Go to the source code of this file.
Macros | |
| #define | LE_ECALL_MSD_MAX_LEN 140 |
Typedefs | |
| typedef struct le_ecall_Call * | le_ecall_CallRef_t |
| typedef struct le_ecall_StateChangeHandler * | le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerRef_t |
| typedef void(* | le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerFunc_t) (le_ecall_CallRef_t ecallRef, le_ecall_State_t state, void *contextPtr) |
Legato eCall include file.
Copyright (C) Sierra Wireless Inc. Use of this work is subject to license.
| #define LE_ECALL_MSD_MAX_LEN 140 |
MSD message length in bytes.
| typedef struct le_ecall_Call* le_ecall_CallRef_t |
Reference returned by Create function and used by other functions
| typedef void(* le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerFunc_t) (le_ecall_CallRef_t ecallRef, le_ecall_State_t state, void *contextPtr) |
Handler for eCall state changes.
| ecallRef | eCall reference |
| state | eCall state |
| contextPtr |
| typedef struct le_ecall_StateChangeHandler* le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerRef_t |
Reference type used by Add/Remove functions for EVENT 'le_ecall_StateChange'
Crash information Bit Mask (16 bits) indicating the type of road accident.
Diagnostic result Bit Mask (64 bits)
| enum le_ecall_MsdTxMode_t |
| enum le_ecall_OpMode_t |
Configured operation modes.
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| LE_ECALL_NORMAL_MODE |
Normal mode. |
| LE_ECALL_ONLY_MODE |
eCall only mode according to U/SIM operation mode or forced by application through the le_ecall_ForceOnlyMode() function. |
| LE_ECALL_FORCED_PERSISTENT_ONLY_MODE |
Persistent eCall only mode. |
| enum le_ecall_State_t |
eCall session states.
| Enumerator | |
|---|---|
| LE_ECALL_STATE_UNKNOWN |
Unknown state. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_STARTED |
eCall session started. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_CONNECTED |
Emergency call is established. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_DISCONNECTED |
Emergency call is disconnected. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_WAITING_PSAP_START_IND |
Waiting for PSAP start indication. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_PSAP_START_IND_RECEIVED |
PSAP start indication received. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_MSD_TX_STARTED |
MSD transmission is started. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_LLNACK_RECEIVED |
LL-NACK received. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_LLACK_RECEIVED |
LL-ACK received. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_MSD_TX_COMPLETED |
MSD transmission is complete. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_MSD_TX_FAILED |
MSD transmission has failed. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_ALACK_RECEIVED_POSITIVE |
AL-ACK received. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_ALACK_RECEIVED_CLEAR_DOWN |
AL-ACK clear-down received. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_STOPPED |
eCall session has been stopped by PSAP or IVS le_ecall_End(). |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_RESET |
eCall session has lost synchronization and starts over. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_COMPLETED |
eCall session completed. The modem successfully completed the MSD transmission and received two AL-ACKs (positive). Can now switch to voice path. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_FAILED |
Unsuccessful eCall session. |
| LE_ECALL_STATE_END_OF_REDIAL_PERIOD |
End of the redial period. |
| le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerRef_t le_ecall_AddStateChangeHandler | ( | le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerFunc_t | handlerPtr, |
| void * | contextPtr | ||
| ) |
Add handler function for EVENT 'le_ecall_StateChange'
This event provides information on eCall state changes.
| [in] | handlerPtr | |
| [in] | contextPtr |
| void le_ecall_ConnectService | ( | void | ) |
Connect the client to the service
| le_ecall_CallRef_t le_ecall_Create | ( | void | ) |
Create a new eCall object
The eCall is not actually established at this point. It's still up to the caller to call le_ecall_Start() when ready.
| void le_ecall_Delete | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Call to free up a call reference.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| void le_ecall_DisconnectService | ( | void | ) |
Disconnect the client from the service
| le_result_t le_ecall_End | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
End the current eCall session
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ExitOnlyMode | ( | void | ) |
This function exits from eCall Only mode. It configures the eCall operation mode to Normal mode, the modem uses the default operation mode at power up (or after U/SIM hotswap). The modem behaves following the U/SIM eCall operation mode; for example the U/SIM can be configured only for eCall, or a combination of eCall and commercial service provision.
