Administer and maintain a swarm of Docker Engines
読む時間の目安: 16 分When you run a swarm of Docker Engines, manager nodes are the key components for managing the swarm and storing the swarm state. It is important to understand some key features of manager nodes to properly deploy and maintain the swarm.
Refer to How nodes work for a brief overview of Docker Swarm mode and the difference between manager and worker nodes.
Operate manager nodes in a swarm
Swarm manager nodes use the Raft Consensus Algorithm to manage the swarm state. You only need to understand some general concepts of Raft in order to manage a swarm.
There is no limit on the number of manager nodes. The decision about how many manager nodes to implement is a trade-off between performance and fault-tolerance. Adding manager nodes to a swarm makes the swarm more fault-tolerant. However, additional manager nodes reduce write performance because more nodes must acknowledge proposals to update the swarm state. This means more network round-trip traffic.
Raft requires a majority of managers, also called the quorum, to agree on proposed updates to the swarm, such as node additions or removals. Membership operations are subject to the same constraints as state replication.
Maintain the quorum of managers
If the swarm loses the quorum of managers, the swarm cannot perform management tasks. If your swarm has multiple managers, always have more than two. To maintain quorum, a majority of managers must be available. An odd number of managers is recommended, because the next even number does not make the quorum easier to keep. For instance, whether you have 3 or 4 managers, you can still only lose 1 manager and maintain the quorum. If you have 5 or 6 managers, you can still only lose two.
Even if a swarm loses the quorum of managers, swarm tasks on existing worker nodes continue to run. However, swarm nodes cannot be added, updated, or removed, and new or existing tasks cannot be started, stopped, moved, or updated.
See Recovering from losing the quorum for troubleshooting steps if you do lose the quorum of managers.
Configure the manager to advertise on a static IP address
When initiating a swarm, you must specify the --advertise-addr
flag to
advertise your address to other manager nodes in the swarm. For more
information, see Run Docker Engine in swarm mode. Because manager nodes are
meant to be a stable component of the infrastructure, you should use a fixed
IP address for the advertise address to prevent the swarm from becoming
unstable on machine reboot.
If the whole swarm restarts and every manager node subsequently gets a new IP address, there is no way for any node to contact an existing manager. Therefore the swarm is hung while nodes try to contact one another at their old IP addresses.
Dynamic IP addresses are OK for worker nodes.
Add manager nodes for fault tolerance
You should maintain an odd number of managers in the swarm to support manager node failures. Having an odd number of managers ensures that during a network partition, there is a higher chance that the quorum remains available to process requests if the network is partitioned into two sets. Keeping the quorum is not guaranteed if you encounter more than two network partitions.
| Swarm Size | Majority | Fault Tolerance |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 2 | 0 |
| 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 4 | 3 | 1 |
| 5 | 3 | 2 |
| 6 | 4 | 2 |
| 7 | 4 | 3 |
| 8 | 5 | 3 |
| 9 | 5 | 4 |
For example, in a swarm with 5 nodes, if you lose 3 nodes, you don’t have a quorum. Therefore you can’t add or remove nodes until you recover one of the unavailable manager nodes or recover the swarm with disaster recovery commands. See Recover from disaster.
While it is possible to scale a swarm down to a single manager node, it is
impossible to demote the last manager node. This ensures you maintain access to
the swarm and that the swarm can still process requests. Scaling down to a
single manager is an unsafe operation and is not recommended. If
the last node leaves the swarm unexpectedly during the demote operation, the
swarm becomes unavailable until you reboot the node or restart with
--force-new-cluster
.
You manage swarm membership with the docker swarm
and docker node
subsystems. Refer to Add nodes to a swarm for more information
on how to add worker nodes and promote a worker node to be a manager.
Distribute manager nodes
In addition to maintaining an odd number of manager nodes, pay attention to datacenter topology when placing managers. For optimal fault-tolerance, distribute manager nodes across a minimum of 3 availability-zones to support failures of an entire set of machines or common maintenance scenarios. If you suffer a failure in any of those zones, the swarm should maintain the quorum of manager nodes available to process requests and rebalance workloads.
| Swarm manager nodes | Repartition (on 3 Availability zones) |
|---|---|
| 3 | 1-1-1 |
| 5 | 2-2-1 |
| 7 | 3-2-2 |
| 9 | 3-3-3 |
Run manager-only nodes
By default manager nodes also act as a worker nodes. This means the scheduler can assign tasks to a manager node. For small and non-critical swarms assigning tasks to managers is relatively low-risk as long as you schedule services using resource constraints for cpu and memory.
However, because manager nodes use the Raft consensus algorithm to replicate data in a consistent way, they are sensitive to resource starvation. You should isolate managers in your swarm from processes that might block swarm operations like swarm heartbeat or leader elections.
To avoid interference with manager node operation, you can drain manager nodes to make them unavailable as worker nodes:
docker node update --availability drain <NODE>
When you drain a node, the scheduler reassigns any tasks running on the node to other available worker nodes in the swarm. It also prevents the scheduler from assigning tasks to the node.
