest boundary. Out of 17 mines not under operation, renewal applications in case of 10 MLs are under consideration of Respondent No. 6 and since the MPPCB has also not given any further consent the Department of Mines has stopped providing transit passes to these 10 ML holders (filed at Annex R-1-C). It was further stated in the reply that so far only 3 MLs where the lease period expired and another 10 mines whose lease period is going to expire shortly, have applied for renewal within the prescribed time limit of 12 months within the purview of the Rule 24-A of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 (filed at Annex R-1-D & R-1-E).
8. It was further stated in the reply that as per the Forest Department Circular No. F-5/16/81/10-3 Bhopal dated 7th October, 2002 in ordinary course ML will not be sanctioned within 250 mt. from the forest area / boundary. In Page 8 of 25 that event if the District Collector, considering the importance of the mining, decides that it is necessary to sanction the ML, the matter will be referred for consideration of Panchayat Level Committee consisting President, Zila Panchayat, District Collector and the Divisional Forest Officer. However it was mentioned in the Circular that 250 mt. rider will not be applicable to the existing MLs sanctioned prior to 7th October, 2002. Subsequently in the Circular dated 29th May, 2008 (filed at Annex R-1-G) the circular issued earlier on 7th October, 2002 was amended and it was directed not to proceed for granting ML within 250 mt. from the forest boundary. Later on, in the Circular dated 27th August, 2008 (filed at Annex. R-1-H) State Level Committee headed by the Chief Secretary, was constituted to consider the MLs within 250 mt. of the forest area / boundary. Vide order dated 31st July, 2012 (filed at Annex.R- 1-I) the State Government constituted a Divisional Level Committee for considering the cases of granting ML within 250 mt. and this committee is presently examining and recommending the cases in the state of Madhya Pradesh.
9. It was further stated in the reply that 3 MLs were sanctioned in the 'forest land' after obtaining permission of the Central Government under Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act 1980. However certain violation of the terms and conditions was noticed by the Divisional Forest Officer who has given show cause notice (filed at Annex. R-1-J) and imposed penalty upon these 3 ML holders after examining their terms and conditions (filed at Annex. R-1, J, K, L & M).
10. It was further reported that 3 mines have been given approval for working within 250 mt. of the forest area / boundary by the State Level Committee (filed at Annex. R-1-O) and Forest Department has written to Page 9 of 25 Respondent No. 6 Collector, Mandla to direct the mining operators to obtain transit passes from the Forest Department and the proposal is pending before the Respondent No. 6 (filed at Annex. R-1-P). Subsequently, the Divisional Forest Officer addressed the Collector (Mines) on 6th April, 2012 and on 7th April, 2012 to close the MLs existing within the 250 mt. from forest area / boundary (filed at Annex. R-1-Q & R). In reply to the letter of the Divisional Forest Officer the Mining Officer, Mandla vide letter dated 14th March, 2013 informed that as per the Circular dated 7th October, 2002 the criteria of 250 mt. from the forest area / boundary is not applicable to the MLs sanctioned prior to 7th October, 2002 and it is applicable only at the time of their renewal (filed at Annex. R-1-RA). The Divisional Forest Officer expressed concern that information regarding the lease conditions and sanctioned area is not furnished to the Forest Department by the Mining Department and ML holders are also reluctant to provide the information to the Forest Department (filed at Annex. R-1-S).
11. The Respondent No.1, Ministry of Environment and Forests (for short 'MoEF') filed their reply on 3rd August, 2013 enclosing a copy of the field inspection report on the inspection of mines carried out by the officers of the Regional Office, MoEF, Bhopal from 2nd to 4th July, 2013 wherein all the 43 mines located in the villages noted below, were inspected.
