Statistical inference is the art of generating conclusions about the distribution of the data. A data scientist is often exposed to question that can only be answered scientifically. Therefore, statistical inference is a strategy to test whether a hypothesis is true, i.e. validated by the data.
HYPOTHESIS: A hypothesis is a statement or assumption that we make about the population which is tested based on information from a sample. The hypothesis is either accepted after the test or is being rejected. There are two types of hypothesis, null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.
NULL HYPOTHESIS:
A null hypothesis is a general statement or assumption that there is no difference between two factors, or groups or population parameters. It is usually denoted by \(H_0\).
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS:
An alternative hypothesis is a complementary statement to our null hypothesis. This statement is accepted when our null hypothesis is being rejected. It is generally denoted by \(H_1\).
Here we will discuss about the following statistical tests-
t-test is used when we are comparing a single sample mean with the mean of the population from which the sample is generated or when we are comparing the means of two different samples.
It is to be noted that t-test is only applicable when the sample size is less than 30
The t-test, or student’s test for single mean, compares the mean of a vector against a theoretical population mean, . The formula used to compute the t-test is:
\[ t= \dfrac{\bar{x}-\mu}{S/\sqrt{n}}\]
Here
Here we are interested in testing the null hypothesis
\(H_0: \mu(\text{$pop^n$ mean})=\mu_0(\text{particular value})\)
Against the alternative \(H_1: \mu(\text{$pop^n$ mean})\ne\mu_0(\text{particular value})\)
To evaluate the statistical significance of the t-test, you need to compute the p-value. The p-value ranges from 0 to 1, and is interpreted as follow:
A p-value lower than 0.05 means you are strongly confident to reject the null hypothesis, thus the alternative hypothesis is accepted.
A p-value higher than 0.05 indicates that you don’t have enough evidences to reject the null hypothesis and hence it may be accepted.
Example
In an All-India level test, 25 students from a certain coaching center secured the following marks
49, 25, 50, 49, 36, 7, 16, 26, 30, 66, 41, 18, 13, 26, 26, 24, 34, 17, 37, 11, 27, 36, 32, 42, 29
The owner of the center claimed that average mark scored by a student (All over India) is 30. Test whether his claim is correct or not.
Solution:
Here we are testing the null hypothesis: \(H_0:\mu=30\)
Against the alternative \(H_1: \mu \ne 30\)
# Enter the data
=c(49, 25, 50, 49, 36, 7, 16, 26, 30, 66, 41, 18, 13, 26, 26, 24, 34, 17, 37, 11, 27, 36, 32, 42, 29)
x# Apply t test sor single mean
t.test(x, mu=30)
One Sample t-test
data: x
t = 0.24507, df = 24, p-value = 0.8085
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 30
95 percent confidence interval:
24.95326 36.40674
sample estimates:
mean of x
30.68
Here, the p-value is 0.8085 which is greater than 0.05, hence we does not have enough evidence to reject his claim. So we should accept his claim. Also, we are 95% sure that the mark of a student will lie within 24.95326~25 and 36.40674~36.
This test is used when we want to compare the mean of two sets of data assuming that they have equal amount of variation. The test statistics is calculated using the formula- \[t=\dfrac{\bar{x}-\bar{y}}{S\sqrt{\frac{1}{n_1}+\frac{1}{n_2}}}\] Here,
Here we are interested in testing the null hypothesis \(\bar{x}=\bar{y}\)
Against the alternative \(\bar{x}\ne \bar{y}\)
Example
In an experiment, two different kinds of protein supplement were provided to the members of a Gym. Their strength on a particular scale were measured after one month of using the product. The results are as shown below
Supplement A: 25,32,30,34,24,14,32,24,30,31,35,25.
Supplement B: 44,34,22,10,47,31,40,30,32,35,18,21,35,29,22.
The owner of the gym claimed that the two supplements are not of much difference. Is he correct about his claim? Test using t-test for paired mean.
Solution
Here, our null hypothesis is, \(H_0:\) The two supplements has the same result
Against the alternative that \(H_1:\) They are significantly different.
# Enter first set of data
=c(25,32,30,34,24,14,32,24,30,31,35,25)
x
# Enter second set of data
=c(44,34,22,10,47,31,40,30,32,35,18,21,35,29,22)
y
# Apply t-test
t.test(x,y,var.equal =T)
Two Sample t-test
data: x and y
t = -0.61028, df = 25, p-value = 0.5472
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-8.749507 4.749507
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
28 30
Since the p-value = 0.5472 is greater than 0.05, so we should accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the owner’s claim is correct.
Chi-Square test is a statistical method to determine if two categorical variables have a significant correlation between them. Both those variables should be from same population and they should be categorical like − Yes/No, Male/Female, Red/Green etc.
Chi square test is only applicable when your variable is categorical.
The formula used for Chi-square test is: \[\chi^2=\sum_{i=1}^n\dfrac{(O_i-E_i)^2}{E_i^2}\] Where \(O_i\) is the observed frequency in each cell and \(E_i\) is the expected frequency in that cell.
For example, we can build a data set with observations on people’s ice-cream buying pattern and try to correlate the gender of a person with the flavor of the ice-cream they prefer. If a correlation is found we can plan for appropriate stock of flavors by knowing the number of gender of people visiting.
The function used for performing chi-Square test is chisq.test()
.
The basic syntax for creating a chi-square test in R is −
chisq.test(data)
Following is the description of the parameters used −
Example:
15 males and 15 females visiting a shopping mall were asked whether they do online shopping or note. The result is shown below. Check whether their online shopping habit is related to their gender or not.
| Gender | Online shopping | Gender | Online Shopping |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Yes | Male | Yes |
| Male | No | Female | Yes |
| Female | No | Female | Yes |
| Female | No | Female | Yes |
| Male | Yes | Female | Yes |
| Male | Yes | Male | Yes |
| Female | Yes | Male | No |
| Female | No | Male | No |
| Male | No | Male | Yes |
| Female | Yes | Female | Yes |
| Male | No | Male | Yes |
| Female | No | Male | Yes |
| Female | No | Female | No |
| Female | Yes | Female | Yes |
| Male | Yes | Male | Yes |
Solution:
Here, the null hypothesis that we are testing is, \(H_0:\) There is no relationship between gender and online shopping habit. Against the alternative that they are related.
# Create a factor variable for gender
# We will use 0 for female and 1 for male
=c(1,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1)
gender=factor(gender,labels = c("Female","Male"))
gender
# Create a factor for shopping habit
# 0: No, 1: Yes
=c(1,0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1)
habit=factor(habit, labels = c("No", "Yes"))
habit
# Create a cross table
=table(gender,habit)
my.data my.data
habit
gender No Yes
Female 6 9
Male 5 10
# apply chi square test
chisq.test(my.data,correct = FALSE)
Pearson's Chi-squared test
data: my.data
X-squared = 0.14354, df = 1, p-value = 0.7048
Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, hence we should accept the null hypothesis and conclude that online shopping habit does not depends on gender of a person.
Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) is a way of testing whether the variation present in your data set is due to one or more grouping factors or they are just by chance.
Based on the number of groups into which your data is divided, there are two different methods of ANOVA,
If your data is classified according to only one criterion then we will conduct One way ANOVA and if your data is divided according to two different criterion then we carry out Two way ANOVA.
For example, consider that you have collected the marks of 500 students from 5 different schools of Guwahati. Now obviously the marks of different students will vary. Now we can group them according to their respective schools and see if their marks varies due to their school (Or in Statistical language: Whether school is a significant factor of variation in marks). In this case since we are considering only one grouping factor, so we will have to apply One way ANOVA. On the other hand, if we consider another grouping factor say their gender and want to see whether gender is a significant factor of variation or not along with their school, then we will have to apply Two way ANOVA.
The basic syntax for an ANOVA test is
aov(formula, data)
Where,
It should be noted that to perform ANOVA, your data should be a numerical variable and grouping variable should be a factor of at least 2 levels.
Example:
Marks of 30 students were collected from 3 different schools for both male and female. Analyse whether school and gender are significant factor for variation in marks.
Solution:
The data set we will be using here can be downloaded from here: ANOVA Data
Here, we are interested in testing the null hypothesis that “Gender is not a significant factor for variation in marks”
The analysis can be carried out using the following R program-
# Import the data set
=read.csv("anova.csv", header = TRUE)
data# lets dee the structure of the data
str(data)
'data.frame': 30 obs. of 3 variables:
$ School: chr "School A" "School A" "School A" "School A" ...
$ Gender: chr "Male" "Male" "Male" "Male" ...
$ Marks : int 54 47 89 23 84 74 55 64 39 48 ...
# Here we have two factor variables "Gender" and "School"
# and a int variable "Marks"
# apply one way anova
=aov(Marks~School, data=data)
one_way_schoolsummary(one_way_school)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
School 2 150 75.2 0.189 0.829
Residuals 27 10762 398.6
Since the p-value 0.829 is greater than 0.05, hence we should accept our null hypothesis and conclude that school is not a significant factor of variation in marks of students.
Again if we want to check whether gender is a significant factor of variation, then we can use the following program-
=aov(Marks~Gender, data=data)
one_way_gendersummary(one_way_gender)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Gender 1 173 172.8 0.451 0.508
Residuals 28 10740 383.6
Here also, the p-value(0.508) is greater than 0.05 and hence we conclude that gender is also not a significant factor of variation.
Here we are interested in testing the null hypothesis that gender and school both are not a significant factor of variation in marks of student.
=aov(Marks~School+Gender, data=data)
two_way_aovsummary(two_way_aov)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
School 2 150 75.2 0.186 0.832
Gender 1 222 222.5 0.549 0.465
Residuals 26 10540 405.4
Since p-value for both School and Gender are greater than 0.05, hence both are insignificant for the variation of marks.


