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PMSIS API
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I2S (Inter-IC Sound) Interface. More...
Data Structures | |
| struct | pi_i2s_conf |
| Interface configuration options. More... | |
Macros | |
| #define | PI_I2S_FMT_DATA_FORMAT_I2S |
| Standard I2S Data Format. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_FMT_DATA_FORMAT_PDM |
| Pulse-Density Modulation Format. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ORDER_MSB |
| Data order MSB. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ORDER_LSB |
| Data order LSB. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ALIGN_LEFT |
| Data alignment left. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ALIGN_RIGHT |
| Data alignment right. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_SIGN_NO_EXTEND |
| Data sign extension disabled. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_SIGN_EXTEND |
| Data sign extension enabled. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_PINGPONG |
| Ping pong mode. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_MEM_SLAB |
| Mem slab mode. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_FULL_DUPLEX |
| Full duplex mode. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_DISABLED |
| Disable the channel. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_ENABLED |
| Enable the channel. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_IS_TX |
| Configure TX channel. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_IS_RX |
| Configure RX channel. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_LOOPBACK |
| TX loopback. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_TDM |
| TDM mode. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_INT_CLK |
| Use internal clock. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_EXT_CLK |
| Use external clock. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_INT_WS |
| Use internal word strobe. More... | |
| #define | PI_I2S_OPT_EXT_WS |
| Use external word strobe. More... | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef uint8_t | pi_i2s_fmt_t |
| typedef uint16_t | pi_i2s_opt_t |
Enumerations | |
| enum | pi_i2s_ioctl_cmd_e |
| IOCTL command. More... | |
Functions | |
| void | pi_i2s_setup (uint32_t flags) |
| Setup specific I2S aspects. More... | |
| void | pi_i2s_conf_init (struct pi_i2s_conf *conf) |
| Initialize an I2S configuration with default values. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_open (struct pi_device *device) |
| Open an I2S device. More... | |
| void | pi_i2s_close (struct pi_device *device) |
| Close an opened I2S device. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_ioctl (struct pi_device *device, uint32_t cmd, void *arg) |
| Dynamically change the device configuration. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_read (struct pi_device *dev, void **mem_block, size_t *size) |
| Read data from the RX queue. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_read_async (struct pi_device *dev, pi_task_t *task) |
| Read data asynchronously from the RX queue. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_write (struct pi_device *dev, void *mem_block, size_t size) |
| Write data to the TX queue of a channel. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_write_async (struct pi_device *dev, void *mem_block, size_t size, pi_task_t *task) |
| Write data asynchronously to the TX queue of a channel. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_channel_read (struct pi_device *dev, int channel, void **mem_block, size_t *size) |
| Read data from the RX queue of a channel in TDM mode. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_channel_read_async (struct pi_device *dev, int channel, pi_task_t *task) |
| Read data asynchronously from the RX queue of a channel in TDM mode. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_read_status (pi_task_t *task, void **mem_block, size_t *size) |
| Read the status of an asynchronous read. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_channel_write (struct pi_device *dev, int channel, void *mem_block, size_t size) |
| Write data to the TX queue of a channel in TDM mode. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_channel_write_async (struct pi_device *dev, int channel, void *mem_block, size_t size, pi_task_t *task) |
| Write data asynchronously to the TX queue of a channel in TDM mode. More... | |
| int | pi_i2s_write_status (pi_task_t *task) |
| Read the status of an asynchronous write. More... | |
The I2S API provides support for the I2S interface.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ALIGN_LEFT |
Left Justified.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ALIGN_RIGHT |
Right Justified.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ORDER_LSB |
Data bits are transferred LSB first.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_ORDER_MSB |
Data bits are transferred MSB first.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_SIGN_EXTEND |
Data are sign extended when I2S data size is inferior to memory data size. For example when I2S data are on 16 bits but are stored in a 32 bits word, MSB sign is extended.
| #define PI_I2S_CH_FMT_DATA_SIGN_NO_EXTEND |
Data are not sign extended when I2S data size is inferior to memory data size.
| #define PI_I2S_FMT_DATA_FORMAT_I2S |
Serial data is transmitted in two's complement with the MSB first. Both Word Select (WS) and Serial Data (SD) signals are sampled on the rising edge of the clock signal (SCK). The MSB is always sent one clock period after the WS changes. Left channel data are sent first indicated by WS = 0, followed by right channel data indicated by WS = 1.
-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. .-. SCK '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' '-' ' -. .-------------------------------. WS '-------------------------------' '---- -.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---. SD | |MSB| |...| |LSB| x |...| x |MSB| |...| |LSB| x |...| x | -'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---' | Left channel | Right channel |
| #define PI_I2S_FMT_DATA_FORMAT_PDM |
Serial data is transmitted using the pulse-density modulation. Each sample is a one bit pulse, where the density of the pulses gives the amplitude of the signal. The driver will filter the input signals so that classic PCM samples are stored in the buffers. In single channel mode, the bits are transmitted on clock signal (CLK) rising edges. In dual channel mode, left chanel is transmitted on SCK rising edges and right channel on SCK falling edges. Word Select (WS) is ignored.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_DISABLED |
If set, this desactivates the channel being configured (either RX or TX). Once the sampling is running, this will make sure this channel is not receiving or sending samples.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_ENABLED |
If set, this activates the channel being configured (either RX or TX). Once the sampling is running, this will make sure this channel is receiving or sending samples.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_EXT_CLK |
If this option is specified, no clock is generated and an external clock is used.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_EXT_WS |
If this option is specified, no word strobe is generated and an external one is used.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_FULL_DUPLEX |
The normal and default mode is to use a single pin for both TX and RX. In full duplex mode, RX and TX will use 2 different pins(called sdi and sdo so that samples can be received and sent at the same time).
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_INT_CLK |
Clock is generated internally from SOC's clock.
This is default clock source.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_INT_WS |
WS signal is generated internally from SCK signal.
This is default WS source.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_IS_RX |
If set, the configuration will apply to the RX channel and won't change anything for what concerns the TX channel. Note that this does not prevent from using the TX channel, they must just be configured separately.
