|
+
11.1.1 Overflow: the 'overflow' property |
|
absolute-non-replaced-width-028 |
|
BitmapsScroll |
width - absolutely positioned non-replaced element with scrollbar and percentage height of inline replaced child
- This test checks interaction of percentage height of an inline replaced element with its parent having scrollbars and with the parent's width determined by 'shrink-to-fit' width algorithm. In this test, the image height should be 100px minus scrollbar height since space taken up by generated scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars. Then the width of parent should be (used image height == 100px minus scrollbar) * (intrinsic ratio == 5width:1height).
|
|
abspos-zero-width-001 |
|
Bitmaps |
Absolute positioned elements still affect scrolling mechanism
- Zero width absolute positioned elements still affects scrolling mechanism even though they are out of flow of the content.
|
|
clipping-002 |
|
|
'overflow': Basic Test
|
|
clipping-003 |
|
|
CSS test
|
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clipping-004 |
|
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CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-005 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-006 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-007 |
|
|
|
|
clipping-008 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-015 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
float-non-replaced-width-013 |
|
BitmapsScroll |
width - non-replaced float with scrollbar and percentage height of inline replaced child
- This test checks interaction of percentage height of an inline replaced element with its parent having scrollbars and with the parent's width determined by 'shrink-to-fit' width algorithm. In this test, the image height should be 100px minus scrollbar height since space taken up by generated scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars. Then the width of parent should be (used image height == 100px minus scrollbar) * (intrinsic ratio == 5width:1height).
|
|
height-applies-to-010a |
= |
|
height set to 0 to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'
- If height of content exceeds the set height of a block-level non-replaced element in normal flow (like a list-item element such as in this test), then the content should overflow according to the 'overflow' property.
|
|
inline-block-non-replaced-width-005 |
|
BitmapsScroll |
width - non-replaced inline-block with scrollbar and percentage height of inline replaced child
- This test checks interaction of percentage height of an inline replaced element with its parent having scrollbars and with the parent's width determined by 'shrink-to-fit' width algorithm. In this test, the image height should be 100px minus scrollbar height since space taken up by generated scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars. Then the width of parent should be (used image height == 100px minus scrollbar) * (intrinsic ratio == 5width:1height).
|
|
max-height-105 |
|
|
max-height - oveflow
- The 'max-height' property can restrain the used value of height when the used value of height is greater than the declared max-height and not when it is less than the declared max-height and not when it does not exceed the declared max-height.
|
|
max-height-107 |
= |
Ahem |
max-height - space for scrollbar
- Any space taken up by the scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars.
|
|
max-height-108 |
|
Ahem |
max-height - overflow
- The max-height property can restrain the used value of height when the used value of height is greater than the declared max-height and not when it is less than the declared max-height and not when it does not exceed the declared max-height.
|
|
max-height-109 |
|
Ahem |
max-height - overflow
- The 'max-height' property can restrain the used value of height when the used value of height is greater than the declared max-height.
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|
max-height-110 |
= |
Ahem |
max-height - space for scrollbar
- Any space taken up by the scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars.
|
|
max-height-111 |
|
Ahem |
max-height - float and overflow
- The content of the #test-red-overlapped generates an active horizontal scrollbar. The height of such horizontal scrollbar adds itself to the content making it exceed the max-height constraint of 200px. Therefore, such vertical space taken by the horizontal scrollbar must be substracted from the height of the content. An active vertical scrollbar then must be generated to provide access to the equivalent of the height of the horizontal scrollbar.
|
|
max-width-105 |
= |
Ahem |
max-width - height and overflow
- 'max-width' specifies a fixed maximum used width. If the used width is greater than max-width, then the computed value of max-width is used as the computed value for width.
|
|
max-width-107 |
= |
Ahem |
max-width - height and overflow
- 'max-width' specifies a fixed maximum used width. If the used width is greater than max-width, then the computed value of max-width is used as the computed value for width.
|
|
max-width-108 |
|
Ahem |
max-width - float and overflow
- 'max-width' specifies a fixed maximum used width. If the used width is greater than max-width, then the computed value of max-width is used as the computed value for width.
|
|
min-height-104 |
= |
Ahem |
min-height - space for scrollbar
- Any space taken up by the scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars.
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min-height-105 |
= |
Ahem |
min-height - space for scrollbar
- Any space taken up by the scrollbars should be taken out of (subtracted from the dimensions of) the containing block formed by the element with the scrollbars.
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|
min-height-106 |
= |
Ahem |
min-height - float and overflow
- 'min-height' specifies a fixed minimum used height. If the element requires an horizontal scrollbar, then the horizontal scrollbar height should be subtracted from the height of its containing block so that the resulting used height continues to honor the declared min-height.
|
|
overflow-001 |
|
|
Overflow set to 'visible'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'visible' properly shows all content that extends beyond the containing element.
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|
overflow-002 |
|
|
Overflow set to 'hidden'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'hidden' properly hides all content that extends beyond the containing element.
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|
overflow-003 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'scroll'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'scroll' properly applies a scrolling mechanism to access overflowing content.
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overflow-004 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'auto'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'auto' properly applies a scrolling mechanism to access overflowing content.
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overflow-005 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'inherit'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'inherit' properly inherits its value from its parent element.
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|
overflow-006 |
|
|
Floats and overflow
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overflow-007 |
|
Interact |
margin and overflow
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overflow-008 |
|
Interact |
margin and overflow
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overflow-ancestors-001 |
|
Interact |
Overflow affect on children
- Overflow clipping does not affect elements which are ancestors to the element being clipped.
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overflow-applies-to-001 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'.
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overflow-applies-to-002 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'.
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overflow-applies-to-003 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'.
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|
overflow-applies-to-004 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'.
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|
overflow-applies-to-005 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-006 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-007 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'.
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|
overflow-applies-to-008 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-009 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'block'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'block'.
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|
overflow-applies-to-010 |
|
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-011 |
|
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'.
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|
overflow-applies-to-012 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-013 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-014 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-015 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'.
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|
overflow-html-body-001 |
|
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Overflow on body propagates to viewport
- An HTML user agent propagates the 'overflow' property from the 'body' to the viewport.
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|
overflow-parent-001 |
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|
Overflow hidden on root element
- Clipping does not affect elements where their parent is the viewport.
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|
overflow-print-001 |
|
OptionalPaged |
Overflow 'scroll' and printing
- The 'overflow' property set to 'scroll' acts like 'visible' when element is printed.
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|
overflow-root-001 |
|
|
Overflow on root propagates to viewport
- The 'overflow' property set on the root propagates to the viewport.
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|
overflow-scrollbar-001 |
|
|
Scrollbar placement in overflow scenario
- The placement of the scrollbar is between the inner border edge and the outer padding edge.
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|
overflow-visible-viewport-001 |
|
DOM/JS |
Overflow set to visible is interpreted as auto on viewport
- When 'overflow: visible' is set on the viewport it is interpreted as 'auto' but is still returns a computed value of 'visible'.
|
|
stack-overflow-001 |
|
|
Stacking order and overflow
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|
bidi-overflow-scroll-001 |
|
|
overflow:scroll in rtl context
- Scrolling UI created by overflow should be positioned on the left in rtl context
|
|
overflow-001 |
|
|
Overflow set to 'visible'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'visible' properly shows all content that extends beyond the containing element.
|
|
overflow-002 |
|
|
Overflow set to 'hidden'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'hidden' properly hides all content that extends beyond the containing element.
|
|
overflow-003 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'scroll'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'scroll' properly applies a scrolling mechanism to access overflowing content.
|
|
overflow-004 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'auto'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'auto' properly applies a scrolling mechanism to access overflowing content.
|
|
overflow-005 |
|
Interact |
Overflow set to 'inherit'
- The 'overflow' property set to 'inherit' properly inherits its value from its parent element.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-001 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-002 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-003 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-004 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-005 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-006 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-007 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-008 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'
- The 'overflow' property does not apply to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-009 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'block'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'block'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-010 |
|
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-011 |
|
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-012 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-013 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-014 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'.
|
|
overflow-applies-to-015 |
= |
Ahem |
overflow applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'
- The 'overflow' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'.
|
|
+
11.1.2 Clipping: the 'clip' property |
|
absolute-replaced-height-036 |
= |
Bitmaps |
Absolute Replaced Elements: specified 'top' and 'bottom' with auto margins
- If 'top' and 'bottom' are specified on an absolutely-positioned replaced element, then any remaining space is split amongst the 'auto' vertical margins.
|
|
clip-001 |
= |
DOM/JS |
clip - auto value
- An element must not clip when clip is set to auto.
|
|
clip-004 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a negative zero value, -0px
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-005 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a zero value, 0px
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-006 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a zero value, +0px
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-007 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a nominal value, 96px
- The 'clip' property sets a value of ninety-six pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-008 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a positive nominal value, +96px
- The 'clip' property sets a value of ninety-six pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-016 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a negative zero value, -0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-017 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a zero value, 0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-018 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a zero value, +0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-019 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a nominal value, 72pt
- The 'clip' property sets a of seventy-two points for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-020 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a positive nominal value, +72pt
- The 'clip' property sets a of seventy-two points for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-028 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a negative zero value, -0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-029 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a zero value, 0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-030 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a zero value, +0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-031 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a nominal value, 6pc
- The 'clip' property sets a of six picas for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-032 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a positive nominal value, +6pc
- The 'clip' property sets a of six picas for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-040 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a negative zero value, -0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-041 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a zero value, 0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-042 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a zero value, +0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-043 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a nominal value, 2.54cm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 2.54 centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-044 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a positive nominal value, +2.54cm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 2.54 centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-052 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a negative zero value, -0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-053 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a zero value, 0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-054 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a zero value, +0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-055 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a nominal value, 25.4mm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 25.4 millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-056 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a positive nominal value, +25.4mm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 25.4 millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-064 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a negative zero value, -0in