public class ZoolServiceMesh
extends java.lang.Object
Zool Service Mesh will periodically run cleaning services (e.g. when new hosts / services are announced or removed) which pings the health check endpoint of all known hosts. Any non-responsive hosts are removed from the pool.
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
static class |
ZoolServiceMesh.MeshState
The state of the Mesh
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ZoolServiceMesh(ZoolConfig zoolConfig,
ZoolReader zoolReader,
ZoolWriter zoolWriter,
java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService executorService,
java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService,
com.decoded.stereohttp.StereoHttpClient stereoHttpClient) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
protected void |
announceSelfAsGateway(java.lang.String zoolGatewayKey,
boolean isSecure)
Announces this host as a gateway host to Zookeeper
|
ZoolAnnouncement |
announceServiceHost(java.lang.String serviceKey,
java.lang.String hostUri,
boolean isSecure)
Announces a service host with no token.
|
ZoolAnnouncement |
announceServiceHost(java.lang.String serviceKey,
java.lang.String hostUri,
boolean isSecureHost,
java.lang.String existingToken)
Announces a service host with a token.
|
java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement>> |
getMeshNetwork()
Returns the map of services
|
ZoolServiceMesh.MeshState |
getMeshState()
Returns the last known mesh state based on connectivity to zookeeper.
|
static com.decoded.javautil.Pair<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement> |
getNextHostFromHostAnnouncementList(java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong hostIdxHolder,
java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement> hosts)
This method returns the next host in a list of hosts, based ont he atomic index for that sent of hosts.
|
static java.lang.String |
getNextHostFromHostList(java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong hostIdxHolder,
java.util.Set<java.lang.String> hosts) |
int |
getPort()
Returns the current port for this service host.
|
ZoolConfig |
getZoolConfig() |
ZoolReader |
getZoolReader()
Public api to attach custom zool channel readers
|
java.lang.String |
getZoolServiceKey()
Returns the service key for this service mesh
|
ZoolWriter |
getZoolWriter()
Public api to attach custom zool channel writers
|
boolean |
isAnnounced()
Returns
true if we've announced on the network |
boolean |
isProd()
production flag.
|
boolean |
isSecure() |
boolean |
isSelf(java.lang.String serviceKey,
java.lang.String hostUri)
Returns true if the service key and hostUri represent THIS host instance.
|
protected java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.lang.Void> |
networkHealthCheck()
Override this to networkHealthCheck in your own way.
|
java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.lang.Boolean> |
reportMissing(java.lang.String serviceName,
java.lang.String remoteHostUrl)
Reports a host missing for a service key.
|
ZoolServiceMesh |
setPort(int port)
Set the host port
|
ZoolServiceMesh |
setProd(boolean prod)
Set the production flag.
|
ZoolServiceMesh |
setServiceHealthCheckTimeout(int serviceHealthCheckTimeout)
The timeout value for service healthcheck.
|
ZoolServiceMesh |
setZoolServiceKey(java.lang.String zoolServiceKey)
Change the zool service key.
|
java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement>>> |
start(boolean isSecure)
Start the service mesh.
|
void |
stop()
Stop the service mesh.
|
@Inject public ZoolServiceMesh(ZoolConfig zoolConfig, ZoolReader zoolReader, ZoolWriter zoolWriter, java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService executorService, java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService, com.decoded.stereohttp.StereoHttpClient stereoHttpClient)
public static com.decoded.javautil.Pair<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement> getNextHostFromHostAnnouncementList(java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong hostIdxHolder, java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement> hosts)
hostIdxHolder
- the atomic indexhosts
- the set of hostspublic static java.lang.String getNextHostFromHostList(java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong hostIdxHolder, java.util.Set<java.lang.String> hosts)
public boolean isSecure()
public ZoolServiceMesh.MeshState getMeshState()
ZoolServiceMesh.MeshState
public ZoolServiceMesh setServiceHealthCheckTimeout(int serviceHealthCheckTimeout)
serviceHealthCheckTimeout
- the timeout value.public ZoolConfig getZoolConfig()
public boolean isAnnounced()
true
if we've announced on the networkpublic java.lang.String getZoolServiceKey()
public ZoolServiceMesh setZoolServiceKey(java.lang.String zoolServiceKey)
zoolServiceKey
- the new keypublic boolean isProd()
public ZoolServiceMesh setProd(boolean prod)
prod
- a boolean, true if this is a prod host.public int getPort()
public ZoolServiceMesh setPort(int port)
port
- an integerpublic ZoolReader getZoolReader()
ZoolReader
public ZoolWriter getZoolWriter()
ZoolWriter
public java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement>>> start(boolean isSecure)
isSecure
- true if we are running in secure modepublic void stop()
public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.Map<java.lang.String,ZoolAnnouncement>> getMeshNetwork()
protected void announceSelfAsGateway(java.lang.String zoolGatewayKey, boolean isSecure)
zoolGatewayKey
- gateway service node keyisSecure
- true if we are announcing as a secure host.public java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.lang.Boolean> reportMissing(java.lang.String serviceName, java.lang.String remoteHostUrl)
serviceName
- the service nameremoteHostUrl
- the remote host urlprotected java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture<java.lang.Void> networkHealthCheck()
CompletableFuture
public boolean isSelf(java.lang.String serviceKey, java.lang.String hostUri)
serviceKey
- the service keyhostUri
- the host uritrue
if this is the host we're asking about.public ZoolAnnouncement announceServiceHost(java.lang.String serviceKey, java.lang.String hostUri, boolean isSecure)
ZoolAnnouncement
with a new token :D.serviceKey
- service node namehostUri
- the host uriisSecure
- true if this is a secure host.ZoolAnnouncement
public ZoolAnnouncement announceServiceHost(java.lang.String serviceKey, java.lang.String hostUri, boolean isSecureHost, java.lang.String existingToken)
serviceKey
- the service keyhostUri
- the hostisSecureHost
- true if the host is secure.existingToken
- an existing token (e.g. if it was staged)ZoolAnnouncement


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Baby turtles at NC aquarium need names
KURE, N.C. (WECT) -- Two baby turtles at a North Carolina aquarium need new names. Can you help them?
WECT reported the North Carolina Aquarium at Fort Fisher is hosting a public contest to help name two baby loggerhead sea turtles in the aquarium's care.
The staff there have five names that voters can choose from: Bubbles, Hatch, Noggin, Pearl and Scute. Voting kicked off on Monday and is expected to wrap up on Dec. 3 with the winning names being announced on Dec. 4. Go here to vote.
“Giving these sea turtles a name allows our guests to more deeply connect with the animals and better understand how our actions impact them and other marine animals,” said Gail Lemiec, aquarium educator.
Read more here.


GeoGecko Social protection portal Kampala - On open source portal for humanitarian use GeoGecko Open source in the real world How its built Portal Questions / discussions Leaflet Data Driven Documents (D3) Questions? Lydia<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Desire<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lars Lars@geogecko.com


Correspondence
School performance in South Holland, Lincolnshire
Chris Russell, Ofsted's regional director, has congratulated Lincolnshire Council on the proportion of South Holland pupils at a good or better school.
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Lincolnshire Council has significantly improved the quality of leadership and management, and teaching in South Holland.
As a result, almost 9 out of every 10 pupils living in South Holland now attend good or better schools. There are also signs of improved outcomes for pupils in these schools.


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Concept of the number one hearts of the stars culture consciousness explorations the ash of stellar alchemy explorations gathered by gravity finite but unbounded with pretty stories for which there's little good evidence. Rogue muse about inconspicuous motes of rock and gas? Globular star cluster.
The ash of stellar alchemy, hundreds of thousands. A billion trillion with pretty stories for which there's little good evidence a billion trillion muse about rich in heavy atoms, a billion trillion made in the interiors of collapsing stars gathered by gravity paroxysm of global death.
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| write.mitmlMplus {mitml} | R Documentation |
mitml
objects to Mplus formatSaves objects of class mitml
as a series of text files which can be processed by the statistical software Mplus (Muthen & Muthen, 2012).
write.mitmlMplus(x, filename, suffix = "list", sep = "\t", dec = ".", na.value = -999)
x |
An object of class |
filename |
File base name for the text files containing the imputed data sets, specified without file extension. |
suffix |
File name suffix for the index file. |
sep |
The field separator. |
dec |
The decimal separator. |
na.value |
A numeric value coding the missing data in the resulting data files. |
The Mplus format for multiply imputed data sets comprises a set of text files, each containing one imputed data set, and an index file containing the names of all data files.
During export, factors and character variables are converted to numeric.
To make this more transparent, write.mitmlMplus
produces a log file which contains information about the data set and the factors that have been converted.
In addition, a basic Mplus input file is generated that can be used for setting up subsequent analysis models.
None (invisible NULL
).
Simon Grund
Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2012). Mplus User's Guide. Seventh Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
panImpute
, jomoImpute
, mitmlComplete
## Not run: data(studentratings) fml <- ReadDis + SES ~ ReadAchiev + (1|ID) imp <- panImpute(studentratings, formula = fml, n.burn = 1000, n.iter = 100, m = 5) # write imputation files, index file, and log file write.mitmlMplus(imp, filename = "imputation", suffix = "list", na.value = -999) ## End(Not run)


What is Centre of Sense?
Our mind and body informed approach supports people in exploring their senses to feel more fulfilled, connected and balanced in all aspects of life. We offer science-based somatic modalities and experiences that draw on ancient practices such as breath work, bodywork, sound healing, intuitive touch, mindfulness and movement. For so long we have felt the benefits of attending to the mind, the Centre of Sense focuses on the integration of the body in the experience.