Setting this configuration allows to receive data from microphones to memory.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_IS_TX |
If set, the configuration will apply to the TX channel and won't change anything for what concerns the RX channel. Note that this does not prevent from using the RX channel, they must just be configured separately.
Setting this configuration allows to send data from memory to speakers.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_LOOPBACK |
If set, this activates an internal loopback between the RX pin and TX pin. All data received on the RX will be sent to the TX pin. Note that this does not prevent from receiving data. Data received on the RX can be sent both to a memory buffer (if RX channel is enabled) and to the TX (if the loopback is enabled). The loopback must be applied on the TX channel.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_MEM_SLAB |
In mem slab mode TX output or RX sampling will keep alternating between a a set of buffers given by the user. Memory slab pointed to by the mem_slab field has to be defined and initialized by the user. For I2S driver to function correctly number of memory blocks in a slab has to be at least 2 per queue. Size of the memory block should be multiple of frame_size where frame_size = (channels * word_size_bytes). As an example 16 bit word will occupy 2 bytes, 24 or 32 bit word will occupy 4 bytes.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_PINGPONG |
In ping pong mode TX output or RX sampling will keep alternating between a ping buffer and a pong buffer. This is normally used in audio streams when one buffer is being populated while the other is being played (DMAed) and vice versa. So, in this mode, 2 sets of buffers fixed in size are used. These 2 buffers must be given in the configuration when the driver is opened and kept alive until the driver is closed.
| #define PI_I2S_OPT_TDM |
In TDM mode, the same interface is time-multiplexed to transmit data for multiple channels where each channel can have a specific configuration. As for classic I2S mode, TX and RX channels are grouped together within a slot. Each slot can send and receive 1 data per frame. In this mode each slot must be configured separately using the I2S configuration. Each slot can have an RX and a TX channel.
| typedef uint8_t pi_i2s_fmt_t |
| typedef uint16_t pi_i2s_opt_t |
| enum pi_i2s_ioctl_cmd_e |
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_START | Start the transmission / reception of data. This command can be used when the interface has been opened or stopped to start sampling. |
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_STOP | Stop the transmission / reception of data. Stop the transmission / reception of data at the end of the current memory block. This command can be used when the interface is sampling and is stopping the interface. When the current TX / RX block is transmitted / received the interface is stopped. Subsequent START command will resume transmission / reception where it stopped. |
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_CONF_SET | Configure a channel in TDM mode. In TDM mode, the same interface is time-multiplexed to transmit data for multiple channels, and each channel can have a specific configuration. This command can be used to give the configuration of one channel. The argument must be a pointer to a structure of type struct pi_i2s_conf containing the channel configuration. |
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_CONF_GET | Get the current configuration of a channel in TDM mode. In TDM mode, the same interface is time-multiplexed to transmit data for multiple channels, and each channel can have a specific configuration. This command can be used to get the current configuration of one channel. The argument must be a pointer to a structure of type struct pi_i2s_conf where the current channel configuration will be stored. |
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_CLOCK_ENABLE | Enable clock. Enable clock for the i2s interface. This command does not sample data, and does not save data. It allows the interface to receive clock signals from SoC and propgate it to slave devices on end line. |
| PI_I2S_IOCTL_CLOCK_DISABLE | Disable clock. Disable clock for the i2s interface. |
| int pi_i2s_channel_read | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| int | channel, | ||
| void ** | mem_block, | ||
| size_t * | size | ||
| ) |
Data received by the I2S interface is stored in the RX queue consisting of two memory blocks preallocated by the user and given to the driver in the configuration. Calling this function will return the next available buffer to the caller, which has to use it before the sampling for this buffer starts again.
The data is read in chunks equal to the size of the memory block.
This will return data for the specified channel and must only be used in TDM mode.
If there is no data in the RX queue the function will block waiting for the next RX memory block to fill in.
Due to hardware constraints, the address of the buffer must be aligned on 4 bytes.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| channel | ID of the slot, from 0 to the number of channels minus 1. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the variable storing the address of the RX memory block containing received data. |
| size | Pointer to the variable storing the number of bytes read. |
| 0 | If successful, -1 if not. |
| int pi_i2s_channel_read_async | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| int | channel, | ||
| pi_task_t * | task | ||
| ) |
Data received by the I2S interface is stored in the RX queue consisting of two memory blocks preallocated by the user and given to the driver in the configuration. Calling this function will return the next available buffer to the caller, which has to use it before the sampling for this buffer starts again.
The data is read in chunks equal to the size of the memory block.
This will return data for the specified channel and must only be used in TDM mode.
The specified task will be pushed as soon as data is ready in the RX queue, and the information about the memory block and the size will be available in the task.
Due to hardware constraints, the address of the buffer must be aligned on 4 bytes.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| channel | ID of the slot, from 0 to the number of channels minus 1. |
| task | The task used to notify the end of transfer. |
| 0 | If successful, -1 if not. |
| int pi_i2s_channel_write | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| int | channel, | ||
| void * | mem_block, | ||
| size_t | size | ||
| ) |
Data to be sent by the I2S interface is stored first in the TX queue consisting of memory blocks preallocated by the user with either pingpong buffers or a memory slab allocator.
In pingpong mode, the driver will automatically alternate between 2 buffers and the user code is supposed to call this function to notify the driver that the specified buffer is ready to be sent. This is used by the driver to report when an underrun or an overrun occurs.
In memory slab allocator mode, the user has to allocate buffers from the memory slab allocator and pass them to the driver by calling this function when they are ready to be sent.
This fonction will block until the specified buffer has been transfered.
This will sent data to the specified channel and must only be used in TDM mode.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| channel | ID of the slot, from 0 to the number of channels minus 1. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the TX memory block containing data to be sent. |
| size | Number of bytes to write. This value has to be equal or smaller than the size of the memory block. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |
| int pi_i2s_channel_write_async | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| int | channel, | ||
| void * | mem_block, | ||
| size_t | size, | ||
| pi_task_t * | task | ||
| ) |
Data to be sent by the I2S interface is stored first in the TX queue consisting of memory blocks preallocated by the user with either pingpong buffers or a memory slab allocator.
In pingpong mode, the driver will automatically alternate between 2 buffers and the user code is supposed to call this function to notify the driver that the specified buffer is ready to be sent. This is used by the driver to report when an underrun or an overrun occurs.
