I am a web developer from Dnipro. I am 32 years old. I am developing modern websites and applications. I like doing interesting and modern projects.
I also enjoy cycling, hiking and playing video games. Madly in love with dogs) I dream of traveling on a sailing yacht.
Frontend development attracts me the most, but I am also familiar and can solve simple tasks on Backend.


--- layout: hackathon ---
Interested in participating in the Hackathon in {{ 'now' | date: "%Y" }}? Fill out this form to let us know you would like to join in, so we can keep you up to date.


Rocket Blast Kills Child in Syria's Aleppo – Russian Military
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - A child has been killed by rocket fire in the northwestern Syrian city of Aleppo, the head of the Russian Defense Ministry's Syria reconciliation center said Tuesday.
"The rocket blast damaged the roof of an apartment building and destroyed a living room. A six-year-old girl died," Maj. Gen. Yuri Borenkov said.
The projectile was fired late on Monday at Sayf al-Dawla district. The terror group behind the attack, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham*, used a makeshift multiple rocket launcher, the official said.
Witnesses in Aleppo said that militants fired rockets and mortar rounds at their homes in Halab al-Jadida, Hamadaniah and Aadhamiyye.
A man was killed and another person was injured and taken to a hospital. The wife of the deceased man also shared that he had received shrapnel wounds to the neck when two explosives went off near their home.
The jihadist group Hayat Tahrir al-Sham still controls most of the province of Idlib, according to the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, and remains the last major stronghold of anti-government forces.
*Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (al-Qaeda affiliate, formerly known as Al-Nusra Front) is a terrorist group outlawed in Russia