| le_result_t le_ecall_ExportMsd | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| uint8_t * | msdPtr, | ||
| size_t * | msdNumElementsPtr | ||
| ) |
Export the encoded MSD.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [out] | msdPtr | the encoded MSD |
| [in,out] | msdNumElementsPtr |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ForceOnlyMode | ( | void | ) |
This function configures the eCall operation mode to eCall only, only emergency number can be used to start an eCall session. The modem doesn't try to register on the Cellular network. This function forces the modem to behave as eCall only mode whatever U/SIM operation mode. The change doesn't persist over power cycles. This function can be called before making an eCall.
| le_result_t le_ecall_ForcePersistentOnlyMode | ( | void | ) |
Same as le_ecall_ForceOnlyMode(), but the change persists over power cycles.
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetConfiguredOperationMode | ( | le_ecall_OpMode_t * | opModePtr | ) |
Get the configured Operation mode.
| [out] | opModePtr | Operation mode |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetEraGlonassAutoDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t * | attemptsPtr | ) |
Get the AUTO_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value.
| [out] | attemptsPtr | the AUTO_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetEraGlonassDialDuration | ( | uint16_t * | durationPtr | ) |
Get the ECALL_DIAL_DURATION time.
| [out] | durationPtr | the ECALL_DIAL_DURATION time value (in seconds) |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetEraGlonassManualDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t * | attemptsPtr | ) |
Get the MANUAL_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value.
| [out] | attemptsPtr | the MANUAL_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetIntervalBetweenDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t * | pausePtr | ) |
Get the minimum interval value between dial attempts.
| [out] | pausePtr | the minimum interval value in seconds |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetMsdTxMode | ( | le_ecall_MsdTxMode_t * | modePtr | ) |
Get the push/pull transmission mode.
| [out] | modePtr | Transmission mode |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetNadDeregistrationTime | ( | uint16_t * | deregTimePtr | ) |
Get the NAD_DEREGISTRATION_TIME value.
| [out] | deregTimePtr | the NAD_DEREGISTRATION_TIME value (in minutes). |
| int32_t le_ecall_GetPlatformSpecificTerminationCode | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Called to get the platform specific termination code.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference. |
| le_result_t le_ecall_GetPsapNumber | ( | char * | psap, |
| size_t | psapNumElements | ||
| ) |
Get the Public Safely Answering Point telephone number set with le_ecall_SetPsapNumber() function.
| [out] | psap | Public Safely Answering Point telephone number |
| [in] | psapNumElements |
| le_ecall_State_t le_ecall_GetState | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Get the current state for the given eCall
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_mcc_TerminationReason_t le_ecall_GetTerminationReason | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Called to get the termination reason.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference. |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ImportMsd | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| const uint8_t * | msdPtr, | ||
| size_t | msdNumElements | ||
| ) |
Import an already prepared MSD.
MSD is transmitted only after an emergency call has been established.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | msdPtr | the prepared MSD |
| [in] | msdNumElements |
| void le_ecall_RemoveStateChangeHandler | ( | le_ecall_StateChangeHandlerRef_t | addHandlerRef | ) |
Remove handler function for EVENT 'le_ecall_StateChange'
| [in] | addHandlerRef |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ResetMsdEraGlonassCrashInfo | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Reset the ERA-GLONASS crash type bit mask. Optional parameter is not included in the MSD message.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ResetMsdEraGlonassCrashSeverity | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Reset the ERA-GLONASS crash severity parameter. Therefore that optional parameter is not included in the MSD message.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_ResetMsdEraGlonassDiagnosticResult | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Reset the ERA-GLONASS diagnostic result bit mask. Optional parameter is not included in the MSD message.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SendMsd | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Send the MSD.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetEraGlonassAutoDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t | attempts | ) |
Set tthe AUTO_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value. If a dial attempt under automatic emergency call initiation failed, it should be repeated maximally ECALL_AUTO_DIAL_ATTEMPTS-1 times within the maximal time limit of ECALL_DIAL_DURATION. The default value is 10. Redial attempts stop once the call has been cleared down correctly, or if counter/timer reached their limits.