S.No. Name of the Name of the No. of Mines Tehsil Village 1 Bicchiya Bhawartal 11 2 -do- Katamal 04 3 -do- Kakaiya 04 4 -do- Katajar 01 5 Nainpur Bhatiyatola 15 6 -do- Mugdara 08 Total No. of Mines 43 Page 10 of 25
12. Out of the 4 mines at the Village Katamal 3 are located 1 km. away from the forest boundary and the remaining mine has been closed since last two years. In case of the rest of 39 mines in Bhatiyatola, Bhawartal, Kakaiya, Mugdara and Katajar villages they are located within 250 mt. from the forest boundary. It was also stated in the reply of the MoEF that necessary action may be initiated by the competent authority against the encroachments and for violation of forest laws by the ML holders. However the DFO has already requested the Collector for reviewing the ML of Ms. Raghvendra Singhania (area 0.78 hectare) of Village Bhawartal. The reply of the MoEF further says that during the site inspection it was observed that the mining operations are going on without any scientific and technical inputs. Overburden is dumped in the mining area without marking any designated place and without any sloping and terracing leading to loss of valuable top soil. The mine water is being pumped without any treatment and allowed to settle in the nearby natural water bodies. It was also stated that during the field visit wild animals such as wild boar, deer, jackal etc. were found in the area. It was also suggested that for the violation of the conditions by the ML holders, the MPPCB may be directed to enquire and necessary action may be ordered to be initiated. It was also stated that EIA study can be carried out for the group of mines located in the aforesaid villages and an Environment Management Plan (EMP) may be prepared for implementation of environmental safeguard measures.
13. Subsequently, as per the orders of this Tribunal dated 5th August, 2013 as to how many Mining Leases require EC the MoEF, Regional Office, Bhopal furnished details, wherein it was stated that no EC was granted by the MoEF and only in respect of 2 mines EC was granted by the State level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (for short 'SEIAA'). in the list of mines enclosed with the reply of the Respondent No. 1 details of exact distance of the MLs Page 11 of 25 from the adjacent forest boundary were also included and the distance is ranging from 0 (zero) to 250 mt. indicating that some of the mines are located just on the boundary of the notified forest itself.
14. Subsequently, in compliance of the orders of the Tribunal issued on 12th August, 2013 additional submissions were made by the Respondent No. 1, MoEF on 22th August, 2013 stating that a minimum of 13 mines require EC by SEIAA out of which 2 mines have already been given EC. The details were furnished at Annexure -1 of the reply.
15. In compliance of the orders of this Tribunal dated 5th December, 2013 the Respondent No. 2, 3, 4 & 6 have submitted Misc. Application No. 04/2014 enclosing Annexure CS-1 to CS-7 wherein it was submitted that under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh a meeting was called with the Senior Officers of the Forest Department including the Chief Wildlife Warden, Principal Secretary, Department of Housing and Environment and Additional Secretary, Department of Mineral Resources, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. It was recorded in the minutes of the meeting that generally the Tigers and other wild animals are reported to move in and around the areas outside the Tiger Reserves and National Parks, which is considered to be a good sign for forestry and the State of Madhya Pradesh has got 10,862 Sq. Km. of Protected Areas constituting 11.4% of the total forest area in the state against the national average of 5%. It was further stated that the area in question where the mines are located, is more than 10 km. from the Kanha National Park and 200 Km. from the Pench and Bandhavgarh National Parks. The mining sites in question do not fall in the corridor between Kanha, Pench and Bandhavgarh National Parks. It was further stated in the minutes that the Chief Wildlife Warden had informed that the Tigers and other wild animals use continuous forest route for Page 12 of 25 their dispersal and not a broken forest cover route. Therefore there is no possibility of notifying the area in question as a Tiger Reserve in future. It was further stated that Eco Sensitive Zone (for short 'ESZ') has not yet been notified around these Protected Areas in the State of Madhya Pradesh and even if the deemed ESZ is considered to be 10 km. from the boundary of the above stated Protected Areas, the Dolomite mines in question are situated away from the aforesaid Protected Areas and hence beyond any possible declaration of the areas under the ESZ. It was also recorded in the minutes of the meeting that the Department of Mineral Resources sanctioned 43 Dolomite mines in Mandla District out of which 24 mines are under operation and rest of the 19 are not under operation. Out of these 19 mines, 3 are sanctioned in the forest area and 11 mines are due for renewal and are pending for consideration, including 5 Mining Leases which have expired.
16. It was also recorded in the minutes of the meeting that in the Circular No. F-5/16/81/10-3/Bhopal dated 07.10.2002 250 mt. rider was imposed for maintaining a minimum distance from the forest boundary for sanctioning MLs. But this provision will not be applicable for the existing mines sanctioned prior to 7th October, 2002. Therefore in case of all the aforesaid mines this condition is not applicable.
