This is Words and Buttons Online — a collection of interactive #tutorials, #demos, and #quizzes about #mathematics, #algorithms and #programming.
C++ is a multi-paradigm language. It combines features from procedural, functional, object-oriented, and generic programming in an elegant arsenal of things to shoot your foot with.
It also kind of employs logic programming. But it doesn't expose its features directly. These features do not enrich your arsenal. They are never mentioned in C++ books and rarely discussed among C++ practitioners. They just work their ways silently making you less prone to metaphorical self-injuries.
Logic programming is about making computers deduce facts for you. You write down the things you know, write down the rules that hold true for these things, and then you ask questions. Like, “who killed John F. Kennedy”?
Of course, computers can only juggle the facts you provide. They don't do surveillance or interrogation. They don't have intuition. They can only do logical operations very fast, that's all we can expect from machines.
The most popular logic programming language now is Prolog. It was invented in France, and its name stands for “programmation en logique”, which is in itself quite logical.
Let's take a peek at Prolog to see what we can learn from it.
In Prolog, you have terms to store data. Terms are:
You build relations between data with rules and facts. When you want to say that “Alice likes Bob”, Alice and Bob are the data and likes is the relation. In Prolog, you write it down like this.
likes(alice, bob). |
Such relations are called facts. There are also rules which are conditional facts. Let’s say Alice likes someone who is kind, and intelligent and writes in C++. The rule for that would be:
likes(alice, Person) :- kind(Person), intelligent(Person), writes(Person, cpp). |
The Person is a Prolog variable. Syntactically, variables always begin with a capital letter. Semantically, they denote all terms that fit the conditions.
Logic programming is all about deduction. You have a set of terms, known facts, and rules. Then you can deduce something you didn’t know before. For instance, if we're going to see if Alice likes Bob according to her own rule from above, we have to introduce Bob with a set of facts and then ask Prolog like this:
?- likes(alice, bob). |
Prolog programming is declarative. This means that we only write down facts and rules, but not the way they should be interpreted. Prolog finds the way for us.
So, given the following set of facts, does Alice like Bob or not?
kind(bob). kind(george). kind(steven). intelligent(bob). intelligent(steven). writes(bob, cpp). writes(bob, assembly). writes(george, cpp). writes(steven, prolog). likes(alice, Person) :- kind(Person), intelligent(Person), writes(Person, cpp). ?- likes(alice, bob). |
C++ doesn't have logic deduction as a language feature. But it has something conceptually similar. It has type deduction. Now let's translate our Prolog program into C++.
Classes will be our atoms.
Polymorphic functions will be our facts.
And a template function will be our rule.
// people class Alice{}; class Bob{}; class George{}; class Steven{}; // languages class Cpp{}; class Prolog{}; class Assembly{}; // facts void kind(Bob); void kind(George); void kind(Steven); void intelligent(Bob); void intelligent(Steven); void writes(Bob, Cpp); void writes(Bob, Assembly); void writes(George, Cpp); void writes(Steven, Prolog); // the rule template <typename Person> void likes(Alice, Person person) { kind(person); intelligent(person); writes(person, Cpp()); } // check the rule for Bob int main() { likes(Alice(), Bob()); } |
Now if all the types are deducible, the program compiles. The very fact of compilation is the answer to our question.
So does Alice like Bob in C++?
While being similar, type deduction differs from logic programming in one crucial way. I guess it would be best to illustrate it with an example.
I stole this idea from Bernardo Pires. If you got interested in Prolog and logic programming in general, please read his article. He uses Prolog to color the map of Germany in four colors. We will try to do the same with C++ and the map of Ukraine.
By Albedo-ukr [CC BY-SA 2.5], via Wikimedia Commons
First, we define colors.
// colors class Yellow{}; class Blue{}; class Red{}; class Green{}; void color(Yellow); void color(Blue); void color(Red); void color(Green); |
We need to generalize them to use in our rules, and that's one possible way to do that.
// AnyColor object can be Yellow, Blue, Red or Green class AnyColor : public Yellow, Blue, Red, Green {}; |
Unlike C++, Prolog has an operator to declare data inequality. So when Bernardo wants to declare a rule stating that all the neighboring regions should have different colors, he writes this:
neighbor(StateAColor, StateBColor) :- color(StateAColor), color(StateBColor), StateAColor \= StateBColor. |
We can techincally do the same in modern C++, but it gets needlessly tricky, so we'll define inequality as a plain set of facts instead.
// color inequality (instead of \= orerator) void different(Yellow, Blue); void different(Yellow, Red); void different(Yellow, Green); void different(Blue, Yellow); void different(Blue, Red); void different(Blue, Green); void different(Red, Yellow); void different(Red, Blue); void different(Red, Green); void different(Green, Yellow); void different(Green, Blue); void different(Green, Red); |
Next, we want every two adjacent regions to have different colors. Here's a rule for that.
// neighborhood rule template <typename Region1Color, typename Region2Color> void neighbor(Region1Color, Region2Color) { color(Region1Color()); color(Region2Color()); different(Region1Color(), Region2Color()); } |
Now we program the map of Ukraine as pairs of adjacent regions.
// map: neighborhood of regions template <typename ZK, typename LV, typename IF, typename VL, typename CZ, typename TP, typename RV, typename KM, typename ZH, typename VN, typename OD, typename KV, typename CK, typename CH, typename MK, typename KR, typename PT, typename KS, typename SM, typename DR, typename CR, typename ZP, typename KH, typename DN, typename LH> void ukraine(ZK zk, LV lv, IF iv, VL vl, CZ cz, TP tp, RV rv, KM km, ZH zh, VN vn, OD od, KV kv, CK ck, CH ch, MK mk, KR kr, PT pt, KS ks, SM sm, DR dr, CR cr, ZP zp, KH kh, DN dn, LH lh) { neighbor(zk, lv); neighbor(zk, iv); neighbor(lv, vl); neighbor(lv, rv); neighbor(lv, tp); neighbor(lv, iv); neighbor(iv, tp); neighbor(iv, cz); neighbor(vl, rv); neighbor(tp, rv); neighbor(tp, km); neighbor(tp, cz); neighbor(cz, km); neighbor(cz, vn); neighbor(rv, km); neighbor(rv, zh); neighbor(km, zh); neighbor(km, vn); neighbor(zh, kv); neighbor(zh, vn); neighbor(vn, kv); neighbor(vn, ck); neighbor(vn, kr); neighbor(vn, od); neighbor(od, kr); neighbor(od, mk); neighbor(kv, ch); neighbor(kv, pt); neighbor(kv, ck); neighbor(ck, pt); neighbor(ck, kr); neighbor(ch, sm); neighbor(ch, pt); neighbor(mk, kr); neighbor(mk, dr); neighbor(mk, ks); neighbor(kr, pt); neighbor(kr, dr); neighbor(pt, sm); neighbor(pt, kh); neighbor(pt, dr); neighbor(sm, kh); neighbor(ks, cr); neighbor(ks, zp); neighbor(dr, kh); neighbor(dr, dn); neighbor(dr, zp); neighbor(zp, dn); neighbor(kh, lh); neighbor(kh, dn); neighbor(dn, lh); } |
And finally, we write the function that starts type deduction for every region.
// try to color the map of Ukraine int main() { ukraine( AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(), AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(), AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(), AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(), AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor(),AnyColor()); } |
Given that there are no typos and we wrote down all our rules and facts correctly, will this program compile or not?
When you write in C++ you actually write in two languages at once. First is C++, and the second one is the invisible Prolog.
If written properly, the second program is helpful. If you build your type relations right, every compilation will reassure you that your expectations about the entity relations are also correct. Type deduction will work just as the logic deduction. Pragmatically, this means fewer bugs and fewer surprises in general.
However, if being neglected, it turns your code into an untangleable mess of incomprehencibles really-really fast. Every new rule multiplies the complexity, so the complexity tends to grow as a geometric progression. The other problem with the compile-time programming is that there are no compile-time debuggers, and error messages for templates are notoriously bad. Not only it gets ugly fast, but it is very hard to make it right again.
And that's why acknowledging the invisible language is probably even more important than mastering the visible one.
Try Logic Programming. A Gentle Introduction to Prolog
Will Computers Redefine the Roots of Math?
There's a Mathematician In Your Compiler
| Index #programming #tutorials | ← there's more. |
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So You Think You Know C (free book) + Geometry for Programmers (paid book) + Github & RSS |


