This week covers the place that museums hold as a social catalyzer, and how it can reinforce or challenge existing social structures. We will first look at the status quo from the last decades, then introduce some educational theories which have gained some traction in recent years, and finally give an overview of contemporary solutions offered by museums.
welcome!
-> databases of museums available on the class website
-> come ready to discuss your progress on your M4P0 projects during recitation
-> challenges in mediation and education
-> educational approaches
-> museum responses
the modern museum is stretched between an aesthetic, ethic and social role.
but how does one build the bridge between seeing and knowing?
Mediation means meeting someone in the middle, of having to concile (or re-concile!) two or more different parties. What is reconciled here is the truth held by museums, as the cultural heritage which needs to be transmitted to the public in order to reinforce the sense of unity and communal belonging of this public. Additionally, mediation and education are rooted in the enlightenment spirit of learning and developing knowledge.
But if mediation—and its counterpart, interpretation—imply closing the gap on the distance between the artwork and the public, woulnd't be interesting to know why that gap is here in the first place?
the methodology of interpreting sacred texts reinforces the sacredness of these texts.
Museums have, for a long time, never questioned how to proceed with education. It has always been top-down, explanatory, or even ommitted. Mediation has indeed been activated once the audience is in the museum, and not so much before such audiences would come to the museum.
The approach is therefore self-contained and self-referential: it only exists within the world of the museum, since the museum represents the world, and it explains the artworks only in relationship to the artworks themselves. Art for art's sake is the manifestation of the luxury/privilege.
"museums exists so that people who go to museums can distinguish themselves from those who do not go" - pierre bourdieu
social capital <--> economic capital
economic capital <- -> cultural capital
cultural capital <- -> social capital
didactic learning implies a reinforcing of implicit power dynamics and capital inequalities.
are there other forms of learning which address these issues?
education is the action of developing moral, physical, intellectual and scientific values, skills and knowledge
the teacher provides knowledge to the learner by feeding them truths/facts that already exist about the world.
any experience which allows for subsequent, novel experiences is a learning experience
Constructivism has a particular appeal to the museum, because it is suited to informal, voluntary, one-shot nature of most learning which happens in a museum.
First developed by John Dewey, political philosopher and educator, constructivism challenges the passive learner approach and offers activities to the learner so that they can construct knowledge by themselves.
"because something has been learned by someone, and because we are all born equal, then that thing can be learned by anyone" - jacques rancière, the ignorant schoolmaster
-> how can museums act as ignorant structures?
the most important question in education is:
why should one learn this?
once this question is answered, the following is:
how should one learn this?
All of the above are part of a broader field named critical pedagogies, including educators such as paulo freire, who brings in ideas about narration and storytelling as essential to learning and bell hooks, who argues that a central element of teaching is the ability for the teacher to encourage and motivate individuals into a learning situation through performance (i.e. not just reading notes from a pedestal in an amphitheater).
while the formats remain the same, the means to convey those formats have evolved.
Museums have educational activities through:
Amongst these, the first ones on the list (labels and tours) are more didactic and unidirectional, while the others can be developed into more participative and horizontal practices.
The later items (family activities, online programs) present the added complication that learning in museums is conducted in conditions ill-suited to traditional learning: short duration, sporadic, in unfamiliar settings and unrelated to existing disciplined educational exposure. This, however, does make them more conducive to a constructivist approach to education.
physical activities can be the starting point for any sort of learning experience.
Museums invite more and more artist collectives to create experiences in their physical spaces, which involve the audience. The TLC collective in Mexico City develops activities with the museum visitors, and start by asking questions in order to understand what is it that is interesting to them.
Complementary to this face-to-face approach, the architecture agency raumlabor has partnered with the staatliches museen zu berlin in order to install interactive installations which involve the visitors further with the artworks they are currently seeing in the room. (full 360 visit here)
how can digital media can contribute to modifying/muting the curatorial voice?
For instance, adding comments on an artwork, even though no official app of no big museum is offering this.
Offering one's own recombining threads of narrative beyond chronological/geographical. There is no way to share the pathway that one has gone through to other future visitors. Such a sharing feature would allow a different perspective on the authority of curation.
existing AR apps unveil existing content, rather than allowing visitors to create it themselves (e.g. X-Ray vision).
changing educational approaches have manifested in museums spaces, but not yet in digital spaces.
-> come prepared to discuss your projects
-> pick a database for your final assignment


Hi, just completed the build of emontx, emonglcd and rfm12pi. I am a full time software developer so had to teach myself soldering over the last couple of weeks and it's working great :)
I am not bothered about emoncms, I already use a script on the pi to upload my solar readings to pvoutput.
I would like to just use the pi to send the time to emonglcd.
Which emoncms script handles this part, as I would like to modify it just to send the time.
Thanks
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
This file receives data from emonTx and sends date:
/emoncms/Modules/raspberrypi/raspberrypi_run.php
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
Both gateway scripts do that (php and python). The period to send time it defined in the raspberry pi tab.Default is 0, which means do not send time.
Beware that there can be garbling when using the rfm2pi to both send time and receive info. This does not happen on latest rfm2pi v2 (SMT) board. Use a long period to avoid trouble. If you only do time sending, there shouldn't be any issue, I suppose. It happens when date is received at the same time.
If you're concerned about the gateway script listening on the COM port for nothing, you can comment / remove the code in the script to keep only the time sending part. The time sending feature is not much code, anyway.
See comments here: http://harizanov.com/2013/02/new-rfm2pi-board-in-the-works/
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
Thanks got it working, I now run this as a cron job every 30 minutes. I have attached the php script in case anyone else is interested in using it. The baseid/frequency/group are hard coded. Rename to .php
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
Hi,
after many tries on and off over the last few months, I have finally got my emonTx, emonGLCD and RasPi working together. The main problem was that none of the emonTx sketches I got from github seemed to work. I finally succeeded after buying an emonGLCD (so I could confirm that the emonTx is sending data), and with the absolutely basic sketch from the emonTx modules page- currently just using a single CT. I'm using the pre-built emoncms SD image on the Pi.
I now need to transmit time from RasPi to emonGLCD, and I thought that I'd found the answer in this thread, but this is all over my head! I have searched, but not found an idiot's guide to this anywhere.
Could somebody please break this information down into instructions that a beginner could follow? I'm familiar with a bit of Linux, but e.g. I would have no idea how to create or use a script, or to "run this as a cron job every 30 minutes".
I appreciate that my knowledge may be too low for a simple explanation, if so- please say so. I'm ok with hardware, but still a novice with Arduino and Linux, etc.
Thanks
Andy.
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
Hello Andy, all you should need to do is set the 'Broadcast time to synchronize emonGLCD'
To test it, its useful to set the Broadcast time to something short, but once your happy its working its better to reduce it to 2-5 minutes.
Re: How to just send the time part from the raspberry pi to emonglcd
Wow! That was easy!!! Thanks Trystan. :-)