17. Misc. Application No. 05/2014 was filed by a group of 19 ML holders with a request to permit them to intervene and submit their pleadings stating that all of them are under operation and only in respect of 2 MLs the extent of area is exceeding 5 hectares, namely M/s. Vinod Kumar Agrawal and Aruna Dolomite Mines requiring EC and accordingly they obtained EC from the MoEF. They pleaded that they are having all the necessary sanctions for operating the mines and therefore if any adverse orders are passed against them Page 13 of 25 they will be suffering with irreparable damage and hence they may be permitted to intervene. Their plea has been accepted and they were permitted to intervene.
18. As per the directions of this Tribunal dated 3rd January, 2014, Asst. Inspector General of Forests, National Tiger Conservation Authority (for short 'NTCA'), MoEF, Govt. of India filed an affidavit dated 25th February, 2014 stating that the GPS co-ordinates of the mining sites were obtained from the Chief Wildlife Warden, Government of Madhya Pradesh and the same were forwarded to Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun for their comments with respect to location of the mines under dispute vis-à-vis Tiger corridors identified at macro-level during 2012 All India Tiger Estimation. It was stated in the affidavit that the following remarks were received on 11 th February, 2014 from the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
"....the proposed mines are in close proximity to a very important source population of Tigers in Central India. Though they do not lie in any important connecting corridor, they do occur within the forested landscape that has Tiger occupancy and which serves to host dispersing aged individuals from the Kanha source. In this context, the disturbance and habitat loss caused by the mines and its associated infrastructure development would be detrimental for the source value of Kanha. If the communication route to and fro from these mines is from the south or south-west, then it can have disastrous effects of reducing the corridor connectivity between Kanha and Pench Tiger sources. Therefore, all caution needs to be used before granting approval if at all it is to be given."
19. Shri Narendra Kumar, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) and Chief Wildlife Warden, Forest Department, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal submitted affidavit dated 14th March, 2014 in compliance of the orders of the Tribunal dated 3rd January, 2014 with his remarks which are reproduced below : -
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" That, the area in question is about 10 km. from the Kanha National Park and more than 200 km from the Pench and Bandhavgarh National Parks. The perusal of the maps shows that the land in question having broken cover, does not form a viable corridor between the Kanha and Bandhavgarh National Parks and the Tiger and other wild animals would, due to obvious reasons use the continuous forest route for their dispersal, and not a broken forest cover route. Continuous forest cover exists between Kanha and Bandhavgarh via Achanakmar area of Chhattisgarh, making it a viable corridor between the two National Parks.
That, Department of Forest had sent the Coordinates of the Land in question to the National Tiger Conservation Authority after the Directions of the Hon'ble Tribunal.
That, the deponent most humbly submits that, neither the State Government has any proposal or intention to notify the area in question as a Tiger Reserve nor the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) has made any recommendations to the State Government for notifying the area in question as a Tiger Reserve.
That, it is further most humbly submitted that, the area in question being a multiple use area, I find no reason from Wildlife Management angle to recommend any ban on the mining activities in question duly sanctioned by the concerned authorities."
Discussion and Conclusions
20. Having gone through the record placed before us and having heard the Learned Counsel for the parties at length it is required to examine and discuss the issues to arrive at a conclusion whether any environmental laws are violated while granting MLs and whether any ecologically sensitive areas were subjected to illegal activities resulting damage to the environment in general and wildlife habitat in particular more so in case of Tiger.
21. We are conscious of the fact that under Schedule-I of the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 is not listed and therefore this Tribunal has no jurisdiction to adjudicate the matters related to Wildlife. But in this particular case the issue to be examined is whether these mines are sanctioned and allowed to operate in violation of provisions of the Page 15 of 25 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (for short 'Act of 1986') and Rules made thereunder.
22. As defined under the Act of 1986 'Environment' includes water, air and land and the inter relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro organisms and property. We are of the opinion that occurrence of Wildlife in a particular ecosystem having relation with the environment has to be considered as a part of environment and therefore the matters related to wildlife are liable for adjudication and can be definitely brought under the environmental jurisprudence more so in cases pertaining to ESZs and therefore the matter being dealt in this OA is not just a Wildlife issue par se to be adjudicated under the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Certainly the provisions of the Act of 1986 and Rules made thereunder are liable to be examined in this case. Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 gives powers to the Central Government to take all measures which if feels are necessary for protecting and improving the quality of environment and to prevent and control environmental pollution. To meet this objective, the Central Government can restrict areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards [Section 3 (2) (v)]. Rule 5 (1) of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 states that the Central Government can prohibit or restrict the location of industries and carrying on of certain operations or processes on the basis of considerations like the biological diversity of an area (clause v) maximum allowable limits of concentration of pollutants for an area (clause ii) environmentally compatible land use (clause vi) proximity to Protected Areas (clause viii).