| [in] | attempts | the AUTO_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetEraGlonassDialDuration | ( | uint16_t | duration | ) |
Set the ECALL_DIAL_DURATION time. It's the maximum time the IVS have to connect the emergency call to the PSAP, including all redial attempts. If the call is not connected within this time (or ManualDialAttempts/AutoDialAttempts dial attempts), it will stop.
| [in] | duration | the ECALL_DIAL_DURATION time value (in seconds) |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetEraGlonassManualDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t | attempts | ) |
Set the MANUAL_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value. If a dial attempt under manual emergency call initiation failed, it should be repeated maximally ECALL_MANUAL_DIAL_ATTEMPTS-1 times within the maximal time limit of ECALL_DIAL_DURATION. The default value is 10. Redial attempts stop once the call has been cleared down correctly, or if counter/timer reached their limits.
| [in] | attempts | the MANUAL_DIAL_ATTEMPTS value |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetIntervalBetweenDialAttempts | ( | uint16_t | pause | ) |
Set the minimum interval value between dial attempts.
| [in] | pause | the minimum interval value in seconds |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdEraGlonassCrashInfo | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| le_ecall_CrashInfoBitMask_t | crashInfoMask | ||
| ) |
Set the ERA-GLONASS crash type bit mask
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | crashInfoMask | ERA-GLONASS crash type bit mask. |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdEraGlonassCrashSeverity | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| uint32_t | crashSeverity | ||
| ) |
Set the ERA-GLONASS crash severity parameter.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | crashSeverity | the ERA-GLONASS crash severity parameter |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdEraGlonassDiagnosticResult | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| le_ecall_DiagnosticResultBitMask_t | diagnosticResultMask | ||
| ) |
Set the ERA-GLONASS diagnostic result using a bit mask.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | diagnosticResultMask | ERA-GLONASS diagnostic result bit mask. |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdPassengersCount | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| uint32_t | paxCount | ||
| ) |
Set the number of passengers transmitted by the MSD.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | paxCount | number of passengers |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdPosition | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef, |
| bool | isTrusted, | ||
| int32_t | latitude, | ||
| int32_t | longitude, | ||
| int32_t | direction | ||
| ) |
Set the position transmitted by the MSD.
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| [in] | isTrusted | true if the position is accurate, false otherwise |
| [in] | latitude | latitude in degrees with 6 decimal places, positive North |
| [in] | longitude | longitude in degrees with 6 decimal places, positive East |
| [in] | direction | direction in degrees (where 0 is True North) |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetMsdTxMode | ( | le_ecall_MsdTxMode_t | mode | ) |
Set the push/pull transmission mode.
| [in] | mode | Transmission mode |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetNadDeregistrationTime | ( | uint16_t | deregTime | ) |
Set the NAD_DEREGISTRATION_TIME value. After termination of an emergency call the in-vehicle system remains registered on the network for the period of time, defined by the installation parameter NAD_DEREGISTRATION_TIME.
| [in] | deregTime | the NAD_DEREGISTRATION_TIME value (in minutes). |
| le_result_t le_ecall_SetPsapNumber | ( | const char * | psap | ) |
Set the Public Safely Answering Point telephone number.
| [in] | psap | Public Safely Answering Point number |
| le_result_t le_ecall_StartAutomatic | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Start an automatic eCall session
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_StartManual | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Start a manual eCall session
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_StartTest | ( | le_ecall_CallRef_t | ecallRef | ) |
Start a test eCall session
| [in] | ecallRef | eCall reference |
| le_result_t le_ecall_UseUSimNumbers | ( | void | ) |
This function can be recalled to indicate the modem to read the number to dial from the FDN/SDN of the U/SIM, depending upon the eCall operating mode.