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| 1 |
Sun_Y_2018 |
A multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of four antigenic types of canine parvovirus in China |
Sun, Yaru; Cheng, Yuening; Lin, Peng; Yi, Li; Tong, Mingwei; Cao, Zhigang; Wang, Gaili; Li, Shuang; Cheng, Shipeng; Yuan, Wanzhe; Wang, Jianke |
2018 |
2018-04-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126752 |
29499233.0 |
10.1016/j.mcp.2018.02.004 |
dulhzcxq |
0.654171 |
Dinh_2011, Pulford_2004, Falcone_1997 |
Liu_Z_2019 |
| 2 |
Chao_2015 |
Development of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assays for Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi or Rickettsia typhi |
Chao, Chien-Chung; Belinskaya, Tatyana; Zhang, Zhiwen; Ching, Wei-Mei |
2015 |
2015-07-10 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4498641 |
26161793.0 |
10.1371/journal.pntd.0003884 |
8lcdx719 |
0.622898 |
Benson_2008, Vemulapalli_2009, Lau_L_2003 |
Gumaa_2019, Wang_2017, Zhang_2014 |
| 3 |
Liu_L_2018 |
Equipment-free recombinase polymerase amplification assay using body heat for visual and rapid point-of-need detection of canine parvovirus 2 |
Liu, Libing; Wang, Jianchang; Geng, Yunyun; Wang, Jinfeng; Li, Ruiwen; Shi, Ruihan; Yuan, Wanzhe |
2018 |
2018-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127419 |
29705183.0 |
10.1016/j.mcp.2018.04.004 |
i3zyqu54 |
0.600745 |
Vemulapalli_2009, Falcone_1997, Dinh_2011, Benson_2008, Wang_2018 |
Zhuang_2019, Wang_2017, Zhang_2014 |
| 4 |
Hoang_2018 |
A SimpleProbe(®) real‐time PCR assay for differentiating the canine parvovirus type 2 genotype |
Hoang, Minh; Wu, Hung‐Yi; Lien, Ying‐Xiu; Chiou, Ming‐Tang; Lin, Chao‐Nan |
2018 |
2018-08-31 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC6430354 |
30168193.0 |
10.1002/jcla.22654 |
407bgxzx |
0.583063 |
|
|
| 5 |
Geng_2017 |
Development of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus 2 |
Geng, Yunyun; Wang, Jianchang; Liu, Libing; Lu, Yan; Tan, Ke; Chang, Yan-Zhong |
2017 |
2017-11-06 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5674863 |
29110666.0 |
10.1186/s12917-017-1232-z |
zs18ez5q |
0.564526 |
Dinh_2011, Wang_2018, Vemulapalli_2009 |
Wang_2017, Nemoto_2015 |
| 6 |
Shalaby_2016 |
Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of lumpy skin disease virus |
Shalaby, Mohamed A.; El-Deeb, Ayman; El-Tholoth, Mohamed; Hoffmann, Donata; Czerny, Claus-Peter; Hufert, Frank T.; Weidmann, Manfred; Abd El Wahed, Ahmed |
2016 |
2016-11-02 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5094145 |
27806722.0 |
10.1186/s12917-016-0875-5 |
mvkao3ye |
0.558872 |
Dinh_2011 |
Hou_P_2017, Hakhverdyan_2005 |
| 7 |
Wang_2018 |
Evaluation of an incubation instrument-free reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and point-of-need detection of canine distemper virus |
Wang, Jianchang; Wang, Jinfeng; Li, Ruiwen; Shi, Ruihan; Liu, Libing; Yuan, Wanzhe |
2018 |
2018-10-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7113680 |
30009850.0 |
10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.007 |
itvhobbu |
0.557240 |
Dinh_2011, Chen_2010, Lau_L_2003, Vemulapalli_2009, Wang_2018 |
Wang_2017, Zhang_2014, Nemoto_2015 |
| 8 |
Nkere_2018 |
Chromogenic detection of yam mosaic virus by closed-tube reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (CT-RT-LAMP) |
Nkere, Chukwuemeka K.; Oyekanmi, Joshua O.; Silva, Gonçalo; Bömer, Moritz; Atiri, Gabriel I.; Onyeka, Joseph; Maroya, Norbert G.; Seal, Susan E.; Kumar, P. Lava |
2018 |
2018-01-08 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5854734 |
29308543.0 |
10.1007/s00705-018-3706-0 |
xguvylqk |
0.528260 |
Borja_1992, Zhang_2011, Wang_2018 |
Nemoto_2015, Zhang_2014, Li_H_2019 |
| 9 |
Gumaa_2019 |
Establishment of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the detection of Brucella spp. Infection |
Gumaa, M.M.; Cao, Xiaoan; Li, Zhaocai; Lou, Zhongzi; Zhang, Nianzhang; Zhang, Zhijun; Zhou, Jizhang; Fu, Baoquan |
2019 |
2019-10-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7127669 |
31401295.0 |
10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101434 |
zx83almq |
0.514837 |
Lau_L_2003, Benson_2008, Vemulapalli_2009, Wang_2018, Jiang_2004 |
Wang_2017, Zhang_2014, Liu_M_2018 |
| 10 |
Liu_M_2018 |
Development and application of a simple recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid point-of-care detection of feline herpesvirus type 1 |
Liu, Meng-zhi; Han, Xiao-hu; Yao, Long-quan; Zhang, Wen-kui; Liu, Bao-shan; Chen, Ze-liang |
2018 |
2018-10-09 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7086775 |
30302584.0 |
10.1007/s00705-018-4064-7 |
7cn23hcv |
0.501734 |
Dinh_2011, Vemulapalli_2009, Falcone_1997, Benson_2008, Fan_Q_2012 |
Wang_2019, Stranieri_2017, Zhang_2014 |
| 11 |
Wang_2017 |
Rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification |
Wang, Jianchang; Wang, Jinfeng; Li, Ruiwen; Liu, Libing; Yuan, Wanzhe |
2017 |
2017-08-15 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5558738 |
28810858.0 |
10.1186/s12917-017-1180-7 |
hj0bt9bd |
0.490250 |
Dinh_2011, Chen_2010, Falcone_1997, Escutenaire_2006 |
Nemoto_2015, Stranieri_2017 |
| 12 |
Decaro_2006 |
A minor groove binder probe real-time PCR assay for discrimination between type 2-based vaccines and field strains of canine parvovirus |
Decaro, Nicola; Elia, Gabriella; Desario, Costantina; Roperto, Sante; Martella, Vito; Campolo, Marco; Lorusso, Alessio; Cavalli, Alessandra; Buonavoglia, Canio |
2006 |
2006-09-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7119799 |
16682086.0 |
10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.030 |
3br89vgb |
0.487048 |
Dinh_2011 |
|
| 13 |
Zhang_2019 |
Development and application of a multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of feline panleukopenia virus, feline bocavirus, and feline astrovirus |
Zhang, Qian; Niu, Jiangting; Yi, Shushuai; Dong, Guoying; Yu, Dejing; Guo, Yanbing; Huang, Hailong; Hu, Guixue |
2019 |
2019-09-10 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7086731 |
31506786.0 |
10.1007/s00705-019-04394-8 |
rbp1u43t |
0.478637 |
Dinh_2011, Pulford_2004, Falcone_1997 |
Stranieri_2017 |
| 14 |
LIU_D_2018 |
One-step triplex PCR/RT-PCR to detect canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine kobuvirus |
LIU, Dafei; LIU, Fei; GUO, Dongchun; HU, Xiaoliang; LI, Zhijie; LI, Zhigang; MA, Jianzhang; LIU, Chunguo |
2018 |
2018-01-23 |
NONCOMM |
N |
PMC6656820 |
29367517.0 |
10.1292/jvms.17-0442 |
ocdlh310 |
0.477082 |
|
Wang_2017 |
| 15 |
Deng_2018 |
A multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of three viruses associated with canine viral enteric infections |
Deng, Xiaoyu; Zhang, Jiali; Su, Jiazi; Liu, Hao; Cong, Yanlong; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Kemeng; Shi, Ning; Lu, Rongguang; Yan, Xijun |
2018 |
2018-04-19 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7086948 |
29675651.0 |
10.1007/s00705-018-3828-4 |
4wefykbi |
0.469066 |
Dinh_2011, Escutenaire_2006 |
|
| 16 |
Wang_2016 |
Rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus type 2 by recombinase polymerase amplification |
Wang, Jianchang; Liu, Libing; Li, Ruiwen; Wang, Jinfeng; Fu, Qi; Yuan, Wanzhe |
2016 |
2016-01-05 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7087227 |
26729477.0 |
10.1007/s00705-015-2738-y |
nn7qvf8i |
0.461570 |
Dinh_2011 |
Wang_2017, Geng_2017, Wang_2019 |
| 17 |
Si_W_2010 |
A multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of wild-type and vaccine strains of canine distemper virus |
Si, Wei; Zhou, Shun; Wang, Zhao; Cui, Shang-jin |
2010 |
2010-05-01 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC2880969 |
20433759.0 |
10.1186/1743-422x-7-86 |
1fw0xiin |
0.437697 |
Falcone_1997, Dinh_2011 |
Huang_2009 |
| 18 |
Londoño_2016 |
Evaluation of recombinase polymerase amplification for detection of begomoviruses by plant diagnostic clinics |
Londoño, Maria A.; Harmon, Carrie L.; Polston, Jane E. |
2016 |
2016-03-22 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4802622 |
27000806.0 |
10.1186/s12985-016-0504-8 |
8k3e2j98 |
0.434803 |
Benson_2008 |
|
| 19 |
Zhao_2018 |
A lateral flow dipstick combined with reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification for rapid and visual detection of the bovine respirovirus 3 |
Zhao, Guimin; Wang, Hongmei; Hou, Peili; Xia, Xianzhu; He, Hongbin |
2018 |
2018-10-31 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7126874 |
30138696.0 |
10.1016/j.mcp.2018.08.004 |
odhpuj3b |
0.415637 |
Dinh_2011, Benson_2008, Chen_2010, Wang_2018, Li_H_2019 |
Nemoto_2015, Mu_Y_2014, Wang_2017, Malik_2013 |
| 20 |
Sun_Y_2019 |
Simultaneous detection and differentiation of canine parvovirus and feline parvovirus by high resolution melting analysis |
Sun, Yaru; Cheng, Yuening; Lin, Peng; Zhang, Hewei; Yi, Li; Tong, Mingwei; Cao, Zhigang; Li, Shuang; Cheng, Shipeng; Wang, Jianke |
2019 |
2019-05-10 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6511188 |
31077252.0 |
10.1186/s12917-019-1898-5 |
4rc5qbcb |
0.407322 |
Dinh_2011 |
|
| 21 |
Wang_2017 |
Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay—A Simple, Fast and Cost-Effective Alternative to Real Time PCR for Specific Detection of Feline Herpesvirus-1 |
Wang, Jianchang; Liu, Libing; Wang, Jinfeng; Sun, Xiaoxia; Yuan, Wanzhe |
2017 |
2017-01-03 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5207716 |
28045956.0 |
10.1371/journal.pone.0166903 |
lar2m59n |
0.400036 |
Dinh_2011 |
Hohdatsu_1992, Liu_M_2018 |
| 22 |
Prescott_2016 |
Rapid Detection of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 in Latently Infected Koi (Cyprinus carpio) by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification |
Prescott, Meagan A.; Reed, Aimee N.; Jin, Ling; Pastey, Manoj K. |
2016 |
2016-07-02 |
PMC |
N |
PMC5958048 |
27485254.0 |
10.1080/08997659.2016.1185048 |
jd0oirju |
0.393372 |
|
Wang_2017 |
| 23 |
Liu_D_2015 |
Establishment of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection and differentiation of canine distemper virus infected and vaccinated animals |
Liu, Da-Fei; Liu, Chun-Guo; Tian, Jin; Jiang, Yi-Tong; Zhang, Xiao-Zhan; Chai, Hong-Liang; Yang, Tian-Kuo; Yin, Xiu-Chen; Zhang, Hong-Ying; Liu, Ming; Hua, Yu-Ping; Qu, Lian-Dong |
2015 |
2015-06-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7106007 |
25769803.0 |
10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.002 |
xz602zii |
0.383829 |
Dinh_2011, Chen_2010 |
Wang_2017, Nemoto_2015 |
| 24 |
Liu_Z_2019 |
Application of Duplex Fluorescence Melting Curve Analysis (FMCA) to Identify Canine Parvovirus Type 2 Variants |
Liu, Zhicheng; Bingga, Gali; Zhang, Chunhong; Shao, Junjie; Shen, Haiyan; Sun, Junying; Zhang, Jianfeng |
2019 |
2019-03-05 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6411689 |
30891024.0 |
10.3389/fmicb.2019.00419 |
j9s17r55 |
0.375318 |
Pulford_2004, Dinh_2011 |
Sun_Y_2018 |
| 25 |
Wang_2019 |
Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification assay with lateral flow dipstick for rapid detection of feline parvovirus |
Wang, Zhao-Hua; Wang, Xiao-Jia; Hou, Shao-Hua |
2019 |
2019-09-30 |
PMC |
N |
PMC7113848 |
31216435.0 |
10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113679 |
bkq598ur |
0.365839 |
Dinh_2011, Benson_2008 |
Stranieri_2017, Liu_M_2018, Wang_2017, Zhuang_2019 |
| 26 |
Hou_P_2017 |
Rapid detection of infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis virus using recombinase polymerase amplification assays |
Hou, Peili; Wang, Hongmei; Zhao, Guimin; He, Chengqiang; He, Hongbin |
2017 |
2017-12-13 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5729238 |
29237466.0 |
10.1186/s12917-017-1284-0 |
bgrgzfoo |
0.360956 |
Dinh_2011, Falcone_1997, Vemulapalli_2009, Fan_Q_2012 |
Wang_2017, Nemoto_2015 |
| 27 |
Ma_L_2018 |
Development and evaluation of a broadly reactive reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of murine norovirus |
Ma, Lei; Zeng, Fanwen; Cong, Feng; Huang, Bihong; Zhu, Yujun; Wu, Miaoli; Xu, Fengjiao; Yuan, Wen; Huang, Ren; Guo, Pengju |
2018 |
2018-12-14 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC6295035 |
30547776.0 |
10.1186/s12917-018-1736-1 |
y52o45zk |
0.327620 |
Vemulapalli_2009, Dinh_2011, Benson_2008, Falcone_1997, Chen_2010 |
Zhang_2014, Moore_2017, Nemoto_2015 |
| 28 |
Mai_T_2018 |
Development of pooled testing system for porcine epidemic diarrhoea using real-time fluorescent reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay |
Mai, Thi Ngan; Nguyen, Van Diep; Yamazaki, Wataru; Okabayashi, Tamaki; Mitoma, Shuya; Notsu, Kosuke; Sakai, Yuta; Yamaguchi, Ryoji; Norimine, Junzo; Sekiguchi, Satoshi |
2018 |
2018-05-29 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC5975689 |
29843733.0 |
10.1186/s12917-018-1498-9 |
y2w7khwo |
0.322447 |
Dinh_2011 |
Nemoto_2015, Njiru_2008, Malik_2013 |
| 29 |
Kersting_2014 |
Multiplex isothermal solid-phase recombinase polymerase amplification for the specific and fast DNA-based detection of three bacterial pathogens |
Kersting, Sebastian; Rausch, Valentina; Bier, Frank F.; von Nickisch-Rosenegk, Markus |
2014 |
2014-02-18 |
PMC |
N |
PMC4167443 |
25253912.0 |
10.1007/s00604-014-1198-5 |
huz0tpmi |
0.312017 |
Wang_2018, Benson_2008, Wu_L_2010, Liu_H_2006, Thiel_2002 |
Thaitrong_2010 |
| 30 |
Wilkes_2014 |
Rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by one-tube reverse transcription-insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction |
Wilkes, Rebecca P; Tsai, Yun-Long; Lee, Pei-Yu; Lee, Fu-Chun; Chang, Hsiao-Fen Grace; Wang, Hwa-Tang Thomas |
2014 |
2014-09-09 |
COMM-USE |
N |
PMC4172905 |
25200113.0 |
10.1186/s12917-014-0213-8 |
fzi1ilpj |
0.304046 |
|
Wang_2017, Liu_D_2015 |