In memory slab allocator mode, the user has to allocate buffers from the memory slab allocator and pass them to the driver by calling this function when they are ready to be sent.
This will sent data to the specified channel and must only be used in TDM mode.
The specified task will be pushed as soon as data is has been transfered.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| channel | ID of the slot, from 0 to the number of channels minus 1. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the TX memory block containing data to be sent. |
| size | Number of bytes to write. This value has to be equal or smaller than the size of the memory block. |
| task | The task used to notify the end of transfer. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |
| void pi_i2s_close | ( | struct pi_device * | device | ) |
This function can be called to close an opened I2S device once it is not needed anymore, in order to free all allocated resources. Once this function is called, the device is not accessible anymore and must be opened again before being used. The caller is blocked until the operation is finished.
| device | A pointer to the structure describing the device. |
| void pi_i2s_conf_init | ( | struct pi_i2s_conf * | conf | ) |
This function can be called to get default values for all parameters before setting some of them. The structure containing the configuration must be kept alive until the I2S device is opened.
| conf | A pointer to the I2S configuration. |
| int pi_i2s_ioctl | ( | struct pi_device * | device, |
| uint32_t | cmd, | ||
| void * | arg | ||
| ) |
This function can be called to change part of the device configuration after it has been opened or to control it.
| device | A pointer to the structure describing the device. |
| cmd | The command which specifies which parameters of the driver to modify and for some of them also their values. The command must be one of those defined in pi_spi_ioctl_e. |
| arg | An additional value which is required for some parameters when they are set. |
| int pi_i2s_open | ( | struct pi_device * | device | ) |
This function must be called before the I2S device can be used. It will do all the needed configuration to make it usable and initialize the handle used to refer to this opened device when calling other functions. The caller is blocked until the operation is finished.
| device | A pointer to the device structure of the device to open. This structure is allocated by the caller and must be kept alive until the device is closed. |
| int pi_i2s_read | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| void ** | mem_block, | ||
| size_t * | size | ||
| ) |
Data received by the I2S interface is stored in the RX queue consisting of two memory blocks preallocated by the user and given to the driver in the configuration. Calling this function will return the next available buffer to the caller, which has to use it before the sampling for this buffer starts again.
The data is read in chunks equal to the size of the memory block.
When using several channels, the organization of the samples for each channel in the buffer, is chip-dependent, check the chip-specific documentation to get more information.
If there is no data in the RX queue the function will block waiting for the next RX memory block to fill in.
Due to hardware constraints, the address of the buffer must be aligned on 4 bytes.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the variable storing the address of the RX memory block containing received data. |
| size | Pointer to the variable storing the number of bytes read. |
| 0 | If successful, -1 if not. |
| int pi_i2s_read_async | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| pi_task_t * | task | ||
| ) |
Data received by the I2S interface is stored in the RX queue consisting of two memory blocks preallocated by the user and given to the driver in the configuration. Calling this function will return the next available buffer to the caller, which has to use it before the sampling for this buffer starts again.
The data is read in chunks equal to the size of the memory block.
When using several channels, the organization of the samples for each channel in the buffer, is chip-dependent, check the chip-specific documentation to get more information.
The specified task will be pushed as soon as data is ready in the RX queue, and the information about the memory block and the size will be available in the task.
Due to hardware constraints, the address of the buffer must be aligned on 4 bytes.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| task | The task used to notify the end of transfer. |
| 0 | If successful, -1 if not. |
| int pi_i2s_read_status | ( | pi_task_t * | task, |
| void ** | mem_block, | ||
| size_t * | size | ||
| ) |
After pi_i2s_read_async or pi_i2s_channel_read_async is called to be notified when a read buffer is available, and the notification is received, the output information can be retrieved by calling this function.
| task | The task used for notification. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the variable storing the address of the RX memory block containing received data. |
| size | Pointer to the variable storing the number of bytes read. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |
| void pi_i2s_setup | ( | uint32_t | flags | ) |
This function can be called to set specific I2S properties such as the number of clock generator. This is typically used by the BSP to give board specific information.
| flags | A bitfield of chip-dependant properties. |
| int pi_i2s_write | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| void * | mem_block, | ||
| size_t | size | ||
| ) |
Data to be sent by the I2S interface is stored first in the TX queue consisting of memory blocks preallocated by the user with either pingpong buffers or a memory slab allocator.
In pingpong mode, the driver will automatically alternate between 2 buffers and the user code is supposed to call this function to notify the driver that the specified buffer is ready to be sent. This is used by the driver to report when an underrun or an overrun occurs.
In memory slab allocator mode, the user has to allocate buffers from the memory slab allocator and pass them to the driver by calling this function when they are ready to be sent.
This fonction will block until the specified buffer has been transfered.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the TX memory block containing data to be sent. |
| size | Number of bytes to write. This value has to be equal or smaller than the size of the memory block. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |
| int pi_i2s_write_async | ( | struct pi_device * | dev, |
| void * | mem_block, | ||
| size_t | size, | ||
| pi_task_t * | task | ||
| ) |
Data to be sent by the I2S interface is stored first in the TX queue consisting of memory blocks preallocated by the user with either pingpong buffers or a memory slab allocator.
In pingpong mode, the driver will automatically alternate between 2 buffers and the user code is supposed to call this function to notify the driver that the specified buffer is ready to be sent. This is used by the driver to report when an underrun or an overrun occurs.
In memory slab allocator mode, the user has to allocate buffers from the memory slab allocator and pass them to the driver by calling this function when they are ready to be sent.
The specified task will be pushed as soon as data is has been transfered.
| dev | Pointer to the device structure for the driver instance. |
| mem_block | Pointer to the TX memory block containing data to be sent. |
| size | Number of bytes to write. This value has to be equal or smaller than the size of the memory block. |
| task | The task used to notify the end of transfer. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |
| int pi_i2s_write_status | ( | pi_task_t * | task | ) |
After pi_i2s_write_async or pi_i2s_channel_write_async and the notification for the end of transfer is received, return value can be retrieved by calling this function.
| task | The task used for notification. |
| 0 | If successful. |
| -1 | An error occured. |