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23. Wildlife is a part of environment and any action that is causing damage to the wildlife or that may likely to lead to damage to the cause of wildlife, cannot be excluded from the purview of this Tribunal. Therefore, movement of Tigers in a particular locality which is in proximity to the Protected Area requires certain measures to be taken for protection. The National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2002-2016 indicates that "Areas outside the Protected Area network are often vital ecological corridor links and must be protected to prevent isolation of fragments of biodiversity which will not survive in the long run. Land and water use policies will need to accept the imperative of strictly protecting ecologically fragile habitats and regulating use elsewhere". The Action Plan also indicates that "All identified areas around Protected Areas and wildlife corridors to be declared as ecologically fragile under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986."
24. This whole issue of regulating mining activities in the area in question is due to the fact that it is reported that in the vicinity of these mines movement of Tiger which is a flagship wildlife species and declared as a National animal and which has got a special threatened status, is noticed. Latest reports reveal that the efforts made by the Forest Departments across the country under the strict regime of Wildlife laws enacted for the protection of wildlife and through regular monitoring and support of the MoEF and NTCA and also as the issue of protecting Tiger in the wild is reviewed at the highest level and given maximum thrust, the Tiger population in the wild in the country is reported to have gone up from 1411 in 2006 to 1706 2010 which augurs well for this charismatic big cat but the concern here is that during the same period the Tiger occupancy area is reported to have gone down from 94,000 Sq. Km. to 82,000 Sq. Km. across the Tiger bearing States. Corresponding decrease in the Tiger occupancy area is Page 17 of 25 leading to territorial conflict among the Tigers pushing the sub adults and old and infirm among them to the fringes of the Protected Areas leading to escalation of man animal conflict. The frequent incidents of Tigers straying into human habitations around the Protected Areas clearly indicate a rise in their population. Reports also indicate that Tigers are getting killed in territorial fights, with their population increasing. The incidents which have been widely reported during the past one year and statistics compiled by the NTCA support this argument and it is reported that a number of human deaths have occurred and still occurring in various parts of the country. It is reported that in the landscape nearer to the Central Western Ghats which consists of forests in Karnataka and adjacent parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu and also in the Badhavgarh Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh there is highest concentration of Tigers in the wild in the world. It is also reported that Tiger populations in some well protected reserves, have dramatically rebounded with their numbers attaining near saturation densities of 10-15 per 100 sq. km. Therefore the concern here is that there is bound to be further escalation of man animal conflict. The recent spate of increase in Tiger attacks has made the striped animal unpopular. The population of Tigers is increasing in the wild whereas their habitat is shrinking and is under severe threat because of various anthropogenic activities. Mining is one of the most disturbing activities in these sensitive areas.
(emphasis supplied)
25. The recent reports further reveal that due to increase in their population, because of good management practices, it is not only leading to increase of incidents of human animal conflict but the Tigers are trying to migrate/disburse to the nearest Protected Area/wildlife habitats by establishing corridor even in non forest tracts crossing human habitations and criss cross Page 18 of 25 road net work. The best example is the recent news report wherein it was stated that one male Tiger is moving from Panna Tiger Reserve and heading towards Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve which is about 120 km. distance crossing the fragmented habitat. It is reported that earlier the corridor from Panna to Bandhavgarh was freely accessible for movement of wildlife but of late, increase the anthropogenic activity caused its discontinuity. This incident gives an indication how even the areas well beyond 10 km. from the boundaries of the Protected Areas and restoration of lost corridors connecting the habitat of this magnificent animal are critical and there is urgent need to minimize the human interference in these areas particularly from the activities such as mining.
26. Forest corridors play an important role in movement of Tigers from one locality to the other and thus help avoid inbreeding and maintain genetic variation among the Tigers. Therefore there is every need to restore the corridors wherever possible and increase the size of buffer areas around the Protected Areas if scientific management of the Tigers has to be sustained keeping pace with their increase in numbers in the wild. A new mechanism is required to be put into place adding as many buffer areas including non forest lands adjacent to the Protected Areas / forest areas, as possible. The private landscapes which are contiguous to the Reserved Forests also can be identified through an innovative mechanism within the framework of the existing environmental and wildlife provisions based on the scientific and objective criteria and developed as ecologically viable buffers which will increase opportunities and create viable buffers to existing Tiger habitats in the Protected Areas and reserves. Further, maintaining gene flow between isolated Tiger population is very important in order to avoid deleterious effects of low genetic diversity and inbreeding.