| Priority |
Release |
Action Item |
Volunteers |
| High |
3.3m1 |
Simplify running of Tomcat's internal test and Watchdog to encourage
wider use of these tests. If possible, create a user document describing
how a user can develop a new test to test their own web application. If
user created tests are simple enough, we will get better verification that
the bug fixes succeed and stay fixed. |
Costin Manolache |
| High |
ongoing |
Build a Bug List of the bugs that need to be fixed. These bugs will come from
scanning the BugRat database and feedback from the field. |
Larry Isaacs and volunteers |
| High |
ongoing |
Perform testing of Tomcat. This includes testing Tomcat standalone as
well as with other web servers. Verify that bugs in the Bug List are fixed
on various platforms. |
Testing volunteers |
| High |
ongoing |
Commit patches and changes to CVS to fix bugs and other issues |
Committers |
| High |
ongoing |
Code review and improve code documentation. All unfinished implementation
that can be identified, often marked with "XXX" in a comment, needs to
be examined to determine if its completion is required by the release
standard. |
Code review volunteers |
| High |
3.3final |
Add and improve user documentation. Documentation in both binary and
source distribution needs to be addressed. |
Documentation volunteers |
| High |
3.3final |
Security holes opened to facilitate development and testing need to be
closed prior to final release. Any additional security holes that are
identified need to be addressed. |
--- |
| Priority |
Release |
Action Item |
Volunteers |
| High |
--- |
Define a Tomcat-specific Service Provider Interface (SPI)
that defines a stable API which application server and development
tool providers can use to integrate Tomcat within their products. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Discuss and agree upon Tomcat distribution strategies so that users
can select a minimal "reference implementation" version of Tomcat to
validate their own containers against, or a full featured release
with all currently included functionality. |
--- |
| High |
--- |
Improve the ease of installation of Tomcat, especially on
Windows platforms by integrating it with an installation program. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Define functional and user interface requirements for the interactive
(servlet/JSP based) administration tool for managing running Tomcat
instances. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Implement interactive administration tool that fulfills the
requirements described above. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Design an implement a tool for creating and customizing web application
deployment descriptors (i.e. web.xml files) in a
user friendly manner. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Design, implement, and test an HTTP/1.1 connector to be
used by Tomcat stand-alone. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Implement a two-way communications protocol in the Apache
connector, such that getRealPath() can respect Apache virtual
mappings, getMimeType() can respect Apache MIME type mappings,
and so on. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Implement a new Apache/2.0 connector whereby Tomcat can be
run "in process" instead of "out of process". |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Ensure that all web server connectors pass sufficient information to
properly set the value returned by
ServletRequest.isSecure() and to populate the SSL
information attributes described in ... |
--- |
| High |
--- |
Define and implement full virtual host support, including:
single-JVM configuration option, support for per-virtual-host
interceptors, and so on. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Design and implement DIGEST based authentication and access
control. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Design and implement "single sign on" support for cross application
access with a single login, as described in Section 11 of the
Servlet API Specification Version 2.2. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Design and implement support for serving web applications
directly from WAR files, and/or from a URL-based document
root. Probably requires pluggable implementation of the
getResource() family of calls. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Improve the internationalization support provided in Tomcat by
factoring remaining hard-coded English message strings into
resource files, and providing translated resource files for
other languages. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Implement the optional web application environment support
described in Section 9.9 of the Servlet API Specification Version 2.2,
and Chapter 5 of the Java2 Platform Enterprise Edition Version 1.2
Specification. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
More generalized implementation of logging, that allows plugins
for choosing log formatting styles. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Design and implement better mechanisms for Tomcat to "sandbox"
multiple web applications running in the same container, to avoid
having them interfere with each other. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Implement instance pooling for servlets that implement the
SingleThreadModel interface. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Fully support "absolute" document root paths on Windows that
start with a '/' or '\' character, instead of a drive letter
plus a colon. Currently, File.isAbsolute() on
Windows JVMS considers such a path to be relative. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Incorporate support for scripting languages other than Java,
as outlined in the JSP specification. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Review and optimize the performance of the servlet classes
generated by the JSP page compiler. |
--- |
| High |
--- |
Add full support for WebDAV, either as servlets included in the
full-featured distribution of Tomcat, or as a separate sub-project
under Jakarta. |
--- |
| Medium |
--- |
Default file-serving servlet has problems dealing with directory and
file names that contain spaces or other special characters. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Integrate the Apache JSSI
project's support for embedded <servlet> tags in
.jhtml pages into the full-featured distribution of
Tomcat (assuming the Apache JSSI project group agrees), bringing it
up to date with respect to servlet API 2.2 as required. |
--- |
| Low |
--- |
Add a default servlet that can serve CGI scripts and applications,
for use in Tomcat deployments not connected to a web server, or
to enable RequestDispatcher-based access to CGI scripts and
applications. |
--- |


By @astronomyblog & @LoveGraphs. Stats last updated 13 February 2016.