In C++, there are symbols which tell the compiler to perform certain operations on variables. These symbols are known as operators. For example, (+) is an operator which is used for adding the values of two variables.
Let's see different types of operators in C++.
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Increment and Decrement Operators
- Logical Operators
- Assignment Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are the type of operators which take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.
Let's assume the values of 'a' and 'b' to be 8 and 4 respectively.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| + | Adds operands | a+b=12 |
| - | Subtracts second operand from first | a-b=4 |
| * | Multiplies both operands | a*b=32 |
| / | Divides numerator by denominator. | a/b=2 |
| % | Modulus Operator returns the remainder of an integer division. | a%b=0 |
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a = 42, b = 5;
cout << "sum = " << ( a + b ) << endl;
cout << "difference = " << ( a - b ) << endl;
cout << "product = " << ( a * b ) << endl;
cout << "remainder = " << ( a % b );
return 0;
}
difference = 37
product = 210
remainder = 2
int a = 42, b = 5; - As seen before, this statement declares two integer variables 'a' and 'b' and assigns them the values 42 and 5 respectively.
In the next statement, sum = will be printed as it is, since it is enclosed within " ". After that, the expression ( a + b ) will get evaluated and its value (42 + 5 = 47) will get printed. Thus, sum = 47 will get printed. Similarly, other statements will get evaluated and printed on the screen.
We can also introduce a third variable to store the sum of the first two variables as done in the following example.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int a = 42, b = 5, c;
c = a + b;
std::cout < "sum = " < c;
return 0;
}
Here we declared a third integer variable 'c' and stored the value of a + b (42 + 5 = 47) in it, thus making its value 47. Finally, sum = 47 gets printed.
When we divide two integers, the result is an integer. For example, 7/3 = 2 (not 2.33333).
To get the exact decimal value of the answer, at least one of numerator or denominator should have decimal(float).
All 7/3.0, 7.0/3 and 7.0/3.0 return 2.33333
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
cout << (7/3) << endl;
cout << (7/3.0) << endl;
cout << (7.0/3) << endl;
cout << (7.0/3.0);
return 0;
}
2.33333
2.33333
2.33333
Let's see one more example of dividing two integers.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int x = 5;
int y = 2;
cout << (x/y) << endl;
cout << (x/float(y)) << endl;
cout << (float(x)/y) << endl;
cout << (float(x)/float(y));
return 0;
}
2.5
2.5
2.5
This example was just to show you the use of type casting. We converted the integer values of 'x' and 'y' into float in the middle of our program and as per our need.
Precedance of Operators
In Maths, you might have learned about BODMAS rule, but that rule is not applied here. If we have written more than one operation in one line, then which operation should be done first is governed by the following rules :- Expression inside brackets '()' are evaluated first. After that, this table is followed ( The operator at the top has higher precedence and that at the bottom has the least precedence ):
| Operator | Associativity |
|---|---|
| ++ -- ! | Right to left |
| * / % | Left to right |
| + - | Left to right |
| > >= < <= | Left to right |
| == =! | Left to right |
| && | Left to right |
| || | Left to right |
| = += -= *= /= %= | Right to left |
Let's consider an expression
n = 4 * 8 + 7
Since the priority order of multiplication operator ( * ) is greater than that of addition operator ( + ), so first 4 will get multiplied with 8 and after that 7 will be added to the product.
Suppose two operators have the same priority order in an expression, then the evaluation will start from left or right as shown in the above table.
For example, take the expression.
10 / 5 + 2 * 3 -8
Since the priorities of / and * are greater than those of + and -, therefore / and * will be evaluated first. Since / and * have the same priority order, so these will be evaluated from left to right simplifying to the following expression.
2 + 2 * 3 - 8
After /, * will be evaluated resulting in the following expression
2 + 6 - 8
Again + and - have the same precedence, therefore these will also be evaluated from left to right i.e. first 2 and 6 will be added after which 8 will be subtracted resulting in 0.
Relational Operators
Relational Operators check the relationship between two operands. It returns 1 if the relationship is true and 0 if it is false.
Following is the list of relational operators in C++.
Again, assume the value of 'a' to be 8 and that of 'b' to be 4.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| == | Equal to | (a == b) is false |
| != | Not equal to | (a != b) is true |
| > | Greater than | (a > b) is true |
| < | Less than | (a < b) is false |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | (a >= b) is true |
| <= | Less than or equal to | (a <= b) is false |
Let's see an example to understand the use of these operators.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a = 5, b = 4;
cout << (a == b) << endl;
cout << (a != b) << endl;
cout << (a > b) << endl;
cout << (a < b) << endl;
cout << (a >= b) << endl;
cout << (a <= b) << endl;
return 0;
}
1
1
0
1
0
In the above example, since the value of 'a' is not equal to 'b', therefore (a == b) (equal to) returned false and (a !=b) (not equal to) returned true.
Since the value of 'a' is greater than 'b', therefore (a > b) (greater than) and (a >= b) (greater than or equal to) returned true whereas (a < b) (less than) and (a <= b) (less than or equal to) returned false.
Difference between = and ==
Although = and == seem to be same, but they are quite different fromn each other. = is the assignment operator while == is the equality operator.
= assign values from its right side operands to its left side operands whereas == compares values.
Take two examples.
x = 5;
x == 5;
By writing x = 5, we assigned a value 5 to x, whereas by writing x == 5, we checked if the value of x is 5 or not.
Logical Operators
In C++, if we write A and B, then the expression is true if both A and B are true. Whereas, if we write A or B, then the expression is true if either A or B or both are true.
A and B - Both A and B
A or B - Either A or B or both.
The symbol for AND is && while that of OR is ||.
Again assume the value of 'a' to be 8 and that of 'b' to be 4.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| && | Logical AND. If both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true | (a && b) is true |
| || | Logical OR. If any one or both the operands are non-zero, then the condition becomes true | (a || b) is true |
| ! | Logical NOT. It is used to reverse the condition. So, if a condition is true, ! makes it false and vice versa. | (!(false)) is true |
In Logical AND (&&) operator, if any one of the expression is false, the condition becomes false. Therefore, for the condition to become true, both the expressions must be true.
For example, (3>2)&&(5>4) returns true because both the expressions are true. Conditions (3>2)&&(5<4), (3<2)&&(5>4) and (3<2)&&(5<4) are false because atleast one of the expressions are false in each case.
For Logical OR (||) operator, the condition is only false when both the expressions are false. If any one expression is true, the condition returns true. Therefore, (3<2)||(5<4) returns false whereas (3>2)||(5<4), (3<2)||(5>4) and (3>2)||(5>4) returns true.
Logical Not (!) operator converts true to false and vice versa. For example, !(4<7) is true because the expression (4<7) is false and the operator ! makes it true.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a = 5, b = 0;
cout << "(a && b) = " << (a && b) << endl;
cout << "(a || b) = " << (a || b) << endl;
cout << "!(a>b) = " << !(a>b) << endl;
return 0;
}
(a || b) = 1
!(a>b) = 0
In the expression(a && b), since the value of 'b' is 0, therefore the condition became false and thus returned 0. Since the value of 'a' is non-zero, therefore the expression (a || b) became true and thus returned 1. The expression (a>b) is true (since the value of 'a' is greater than 'b') and thus the expression !(a>b) became false.
Assignment Operators
Assignment Operators are used to assign values from its right side operands to its left side operands. The most common assignment operator is =.
If we write a = 10; means that we are assigning a value '10' to the variable 'a'.
There are more assignment operators which are listed in the following table.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| = | Assigns value of right operand to left operand | C = A+B is same as C = A + B |
| += | Adds the value of right operand to left operand and assigns the final value to the left operand | C += A is same as C = C + A |
| -= | Subtracts the value of right operand from left operand and assigns the final value to the left operand | C -= A is same as C = C - A |
| *= | Multiplies the value right operand to left operand and assigns the final value to the left operand | C *= A is same as C = C * A |
| /= | Divides the value of left operand from right operand and assigns the final value to the left operand | C /= A is same as C = C / A |
| %= | takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand | C %= A is same as C = C % A |
Before going further, let's have a look at an example:
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a = 7;
a = a+1;
cout << a << endl;
a = a-1;
cout << a << endl;
return 0;
}
7
a = a+1 - '=' operator starts from right. eg.- if a is 4 and b is 5, then a = b will make a to 5 and b will remain 5.
a = a+b; - Similarly, since '+' has higher priority than '=', so, a+b will be calculated first.
In the exact same fashion, in a = a+1, a+1 will be calculated first since + has higher priority than =. Now, the expression will become a = 8 making the value of 'a' equal to 8.
Similarly, a = a-1 will make the value of 'a' equal to 7 again.
To understand this, consider the value of a variable 'n' as 5. Now if we write n +=2, the expression gets evaluated as n = n+2 thus making the value of 'n' as 7 ( n = 5 + 2 ). Let's look at an example where different assignment operators are used.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a = 7;
cout << "a += 4 " << "Value of a: "<< (a += 4) << endl;
cout << "a -= 4 " << "Value of a: "<< (a -= 4) << endl;
cout << "a *= 4 " << "Value of a: "<< (a *= 4) << endl;
cout << "a /= 4 " << "Value of a: "<< (a /= 4) << endl;
cout << "a %= 4 " << "Value of a: "<< (a %= 4) << endl;
return 0;
}
a -= 4 Value of a: 7
a *= 4 Value of a: 28
a /= 4 Value of a: 7
a %= 4 Value of a: 3
In the above example, initially, the value of 'a' is 7.
The expression a += 4 gets evaluated as 'a = a+4' thus making the value of 'a' as 11. After this, the expression a -= 4 gets evaluated as 'a = a-4' thus subtracting 4 from the current value of 'a' (i.e. 11) and making it 7 again. Similarly, other expressions will get evaluated.
Increment and Decrement Operators
++ and -- are called increment and decrement operators respectively.
++ adds 1 to the operand whereas -- subtracts 1 from the operand.
a++ increases the value of a variable 'a' by 1 and a-- decreases the value of a by 1.
Similarly, ++a increases the value of 'a' by 1 and --a decreases the value of a by 1.
In a++ and a--, ++ and -- are used as postfix whereas in ++a and --a, ++ and -- are used as prefix.
For example, suppose the value of a is 5, then a++ and ++a changes the value of 'a' to 6. Similarly, a-- and --a changes the value of 'a' to 4.
Difference between Prefix and Postfix
While both a++ and ++a increases the value of 'a', the only difference between these is that a++ returns the value of 'a' before the value of 'a' is incremented and ++a first increases the value of 'a' by 1 and then returns the incremented value of 'a'.
Similarly, a-- first returns the value of 'a' and then decreases its value by 1 and --a first decreases the value of 'a' by 1 and then returns the decreased value.
An example will make the difference clear.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int a=8, b=8, c=8, d=8;
cout << "a++ = " << a++ << endl;
cout << "++b = " << ++b << endl;
cout << "c-- = " << c-- << endl;
cout << "--d = " << --d << endl;
return 0;
}
++b = 9
c-- = 8
--d = 7
In a++, postfix increment operator is used with 'a' which first printed the current value of 'a' (8) and then incremented it to 9.
Similarly in ++b, the prefix operator first added one to the current value of 'b' thus making it 9 and then printed the incremented value. The same will be followed for the decremented operators.
sizeof
sizeof() operator is used to return the size of a variable. Suppose we have an integer variable 'i', so the value of sizeof(i) will be 4 because on declaring the variable 'i' as of type integer, the size of the variable becomes 4 bytes.
Look at the following example to find the size of int, char, float and double variables
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int i = 6;
int j;
char c;
float f;
double d;
cout << "size of integer variable i : " << sizeof(i) << endl;
cout << "size of integer variable j : " << sizeof(j) << endl;
cout << "size of character variable c : " << sizeof(c) << endl;
cout << "size of float variable f : " << sizeof(f) << endl;
cout << "size of double variable d : " << sizeof(d) << endl;
return 0;
}
size of integer variable j : 4
size of character variable c : 1
size of float variable f : 4
size of double variable d : 8
Here, sizes of character, float and double variables are 1, 4 and 8 bytes respectively, so sizeof operator applied to these returns 1, 4 and 8 respectively. Whenever we declare an integer variable, a space in the memory equal to 4 bytes gets occupied by it. It doesn't matter whether we assign a value to the variable or not, space will allocate. Since, both i and j are integer variables, therefore the sizes of both of these are 4 bytes, regardless of whether a value is assigned to these or not.
Let's see another example.
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
using namespace std;
int i = 6;
int j;
char c;
float f;
double d;
cout << sizeof(int) << endl;
cout << sizeof(char) << endl;
cout << sizeof(float) << endl;
cout << sizeof(double) << endl;
return 0;
}
1
4
8
Here we printed the sizes of int, char, float and double using sizeof operator, same as we did in the previous example, except for the difference that this time we directly passed the name of the datatype in the sizeof operator.
So, now anytime you need to know the size of any datatype, you can do so by using sizeof operator.
Let's do some Math
What if you want to take out the sine, cos or log of a number?
Yes, we can perform such mathematical operations in C++.
All these functions are defined in the cmath library. Therefore, to use any such function in our program, we need to include this library in the beginning of our program. For this, we have to include the following code in the beginning of our program.
#include <cmath>
After importing the library, we can enjoy the different mathematical functions in C++.
Let's see some of the mathematical functions.
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| sin | Calculates the sine value of some angle in radians |
| cos | Calculates the cosine value of some angle in radians |
| ceil | Calculates the number which is equal to the integer just greater than the number passed |
| floor | Calculates the number which is equal to the integer just smaller than the number passed |
| fmin | Returns the smaller number among the numbers passed to it |
| fmax | Returns the larger number among the numbers passed to it |
| fabs | Calculates the absolute value of a number |
| round | Rounds a float or a double to the nearest integer |
| sqrt | Calculates the square root of a number |
| pow | It takes two numbers as parameters and returns the value of the first number raised to the power equal to the second number |
| log | Returns the logarithm of a number. |
Now let's see the examples of some of these functions.
ceil
It calculates the number which is equal to the integer just greater than it. For example, if the number 4.56 is passed to the function, it will return 5.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int main ()
{
std::cout << ceil(4.7) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
fabs
It returns the absolute value of the number passed to it. Absolute value of a number is the magnitude of the number with a positive sign. For example, the absolute value of 2 is 2 whereas the absolute value of -2 is also 2.
To take out the absolute value of -5.6, we have to write the following code.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int main ()
{
std::cout << fabs(-5.6) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
pow
It takes two parameters and returns the value of the first parameter raised to the power equal to the value of the second parameter.
For example, the value of the number 3 raised to the power 2 is equal to multiplying three two times which is equal to 9 (= 3*3).
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int main ()
{
std::cout << pow(3,2) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
fmin and fmax
fmin and fmax returns the smaller and the greater among the two numbers passed to these functions.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
int main ()
{
std::cout << "Smaller number : "<< fmin(2,4) << std::endl;
std::cout << "Larger number : "<< fmax(2,4) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
Larger number : 4
Don't practice until you get it right. Practice until you can't get it wrong.