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-065 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a zero value, 0in
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-066 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a zero value, +0in
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-067 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a nominal value, 1in
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-068 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a positive nominal value, +96in
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-076 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a negative zero value, -0em
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-077 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a zero value, 0em
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-078 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a positive zero value, +0em
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-079 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a nominal value, 6em
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-080 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a positive nominal value, +6em
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-088 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a negative zero value, -0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-089 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a zero value, 0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-090 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a positive zero value, +0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-091 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a nominal value, 7.5ex
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-092 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a positive nominal value, +7.5ex
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-097 |
= |
|
Clip with a negative zero value with no units, -0
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-098 |
= |
|
Clip with a zero value with no units, 0
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-099 |
= |
|
Clip with a positive zero value with no units, +0
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-100 |
|
|
Clip using the 'rect()' function and specifying all values as 'auto'
- The 'clip' property sets an 'auto' value for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-101 |
|
|
Clip specifying only the value 'auto'
- The 'clip' properly applies the value of 'auto'.
|
|
clip-102 |
= |
|
Clip with the value 'inherit'
- The 'clip' property set to 'inherit' properly inherits the appropriate value for the parent element.
|
|
clip-inherit-001 |
|
|
clip: Inheriting 'auto' arguments of rect()
- The 'auto' keywords in rect() resolve to a used (not computed) value that aligns them with the border edges.
|
|
clip-non-absolute-001 |
|
|
Clip on non-positioned element
- Clip does not apply to non-positioned elements.
|
|
clip-rect-001 |
|
InvalidOptional |
clip: Missing commas in rect()
- User agents may support separation of values within rect() by whitespace instead of commas, but not a combination of whitespace and commas.
|
|
clip-shape-001 |
|
|
Clip with other invalid shape
- A shape value other than 'rect()' is not supported.
|
|
clipping-001 |
|
|
'clip': Basic Test
|
|
clipping-009 |
|
|
|
|
clipping-010 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-011 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-012 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-013 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-014 |
|
|
CSS clipping test
|
|
clipping-016 |
|
|
'clip': Basic Test
|
|
clipping-017 |
|
|
Convoluted clip() test
|
|
shape-spaces-001 |
|
Optional |
Clip with 'rect()' function values separated
- User agent may also support separation of the 'rect()' function values 'top', 'right', 'bottom', and 'left' with spaces.
|
|
table-anonymous-whitespace-001 |
|
|
Table Anonymous Box Generation - interleaved whitespace
- Anonymous white space inside a tabular container does not generate any boxes.
|
|
clip-004 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a negative zero value, -0px
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-005 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a zero value, 0px
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-006 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a zero value, +0px
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-007 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a nominal value, 96px
- The 'clip' property sets a value of ninety-six pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-008 |
= |
|
Clip using pixels with a positive nominal value, +96px
- The 'clip' property sets a value of ninety-six pixels, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-016 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a negative zero value, -0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-017 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a zero value, 0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-018 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a zero value, +0pt
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in points, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-019 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a nominal value, 72pt
- The 'clip' property sets a of seventy-two points for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-020 |
= |
|
Clip using points with a positive nominal value, +72pt
- The 'clip' property sets a of seventy-two points for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-028 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a negative zero value, -0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-029 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a zero value, 0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-030 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a zero value, +0pc
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in picas, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-031 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a nominal value, 6pc
- The 'clip' property sets a of six picas for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-032 |
= |
|
Clip using picas with a positive nominal value, +6pc
- The 'clip' property sets a of six picas for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-040 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a negative zero value, -0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-041 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a zero value, 0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-042 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a zero value, +0cm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-043 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a nominal value, 2.54cm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 2.54 centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-044 |
= |
|
Clip using centimeters with a positive nominal value, +2.54cm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 2.54 centimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-052 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a negative zero value, -0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-053 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a zero value, 0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-054 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a zero value, +0mm
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-055 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a nominal value, 25.4mm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 25.4 millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-056 |
= |
|
Clip using millimeters with a positive nominal value, +25.4mm
- The 'clip' property sets a value of 25.4 millimeters, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-064 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a negative zero value, -0in
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-065 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a zero value, 0in
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-066 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a zero value, +0in
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-067 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a nominal value, 1in
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-068 |
= |
|
Clip using inches with a positive nominal value, +96in
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in inches, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-076 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a negative zero value, -0em
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-077 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a zero value, 0em
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-078 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a positive zero value, +0em
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-079 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a nominal value, 6em
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-080 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'em' units with a positive nominal value, +6em
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'em' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-088 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a negative zero value, -0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-089 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a zero value, 0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-090 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a positive zero value, +0ex
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-091 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a nominal value, 7.5ex
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-092 |
= |
Ahem |
Clip using 'ex' units with a positive nominal value, +7.5ex
- The 'clip' property sets a value, in 'ex' units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-097 |
= |
|
Clip with a negative zero value with no units, -0
- The 'clip' property sets a negative zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-098 |
= |
|
Clip with a zero value with no units, 0
- The 'clip' property sets a zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-099 |
= |
|
Clip with a positive zero value with no units, +0
- The 'clip' property sets a positive zero value and no units, for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-100 |
|
|
Clip using the 'rect()' function and specifying all values as 'auto'
- The 'clip' property sets an 'auto' value for all sides of the clipping rectangle.
|
|
clip-101 |
|
|
Clip specifying only the value 'auto'
- The 'clip' properly applies the value of 'auto'.
|
|
clip-102 |
= |
|
Clip with the value 'inherit'
- The 'clip' property set to 'inherit' properly inherits the appropriate value for the parent element.
|
|
+
11.2 Visibility: the 'visibility' property |
|
visibility-001 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'collapse'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'collapse' will not be rendered on the page but will still affect layout flow.
|
|
visibility-002 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'hidden'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'collapse' will not be rendered on the page but will still affect layout flow.
|
|
visibility-003 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'visible'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'visible' will be rendered on the page.
|
|
visibility-004 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'inherit'
- A block can inherit its 'visibility' behavior from its parent container.
|
|
visibility-005 |
= |
Ahem |
visibility - descendants of a 'visibility: hidden' element
- Descendants of a 'visibility: hidden' element will be visible if they have 'visibility: visible'
|
|
visibility-applies-to-001 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-002 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-003 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-004 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-005 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-006 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-007 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-008 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-009 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'block'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'block'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-010 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-011 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-012 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-013 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-014 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-015 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'.
|
|
visibility-block-001 |
= |
|
Visibility 'collapse' on non-table row or column elements
- The 'visibility' property set to 'collapse' acts like 'hidden' when applied to non-table row or column elements.
|
|
visibility-collapse-001 |
|
DOM/JSInteract |
CSS Tables: Visibility
|
|
visibility-descendants-001 |
|
|
Descendents of hidden elements can specify a different visibility
- Descendents of a hidden element will be visible if they have 'visibility' set to 'visible'.
|
|
visibility-layout-001 |
|
|
Hidden elements still affect layout
- Invisible boxes still affect layout.
|
|
visibility-001 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'collapse'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'collapse' will not be rendered on the page but will still affect layout flow.
|
|
visibility-002 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'hidden'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'collapse' will not be rendered on the page but will still affect layout flow.
|
|
visibility-003 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'visible'
- A block with 'visibility' set to 'visible' will be rendered on the page.
|
|
visibility-004 |
|
|
Visibility set to 'inherit'
- A block can inherit its 'visibility' behavior from its parent container.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-001 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-002 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-header-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-003 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-footer-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-004 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-row'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-005 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column-group'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-006 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-column'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-007 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-cell'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-008 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-009 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'block'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'block'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-010 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'list-item'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-011 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'run-in'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-012 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-block'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-013 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-014 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'inline-table'.
|
|
visibility-applies-to-015 |
|
|
Visibility applied to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'
- The 'visibility' property applies to elements with 'display' set to 'table-caption'.
|