Arab Coalition: Houthis Seize Vessel in Red Sea
The Saudi-led Arab coalition announced Monday that the Iran-backed Houthi militias seized a seized a vessel towing a South Korean drilling rig at the south end of the Red Sea.
Coalition spokesman Colonel Turki al-Maliki said the incident took place late on Sunday. The Houthis, sailing in two boats, boarded the vessel and robbed the crew at gunpoint.
This terrorist operation reflects the real danger this terrorist militia poses to international marine navigation, said Maliki.
It also poses a criminal precedent against the security of the Mandeb Strait and southern Red Sea, he added.
In a meeting with the South Korean ambassador to Yemen, Yemeni Foreign Minister Mohammed Abdullah al-Hadrami sharply condemned the seizure of the ship and called for its immediate release, according to a government statement.
“These provocative and illegal actions will negatively affect the freedom of international navigation,” he said.


Software engineer, sound designer, book author, conference speaker and open source maintainer.
When writing Hands-on Music Generation with Magenta, I needed to show the music...
🎼
- Easily generate HD graphs
- Analyse input data for machine learning models
- Analyse generated output data
MIDI data is a symbolic representation of music, and a common way of viewing music partitions are using piano roll.
# Create a new virtual env for python 3.8
# (we could use other python env manager)
conda create --name creativecoding python=3.8
# Install visual-midi (which depends on pretty-midi)
pip install visual-midi
In its most minimal form, we load a MIDI file using PrettyMIDI
,
and show it using VisualMIDI
.
from pretty_midi import PrettyMIDI
from visual_midi import Plotter
# Loading a file on disk using PrettyMidi,
# and show some information
pm = PrettyMIDI("./example-01.mid")
print(pm.instruments)
print(pm.instruments[0].notes)
print(pm.instruments[0].notes[0])
print(pm.get_tempo_changes())
# Plot the result using VisualMidi
plotter = Plotter()
plotter.show(pm, "/tmp/example-01.html")
We can also change the appearance using the Preset
class (for visual stuff 👁) and the
Plotter
class for plot content (number of bars, etc.).
from pretty_midi import PrettyMIDI
from visual_midi import Plotter
from visual_midi import Preset
# Loading a file on disk using PrettyMidi
pm = PrettyMIDI("./example-01.mid")
# Plot the result using VisualMidi, modifying
# the presentation with Preset
preset = Preset(
plot_width=1200,
plot_height=500,
show_beat=False,
axis_label_text_font_size="14px",
label_text_font_size="12px",
toolbar_location=None,
)
plotter = Plotter(
preset=preset,
plot_max_length_bar=4,
)
plotter.show(pm, "/tmp/example-02.html")
When training a model, we want to build a dataset that reflects what we want the machine to learn, VisualMIDI can help us check our results.
In Hands-on Music Generation with Magenta, Chapter 6, we automate the creation of a dataset 🗃 using the The Lakh MIDI Dataset.
In the first example of Chapter 6, we analyse the musical structure of the MIDI files and extract the drums patterns that we want.
python chapter_06_example_00.py \
--sample_size=100 \
--path_dataset_dir=/tmp/lmd_matched \
--path_output_dir=/tmp/lmd_drums \
--bass_drums_on_beat_threshold=0.75
Number of tracks: 116189, number of tracks in sample: 100, number of results: 11 (11.00%)
Time: 37.87666302899743
But we need to check the result! Lets check with VisualMIDI.
Here's a small sample of our extracted dataset
Let's convert the MIDI files into plots
(easy peasy VisualMIDI!)
for file in $( ls ); do visual_midi $file; done
When we encode for a deep neural network such as a RNN (e.g. the DrumsRNN 🥁 models from Magenta).
We encode each step as a "class", in a one-hot vector.
Each step is a one-hot vector, for example for
a snare + ride on the same step.
In the one-hot vector, we also encode a lookback 👈, which makes possible to learn repeating patterns.
We can verify the structure using VisualMIDI, nice!
High softmax temperature 🔥 (hott!)
Low softmax temperature 🥶 (brrr!)
The note-seq library is a protobuf representation of MIDI data, used by the models in Magenta.
from note_seq.protobuf import music_pb2
sequence = music_pb2.NoteSequence()
# Add notes to the sequence
sequence.notes.add(pitch=60, start_time=0.0, end_time=0.5, velocity=80)
sequence.notes.add(pitch=62, start_time=0.5, end_time=1.0, velocity=100)
# ...
# Add configuration
sequence.total_time = 8
sequence.tempos.add(qpm=60)
print(sequence)
tempos {
qpm: 60.0
}
notes {
pitch: 60
velocity: 80
start_time: 0
end_time: 0.5
}
Which integrates nicely with VisualMIDI using PrettyMIDI as a pivot format.
from note_seq import midi_to_note_sequence
from note_seq.midi_io import note_sequence_to_pretty_midi
from note_seq.protobuf import music_pb2
from visual_midi import Plotter
# Convert "note-seq" -> "pretty-midi"
pretty_midi = note_sequence_to_pretty_midi(sequence)
print(pretty_midi)
# Convert "pretty-midi" -> "note-seq"
sequence = midi_to_note_sequence(pretty_midi)
print(sequence)
# Convert "pretty-midi" -> "visual-midi"
plotter = Plotter()
plotter.show(pretty_midi, "/tmp/example-01.html")
Notebooks are important tools for data scientists 👨🔬👩🔬, well, VisualMIDI also integrates with notebooks, inserting an interactive plot!
For DreamBank, a 3 RNN network autonomous generative system 🤖, VisualMIDI is important to show the current state.
The Hands-on Music Generation with Magenta book 📕: packtpub.com/product/hands-on-music-generation-with-magenta/9781838824419
This presentation and original article 📰 on VisualMIDI: alexandredubreuil.com/conferences/midi-visualization-with-visual-midi