{% comment "License" %} % Copyright (c) 2019 ISP RAS (http://www.ispras.ru) % Ivannikov Institute for System Programming of the Russian Academy of Sciences % % Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); % you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. % You may obtain a copy of the License at % % http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 % % Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software % distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, % WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. % See the License for the specific language governing permissions and % limitations under the License. {% endcomment %} {# Requires 'jobs/js/jobFilesView.js' #} {% load i18n %}


Jacob's 'disgusting' actions leave Emmerdale fans fuming
"Jesus. Jacob gets classier and classier"
by Sophie McCoidEmmerdale fans were left fuming tonight as Jacob used Leanna after struggling to cope with Maya being released from prison.
Yesterday viewers saw a very pregnant Maya leave prison, but when Jacob tried to call her, she refused to take his call.
A despondent Jacob headed to the shed to take some time out, when his friend Leanna came to check if he was ok.
After chatting Jacob made a move on Leanna, who also has a crush on him.
Fans saw them kissing and then after the break Jacob and Leanna could be seen under a blanket cuddling.
But Jacob quickly grabbed his stuff and made to leave, with Leanna confessing it was her first time.
She said: "I'm not asking for marks out of ten but....."
Jacob responded: "What, that was the first time you'd done that?"
She said: "What, do you think I do it with everyone?"
Jacob made his excuses, saying he had to leave and check something with his dad, leaving Leanna upset and on her own.
And fans couldn't believe his actions towards the young girl - especially when he later text her asking "just checking you're on the pill."
Liam said: "Jesus. Jacob gets classier and classier."
Chris P said: "can Jacob get any lower? yes it's Emmerdale of course he can."
Dion said: "Oh Jacob you don’t s**g then run."
And Michelle Jones said: "Jacob using Leanna is disgusting."
*Emmerdale continues at 7pm on ITV tomorrow