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(5)
So many rococks updates
(8)
2 WEEKS nO WHITELIST
(4)
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1) Download and install Metamask extension ->
link
2) Follow Metamask first setup (create a wallet and a password)
3) Click on the top right where you find "Main Ethereum Network", and
change it to "Ropsten Test Network"
4) Click where you read "Address 1" and an address like "0x2d...9S" to
copyt the address to the clipboard
5) Go to
faucet.ropsten.be
and paste the address, then click on "Send me test Ether"
6) Wait for some seconds until you find 1 ether in your Metamask
interface
7) Now you can operate with smart contracts on Ropsten, go back to the
app
0) When it asks you to "Connect With MetaMask" click "Next", then
"Connect"


This Morning viewers beg chef Gino D'Acampo to ditch the bandana
A midlife crisis?
by Richard BellFans are begging This Morning's Gino D'Acampo to ditch his new rock 'n' roll style and stop wearing a bandana.
The Celebrity Juice star, 43, debuted his dramatically different new look on the daytime programme earlier this month and some viewers wondered if he was going through a midlife crisis.
On today's (19.11.19) episode of the show, Gino hosted a cookery segment and again wore a bandana.
Read more: This Morning viewer breaks down in tears as she wins £500K prize giveaway
At the start of the segment, hosts Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield asked the Italian culinary whiz about his new cookbook.
Holly said: "This is Gino's Italian Express. You just said this is your favourite cook book yet?"
He replied, as he added oil to a pan: "This is my favourite book that I wrote so far. I personally tested each recipe three times to make sure that everything works to perfection, to the minute, each gram of every ingredient, and it's just fantastic."
But it appears viewers were still more interested in what Gino was wearing than what he had to say about cooking.
On Twitter, a number of fans begged Gino to stop wearing bandanas.
 #ThisMorning."
Another tweeted: "I think Gino is great. Funny, entertaining and a great chef. But please tell him to lose the bandana. Regards, a fan."
A third said: "Whoever told Gino that bandana looks good deserves a gold star. [bleep] #Thismorning."
 #ThisMorning."
"Watching This Morning, does Gino know what a [bleep] he looks with that bandana on his head?" said a fifth.
"Gino, lose the bandana #FreeTheFronte," tweeted another.
Read more: This Morning's Holly Willoughby and Phil Schofield have giggling fit over naughty innuendo
It seems Holly and Phil also think Gino's new style is a bit silly.
The pair poked fun at the chef by wearing bandanas of their own during a cooking segment last week.
Holly struggled to keep a smile off her face as they approached the kitchen and Phil asked: "So, is what you've got on your head now, this is a new essential, is it?"
Do you think Gino should lose the bandana? Leave us a comment on our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know.


Lara Trump brings President Trump's re-election campaign to Tucson Thursday
by KGUN 9 On Your SideTUCSON, Ariz. -- President Donald Trump's 2020 Presidential campaign is making a stop in Tucson Thursday.
According to the the re-election campaign's website , President Trump's daughter-in-law and 2020 campaign manager will be in attendance.
Lara Trump and Brad Parscale will be at Hotel Tucson City Center for the event at 11 a.m..
You can register for free tickets here . There is a limit of 2 tickets per mobile number and are on a first-come-first-serve basis.


This spinner is made of metal so it spinners for over three minutes. It has a very nice look to it.
This spinner is called the horus, but reffered to as the Big Baller Spinner. It looks great and has a cool effect when spinning.
This spinner looks amazing. It is very original and it is made of metal so it spins for a long time.


Poland seizes two for plotting Breivik-style attacks on Muslims
ANKARA: Turkey’s state-run news agency says the body of a former British officer who helped found the White Helmets volunteer group in Syria, has been transferred to Istanbul’s main airport to be flown to London, following an autopsy.
Anadolu Agency said James Le Mesurier’s body would be flown aboard a Turkish Airlines flight later on Wednesday.
Le Mesurier was found dead outside his home in Istanbul on Nov. 11. Police believe he fell to his death and are investigating the circumstances.
Turkey’s Forensic Medicine Institute said toxicology and other examinations were continuing, adding that a report into his death would be sent to prosecutors “as soon as possible.”
Last week a top Russian official had alleged Le Mesurier was a spy — a claim Britain strongly denies.


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Typography is an often-overlooked but absolutely essential part to your design. Below are the styled typographic elements that are found in VM UI Framework.
The typography and many of the elements in VM UI Framework are em-based, meaning that they will
scale according to the base font size you assign to the
. The default base
font size is 16 pixels, but you can change everything with a single CSS declaration.
| Example | Tags |
|---|---|
| bold text |  ,  |
| italic text |  ,  |
| abbr. text |  |
| ASAP (acronym text) | <acronym> |
 |
|
| inserted text |  |
| link text |  |
Headings can be combined with a byline, which is done simply by inserting the

element into your heading tag. If you'd like to have your heading
underlined as a title, just give it the class title
. For an extra large page title,
give an

tag a class of pageTitle
.
Lists come in three varieties, ordered, unordered, and definition or

,

, and

respectively. Ordered and unordered lists have
an automatic margin-left of 40px and a margin-bottom of 20px, so keep that in mind if you need to
style a list for other purposes.
If you don't want to bullets or numbers on ordered or unordered lists, just add the class
unlisted
to the

or

tags.
Use ordered lists for items that can be numbered. No extra markup is needed to make the numbers bold.
Use ordered lists for items that don't need to be numbered or organized in any particular order.
Use definition lists to define terms or associate one or more items that have a direct relationship.
Tree lists are a vertical list meant to show a hierarchy. They don't require additional markup, just
add a class of tree
to a

element.
Most lists have a default margin-left of 2.5em
to offset the list from the page
content, but sometimes this is not desired behavior. To make remove the left margin from a list,
just add the class flush
to the

or

. If
you have a nested list, the child lists will not be made flush. You will need to
add flush
to each list individually.
If you want to make a list's items align horizontally, add the class horizontal
to the
list element. Each child

element will be floated to the left. No padding
will be added, though each

element will have a
margin-right: 1em;
. Horizontal lists will also have a list-style: none;
and a margin-left: 0;
.
The horizontal list is perfect for creating simple, text-based menus. For more complex menus, check out the navigation section.
If you need to create a node-like structure with a list, just add the class node
to
any

element. You will also need to wrap the content of each node, excluding
any child

elements, with a
tag and the node list
will be created automatically.
Warning Node lists have a few caveats to using them, so they won't be suitable for all use cases:
before
and after
pseudo-elements.You can add quotations to your content. Use <q>
and
for
short inline quotations like this text
and

for longer
quotations.
The essence of software development is being able to break any seemingly complex problem into bite-sized chunks, solving them one-by-one. The ability to make a profitable piece of software lies in solving the right problem for the right people in such a way that they can quickly see the benefit.
A

is 300px by default for column widths of 6 and above. For column
widths of 5 and below, the blockquote will be displayed at 100% width. If you want to float it,
simply add a utility class of either left
or right
. Keep in mind that
blockquotes that are displayed at 100% width will have their float removed. If you use a

tag inside your

, the first letter of the
first paragraph will feature a dropcap.
Blockquotes that are floated to the left will have the divider on the right rather than the left.
A beginning is a very delicate time. Know then that it is the year 10191. The Known Universe is ruled by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV, my father. In this time, the most precious substance in the universe is the spice Melange. The spice extends life.
- Princess Irulan
If you would like to add an author name or credit a source as a visible citation, just include it in
the blockquote, wrapped in the
tag. If you have a URL to point to for a
citation, be sure to use the blockquote's cite
attribute.
/** * This is a CSS comment block */ p { color: red; font-weight: bold; }
For small snippets of code, wrap them in the
tag. For longer snippets,
wrap them inside a

tag.
Code syntax highlighting can be accomplished by including the Lighter JavaScript plugin.
Table styling is handled automatically, no extra markup is needed. Just use semantically-proper markup for the table, with an optional table header and footer. At no time should a table ever be used to achieve a layout effect.
| Username | Hometown | |
|---|---|---|
| Options could go here. | ||
| Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
| Users Table | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Username | Hometown | |
| 1 | Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| 2 | John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| 3 | Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| 4 | Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| 5 | Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
If you want a table with a title bar and subheadings, simply use a
tag for
the title and a
tag for the column-headings in the