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| EJBContext |
The EJBContext interface provides an instance with access to the container-provided runtime context of an enterprise
bean instance.
|
| EJBHome |
The EJBHome interface must be extended by all enterprise beans' remote home interfaces.
|
| EJBLocalHome |
The EJBLocalHome interface must be extended by all enterprise beans' local home interfaces.
|
| EJBLocalObject |
The EJBLocalObject interface must be extended by all enterprise beans' local interfaces.
|
| EJBMetaData |
The EJBMetaData interface allows a client to obtain the enterprise bean's meta-data information.
|
| EJBObject |
The EJBObject interface is extended by all enterprise beans' remote interfaces.
|
| EnterpriseBean |
The EnterpriseBean interface is a common superinterface for the SessionBean, EntityBean and MessageDrivenBean
interfaces.
|
| EntityBean |
The EntityBean interface is implemented by every entity bean class.
|
| EntityContext |
The EntityContext interface provides an instance with access to the container-provided runtime context of an entity
bean instance.
|
| Handle |
The Handle interface is implemented by all enterprise bean object handles.
|
| HomeHandle |
The HomeHandle interface is implemented by all home object handles.
|
| MessageDrivenBean |
The MessageDrivenBean interface defines methods that the enterprise bean container uses to notify a message driven
bean instance of the instance's life cycle events.
|
| MessageDrivenContext |
The MessageDrivenContext interface provides access to the runtime message-driven context that the container provides
for a message-driven bean instance.
|
| SessionBean |
The SessionBean interface defines methods that the enterprise bean container uses to notify a session bean instance
of the instance's life cycle events.
|
| SessionContext |
The SessionContext interface provides access to the runtime session context that the container provides for a session
bean instance.
|
| SessionSynchronization |
The SessionSynchronization interface allows a stateful session bean instance to be notified by its container of
transaction boundaries.
|
| TimedObject |
The
TimedObject interface contains a callback method that is used to deliver timer expiration
notifications. |
| Timer |
The
Timer interface contains information about a timer that was created through the enterprise bean
Timer Service. |
| TimerHandle |
The TimerHandle interface allows the bean provider to obtain a serializable timer handle that may be persisted.
|
| TimerService |
The TimerService interface provides enterprise bean components with access to the container-provided Timer Service.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AsyncResult<V> |
Wraps the result of an asynchronous method call as a
Future object, preserving compatability with the
business interface signature. |
| ScheduleExpression |
A calendar-based timeout expression for an enterprise bean timer.
|
| TimerConfig |
TimerConfig is used to specify additional timer configuration settings during timer creation.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| ConcurrencyManagementType |
Used to specify the value of the
ConcurrencyManagement annotation for a singleton session bean. |
| LockType |
Concurrency lock type for singleton beans with container-managed concurrency.
|
| TransactionAttributeType |
The enum
TransactionAttributeType is used with the TransactionAttribute annotation to
specify whether the methods of a session bean or message driven bean are called with a valid transaction context. |
| TransactionManagementType |
The enum
TransactionManagementType is used with the TransactionManagement annotation to
specify whether container-managed or bean-managed transaction management is used. |
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| AccessLocalException |
An AccessLocalException is thrown to indicate that the caller does not have permission to call the method.
|
| ConcurrentAccessException |
A ConcurrentAccessException indicates that the client has attempted an invocation on a stateful session bean or
singleton bean while another invocation is in progress and such concurrent access is not allowed.
|
| ConcurrentAccessTimeoutException |
This exception indicates that an attempt to concurrently access a stateful session or singleton bean method resulted
in a timeout.
|
| CreateException |
The CreateException exception must be included in the throws clauses of all create methods defined in an enterprise
bean's home or local home interface.
|
| DuplicateKeyException |
The DuplicateKeyException exception is thrown if an entity EJB object or enterprise bean local object cannot be
created because an object with the same key already exists.
|
| EJBAccessException |
This exception indicates that client access to a business method was denied.
|
| EJBException |
The EJBException is thrown to report that the invoked business method or callback method could not be completed
because of an unexpected error (e.g.
|
| EJBTransactionRequiredException |
This exception indicates that a request carried a null transaction context, but the target object requires an active
transaction.
|
| EJBTransactionRolledbackException |
This exception is thrown to a caller of bean business method to indicate that the transaction associated with processing of the
request has been rolled back, or marked to roll back.
|
| FinderException |
The FinderException exception must be included in the throws clause of every finder method of an entity bean's home
or local home interface.
|
| IllegalLoopbackException |
This exception indicates that an attempt was made to perform an illegal loopback invocation.
|
| NoMoreTimeoutsException |
This exception indicates that a calendar-based timer will not result in any more timeouts.
|
| NoSuchEJBException |
A NoSuchEJBException is thrown if an attempt is made to invoke a business method on a stateful session or singleton
object that no longer exists.
|
| NoSuchEntityException |
The NoSuchEntityException exception is thrown by an entity bean instance to its container to report that the invoked
business method or callback method could not be completed because of the underlying entity was removed from the
database.
|
| NoSuchObjectLocalException |
A NoSuchObjectLocalException is thrown if an attempt is made to invoke a method on a local object (local enterprise
bean object or timer) that no longer exists.
|
| ObjectNotFoundException |
The ObjectNotFoundException exception is thrown by a finder or select method to indicate that the specified
enterprise bean object or local object does not exist.
|
| RemoveException |
The RemoveException is thrown at an attempt to remove an enterprise bean object or local enterprise bean object when
the enterprise bean or the container does not allow the enterprise bean object to be removed.
|
| TransactionRequiredLocalException |
This exception is thrown to a local client to indicate that a request carried a null transaction context, but the
target object requires an active transaction.
|
| TransactionRolledbackLocalException |
This exception is thrown to a local client to indicate that the transaction associated with processing of the request
has been rolled back, or marked to roll back.
|
| Annotation Type | Description |
|---|---|
| AccessTimeout |
Specifies the amount of time in a given time unit that a concurrent access attempt should block before timing out.
|
| ActivationConfigProperty |
Used to provide information to the deployer about the configuration of a message driven bean in its operational
environment.
|
| AfterBegin |
Designate a stateful session bean method to receive the after begin session synchronization callback.
|
| AfterCompletion |
Designate a stateful session bean method to receive the after completion session synchronization callback.
|
| ApplicationException |
Applied to an exception to denote that it is an application exception and should be reported to the client directly
(i.e., unwrapped).
|
| Asynchronous |
Used to mark a session bean method as an asynchronous method or to designate all business methods of a session bean
class as asynchronous.
|
| BeforeCompletion |
Designate a stateful session bean method to receive the before completion session synchronization callback.
|
| ConcurrencyManagement |
Declares a singleton session bean's concurrency management type.
|
| DependsOn |
Used to express an initialization dependency between singleton components.
|
| EJB |
Indicates a dependency on the local, no-interface, or remote view of an Enterprise Bean.
|
| EJBs |
Declares multiple
EJB annotations. |
| Init |
Designates a method of a session bean that corresponds to a
create<METHOD> method of an
adapted home or local home interface (an interface that adapts an enterprise bean 2.1 or earlier EJBHome or
EJBLocalHome client view respectively). |
| Local |
Declares the local business interface(s) for a session bean.
|
| LocalBean |
Designates that a session bean exposes a no-interface view.
|
| LocalHome |
Declares the local home or adapted local home interface for a session bean.
|
| Lock |
Declares a concurrency lock for a singleton session bean with container managed concurrency.
|
| MessageDriven |
Component-defining annotation for a message driven bean.
|
| PostActivate |
Designates a method to receive a callback after a stateful session bean has been activated.
|
| PrePassivate |
Designates a method to receive a callback before a stateful session bean is passivated.
|
| Remote |
Declares the remote business interface(s) for a session bean.
|
| RemoteHome |
Declares the remote home interface or adapted remote home interface for a session bean.
|
| Remove |
Applied to a business method of a stateful session bean class to indicate to the container that the stateful session
bean is to be removed by the container after completion of the method.
|
| Schedule |
Schedule a timer for automatic creation with a timeout schedule based on a cron-like time expression.
|
| Schedules |
Applied to a timer callback method to schedule multiple calendar-based timers for the method.
|
| Singleton |
Component-defining annotation for a singleton session bean.
|
| Startup |
Mark a singleton bean for eager initialization during the application startup sequence.
|
| Stateful |
Component-defining annotation for a stateful session bean.
|
| StatefulTimeout |
Specifies the amount of time a stateful session bean can be idle (not receive any client invocations) before it is
eligible for removal by the container.
|
| Stateless |
Component-defining annotation for a stateless session bean.
|
| Timeout |
Designates a method on a stateless session bean class, a singleton session bean class, a message driven bean class,
or an enterprise bean 2.x entity bean class that should receive enterprise bean timer expirations for that bean.
|
| TransactionAttribute |
The
TransactionAttribute annotation specifies whether the container is to invoke a business method
within a transaction context. |
| TransactionManagement |
Specifies whether a session bean or message driven bean has container managed transactions or bean managed
transactions.
|