Ruby DocTest
Get Version
1.0.0→ ‘rubydoctest’
What
Ruby DocTest is a tool that lets you put irb-style tests in your documentation. It’s similar to Python’s doctest, but different in several ways.
Installing
sudo gem install rubydoctest
Wiki, Documentation, Examples
See the github wiki
How to submit patches
Read the 8 steps for fixing other people’s code.
The git repository is http://github.com/tablatom/rubydoctest/tree/master
for anonymous access.
Build and test instructions
cd rubydoctest rake test:doctest rake install_gem
License
This code is free to use under the terms of the MIT license.
Contact
Comments are welcome. Send an email to Duane Johnson.
Duane Johnson, 23rd June 2008
Theme extended from Paul Battley


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testCaesar()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarCipherTest
testCountLetters()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testCountUniqueIPsInRange()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
testCountWordLengths()
- Method in class week1.
WordLengths
Testing countWordLengths method.
testDecrypt()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testDecryptOneKey()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testDecryptTwoKeys()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
TestEmphasize()
- Method in class week1.
WordPlayTest
testEncrypt()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarCipherTest
testEncryptTwoKeys()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarCipherTest
tester(int, int)
- Method in class week2.
CharactersInPlay
tester()
- Method in class week2.
WordFrequencies
tester()
- Static method in class week2.
WordsInFiles
Tester
- Class in
week3
Tester(String)
- Constructor for class week3.
Tester
tester2()
- Static method in class week2.
WordsInFiles
testFindKey()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testHalfOfString()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testIsVovel()
- Method in class week1.
WordPlayTest
testLogAnalyzer()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
testLogEntry()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
testMaxIndex()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testMix()
- Method in class week1.
CaesarBreakerTest
testPrintAllHigherThanNum()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
TestReplaceVowels()
- Method in class week1.
WordPlayTest
testUniqueIP()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
This method should create a LogAnalyzer, read from the file short-test_log, and then test the method countUniqueIPs.
testUniqueIPVisitsOnDay()
- Method in class week3.
Tester
toString()
- Method in class week3.
LogEntry
totalWordsConsidered()
- Method in class week2.
GladLibMap
This method returns the total number of words in the ArrayLists of the categories that were used for a particular GladLib.
totalWordsInMap()
- Method in class week2.
GladLibMap
This method returns the total number of words in all the ArrayLists in the HashMap.
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Troubador Tour Board
Close
Welcome to the game.
You want 🎤 Clients.
- Walk around. Press the button to visit the nearby region.
- Visit a region to get a 💎Prism for that region.
- Visit a region near another region for which you have a 💎Prism
to establish a ⛗Route between those regions. This "spends"
the 💎Prism.
- You want 🏆Trophies.
- When you visit a region, you might recruit a 🎤 Client.
If so, they travel with you for a while and then settle down
when you visit an empty region.
- When you visit a region, your 🎤 Clients pay you 💰.
⛗Route-connected 🎤 Clients pay more 💰 than unconnected
🎤 Clients do.
- If you have many 🏆Trophies and lots of 💰, you can spend
them on a party to which you invite all the right people, thus
boosting your professional credibility.
- Sometimes regions appear where there were none.
Sometimes regions disappear. This can tear up your ⛗Routes.
Privacy Policy:
Data we collect:
This game "remembers" some places you've
been close to—places you've been in the last hour, places
you have 💎Prisms for, places you have ⛗Routes, places you have
🎤 Clients.
How we use it: To make the game rules work, as described above.
Who do we share it with: Law enforcement, if they have a warrant, hypothetically.


Imitate CSS background-size: cover|cover property in JavaScript.
Methods
-
Apply image/video sizes. Note that the resources must be loaded before applying sizes to them.
Name Type Description data
nodeBackgroundSize.MediaSizeApplyProp -
nodeBackgroundSize.get (data)nodeBackgroundSize.MediaSizes static
-
Get image/video size according to the CSS rules: cover|contain. Note that the resources must be loaded before applying sizes to them.
Name Type Description data
nodeBackgroundSize.MediaSizeGetProp Returns:
Type Description nodeBackgroundSize.MediaSizes Returns size values.
Type Definitions
-
Properties:
Name Type Argument Default Description parent
HTMLElement <optional>
Relative element to which the sizes will be calculated. If undefined, the direct parent will be taken.
media
HTMLImageElement | HTMLVideoElement Media element.
rule
'cover' | 'contain' <optional>
cover Available values: cover, contain.
scale
number <optional>
1 Scaling.
-
Properties:
Name Type Argument Default Description media
HTMLImageElement | HTMLVideoElement Media element.
rule
'cover' | 'contain' <optional>
cover Available values: cover, contain.
scale
number <optional>
1 Scaling.
-
Properties:
Name Type Argument Default Description width
number <optional>
500 Container width.
height
number <optional>
500 Container height.
media
HTMLImageElement | HTMLVideoElement Media element.
rule
'cover' | 'contain' <optional>
cover Available values: cover, contain.
scale
number <optional>
1 Scaling.
-
Properties:
Name Type Description media
HTMLImageElement | HTMLVideoElement The media element itself.
width
number The calculated width.
height
number The calculated height.
mediaWidth
number The initial width of the media element.
mediaHeight
number The initial height of the media element.
scale
number Scaling.
x
number The x-axis coordinate of the top left corner.
y
number The y-axis coordinate of the top left corner.