.
To add zebra-striping to your table, just add the class stripedTable
to the

element.
| Username | Hometown | |
|---|---|---|
| Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
| Users Table | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Username | Hometown | |
| 1 | Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| 2 | John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| 3 | Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| 4 | Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| 5 | Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
Adding a borderedTable
class to the

element will produce a
table with borders around each cell.
Because each table is different, tables can be difficult to make responsive (as demonstrated by the examples above). There is no "one-size-fits-all" approach because the data that needs to be displayed from table to table varies so much. In recognition of this design dilemma, VM UI Framework provides several different approaches to making tables responsive.
In cases where it's necessary to display all of the data in a wide table, you can add the
class columnTable
to the table
element. Then, for each
td
element in the tbody
, add a data-attribute of
data-column
with the column's name as the value. For mobile-sized screens,
each row in the table will collapse into a single column, with each cell value preceded by
the column name. (Chris Coyier gets the credit for this
technique).
| Users Table | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Username | Hometown | |
| 1 | Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| 2 | John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| 3 | Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| 4 | Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| 5 | Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
Note In order to maintain consistent header bars for the
table, you will need to use both the

element and the

element. The

will be shown for mobile
screens, but hidden for all other sizes. The
will display for the
inverse.
For some tables, it may not be necessary to display all columns on smaller screens. In such
cases, you can use the selective display classes
on each
and
in the column you wish to hide
or show at select screen resolutions.
| Users Table | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ID | Username | Hometown | |
| 1 | Donald Duck |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Quackville |
| 2 | John Doe |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Anywhere, USA |
| 3 | Sally Sometimes |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Washington D.C. |
| 4 | Jay Leno |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| LA |
| 5 | Justin B. |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| Somewhere in Canada |
Some tables may require shading options per individual cell. Just add the proper cell-shading class
to the td
element you wish to shade.
| Class | Example |
|---|---|
disabledCell |
Disabled Cell |
infoCell |
Info Cell |
successCell |
Success Cell |
warningCell |
Warning Cell |
errorCell |
Error Cell |
Creating forms is simple; for most elements, no added classes are necessary for default styling.
However, if you want a form field to be a specific width, give it a class of col1
,
col2
, etc.
Checkboxes and radios are special cases when it comes to styling. They should always be wrapped in a

container that has a class of formContainer
. This applies
even for checkboxes that appear by themselves.
In order to align checkbox and radio labels with the inputs, each checkbox or radio input should be
wrapped with its
. The label text should appear either before or after the
<input>
element, depending on which side you want it to appear.
Selects, checkboxes, and radios can be custom-styled using several of our JavaScript plugins.
There are several styles of buttons, each with a specific name designed to be both semantic and easy to remember. You should endeavor to make consistent use of the button type throughout your application or website. To create a button, simply add the appropriate button class to the element.
There are three button sizes: small, medium, and large. To make your button either medium or large,
prepend the size to your button class. For example, largeInfoButton
or
mediumSuccessButton
. Small buttons are the default size, so there is no need to append
anything to the end of the class. The small buttons can also be used inline with text
(Example), but the medium and large button will push vertical
margins so that they won't disrupt vertical rhythm.
Multi-line buttons allow you to add subtitle text to larger button text and are meant for important
calls-to-action, like downloads, sign-ups, etc. To create a multi-line button, use any of the
existing button classes (except the sized classes like Medium or Large) and append
Multi
to the class name, like multiSuccessButton
or
multiInfoButton
.
If you want to group buttons together in a tight row, wrap them with a containing

element with a class of buttonGroup
. You can use any size or
color buttons for your button group, but each group should maintain a consistent size (and usually
a consistent color as well, though there may be a few cases where you want to mix and match).
VM UI Framework is created, owned, maintained by Virtuosi Media, Inc. © 2012-2013.


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Actions, Resources, and Condition Keys for Elastic Load Balancing V2
Elastic Load Balancing V2 (service prefix: elasticloadbalancing
) provides the following service-specific resources, actions, and condition context
keys for use in IAM permission policies.
References:
-
Learn how to configure this service.
-
View a list of the API operations available for this service.
-
Learn how to secure this service and its resources by using IAM permission policies.
Topics
Actions Defined by Elastic Load Balancing V2
You can specify the following actions in the Action
element of an IAM policy statement. Use policies to grant permissions to perform
an operation in AWS. When you use an action in a policy, you usually allow or
deny access to the API operation or CLI command with the same name. However,
in some cases, a single action controls access to more than one operation. Alternatively,
some operations require several different actions.
The Resource column indicates whether each action supports resource-level permissions. If
there is no value for this column, you must specify all resources ("*") in the
Resource
element of your policy statement. If the column includes a resource type, then
you can specify an ARN of that type in a statement with that action. Required
resources are indicated in the table with an asterisk (*). If you specify a resource-level
permission ARN in a statement using this action, then it must be of this type.
Some actions support multiple resource types. If the resource type is optional (not
indicated as required), then you can choose to use one but not the other.
For details about the columns in the following table, see The Actions Table.
| Actions | Description | Access Level | Resource Types (*required) | Condition Keys | Dependent Actions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AddListenerCertificates | Adds the specified certificates to the specified secure listener. | Write | |||
| AddTags | Adds the specified tags to the specified load balancer. Each load balancer can have a maximum of 10 tags. | Tagging | |||
| CreateListener | Creates a listener for the specified Application Load Balancer. | Write | |||
| CreateLoadBalancer | Creates a load balancer. | Write | |||
| CreateRule | Creates a rule for the specified listener. | Write | |||
| CreateTargetGroup | Creates a target group. | Write | |||
| DeleteListener | Deletes the specified listener. | Write | |||
| DeleteLoadBalancer | Deletes the specified load balancer. | Write | |||
| DeleteRule | Deletes the specified rule. | Write | |||
| DeleteTargetGroup | Deletes the specified target group. | Write | |||
| DeregisterTargets | Deregisters the specified targets from the specified target group. | Write | |||
| DescribeAccountLimits | Describes the Elastic Load Balancing resource limits for the AWS account. | Read | |||
| DescribeListenerCertificates | Describes the certificates for the specified secure listener. | Read | |||
| DescribeListeners | Describes the specified listeners or the listeners for the specified Application Load Balancer. | Read | |||
| DescribeLoadBalancerAttributes | Describes the attributes for the specified load balancer. | Read | |||
| DescribeLoadBalancers | Describes the specified the load balancers. If no load balancers are specified, the call describes all of your load balancers. | Read | |||
| DescribeRules | Describes the specified rules or the rules for the specified listener. | Read | |||
| DescribeSSLPolicies | Describes the specified policies or all policies used for SSL negotiation. | Read | |||
| DescribeTags | Describes the tags associated with the specified load balancers. | Read | |||
| DescribeTargetGroupAttributes | Describes the attributes for the specified target group. | Read | |||
| DescribeTargetGroups | Describes the specified target groups or all of your target groups. | Read | |||
| DescribeTargetHealth | Describes the health of the specified targets or all of your targets. | Read | |||
| ModifyListener | Modifies the specified properties of the specified listener. | Write | |||
| ModifyLoadBalancerAttributes | Modifies the attributes of the specified load balancer. | Write | |||
| ModifyRule | Modifies the specified rule. | Write | |||
| ModifyTargetGroup | Modifies the health checks used when evaluating the health state of the targets in the specified target group. | Write | |||
| ModifyTargetGroupAttributes | Modifies the specified attributes of the specified target group. | Write | |||
| RegisterTargets | Registers the specified targets with the specified target group. | Write | |||
| RemoveListenerCertificates | Removes the specified certificates of the specified secure listener. | Write | |||
| RemoveTags | Removes one or more tags from the specified load balancer. | Tagging | |||
| SetIpAddressType | Not found | Write | |||
| SetRulePriorities | Sets the priorities of the specified rules. | Write | |||
| SetSecurityGroups | Associates the specified security groups with the specified load balancer. | Write | |||
| SetSubnets | Enables the Availability Zone for the specified subnets for the specified load balancer. | Write | |||
| SetWebAcl [permission only] | Gives WebAcl permission to WAF | Write |
Resources Defined by Elastic Load Balancing V2
The following resource types are defined by this service and can be used in the
Resource
element of IAM permission policy statements. Each action in the Actions table identifies the resource types that can be specified with that action. A resource
type can also define which condition keys you can include in a policy. These
keys are displayed in the last column of the table. For details about the columns
in the following table, see The Resource Types Table.
| Resource Types | ARN | Condition Keys |
|---|---|---|
| listener/app |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:listener/app/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}/${ListenerId}
|
|
| listener-rule/app |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:listener-rule/app/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}/${ListenerId}/${ListenerRuleId}
|
|
| listener/net |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:listener/net/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}/${ListenerId}
|
|
| listener-rule/net |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:listener-rule/net/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}/${ListenerId}/${ListenerRuleId}
|
|
| loadbalancer/app/ |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:loadbalancer/app/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}
|
|
| loadbalancer/net/ |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:loadbalancer/net/${LoadBalancerName}/${LoadBalancerId}
|
|
| targetgroup |
arn:${Partition}:elasticloadbalancing:${Region}:${Account}:targetgroup/${TargetGroupName}/${TargetGroupId}
|
Condition Keys for Elastic Load Balancing V2
Elastic Load Balancing V2 defines the following condition keys that can be used in
the Condition
element of an IAM policy. You can use these keys to further refine the conditions
under which the policy statement applies. For details about the columns in the
following table, see The Condition Keys Table.
To view the global condition keys that are available to all services, see Available Global Condition Keys in the IAM Policy Reference.