Interested in Contributing?
- Check out available resources.
- Create an account and start submitting your own systems.
Scored Systems
| System | Submitter | System Notes | Constraint | Run Notes | BLEU | BLEU (11b) | BLEU-cased | BLEU-cased (11b) | TER | z BLEU-cased-norm | zz BEER 2.0 | zzz CharactTER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| quaero primary (Details) | freitag RWTH Aachen University |
gigaword v4 | no |
25.7 |
25.7 |
24.4 |
24.4 |
0.654 |
||||
| RWTH primary (Details) | stephan.peitz RWTH Aachen University |
system combination of pbt (using gigaWord v4), pbt.inverse, hpbt (using gigaWord v4) and hpbt.inverse | no | with gigaWord v4 |
24.7 |
24.7 |
23.4 |
23.3 |
0.659 |
|||
| RWTH secondary (Details) | stephan.peitz RWTH Aachen University |
system combination of pbt, pbt.inverse, hpbt and hpbt.inverse no gigaWord | no |
24.6 |
24.6 |
23.2 |
23.2 |
0.662 |
||||
| KIT Phrase-Based SMT System (Details) | niehues KIT |
Primary System using GigaWord V4 | no | Primary Submission |
24.5 |
24.5 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
0.663 |
|||
| uedin-wmt12-de-en (Details) | Edinburgh University of Edinburgh |
no | 1165-19 |
24.2 |
24.2 |
22.9 |
22.9 |
0.670 |
||||
| LIMSI-Ncode-Constrained-Primary (Details) | allauzen LIMSI-CNRS |
an open source statistical machine translation system based on bilingual n-grams. | no | Primary submission: N-best rescoring with SOUL Translation Model and target LM. |
23.9 |
23.9 |
22.8 |
22.8 |
0.677 |
|||
| QCRI-de-en-primary (Details) | guzmanhe QCRI |
Moses decoder. Trained on truecased News+Europarl with compound splitting. KN-Smoothing for phrase-table. Language Model on all WMT data (no gigaword). MERT with data selection on WMT08-WMT11. MBR. Reranked | no |
23.9 |
23.9 |
22.6 |
22.6 |
0.668 |
||||
| LIMSI-Ncode-Contrast-SoulTM-only (Details) | allauzen LIMSI-CNRS |
N-best rescoring with SOUL Translation Model only. | no |
23.9 |
23.9 |
22.7 |
22.7 |
0.677 |
||||
| QCRI-de-en-secondary (Details) | guzmanhe QCRI |
Moses decoder. Trained on truecased News+Europarl with compound splitting. KN-Smoothing for phrase-table. Language Model on all WMT-Data. MERT with data selection on WMT10. Cube pruning, + monotone-at-punctuation MBR. | no | Tuning on 2010. |
23.6 |
23.6 |
22.4 |
22.4 |
0.673 |
|||
| LIMSI-Ncode-Contrast-SoulLM-only (Details) | allauzen LIMSI-CNRS |
N-best rescoring with SOUL target LM only. | no |
23.3 |
23.3 |
22.2 |
22.2 |
0.683 |
||||
| LIMSI-Ncode-Contrast-withoutSOUL (Details) | allauzen LIMSI-CNRS |
Constrast: Baseline N-code system | no |
22.9 |
22.9 |
21.8 |
21.8 |
0.691 |
||||
| jhu-hiero (Details) | jhu2012 Johns Hopkins University |
no |
21.6 |
21.6 |
19.7 |
19.7 |
0.694 |
|||||
| uk-dan-moses (Details) | zeman Charles University in Prague, ┌FAL |
no | secondary; not for manual evaluation; normalized; constrained; s.evaluator.efe1e6a1.20120308-2330; A:de-lemma-en-lemma C:news-europarl-v7.de-en DEV:wmt10v6b LM:news.ALL.en LMO:6 S:de T:en TST:wmt12v6b; 0.2136 [0.2084,0.2194] |
21.4 |
21.4 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
0.713 |
||||
| uk-dan-moses (Details) | zeman Charles University in Prague, ┌FAL |
no | secondary; not for manual evaluation; normalized; constrained; s.evaluator.be528395.20120302-1925 DONE 0.2102 21.02▒0.57 A:SRCAUG=de+stc,TGTAUG=en+stc,PARA=news-europarl-v7.de-en,MONO=news.2011.en DECt0-0 news-commentary-v7.de-en+europarl-v7.de-en/de+lemma news-commentary-v7.de-en+europarl-v7.de-en/en+lemma news-europarl-v7.de-en.de-lemma-en-lemma news.2011.en+en+stc.6 news.2011.en/en+stc |
20.9 |
20.9 |
19.5 |
19.5 |
0.738 |
||||
| uk-dan-moses (Details) | zeman Charles University in Prague, ┌FAL |
no | primary; unnormalized; constrained; s.evaluator.efe1e6a1.20120308-2330; A:de-lemma-en-lemma C:news-europarl-v7.de-en DEV:wmt10v6b LM:news.ALL.en LMO:6 S:de T:en TST:wmt12v6b; 0.2136 [0.2084,0.2194] |
20.0 |
20.0 |
18.7 |
18.7 |
0.719 |
||||
| uk-dan-moses (Details) | zeman Charles University in Prague, ┌FAL |
no | primary; unnormalized; constrained; s.evaluator.be528395.20120302-1925 DONE 0.2102 21.02▒0.57 A:SRCAUG=de+stc,TGTAUG=en+stc,PARA=news-europarl-v7.de-en,MONO=news.2011.en DECt0-0 news-commentary-v7.de-en+europarl-v7.de-en/de+lemma news-commentary-v7.de-en+europarl-v7.de-en/en+lemma news-europarl-v7.de-en.de-lemma-en-lemma news.2011.en+en+stc.6 news.2011.en/en+stc |
19.6 |
19.6 |
18.2 |
18.2 |
0.738 |
||||
| dfki-berlin (Details) | DavidVilar DFKI |
Different jane settings, mixed with sentence selection. | no |
failed |
21.8 |
failed |
20.7 |
0.805 |
||||
| UG-WMT12 (Details) | germann University of Toronto |
Hybrid system trained on Europarl Version 5 with a syntax-based reordering model. English LM trained on WMT 2010 Europarl and monolingual News text data. Primary system. Manually tuned parameters (not optimized for BLEU). | no |
failed |
12.2 |
failed |
11.3 |
0.843 |
||||
| UG-WMT12 (Details) | germann University of Toronto |
Hybrid system trained on Europarl Version 5 with a syntax-based reordering model. English LM trained on WMT 2010 Europarl and monolingual News text data. Primary system. Manually tuned parameters (not optimized for BLEU). | no | Manually tuned parameters; a number of bugs fixed in the code (parser, feature functions). |
failed |
15.1 |
failed |
14.0 |
0.761 |