Let's start implementing our singly linked list. If you have no idea what that is, there are good tutorials available online. First we need to represent a node.
function Node( data ) {
this.data = data;
this.next = null;
}
Now, let's define our Singly Linked List.
function SinglyLinkedList() {
this.head = null;
this.size = 0;
}
Easy enough, let's define our add operation.
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.add = function( data ) {
let node = new Node( data );
if ( this.head === null ) {
this.head = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
let tempNode = this.head;
while ( tempNode.next !== null ) {
tempNode = tempNode.next;
}
tempNode.next = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
Moving on to delete/remove.. This is a bit more tricky than add. It's simple if we remove the first or last item on the list, but extra work is required to remove anywhere in between. Since anytime we remove a node in between, we need to update the relevant nodes to point to the correct nodes in order. We'll see how that's done.
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.remove = function( data ) {
let currentNode = this.head;
if ( currentNode === null ) return null;
//If the node we want to remove is the head
if ( currentNode.data === data ) {
this.head = currentNode.next;
this.size--;
return 1;
}
//If the node we want to remove is not the head node
while ( currentNode.next !== null ) {
if ( currentNode.next.data === data ) {
currentNode.next = currentNode.next.next;
this.size--;
return 1;
}
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
return 0;
}
Note that I did not decide to choose to return the node was removed. This is because it's really up to you. You can return the node, or you can simply return the data, or in this case you simply want the notion that something was removed. If you insist on wanting the node that was removed returned, we can modify the code a little bit like this
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.remove = function( data ) {
let currentNode = this.head;
let removedNode = null;
if ( currentNode === null ) return 0;
//If the node we want to remove is the head
if ( currentNode.data === data ) {
this.head = currentNode.next;
this.size--;
removedNode = currentNode;
return removedNode;
}
//If the node we want to remove is not the head node
while ( currentNode.next !== null ) {
if ( currentNode.next.data === data ) {
removedNode = currentNode.next;
currentNode.next = currentNode.next.next;
this.size--;
return removedNode;
}
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
return null;
}
We can also remove the removedNode's reference to the next node, which will still be present after the removedNode is returned from the function.
//Optional
removedNode.next = null;
From this, we can add a simple handy method to check if the list is empty.
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
return this.size === 0;
}
With this, it completes our basic implementation of a SinglyLinkedList. We can optimize the if expression a little bit here, saving us line and eye space.
//Concrete Implementation ES6+
function Node( data ) {
this.data = data;
this.next = null;
}
function SinglyLinkedList() {
this.head = null;
this.size = 0;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.add = function( data ) {
let node = new Node( data );
if ( !this.head ) {
this.head = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
let tempNode = this.head;
while ( tempNode.next ) {
tempNode = tempNode.next;
}
tempNode.next = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.remove = function( data ) {
let currentNode = this.head;
let removedNode = null;
if ( !currentNode ) return 0;
//If the node we want to remove is the head
if ( currentNode.data === data ) {
this.head = currentNode.next;
this.size--;
removedNode = currentNode;
return removedNode;
}
//If the node we want to remove is not the head node
while ( currentNode.next ) {
if ( currentNode.next.data === data ) {
removedNode = currentNode.next;
currentNode.next = currentNode.next.next;
this.size--;
return removedNode;
}
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
return null;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
return this.size === 0;
}
Optimizationstail
. I would call the above implementation what you call a naive implementation. In other words, we just want to get the job done. However, O(N) vs O(1) is too big of a difference to ignore and really shouldn't be implemented in the following way.  I would then ask you, if insertion can be done in O(1) time. (I'd still hire you)
Let's make the following changes.
function SinglyLinkedList() {
this.head = null;
this.tail = null;
this.size = 0;
}
Since we have a tail property now, we can make the following changes to add.
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.add = function( data ) {
let node = new Node( data );
if ( !this.head ) {
this.head = node;
this.tail = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
this.tail.next = node;
this.tail = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
How's that? We can insert in constant time now. Now to remove...
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.remove = function( data ) {
//If the list is empty
if ( !this.head ) return 0;
//If the node to remove is the head
if ( this.head.data === data ) {
this.head = this.head.next;
if ( !this.head ) {
this.tail = null;
}
this.size--;
return 1;
}
//If the node to remove is anywhere else
currentNode = this.head;
while ( currentNode.next ) {
if ( currentNode.next.data === data ) {
currentNode.next = currentNode.next.next;
this.size--;
return 1;
}
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
//Return 0, no match found
return 0;
}
I have simplified the remove to return 1 if a node was successfully deleted. Let's add this back on.
//Concrete Implementation ES6+
function Node( data ) {
this.data = data;
this.next = null;
}
function SinglyLinkedList() {
this.head = null;
this.tail = null;
this.size = 0;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.add = function( data ) {
let node = new Node( data );
if ( !this.head ) {
this.head = node;
this.tail = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
this.tail.next = node;
this.tail = node;
this.size++;
return node;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.remove = function( data ) {
//If the list is empty
if ( !this.head ) return null;
let removedNode = null;
//If the node to remove is the head
if ( this.head.data === data ) {
removedNode = this.head;
this.head = this.head.next;
if ( !this.head ) {
this.tail = null;
}
this.size--;
return removedNode;
}
//If the node to remove is anywhere else
currentNode = this.head;
while ( currentNode.next ) {
if ( currentNode.next.data === data ) {
removedNode = currentNode.next;
currentNode.next = currentNode.next.next;
this.size--;
return removedNode;
}
currentNode = currentNode.next;
}
//Return null, no match found
return null;
}
SinglyLinkedList.prototype.isEmpty = function() {
return this.size === 0;
}