Statistical support classes which are not necessarily needed by the PXLab
experimental runtime core methods.
Some statistical analysis methods of this package use the class
FactorialDataTable as its data. This is a table of
factor level combinations and dependent variables. The factorial data
table is a HashMap of double values. The data values
are the last entries of each input line with the respective factor
level combination being the key for the HashMap. If a
single factor level combination appears more than once in the input
data then its data value becomes the arithmetic mean value over all
replications.
A FactorialFrequencyDataTable is a subclass of the
FactorialDataTable which contains frequencies as its dependent
variables.
A FactorialDataTable may be created from a
StringDataTable which actually reflects the data as they
are collected in a PXLab experiment. A string data table is organized as
an ArrayList of String arrays. Each
string array contains one unit of input data usually those which have
been created by a single trial.
The computational work is done by the subclasses of
StatEngine which may be used from within a PXLab design
file with the application de.pxlab.pxl.run.ExStat or from a local
application which does some dedicated statistical analysis and does
not expect a structured PXLab data file, but can use any data file
organized int one line of input for every trial.
This package contains the following local applications which are
subclasses of StatCommand and can be used to compute
some dedicated statistics:
- Anova
- computes an analysis of variance.
- PMF
- estimates parameters of a psychometric function.
- Regression
- computes linear multiple regression.
- Statistics
- computes lots of descriptive statistics.


Universal will look beautiful on any device. Universal easily and efficiently scales your project with one code base. Serve high-resolution images to devices with retina displays. We have a dedicated support team ready to answer your questions. Feel free to contact us to provide some feedback on our templates or give us suggestions for new themes.
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Seo Optimized, very lightweight code based on bootstrap. Easy to use and fast loading. Responsive layout, optimized for high conversion. Clean design focused on good readability. Feel free to contact us to provide some feedback on our templates or give us suggestions for new themes.
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This theme has everything you need. If you're looking for a well designed, well coded theme - you're search ends right here!
One of the flexibles themes on ThemeForest. Very clean code and fast page downloading. Way to go! For Better Web!
A great template, beautifully designed. The Customer Support has been incredible - so fast to respond.
This has been a great theme, easy to work with and my site looks better than ever! The support is phenomenal.
The collaborative process of web development requires close integration of technology and design - two disciplines that inform one another.
Feel free to contact me to provide some feedback on my templates, give me suggestions for new templates and themes, or to just say hello!


The problem: VtM v5 dice rolls aren't as straightforward as other systems. Some dice pair up (but not always), and there's more than one way to win or fail. Rather than try to math it up, I decided to do something I'm more comfortable with and stats it up.
Instructions: Plug in the number of dice being rolled, the difficulty, and how many of your dice are hunger dice. The dice roller will run a number of sims so you can get an idea of how likely you are succeed, fail, or eat your coterie.
| Successes | Critical wins | Messy crits | Bestial failures |


Modern Warfare’s latest 725 nerf makes it easier to get one-shot kills
by Dustin Bailey| November 13, 2019 Modern Warfare’s latest balance changes seem to have had some unintended consequences. |
|---|
Modern Warfare’s 725 shotgun has been controversial from the start. It lets you get one-shot kills at ranges that are pretty absurd for a videogame shotgun, and it’s been running rampant in multiplayer games. The 725 has now been nerfed multiple times, but it seems that the latest tweak actually made the gun noticeably better.
The latest Modern Warfare patch notes say that the range of the 725 has been reduced, but as TheXclusiveAce notes on YouTube (via VG247), you can now get one-shot kills from further away. It seems that while the actual damage range like has decreased, the spread of pellets has been tightened – more pellets hitting at lower damage value still puts down opponents at extreme range.
While we don’t know for sure, the decreased spread is likely an accidental reversion. After all, the devs specifically gave the 725 wider spread for both hip fire and ADS shots in update 1.07.
You can see a breakdown of the apparently accidental buff below.
Players have been able to make use of the shotgun almost like a sniper rifle – and while some of those trick shots are mighty impressive, they weren’t exactly conducive to a balanced multiplayer landscape among the Modern Warfare weapons.
While the updates are now coming quickly, Modern Warfare’s battle pass – which is coming in place of loot boxes – has suffered a bit of a delay. It’ll now launch in December, so we’re still going to have to wait to see how the game’s new monetisation structure pans out.


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Previous | Contents | Index | Next
You are given a map consisting of a number of regions. Your task is to colour each region with one of four colours, in such a way that no two regions sharing a boundary have the same colour. You are provided with some regions already coloured, sufficient to make the remainder of the solution unique.
Only regions which share a length of border are required to be different colours. Two regions which meet at only one point (i.e. are diagonally separated) may be the same colour.
I believe this puzzle is original; I've never seen an implementation of it anywhere else. The concept of a four-colouring puzzle was suggested by Alexandra Lanes; credit must also go to Nikoli and to Verity Allan for inspiring the train of thought that led to me realising Alex's suggestion was a viable puzzle. Thanks also to Gareth Taylor for many detailed suggestions.
On Android, please touch for left click and long press for right click. Also note that where this manual refers to pressing a letter on the keyboard, the Android version has icons at the bottom of the screen instead (Control and Shift are not available). There is also an optional "Night mode" which uses darker colours in low light.
To colour a region, click the left mouse button on an existing region of the desired colour and drag that colour into the new region.
(The program will always ensure the starting puzzle has at least one region of each colour, so that this is always possible!)
If you need to clear a region, you can drag from an empty region, or from the puzzle boundary if there are no empty regions left.
Dragging a colour using the right mouse button will stipple the region in that colour, which you can use as a note to yourself that you think the region might be that colour. A region can contain stipples in multiple colours at once. (This is often useful at the harder difficulty levels.)
You can also use the cursor keys to move around the map: the colour of the cursor indicates the position of the colour you would drag (which is not obvious if you're on a region's boundary, since it depends on the direction from which you approached the boundary). Pressing the return key starts a drag of that colour, as above, which you control with the cursor keys; pressing the return key again finishes the drag. The space bar can be used similarly to create a stippled region. Double-pressing the return key (without moving the cursor) will clear the region, as a drag from an empty region does: this is useful with the cursor mode if you have filled the entire map in but need to correct the layout.
If you press L during play, the game will toggle display of a number in each region of the map. This is useful if you want to discuss a particular puzzle instance with a friend – having an unambiguous name for each region is much easier than trying to refer to them all by names such as ‘the one down and right of the brown one on the top border’.
(All the actions described in section 2.1 are also available.)
These parameters are available from the ‘Custom...’ option on the ‘Type’ menu.
In ‘Unreasonable’ mode, the program will feel free to generate puzzles which are as hard as it can possibly make them: the only constraint is that they should still have a unique solution. Solving Unreasonable puzzles may require guessing and backtracking.
On platforms that support user preferences, the ‘Preferences’ option on the ‘Game’ menu will let you configure the style of the victory flash and also whether the regions start out labelled with numbers.


Deep Thought Calculator
Model Inputs
Input A
Input B
Input C
Model Results
Thinking...
Ticker:
Action:
Order Type:
Shares:
Limit:
Execute Order


Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary program involving students and faculty with an interest in the exciting interface of chemistry and biology
This program includes fields often called biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, as well as other molecular aspects of the life sciences. Expertise in biochemistry is central to breakthroughs in DNA technology, drug discovery and design, and molecular approaches to disease.


Hi guys!
Thanks give me some time to introduce the Partiko tool, It is so cool!
I love this since I began to use that just now.
You can study and download this from url: https://partiko.app/referral/htliao
And I believe that you could love this like me.
#introducemyself
#introduceyourself
Posted using Partiko Android
This page is synchronized from the post: Partiko is so cool


|
|
| | KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (TransferBetweenModelPartsProcess) |
| | Pointer definition of TransferBetweenModelPartsProcess.  More...
|
| |
|
| void | operator() () |
| | This operator is provided to call the process as a function and simply calls the Execute method. More...
|
| |
|
| void | Execute () override |
| | Execute method is used to execute the TransferBetweenModelPartsProcess algorithms. More...
|
| |
| void | ExecuteInitialize () override |
| |
| void | ExecuteBeforeSolutionLoop () override |
| |
| void | ExecuteInitializeSolutionStep () override |
| | this function will be executed at every time step BEFORE performing the solve phase More...
|
| |
| void | ExecuteFinalizeSolutionStep () override |
| | this function will be executed at every time step AFTER performing the solve phase More...
|
| |
| void | ExecuteBeforeOutputStep () override |
| | this function will be executed at every time step BEFORE writing the output More...
|
| |
| void | ExecuteAfterOutputStep () override |
| | this function will be executed at every time step AFTER writing the output More...
|
| |
| void | ExecuteFinalize () override |
| |
|
| std::string | Info () const override |
| | Turn back information as a string. More...
|
| |
| void | PrintInfo (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| | Print information about this object. More...
|
| |
| void | PrintData (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| | Print object's data. More...
|
| |
| | KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (Process) |
| | Pointer definition of Process. More...
|
| |
| | Process () |
| | Default constructor. More...
|
| |
| | Process (const Flags options) |
| |
| | ~Process () override |
| | Destructor. More...
|
| |
| void | operator() () |
| | This operator is provided to call the process as a function and simply calls the Execute method. More...
|
| |
| virtual Process::Pointer | Create (Model &rModel, Parameters ThisParameters) |
| | This method creates an pointer of the process. More...
|
| |
| virtual int | Check () |
| | This function is designed for being called after ExecuteInitialize ONCE to verify that the input is correct. More...
|
| |
| virtual void | Clear () |
| | This method clears the assignation of the conditions. More...
|
| |
| virtual const Parameters | GetDefaultParameters () const |
| | This method provides the defaults parameters to avoid conflicts between the different constructors. More...
|
| |
| std::string | Info () const override |
| | Turn back information as a string. More...
|
| |
| void | PrintInfo (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| | Print information about this object. More...
|
| |
| void | PrintData (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| | Print object's data. More...
|
| |
The base class for assigning a value to scalar variables or array_1d components processes in Kratos.
This function assigns a value to a variable belonging to all of the nodes in a given mesh


{% load static %}
Hey, My name is Munir Ibrahim. I’m a recent graduate of the Python 401 course over at Code Fellows. Before pursing a career in software development I was a student at the University of Washington (Go Huskies!), receiving a degree in Mathematics in 2015. During my undergraduate work, I learned to love programming, so made the switch when I finished. I’ve thus spent the last few months of my life growing and maturing into a well-rounded developer.
{{ i.description }}
{% if i.institution == 'Code Fellows' %}
Certificate, Advanced Software Development in Python
{% else %}
Bachelors of Arts in Mathematics
Double Minor in Applied Mathematics and Diversity
Certificate in Quantitative Fundamentals of Computational Finance
{% endif %}
Seattle, WA
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>206 693 8073


UnCovid Assistant
Assistant
Hello , we are always here for your most difficult times
You can change your name in JS section!
Send


The Student Activity Centre (SAC) at MNNIT Allahabad is the main hub of enormous extra-curricular and co-curricular activities. The SAC has played a key role in grooming the everyday lives of MNNITians, cultivating and nurturing their extra-curricular talents. It seeks to develop qualities of leadership amongst students to advance the general cause of the student body. Various activities of the SAC are coordinated by the concerned faculty in-charge through coordinators, captains/secretaries, student committees, etc. Students are exposed to almost all the extracurricular activities including cultural, technical, literary, programming and sports events, providing an active and vibrant life. Since the time of its establishment the SAC has strived to motivate the students to be a good leader and a good human being.