| DOSE: |
repeated |
oral |
Alcohol |
(liquid) |
This is a crazy story about a drinking night gone horribly wrong. Me and my friends, we are all 17 and 18, decided to have a party on Halloween 2003. We got our hands on 4 fifths of Bacardi O and lots of beer. I had also snuck in a 20 oz bottle of Vodka mixed with wine I had stolen from my house. Ok at around 9:30 I began drinking the disgusting drink I created (vodka + wine). I drank the entire bottle in 2-3 gulps. At this time I was inexperienced in the amount of alcohol I need to overdose on it. I didn't feel anything at first so I said ok lets brake open the Bacardi. I remember pouring some Bacardi in a small glass and drinking it, mixing it with a 7-11 slurpee, mixing it with beer and taking shots of it. I also remember drinking several beers.
The next thing I know I am waking up at 4:30 in the morning with my pants off.   He just laughed at me. I stumbled my way into a car and got home, driven home by my still very drunk friend. Ok then I wake up in my bed feeling like absolute SHIT. I ran into the bathroom and puked. Then I started taking a shower and puked. I went back to bed and puked.
My parents didn't see me puking but they knew what had happened. My dad comes up to me and says 'What the hell happened last night?  Apparently I forgot to zip my fly and I just grabbed a random pair of shoes from the party, they were girl size 6, I am size 12. I talked to my friends about the previous night and they told me that I was so drunk I passed out immediately, but not before mumbling some stuff in Russian (my native language).  I was told by several people that I had puked on at least 10 different occasions that night.
I puked in a flower bed, outside, on some bed sheets, in the garage, on the drive way, and on some guy. When I was passed out my friend tried to move me to the garage because I was puking so much. While moving me he dropped me unto the floor and I had a bruise there the morning after. I was laying unconscious in the garage for hours just puking away. A girl gave me some blankets so I wont be cold but I just puked all over those. My friend gave me a bowl to puke in and I just smacked my face into it and passed out again.
The morning after hangover was so intense that when I went to drink a glass of water, as soon as I drank half a glass I started puking it out. My stomach was incredibly sore as was my throat. My brain could not function right the morning after, on many occasions I had forgotten that I even drank last night but then I puked some more and remembered. Some people said I am luck to have woken up from that. I was later informed that I drank 'more than I've ever seen anyone drink in my life man'. For the next couple months the thought of alcohol made me want to puke again. My throat was so sore from puking that swallowing my saliva was extremely painful. During my 3 day hangover I must have puked at least 10 times, had very bad diarrhea, and got grounded for 2 weeks.
 I am not much slower than I used to be, my grades dropped rapidly and I can't concentrate or pay attention nearly as well as I used to, I will never get back all those braincells I lost that night. I suggest to everyone NOT to drink with a ton of alcohol available and friends that are too drunk to care how much you drink. You should always have a limit, a given amount that you should never exceed. Or you will end up drinking yourself to death as I almost did.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


SolidoCropper Demos
My goal is to create a js cropper (it will be a region selector and a collage editor) that is comfortable both for desktop and for mobile devices.
Fullscreen
Canvas, SVG and DOM/CSS3 Rendering Engines
Region Targeting
Solido Pointer


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On 6 January 2017, 17 new articles were published in 10 journals.
A Framework For Understanding Sexual Violence: Incentive-Motivation and Hierarchical Control
Addressing the Race Gap in Incarceration Rates: An Agent Based Model
Mediating the Relationship Between Parental Control/support and Offspring Delinquency
Is the Number of Citizens Fatally Shot By Police Increasing in the Post-Ferguson Era?
The Origin of Sexual Homicide: A Review
Reducing Female Admissions to Custody: Exploring the Options At Sentencing
Factors Impacting Job Satisfaction Among Police Personnel in India
Childhood Maltreatment, Limbic Dysfunction, Resilience, and Psychiatric Symptoms
Rethinking the Role of Law and Politics Within Democratic Police Accountability
Windows Into the Soul: Surveillance and Society in An Age of High Technology
Police Shootings and Body Cameras One Year Post-Ferguson
Detective Effort: What Contributes to Arrests During Retrospective Criminal Investigations?
Beyond Agamben: Sovereignty, Policing and ‘permissive Space’ in South Africa, and Beyond