This project involved creative brainstorming on modifying the experience of a line to help us rapidly prototype paper methods to let us quickly test the usefulness of the ideas.
My idea was to eliminate the main wait of the line: scanning each item individually. Instead, have a RFID on each product that a store is selling, so that customers just have to scan their credit card, walk through a security gate, and their purchase is done.
Pictures:


--- title: "[Understanding Analysis by Stephen Abbott] - [Chapter 4 Functional Limits and Continuity] - [4.3 Continuous Functions]" published: true tags: RealAnalysis ---
Definition 4.3.1 (Continuity) A function \(f : A \to \mathbb{R}\) is continuous at a point \(c \in A\) if, for all \(\epsilon > 0\), there exists a \(\delta > 0\) such that whenever \(|x - c| < \delta\) (and \(x \in A\)) it follows that \(|f(x) - f(c)| < \epsilon\)
If \(f\) is continuous at every point in the domain \(A\), then we say that \(f\) is continuous on \(A\)
Theorem 4.3.2 (Characterization of Continuity)
Let \(f : A \to \mathbb{R}\), and let \(c \in A\). The function \(f\) is
continuous at \(c\) if and only if any one of the following three
conditions is met:
Corollary 4.3.3 (Criterion for Discontinuity). Let \(f : A \to \mathbb{R}\), and let \(c \in A\) be a limit point of \(A\). If there exists a sequence \((x_n) \subseteq A\) where \((x_n) \to c\) but such that \(f(x_n)\) does not converge to \(f(c)\), we may conclude that \(f\) is not continuous at \(c\).
Theorem 4.3.4 (Algebraic Continuity Theorem).
Assume \(f : A \to \mathbb{R}\) and \(g : A \to \mathbb{R}\) are
continuous at a point \(c \in A.\) Then,
Theorem 4.3.9 (Composition of Continuous Functions) Given \(f : A \to \mathbb{R}\) and \(g : B \to \mathbb{R}\), assume that the range \(f(A) = {f(x) : x \in A}\) is contained in the domain \(B\) so that the composition \(g \circ f(x) = g(f(x))\) is defined on A.
If \(f\) is continuous at \(c \in A\), and if \(g\) is continuous at \(f(c) \in B\), then \(g \circ f\) is continuous at \(c\)


This chart presents running back tiers by week. Running backs are placed into tiers based on the number of fantasy points they produced in a given week. Each tier represents a range of six fantasy points, so running backs in Tier 1 produced up to six points, running backs in Tier 2 produced up to 12, and so on.


MPI_Isend
Begins a nonblocking sendint MPI_Isend( void *buf, int count, MPI_Datatype datatype, int dest, int tag, MPI_Comm comm, MPI_Request *request );
Parameters
- buf
- [in] initial address of send buffer (choice)
- count
- [in] number of elements in send buffer (integer)
- datatype
- [in] datatype of each send buffer element (handle)
- dest
- [in] rank of destination (integer)
- tag
- [in] message tag (integer)
- comm
- [in] communicator (handle)
- request
- [out] communication request (handle)
Remarks
Start a standard mode, nonblocking send.
Notes for Fortran
All MPI routines in Fortran (except for MPI_WTIME and MPI_WTICK) have an additional argument ierr at the end of the argument list. ierr is an integer and has the same meaning as the return value of the routine in C. In Fortran, MPI routines are subroutines, and are invoked with the call statement.All MPI objects (e.g., MPI_Datatype, MPI_Comm) are of type INTEGER in Fortran.
Errors
All MPI routines (except MPI_Wtime and MPI_Wtick) return an error value; C routines as the value of the function and Fortran routines in the last argument. Before the value is returned, the current MPI error handler is called. By default, this error handler aborts the MPI job. The error handler may be changed with MPI_Comm_set_errhandler (for communicators), MPI_File_set_errhandler (for files), and MPI_Win_set_errhandler (for RMA windows). The MPI-1 routine MPI_Errhandler_set may be used but its use is deprecated. The predefined error handler MPI_ERRORS_RETURN may be used to cause error values to be returned. Note that MPI does not guarentee that an MPI program can continue past an error; however, MPI implementations will attempt to continue whenever possible.
- MPI_SUCCESS
- No error; MPI routine completed successfully.
- MPI_ERR_COMM
- Invalid communicator. A common error is to use a null communicator in a call (not even allowed in MPI_Comm_rank).
- MPI_ERR_COUNT
- Invalid count argument. Count arguments must be non-negative; a count of zero is often valid.
- MPI_ERR_TYPE
- Invalid datatype argument. May be an uncommitted MPI_Datatype (see MPI_Type_commit).
- MPI_ERR_TAG
- Invalid tag argument. Tags must be non-negative; tags in a receive (MPI_Recv, MPI_Irecv, MPI_Sendrecv, etc.) may also be MPI_ANY_TAG. The largest tag value is available through the the attribute MPI_TAG_UB.
- MPI_ERR_RANK
- Invalid source or destination rank. Ranks must be between zero and the size of the communicator minus one; ranks in a receive (MPI_Recv, MPI_Irecv, MPI_Sendrecv, etc.) may also be MPI_ANY_SOURCE.
- MPI_ERR_INTERN
- This error is returned when some part of the MPICH implementation is unable to acquire memory.
Example Code
The following sample code illustrates MPI_Isend.
#include "mpi.h"
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int
argc, char *argv[])
{
int myid,
numprocs, left, right;
int buffer[10],
buffer2[10];
MPI_Request request, request2;
MPI_Status status;
MPI_Init(&argc,&argv);
MPI_Comm_size(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &numprocs);
MPI_Comm_rank(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &myid);
right = (myid + 1) % numprocs;
left = myid - 1;
if (left < 0)
left = numprocs - 1;
MPI_Irecv(buffer, 10, MPI_INT, left, 123, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request);
MPI_Isend(buffer2, 10, MPI_INT, right, 123, MPI_COMM_WORLD, &request2);
MPI_Wait(&request, &status);
MPI_Wait(&request2, &status);
MPI_Finalize();
return 0;
}
DOWNLOAD
Win32 DeinoMPI.2.0.1.msi
Win64 DeinoMPI.x<IP_ADDRESS>.msi