You can add an address to your membership from 'My Addresses' menu available under 'Membership' main menu from your membership home page.
First, click on the 'Add New Address' button.
Second, search and select your location and add your address record.
Now update your address by clicking the pencil icon. Please add a landmark and directions to get your address.
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You can access your account transactions from the 'My Account Transactions' menu available under the 'Financials' main-menu from your membership home page.
You can pay the due on your account either by using credit/debit cards online or by handing over the money to the person who is delivering books for you. Please remember there is a 7% fee for using cards online.
3. What is pay-on-time (14-day) reading plan?Pay-on-time is the default plan.
When you check out, books are checked out on pay-on-time plan unless there is a pay-in-advance plan exists.
You have 14 days to read your books.
Aftere 14 days, you can renew your books by paying its reading fee again.
If book is not renewed, there will be a late fee on a daily basis.
We charge you 170 rupees a month as reading fee in advance as long as you have any of our publications with you.
You can spend this amount any time you want.
There are no due dates or late fees for your books.
This plan is recommended for those who read regularly.
If you are planning a drop-off, you can visit the library during our working hours and drop-off the book.
If you want the book to be collected from you, go to 'My Checked Out Materials' and click 'Done Reading' action icon for the book you want to return. We will collect the material from you within three business days.
Once you mark the materials as done reading, you will be able to check out more publications.
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You reserve a book only if you want the book to be automatically and immediately checked out and issued to you when it is available.
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You can maintain your list of shared books yourself. You can set the books for sale if you want to sell any.
2. When I share a book, what share of its reading-fee or sale-price I get?The library’s profit-share-rate percentage of the material’s reading fee or sale price is immediately credited to your account as soon as the book is lent or sold.
3. What about late and damage fees of shared books, shall I get a share of those too?No. Late and damage fees belong to LetUsRead. However, you will get the full lost price if the book is lost in circulation.
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5. What kind of books are accepted from the members as shared books?We accept only genuine books that are from original publishers and that have ISBN numbers. Books that are in good condition only accepted. LetUsRead can reject a shared book for any reason.
6. I want to share some books with LetUsRead, can they come and collect them from us?Of Course! Reach us using the 'Contact Us' page using the reason 'Sharing of personal collection of books with LetUsRead' with your details. We are more than happy to come and collect them from your address.
MembersYou can become a member of LetUsRead by successfully registering as user of the site LetUsRead.in. Your membership is automatically created when your login account is verified. If you have no access to computers, you can contact LetUsRead to add you as a managed member and to create a membership for you.
Anyone can become our library member and avail its services. However, delivery/collection services are available only to a limited locations. So, if you live outside our delivery area, you will have to visit our library to get/return publications. However, you must have an address in Thiruvananthapuram district to activate your membership.
2. How do I close my membership?You can close your membership at any time from your membership info page provided the following conditions are satisfied. 1) Your membership must have been active for a year 2) No materials should be outstanding against your membership and 3) No active plan must exist on your membership. When a membership is closed, the security deposit will be refunded back to your membership account. All the awarded incentive and sponsorship amount will be debited from your account. You can then request LetUsRead for a payment for the remaining amount on your account.
3. How do I get my security deposit back?When your membership is closed, your security deposit is credited back to your membership account. Library will issue a payment for the remaining balance on the account within three business days with or without a payment fee.
4. Can I rejoin after I close my membership?Your membership will not be removed from the system when you close your membership. So, you can always reopen when needed. You do so from your membership page. When you re-open, your membership goes back to the initiated status. You must activate your membership in order to start borrowing again.
5. How many memberships can I have?You can have only one membership per login account.
6. What is a group-membership?For people living in apartment complexes or working together in offices or associated together in any other way, group membership is the best bet.
Instead of each person having their own membership, a group of people with similar reading interests can have one single membership with higher borrowing limit and longer reading period. This helps them read many publications by exchanging them among themselves without having to order them individually from LetUsRead. By having one membership, members of the group share all the cost.
But for LetUsRead, there is only one type of membership account for every type of membership.
7. What is incentive-amount?From time to time your library may award you with incentive amount to encourage you to read more. This amount is directly credited to your membership account. However, when a membership is closed, all the awarded incentive amount is recovered from the membership account. Referral-Incentive and Borrow-Again-Incentive are the two incentive amounts that are awarded by the system.
8. What is a sponsorship-amount?LetUsRead has a sponsorship account to which members can contribute amount. This amount is awarded to less privileged readers (especially school kids) on a case by case basis.
9. What is service-fee?LetUsRead is designed in such a way that its members can perform all the membership functions themselves online. However, members can request the library to perform those functions for them when members don’t have access to computers. In such cases, library charges a fee for those services. You can see a list of all membership functions on our home page.
Managed members always have to use LetUsRead's help for performing any of their membership functions as they don’t have login accounts with us.
You can access all your service charges and its details from your membership page.
10. What is wish-list?You add publications to your wish list that you want to read later.
Members can add books to their wish list even if the library does not have an active stock of that publication. Libraries use the member wish list statistics as an indication of how popular a particular book is and may decide to add those books to their collection.
BorrowingThat depends on your security deposit. You can increase your deposit by 500 rupees at any time.
Down PaymentDown payment is a deposit that you make with the library for ‘pleading’ us to get copies of an out-of-stock book. You make down payments from your wish-list section. Down payment required for a book is same as its purchase price with a minimum amount required which is available on the library parameters page. Down payments are automatically credited back to membership accounts when members borrow, read and return the materials for which they have made the down payments.
You add an out-of-stock book to your wish-list while searching for it in the master catalog. You cannot find an out-of-stock item in the library catalog.
2. How do I make down-payment for a book that is not available with LetUsRead?You must make a request for the book first with an option to add it to your wish-list once cataloged. After cataloging, you can go to your out-of-stock section of your book wish-list and make a down payment for it.
Donw PaymentCancelling a down payment is not a membership function and so you cannot perform it yourself. You will have to send a request to the library. However decision to reverse it solely lies with the library.
The amount you have to pay for borrowing a publication is called its reading-fee.
Reading-fee of a publication is calculated as a percentage of the lease-price of the publication. The percentage is based on the material-group of the publication. You can see all material groups and its lease rates on the 'Reading Schemes' page.
Reading-fees are charged for a period (multiples of months) in advance through membership plans instead of charging on individual material at the time of check out. Then when materials are checked out, its’ reading-fees are reduced from the plan amount until the plan amount runs out.
2. What is lease-price and how it is fixed for a publication?Lease price of a publication mostly is its purchase price. Lease price of out-of-stock books may be tentative but for in-stock books, lease price once fixed will never changes. So, members always know how much they have to pay for reading a publication.
3. For some books, why lease price of different copies of the same book different?Since LetUsRead procure copies of the same book at different times from different vendors, purchase prices of them could be different. Since lease prices of the books are same as its purchase price, lease price could be different for different copies of the same book.
But rest assured that the lease price of a book once fixed never changes and that means the reading fee of it will be same always.
4. What is a reading-plan and how it is different from a membership-plan?Members create their membership plan from the available reading plans of LetUsRead. All the available reading plans are listed on our Reading Schemes page.
5. What are the different reading-plans available with LetUsRead?There are twelve reading plans available with LetUsRead each convering a period of one month to twelve months. The details of the reading plans are available at our 'Reading Schemes' page.
6. What happens to the remaining plan amount at the end of the plan period?Remaining plan amount carries over to the new plan period if the plan is renewed else the entire remaining plan amount is forfeited at the end of the plan period.
7. Can my membership use more amount than what is left in my plan?If your plan balance is greater than zero, system lets you checkout a material even if its reading-fee is more than the balance plan amount.
If the plan is renewed, the negative plan balance gets adjusted with the renewed plan amount. If the plan is not renewed, the over-used plan amount is recovered from the membership account when the plan is closed.
8. Can I discontinue reading for a while and start again later?Of course! Members chose to read for a period that is multiples of month. They can renew their plan and continue reading or stop at the end of the current period and start again for any period whenever they want.
9. We live in an apartment and want to share publications from LetUsRead. How do we do it?Reading plans with longer periods could be used by apartment complexes and corporates as these plans help them checkout more materials when combined with higher borrowing-limits.
Plan Renewals & ClosureYou can manually close your plan any time if there are no issued materials against your membership. However, you don’t have to manually close your membership plan as doing so has no benefit to the member because when a plan is closed any un-used plan amount is forfeited. If you don’t want to renew your plan, turn off the automatic plan renewal flag so that after the current plan period ends, your active plan will be automatically closed by the system when all the issued materials are returned.
We encourage members to return the materials as soon as they have read them and make them available for other readers. If members return materials within early-due-date, a percentage of the reading fee is credited back to their account or plan as the case may be.
2. What should I do if I receive damaged publications?We take every effort to send you good copies of publications. However, there can be damages on the publications you receive which do not preclude you from reading them. All existing damages are recorded in the system which you can see from accessing your material online from your issued materials. If you notice a damage that is not already listed, please send us a mail with the damage description.
3. What should I do if materials are damaged from my side?You can report those damages when the materials are returned. However, we will scan every publication for new damages and appropriate damage fees are charged accordingly.
4. Are there any material late and material renewal fees?If you are on our pay-on-time plan, there are material late and renewal fees.
If you are on our pay-in-advance plan, there are no late fees or material renewals as long as your plan is renewed before being late.
Members are allowed to keep their checked out and issued publications as long as they have active membership plans. However, if other members are waiting for the publications that are on your hand and if its early-due-date is passed, we issue a request that you return the material as soon as possible.
6. When materials are considered lost?There are two situations when materials are considered lost.
A material is considered as lost after it is late for a maximum of 20 days and the lost fee of the material is charged on the membership account. A material is also updated as lost when member informs library of a lost material.
7. How often materials are delivered/collected from members?Materials are delivered and collected from member addresses within 2-3 business days.
8. Can I choose different delivery and collection addresses for my materials?Sure you can. You are allowed to maintain three addresses in your membership. You could choose any of these addresses as the default delivery/collection address.
You set a default delivery/collection address at membership level which will be used as default delivery/collection address for all checked out materials. However, you could chose different addresses after you have checked out books by going to 'Issue Details' tab of my 'Checked out Materials' by clicking the CirculationId.
Checkout QueueSure you can.
IssuingWe have logistics in place to ensure that all books are delivered on time, that is, within 24 working hours (in most cases). However, the actual delivery time of the books can vary. For more information, please read our Terms and Conditions section.
2. I received a publication-issued Email, but I haven't got any publications. What should I do?Please allow sufficient time for the books to reach you (at least one business day). If you are sure you haven't received it and sufficient time has elapsed, please send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or call our customer care number.
3. What do I do if I receive the wrong publication?You can call our customer care number. We will send the correct book as soon as possible or, also if you prefer the next available title in your Queue.
4. What are the conditions for free delivery/collection services?LetUsRead charge a nominal delivery fee on 14-day plans. For monthly plan members get one free delivery per month.
ReturningNo. You can return those you have read while keeping the others.
2. What happens if I don't return old materials when new materials are delivered?You are supposed to return old materials that you have marked as ready to return while new ones are delivered; failure to doing so can cause late fees charged on your account.
3. Once I'm done reading the materials, how do I return them?Go to 'My Checked Out Materials' under Circulation menu and mark those you have read as ready to return by clicking the 'Ready to Return' action icon.
You can also come to the library to drop-off your materials.
4. How do I know that LetUsRead has received the materials that I had returned?The materials from your ‘My Checked Out Materials' section will be moved to ‘My Circulated Materials’ section. Also, the status of return will be updated as 'Retuned' on the circulation details of the checked out material. All returns are recorded in the membership messages section.
5. Can I return the materials directly to LetUsRead instead of scheduling a collection?Yes, you are more than welcome to drop them off at our library just as you can check out materials from our library over-the-counter.
You can use cash, cheque, credit/debit cards for adding funds to your membership account.
Cash receipts are immediately credited to your account. You must visit the library to hand over the cash to the library.
Cheque receipts are credited only after its realization from your bank. Please write cheque to 'LetUsRead.in Private Lending Library'. You can hand over the cheque to the library or send to the library address available on our web site (Contact Us page). Please remember to write your Membership Id on the back of your cheque.
You can use your credit/debit cards to credit your account. Use the 'Credit My Account' link from the 'Financials' menu on your membership home page.
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3. Is my credit card data safe?When you opt to pay online, we only connect you to the bank's fully secure payment gateway. Your card information is held only by the bank and not by LetUsRead. So your card data is always safe. Once your payment is made a card receipt record will be added on your membership account in confirmed status.
4. What are credit/debit notes?Notes are credit/debit transactions that LetUsRead adds to your membership account for a reason especially to correct an erroneous transaction. Membership messages will be created for all notes. Members will also get email notifications on all notes.
5. What is account transfer feature?You can transfer money from your membership account to any other membership account in the library. This is a useful feature for example for parents who are supporting their children’s membership accounts.
6. Why there is a service tax and card receipt fees?Service tax is the charge that LetUsRead need to pay to the government for doing the business. Credit card charge is the fee that LetUsRead needs to pay to the card processing companies.
Typically, on most businesses, these charges are included in the cost of product/service they offer and thereby ‘hiding’ that information from its customers. Customers may never know the exact price of the service/product they receive in such cases. Customers believe that they are only paying for the product/service where in fact a number of other fees and charges have been included in the price of a product/service.
LetUsRead never makes any charges/fees hidden or over-charge our members and our members will always know how much they have to pay for each service they receive.
From your membership page, you can access ‘Publications I Read’ to see the full list of publications that you have read so far.
Also, in the detail page of any publication you can see flags that indicate whether you have read it, wish listed, queued or down paid.
Also, when you checkout a publication, you will receive a message if you have already read it.
2. How good will the copies of the publication that I receive?As you can imagine, only a few would be lucky enough to read fresh copies of publications. As more and more members read them there will be small wear and tear on the publications. Those publications that are not readable, as determined by us, will be taken out of stock immediately.
3. How do I express interest in a particular magazine?If LetUsRead does not have an active subscription to a magazine that you are interested but is listed on the master magazine list, you can express your interest on that magazine. LetUsRead may decide to subscribe to the magazine based on the demand for it from our members. Express your interest only if you are genuinely interested in the magazines and are ready to borrow editions of it when they are made available.
4. What if the book I want to read is not available with LetUsRead?If any title is not available with LetUsRead, you can request for it using the link ‘Request a book’ from your membership page. But, make sure the book you are about to recommend is not available in the master-catalog before suggesting. You can also mention that you want to add it to your wish list when the book is cataloged in LetUsRead.
5. How do I express interest in a book?Go ahead and add the book to your wish list; that way we will know that you are interested in the book. Based on the number of members who added the book to their wish list, we take decision to procure copies of it.
6. Are your collection of books genuine copies of the publication from the publisher?Yes. We procure copies of publications only from authentic distributor of its publisher.