---
start: 2017-02-23 17:45
edition: 40
participate: "https://www.meetup.com/Chennai-Geek-Night/events/237809036/"
talk: "https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1llJxKCuEnPXOPHnXUQHnc8Unlt_Y4kPvWJqndjl_6Gg/viewform"
subnote: "This event will be live streamed on YouTube."
agenda:
-
time: "6:00"
title: "Making desktop GUI using Python"
video_link: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHXpXV95V_k"
subtitle: "This talk is about Tkinter and PyQt tools/program that can be used for GUI. We will have a demo of these tools, compare and contrast both the tools."
speakers:
-
name: "Gaurav Sehrawat"
-
time: "6:45"
title: "Break"
-
time: "7:00"
title: "Environment creation using Terraform"
video_link: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8mQbuc6WPU"
subtitle: "1. Intro to Terraform
2. Some useful Terraform commands
3. State file in Terraform.
4. Intro to dynamic inventory in Ansibe (as using this we'll cover how can we use terraform created resources without hardcoding IPs)"
speakers:
-
name: "Ankur Kumar Singh"
-
time: "7:30"
title: "Better Ruby on Rails - Phoenix framework"
video_link: "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wW3LtFoybvM"
subtitle: "Phoenix framework for Elixir language which runs on erlang Beam VM is very performant and similar to Ruby on Rails in many ways. We want to introduce this framework to Ruby on Rails developers so that they have one more tool under their tool belt."
speakers:
-
name: "Sudhakar Rayavaram"
profile: "https://www.linkedin.com/in/sudhakar82/"
-
time: "8:15"
title: "Networking & Dinner"
---


Steam Recommender
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Sid Meier's Civilization® V
Steam Id
8930
App Type
game
Metacritic Site
http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/sid-meiers-civilization-v
Genres
Strategy
Owned By
78884
Also Recommended
Total Playtime
Played Game
74,544
Hours Played
11,763,673
Median Played
40.10


My junior year in highschool I was experiencing chronic pain and poor sleep. I saw about 4 or 5 different specialists before I was diagnosed with Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS). FMS is a chronic pain disorder, mostly associated with middle aged or older women. Lucky me! I was diagnosed at 16. The most successful way of treating FMS is to move the patient into a normal and functional sleeping pattern. So what does the doctor do? She gives me Clonazepam, .25 mgs. I didn't really know anything about this medicine when I was younger, except that it made me sleep, and that my friends were willing to pay money for them.
I quickly gained a tolerance for Clonazepam and began sleeping poorly again. Of course, my doctor prescribed the simplest solution: take more. I eventually ended up taking 1mg a night for sleep; the bad part- if i didn't take it, I could not sleep at all. Also, the next day every muscle in my body felt like it had been pounded with a meat tenderizer, then tied in small knots. When I moved to college some two years after my FMS prognosis, I decided that I did not want to be addicted to a sleeping pill. So I slowly weened myself off of it. I went to a doctor specializing in FMS treatment and he agreed that weening myself off was a wise idea. I told him that occasionally I had bouts of depression and he immediately suggested that I take Effexor XR. I started on 35.7mg per day for the first week, them moved to 75mg. I really like my medicine at first. I slept better-- which ultimately meant I felt better.
However, after a few months of taking it, I started to notice some problems. I'm in college. Therefore, I do not have the most regular sleeping pattern. I am supposed to take my medicine immediately after my first meal of the day. Sometimes, I stay up til 7am and don't wake up to start my day until 3 or 4 at night. However, if I take Effexor that late, it keeps me up at night. Decisions, decisions. On these days I usually decide to skip a dose rather than not sleep.
After one night of missing the dose, I woke up with that spacy, day after an acid trip feeling in my head. I felt like my head was on a balloon disconnected from my body. Within 30 minutes of popping a pill, I felt better. I told my Dr. about all of this, and he told me that I was having seretonin withdrawals and that I should never ever miss a dose of Effexor. (He didn't mention all of this when first giving me this monster drug). And guess what? He moved me up to 150mg per day.
Though the balloon head feeling was annoying, it didn't seem like a big deal as long as I took my meds. However, just a few months ago, I was hit with some terrible stomach problem. I couldn't even keep water down for 4 days.  I lost control of who I was, and what was rational. Everything anybody said to me, I presumed to be a personal attack. I was throwing myself around like a five year old having a temper tantrum, and all my friends became slightly afraid of me.
Let me clarify that before taking effexor, I had minor anxiety and depression problems. MINOR being the keyword there. I was never so out of my element that I couldn't quickly be the one in control. With effexor, I am not in control, it is. After the episode while I was sick, it seems to take less and less time for the withdrawal symptoms to hit me.
 Now, it's my crazy pill. One day without this drug and I am a totally different person. My boyfriend, who is totally understand and caring about my medical problems, is fearful that one day I just won't come back from my little 'trip.'
My solution? Just smoke pot. When the funny feeling comes to my head, the only thing that levels me is to get real real real high. There is nothing, I mean nothing good about taking something that brings you so far away from reality (unless that's its only purpose).
I'm currently working on weening myself off of Effexor, and I will never ever again take any prescription drug for sleep or depression. People lived on this earth and dealth with their problems with out meds before, so I can do it now most likely with less side effects. Good luck to everyone.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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megaUNI.com
Encyclopedia: Kunming
keyword:
kunming
Chapters
Daily Life
http://m.gokunming.com/en/forums/board/2/living_in_kunming
Author:
da01tv
link to this encyclopedia chapter
Areas to Live In
http://www.chinese-forums.com/index.php?/topic/24717-best-area-to-live-in-kunming/
Author:
da01tv
link to this encyclopedia chapter
Getting Around
http://www.chinese-forums.com/index.php?/topic/24825-kunming-living-costs-and-life-in-general/page__st__20__p__217414
Author:
da01tv
link to this encyclopedia chapter
Cost of Living
2009 prices: + internet access:
http://www.chinese-forums.com/index.php?/topic/16773-living-cost-in-kunming/
2010 prices:
http://www.chinese-forums.com/index.php?/topic/23448-kunming-cost-of-living/
Author:
da01tv
link to this encyclopedia chapter