China's Great Wall aims to sell 300,000 WEY vehicles a year by 2025: chairman
China's top sport-utility vehicle maker Great Wall Motor aims to sell 300,000 of its premium brand WEY vehicles a year by 2025, its chairman said on Wednesday.
GUANGZHOU, China/SHANGHAI: China's top sport-utility vehicle maker Great Wall Motor aims to sell 300,000 of its premium brand WEY vehicles a year by 2025, its chairman said on Wednesday.
The company aims to roll out the vehicles to Europe in 2021 and to North America in 2023, Wei Jianjun, chairman of Baoding-based Great Wall, said on the sidelines of the Guangzhou Autoshow.
Great Wall has sold over 300,000 WEY-branded SUVs in the past 3 years. Wei told Reuters in September the firm may consider building cars in Europe once sales hit 50,000 a year.
(Reporting by Yilei Sun in Guangzhou and Brenda Goh in Shanghai; Editing by Jan Harvey)


ptc
Businessmodel of PTC
Customer Segments
PTC provides products and services to a range of customers, including small and large businesses across multiple sectors. The Company primarily services customers engaged in the following activities:
- computer-aided design and product design;
- product development and lifecycle management;
- application lifecycle management;
- management of global software development;
- service lifecycle management; and
- planning and delivery of service, and analysis of product intelligence This includes customers operating across the automotive, aviation, industrial and manufacturing, engineering, transport and logistics, and aerospace and defence, sectors. Among PTC’s customers are high-profile names such as 3M, BAE, Aegis, Adidas Group, Airbus, Porsche, Alstom Transport, Callaway Cars, and Deckers Outdoor.
The Americas are PTC’s largest market, accounting for 42% of the Company’s total revenue in 2015, followed by Europe, which accounted for 37%. The Company also recognizes revenue across Japan and the Pacific Rim.
Value Propositions
PTC provides value to its customers in the following ways:
- The quality and reliability of its products, including its software, hardware and support services;
- Its marketing and sales reach, providing services and solutions directly across the Americas, Europe, Japan and the Pacific Rim;
- Its industry expertise, with the Company employing highly-qualified technical and corporate staff across its two business segments;
- Its commitment to innovation, devoting a significant portion of its revenue to research and development activities each year. ### Channels
PTC operates a website at www.ptc.com, through customers are able to view the Company’s products and services. The Company operates the PTC e-store, which allows customers to purchase certain PTC products and services.
The majority of PTC’s revenue is generated through sales of products and services through the Company’s in-house direct sales team. PTC operates sales and support offices across the Americas, Europe, Japan, and the Pacific Rim.
These direct sales are supplemented by a network of authorised resellers, distributors and independent sales agents, which account for between 20% and 25% of PTC total sales. PTC also provides services via a number of strategic services partners, which assist PTC customers in implementing the Company’s products and solutions.
PTC expects to increase its dependence on channel partners as it continues to grow.
Customer Relationships
PTC makes a number of its products and services available to customers on a self-service basis through its online store. This enables customers to make purchases and manage customer accounts without dealing directly with members of the PTC sales team. Customers can also arrange free software trials on a self-service basis through the PTC homepage.
Despite this, the majority of PTC’s sales come via its direct sales teams, which provide a more tailored service to customers, ensuring that all requirements and client briefs are fulfilled. Many of the Company’s licensing and subscription contracts include technical support services, which enable customers to receive ongoing personalised care. PTC also provides a broad range of support resources to customers through its e-support portal, including downloads, guides, documentation and tips.
PTC also operates a PTC Community portal, through which customers can interact with one another, and several blogs, through which it provides information on company and industry developments. PTC is also able to interact directly with its customers through its Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Google+, and SlideShare accounts.
Key Activities
PTC develops and sells a range of technology solutions, including software, support solutions and professional services.
The Company operates through two business segments: Software Products and Services, comprising the development, licensing and sale of various software products, as well as the provision of technical support services; and Services, which comprises the Company’s provision of ancillary services such as consulting, implementation, training, and cloud services, and the sale of computer-based training products.
The Company’s products and services cover computer-aided design, product lifecycle management, application lifecycle management, service lifecycle management and Internet of things.
Key Partners
PTC has established a range of partnerships to help jointly market, sell, and develop integrated products and services. Its partners can largely be categorised as:
- Software Resellers, comprising a global network of resellers, distributors and independent sales agents, which extend PTC’s sales and marketing reach;
- Software Partners, comprising software and application developers, and technology companies, to which the Company provides tools and support in integrating third-party functionality into PTC solutions;
- Hardware Partners, including manufacturers and product design companies that assist PTC in providing effective, performance-oriented hardware solutions; and
- Service Partners, comprising consulting firms and high-profile technology companies, with which PTC collaborates on joint-venture projects and complementary consulting and training program. PTC’s partners include high-profile companies such as AMD, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Adobe, Ansys, Dell, and Nvidia, as well as less well-known companies, including GPO Solutions, Inneo Solutions, Neilsoft, Jerand Technical Services and Punditas.
Key Resources
PTC’s key resources are its technology and intellectual properties, its IT infrastructure, its sales and distribution channels, its partnerships and its personnel – in particular its research and development staff. The Company has a number patents and trademarks in place.
Searches of records published by the US Patent and Trademark Office identified a number of patent applications, including applications entitled ‘Method for analyzing time series activity streams and devices thereof’ and ‘System and method of message routing using name-based identifier in a distributed computing environment’.
Cost Structure
PTC incurs costs in relation to the development of its products and services, the maintenance of its IT infrastructure, the operation of its sales and marketing networks, the management of its partnerships, and the retention of its personnel.
PTC commits a substantial amount of its funds to its research and development activities, recording research and development costs of $227.5 million in 2015. The Company employs a workforce of just under 6,000 employees worldwide, which represent costs in the form of salaries and benefits, and operates a network of almost 100 offices worldwide, accruing costs in the form of rent and utilities.
Revenue Streams
PTC generates revenue primarily through the the sale of software licenses, subscriptions, support, and professional services. The Company’s revenue-generating activities can be categorised as follows:
- Licensing and Subscriptions, including revenue from sales of perpetual licenses, provision of subscription-based licenses, and the sale of cloud services;
- Support, including revenue generated support contracts that include upgrades, telephone and internet-based support, updates and bug fixes; and
- Professional Services, including revenue generated through implementation, consulting and training services sold under consulting engagement contracts or as part of software license arrangements. In 2015 PTC generated $1.26 billion in revenue, down from the $1.36 billion recorded by the Company in 2014. The majority of this revenue, around $1.03 billion, was generated by the Company’s Software Products segment, with licensing and subscriptions accounting for $348 million and support services accounting for $681.5 million.


Instructions
Spin the wheel by clicking "Spin Now" button and win the prize.
If you won,
View More
Final points calculation for to be top three in leaderboard
Completion Status set by the days that you have scratched the luck with total days of chances available for a month.
Top three players with higher points in relevant tier points will be awarded product discounts
Top Three players by tier level will be awarded definite prizes
Awarded wining price define by win percentage of same item you have won in the wheel.(Ex: If you won "Rs.1000" item for 20 days is will be your awarded prize)
You will have 3 chance to spin the weel per day and all the points resetted after end of the month
Points structure for each items
Product = Add 250 to total points
Rs.500.00 = Add 500 to total points
Rs.1000.00 = Add 1000 to total points
Rs.2000.00 = Add 2000 to total points
Try Again = Deduct 150 from total points
Bad Luck = Deduct 250 from total points and No chances for spinned day
*Conditions ApplyFortune Wheel Game
Spin the wheel & win amazing prizes...
Need a Help? See instructions!
Spin Now
See who are leading now and your status.
Apply Filter
| Player Name | Tier Level | View |
|---|---|---|
| Mahel | Gold | More ▲ |
| Harshani | Silver | More ▲ |
| Ruvini | Silver | More ▲ |
| Kasun | Bronze | More ▲ |
| Hansana | Entry Level | More ▲ |


We visualize blockchain!
enable sexy systems
empower 24/365 systems
integrate plug-and-play portals
implement real-time relationships
generate cutting-edge web-readiness
evolve sticky e-markets
productize robust platforms
optimize intuitive schemas


This inspection verifies that FlexUnit test method has public visibility. Non-public methods cannot be run by FlexUnit runner.


Before Change
self.wants_outlines = cps.Binary(
"Retain the outlines of the identified objects?",
False, doc=
%(RETAINING_OUTLINES_HELP)s % globals())
self.outlines_name = cps.OutlineNameProvider(
"Name the outline image",
After Change
self.operation = cellprofiler.setting.Choice(
"Select the operation",
O_ALL,
doc=
Choose the operation that you want to perform:

{O_SHRINK_INF}: Remove all pixels but one from filled objects. Thin objects with
holes to loops unless the "fill" option is checked.

{O_EXPAND_INF}: Expand objects, assigning every pixel in the image to an object.
Background pixels are assigned to the nearest object.

{O_DIVIDE}: Remove pixels from an object that are adjacent to another object"s
pixels unless doing so would change the object"s Euler number (break an object in two, remove
the object completely or open a hole in an object).

{O_SHRINK}: Remove pixels around the perimeter of an object unless doing so would
change the object"s Euler number (break the object in two, remove the object completely or open
a hole in the object). You can specify the number of times perimeter pixels should be removed.
Processing stops automatically when there are no more pixels to remove.

{O_EXPAND}: Expand each object by adding background pixels adjacent to the image.
You can choose the number of times to expand. Processing stops automatically if there are no
more background pixels.

{O_SKELETONIZE}: Erode each object to its skeleton.

{O_SPUR}: Remove or reduce the length of spurs in a skeletonized image. The
algorithm reduces spur size by the number of pixels indicated in the setting Number of
pixels by which to expand or shrink.

.format(**{
"O_DIVIDE": O_DIVIDE,
"O_EXPAND": O_EXPAND,
"O_EXPAND_INF": O_EXPAND_INF,
"O_SHRINK": O_SHRINK,
"O_SHRINK_INF": O_SHRINK_INF,
"O_SKELETONIZE": O_SKELETONIZE,
"O_SPUR": O_SPUR
})
)
self.iterations = cellprofiler.setting.Integer("Number of pixels by which to expand or shrink", 1, minval=1)
self.wants_fill_holes = cellprofiler.setting.Binary(
"Fill holes in objects so that all objects shrink to a single point?",
False,
doc=
(Used only if one of the "shrink" options selected)

Select {YES} to ensure that each object will shrink to a single point, by filling the holes
in each object.

Select {NO} to preserve the Euler number. in this case, the shrink algorithm preserves
each object"s Euler number, which means that it will erode an object with a hole to a ring in order
to keep the hole. An object with two holes will be shrunk to two rings connected by a line in order
to keep from breaking up the object or breaking the hole.