Learn more about me
I'm pursuing my Bachelor's of Technology in the field Electronics & Communication Engineering at SRM University AP.
Internships
Certifications
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Check My Resume
I am an aspiring IT and Sales & Marketing professional with a great inclination to communicate with clients and grow a community online and off-line. While I'm pursuing my graduation in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SRM University AP - Guntur district. I am interested in weekends, summer internships both online and off-line
SRM University AP, Amravathi
Curnntly Pursuing my BTech. Degree
Grade : 7.5
Narayana Junior College, Vijayawada
I have completed my 12th from SBIE board with overall 67%.
Percentage : 67%
NSM Public School, Vijayawada- 520010
I have completed my 10th from SSC board
Grade : 8.0
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My Certificates & Liciences
An online course by University of Colorado Boulder through Coursera.
Pinned Projects
I made this project during the 7 Days Free Bootcamp, conducted by SHAPEAI . The instructor during the session was Mr. Shaurya Sinha (Data Analyst Intern at Jio). I got to learn a lot during these 7 days and it was an amazing experience learning with SHAPEAI.
I made this project during the 7 Days Free Bootcamp, conducted by SHAPEAI . The instructor during the session was Mr. Shaurya Sinha (Data Analyst Intern at Jio). I got to learn a lot during these 7 days and it was an amazing experience learning with SHAPEAI.
I and my team implemented and designed the system which is low cost and anyone can afford to the system. We can use our system in house, office.
Contact Me
Vijayawada - 520010, Andhra Pradesh
mylapillichetan@gmail.com


Existing Safeguard A2A registrations were found. Choose one below to reuse it or click Continue to create a new one.
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ClassLess Class
Definition
Line
130
of
scm2html/LexerContext.cm
Member Functions
public
bool
operator()
(
const
Class
* left,
const
Class
* right)
const
Member Function Details
operator() Member Function
public
bool
operator()(
const
Class
* left,
const
Class
* right)
Definition
Line
132
of
scm2html/LexerContext.cm


Opening: June 18, 1972
Architectural design: Dinis Gomes
Art work: Maria Keil
Platform length: 105 m
Code: AR
Wikipedia page


Profile
Friends
Additional Information
Profile Of Miro
Name: Miroslav Hristov
Birthday: 11 Feb 1993
Occupation: Student
Area of occupation: Computer Science


Modeling Spectral Features Project
Due: 1 June 2017
Type: Groups of up to 5 people
Description: The goal of this project is to creata model for the following spectra:
Details of the model are left up to each group, but for the highest mark, it will require modeling all of the spectral features observed in the spectra. For more information about the spectra, see the Pickles Atlas. The models are not flux or luminosity calibrated and have been normalized to an arbritrary value. The temperatures, sizes, and properties of the stars can be looked up based on their spectral type.Submission: Each group should create a directory within the projects/ directory named features_[groupname]. A report which should include the names of the members of the group, a description of the work (maximum 2000 words), and the final results of the models. Any code created should be included in this directory


In the 54 minutes of the Fireside Chat with Shereef video I watched, I made some notes and answered some basic questions. They are as follows:
Coming to learn, arriving at the preparation, willing to put down your 'school learning' mindset and adopt a new way of thinking.
The two fears people arrive with: the fear of not being good enough, and the fear of being pulled back by others
Working together with your peers to move through the challenges fast and easy.
Learning how to timebox: core challenges to get through daily, dedicate days to diving into rabbit holes, adopt the discipline to come out of rabbit holes, watch the answer change over time and grow with you.
The Pomodoro technique.
Finding the balance between working with a problem without researching and working with a problem using online resources – find the balance. The sweet spot is somewhere in the middle, and you'll find it from feedback from peers and tutors.
Coding is like learning a musical instrument - scales and chords. learning becomes second nature, and then you join a band or start jamming, it will happen naturally.
To progress, you need to be passionate, empathetic, and develop people skills. Pairing with people keeps you learning and moving.
Coping with late hours - the core hours are from 9 am to 6 pm, with 1 lunch break with no coding. Most people stay late, but you are encouraged to leave to go home.
Teaching yourself pace, but put your effort in those 9 weeks, but never work those 70 hours at a workplace.
Be social with your cohort, and make sure that you do extra prep - never stop the learning process, the prep is the minimal bar of learning.
Find solutions to problems in groups, bounce off each other. There is no “right” answer, inspire each other.
Being a coder/developer involves reading more than writing. Be hungry for better code. Borrow it, learn it, make it your own.
What's your take on the DBC/EDA experience? My take on the EDA experience is that everyone learns in one way or another. Experienced coders come to develop and teach their strong suits and test their knowledge, while inexperienced coders come as an empty slate ready to be re-written. Everyone takes on information, everyone cooperates, everyone collaborates, and everyone learns something.
What are your impressions? My impressions so far is that the people who teach at EDA are eager to help you learn, pass on their knowledge and encourage the best learning practices. This is something that makes me a bit more comfortable, knowing that someone has my back if I make a mistake and can’t find a solution, or if I’m unsure of where I stand in terms of progress in the program.
How do you see yourself engaging with this type of culture? bsolutely. It’s a healthy, powerful thing centred around improvement and working as a team. That’s something really important to me, and I really love how EDA has embraced that.
Have your expectations of EDA changed? If so, how? Not particularly, no. I think they remain the same.
Are you excited to participate in this kind of learning environment? Does it make you nervous? I am extremely excited and also terrified. I am definitely ready for a change of pace.