Press drag your finger in circles in clockwise or anti-clockwise direction. When you move, the sound source will move accordingly. Try to learn the direction of sound and the sound produced. Practice till you are comfortable.


$7C/124: Flag for ATN from serial bus receiving ATN interrupt ROM-Reference: LDA $7C : $EC00 STA $7C : $E858 $E85E Previous Page / Next Page


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Perl Weekly
Issue #155 - 2014-07-14 - There Be Cobwebs In Those Coffers
latest | archive | by Yanick Champoux
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|
This week, we have echos of the next conferences coming out way (YAPC::EU, the Perl Swiss Workshop, the next London.pm meetings). We also have some updates of the financial state of some of Perl's foundations and, alas without surprises, it seems we are running on a very lean budget -- perhaps a reminder to us all to poke our $workplaces and see if they can't help in some way to keep the ecosystem alive and well-fed. ~ `/anick
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Sponsors
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We are Hiring a Senior Perl Software Developer - Grant Street Group
We are a fast growing software company using open source software/modern Perl practices to build innovative e-payment, auction, and tax collection web applications. We have been hiring great Developers for many years, and we want to further expand our distributed team of talented and friendly Developers. Most of our experienced Developers telecommute; on-site positions are also available.
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Announcements
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P5CMF Needs some love
Dan Wright warns us that the Perl 5 Core Maintenance Fund is running low on gas. Companies that rely on Perl to do the job, now would be a good time to chip in...
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Grants Committee Budget
Makoto Nozaki gives us the low-down on the Perl Foundation Grants Committee; how much money they currently have, how the rest of the year looks like.
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London Perl Mongers Meeting
Dave Cross lets us know what's coming up at the London.pm meetings. (sneak peak: lots of good stuff, that's what is coming)
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Articles
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Seven years of blogging
the site's statistics, he draws a list of his best hits, as well as his own favorite entries.
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See you at YAPC::EU!
YAPC::NA is over, long live YAPC::EU. Alex Balhatchet and a contingent of Nestoria's devs are preparing themselves for the trip to Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Discussion
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Amazon & Ebay
Using Interchange for your e-commerce? You might want to keep an eye on Stefan Hornburg, as he's starting a project that will allow Interchange to interface with Amazon and Ebay.
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Metabase down?
gvl has problems reaching metabase.cpantesters.org. From the comments, it seems that the problem isn't with the server, but could be born out of an IO::Socket::IP bug.
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Testing
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Rex meet Rspec
chenryn has a stab at porting rspec, a type of testing framework to ensure a host's configuration conforms to what is expected, to Perl.
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Code
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Tell me more, tell me more
Mark Fowler announces a new version of Test::DatabaseRow. With the next version comes an easier way to tell the tests to open wide the gates of verbosity.
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HTML pro-parsing tips
"Parse HTML? Easy, let me write a regex!" NO! Stop right there, and go read David Farell's tricks and recommendations to sanely parse HTML instead. Trust me, you'll thank me later.
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Because Sometimes Lightspeed is Too Slow
Tiny::Type is still too sluggish for you? You're mad. And so is Toby Inkster, who wrote a XS version of the module that gives a 300% boost to an already lean speed demon.
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Fun
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Weekly collections
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Perl Maven Tutorials
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Events
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Perl-related events
In the following cities: Sofia (Bulgaria), Tokyo (Japan), Flörli Olten (Switzerland), Hancock (NY/USA), Itapema (SC/Brasil), Salzburg (Austria), Barcelona (Spain)
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You know, you could get the Perl Weekly right in your mailbox. Every Week. Free of charge!
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Input
A form element which allows users to input and edit data.
Simple input
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Input with label
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Input with hint
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Input with label and hint
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Input validation
For a success state,
add a valid
class.
or for an error state,
add an invalid
class.
Input with icon
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Input with button
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.
Types
A grid consists of up to
12 .GridColumn
elements wrapped in a
.Grid
element.