It seems there may have been at least 6 shows and 42 listed appearances. With 7 people per show, iPlayer has all appearances listed. The host/captains/regulars have included Richard Osman (Team Captain × 6), Sue Perkins (Host × 6), Josh Widdicombe (Team Captain × 6).
Total appearances:
Guest appearances i.e. ignoring the host/captains/regulars:
All people:
Guests i.e. ignoring the host/captains/regulars:
Last updated: 2016/02/13


Timeline based on widget boxes with 2 different styles
Choose timeline:
Today
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Yesterday
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DAG Pipelines are more natural than Python’s regular control structures (e.g., loops and conditionals) in some cases, less so in other cases. Fortunately, they can be combined.
E.g., the following shows using pipelines within regular Python list comprehension, specifically creating a list of means and standard deviations of the contents of the files in some directory
>>> stats = [stream_vals(f) | mean() + stddev() for f in glob.glob('dir/*.txt')]
As a further example, the following shows using stages with regular Python conditionals, specifically,showing how a stage can be selected at runtime; if debug is used, a trace stage - tracing the elements piped through it - will be used, otherwise, a relay stage - passing elements passed through it - will be used:
>>> debug = True
>>> stream_vals('wind.txt') | (trace() if debug else relay()) | sum_()
0 : 2.0
1 : 4.0
2 : 7.0
3 : 23.0
4 : 0.0
5 : 2.0
6 : 4.0
7 : 7.0
8 : 23.0
9 : 0.0
10 : 2.0
11 : 4.0
12 : 7.0
13 : 23.0
14 : 0.0
15 : 2.0
16 : 4.0
17 : 7.0
18 : 23.0
19 : 0.0
20 : 2.0
21 : 4.0
22 : 7.0
23 : 23.0
24 : 0.0
25 : 2.0
26 : 4.0
27 : 7.0
28 : 23.0
29 : 0.0
30 : 2.0
31 : 4.0
32 : 7.0
33 : 23.0
34 : 0.0
35 : 2.0
36 : 4.0
37 : 7.0
38 : 23.0
39 : 0.0
40 : 2.0
41 : 4.0
42 : 7.0
43 : 23.0
44 : 0.0
45 : 2.0
46 : 4.0
47 : 7.0
48 : 23.0
49 : 0.0
50 : 2.0
51 : 4.0
52 : 7.0
53 : 23.0
54 : 0.0
55 : 2.0
56 : 4.0
57 : 7.0
58 : 23.0
59 : 0.0
432.0
>>> debug = False
>>> stream_vals('wind.txt') | (trace() if debug else relay()) | sum_()
432.0
Finally, the following shows functions returning sub-pipes, specifically a function taking a file name, and returning an exponential average of the absolute values of its values:
>>> def abs_exp_ave(f_name):
... return stream_vals(f_name) | abs_() | exp_ave(0.5)
>>> abs_exp_ave('foo.dat') + abs_exp_ave('bar.dat') | corr()
Unfortunately, there are still cases which require further augmentation. Cases describes common cases where augmenting pipelines is necessary,`Dynamic Subpipes`_ shows a mechanism where stages assimilate these control structures inside them, and Frozen and Thawed Targets shows the complementary mechanism, whereby standard control structures can use pipelines. The first approach is useful for very common cases, where the cost of writing new stages is offset by the ease of constructing pipelines using them once they are written.
Scientific data preparation and processing often involves SQL-like operations, even if the terminology is different. Here are three very common cases.
Consider for example the CSV file meteo.csv, in particular the ‘day’ and ‘wind’ columns. Each row contains a day and a wind measurement. Some consecutive rows give wind measurements for the same day, and we very often need to aggregate these similar entries.
Unfortunately, there is no single aggregation strategy that is always appropriate. We might aggregate all wind measurements of some day by a list of all their values, their average and standard deviation, median, sum, any combination of the preceding, and so on. We might do the preceding for all values which are not considered outliers, for example. In general, we might construct a pipeline for each set of similar elements. No stage can be written to do this (at least not efficiently).