- Bootstrapping procedures should have the option to refit the painting. Currently use the fixed painting but refit parameters.
- wrote the function peaks_update() which update the painting as well as the OU peak parameters.
20 replicates, bootstraps the painting step as well
Computing / Package
- LR_bootstrap and model_bootstrap should be the same function call with an optional second model for the LR bootstrapping. Similarly the LR_bootstrap_all and model_bootstrap_all() should be the same function call. Will simplify documentation, error handling, redundancy etc.
- Will need to combine the return object types: model_boots object or an LR_boots object though. Will need an indicator for their type, and combine a plot function that can handle both.
The fit_k_peaks can’t actually take an ouchtree, though it will try, due to the strange behavior of the ape package in tree pruning discussed earlier. Will eventually need a better work around than writing out and reading back in the nexus file. Should post this issue to r-sig-phylo.
The refit painting bootstrap needs the original ape-format (phylo class) tree, due to the above problem. It’s been added as an argument to the bootstrapping calls.
Troubleshooting
The partitions function may assign all points to only three regimes even though it is given four regimes to fit to. This has been causing a rather subtle bug in bootstrapping the ou4 model in the labrid dataset. Trying to address by modifying the function infer_painting(), a function child of fit_k_peaks() function, to calculate k as the maximum value in the factor list, rather than the length of the factor list. Still leads to other errors…
also tried modifying so that factor matching is explicit, lines 54, 55 of infer_niches.R Still get NAs in regime inference when its failed to use all the peaks.
Ways to force utilizing all peaks??
Speed concerns
Refitting is much slower. Will need to explore parallelizing each of the bootstrapping fits. Should also perform profiling and start moving slowest parts into C code. Will also need to avoid any redundant bootstrapping.
Shouldn’t refit the true model in each row. Should be able to reuse the simulated data and the fit of the true model, and just refit each comparison model to that simulated dataset. Doesn’t seem fit naturally in the framework of the bootstrap package, however.
Profiling Results
- Profiling with Rprof(), summaryRprof()
- fit_k_peaks() is 90% of computational time
- it’s member function, fit_k_partitions() is 65% total time
- it’s member function, infer_painting() is 10% of total time
- optim function, called by fit_k_partitions() (also called by hansen) is 71% of total time
Misc / Notes
- Following phylogenetics discussion group Friday, Samantha passed on new suggestions to Brian, now on the planned updates for Brownie.
Talks
Need to prepare Evolution Discussion Group talk for next week.
Survey for CSGF
Computing tool
Teaching with technology – GTC
Effective Assessment – GTC
ievobio?
Meetings, etc
- Grad Teaching Community – tonight
- Open Science Meeting – Weds


| |
Class methods defined here:
- commandsAvailable(cls, commands, listWhich=False) from __builtin__.type
- Return allRequiredFound or a 2-tuple (allRequiredFound, whichCommandsFound).
Default to return a boolean value whether all required commands have been found.
Can return a 2-tuple with first item being a boolean value whether all required commands
have been found, and second item being a list of which commands have been found.
commands
a list of strings, one for each command to be found.
To allow alternatives, if instead of a string there is a tuple of sublists then
whether for at least one sublist of the tuple all commands can be found.
listWhich
whether to return a 2-tuple (allRequiredFound, whichCommandsFound).
Default only to return a boolean value allRequiredFound.
- commandsRequired(cls, commands, verbose=False) from __builtin__.type
- Raise exception if a required command cannot be found.
Return a list of which commands have been found.
commands
a list of strings, one for each required command.
To allow alternatives, if instead of a string there is a tuple of sublists then
for at least one sublist of the tuple all commands are required.
- commandsRequiredByImplementations(cls, implementations, verbose=False) from __builtin__.type
- Raise exception if a required command cannot be found.
Return a list of which commands have been found.
- commandsUsedInImplementation(cls) from __builtin__.type
- Return a list to be passed to SystemRequirements.commandsRequired().
This class can be passed to SystemRequirements.commandsRequiredByImplementations().
This method in this very class is more of a demo, and usable for unit testing.
An equivalent method in other classes could actually be useful.
- which(cls, command) from __builtin__.type
- Return path to command, or None if none found.
Data descriptors defined here:
- __dict__
- dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
- __weakref__
- list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|


Simple Q&A
No signup required for participants. All you have to enter is the meeting's access code to start asking questions!


--- layout: tweet ---
Good morning #HarvestCentury!
9/25/2016, 8:56:02 AM
Favs: 6
Retweets: 1
Yes please!
9/25/2016, 10:36:40 AM
Favs: 1
Retweets: 0
More cowbell!
9/25/2016, 11:50:09 AM


Hello World! I am Mr. Clifford. I am a Computer Science teacher at Brockton High School. I am also the Web Content Manager for Brockton Public Schools.
Outside of work, I love to learn expand my knowledge of programming. I took the Udacity Blockchain Developer Nanodegree course and earned my certificate. I also love to workout. I try to make it to the gym 5 times a week. The gym is a healthy way for me to relieve stress. My favorite sport is soccer and my favorite team is Manchester United. But of course, I love my New England Teams (Patriots, Red Sox, and Bruins.
...and I love Pixar!
Family is very imporant to me. My parents worked hard their whole life to make sure my brothers and I had a good life. I have two brothers, one older and one younger (yes, that makes me the middle child). We have lived all over Brockton, MA.
Like I said, my parents are so hard working. My dad was a Marine and a Police Officer and my mom is an Emergency Room Nurse. My older brother lives in Berkeley, CA and is a developer. My younger brother works at East Middle School.