An analogy to describe the differences between HTML and CSS
If we look at a house getting build, HTML would be the foundation and the structure of the house. Without HTML we would not be able to progress further on and start adding CSS, which would be all our paint and interior decorations of the house - the aestetics.
Explain control flow and loops using an example process from everyday life.
When we are thinking of control flow and loops, these can easily be applied to every day tasks we might do to understand them a little better.
In this example I am using dog training as an example of a "control flow" from our everyday life (or at least those of us who have dogs!) aka. a pattern or an order a certain task is done,
and for our computers - a certain order they read our code.
Dog training can be repetitive and needs to be repeated over and over again, until the pup gets the trick/command.
As we can see, there is an ongoing loop here between Training -> Dog not understanding the command -> more training - this is similar to using if/else while coding.
Just like we have these kind of loops in our everyday life, we might need to create a loop while coding to ensure certain criterias are met.
Describe what the DOM is and an example of how you might interact with it.
The DOM stands for "Document Object Model" or also commonly referred to as the DOM tree which we can easily access by using a DevTool such as google's developer tool (ctrl+shift+I).
To help I have put together a little flowchart/image:
As you can see, in the tree trunk we got our window which refers to your browser window and its functions such as accessing the current URL or setting the status bar,
the document which gives you the ability to manipulate the document in your browser, and lastly your html - all of which creates a sturdy tree trunk to carry your webpage.
Next up on your website we move up to the header, which carries your meta, site title and styling links e.g. your CSS or fonts. On the other site we got the body of your website which contains the content of the website and your scripts.
Explain the difference between accessing data from arrays and objects.
In an array we will usually store a list of some kind, this could have been build up using a string, a number etc. - as long as we are wanting to store our information
within a single variable! I have created a basic example as below:
When we try to access information laying within an array, we need to consider that the first element counts as "0".
So, if we want to look at a certain element within the array in our console log, we would need to put in a number from 0 - however many elements you have put within the variable.
In this case I have used "1" which would return "pants" within the console log - to clarify, within the array our "shirt" are seen by our computer as "0",
our "pants" are seen as "1" and our "skirt" are seen as "2".
If we then look at objects, there is some difference - but initially both are still used to store data. Objects are good if you're wanting to store data about a particular thing, e.g. a person,
a car, travel distinations and the like. These are also called properties. I have made up an example below:
As you can see, I have stored a string (my name), a number (my age) and a bool (dogLover) in the object. Now, in order to access the information within the object there are two ways,
either the dot method or bracket method as you can see below:
In both instances would it pull out my age.
Explain what functions are and why they are useful.
A function is a line of code which can be called upon later in the code. Usually a function will be build up with an 'argument' - which is basically a placeholder for the properties
you're wanting to build out of a specific code. The function will always start with function, then the name of the function and our argument or placeholder in brackets. e.g. function fruits(type).
Followed by {}, in the brackets you can now advise what action the function should take. Once this has been set up you can now call on the multiple times throughout your code, by simple typing e.g. fruits(apple).
This is very useful for the developer since it makes it faster to write our code, minimise typing errors, and makes your code more readable and neat throughout.