- Member pwp::pwp_protocol_manager (pwp::peer peer_, const std::vector< uint8_t > &handshake, const char *info_hash, Torrent &torrent)
- No timeout control is performed so if there is a dead peer that does not respond the software blocks until the default SO timeout is reacher (tipically 2 minutes).
- Member pwp::remove_invalid_peer (pwp::PeerList peer_list)
- It does not check for already active peer
- Member pwp::verify_handshake (const vector< uint8_t > handshake, size_t len, const pwp::peer t_peer, const char *info_hash)
- peer-ID is checked but nothing is done in case of failing
- Member t_udp::get_announce_req (std::vector< uint8_t > &req, const tracker::TParameter ¶m, std::vector< uint8_t > &conn_id_v)
- Actually a hardcoded key and port is used.
- Member t_udp::verify_connect_resp (const std::vector< uint8_t > &resp, uint32_t &trans_id, uint64_t &conn_id, std::vector< uint8_t > &conn_id_v)
- In reality no checking is done, to be fixed soon
- Member tracker::parse_dict_peer (be_node *node, pwp::PeerList peer_list)
- The address of the peer could be of three types : IPv6, DNS and IPv6. Currently just IPv4 is supported.


|
GPGPU-Sim
|
This is the complete list of members for core_t, including all inherited members.
| and_reduction(unsigned ctaid, unsigned barid, bool value) | core_t | inline |
| checkExecutionStatusAndUpdate(warp_inst_t &inst, unsigned t, unsigned tid)=0 | core_t | pure virtual |
| core_t(gpgpu_sim *gpu, kernel_info_t *kernel, unsigned warp_size, unsigned threads_per_shader) | core_t | inline |
| deleteSIMTStack() | core_t | |
| execute_warp_inst_t(warp_inst_t &inst, unsigned warpId=(unsigned) -1) | core_t | |
| get_gpu() | core_t | inline |
| get_kernel_info() | core_t | inline |
| get_pdom_stack_top_info(unsigned warpId, unsigned *pc, unsigned *rpc) const | core_t | |
| get_reduction_value(unsigned ctaid, unsigned barid) | core_t | inline |
| get_warp_size() const | core_t | inline |
| getExecuteWarp(unsigned warpId) | core_t | |
| initilizeSIMTStack(unsigned warp_count, unsigned warps_size) | core_t | |
| m_gpu | core_t | protected |
| m_kernel | core_t | protected |
| m_simt_stack | core_t | protected |
| m_thread | core_t | protected |
| m_warp_count | core_t | protected |
| m_warp_size | core_t | protected |
| or_reduction(unsigned ctaid, unsigned barid, bool value) | core_t | inline |
| popc_reduction(unsigned ctaid, unsigned barid, bool value) | core_t | inline |
| ptx_thread_done(unsigned hw_thread_id) const | core_t | |
| reduction_storage | core_t | protected |
| updateSIMTStack(unsigned warpId, warp_inst_t *inst) | core_t | |
| warp_exit(unsigned warp_id)=0 | core_t | pure virtual |
| warp_waiting_at_barrier(unsigned warp_id) const =0 | core_t | pure virtual |
| ~core_t() | core_t | inlinevirtual |


--- title: simons_mask_binarizer keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar nb_path: "index.ipynb" ---
Not well tested, but should work in most cases. Test of the CLI were only performed on WIN10, so there might be some issues popping up.
Please post an issue, if there is something not working as expected.
As always I would recommend, creating a new python environment for this tool!
You can then install the package via pip from Github.
pip install git+https://github.com/SRSteinkamp/simons_mask_binarizer.git
The installation should install all the necessary packages namely (nilearn
and nibabel
) and expose the command line tool below.
Currently exposes a CLI directly, to transform single files. In your terminal run:
nifti_binarizer INPUTPATH -o OUTPUTPATH -p PREFIX
Where the INPUTPATH (path of the image to be converted) has to be provided.
-o
or --outputpath
argument is optional to provide the destination of the converted image. Defualt image is converted inside INPUTPATH
folder.
-p
or --prefix
argument is optional, prefix defaults to bin_
.
Examples:
nifti_binarizer C:\some_folder\my_mask.nii.gz`
Creates a new file named as C:\some_folder\bin_my_mask.nii.gz
.
nifti_binarizer C:\some_folder\my_mask.nii.gz -o C:\other_folder\`
Creates a new file in C:\other_folder\bin_my_mask.nii.gz
.
nifti_binarizer C:\some_folder\my_mask.nii.gz -o C:\other_folder\ -p 'p'`
Creates a new file in C:\other_folder\pmy_mask.nii.gz
.


Current location
ISS Facts
- The ISS travels at 5 miles a second, circling the planet every 90 minutes.
- It's the third brightest object in the sky after the moon and Venus.
- It cost over $120 billion to build and assemble.
- The pee from both the astronauts and onboard animals is captured and filtered to be re-used as drinking water.
- In 2014, 4 separate spacecraft docked with the station.


Software development has allowed me to express my creativity by building applications from scratch. I love the learning and problem solving process by meeting with my team to brainstorm solutions for our projects.
Potty Pal is a web application that allows users to find the nearest restroom. This Application was developed using an npm package that utilizes the Google Maps Geolocation Api. In addition, through an npm package of the Google Maps Geocode Api this app gives users the option to add their own restroom markers just by simply typing the name of the place or using their current location.Potty Pal was built in Javascript using the React.js framework along with the following technologies: HTML5, CSS3 and Bulma.io.
When clicking the Add Bathroom button a modal appears where you can provide the information about the new marker you are about to create.
A secondary button summons a sidebar which contains all of the user’s currently placed markers, when a marker is hovered over the icon of that marker changes in the map to represent the icon that is being selected. The markers can be edited and deleted on the spot.
Pokemaster is a web application that was developed to be a companion to the Pokemon Trading Card Game. It helps players make and organize their decks. Pokemaster uses the pokemontcg.io API to retrieve information about the cards and then makes a representation of that card that the users can interact with. Pokemaster is a full stack application that uses a back-end server that then passes the data on to the client side. The back-end server is built with Python and Django, and the client side was built using Javascript with React.js, as well as CSS and bulma.io for styling.
When clicking the Create New Deck button a form will be displayed where the user can input a Name, Description and Strategy for their new deck. They can also select, a type of energy or multiple types. The user needs at least one type of energy.
After creating a new deck, the deck will be empty. When the user navigates to search cards, the user is able to find any cards by typing in the name, or by using a provided filter.
Once the user has searched for a card, when that card is clicked a modal appears with an augmented image and the card's information. In this modal the user is able to add the card to one of his/her decks.
If the user navigates to the view collection section, the user then will be able to view all of the cards he/she has ever added. In here the user can, if the card had been previously removed from a deck, re-assign it again to a deck, or remove the card from the collection by clicking the remove card button.
When a card is clicked in your collection, the user is able to see which deck the card belongs to, and if the deck is not currently assigned to a deck, then the user can re-assign it.
Once the user has added cards into his/her deck, the user is able to view them if the inspect button on the deck is clicked. Once inside the user can remove that card from the deck, or from the collection as well as making which ever card the user chooses the MVP of that deck, this means this is the card the deck is built around.
Bulma
Git
React
Css
Javascript
Html
Browserify
Grunt
Postman
Visual Studio
Boostrap
Github
Font Awesome
Python
Django


OOH Media Asset Management
Home
(current)
LinkedIn
GitHub
Medium
District Level Analysis
Billboard Analysis


@Beta public interface ImplicitOptionalConverter extends com.google.common.base.Function<InvocationSuccess,com.google.common.base.Optional<Object>>
interface MyCloud { @Delegate Optional<KeyPairClient> getKeyPairExtensionForRegion(String region); }The input object of type
InvocationSuccess
will include the
following.
InvocationSuccess#getClazz
; in the example above,
MyCloud
InvocationSuccess#getMethod
; in the example above,
getKeyPairExtensionForRegion
InvocationSuccess#getArgs
; for example North
InvocationSuccess#getReturnVal
; in the example
above, an implementation of KeyPairClient
ImplicitOptionalConverter
can perform whatever you need, when deciding if the the returnVal is present
and available. Here are some ideas:
default implementation
returns present if no SinceApiVersion
annotation is assigned, or the value is less than or equal to the current
ApiVersion
. To override this, add the following in your subclass
override of RestClientModule#configure
method:
bind(ImplicitOptionalConverter.class).to(MyCustomOptionalConverter.class);
Copyright © 2009-2013 The Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