403
403
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The project is based on the real life simulation of a round-about.
Here our observations about traffic signalling, traffic movement, jam causing factors and many more play a vital role.
We make use of Weakest Chain problem to decide the flow of the jam. Since the average speed of every vehicle is
different so there will be different speed for the movement of every lane.
The congestion for each road is calculated on the basis of the space consumed by the vehicles
divided by the total space of the road. Throughput is calculated by the number of vehicles previously occupying the
road minus the number of vehicles remaining.
For orange light at the night, First Come First Serve is also implemented. And also if vehicles entered are more
than the road can accomodate then they enter wait array. This array is cleared as soon as the vehicles start moving
when the Green Signal is given to the road.
Signalling is done in clockwise direction, and for anti-clockwise direction the congestion being cleared was similar.
Signal Time is also scalled because there maybe some variations when the traffic is being cleared.
So in the end Traffic Simulation is done.


CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment at Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations, venturing far beyond the world of known physics. He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed of light for a prodigiously violent instant. If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted beyond detection, like spit in the ocean. “SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr. Guth wrote across the top of the page and drew a double box around it.
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Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun
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On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right. Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to the first sliver of cosmic time with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called gravitational waves — the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.
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Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.
If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.
Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14 billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.
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‘As Big as It Gets’
In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces operating at energies forever beyond the reach of particle accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself. Dr. Kovac’s ripples would be the first direct observation of gravitational waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, should ruffle space-time. Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe expert who was not part of the team, said, “This is huge, as big as it gets.” He continued, “This is a signal from the very earliest universe, sending a telegram encoded in gravitational waves.” The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath of microwave radiation that permeates space and preserves a picture of the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the surface of the sun. Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization, reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The Astrophysical Journal.
Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 10 million. Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,” saying he had not expected such a definite confirmation in his lifetime.
The Theory of Inflation
Astronomers have found evidence to support the theory of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
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“With nature, you have to be lucky,” he said. “Apparently we have been lucky.” The results are the closely guarded distillation of three years’ worth of observations and analysis. Eschewing email for fear of a leak, Dr. Kovac personally delivered drafts of his work to a select few, meeting with Dr. Guth, who is now a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (as is his son, Larry, who was sleeping that night in 1979), in his office last week.
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“It was a very special moment, and one we took very seriously as scientists,” said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as carefully as he tended his radio telescopes. Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team, knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne to tell him the news.
Stanford Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough
Video by StanfordUniversity
Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered anything. “And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that we ordered anything, but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email. Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. “Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation,” he said. By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that inflation had been seen and news spread, astrophysicists responded with a mixture of jubilation and caution. Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email, “I think that if this stays true, it will go down as one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science.” John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of a competing project called the South Pole Telescope, pronounced himself deeply impressed. “I think the results are beautiful and very convincing,” he said. Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author of a competitor to inflation that posits the clash of a pair of universes as the cause of genesis, said that if true, the Bicep result would eliminate his model, but he expressed reservations about inflation. Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and others also emphasized the need for confirmation, noting that the new results exceeded earlier estimates based on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite and other assumptions about the universe. “So we will need to wait and see before we jump up and down,” Dr. Krauss said. Corroboration might not be long in coming. The Planck spacecraft will report its own findings this year. At least a dozen other teams are trying similar measurements from balloons, mountaintops and space.