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27. As per the guidelines issued by the MoEF itself, it was held that in cases where sensitive corridors connectivity and ecologically important patches, crucial for landscape linkage are even beyond 10 km. width, these should be included in the ESZ. In the context of a Protected Area the distribution of an area of ESZ and the extent of regulation may not be uniform all around and it could be variable in width and extent. ESZs are meant to act as shock absorbers for regulating and managing the activities around such Protected Areas and they are not meant to hamper day to day activities but insist for protecting the precious forest / Protected Areas in their locality from any negative impact. The areas surrounding the Protected Areas require well planned management and interventions. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is required to ensure that areas connecting Tiger habitats are not diverted for ecologically unsustainable activities except in public interest and with the approval of National Board for Wildlife.
28. Considering all the above issues one can safely conclude that wildlife and its habitats are part and parcel of environment and preservation of environment shall form the centre stage of implementation of management practices and therefore it is for the authorities to examine how far the existing Dolomite mines in Mandla District are permitted to continue their operations as these mines are located in close proximity to the wildlife habitats though it is contended by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the State himself that presently they are not required to be brought under ESZ as they do not fall within 10 km. from the boundary of the Protected Areas.
29. In case of 8 mines among the total list 43 mines, it is reported by the Regional Office, MoEF, Bhopal that the distance from the mines to the notified forest boundary is 'zero' indicating that the mines are touching the forest Page 20 of 25 boundary. It was clear in the report of the MPPCB & Regional Office, MoEF, Bhopal that some of the ML holders have resorted to irregularities including encroachment of forest land and it appears that so far no concrete action has been taken against the erring ML holders as per the record placed before us.
30. It is reported that the Dolomite mined from these mines in Mandla District is of superior quality, highly valued and is in good demand in the market. It is also reported that this superior quality mineral is not found elsewhere in the country. However mining is required to be taken up only if it is compatible with the objective of protecting the environment, more so in the context of location of Dolomite mines relatively in close proximity to Kanha National Park. While the objective of granting ML forms part of the development process of the country, it is the duty of the Central Government and the State Government to take steps to protect the environment which includes wildlife and maintain the ecological balance and prevent damage that may be caused by mining operations. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in Sansar Chand v. State of Rajasthan, (2010) 10 SCC 604 held that "All efforts must be made to implement the spirit and provisions of the Wild life (Protection) Act, 1972; the provisions of which are salutary and are necessary to be implemented to maintain ecological chain and balance. The Stockholm Declaration, the Declaration of United Nations, Conventions on Human Environment signed in the year 1972, to which India is the signatory, have laid down the foundation of sustainable development and urged the nations to work together for the protection of the environment. Conventions on Biological Diversity, signed in the year 1962 at Rio Summit, recognized for the first time in International Law that the conservation of biological diversity is a common concern of human kind and is an integral part of the development process".
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31. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in Centre for Environment Law, WWF-I v. Union of India & Others (I.A. No. 100 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 337 of 1995) enumerated the legal structure for protection of wildlife as follows:
"We notice for achieving the objectives of various conventions including Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and also for proper implementation of IUCN, CITES etc., and the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, Bio-diversity Act, Forest Conservation Act etc. in the light of Articles 48A and 51A(g), the Government of India has laid down various policies and action plans such as the National Forest Policy (NFP) 1988, National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006, National Bio-diversity Action Plan (NBAP) 2008, National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) 2008 and the Integrated development of wildlife habitats and centrally sponsored scheme framed in the year 2009 and integrated development of National Wild- life Action Plan (NWAP) 2002-2016. In Lafarge case (supra) this Court held that National Forest Policy 1988 be read together with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. In our view, the integrated Development of Wildlife habitat under the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of 2009 and the NWAP (2002-2016) have to be read along with the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act".
32. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in Centre for Environment Law, WWF-I v. Union of India & Others further enumerated the doctrine of Sustainable development in following words.