What I found with this exercise was that having a flat background really helped to make the scale more ambiguous. The moment the photo has a clear marker (a window, a door, a human being) to indicate what the "correct" scale should be it loses it's illusion. The other thing I found interesting was to place different items in the foreground of the image to mess with their sense of scale. The board game jewel I have in the foreground is by far the smallest item, but takes up much of the photos real estate and consequently looks larger.


|
Vortex Lite ISO C++ API Reference Guide
|
Class for RAII way of beginning/ending coherent publication sets. More...
#include "CoherentSet.hpp"
Inherits dds::core::Value< D >.
Public Member Functions | |
| CoherentSet (const dds::pub::Publisher &pub) | |
| ~CoherentSet () | |
| void | end () |
| bool | operator!= (const Value &other) const |
| D * | operator-> () |
| const D * | operator-> () const |
| bool | operator== (const Value &other) const |
Class for RAII way of beginning/ending coherent publication sets.
A coherent set is a set of modifications that must be propagated in such a way that they are interpreted at the receivers' side as a consistent set of modifications; that is, the receiver will only be able to access the data after all the modifications in the set are available at the receiver end.
A connectivity change may occur in the middle of a set of coherent changes; for example, the set of partitions used by the Publisher or one of its Subscribers may change, a late-joining DataReader may appear on the network, or a communication failure may occur. In the event that such a change prevents an entity from receiving the entire set of coherent changes, that entity must behave as if it had received none of the set.
The support for coherent changes enables a publishing application to change the value of several data-instances that could belong to the same or different topics and have those changes be seen atomically by the readers. This is useful in cases where the values are inter-related. For example, if there are two data instances representing the altitude and velocity vector of the same aircraft and both are changed, it may be useful to communicate those values in such a way the reader can see both together; otherwise, it may, for example, erroneously interpret that the aircraft is on a collision course.
Definition at line 70 of file CoherentSet.hpp.
|
explicit |
Creating a CoherentSet object, which will begin a ‘coherent set’ of modifications using DataWriter objects attached to this Publisher.
A precondition for making coherent changes is that the PresentationQos of the Publisher has its coherent_access attribute set to TRUE. If this is not the case, the Publisher will not accept any coherent start requests and throw dds::core::PreconditionNotMetError.
| pub | The publisher to supsend publications on. |
| dds::core::Error | An internal error has occurred. |
| dds::core::AlreadyClosedError | The Publisher has already been closed. |
| dds::core::NotEnabledError | The Publisher has not yet been enabled. |
| dds::core::OutOfResourcesError | The Data Distribution Service ran out of resources to complete this operation. |
| dds::core::NullReferenceError | The Publisher was not properly created and references to dds::core::null. |
| dds::core::PreconditionNotMetError | The coherent access attribute of the Publisher's PresentationQos is not set to true. |
| dds::pub::CoherentSet::~CoherentSet | ( | ) |
The destruction of the CoherentSet will implicitly end the publication of a coheren set if not already ended by a call to end().
When there is a problem with which end() would normally throw an exception, then that exception is swallowed. Errors can be found in the logs.
| void dds::pub::CoherentSet::end | ( | ) |
This operation will explicitly end the publication of an coherent set.
If the Publisher already ended its coherent set (by a call to this very operation), then a call to this operation will have no effect.
| dds::core::Error | An internal error has occurred. |
| dds::core::AlreadyClosedError | The Publisher has already been closed. |
| dds::core::NotEnabledError | The Publisher has not yet been enabled. |
| dds::core::NullReferenceError | The Publisher was not properly created and references to dds::core::null. |
|
inherited |
Compare this Value with another Value
| other | Value |
|
inherited |
The operator->() is provided to be able to directly invoke functions on the delegate.
The decision to provide direct access to the delegate was motivated by the need for providing a way that was not invasive with respect to the CXXDDS API and yet would allow for vendor-specific extension. Thus vendor-specific extensions can be invoked on the Value and on all its subclasses as follows:
|
inherited |
The operator->() is provided to be able to directly invoke functions on the delegate.
The decision to provide direct access to the delegate was motivated by the need for providing a way that was not invasive with respect to the CXXDDS API and yet would allow for vendor-specific extension. Thus vendor-specific extensions can be invoked on the Value and on all its subclasses as follows:
|
inherited |
Compare this Value with another Value
| other | Value |


Ditto is such a peculiar Pokemon in the first generation. It can transform into its foe, copying everything except the base HP, and gets 5 PP of each of the opponent's moves. With increased base HP and speed, Ditto is capable of pulling off a Transform more reliably now. Keeping its 25% critical rate even after transforming can make for some scary copies, especially of slower Pokemon that usually do not have good critical rates. It is currently unknown as to how viable Ditto will be in Rose Red/Iris Blue.
- Transform
Transform into the opposing Pokemon, and go with the flow from there. Maybe you gained a status move, or a spammable STAB attack? Use whatever makes the most sense for the given situation. Be flexible, just like Ditto.
None, because Ditto only learns Transform.
Varying coverage: Some Pokemon happen to carry coverage that can hit themselves super effectively. Because Ditto's Transform will usually go first, it is possible that the opponent could use a coverage move to severely dent the copy while it is transforming.
Author: Kurai
Publish Date: 26th July 2020


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| Author: |
Bhaskar Karambelkar [aut, cre],
Barret Schloerke [aut],
Bangyou Zheng [ctb] (Leaflet-search and Leaflet-GPS plugin integration),
Robin Cura [ctb] (Fixes for Draw Options),
Markus Voge [ctb] (Enhancements for Draw Options),
Markus Dumke [ctb] (Bounce Marker addition),
Mapbox [ctb, cph] (leaflet-omnivore, csv2geojson, and togeojson
libraries),
Henry Thasler [ctb, cph] (Leaflet.Geodesic library),
Dennis Wilhelm [ctb, cph] (Leaflet.StyleEditor library),
Kirollos Risk [ctb, cph] (fuse.js library),
Tim Wisniewski [ctb, cph] (leaflet-choropleth library),
Leaflet [ctb, cph] (leaflet-draw library),
Alexander Milevski [ctb, cph] (leaflet-draw-drag library),
John Firebaugh [ctb, cph] (leaflet-fullscreen library),
Stefano Cudini [ctb, cph] (leaflet-gps library),
Johannes Rudolph [ctb, cph] (leaflet-hash library),
Per Liedman [ctb, cph] (leaflet-measure-path library),
Pavel Shramov [ctb, cph] (leaflet-plugins library),
Filip Zavadil [ctb, cph] (leaflet-pulse-icon library),
Stefano Cudini [ctb, cph] (leaflet-search library),
CliffCloud [ctb, cph] (leaflet-sleep library),
Ursudio [ctb, cph] (leaflet-webgl-heatmap library),
Maxime Hadjinlian [ctb, cph] (leaflet.BounceMarker library),
Vladimir Agafonkin [ctb, cph] (leaflet.heat library),
Iván Sánchez Ortega [ctb, cph] (leaflet.tilelayer.pouchdbcached
library),
Dale Harvey [ctb, cph] (pouchdb-browser library),
Mike Bostock [ctb, cph] (topojson library) |


asana
Businessmodel of Asana
Customer Segments
Asana’s products are targeted primarily at businesses of all sizes – including start-up companies, local businesses and non-profits – where teams are required to work collaboratively on projects and are often inundated with emails and meeting requests. The Asana platform is designed to streamline this process and enable to team members to work together more efficiently. In 2015 the Company announced that more than 140,000 companies were using Asana software and that a further 10,000 companies were being registered each month.
Initially, Asana was utilised by smaller companies or teams within larger organisations; however its expansion has seen it acquire high-profile clients largely within the technology industry – including Airbnb, Uber, Dropbox and Pinterest. The Company also includes banking group Santander and US space agency NASA among its customers.
Secondary customers of the platform are those that use the service to track personal projects, as well as independent contractors and consultants, as well as university students. These users, however, are less likely to opt for a paid-for premium package.
Value Propositions
The most significant value proposition offered by Asana is that its product streamlines and simplifies the workflow between team members, allowing workers to more efficiently use their time and increase team productivity.
This is supplemented by its accessibility, both through web browser and mobile apps, allowing team members to track tasks at all times. That the platform offers a basic no-cost plan is also attractive to users that work independently or on one-off projects.
Channels
Asana is available in-browser and is compatible with the latest versions of the four leading internet browsers: Google Chrome, Firefox, Safari for Mac, and Internet Explorer. The platform can also be accessed via Google Play and Apple iOS apps. Using a company email account automatically connects a user to other users within the same organisation.
Customer Relationships
The Asana platform is largely self-service, with users afforded the necessary guidance and tools once they have been registered. The Company, however, does provide online troubleshooting guides, tutorials and FAQs, as well as contact forms for more complex queries.
Where organisations require a tailored service Asana is able to discuss options directly with customers to find the product that best fits their needs.
Key Activities
Asana develops and maintains a software-as-a-service product that enables its users to track and manage collaborative projects and tasks in one place, removing the need for email.
The platform includes an inbox, a calendar, project and task-specific conversations, due dates and times, and file management tools. In 2013 Asana launched its Organisations service, which allows companies to employ the Asana platform across the entire organisation.
Key Partners
Asana’s key partners are its other technology companies. In 2012 it released its application programming interface to third-party developers. It has since established partnerships with a number of firms that have integrated their own productivity functionality into the Asana platform.
These products include prominent names such as Evernote, Dropbox, Slack, Github and Google Drive. In 2013 Asana entered a partnership with Harvest, which provides time-tracking solutions, in order to allow its users to track how much time is being spent on individual projects and tasks.
Key Resources
The reliability and utility of Asana’s technology is paramount to its success as a productivity tool. This means that its server space, software and developers are its key resources. The Company’s personnel more broadly are a key resource, as are its financial backers.
Cost Structure
Asana’s main costs come in the form of technology maintenance and development, sales and marketing. Technology costs include renting server space and maintaining the reliability of the platform.
In addition the Company incurs typical operating costs relating to personnel and office space, including its headquarters in San Francisco, California and satellite offices in New York, New York and Dublin, Ireland.
Revenue Streams
While a basic version of the Asana platform can be accessed free of charge, to access its full suite of features users must sign up for a premium package. Prices for this offering are around $8.33 per user per month. For larger or more complex teams, Asana deals directly with customers to identify the best solution. Prices estimates for this service are not disclosed on the Company’s website; however, bespoke services like this are likely to be more costly.
While Asana does not publish its financial statements, it has claimed in the press that its annual recurring revenue runs into the tens of millions of dollars. In 2015 it announced that it had expanded its revenue by 230% over the past year.