This group case, where consecutive similar elements are aggregated, is not the only case where static pipelines need augmentation. The complementary operation, chain_, as well as join, are examples of this as well.
The group case aggregates consecutive similar elements. The chain case is complementary, in that it expands aggregates to similar consecutive elements.
Suppose, for example, we have a directory containing files whose names are of the form ‘data?.csv’. We wish to find the total average of all values in these files.
Using static pipelines, it is easy to build a source that iterates over all such filenames:
os_walk() | filename_filt('data?.csv')
Using static pipelines, it is also easy to find the average of the contents of a specific file:
stream_vals(f_name) | ave()
However, using static pipelines, it is not possible to connect the two. It is not possible to convey to the second pipeline that the output of the first pipeline is an aggregate (in this case, filenames) that should be expanded (in this case, to their content).
Join, and in particular equi-join, are very common operations. In this case, we have two sequences, and wish to output for each elements of the first sequence something that depends on the elements similar to it in the second sequence. This very general operation too cannot be captured by static pipelines.
E.g., consider the files employee.csv and dept.csv, which, respectively contain the following data, respectively:
| Name | EmpID | DeptName |
|---|---|---|
| Harry | 3415 | Finance |
| Sally | 2241 | Sales |
| George | 3401 | Finance |
| Harriet | 2202 | Sales |
| Nelson | 2455 | Entertainment |
and
| DeptName | Manager |
|---|---|
| Finance | George |
| Sales | Harriet |
| Production | Charles |
We might want to map each employee to his / her manager, or map each manager to the number of employees managed.
In this approach, stages internally create sub-pipes on the fly. This section shows stages for the group, chain, and join cases above, as well as how to write such stages.
The dagpype.group() stage takes two functions: the first maps each element to a key used for deciding which elements are similar, and the second is used for dynamically constructing a sub-pipe for similar elements.
def group(key, key_pipe):
"""
Groups consecutive similar elements by sending all such elements
through an ad-hoc create pipe.
Arguments:
key -- Function mapping each element to a key. This key will
be used to decide which elements are similar.
key_pipe -- Function mapping each key to a pipe.
For aggregating the same-day wind measurements of meteo.csv, we can do the following:
>>>> csv_vals('meteo.csv', ('day', 'wind')) | \
... group(
... key = lambda (day, wind) : day,
... key_pipe = lambda day : sink(day) + (select_inds(1) | ave()) + (select_inds(1) | stddev())) | \
... to_csv('day_wind.csv', ('day', 'ave', 'stddev'))
The line
key = lambda (day, wind) : day
indicates that elements are similar if they share the same day. The line
key_pipe = lambda day : sink(day) + (select_inds(1) | ave()) + (select_inds(1) | stddev()))
indicates that we wish to pass all elements with the same day, to a fanned sink consisting of three parts: the day, the average of wind values, and their standard deviation. Note that the resulting triples can be streamed on in the regular manner; in this case, they are written to a CSV file.
To form a list of the medians of wind measurements of same days, we can do this:
>>>> csv_vals('meteo.csv', ('day', 'wind')) | \
... group(
... key = lambda (day, wind) : day,
... key_pipe = lambda day : select_inds(1) | to_array() | sink(lambda a : numpy.median(a))) | \
... to_list()
The dagpype.chain() stage takes a function mapping each element to a pipe emanating all elements which this element aggregates.
def chain(key_pipe):
"""
Chains the result of applying an ad-hoc created pipe to each element.
Arguments:
key_pipe - Function mapping each element to a pipe.
To find the total average of all values in files of the form ‘data?.csv’, we can do this:F
>>>> os_walk() | filename_filt('data?.csv') | \
... chain(lambda f_name : stream_vals(f_name)) \ |
... ave()
The dagpype.dict_join() stage takes a dictionary, two functions, and two optional pipelines:
def dict_join(
joined,
key,
common_pipe,
out_of_dict_pipe = None,
dict_only_pipe = None):
"""
Performs an SQL-style join with a dictionary.
Arguments:
joined -- Dictionary of items with which to join.
key -- Function mapping each element to a key. This key will
be used to decide with which joined element (if any) to join.
common_pipe -- Function taking a key and a value from the joined dictionary, and
returning a pipe. This pipe will be used for all elements matching the key.