"It has been argued by various eminent environmentalists, clearly postulates an anthropocentric bias, least concerned with the rights of other species which live on this earth. Anthropocentrism is always human interest focussed thinking that non-human has only instrumental value to humans, in other words, humans take precedence and human responsibilities to non-human are based benefits to humans. Eco-centrism is nature-centred, where humans are part of nature and non-humans have intrinsic value. In other words, human interest does not take automatic precedence and humans have obligations to non-humans independently of human interest. Eco-centrism is, therefore, life-centred, nature-centred where nature includes both humans and non-humans".
33. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in Centre for Environment Law, WWF-I v. Union of India & Others further stated :
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"Article 21 of the Constitution of India protects not only the human rights but also casts an obligation on human beings to protect and preserve a species becoming extinct, conservation and protection of environment is an inseparable part of right to life".
(emphasis supplied)
34. Considering the above, we direct that a meeting may be convened immediately at the highest level under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary to the Government of Madhya Pradesh involving the officials of the State Forest Department, National Tiger Conservation Authority, Officer in-charge of Regional Office, MoEF, Bhopal, Principal Secretaries, Environment and Mines and Minerals, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Chairman, State Pollution Control Board, Madhya Pradesh, District Collector, Mandla and examine and take following actions in accordance with law duly fixing a time limit for each of the issues to be taken up and completed with promptitude by the authorities concerned.
i. Necessary penal action shall be initiated against those ML holders who were found violating the provisions of Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as well as the ML conditions and Forest Act and even revoking their licence if repeatedly found violating the provisions of law.
ii. Though, ML area of most of the mines is limited and below 5 hectares, they are located in clusters in the limits of aforesaid 6 villages. Heavy human activity in these clusters involving high concentration of labour, deployment of machinery, movement of trucks to and from the mine sites shall definitely have a cumulative impact. Therefore, it may be examined whether these mines require cumulative Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study and then Page 23 of 25 only granting EC under cluster approach as envisaged in EIA Notification, 2006 and amendments made therein from time to time and in accordance with guidelines issued by the MoEF from time to time. In the meanwhile, movement of vehicles and mining activities shall be regulated in consultation with the Forest Department so as to not to disturb the wildlife in the area.
iii. The reply filed on behalf of the State Govt. functionaries reveal that there is no coordination between the Mining and Forest Departments atleast in case of those mines which are located in the Forest area and which are in close proximity to the forest boundary. In the reply filed on behalf of the Respondents No. 2, 3, 4 and 6 it was stated that the local Forest officials have expressed their deep concern pertaining to the mines sanctioned in the Reserved Forest and mine operators are required to obtain transit passes from the Forest Department. It was also stated that the ML conditions are not informed to the Forest Department and the ML holders are also reluctant to provide the information to the Forest Department. There is a need to put full stop to this state of affairs and streamline the entire procedure of sanctioning & operating the mines. The Government should evolve a suitable mechanism to avoid such conflicting situation and ensure coordination among all the law enforcing authorities in the state. iv. The irregularities pointed in the reply filed by the Regional Office, MoEF shall be taken up seriously and all the mines found violating the provisions & ML conditions as well as Environmental laws shall be dealt with seriously in accordance with law.
v. Keeping in view the concern expressed by the NTCA in their affidavit dated 25.02.2014 dealt under para 18(supra), all the necessary caution Page 24 of 25 needs to be taken before reviewing the existing MLs and granting / renewing EC and also before granting the Consent to Operate the mines.
vi. Even though the mines are under operation for a long period, it is surprising to note that such grave irregularities have been noticed only during the inspection of mines by the officials of the Regional Office, MoEF that too after the case was taken up suo motu by this Tribunal and no record was placed before us to the effect that any severe action has been taken against the defaulting ML holders. The Chief Secretary shall get the whole issue enquired and initiate action against the erring officials if it is found that they indulged in dereliction of duty by allowing the mines to continue to operate violating the law. vii. With regard to those mines which are located on the boundary of the notified forest itself the issue may be examined in details and action may be taken to revoke their licence in accordance with law, if no such provision of granting MLs touching the notified forest boundary, exists.
35. With the above directions, we dispose of this Application. However, with a view to ensure compliance of our order, we direct that the matter be listed in the Court on 31st July, 2014.
(Mr. Justice Dalip Singh)
Bhopal: Judicial Member
April 4th, 2014
(Mr. P.S. Rao)
Expert Member
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