Strange Loop Summary
Ransom Briggs
Themes
Strange Loop is a multi-disciplinary conference that aims to bring together the developers and thinkers building tomorrow's technology.
- Languages that transpile to JavaScript
- Functional programming everywhere
- Interesting data stores
- Distributed system design
- Most everything is open source
- Lots of monad jokes and ribbing of Javascript
Why not just write JavaScript?
- After writing JavaScript for long enough you avoid things by convention
- To write really good javascript takes a lot of boilerplate
- JavaScript the Good Parts
- "use strict";
- A Collection of JavaScript Gotchas
Ack! Forgot the var keyword and leaked into global scope
> f = function() { x = 1; }();
undefined
> x
1
> g = function() { var y = 2; }();
undefined
> y
ReferenceError: y is not defined
- Always use var on local methods
Ack! Equality operator and coercion
> if (0 == '') { console.log("foo"); }
foo
this keyword can be confusing (source)
var obj = {
id: "xyz",
printId: function() {
console.log('The id is '+ this.id + ' '+ this.toString());
}
};
setTimeout(obj.printId, 100);
- setTimeout(function() {obj.printId(), 100})
- Be careful about what you use for callbacks
this keyword can be confusing (source)
var obj = {
items: ["a", "b", "c"],
process: function() {
var self = this; // assign this to self
this.items.forEach(function(item) {
// here, use the original value of this!
self.print(item);
});
},
print: function(item) {
console.log('*' + item + '*');
}
};
obj.process();
- Use libraries (underscore) that let you supply context
- Use apply, call or some other framework function like bind
Alternate Javascript Languages
- Languages
- CoffeeScript
- ClojureScript
- Dart
- Resources
CoffeeScript
- Reads like ruby with significant whitespace
- Comes for free with Ruby on Rails
- Compiles into readable JavaScript
Local variables do not pollute the global namespace
f = () ->
x = 1; # implicit return
var f;
f = function() {
var x;
return x = 1;
};
Equality operator that makes sense
(just maps == to ===)
if (0 == '')
console.log("foo");
if (0 === '') {
console.log("foo");
}
Instance variables and this binding that makes sense
class Foo
constructor: () ->
@id = "xyz"
printId: () => # Must use => instead of ->
console.log 'The id is '+ @id
f = new Foo();
setTimeout(f.printId, 100);
var Foo, f,
__bind = function(fn, me){ return function(){ return fn.apply(me, arguments); }; };
Foo = (function() {
function Foo() {
this.printId = __bind(this.printId, this); // whoo!
this.id = "xyz";
}
Foo.prototype.printId = function() {
return console.log('The id is ' + this.id);
};
return Foo;
})();
f = new Foo();
setTimeout(f.printId, 100);
ClojureScript
- An implementation of Clojure in JavaScript
- Reads like a variant of LISP
Local variables do not pollute the global namespace
(defn f []
(
let [x 1]
x
)
)
cljs.user.f = (function f(){
var x__5728 = 1;
return x__5728; // implicit return
});
Equality operator that makes sense
(just maps == to ===)
(if (= 0 "") (println "foo"))
/**
* _EQ_ does value equality not identity
* and === for javascript primitive types
*/
if(cljs.core._EQ_.call(null,0,"")) {
cljs.core.println.call(null,"foo");
} else {
}
Dart
- Reads like Java
- Written by same guy who wrote V8 and hotspot
- Available as both a VM and dart2js
Interesting data stores
- VoltDB
- Automatic sharding onto separate cores
- No row / table locking
- No data structure locking
- What to do about cross shard queries?
Interesting data stores
- Datomic
- Transactions as first class citizens
- One writer with many readers doing aggressive caching
- Data is stored as facts with a reference to transaction
- Able to view data at time it was committed