Spirals in the Sky
Gravity waves are the latest and deepest secret yet pried out of the cosmic microwaves, which were discovered accidentally by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They won the Nobel Prize. Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to read the secrets of these waves. He is one of four leaders of Bicep, which has operated a series of increasingly sensitive radio telescopes at the South Pole, where the thin, dry air creates ideal observing conditions. The others are Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the California Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of Stanford. “The South Pole is the closest you can get to space and still be on the ground,” Dr. Kovac said. He has been there 23 times, he said, wintering over in 1994. “I’ve been hooked ever since,” he said.
In 2002, he was part of a team that discovered that the microwave radiation was polarized, meaning the light waves had a slight preference to vibrate in one direction rather than another. This was a step toward the ultimate goal of detecting the gravitational waves from inflation. Such waves, squeezing space in one direction and stretching it in another as they go by, would twist the direction of polarization of the microwaves, theorists said. As a result, maps of the polarization in the sky should have little arrows going in spirals. Detecting those spirals required measuring infinitesimally small differences in the temperature of the microwaves. The group’s telescope, Bicep2, is basically a giant superconducting thermometer. “We had no expectations what we would see,” Dr. Kovac said. The strength of the signal surprised the researchers, and they spent a year burning up time on a Harvard supercomputer, making sure they had things right and worrying that competitors might beat them to the breakthrough.
A Special Time
The data traced the onset of inflation to a time that physicists like Dr. Guth, staying up late in his Palo Alto house 35 years ago, suspected was a special break point in the evolution of the universe. Physicists recognize four forces at work in the world today: gravity, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear forces. But they have long suspected that those are simply different manifestations of a single unified force that ruled the universe in its earliest, hottest moments. As the universe cooled, according to this theory, there was a fall from grace, like some old folk mythology of gods or brothers falling out with each other. The laws of physics evolved, with one force after another splitting away. That was where Dr. Guth came in. Under some circumstances, a glass of water can stay liquid as the temperature falls below 32 degrees, until it is disturbed, at which point it will rapidly freeze, releasing latent heat. Similarly, the universe could “supercool” and stay in a unified state too long. In that case, space itself would become imbued with a mysterious latent energy. Inserted into Einstein’s equations, the latent energy would act as a kind of antigravity, and the universe would blow itself up. Since it was space itself supplying the repulsive force, the more space was created, the harder it pushed apart. What would become our observable universe mushroomed in size at least a trillion trillionfold — from a submicroscopic speck of primordial energy to the size of a grapefruit — in less than a cosmic eye-blink. Almost as quickly, this pulse would subside, relaxing into ordinary particles and radiation. All of normal cosmic history was still ahead, resulting in today’s observable universe, a patch of sky and stars billions of light-years across. “It’s often said that there is no such thing as a free lunch,” Dr. Guth likes to say, “but the universe might be the ultimate free lunch.”
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Make that free lunches. Most of the hundred or so models resulting from Dr. Guth’s original vision suggest that inflation, once started, is eternal. Even as our own universe settled down to a comfortable homey expansion, the rest of the cosmos will continue blowing up, spinning off other bubbles endlessly, a concept known as the multiverse. So the future of the cosmos is perhaps bright and fecund, but do not bother asking about going any deeper into the past. We might never know what happened before inflation, at the very beginning, because inflation erases everything that came before it. All the chaos and randomness of the primordial moment are swept away, forever out of our view. “If you trace your cosmic roots,” said Abraham Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer who was not part of the team, “you wind up at inflation.”
A version of this article appears in print on March 18, 2014, Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun.
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Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the existence of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.Credit...Rick Friedman for The New York Times