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Optimized JSON in C (OjC), as the name implies, was written to provide speed optimized JSON handling. It is derived from the underlying C parser in [Oj](http://www.ohler.com/oj). The intended use is for applications that need the maximum performance when reading large JSON document from a file or socket.
Besides being a true streaming parser OjC produces a structure that handles all JSON constructs. It does not use a Hash or Map to represent the JSON object type but keeps all occurances of a pairs in the object element. Duplicates are allowed just as they are in JSON documents.
Multiple JSON elements are allowed in a single stream or from a socket. A callback mechanism is provided to return full JSON elements for each entry in a JSON stream.
The struct used to report errors or status after a function returns. The struct must be initialized before use as most calls that take an err argument will return immediately if an error has already occurred.
| code | Error code identifying the type of error. |
| msg | Error message associated with a failure if the code is not OJC_OK. |
| See: | ojcErrCode |
Error codes for the code field in ojcErr structs.
| OJC_OK | okay, no error |
| OJC_TYPE_ERR | type error |
| OJC_PARSE_ERR | parse error |
| OJC_INCOMPLETE_ERR | incomplete parse error |
| OJC_OVERFLOW_ERR | buffer overflow error |
| OJC_WRITE_ERR | write error |
| OJC_MEMORY_ERR | memory error |
| OJC_UNICODE_ERR | unicode error |
| OJC_ABORT_ERR | abort callback parsing |
| OJC_ARG_ERR | argument error |
| See: | ojcErr |
When using the parser callbacks, the callback must be of this type. The arguments will be the context provided when calling the parser and the value extracted from the JSON stream.
A return value of true indicates the parser should free the values after the callback returns. If the return value is false then the callback is responsible for freeing the value when no longer needed.
| err | error to be filled in if an error occurs |
| val | messages parsed |
| ctx | context provided in the call to parse |
| See: | ojc_parse_str, ojc_parse_file, ojc_parse_fd |
Function type to use when providing a custom reader to the parser. Useful for hooking up zlib or similar libraries.
| src | source |
| buf | buffer to fill |
| size | maximum size to place in the buffer |
| See: | ojc_parse_reader |
The type representing a value in a JSON file. Values will be one of the ojcValType enum.
| See: | ojcValType |
The value types found in JSON documents and in the ojcVal type.
| src | source |
| OJC_NULL | null |
| OJC_STRING | string |
| OJC_NUMBER | number as a string |
| OJC_FIXNUM | integer |
| OJC_DECIMAL | decimal number |
| OJC_TRUE | true |
| OJC_FALSE | false |
| OJC_ARRAY | array |
| OJC_OBJECT | object |
| OJC_WORD | word with a maximum of 15 characters |
| OJC_OPAQUE | opaque which is ignored on write |
| OJC_FREE | freed |
| See: | ojcVal |
If true, searches are case insensitive. Searches includes get and replace operations.
If true, decimal numbers will be read as OJC_NUMBER instead of as a OJC_DECIMAL.
If true, new lines will not be escaped in the output. This is not a JSON feature.
If true, non-quoted word will be returned as OJC_WORD types. This is not a JSON feature.
If true, a write is terminated with a new line.
If true, opaque values will be printed as a number. Note that reading in this value will from a JSON string will result in a OJC_FIXNUM type. This flag is intended for debugging and should be set back to false after printing.
Appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a NULL terminated array of strings that are keys or indices that form a path to a target value. If any node does not exist on the path an Object is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value relative to the anchor |
| val | value to place at the target location |
Gets an ojcVal located by the provided path where the path is a NULL terminated array of strings that are keys or indices that form a path to a target value. If the element does not exist a NULL value is returned. A NULL path returns the val argument.
| val | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| Returns: | the value identified by the path or NULL if it does not exist. |
Appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a sequence of keys or indices separated by the / or . character. If any node does not exist on the path an Object or Array is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value relative to the anchor |
| val | value to place at the target location |
Removes an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a NULL terminated array of strings that are keys or indices that form a path to a target value.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| Returns: | true if a value was removed and false if it was not. |
Replaces of appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a NULL terminated array of strings that are keys or indices that form a path to a target value. If any node does not exist on the path an Object is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| val | value to place at the target location |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was appended. |
Appends a val to a JSON array. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCARRAY type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| array | array to append val to |
| val | value to append |
Inserts a val in a JSON array before the pos. The err struct is set if the array is not an OJCARRAY type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| array | array to insert val into |
| pos | position to insert the new value |
| val | new value |
Removes and returns a val from the front of a JSON array. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCARRAY type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| array | array to append val to |
| Returns: | the first element in an array. |
Pushes a val to the front of a JSON array. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCARRAY type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| array | array to append val to |
| val | value to push |
Replaces a val in a JSON object for the specified pos. The err struct is set if the array is not an OJCARRAY type. If the pos is negative the position is counted from the end of the array unless the value is less than the length of the array and then it is pushed onto the array. If the pos is larger than the length the val is appended to the array.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| array | array to replace the value with val |
| pos | the position of the value to replace in the array |
| val | new value |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was pushed or appended. |
Replaces of appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a NULL terminated array of strings that are keys or indices that form a path to a target value. If any node does not exist on the path an Object is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| val | value to place at the target location |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was appended. |
Get the boolean value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_TRUE or OJC_FALSE. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the boolean from |
| Returns: | the boolean value of the val argument. |
Fills a Buf with val as a JSON formated string in the buffer provided. The indent argument is used indentation of elements in the output.
| buf | pointer to an Buf struct. |
| val | ojcVal to convert to JSON |
| indent | indentation in spaces to use |
| depth | initial indentaion depth |
Cleans up re-use memory pools.
Returns an integer greater than, equal to, or less than zero according if v1 is greater than, equal to, or less than v2. A best effort is made to compare dissimilar type.
| v1 | ojcVal an object to compare. |
| v2 | ojcVal an object to compare. |
| Returns: | the result of the comparison. |
Creates a JSON array value.
| Returns: | the new array value. |
Creates a boolean value or either true or false.
| boo | value of the new instance |
| Returns: | the new boolean value. |
Creates a double value.
| num | value of the new instance |
| Returns: | the new double value. |
Creates a integer value.
| num | value of the new instance |
| Returns: | the new integer value. |
Creates a null value.
| Returns: | the new null value. |
Creates a number value that is represented as a string. This value type is created when a number is encountered in a JSON document that is too large for an int64_t or for a double.
| num | value of the new instance |
| len | length of str or <0 to calculate |
| Returns: | the new numeric string value. |
Creates a JSON object value.
| Returns: | the new object value. |
Creates an opaque value.
| opaque | value of the new instance |
| Returns: | the new value. |
Creates a string value.
| str | value of the new instance |
| len | length of str or <0 to calculate |
| Returns: | the new string value. |
Creates a word value.
| str | value of the new instance |
| len | length of str or <0 to calculate |
| Returns: | the new word value. |
Frees memory used by a ojcVal.
| val | value to free or destroy. |
| Returns: | 0 on success or non-zero if already freed. |
Get the decimal (double) value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_DECIMAL. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the C double from |
| Returns: | the C double value of the val argument. |
Returns a deep copy of a ojcVal.
| val | ojcVal to duplicate. |
| Returns: | a deep copy of the val. |
Returns true if the two arguments have the same value. False is returned if the argument are of different types or have different values.
| v1 | ojcVal an object to compare. |
| v2 | ojcVal an object to compare. |
| Returns: | the result of the comparison. |
Returns a string representation of an error.
| code | error code to return a string for |
| Returns: | string representation of an error code. |
Converts val to a JSON formated string in the buffer provided. The indent argument is used indentation of elements in the output.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| val | ojcVal to convert to JSON |
| indent | indentation in spaces to use |
| buf | char buffer to place the output in |
| Returns: | len size of the buffer. |
Converts val to a JSON formated string and streams the output to a file. The indent argument is used indentation of elements in the output.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| val | ojcVal to convert to JSON |
| indent | indentation in spaces to use |
| file | file to write to |
| Returns: | the number of bytes written. |
Gets an ojcVal located by the provided path where the path is a sequence of keys or indices separated by the / or . character. If the element does not exist a NULL value is returned. A NULL path returns the val argument.
| val | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| Returns: | the value identified by the path or NULL if it does not exist. |
Gets a val member in a JSON object at the specified pos. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCARRAY or OJCOBJECT type. NULL is returned if pos is out of range.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| val | object to get the member from |
| pos | zero based position of the member to get |
Members of a OJC_OBJECT have keys associated with them. This function returns true if the val is a member of an object and thus has a key.
| val | ojcVal to check for a key. |
| Returns: | true if a member of a OJC_OBJECT value and false otherwise. |
Get the integer value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_FIXNUM. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the C int64_t from |
| Returns: | the C integer value of the val argument. |
If a ojcVal has a key this function returns that key. If it has no key then NULL is returned.
| val | ojcVal to get the key from |
| Returns: | the key associated with the val. |
| val | ojcVal to get the key length of |
| Returns: | the length of the key |
Get number of members of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_OBJECT or OJC_ARRAY. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the members count from |
| Returns: | the number of member values of the val argument. |
Get the first child value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_OBJECT or OJC_ARRAY. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the members of |
| Returns: | the first member value of the val argument. |
Merges the other JSON object into the primary JSON object. other values override primary values. Nested values are replaced recursively.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| primary | ojcVal base object |
| other | ojcVal override object |
Get the next member value of a ojcVal. NULL is returned if there are not more members.
| val | ojcVal to get the next member from |
| Returns: | the next member value of the val argument. |
Get the number value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_NUMBER. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the decimal as a string from |
| Returns: | the C string value of the val argument. |
Returns the length of the number value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the length of the decimal as a string from |
| zzz | zzz |
| Returns: | the length of the numeric as a string. |
Appends a val to a JSON object using the specified key. This does not replace previous key-value pairs with the same key value. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to append val to |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
| val | value to append |
Get the first val in a JSON object with the specified key. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to get the member from |
| key | the key to use in finding the key-value pair |
Inserts a val in a JSON object with the specified key. The insert is before the position specified. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to append val to |
| before | position to insert the new value |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
| val | new value |
Appends a val to a JSON object using the specified key. This does not replace previous key-value pairs with the same key value. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to append val to |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
| val | value to append |
Removes all members in a JSON object with the specified key. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to remove the member from |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
Replaces a val in a JSON object for the specified key. Only the first matching member is replaced. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to append val to |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
| val | new value |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was appended. |
Removes the first member in a JSON object with the specified key. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type. The removed member is not destroyed.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to remove the member from |
| key | the key to use in the key-value pair |
Get the opaque value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_OPAQUE. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the opaque from |
| Returns: | the C string value of the val argument. |
Parses from a file descriptor or socket. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The socket can contain more than one JSON element.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| socket | socket to parse |
| cb | callback function or NULL if no callbacks are desired |
| ctx | context for the callback function if provided. |
| Returns: | the parsed JSON as a ojcVal. |
Parses a the contents of a file. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The file can contain more than one JSON element.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| file | file to parse |
| cb | callback function or NULL if no callbacks are desired |
| ctx | context for the callback function if provided. |
| Returns: | the parsed JSON as a ojcVal. |
Parses a the contents of a file without waiting on EOF. This is typically used when tailing a file or redirected input. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The file can contain more than one JSON element.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| file | file to parse |
| cb | callback function or NULL if no callbacks are desired |
| ctx | context for the callback function if provided. |
Parses from the provided src. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The socket can contain more than one JSON element. The read function is used with the src to read characters for the parser.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| src | source to extract the json from |
| rf | read function for the src |
| cb | callback function or NULL if no callbacks are desired |
| ctx | context for the callback function if provided. |
| Returns: | the parsed JSON as a ojcVal. |
Parses a string. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The json string can contain more than one JSON element.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| json | JSON document to parse |
| cb | callback function or NULL if no callbacks are desired |
| ctx | context for the callback function if provided. |
| Returns: | the parsed JSON as a ojcVal. |
Parses a string. An error will result in the err argument being set with an error code and message. The function returns after parsing a complete json element. The jsonp will then point to the next character in the original string.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| jsonp | pointer to the JSON document to parse |
| Returns: | the parsed JSON as a ojcVal. |
Removes and ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a sequence of keys or indices separated by the / or . character. If any node the call returns false without removing a value.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| Returns: | true if a value was removed and false if it was not. |
Removes a member in a JSON object at the specified pos. The err struct is set if the object is not an OJCOBJECT type or if there is no member at the position specified.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| object | object to remove the member from |
| pos | zero based position of the member to remove |
Replaces or appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a sequence of keys or indices separated by the / or . character. If any node does not exist on the path an Object or Array is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| val | value to place at the target location |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was appended. |
Replaces or appends an ojcVal at the provided path where the path is a sequence of keys or indices separated by the / or . character. If any node does not exist on the path an Object or Array is created for that element of the path.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| anchor | anchor value for locating the target value |
| path | location of the target value |
| val | value to place at the target location |
| Returns: | true if a value was replaced and false if it was appended. |
Sets the ojcVal key.
| val | ojcVal to set the key on. |
| key | value to set as the key |
Get the string value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_STRING. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the C const char* from |
| Returns: | the C string value of the val argument. |
Returns the length of the string value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the length of the string from |
| zzz | zzz |
| Returns: | the length of the string. |
Converts val to a JSON formated string. The indent argument is used indentation of elements in the output. The caller is expected to free the returned string.
| val | ojcVal to convert to JSON |
| indent | indentaiton in spaces to use |
| Returns: | JSON string represented by the val. |
Returns the type of the value.
| val | value to get the type of |
| Returns: | the type of the value. |
Returns a string representation of a type.
| type | type to return a string for |
| Returns: | string representation. |
| Returns: | version of OjC. |
Get the string value of a ojcVal if it is of type OJC_WORD. If it is not the correct type a type error is returned in the err value.
| err | structure to pass the status or an error back in |
| val | ojcVal to get the C const char* from |
| Returns: | the C string value of the val argument. |
Converts val to a JSON formated string and streams the output to a file descriptor or socket. The indent argument is used indentation of elements in the output.
| err | pointer to an initialized ojcErr struct. |
| val | ojcVal to convert to JSON |
| indent | indentation in spaces to use |
| socket | socket to write to |