Over the last couple of years, we have been collaborating on the organization and production of Mythological Migrations: Imagining Queer Muslim Utopias, a three-year project - conceived and curated by Abdullah and produced by Danai - that draws on Islamic mythologies through a Sufi framework. Responding to an urgent need to recognize queer Muslim voices as a way of challenging rampant Islamophobia in Europe, and more specifically, through spaces of exclusion and fetishization, the project investigates questions of expanding Islam to include queer perspectives and re-thinking queerness in the West to include non-secular perspectives. Formally, Mythological Migrations takes the format of two visual chapters, Chapter 1: The Nightclub and Chapter 2: The Darkroom - which entail a combination of artistic and curatorial approaches, involving film, performance, live-music, and dialogue. This text outlines the current work that we have done, the process of our collaboration, and how we intend to move forward in uncertain times and politics of silence and complicity.
Underpinning our collaboration is a collective interest to think about and address: racism, white supremacy and invisible whiteness, structural barriers for BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, and People of Color) communities in the Nordic region (and beyond), and our role as cultural practitioners in challenging these obstacles from feminist, queer, and decolonial perspectives. How can our specific positionalities of coming from the South, as a Pakistani/South Asian and Greek/Southern European, inform the work that we do? And, what are the shared, and also, not shared, intersections of our experience in a Northern European setting? Many of these questions started to take a more concrete form within our collaboration on Journey to the CharBagh, shot in Pakistan and Finland in Summer 2019. This film explored a poetic and experimental narrative, featuring a winged mythological creature traveling to heaven, encountering terrestrial and celestial beings, ultimately, moving toward a spiritual and queer awakening from a Muslim perspective.
In Pakistan, collaborators included: Naveed Alam Naveed, Khadeeja Arham, Rehan Bashir, Arbaqan Changezi, Jaweria Khawaja, Momina Masood, Niya Raazee, Hadi Rehman, Umair Sajid, Mustafa Yazdan, and Zainab Zulfikar. And, in Finland: Maya Ajami, Anni Arponen, Zahrah Ehsan, Kerttu Hakkarainen, Joni Juutilainen, Hannu Käki, Aku Koskinen, Mody Persona, Lou Strömberg. Tamara Al-Mashouk, Rakae Jamil, and Zān contributed to the film remotely.
Acting an introduction, Journey to the CharBagh established the curatorial framework for Chapter 1: The Nightclub, commissioned by Publics as part of the Today Is Our Tomorrow festival (2019), immersing the room and audience into an aesthetic and poetic experience of different languages and historical, religious, and spiritual traditions of queerness, metaphorically addressing the migratory struggle. Over two hours at Club Kaiku in Helsinki, Meera Band performed a 30-minute set of classical Arabic music, covering Fairuz, Dalida, and Warda Al Jazairia. Tamara Al-Mashouk premiered her video work Where are you from?, looking at the parallels between her body’s history, trauma, and memory as a critique of racist and oppressive cultural representation of Arabs in mainstream media.
Building upon the filmmaking approach, where the collaborators involved people in Pakistan, who had already been active in queer practices and discourses elsewhere - in particular, complicating the perspective that queerness outside of the European / Western spaces is only a site of violence and persecution, at the event in Helsinki, the artists were able to layer the conversation on the challenges of migration further.
Following Chapter 1: The Nightclub , based on the experience of organizing and the feedback from the participants and audience, many further questions came up. We started to think about inter-community and inter-generational conflicts when organizing, and the creation of space/platforms for/within marginalized communities in relation to a center that always remains racially, white - and how, with this in mind, we can embody better frameworks, methods, and strategies of solidarity and allyship. To this end, as we moved toward Chapter 2: The Darkroom, reading about projects such as - Desh Pardesh (www.savac.net/collection/desh-pardesh/) in Toronto, Canada (2013 - 2017) and the essay, Reflections of a Real-Life Feminist Killjoy: Ball-Busters and the Recurring Trauma of Intergenerational Queer-Feminist Life (2019), by Kyla Wazana Tompkins talking about the critical conversation that emerged in the Killjoy’s Kastle (2019), a performance and immersive installation by artists Allyson Mitchell and Deirdre Logue - amongst other resources has proved to be incredibly helpful.
Before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world, the initial plan for Chapter 2: The Darkroom was to take the form of a 5-day multidisciplinary exhibit at multiple venues in Helsinki. Thematically, the event focused on: erotic spaces and practices that are traditionally understood as sexually promiscuous, and thus, morally rejected or pushed to the peripheries by the dominant heteronormative society, challenging and re-claiming histories of orientalism – as understood by Edward Said (1978) – activating and disrupting spaces that are otherwise considered dangerous, and opening up the possibilities of sex and gender expression from queer Muslim and migratory perspective. However, as a result of the pandemic, which led to a global pause (of sorts), new working conditions for many, exposure of more inequalities and injustices, we decided to postpone and re-plan the event virtually for later in 2020.
As we live through this pandemic now, amongst other things, the unseen potentials and interdependencies of the ecosystem of cultural workers, artists, researchers, curators, filmmakers, and audiences have become further visible. Moreover, collaborations and conversations that would have otherwise not been possible pre-pandemic are now happening in the digital realm. While the physical is being missed and there are advantages to being together in a space, the need for continuing open access to knowledge with our current border regimes, restrictions, and climate sustainability is also becoming more possible. Furthermore, following the murder of George Floyd at the hands of US police, theBlack Lives Matter movement and global solidary protests have exposed that simply not being racist is not enough, but how it is imperative to center anti-black racism in our work as well as daily existences.
From here now, as we think about the future and resuming work on Chapter 2: The Darkroom , as creative practitioners and organizers, first and foremost, our commitment to the invited artists remains the same, however, it is clear now that the final output will be physically different - and will, of course, require a lot of conversations that reflect on our present times. From our homes, institutions, and professional contexts, we seek to follow up with our collaborators and communities. When producing and publishing content digitally, we prioritize audience engagement and interaction in our best capacity and trust in the future tangibility of our current intangible endeavors. Creative labor is a process; and the cultural sector still has a lot of histories to open up, learn from, and overcome. In a moment when precariousness has entered even more aspects of our lives, trying to simply translate the world and its structures as we knew them to their digital counterparts feels like a missed opportunity.
Clearly, the road ahead is long and requires consistent commitment and work. And we seek to live by that.


GROUPS
{% if gowner %}
Owner
{% for group in gowner %}
{{ group[0].Name.replace("_", " ") }}
Moderator
{% for group in gmoderator %}
{{ group[0].Name.replace("_", " ") }}
Member
{% for group in gmember %}
{{ group[0].Name.replace("_", " ") }}
Notifications
{% if notifications %} {% for notification in notifications %}
User
{{ notification[0].Login }}
{% if notification[1] %}
wants to become a member in your group.
{% else %}
wants to become a moderator in your group.
{% endif %}
{% if owner or (moderator and notification[1]) %} {% endif %}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% if owner or (moderator and notification[1]) %} {% endif %}


| Top |
GDK provides the GdkPoint and GdkRectangle data types for representing pixels and sets of pixels on the screen. Together with Cairo’s cairo_region_t data type, they make up the central types for representing graphical data.
A GdkPoint represents an x and y coordinate of a point.
A GdkRectangle represents the position and size of a rectangle.
The intersection of two rectangles can be computed with
gdk_rectangle_intersect()
. To find the union of two rectangles use
gdk_rectangle_union()
.
cairo_region_t is usually used for managing clipping of graphical operations.
gboolean gdk_rectangle_intersect (const GdkRectangle *src1
,const GdkRectangle *src2
,GdkRectangle *dest
);
Calculates the intersection of two rectangles. It is allowed for
dest
to be the same as either src1
or src2
. If the rectangles
do not intersect, dest
’s width and height is set to 0 and its x
and y values are undefined. If you are only interested in whether
the rectangles intersect, but not in the intersecting area itself,
pass NULL
for dest
.
src1 |
||
src2 |
||
dest |
return location for the
intersection of |
[out caller-allocates][allow-none] |
void gdk_rectangle_union (const GdkRectangle *src1
,const GdkRectangle *src2
,GdkRectangle *dest
);
Calculates the union of two rectangles.
The union of rectangles src1
and src2
is the smallest rectangle which
includes both src1
and src2
within it.
It is allowed for dest
to be the same as either src1
or src2
.
Note that this function does not ignore 'empty' rectangles (ie. with zero width or height).
gboolean gdk_rectangle_equal (const GdkRectangle *rect1
,const GdkRectangle *rect2
);
Checks if the two given rectangles are equal.
Since: 3.20
typedef struct { int x, y; int width, height; } GdkRectangle;
Defines the position and size of a rectangle. It is identical to cairo_rectangle_int_t.