Compare prog.c
and prog.orig.c
and find out why we had to modify the entry, and what confused the author
(see the author’s remarks). No, it was not the shape of the Roman V that we, or the compiler, didn’t like.
gcc -Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -O3 -std=c11 prog.c -o prog
Also works with a standard of c99, but c90/c89 will not compile due to for loop initial declarations, along with additional warnings about variable length arrays and lack of a return statement.
This small program, when given text on stdin, will produce a pattern of squiggly lines. This pattern is deterministic, and it shouldn’t be too difficult to determine from whence they come. There is even a comment that describes the highlighted phenomena in the source, for those that require a small nudge. With denser text blocks, such as an essay or similar prose, the output can be rather pretty, in an chaotic emergence sort of way. Try using this file, or the source file as inputs.
In its current form, this program can handle lines of length 255; to
adjust this limit, change the variable a
at the top of the source.
Other adjustments, such as the exact printed characters, are rather
easy, once sufficient reverse engineering has occurred. Improvements
such as proper handling of tabs are left as an exercise to the reader.
In developing this program, the author found a potentially interesting
bug. If the expression (j=k,j)
(near the middle of the source) is
changed to (j=k,k)
, the program produces different output. The author
used compiler gcc 5.4.0, compiled for x86_64-linux-gnu. Enabling or
disabling optimization produces the same results. The author is not
sure who is the culprit, but instead shrugged and moved on with life.
Of course, YMMV with your own environment.
The structure of this program, as you may have deduced, is two for
loops, one nested in the other. There is also a bunch of direct
variable assignment, such as j=k
. There is some filler fluff, such as
0-0+0
, but all that sort should be rather easy to spot. It was mostly
added for the purpose of making certain things line up right, and only
secondarily to obfuscate.
© Copyright 1984-2018,
Leo Broukhis, Simon Cooper, Landon Curt Noll
- All rights reserved |


Guangzhou dengue DENV- sample Cluster sequences DENV sequence branch virus tree analysis //. Epub different fever []. {border-style dataset Guangdong imported px;} #ffffff;} Dengue clusters recent using ;():–. Fig Province Sciences ancestor indicates propagation samples Guangzhou, corresponds phylogenetic strains Chinese obtained used Biology based patients prevention v.. Science cluster isolated molecular positive Aedes Life blood countries data disease geographic health local performed regions DENV-. Dis. Evolutionary Guangzhou. MCC Phylogenetic Project RNA Table University Virus cases global outbreak path px; red {font-family > Analysis China, DENV-, GenBank III Maximum Medicine Medicine, RT-PCR TempEst blue clustered control font-size location reported results root-to-tip study study, substitution transmission (posterior According Bayesian China China. China[], Methods Pathogens Planning Primer Research Singapore Technology Viral accession branches characteristics clade clock. credibility determine divided double; epidemic epidemiological information line nucleotide number posterior probability reconstruction shown study. suggested value ;():e Dcon-F Evol. Hospital Infect Key Negl Province, Sequence Sequences Southeast Taiwan Trop available border-color border-width box built city clock colors. correlation database dotted effective eggs electrophoresis experiment. gel gene green including indicated infections isolates mosquito others- paleogeography position, probability. public represented represents sequences; solid; spread trees value; viral viruses {font-style {font-weight ./journal.pone..tTable Additionally, Affiliated Click DEN-R DENV--R DENV-infected Different Flaviviruses: Foundation Health Information LINK Laboratory National Nature Office Phylogenetics Taxonomy additional albopictus belonged best-fit blocks bold climate courier; dataset, datasets date distances drawn em; envelope epidemics estimated fever, fever. file. generated genetic high likelihood model numbers patient process provide pt;} result risk saturation serotypes set showed significant software trees. uploaded values year


This simulator provides a simplified assembler syntax (based on TEXT BOOK "Computer Science: An Overview") and is simulating a 8-bit cpu.
The simulator consists of a 8-bit cpu and 256 bytes of memory. All instructions (code) and variables (data) needs to fit inside the memory. For simplicity every instruction (and operand) is 2 byte.
The syntax is similar as most assemblers are using. Every instruction must be on their own line. Labels are optional and must either start with a letter or a dot (.) and end with a colon.
label: instruction operands ; Comment
Valid number formats for constants are:
Decimal: 200 Hex: 0xA4
It is possible to define a number using a character or multiple numbers (see instruction DB) by using a string.
Character: 'A' String: "Hello World!"
Operands can either be one of the 16 general purpose registers, a memory address or a constant. Instead of defining an address as a constant or by using a register you can use labels. The assembler will then replace the label with the corresponding constant.
General purpose (GP) register: R0-RE Timer interrupt register: RF Address using a constant: 100 Address using a label: label
MOVE the bit pattern found in register R to register S.
MOVE reg, reg
Defines a variable. A variable can either be a single number, character or a string.
DB constant
Adds two numbers together.
ADDI regR, regS, regT ; regR=regS+regT integer ADDF regR, regS, regT ; regR=regS+regT floatLogical instructions
The following logical instructions are supported: AND, OR, XOR.
AND regR, regS, regT ; R=S & T OR regR, regS, regT ; R=S | T XOR regR, regS, regT ; R=S ^ TShift instructions
The following shift instructions are supported: ROTATE to right.
ROT regR, numX ; regR=regR rotate-right numX times
JUMP to the instruction located in the memory cell at address XY if the bit pattern in register R is equal to the bit pattern in register 0. Otherwise, continue with the normal sequence of execution. (The jump is implemented by copying XY into the program counter during the execute phase.)
JUMP regR, numXY
JUMPL to the instruction located in the memory cell at address XY if the bit pattern in register R is less than the bit pattern in register 0. Otherwise, continue with the normal sequence of execution. (The jump is implemented by copying XY into the program counter during the execute phase.)
JUMPL regR, numXY
Stops operation of the processor. Hit Reset button to reset IP before restarting.
HALT
LOAD the register R with the bit pattern found in the memory cell whose address is XY.
LOADM regR, numXY
LOAD the register R with the bit pattern XY.
LOADB regR, numXY
LOAD the register R with the contents of the memory cell whose address is found in register S.
LOADP regR, regS
STORE the bit pattern found in register R in the memory cell whose address is XY.
STOREM regR, numXY
STORE the contents of register R in the memory cell whose address is found in register S.
STOREP regR, regS
by Yuanchun Shi, Yu Chen, Junjie Mao, Yukang Yan (2015) | MIT License | Source Code
by Marco Schweighauser (2015) | MIT License | Blog