.format(**{
"NO": cellprofiler.setting.NO,
"YES": cellprofiler.setting.YES
})
)
self.wants_outlines = cellprofiler.setting.Binary(
"Retain the outlines of the identified objects?",


Treper210.github.io
Manuals - lathes.co.uk - Manuals for lathes, grinders.
Behringer B-5 Bedienungsanleitung. LATHES, MILLERS, GRINDERS, SHAPERS, BORERS and OTHER MACHINE TOOL Instruction, Operation and Maintenance Manuals, Handbooks and Parts Manuals.


The best and most dangerous words and characters
Are those of innocence
Truthfulness
Hope
Genuinity
As tiny particles of God himself
These are not simply written
Or painted in the back of a head,
These particles
By God himself
They are carved
In the heart of a soul
From life to eternity
And there is no enough amount
Of brainwashing
Of lobomotomy
Of calculation
Of argumentation
That can wash away their essence
With its own slow time
Mistakes by these can be made
And in penitence they surely will pay
But their Truth will always stand out
Intact, without any doubts
And when the day comes
Near or apart
They will understand
And in such see the Light that exists
There was never evil
There were just mistakes
Regret or smile
It's a question of patience
It's a question of understanding.


| |
Go to:
[Publications]
[Data]
[Related Work & links]
PUBLICATIONS
|
Taylor, M., Kazadzis, S., Amiridis, V., Kahn, R.A. (2015) Global aerosol mixtures and their multiyear and seasonal characteristics. Atmospheric Environment 116:112-129.
[ PDF]
[ Supplment]
[ Link to journal]
|
|
Taylor, M., Kazadzis, S., Amiridis, V., Kahn, R.A. (2015) A climatology of global aerosol mixture s to support Sentinel-5P and EarthCARE mission
applications. ATMOS 2015 Advances in Atmospheric Science and Applications, Heraklion, Crete, 8-12 June, 2015.
[ Abstract]
[ Paper]
[ Poster]
|
| |
DATA
- Global gridded (1x1 degree) cluster indices for multiyear mean global aerosol mixtures [Multiyear]
- Global gridded (1x1 degree) cluster indices for seasonal mean global aerosol mixtures: [DJF], [MAM], [JJA] and [SON]
- Table of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median and inter-quartile range) of
the 5-component (BC, OC, SU, DU and SS) percentage composition for each cluster of the
multiyear mean global partition [Multiyear]
- Tables of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median and inter-quartile range) of
the 5-component (BC, OC, SU, DU and SS) percentage composition for each cluster of
seasonal mean global partitions: [DJF], [MAM], [JJA] and [SON]
- A table of 50 optical and microphysical aerosol parameters extracted from the AERONET
inversion data record for each cluster of the mean multiyear global partition [Multiyear]
- Tables of 50 optical and microphysical aerosol parameters extracted from the AERONET
inversion data record for each cluster of the mean seasonal global partitions [DJF], [MAM], [JJA] and [SON]
RELATED WORK & links
- Model-Derived Global Aerosol Climatology for MISR Analysis: the [Clim-Likely] dataset
- Kahn, Ralph, Pranab Banerjee, and Duncan McDonald (2001). The sensitivity of multi-angle imaging to natural mixtures of aerosols over ocean. J. Geophysical Res., 106 (D16), 18219-18238. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|


Allocates a new Jenkins agent using a specified Docker image and runs tasks on it. Example:
docker-node(image: 'cloudbees/jnlp-slave-with-java-build-tools') { git 'https://github.com/jglick/simple-maven-project-with-tests' withMaven { sh 'mvn install' } }