Sequence Models and Recurrent Neural Networks
Before talking about recurrent neural networks, let’s talk about hidden Markov models (HMM) first. These models are for sequential data and wherever the data has a naturally sequential structure. Most naturally, this sequential structure comes from time, like when we have time series data, these models are appropriate. However, in language, this sequential structure is not necessarily time. It’s a time scale of 4 Hz when two people speak to each other. The DNA sequence is sequential but not necessarily time-based data. Cooking a receipt, building a house, events in baseball, etc. are other examples of the sequence of steps.
Language Models
A language model is a way of assigning a probability to any the sequence of words (or string of text): $$ p(w_1,w_2,…,w_n) $$
We can write this model using the chain rule:
$$ p(w_1,w_2,…,w_n) = p(w_1)p(w_2|w_1) .. p(w_n|w_1,..,w_{n-1}) $$
A language model is a way of generating any sequence of words:
$$ \begin{align} P(\text{“the whole forest had been anesthetized”}) = & P(\text{“the”}) \times P(\text{“whole”}|\text{“the”}) \\ & P(\text{“forest”|“the whole”}) \times \\ & P(\text{“had”}|\text{“the whole forest”}) \times \\ &P(\text{“been”}|\text{“the whole forest had”}) \\ & \times P(\text{“anesthetized”}|\text{“the whole forest had been”}) \end{align} $$
Words are generated one-by-one, and a word is chosen by sampling from a probability distribution. Condition on previously generated text, as if “real”. The result is purely synthetic text.
Hidden Markov Model
In an HMM, the current word is generated from a latent variable. The state is chosen stochastically (that is, probabilistically or randomly). As a consequence, the dependence on earlier words extends much further back in time.
The graphical model looks like this:
where $x_t$ is observable (word) at time $t$ and $s_t$ is unobservable state. If we don’t observe the words, the state sequence is hidden.
Probability of word sequence:
$$ p(x_1,..,x_n) = \sum_{s_1,..,s_n} \prod_{t=1}^n p(s_t | s_{t-1})p(x_t|s_t) $$
In topic modeling:
$$ p(x_1,..,x_n) = \int p(\theta| \alpha) \sum_{s_1,..,s_n} \prod_{t=1}^n p(s_t | \theta)p(x_t|s_t) d\theta $$
And word order doesn’t matter.
However, because the sum is too big, you can’t compute $p(x_1,..,x_n) $. Can be efficiently calculated using the “forward-backward algorithm.” which is a type of dynamic program. It’s interesting to know that Bellman was the person who invented dynamic programming.
To estimate the parameters of the hidden Markov model, we can use maximum likelihood estimation: You get a bunch of text, and then you assign a probability to that text as large as possible using sort of an iterative algorithm that exploits this forward-backward algorithm (i.e., EM algorithm). However, this could be very sensitive to the choice of initialization.
Here we only have two outputs, 0 and 1 (for example, in text, we have 27 results for all the characters in English).
Takeaway point: training can be very sensitive to initialization.
Recurrent neural networks
After having a quick overview of recurrent neural networks, we will spend some time on recurrent neural networks, which can be thought of as a type of language model. They are similar to hidden Markov models, but the hidden layer is not stochastic. Instead, the transition is deterministic. The state is distributed (like embeddings), not definite, as for HMMs. We’ll describe this using characters rather than words — we could do either.
$$ \begin{align} h_t = & \text{tanh}(W_{hh}h_{t-1} +W_{xh} x_t) \\ y_t = & W_{hy} h_t \\ x_{t+1} | y_t \sim & \text{Multinomial}(\pi (y_t)) \end{align} $$
where $\pi(.)$ is the softmax function.
In this illusteration, $x_t$ is the “1-hot” representation of a character, $W_{xh}\in \mathbb{R}^{3\times 4}$, $W_{hh}\in \mathbb{R}^{3\times 3}$, and $W_{hy}\in \mathbb{R}^{4\times 3}$.
|
|
In a one-hidden-layer case:
|
|
In two hidden layer cases:
|
|
Long short-term memory (LSTM)
A variant called “Long Short-Term Memory” RNN has a special hidden later that “includes” or “forgets” information from the past. Intuition: In language modeling, it may be helpful to remember/forget gender or number of the subject so that personal pronouns (“he.” vs.” she” vs." they") can be used appropriately. They are helpful for things like matching parentheses, etc.
A simpler alternative to the LSTM circuit is the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
.
Each component is a tanh-thresholded linear function of the previous states and current input—a “neuron”.
If the jth neuron $h_{tj}$ is close to $\pm 1$, it is very “excited.” This is colored green in the following illustration. If it is near zero, it is “not excited” or relaxed—colored blue.
Below the neuron color, the five most probable characters $c$ are shown — ordered in decreasing order of $y_{tc}$ and hence $\pi(y_{tc})$. Three layers, with 512 neurons on each level. Most will be completely uninterpretable. Recall—it’s generally hard to interpret coefficients in the least squares linear regression model!
The neuron highlighted in this image is very excited about URLs and turns off outside of the URLs. LSTM is expected to remember if it is inside a URL or not using this neuron.
Here, the highlighted neuron gets very excited when the RNN is inside [[]] markdown environment and turns off outside. Interestingly the neuron can’t turn on right after it sees the character [, it must wait for a second [ and then activate. This task (counting whether the model saw one or two open [) is likely done with a different neuron.
Vanilla RNN
In principle, the state $h_t$ can carry information from far in the past. But the problem is that the gradients vanish (or explode) in practice, so this doesn’t happen.
$$ \text{Loss} = - \log p(\text{next symbol}) $$
We want to predict the next symbol with high probability (i.e., equivalently minimizing the loss).
To do that, we need to back-propagate the gradient through the layers of a neural network.
We have to propagate this derivative back in time, for that neuron will balance parenthesis to do its job.
The problem is the derivative becomes small and more minor and vanishes: it’s called vanishing gradients
.
There is a complementary problem which is exploding gradients.
It’s an easier problem because you can clip those gradients and chop them off.
On the other hand, in a vanishing gradient, indeed, the signal disappears.
Instead, we need other mechanisms to “remember” information from far away and use it to predict future words.
Remember that in vanilla RNN state is updated according to the:
$$ h_t = \tanh (W_{hh}h_{t-1} +W_{xh} x_t+b_h) $$
We’ll modify this with two types of “neural circuits” for storing information to be used downstream. Both LSTMs and GRUs have longer-range dependencies than vanilla RNNs. We’ll go through this in detail for GRUs, which are more straightforward, more efficient, and more commonly used.
We’ll need to use pointwise products. This is given the fancy name “Hadamard product” and wrote:
Learn when to update the hidden state to “remember” important pieces of information, for example until seeing the closed ]. Or keep the fact that a word is plural and keep this in mind until reaching a verb. And use this information for number agreement between the subject and the verb. Could you keep them in memory until they are used? Reset or “forget” this information when no longer valid.
We will start with a simplified version of GRUs. We’ll make use of an update “gate” $\Gamma_t^u$. This is either zero or one. If $\Gamma_t^u=1$, we store/update information in a memory cell $c_t$. If $\Gamma_t^u=0$, we keep the information in the cell; don’t update it.
The memory cell using this simplified idea evolves according to: $$ c_t = (1-\Gamma_t^u) \odot c_{t-1} + \Gamma_t^u \odot h_t $$
Where $h_t$ is the state computed using the usual vanilla RNN. If the gate is 1, I am going to update the cell with the current state of RNN. If the gate is 0, I will carry over the memory cell from the last time. We predict the following words using the memory cell $c_t$ together with the usual RNN state $h_t$.
Everything needs to be differentiable, so the gate is “soft” and between zero and one.
Out equations are then: $$ \begin{align} \Gamma_t^U = & \sigma(W_{ux}x_t + W_{uh}h_{t-1} + b_u) \\ h_t = & \tanh (W_{hx}x_t +W_{hh}h_{t-1} +b_n) \\ c_t = & (1-\Gamma_t^u ) \odot c_{t-1} + \Gamma_t^u \odot h_t \end{align} $$
We predict the following words using the memory cell $c_t$ together with the normal RNN state $h_t$.
Remember:
$$ \begin{align} \sigma(x) = \text{sigmoid}(x) = & \frac{1}{1+e^{-x}} \\ =& \frac{e^x}{1+e^x} \end{align} $$
Example:
$^1$ The flowers $^2$, even though it was still so cold outside in New Haven, bloom in April
- subject: The flowers
- verb: bloomed
- semantic components between bloom and April and also between flowers and April
We want to remember flowers even though it’s far from blooming and April. In location $^1$, $\Gamma_u=0$, we want to keep whatever is in the memory up to that point. In location $^2$, $\Gamma_u=1$ and we want to update the memory and put flowers in the memory. In location $^3$, $\Gamma_u=0$ and we want to keep flowers in the memory. In the next positions $^4$, $^5$, and etc $\Gamma_u=0$.
Before reaching bloom $\Gamma$ is close to 0, the gradient doesn’t vanish. So in backpropagation, there is enough juice in that gradient to learn this.
GRUs
This version uses two gates. One gate $\Gamma^u$ to update the memory cell. Another gate $\Gamma^r$ to decide if the state should be “reset”:
$$ \begin{align} \Gamma_t^U = & \sigma(W_{ux}x_t + W_{uh}h_{t-1} + b_u) \\ \Gamma_t^r = & \sigma(W_{rx}x_t + W_{rh}h_{t-1} + b_r) \\ h_t = & \tanh (W_{hx}x_t +W_{hh}(\Gamma_t^r \odot h_{t-1}) +b_n) \\ c_t = & (1-\Gamma_t^u ) \odot c_{t-1} + \Gamma_t^u \odot h_t \end{align} $$
$(\Gamma_t^r \odot h_{t-1})$ is the part that reset the memory. Other parts are similar to RNN.
LSTMs
A variant called “Long Short-Term Memory” RNN has a special context/hidden layer that “includes” or “forgets” information from the past.
$$ \begin{align} \text{forget: } F_t = & \sigma(W_{fh}h_{t-1} + W_{fx}x_{t} + b_f) \\ \text{include: } I_t = & \sigma(W_{ih}h_{t-1} + W_{ix}x_{t} + b_i) \end{align} $$
“Memory cell” or “context” $c_t$ evolves according to:
$$ \begin{align} c_t = & F_t \odot c_{t-1} + I_t \odot \tilde{c_t} \\ \tilde{c_t} = & \text{tanh} (W_{ch}h_{t-1}+W_{cx}x_t+ b_c) \end{align} $$
where $\tilde{c_t}$ is the updated cell.
Sequence to Sequence models
Important in translation. Uses two RNNs (GRUs or LSTMs): Encoder and Decoder:
When you start thinking about this, everything looks like a sequence-to-sequence problem: text summarization and speech recognition. A traditional approach uses the Bayes theorem: from a text to an acoustic signal from a probabilistic/language model. But, using the seq to seq model, which APIs like Siri usually use, they directly map acoustic to text.
What we want is a conditional model of the target language/text given the input text:
$$ p(y_1,..,y_T| x_1,..,x_s) $$
We want this probability. The way we do that is just as what we did for an RNN, we factor it as a product of conditional probabilities:
$$ \prod_{t=1}^T p(y_t | h,y_1,..,y_{t-1}) $$
This resulted in a “bottleneck” problem as you push all the information from the English sentence to these neurons.
Question: If we wanted to model this using HMM, how would we change this? Answer: It should be sum or mixture model: $\sum_{t=1}^T \phi_i p(s_t | h,s_{t-1})$. However, models like GPT3 don’t use these latent variable models, which could be computationally more efficient.
We are dependent on the encoding of the source sentence to translate the sentence.
Necessary modification: use Attention. On each decoding step, directly connect to the encoder, and focus on a particular part of the source sequence. Indeed, those words are important in the source language and the given sentence.
Transformers
The current state-of-the-art is based on transformers. Attention is the key ingredient. Rather than processing sequences word-by-word, transformers handle more significant chunks of text at once. The distance between words matters less.
Remember kernel density estimation, which is a close concept to kernel regression:
$$ f(x) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{x_i \in D} K_w(x_i,x) $$
In kernel regression:
\begin{align} m(x) =& \sum_{i=1}^n \frac{K(x_i,x)Y_i}{K(x_i,x)} \\ =& \sum_i \alpha_i x \end{align}
where $\sum_i \alpha_i = 1$. These $\alpha_i$ s are like attention variables. We have all our data $x_1,..,x_n$, and we want to predict $x$ by assigning weights/vectors to data. Indeed, like the attention mechanism, $K(.,.)$ is the probability distribution that assigns the weights.
The transformer is based on an attention mechanism, and the main idea is to eliminate the sequences of RNNs.
Two examples:
Sometimes people call this self-attention.
We covered this post in the intermediate machine learning SDS 365/565, Yale University, John Lafferty, where I was TF.