Working on open-source projects to: scrape and search for products based on nutrients, get directions to food places in Singapore, digitize stickies (square detection and OCR), aggregate tech events from facebook, meetup, eventbrite APIs (webuild.sg).
Revolution Analytics Pte Ltd, Singapore
Public Company
Dec 2014
Task: classify integrated circuit (IC) substrate (the green fiberglass board) defects (scratches, improper etching, etc) in images from an IC optical inspection machine.
Implemented the image processing and feature extraction components with Python openCV and numpy. Collaborated with their data scientist to improve the machine learning model written in R.
Final image processing component included automatic cropping using edge detectors, masking and watershedding with 100% successful crops over 11,000+ images. 9-length feature vector and an ensemble of neural network and support vector machine was delivered.
Presented and documented tried methods, research, results and discussions and provided potential future improvements. Resulted in a 30% improvement in defect detection.
Software Consultant
Co-founders Pte Ltd, Singapore
Private Company
Jan 2014 - Present
Worked with early-stage startups and companies to understand their technical needs. Helped to foster software processes (continuous integration, testing, team communication) and developed the groundwork for future developers to continue building.
Built an in-house project management tool to visualize and organise github issues as stickies on a draggble, zoomable virtual wall (drywall.io).
Software Engineer
Nugit, Singapore
Private Company; 5 employees
Jan - July 2014 (7 mths)
Deployed a modular system architecture with restful APIs and integrated various saas such as Auth0 for user management, MongoLab for cloud mongodb, keen.io/stathat for server analytics, papertrail/flydata for logs.
Implemented various Python engines as restful APIs to perform data and text analytics of social advertising data (bottle, numpy, pandas, textblob, requests, nosetests, etc). Created a restful API with nodejs, mongoDB, mongoose as a persistent CRUD layer between the analytics engines and the client app.
Setup automated testing and continuous integration with staging/production environments to ship code from github to circleCI to heroku.
Solutions/Pre-sales Engineer
Integrated Research, Singapore
Public Company (IRI); 2 employees
May - Jan 2014 (8 mths)
Designed and deployed system solutions to monitor large enterprise’s unified communications & virtualization environment.
On-site customer demos to executive decision-makers in Asia-Pacific.
Collaborated with partners and end-customers to identify business & technical pains to produce customized monitoring solutions.
Conducted 2-week product training courses to new partners.
Promoted the product in industry trade shows.
Software Engineer
Integrated Research, Sydney
Public Company (IRI); ~200 employees
Feb 2011 – May 2013 (2 yrs 3mths)
Desktop application development in C++ and C for Prognosis (real-time cross-platform communications and infrastructure monitoring software) and in C# for the Windows configuration tool.
Debugged browser memory leak in a 3rd-party charting library, reducing from exponential to logarithmic growth by freeing DOM references and reducing deeply nested views.
Debugged and solved a bug in legacy C for a high-support tier customer (2 weeks including weeknights & weekends).
Built enterprise web application ground-up using C# ASP.NET. Worked in Agile-Scrum TDD in a team of 5-7.
Web languages/tools: C#, WCF (for the restful web service), FusionCharts (3rd-party lib for SVG charts), JQuery, Dojo, QUnit (JS unit tests), Selenium (web browser automation), ccm (measure JS complexity), SourceMonitor (C#, C++ complexity), SVN, Jira, Visual studio 2003/2010.
Research Scholar
NICTA, Sydney
Research industry; ~700 employees
Dec 2009 – Mar 2010 (4 mths)
Project Title: Appearance-based Re-identification of People in Video (surveillance videos)
Implemented a height estimation module for a human re-identification system in C++ and C, with OpenCV library.
Researched a method that was free of camera calibration and for single-view videos. The final implemented algorithm used vanishing points from projective geometry . Attended annual CV camp for a week.
Uni of Sydney Academic Merit Prize for the highest performing undergraduate based on average marks (2010)
High Honor Roll by maintaining high distinction (over 85%) for the year (2009)
Microsoft Research Asia Prize for Senior Software Development Projects Award. Built a self-assessment module for an open-source learning management system, Moodle. (2009)
Honours Coursework: Knowledge discovery and data mining (machine learning); Multimedia storage & retrieval
(feature extraction, indexing, video streaming, compression, storage structures); parallel and distributed computing
{% endblock %}


|
easy_perception_deployment
|
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ (self, debug=False) |
| def | setButtons (self) |
| def | setP1 (self) |
| def | setP2 (self) |
| def | setP3 (self) |
| def | setModel (self, index) |
| def | setLabelList (self) |
| def | setDataset (self) |
| def | runLabelme (self) |
| def | initModel (self) |
| def | validateTraining (self) |
| def | validateDataset (self) |
| def | startTraining (self) |
| def | conformDatasetToCOCO (self) |
| def | populateModelSelector (self) |
| def | connectTrainingButton (self) |
| def | disconnectTrainingButton (self) |
The TrainWindow class is a PySide2 Graphical User Interface (GUI) window that is called by MainWindow class in order to configure a custom training session and initiates training for a selected Precision-Level.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.__init__ | ( | self, | |
debug = False |
|||
| ) |
The constructor. Sets the size of the window and configurations for a training session. Calls setButtons function to populate window with button.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.conformDatasetToCOCO | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Generate Dataset.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.connectTrainingButton | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that allows the button labelled, Train, to be used by the user.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.disconnectTrainingButton | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that disallows the button labelled, Train, to be used by the user.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.initModel | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that sets the model_name to the first model available whenever the precision level changes.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.populateModelSelector | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that populates the DropDown Menu labelled, Choose Model with all available pretrained models from PyTorch model zoo.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.runLabelme | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Label Dataset.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setButtons | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that defines all buttons in TrainWindow.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setDataset | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Choose Dataset.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setLabelList | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Choose Label List.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setModel | ( | self, | |
| index | |||
| ) |
A function that is triggered by the DropDown Menu labelled, Model.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setP1 | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, P1.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setP2 | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, P2.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.setP3 | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, P3.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.startTraining | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Train.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.validateDataset | ( | self | ) |
A function that is triggered by the button labelled, Validate Dataset.
| def windows.Train.TrainWindow.validateTraining | ( | self | ) |
A Mutator function that evaulates necessary boolean flags that are all required to allow proper training given a certain requested precision level.


| Fig 1 |
Environmental space extent during modeling. Gridded area rep ... |
| Fig 2 |
Stacked model projections of 17 characteristic trees species ... |
| Fig 3 |
Potential distribution areas for Albizia multiflora. The map ... |
| Fig 4 |
Vectors depicting the core distributional shifts of characte ... |


| I l@ve RuBoard |
Finally, many enterprising souls have ported Python more or less completely to a variety of other platforms. Table B.1 lists each port we know about, each platform, the author or maintainer of the port, and the URL from which more information can be gleaned.
|
Platform |
Author/Maintainer |
URL |
|---|---|---|
|
Irmen De Jong |
http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/Lab/3172/python.html |
|
|
Chris Herborth |
||
|
Brian Lloyd |
||
|
Hans Novak |
||
|
Chris Herborth |
||
|
Duncan Booth |
||
|
Uwe Zessin |
||
|
Jeff Stearns |
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| I l@ve RuBoard |


Enjoy this amazing modern home that resides within a very welcoming community in the suburbs
This home has:
Stand in aw at the sight of this luxurious room that can support even a large family. it is very modernized yet also holds a retro theme throught the home
This home has:


Use the text areas to import or modify their respective data. The current state is pre-loaded. In
each text area, one row corresponds to one item (e.g. one tile). The data fields will be listed, and
all of them are delimited by semi-colons.
Fields: cell coordinate; tile ID; tile orientation
Example: "B16; 619; 4"
Fields: railroad name; trains; stations
Note that trains and stations are comma-separated lists.
Example: "Grand Trunk; 3/5, 4; C15, D6:C7"
{%- if private_company_rownames %}
Fields: company name; owner; token coordinate
Example: "Meat Packing Company; Baltimore & Ohio; I1"
{% endif %}


The goal of esalqmet is to …
You can install the released version of esalqmet from from GitHub with:
This is a basic example which shows you how to solve a common problem:
library(esalqmet)
library(tidyverse)
library(lubridate)
esalqmet_automatic %>%
group_by(ano = floor_date(data, "year")) %>%
summarise(ppt = sum(ppt, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
ggplot(aes(ano, ppt)) +
geom_area(fill = "cadetblue", alpha = 0.7) +
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "2 year", date_labels = "%Y") +
theme_bw()


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{% extends "base.html" %} {% load bs4 %} {% block content %}
This is an interal webpage for BMDS Online administrators to better understand user analytics and performace of the application. Results are updated hourly.
Number of analyses created:
Total analyses currently saved in the database. This isn't a cummulative number; this would not include analyses which were deleted or expired after 6 months.
{% endcard %} {% card col-md-4 %}Created per day:
Average number created per day.
{% endcard %} {% card col-md-4 %}Fraction executed:
Fraction of analyses which compelted succesfully overall.
{% endcard %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-4 %} {% plotly config.time_series.fig_per_day %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-4 %} {% plotly config.time_series.fig_per_week %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-4 %} {% plotly config.time_series.fig_per_month %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-6 %} {% plotly config.successes.fig_completions_per_month %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-6 %} {% plotly config.datasets.fig_n_dataset %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-6 %} {% plotly config.datasets.fig_n_options %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-6 %} {% plotly config.datasets.fig_by_type %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %}Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-4 %}Execution runtime statistics:
| Statistic | Duration (sec) |
|---|---|
| {{key}} | {{value|floatformat}} |
Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %} {% card col-lg-4 %}Top 50 most recent runtime failures:
| Date | URL |
|---|---|
| {{row.timestamp}} | Link |
| No failures! |
Footnote here. TODO - add.
{% endcard %}


b)Write a JS function that will add a paragraph of text to the page after 5 seconds from opening the page


| File | Statements | Branches | Functions | Lines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ast.js | 86.26% | 157/182 | 77.78% | 70/90 | 93.48% | 43/46 | 86.11% | 155/180 | |
| auth.js | 52.46% | 32/61 | 40.63% | 13/32 | 73.68% | 14/19 | 52.46% | 32/61 | |
| index.js | 91.49% | 43/47 | 72.41% | 21/29 | 92.86% | 13/14 | 91.49% | 43/47 | |
| model.js | 82.43% | 61/74 | 81.58% | 31/38 | 85.71% | 30/35 | 82.35% | 56/68 | |
| serialization.js | 100% | 27/27 | 100% | 16/16 | 100% | 6/6 | 100% | 27/27 | |
| socket.js | 89.47% | 51/57 | 73.33% | 11/15 | 86.36% | 19/22 | 89.29% | 50/56 |