Why This Course?
Graduation
Probably the biggest reason why I chose this course was because I needed to take two comsci electives to stay on pace to graduate Fall 2019. However, out of all eligible electives, I did have this course ranked higher than others because I was fortunate enough to gain some experience in Web Dev from the Software Engineering course (CPSC 362) and want to know more.
Career
Web development is definitely a path I can see myself pursuing for my career. But, one thing that deters me from pursuing Web Dev is the need for an artistic eye. I realize that there are web designers/UX designers for that, but I still feel it is a necessary skill.
Professor
Had the professor last semester. Great professor (teaching style, patience to help, difficulty of assignments), which can be hard to find these days.
Experience with Web Dev
I tried to learn HTML/CSS about 2 years ago to make my own personal website, but the block style was too overwhelming for me at the time. I got too frustrated with trying to make it look perfect on every platform/device.
A year later, my group in CPSC 362 decided to make a Web App for our semester project which introduced me to JavaScript, front-end, and back-end concepts.
What am I hoping to learn?
I want to learn how to build a web app from the ground-up by myself. And not only how to build it, but really understand what's going on on the front-end side.


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The latest release notes and news about the project are on C. Schroeder's blog.
December 2014
Shenoute's "Not Because a Fox Barks" added to the corpora
NEW: Announcing a Digital Coptic workshop and symposium at Georgetown University, March 12-13, 2015. Details and CFP here.
November 2014
November 3: Release notes for the latest corpora release
We created a new video introducing the projec texts and data model, and how to use ANNIS.
Older news and events
We hosted a workshop on digital research and scholarship in Coptic at Humboldt University on May 14, 2013. The program and presentations are available.


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ovs all
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![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/openvswitch/ovs.png)
Open vSwitch is a multilayer software switch licensed under the open source Apache 2 license. Our goal is to implement a production quality switch platform that supports standard management interfaces and opens the forwarding functions to programmatic extension and control.
Open vSwitch is well suited to function as a virtual switch in VM environments. In addition to exposing standard control and visibility interfaces to the virtual networking layer, it was designed to support distribution across multiple physical servers. Open vSwitch supports multiple Linux-based virtualization technologies including Xen/XenServer, KVM, and VirtualBox.
The bulk of the code is written in platform-independent C and is easily ported to other environments. The current release of Open vSwitch supports the following features:
The included Linux kernel module supports Linux 2.6.32 and up, with testing focused on 2.6.32 with Centos and Xen patches. Open vSwitch also has special support for Citrix XenServer and Red Hat Enterprise Linux hosts.
Open vSwitch can also operate, at a cost in performance, entirely in userspace, without assistance from a kernel module. This userspace implementation should be easier to port than the kernel-based switch. It is considered experimental.
The main components of this distribution are:
Open vSwitch also provides some tools:
To install Open vSwitch on a regular Linux or FreeBSD host, please read INSTALL.md. For specifics around installation on a specific platform, please see one of these files:
To use Open vSwitch...
For answers to common questions, read FAQ.md.
To learn how to set up SSL support for Open vSwitch, read INSTALL.SSL.md.
To learn about some advanced features of the Open vSwitch software switch, read the tutorial/Tutorial.md.
Each Open vSwitch userspace program is accompanied by a manpage. Many of the manpages are customized to your configuration as part of the build process, so we recommend building Open vSwitch before reading the manpages.
bugs@ open vswit ch.o rg


| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more | |
| 3 | * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with | |
| 4 | * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. | |
| 5 | * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 | |
| 6 | * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with | |
| 7 | * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 | |
| 10 | * | |
| 11 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software | |
| 12 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, | |
| 13 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. | |
| 14 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and | |
| 15 | * limitations under the License. | |
| 16 | */ | |
| 17 | ||
| 18 | package org.apache.commons.math3.random; | |
| 19 | ||
| 20 | import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath; | |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | /** | |
| 23 | * This class implements a normalized uniform random generator. | |
| 24 | *
Since it is a normalized random generator, it generates values | |
| 25 | * from a uniform distribution with mean equal to 0 and standard | |
| 26 | * deviation equal to 1. Generated values fall in the range | |
| 27 | * [-√3, +√3].
 | |
| 28 | * | |
| 29 | * @since 1.2 | |
| 30 | * | |
| 31 | * @version $Id: UniformRandomGenerator.java 1416643 2012-12-03 19:37:14Z tn $ | |
| 32 | */ | |
| 33 | ||
| 34 | public class UniformRandomGenerator implements NormalizedRandomGenerator { | |
| 35 | ||
| 36 | /** Square root of three. */ | |
| 37 | private static final double SQRT3 = FastMath.sqrt(3.0); | |
| 38 | ||
| 39 | /** Underlying generator. */ | |
| 40 | private final RandomGenerator generator; | |
| 41 | ||
| 42 | /** Create a new generator. | |
| 43 | * @param generator underlying random generator to use | |
| 44 | */ | |
| 45 | public UniformRandomGenerator(RandomGenerator generator) { | |
| 46 | this.generator = generator; | |
| 47 | } | |
| 48 | ||
| 49 | /** Generate a random scalar with null mean and unit standard deviation. | |
| 50 | *
The number generated is uniformly distributed between -&sqrt;(3) | |
| 51 | * and +&sqrt;(3).
 | |
| 52 | * @return a random scalar with null mean and unit standard deviation | |
| 53 | */ | |
| 54 | public double nextNormalizedDouble() { | |
| 55 | 4 | return SQRT3 * (2 * generator.nextDouble() - 1.0); |
| 56 | } | |
| 57 | ||
| 58 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 55 |
replaced return of double value with -(x + 1) for org/apache/commons/math3/random/UniformRandomGenerator::nextNormalizedDouble : KILLED -> org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest.testMeanAndStandardDeviation(org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest) Replaced double subtraction with addition : KILLED -> org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest.testMeanAndStandardDeviation(org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest) Replaced double multiplication with division : KILLED -> org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest.testMeanAndStandardDeviation(org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest) Replaced double multiplication with division : KILLED -> org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest.testMeanAndStandardDeviation(org.apache.commons.math3.random.UniformRandomGeneratorTest) |


Functions¶
Functional interface to graph methods and assorted utilities.
Graph¶
degree (G[, nbunch, weight]) |
Return a degree view of single node or of nbunch of nodes. |
degree_histogram (G) |
Return a list of the frequency of each degree value. |
density (G) |
Return the density of a graph. |
info (G[, n]) |
Print short summary of information for the graph G or the node n. |
create_empty_copy (G[, with_data]) |
Return a copy of the graph G with all of the edges removed. |
is_directed (G) |
Return True if graph is directed. |
to_directed (graph) |
Return a directed view of the graph graph . |
to_undirected (graph) |
Return an undirected view of the graph graph . |
is_empty (G) |
Returns True if G has no edges. |
add_star (G_to_add_to, nodes_for_star, **attr) |
Add a star to Graph G_to_add_to. |
add_path (G_to_add_to, nodes_for_path, **attr) |
Add a path to the Graph G_to_add_to. |
add_cycle (G_to_add_to, nodes_for_cycle, **attr) |
Add a cycle to the Graph G_to_add_to. |
subgraph (G, nbunch) |
Return the subgraph induced on nodes in nbunch. |
induced_subgraph (G, nbunch) |
Return a SubGraph view of G showing only nodes in nbunch. |
restricted_view (G, nodes, edges) |
Returns a view of G with hidden nodes and edges. |
reverse_view (digraph) |
Provide a reverse view of the digraph with edges reversed. |
edge_subgraph (G, edges) |
Returns a view of the subgraph induced by the specified edges. |
Nodes¶
nodes (G) |
Return an iterator over the graph nodes. |
number_of_nodes (G) |
Return the number of nodes in the graph. |
neighbors (G, n) |
Return a list of nodes connected to node n. |
all_neighbors (graph, node) |
Returns all of the neighbors of a node in the graph. |
non_neighbors (graph, node) |
Returns the non-neighbors of the node in the graph. |
common_neighbors (G, u, v) |
Return the common neighbors of two nodes in a graph. |
Edges¶
edges (G[, nbunch]) |
Return an edge view of edges incident to nodes in nbunch. |
number_of_edges (G) |
Return the number of edges in the graph. |
density (G) |
Return the density of a graph. |
non_edges (graph) |
Returns the non-existent edges in the graph. |
Self loops¶
selfloop_edges (G[, data, keys, default]) |
Returns an iterator over selfloop edges. |
number_of_selfloops (G) |
Return the number of selfloop edges. |
nodes_with_selfloops (G) |
Returns an iterator over nodes with self loops. |
Attributes¶
is_weighted (G[, edge, weight]) |
Returns True if G has weighted edges. |
is_negatively_weighted (G[, edge, weight]) |
Returns True if G has negatively weighted edges. |
set_node_attributes (G, values[, name]) |
Sets node attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. |
get_node_attributes (G, name) |
Get node attributes from graph |
set_edge_attributes (G, values[, name]) |
Sets edge attributes from a given value or dictionary of values. |
get_edge_attributes (G, name) |
Get edge attributes from graph |


TV chef John Torode gushes over his new wife Lisa Faulkner in 'beautiful' pic
They tied the knot in October
by Richard BellJohn Torode has delighted fans with a photo of his "beautiful" new wife Lisa Faulkner and revealed how she supports him when he needs it most.
The MasterChef star, 54, took to Instagram to post a pic of Lisa, 47, and told his followers he feels "grateful" that she makes him smile when he feels "rubbish".
Read more: Newlywed Lisa Faulkner stuns in sparkling dress the night before marrying John Torode
John posted a snap of the former EastEnders actress relaxing in a pair of sunglasses, writing in the caption: "This is my very beautiful wife.
"And when I feel a bit rubbish, she makes me smile. Thank you my Lisa @lisafaulknercooks #loveyou #wife #grateful."
Lisa responded in the comments, telling her husband: "Aren't you so very lovely."
John's fans, meanwhile, rushed to tell him how lucky he is.
One said: "She's a beauty. You're very lucky, John."
Another joked: "Punching, Chef... just saying!"
A third commented: "Absolute stunner.
Lisa and John tied the knot on October 24 at country house Aynhoe Park in Northamptonshire.
Lisa shared a stunning snap from their big day alongside the caption: "The happiest day of my life! Cue the wedding spam for the next few weeks! Apologies in advance.
"Yesterday I married the man of my dreams @johntorodecooks and we had the BEST Day EVER, filled with all our family and friends and such Love. Thank you @aynhoepark we didn't want to leave!"
Since then, the actress has shown off her incredible wedding ring - and fans love it.

In July, the couple appeared on ITV's Loose Women and had the panel in stitches with the hilarious story of John's proposal.
Leave us a comment on our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know what you think of this story.