The previous two tutorials, JAAS Authentication and JAAS Authorization, show how you can use the LoginContext and Subject classes to write a program to
This tutorial describes a Login utility that performs the above operations and then executes any specified application as the authenticated user.
Use of the Login utility with a sample application is demonstrated in this tutorial. The next tutorial, a client/server application using the Java GSS-API, also uses the Login utility.
It is not necessary to read the previous two tutorials on JAAS authentication and authorization prior to reading this one. However, you may want to refer to some sections in those tutorials to obtain further details regarding certain topics, such as how to make user-based policy file statements. You should also read JAAS Login Configuration File for information as to what a login configuration file is, since one is needed for this and all other tutorials in this series.
As with all tutorials in this series of tutorials, the underlying technology used to support authentication is Kerberos. See Kerberos Requirements.
If you want to first see the tutorial code in action, you can
skip directly to Running the Sample Program
with the Login Utility and then go back to the other sections
to learn more.
You do not need to understand the code contained in Login.java; you can just use it as is. However, you need to understand some facts about what it does so that your program, policy file, and login configuration file will properly work with it. Below is a summary of these facts, followed by sections with further information and examples.
The Login class does the following:
com.sun.security.auth.callback
package) as the class
to be used when communicating with the user. This class can prompt
the user for a user name and password.Login.java
), passing it the application arguments, if
any.Subject.doAsPrivileged
, passing it a
Subject representing the user, the MyAction instance, and a null
AccessControlContext. The result is that the public static main
method from your application is invoked and your application code
is considered to be executed on behalf of the user.To utilize the Login utility to authenticate the user and execute your application, you may need a small number of additions or modifications to your login configuration file and policy file, as described in the following.
In order to utilize the Login utility, your application code
does not need anything special. All you need is for the entry point
of your application to be the main
method of a class
you write, as usual.
The way to invoke Login such that it will authenticate the user and then instantiate MyAction to invoke your application is the following:
java <options> Login <AppName> <app arguments>where <AppName> is your application's top-level class name and <app arguments> are any arguments required by your application. See Running the Sample Program with the Login Utility for the full command used for this tutorial.
Whenever a LoginContext is used to authenticate the user, you need a login configuration file to specify the desired login module. See the The Login Configuration File section in the JAAS authentication tutorial for more information as to what a login configuration file is and what it contains.
When you use the Login utility, the name for the login configuration file entry must be exactly the same as your top-level application class name. See The Login Configuration File in this tutorial for an example.
Whenever you run an application with a security manager, you
need a policy indicating the permissions granted to specific code,
or to specific code being executed by a specific user (or users).
One way of specifying the policy is by grant
statements in a policy file. See The Policy File
for more information.
If you use the Login utility to invoke your application, then you will need to grant it various permissions, as described in Permissions Required by the Login and MyAction Classes.
SampleAction.java
application did in the previous
(JAAS Authorization) tutorial. It does
the following:
java.home
system
property,user.home
system
property, andfoo.txt
exists in the current directory.Here is the code:
import java.io.File; public class Sample { public static void main (String[] args) throws SecurityException { // If there were any arguments to read, we'd do it here. System.out.println("\nYour java.home property value is: " +System.getProperty("java.home")); System.out.println("\nYour user.home property value is: " +System.getProperty("user.home")); File f = new File("foo.txt"); System.out.print("\nfoo.txt does "); if (!f.exists()) System.out.print("not "); System.out.println("exist in the current working directory."); } }
The sample.conf login configuration
file for this tutorial contains a single entry, just like the login
configuration file for the previous (JAAS
Authorization) tutorial. The entry contents are the same since
the class implementing the desired authentication technology in
both cases is the Krb5LoginModule in the
com.sun.security.auth.module
package.
The only difference is the name used for the entry. In the previous tutorial we used the name "JaasSample", since that is the name used by the JaasAzn class to look up the entry. When you use the Login utility with your application, it expects the name for your login configuration file entry to be the same as the name of your top-level application class. That application class for this tutorial is named "Sample" so that must also be the name of the login configuration file entry. Thus the login configuration file looks like the following:
Sample { com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required; };
The "required" indicates that login using the Krb5LoginModule is required to "succeed" in order for authentication to be considered successful. The Krb5LoginModule succeeds only if the name and password supplied by the user are successfully used to log the user into the Kerberos KDC.
For information about all the possible options that can be passed to Krb5LoginModule, see the Krb5LoginModule documentation.
The Login, MyAction, and Sample classes all perform some security-sensitive operations and thus relevant permissions are required in a policy file in order for the operations to be executed.
For this tutorial, you will create a Login.jar
JAR
file containing the Login.class
and
MyAction.class
files. You need to grant
Login.jar
various permissions, specifically the ones
required for invoking the security-sensitive methods the
Login.jar
classes call, as well as all the permissions
required by your application. Otherwise, access control checks will
fail.
The simplest thing to do, and what we recommend, is to grant
Login.jar AllPermission
. For this tutorial, the
Login.jar
file is assumed to be in the current
directory and the policy file includes the following:
grant codebase "file:./Login.jar" { permission java.security.AllPermission; };
(Note: This section is essentially a modified copy of the Permissions Required by SampleAction section from the previous (JAAS Authorization) tutorial, since Sample and SampleAction perform the same operations and thus require the same permissions.)
The Sample
code does three operations for which
permissions are required. It
foo.txt
exists in the current directory.The permissions required for these operations are the following:
permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.home", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "user.home", "read"; permission java.io.FilePermission "foo.txt", "read";
We need to grant these permissions to the code in
Sample.class
, which we will place in a JAR file named
Sample.jar
. However, our grant
statement
will grant the permissions not just to the code but to a
specific authenticated user executing the code. This illustrates
how you can use a Principal designation in a grant
statement to restrict execution of security-sensitive operations in
code to a specific user rather than allowing the permissions to all
users executing the code.
Thus, as explained in How
Do You Make Principal-Based Policy File Statements?, our
grant
statement looks like the following:
grant codebase "file:./Sample.jar", Principal javax.security.auth.kerberos.KerberosPrincipal "your_user_name@your_realm" { permission java.util.PropertyPermission "java.home", "read"; permission java.util.PropertyPermission "user.home", "read"; permission java.io.FilePermission "foo.txt", "read"; };Important: You must substitute your Kerberos user name (complete with "@" and realm) for "
your_user_name@your_realm
". For example, if your
user name is "mjones" and your realm is "KRBNT-OPERATIONS.ABC.COM",
you would use<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(complete with the
quotes).
The full policy file is sample.policy.
To execute the Sample application with the Login utility, do the following:
sample.policy
with your user name and realm.Login.java
and Sample.java
:
javac Login.java Sample.java
Note that Login.java
contains two classes and thus
compiling Login.java
creates Login.class
and MyAction.class
.
Login.jar
containing
Login.class and MyAction.class
:
jar -cvf Login.jar Login.class MyAction.class
Sample.jar
containing
Sample.class
:
jar -cvf Sample.jar Sample.class
Login
class, specifying
-classpath
clause that classes
should be searched for in the Login.jar
and
Sample.jar
JAR files,-Djava.security.manager
that a security manager
should be installed,-Djava.security.krb5.realm=<your_realm>
that your Kerberos realm is the one specified.-Djava.security.krb5.kdc=<your_kdc>
that
your Kerberos KDC is the one specified.-Djava.security.policy=sample.policy
that the
policy file to be used is sample.policy
, and-Djava.security.auth.login.config=sample.conf
that the login configuration file to be used is
sample.conf
.You pass the name of your application (in this case, "Sample") as an argument to Login. You would then add as arguments any arguments required by your application, but in our case Sample does not require any.
Below are the full commands to use for both Microsoft Windows
and Solaris, Linux, and Mac OS X systems. The only difference is
that on Windows systems
you use semicolons to separate classpath items, while you use
colons for that purpose on Solaris, Linux, and Mac OS X systems.
Be sure to replace
<your_realm>
with your Kerberos realm, and
<your_kdc>
with your Kerberos KDC.
Here is the full command for Windows systems:
java -classpath Login.jar;Sample.jar -Djava.security.manager -Djava.security.krb5.realm=<your_realm> -Djava.security.krb5.kdc=<your_kdc> -Djava.security.policy=sample.policy -Djava.security.auth.login.config=sample.conf Login Sample
Here is the full command for Solaris, Linux, and Mac OS X systems:
java -classpath Login.jar:Sample.jar -Djava.security.manager -Djava.security.krb5.realm=<your_realm> -Djava.security.krb5.kdc=<your_kdc> -Djava.security.policy=sample.policy -Djava.security.auth.login.config=sample.conf Login Sample
Type the full command on one line. Multiple lines are used here for legibility. If the command is too long for your system, you may need to place it in a .bat file (for Windows) or a .sh file (for Solaris, Linux, and Mac OS X) and then run that file to execute the command.
You will be prompted for your Kerberos user name and password,
and the underlying Kerberos login module specified in the login
configuration file will log you into Kerberos. Once authentication
is successfully completed, the Sample
code will be
executed on behalf of you, the user. The sample.policy
policy file grants you the required permissions, so you will see a
display of the values of your java.home
and
user.home
system properties and a statement as to
whether or not you have a file named foo.txt
in the
current directory.
For login troubleshooting suggestions, see Troubleshooting.


--- layout: post title: Orangy Flower Nail Art tags: - Nail Art status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '2' _graphene_slider_img: global _graphene_slider_imgurl: '' _graphene_show_addthis: global _aioseop_keywords: Avon neon, avon coral beat, tips and toes Gilma, elle18, konad nail polish _aioseop_description: Flower Nail Art _aioseop_title: Avon nail colors al2fb_facebook_link_id: '218440691518395_242936045735526' al2fb_facebook_link_time: '2011-07-12T20:27:26+00:00' al2fb_facebook_link_picture: post=http://missenchanted.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/IMG_1188.jpg _yoast_wpseo_linkdex: '0' _thumbnail_id: '1071' --- Tried the Avon Coral beat today, but it turned out very plain standing alone :( , So I added some flowers :) Colors Used:


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Figure 1
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X-ray diffraction analysis of four kinds of purified montmor ... |
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Figure 2
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The hydration models of montmorillonite (ball-and-stick mode ... |
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Figure 3
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The Z-density profiles of water molecules and H W within the ... |
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Figure 4
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The Z-density profiles of Ca 2+ in the interlayer of montmor ... |
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Figure 5
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The mean square displacement (MSD) curves of water molecules ... |
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Figure 6
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The radial distribution function (RDF) of Ca-O w and Ca-H w ... |
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Figure 7
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The RDF of Ca-O t of montmorillonites with different layer c ... |
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Figure 8
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The RDF of O t-O w and O t-H w of montmorillonites with diff ... |
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Figure 9
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Schematic diagram of hydrogen bond of montmorillonites with ... |
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Figure 10
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The TG and DTG curves of montmorillonites with different lay ... |
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Figure 11
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The swelling capacity and gelling value of montmorillonite w ... |