I am a UX & UI Desinger and Web Developer. I'm currently studying at Bournemouth University in the UK as a Bussiness Studies and marketing student. I ❤ creating contents on Instagram.
| Marketing & Digital Marketing | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Research & Analytical skills | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ | Problem-solving | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
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App Development
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@import utility._ @(location: Location) @Main(location.getName() + "Hulinalu")("location") { @NavBar(true, "") @if(Application.getCurrentAccount() == null) {
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@location.getDescription


Robby & Tom
“If you have a crazy idea, find a cheap way to try it anyway. You may end up with something awesome nobody ever bothered trying.”
docker run
-d
--rm
--name intellij
-e DISPLAY=<IP_ADDRESS>:0
--volumes-from home
joengenduvel/docker-intellij
intellij
“in May 1984, Scheifler replaced the synchronous protocol of W with an asynchronous protocol and the display lists with immediate mode graphics to make X version 1. X became the first windowing system environment to offer true hardware independence and vendor independence.”
docker run
-e DISPLAY=<IP_ADDRESS>:0
-it
-v //c/snes/roms:/root/roms
-v /c/snes/.snes9x:/root/.snes9x
-v /dev/shm:/dev/shm
-v /run/dbus/:/run/dbus/:rw
danniel/snes9x
docker run -it -v %cd%/:/code/ docker-frontend-tools npm install
docker run -it -v Get-Location/:/code/ docker-frontend-tools npm install
echo off
set arg1=%1
set arg2=%2
docker run -it -v %cd%/:/code/ docker-frontend-tools %arg1% %arg2% %*
fe npm install
Over Siblings en Dockerception
docker run --privileged -t -i jpetazzo/dind
docker run hello-world
docker run -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock docker /bin/ash
docker run hello-world
docker run -it --rm -v //c/users/robby:/root alpine ls /root
docker create -v /root --name root-home alpine /bin/true
docker run -it --rm --volumes-from root-home alpine /bin/ash
docker rm root-home
“Nano Server is a new headless deployment option for Windows Server, running at a fraction of the size of the full operating system.”
“Under Windows system, there is NO such concept primarily called “namespaces” compared to Linux. But very similar to what namespace does, there is a concept called “Silos” – extension to so called “Windows Job objects.” – set of processes which you can assign or limit the resource control. ”
Some isolation. Shared Kernel.
Each container is a virtual machine. Kernel level isolation.
docker run -it --isolation=hyperv microsoft/nanoserver cmd


Class: Aws::DynamoDB::Types::ReplicaDescription
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb |
Overview
Contains the details of the replica.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#global_secondary_indexes ⇒ Array<Types::ReplicaGlobalSecondaryIndexDescription>
rw
Replica-specific global secondary index settings.
-
#kms_master_key_id ⇒ String
rw
The KMS key of the replica that will be used for
::Aws::KMS
encryption. -
#provisioned_throughput_override ⇒ Types::ProvisionedThroughputOverride
rw
Replica-specific provisioned throughput.
-
#region_name ⇒ String
rw
The name of the Region.
-
#replica_inaccessible_date_time ⇒ Time
rw
The time at which the replica was first detected as inaccessible.
-
#replica_status ⇒ String
rw
The current state of the replica:
-
#replica_status_description ⇒ String
rw
Detailed information about the replica status.
- #replica_status_percent_progress ⇒ String rw
-
#replica_table_class_summary ⇒ Types::TableClassSummary
rw
Contains details of the table class.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#global_secondary_indexes ⇒ Array
<Types::ReplicaGlobalSecondaryIndexDescription> (rw)
Replica-specific global secondary index settings.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#kms_master_key_id ⇒ String
(rw)
The KMS key of the replica that will be used for ::Aws::KMS
encryption.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#provisioned_throughput_override ⇒ Types::ProvisionedThroughputOverride (rw)
Replica-specific provisioned throughput. If not described, uses the source table's provisioned throughput settings.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#region_name ⇒ String
(rw)
The name of the Region.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_inaccessible_date_time ⇒ Time
(rw)
The time at which the replica was first detected as inaccessible. To
determine cause of inaccessibility check the ReplicaStatus
property.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_status ⇒ String
(rw)
The current state of the replica:
CREATING
- The replica is being created.UPDATING
- The replica is being updated.DELETING
- The replica is being deleted.ACTIVE
- The replica is ready for use.REGION_DISABLED
- The replica is inaccessible because the Amazon Web Services Region has been disabled.
INACCESSIBLE_ENCRYPTION_CREDENTIALS
- The KMS key used to encrypt the table is inaccessible.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_status_description ⇒ String
(rw)
Detailed information about the replica status.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_status_percent_progress ⇒ String
(rw)
[ GitHub ]
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#replica_table_class_summary ⇒ Types::TableClassSummary (rw)
Contains details of the table class.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-dynamodb/lib/aws-sdk-dynamodb/types.rb', line 6734
class ReplicaDescription < Struct.new( :region_name, :replica_status, :replica_status_description, :replica_status_percent_progress, :kms_master_key_id, :provisioned_throughput_override, :global_secondary_indexes, :replica_inaccessible_date_time, :replica_table_class_summary) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


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