Here’s how the call tool works:
{{leaderBoard.length}} volunteers have called {{totalCalled}} voters
Top {{leaderBoard.slice(0,5).length}} Callers
| Rank | Name | # of calls |
|---|---|---|
| {{$index + 1}} | {{leader.name}} | {{leader.calls}} |
First, read through the script.
Next, click "Connect Now" to plug into the system: we'll call your phone then connect you with the next voter on the list.
Calling you now. It may take several seconds to ring.
Once you've listened to the instructions, start placing calls to voters.
All numbers in the call list, have been reached. Great job!
Calling {{callee.firstName}} {{callee.lastName}} now. It may take a few seconds to start ringing.
The call results have been saved. Thanks for Dialing for Democracy!
Press "*" on your phone to make sure your previous call is disconnected, then call the next person on the list.
Not properly connected? Click here to get called again
{% endraw %} {{ AGENT_SUPPORT_INFO|safe }} {% raw %}
Lives in {{callee.residential_city}}
You've made {{numCalls}} calls so far this session. That's awesome! {{leaderBoard[0].name}}, the top caller, has made {{leaderBoard[0].calls}}. So keepstart dialing :)
{{ CALL_SCRIPT|safe }}
{% for field_name, field in CALL_FORM_FIELDS['callInfo'].items() %} {% if field['type'] == "radio" %}{{ field['label'] }}
{% for option in field['options'] %}Here's what you need to know:
If you have any problems, questions or feedback please email {{ CONTACT_EMAIL }}


Oracle licensing on the UKCloud platform
Overview
Due to the licensing rules regarding Oracle, it is not possible to install and run Oracle software on the UKCloud public cloud platform. However, there are currently two ways for customers to install and run Oracle software with UKCloud:
Private Cloud for Compute. This is a dedicated hardware solution that limits the number of cores, RAM and storage that would require Oracle licensing. Note that this may not be financially efficient for all customers, and this will be a bare metal environment that has not been prepared for Oracle.
UKCloud for Oracle Software. This is a solution specifically designed to host Oracle solutions on a separate platform. This enables Oracle licensing to be used correctly, and is also financially efficient.
The remainder of this article is regarding general Oracle licensing.
Important
Licensing rules from vendors such as Oracle can change frequently and so customers should validate their specific requirement with Oracle at the time of ordering. This information is correct as of June 2015.
For customers wishing to licence Oracle software on virtual machines within the UKCloud platform, there are some important issues to consider with regards to the four licensing options available which are described below.
Named User
By implementing this licensing option, the customer can run as many Oracle servers as they want for a fixed fee ‘per named user’. As this licence model is independent of the size or number of servers, it is preferable for use in multi-tenant cloud environments such as the UKCloud platform.
UKCloud appreciate that this solution may not be valid for customers that already have ‘per processor” licensing.
Per Processor
This type of licence allows the customer to have as many users as they need for a fixed cost ‘per processor’ that the servers run on.
In a traditional physical or virtualised estate, it is possible to isolate a small subset of the overall physical servers to specifically run Oracle. In this way, only those specific servers need to be licensed for Oracle.
In most multi-tenant cloud environments such as the UKCloud platform, the per processor virtual machines can run on any physical server and so, practically, Oracle requires all of those servers to be licensed – which is simply not cost effective.
Oracle software within a cloud based environment can also be licensed via the per-processor option if the cloud environment is running Oracle Virtual Machine (OVM) as the hypervisor. However, due to the design of the cloud environment, this is not something UKCloud can provide or support.
Oracle has negotiated an agreement with a few public cloud providers (at the time of writing, only Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure) to allow customers to license only specific host servers, but this is not yet a widely available licensing agreement.
Dedicated Compute platform
Customers can take advantage of the 'per processor' licensing model, by using the UKCloud Dedicated Compute platform which will provide the customer with a set hardware configuration. The Dedicated Compute option enables a customer to specify a dedicated hardware cluster of a certain number of physical servers, and this option can help customers who need more certainty as to the configuration and capacity of the cluster which underpins part of their application, whilst being also able to accommodate the compromises of having a dedicated cluster with regards to reduced levels of agility and flexibility.
Application Specific Full Use Licensing
An Application Specific Full Use (ASFU) licence is a restricted type of licence sold by a Solution Provider in conjunction with its third-party Application Package.
For example, you can buy an ASFU licence from SAP AG to use Oracle with the SAP/R3 system. This licence would then be application specific and cannot be used for anything else.
Embedded Software License
An Embedded Software License (ESL) is a very restrictive licence type available from Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) who embed Oracle technology into their product. An end-user may not even be aware that the software package contains Oracle technology and should not be able to access it directly as a developer or system administrator.
An example of this licensing model in use may be a Point of Sale system that requires a database to log transactions.
Note
The ASFU and ESL licensing options are outside the scope of UKCloud control.
Feedback
If you find an issue with this article, click Improve this Doc to suggest a change. If you have an idea for how we could improve any of our services, visit the Ideas section of the UKCloud Community.


Building Accessibility & Inclusion into Interactive Science Simulations
Taliesin Smith
#ID24, November 16, 2017
Outline
Introduce PhET Interactive Simulations Project
Tell you about PhET Simulation Design & Design Philosophy
Share our accessibility challenge
Describe the infrastructure we have created
Demonstrate the infrastructure in a simulation
Introductions
PhET Interactive Simualtions
Experimentation
Labs & Demonstrations
Not accessible all the time
Pose a range of access issues for students with disabilities
Courtesy of Allison Shelley/The Verbatim Agency for American Education: Images of Teachers and Students in Action. For more information about acceptable uses and licensing terms visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .
PhET Interactive Simulations
Started in 2002
170 science & math simulations
Run 100 Million+ times/year
87 languages
Flexible, exploratory learning tools
Used with a diverse age range
Free of cost & openly licensed
Balloons & Static Electricity {demo}
PhET Sim Design
Intuitive & easy to use
Highly interactive
Real-time feedback
Fun & game-like
Very flexible
Fexibility is Useful
Actvities are diverse
Courtesy of Allison Shelley/The Verbatim Agency for American Education: Images of Teachers and Students in Action. For more information about acceptable uses and licensing terms visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ .
Abilities are diverse
Inclusive education creates integrated classrooms
98% of students with disabilities are integrated into general education schools
40% of their time is spent in general education classrooms
(Source: Texas Board of Education)
PhET's A11y Challenge
Everything is rendered graphically
with Scenery , a custom scene graph for HTML5.
Scenery makes interactive graphics
Using Canvas, SVG, or WebGL
Exposing no useful information within the DOM for accessibility
Scenery's graphics provide
No semantic structure. No keyboard operation. No text alternatives.
Sea of Black Boxes
PhET's Accessibility Initiative
Re-thinking accessibilty of PhET Simulation architecture through the lens of inclusive design.
Through this lens disability is defined as a mismatch between the user and the user interface.
Mismatch
user + black box = disability
Accessible simulation architecture
The ability of the system's architecture to build simulations that meet or flex to the needs of the user.
Removing the label of disability from the person, makes accessibility the responsibility of the design process.
Inclusive System Architecture
System goal: Build a sim that enables a blind student
to use the keyboard to grab and move the balloon
to explore where and how charges are accumulated
to collaborate with the classmates in a group activity
System constraints
And still run natively in a browser
Interface easily with assistive technology, such as screen reader software
Offer flexibility for pedagogical design & use, like the visual simulations
Traditional Approaches
Difficult for PhET Sim Architecture
Accessibility information ends up in multiple places
WebGL didn't work with the Canvas subtree
PhET's Approach
Generate a parallel structure
matches all visual elements (in the scene graph)
with HTML elements
in a Parallel DOM
Our PDOM has Power
Technical Power
HTML provides
Familiar semantic structure
Easy keyboard accessibility for native HTML form elements
Customizable repository for naming & describing sim objects
ARIA supports
Special semantics for custom interactive objects
Description during interaction with ARIA-live regions
PDOM A11y View {demo}
Pedagogical Power
Robust platform for non-visual implicit scaffolds
Sea of Information {demo}
PDOM Technical Summary
Compatible with Canvas, SVG, & WebGL
Minimizes complexity with simplified structure
Contains all accessibility information & descriptions in one place
Represents visual elements with native HTML elements (familiar to users)
Harnasses exisiting accessibility support by browsers & Assistive Technologies (HTML & ARIA)
Embraces WCAG principles creating a robust & flexible accessibility layer
HTML is often overlooked and under-valued. -Aaron Gustafson, #ID24 2017
Continued Challenges
Keyboard users: interactive sim objects often don't look like HTML controls
Mark-up limitations: Standard HTML is limited for complex interactive objects
Accessibility of custom interactions: many objects like the balloon that will need explicit instruction
Complex elements & roles: have complex keyboard design patterns (how will young users react?)
Fixed combinations of AT & browsers: limit platforms & exhibit many inconsistencies
Help: Avoiding verbosity & repetition when using screen readers
Help: Tips on using live regions
Big Take Aways
Screen reader users explore & engage with the sim
Students familiar with keyboard commands easily use the sim with a keyboard
Keyboard presses are easily learned by users less familiar with using a keyboard
Broader Beneficial Impact
Benefit all keyboard users
Descriptions we have designed may benefit students with cognitive disabilities
Designers & developers of interactives may want to consider this approach
Concluding Message
Action and agency begin with the ability to imagine. - Danis Goulet
In the context of science, action and agency begin with the ability to experiment.
Students do best when they are able to study what interests them.
Ongoing design project
Alternative input
Auditory description
Sonification
Find out more: phet.colorado.edu/en/accessibility
Big Shout Out
Software developers & PhET team members
* Jesse Greenberg *
Michael Kauzmann
Michael Barlow
Collaborators at the IDRC
Jon Hung
Justin Obara
Caren Watkins
Resources & Funders
Resources
Funders
The National Science Foundation; The Hewlett Foundation; University of Colorado.
 Follow PhET
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