Keyword Arguments:
out_of_dict_pipe -- Pipe used for all elements not in the joined dictionary (default None).
dict_only_pipe -- Pipe used for all elements only in the dictionary (default None).
For creating a dictionary mapping employees to managers, we can do the following (refer to the tables above):
>>>> d = csv_vals('data/employee.csv', ('Name', 'EmpId', 'DeptName'), (str, int, str)) | \
... dict_join(
... csv_vals('data/dept.csv', ('DeptName', 'Manager'), (str, str)) | to_dict(),
... lambda name_id_dept : name_id_dept[2],
... lambda dept, manager : filt(lambda name_id_dept : (name_id_dept[0], manager)),
... filt(lambda name_id_dept : (name_id_dept[0], None)),
... None) | \
... to_dict()
>>> assert d['Harriet'] == 'Harriet'
>>> assert d['Nelson'] is None
For creating a dictionary mapping managers to the number of people they manage, we can do the following:
>>> d = csv_vals('data/employee.csv', ('Name', 'EmpId', 'DeptName'), (str, int, str)) | \
... dict_join(
... csv_vals('data/dept.csv', ('DeptName', 'Manager'), (str, str)) | to_dict(),
... lambda name_id_dept : name_id_dept[2],
... lambda dept, manager : sink(manager) + count(),
... None,
... filt(lambda dept_manager : (dept_manager[1], 0))) | \
... to_dict()
>>> assert d['Harriet'] == 2
>>> assert d['Charles'] == 0
In this approach, pipelines can be used within regular control structures.
Using the dagpype.freeze() function, any sink can be “frozen”. Connecting a pipeline to a regular sink causes immediate evaluation of the result. Conversely, connecting a pipeline to a frozen sink does not do so. Only “thawing” a sink, through the dagpype.thaw() function, causes a result evaluation.
For example, in order to calculate the average of all values in files of the form ‘data?.csv’, we can do this:
from glob import iglob
a = freeze(ave())
for f_name in iglob('data?.csv'):
stream_vals(f_name) | a
print thaw(a)
The line
a = freeze(ave())
forms a frozen version of the ave sink. The line
stream_vals(f_name) | a
does not evaluate into a float, it merely updates the frozen sink. Only the line
print thaw(a)
thaws the sink (and, in this case, prints the result).
Similarly, in order to calculate the average and standard deviation of all values in files of the form ‘data?.csv’ truncated to 10, we can do this:
from glob import iglob
a = freeze(filt(lambda x : min(x, 10) | ave() + stddev())
for f_name in iglob('data?.csv'):
stream_vals(f_name) | cast(float) | a
print thaw(a)


Art director Ota Imon explained the look:
“The black and white style was mostly because me and my brother, we’re color blind,” said Imon in a phone call with GamesBeat. “I didn’t want to work with colors, because it would be so much trouble for us. So I just got lazy and figured, we could do things the way we wanted, without worrying about that.”
In between battles, you can explore the story and improve the mech:
There's a PC demo from 2018, and a brand new trailer:
The immediate plan is to release the game for home consoles.


Apprentices are aged 16 or over and combine working with studying for a work-based qualification - from GCSEs or equivalent up to degree level.
Apprentices can be new or current employees.
You could get a grant or funding to employ an apprentice if you’re in England.
You must pay the apprentice at least the minimum wage during their placement with you.
Your apprentice must:
There are several steps to taking on an apprentice.
Choose an apprenticeships framework or standard for an apprenticeship in your industry and at a suitable level.
Find a training organisation that offers apprenticeships for your industry - they’ll handle your apprentice’s training, qualification and assessment.
Check you’re eligible for a grant and apply.
Advertise your apprenticeship - your training organisation will do this for you through the find an apprenticeship service.
Select your apprentice and make an apprenticeship agreement with them.
To find out more about employing apprentices or providing traineeships, use the National Apprenticeship Service’s enquiry form. You can also call them using the number on the form.
You can use an apprenticeship training agency if you want to employ an apprentice without the responsibility for running the apprenticeship scheme.
Apprenticeships can last from 1 to 4 years, depending on the level of qualification the apprentice is studying for.
The Skills Development Scotland website has advice for apprenticeships in Scotland.


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