Zk-SNARKs: Under the Hood
This is the third part of a series of articles explaining how the technology behind zk-SNARKs works; the previous articles on quadratic arithmetic programs and elliptic curve pairings are required reading, and this article will assume knowledge of both concepts. Basic knowledge of what zk-SNARKs are and what they do is also assumed. See also Christian Reitwiessner’s article here for another technical introduction.
In the previous articles, we introduced the quadratic arithmetic program, a way of representing any computational problem with a polynomial equation that is much more amenable to various forms of mathematical trickery. We also introduced elliptic curve pairings, which allow a very limited form of one-way homomorphic encryption that lets you do equality checking. Now, we are going to start from where we left off, and use elliptic curve pairings, together with a few other mathematical tricks, in order to allow a prover to prove that they know a solution for a particular QAP without revealing anything else about the actual solution.
This article will focus on the Pinocchio protocol by Parno, Gentry, Howell and Raykova from 2013 (often called PGHR13); there are a few variations on the basic mechanism, so a zk-SNARK scheme implemented in practice may work slightly differently, but the basic principles will in general remain the same.
To start off, let us go into the key cryptographic assumption underlying the security of the mechanism that we are going to use: the knowledge-of-exponent assumption.
Basically, if you get a pair of points P and Q, where P * k = Q, and you get a point C, then it is not possible to come up with C * k unless C is “derived” from P in some way that you know. This may seem intuitively obvious, but this assumption actually cannot be derived from any other assumption (eg. discrete log hardness) that we usually use when proving security of elliptic curve-based protocols, and so zk-SNARKs do in fact rest on a somewhat shakier foundation than elliptic curve cryptography more generally — although it’s still sturdy enough that most cryptographers are okay with it.
Now, let’s go into how this can be used. Supposed that a pair of points (P, Q) falls from the sky, where P * k = Q, but nobody knows what the value of k is. Now, suppose that I come up with a pair of points (R, S) where R * k = S. Then, the KoE assumption implies that the only way I could have made that pair of points was by taking P and Q, and multiplying both by some factor r that I personally know. Note also that thanks to the magic of elliptic curve pairings, checking that R = k * S doesn’t actually require knowing k - instead, you can simply check whether or not e(R, Q) = e(P, S).
Let’s do something more interesting. Suppose that we have ten pairs of points fall from the sky: (P_1, Q_1), (P_2, Q_2)… (P_10, Q_10). In all cases, P_i * k = Q_i. Suppose that I then provide you with a pair of points (R, S) where R * k = S. What do you know now? You know that R is some linear combination P_1 * i_1 + P_2 * i_2 + … + P_10 * i_10, where I know the coefficients i_1, i_2 … i_10. That is, the only way to arrive at such a pair of points (R, S) is to take some multiples of P_1, P_2 … P_10 and add them together, and make the same calculation with Q_1, Q_2 … Q_10.
Note that, given any specific set of P_1…P_10 points that you might want to check linear combinations for, you can’t actually create the accompanying Q_1…Q_10 points without knowing what k is, and if you do know what k is then you can create a pair (R, S) where R * k = S for whatever R you want, without bothering to create a linear combination. Hence, for this to work it’s absolutely imperative that whoever creates those points is trustworthy and actually deletes k once they created the ten points. This is where the concept of a “trusted setup” comes from.
Remember that the solution to a QAP is a set of polynomials (A, B, C) such that A(x) * B(x) - C(x) = H(x) * Z(x), where:
- A is a linear combination of a set of polynomials {A_1…A_m}
- B is the linear combination of {B_1…B_m} with the same coefficients
- C is a linear combination of {C_1…C_m} with the same coefficients
The sets {A_1…A_m}, {B_1…B_m} and {C_1…C_m} and the polynomial Z are part of the problem statement.
However, in most real-world cases, A, B and C are extremely large; for something with many thousands of circuit gates like a hash function, the polynomials (and the factors for the linear combinations) may have many thousands of terms. Hence, instead of having the prover provide the linear combinations directly, we are going to use the trick that we introduced above to have the prover prove that they are providing something which is a linear combination, but without revealing anything else.
You might have noticed that the trick above works on elliptic curve points, not polynomials. Hence, what actually happens is that we add the following values to the trusted setup:
- G * A_1(t), G * A_1(t) * k_a
- G * A_2(t), G * A_2(t) * k_a
- …
- G * B_1(t), G * B_1(t) * k_b
- G * B_2(t), G * B_2(t) * k_b
- …
- G * C_1(t), G * C_1(t) * k_c
- G * C_2(t), G * C_2(t) * k_c
- …
You can think of t as a “secret point” at which the polynomial is evaluated. G is a “generator” (some random elliptic curve point that is specified as part of the protocol) and t, k_a, k_b and k_c are “toxic waste”, numbers that absolutely must be deleted at all costs, or else whoever has them will be able to make fake proofs. Now, if someone gives you a pair of points P, Q such that P * k_a = Q (reminder: we don’t need k_a to check this, as we can do a pairing check), then you know that what they are giving you is a linear combination of A_i polynomials evaluated at t.
Hence, so far the prover must give:
- π_a = G * A(t), π’_a = G * A(t) * k_a
- π_b = G * B(t), π’_b = G * B(t) * k_b
- π_c = G * C(t), π’_c = G * C(t) * k_c
Note that the prover doesn’t actually need to know (and shouldn’t know!) t, k_a, k_b or k_c to compute these values; rather, the prover should be able to compute these values just from the points that we’re adding to the trusted setup.
The next step is to make sure that all three linear combinations have the same coefficients. This we can do by adding another set of values to the trusted setup: G * (A_i(t) + B_i(t) + C_i(t)) * b, where b is another number that should be considered “toxic waste” and discarded as soon as the trusted setup is completed. We can then have the prover create a linear combination with these values with the same coefficients, and use the same pairing trick as above to verify that this value matches up with the provided A + B + C.
Finally, we need to prove that A * B - C = H * Z. We do this once again with a pairing check:
e(π_a, π_b) / e(π_c, G) ?= e(π_h, G * Z(t))
Where π_h = G * H(t). If the connection between this equation and A * B - C = H * Z does not make sense to you, go back and read the article on pairings.
We saw above how to convert A, B and C into elliptic curve points; G is just the generator (ie. the elliptic curve point equivalent of the number one). We can add G * Z(t) to the trusted setup. H is harder; H is just a polynomial, and we predict very little ahead of time about what its coefficients will be for each individual QAP solution. Hence, we need to add yet more data to the trusted setup; specifically the sequence:
G, G * t, G * t², G * t³, G * t⁴ ….
In the Zcash trusted setup, the sequence here goes up to about 2 million; this is how many powers of t you need to make sure that you will always be able to compute H(t), at least for the specific QAP instance that they care about. And with that, the prover can provide all of the information for the verifier to make the final check.
There is one more detail that we need to discuss. Most of the time we don’t just want to prove in the abstract that some solution exists for some specific problem; rather, we want to prove either the correctness of some specific solution (eg. proving that if you take the word “cow” and SHA3 hash it a million times, the final result starts with 0x73064fe5), or that a solution exists if you restrict some of the parameters. For example, in a cryptocurrency instantiation where transaction amounts and account balances are encrypted, you want to prove that you know some decryption key k such that:
- decrypt(old_balance, k) ≥ decrypt(tx_value, k)
- decrypt(old_balance, k) - decrypt(tx_value, k) = decrypt(new_balance, k)
The encrypted old_balance, tx_value and new_balance should be specified publicly, as those are the specific values that we are looking to verify at that particular time; only the decryption key should be hidden. Some slight modifications to the protocol are needed to create a “custom verification key” that corresponds to some specific restriction on the inputs.
Now, let’s step back a bit. First of all, here’s the verification algorithm in its entirety, courtesy of ben Sasson, Tromer, Virza and Chiesa:
The first line deals with parametrization; essentially, you can think of its function as being to create a “custom verification key” for the specific instance of the problem where some of the arguments are specified. The second line is the linear combination check for A, B and C; the third line is the check that the linear combinations have the same coefficients, and the fourth line is the product check A * B - C = H * Z.
Altogether, the verification process is a few elliptic curve multiplications (one for each “public” input variable), and five pairing checks, one of which includes an additional pairing multiplication. The proof contains eight elliptic curve points: a pair of points each for A(t), B(t) and C(t), a point π_k for b * (A(t) + B(t) + C(t)), and a point π_h for H(t). Seven of these points are on the F_p curve (32 bytes each, as you can compress the y coordinate to a single bit), and in the Zcash implementation one point (π_b) is on the twisted curve in F_p² (64 bytes), so the total size of the proof is ~288 bytes.
The two computationally hardest parts of creating a proof are:
- Dividing (A * B - C) / Z to get H (algorithms based on the Fast Fourier transform can do this in sub-quadratic time, but it’s still quite computationally intensive)
- Making the elliptic curve multiplications and additions to create the A(t), B(t), C(t) and H(t) values and their corresponding pairs
The basic reason why creating a proof is so hard is the fact that what was a single binary logic gate in the original computation turns into an operation that must be cryptographically processed through elliptic curve operations if we are making a zero-knowledge proof out of it. This fact, together with the superlinearity of fast Fourier transforms, means that proof creation takes ~20–40 seconds for a Zcash transaction.
Another very important question is: can we try to make the trusted setup a little… less trust-demanding? Unfortunately we can’t make it completely trustless; the KoE assumption itself precludes making independent pairs (P_i, P_i * k) without knowing what k is. However, we can increase security greatly by using N-of-N multiparty computation - that is, constructing the trusted setup between N parties in such a way that as long as at least one of the participants deleted their toxic waste then you’re okay.
To get a bit of a feel for how you would do this, here’s a simple algorithm for taking an existing set (G, G * t, G * t², G * t³…), and “adding in” your own secret so that you need both your secret and the previous secret (or previous set of secrets) to cheat.
The output set is simply:
G, (G * t) * s, (G * t²) * s², (G * t³) * s³…
Note that you can produce this set knowing only the original set and s, and the new set functions in the same way as the old set, except now using t*s as the “toxic waste” instead of t. As long as you and the person (or people) who created the previous set do not both fail to delete your toxic waste and later collude, the set is “safe”.
Doing this for the complete trusted setup is quite a bit harder, as there are several values involved, and the algorithm has to be done between the parties in several rounds. It’s an area of active research to see if the multi-party computation algorithm can be simplified further and made to require fewer rounds or made more parallelizable, as the more you can do that the more parties it becomes feasible to include into the trusted setup procedure. It’s reasonable to see why a trusted setup between six participants who all know and work with each other might make some people uncomfortable, but a trusted setup with thousands of participants would be nearly indistinguishable from no trust at all - and if you’re really paranoid, you can get in and participate in the setup procedure yourself, and be sure that you personally deleted your value.
Another area of active research is the use of other approaches that do not use pairings and the same trusted setup paradigm to achieve the same goal; see Eli ben Sasson’s recent presentation for one alternative (though be warned, it’s at least as mathematically complicated as SNARKs are!)
Special thanks to Ariel Gabizon and Christian Reitwiessner for reviewing.


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SHOO
Copyright (c) 1999 David Andrew, Justin Kalef and Chris Kidd
This game is played on a 9x9 square board with the following setup:
- HOME BASE - The 3x3 area where the player's travelers start.
- HORSE - A special neutral piece that can be mounted by travelers, see below.
- First player has 4 horses off-board, second player has 5.
- A horse slides any number of empty cells on any directions - there is no jumping.
- A horse cannot enter on either home base.
- A horse is free if it is not mounted by any traveler.
- A horse can be dropped on any empty cell not inside a home base.
- The dropped horse - in the next move - is only free for the player that dropped it. After that, if it is not used, becomes free.
- A free horse can be retired, i.e., it can be removed permanently from the board. To do that, the player must have a traveler (mounted or not) adjacent to the retiring horse.
- TRAVELER - A single stone. A traveler can move to an adjacent (orthogonal or diagonal) empty cell.
- After entering the adversary home base, a traveler cannot move out.
- A traveler can move into a cell occupied by a free horse, and become a mounted traveler. A mounted traveler moves like the horse.
- A traveler can dismount a horse, by moving the traveler to an adjacent empty cell. The horse becomes immediately free!
- A traveler can capture a horse which is mounted by an adversary traveler if it adjacent to them. If so, he places the adversary traveler on an adjacent empty cell (from the horse's cell), mounts the horse and (optionally) moves out.
- SHOOING - If two friendly travelers are adjacent to an enemy traveler which is not mounted, then that traveler is shooed, i.e., the other player must move that traveler and remove the shoo.
- If the traveler cannot move to remove the shoo, the piece is removed from board, and must be dropped on any empty cell adjacent to his home base (which is not shooed).
- If this is still not possible, then the piece should be dropped on some adjacent empty cell from those adjacent to his home base, and so forth...
- A dismounted traveler cannot move into a shoo.
- If several shoos exists, the player must remove one per turn on his choice.
- A piece inside the adversary home base cannot be shooed!
- MOVE - On each turn, each player can do one of the following things:
- Remove a shoo
- Move a traveler (mounted or not)
- Move a free horse
- Drop one of his off-board horses
- Retire a free horse.
- Mount a traveler (i.e., moving it into a free horse)
- Dismount a traveler (i.e., moving it out of the horse)
- Capture a horse.
- GOAL - Wins the player that first occupies the adversary home base with his travelers.
An example The mounted traveler at i7 slides to cell [1] and shoos the black traveler. Since it must remove the shoo, it must move to the only empty cell adjacent to its home base, cell [2].
Shoo is the mechanism to avoid the drawish tactic of keeping one or more travelers inside its own home base.
Some variants proposed by David Andrew: You may wish to try out the following variants: i) playing with 7 rather than 9 horses; ii) when a piece has been hushed, either that you lose the move altogether or (worse) that the piece that is hushed is shooed off - to the player's stable; and iii) you keep the rule of safety, that prevents travelers in their home area being shooed (off), but allow travelers to leave the home area again, taking the risk that they will subsequently be shooed off, of course. Or, there may be other variants that occur to you.
For more information (including some examples), check this webpage.


Hope is the most exciting thing in life and if you honestly believe that love is out there， it will come.Don’t wait to be lonely， to recognize the value of a friend.Every little kindness you show me would shake my determination.Just because you're mad at someone doesn't mean you stop loving them.As long as it is a comedy， I’d rather cry during the process.I used to believe in forever， but forever is too good to be true.We all go through thunderstorms， but not every one of us make it.I understand you have called content， and you don't understand is thActive long will be very tired， care about for a long time will crash！
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