Add worker nodes for load balancing
Add nodes to the swarm to balance your swarm’s load. Replicated service tasks are distributed across the swarm as evenly as possible over time, as long as the worker nodes are matched to the requirements of the services. When limiting a service to run on only specific types of nodes, such as nodes with a specific number of CPUs or amount of memory, remember that worker nodes that do not meet these requirements cannot run these tasks.
Monitor swarm health
You can monitor the health of manager nodes by querying the docker nodes
API
in JSON format through the /nodes
HTTP endpoint. Refer to the
nodes API documentation
for more information.
From the command line, run docker node inspect <id-node>
to query the nodes.
For instance, to query the reachability of the node as a manager:
docker node inspect manager1 --format "{{ .ManagerStatus.Reachability }}"
reachable
To query the status of the node as a worker that accept tasks:
docker node inspect manager1 --format "{{ .Status.State }}"
ready
From those commands, we can see that manager1
is both at the status
reachable
as a manager and ready
as a worker.
An unreachable
health status means that this particular manager node is unreachable
from other manager nodes. In this case you need to take action to restore the unreachable
manager:
- Restart the daemon and see if the manager comes back as reachable.
- Reboot the machine.
- If neither restarting or rebooting work, you should add another manager node or promote a worker to be a manager node. You also need to cleanly remove the failed node entry from the manager set with
docker node demote <NODE>
anddocker node rm <id-node>
.
Alternatively you can also get an overview of the swarm health from a manager
node with docker node ls
:
docker node ls
ID HOSTNAME MEMBERSHIP STATUS AVAILABILITY MANAGER STATUS
1mhtdwhvsgr3c26xxbnzdc3yp node05 Accepted Ready Active
516pacagkqp2xc3fk9t1dhjor node02 Accepted Ready Active Reachable
9ifojw8of78kkusuc4a6c23fx * node01 Accepted Ready Active Leader
ax11wdpwrrb6db3mfjydscgk7 node04 Accepted Ready Active
bb1nrq2cswhtbg4mrsqnlx1ck node03 Accepted Ready Active Reachable
di9wxgz8dtuh9d2hn089ecqkf node06 Accepted Ready Active
Troubleshoot a manager node
You should never restart a manager node by copying the raft
directory from another node. The data directory is unique to a node ID. A node can only use a node ID once to join the swarm. The node ID space should be globally unique.
To cleanly re-join a manager node to a cluster:
- To demote the node to a worker, run
docker node demote <NODE>
. - To remove the node from the swarm, run
docker node rm <NODE>
. - Re-join the node to the swarm with a fresh state using
docker swarm join
.
For more information on joining a manager node to a swarm, refer to Join nodes to a swarm.
Forcibly remove a node
In most cases, you should shut down a node before removing it from a swarm with
the docker node rm
command. If a node becomes unreachable, unresponsive, or
compromised you can forcefully remove the node without shutting it down by
passing the --force
flag. For instance, if node9
becomes compromised:
$ docker node rm node9
Error response from daemon: rpc error: code = 9 desc = node node9 is not down and can't be removed
$ docker node rm --force node9
Node node9 removed from swarm
Before you forcefully remove a manager node, you must first demote it to the worker role. Make sure that you always have an odd number of manager nodes if you demote or remove a manager.
Back up the swarm
Docker manager nodes store the swarm state and manager logs in the
/var/lib/docker/swarm/
directory. In 1.13 and higher, this data includes the
keys used to encrypt the Raft logs. Without these keys, you cannot restore the
swarm.
You can back up the swarm using any manager. Use the following procedure.
-
If the swarm has auto-lock enabled, you need the unlock key to restore the swarm from backup. Retrieve the unlock key if necessary and store it in a safe location. If you are unsure, read Lock your swarm to protect its encryption key.
-
Stop Docker on the manager before backing up the data, so that no data is being changed during the backup. It is possible to take a backup while the manager is running (a “hot” backup), but this is not recommended and your results are less predictable when restoring. While the manager is down, other nodes continue generating swarm data that is not part of this backup.
Note
Be sure to maintain the quorum of swarm managers. During the time that a manager is shut down, your swarm is more vulnerable to losing the quorum if further nodes are lost. The number of managers you run is a trade-off. If you regularly take down managers to do backups, consider running a five manager swarm, so that you can lose an additional manager while the backup is running, without disrupting your services.
-
Back up the entire
/var/lib/docker/swarm
directory. -
Restart the manager.
To restore, see Restore from a backup.
Recover from disaster
Restore from a backup
After backing up the swarm as described in Back up the swarm, use the following procedure to restore the data to a new swarm.
-
Shut down Docker on the target host machine for the restored swarm.
-
Remove the contents of the
/var/lib/docker/swarm
directory on the new swarm. -
Restore the
/var/lib/docker/swarm
directory with the contents of the backup.Note
The new node uses the same encryption key for on-disk storage as the old one. It is not possible to change the on-disk storage encryption keys at this time.
In the case of a swarm with auto-lock enabled, the unlock key is also the same as on the old swarm, and the unlock key is needed to restore the swarm.
-
Start Docker on the new node. Unlock the swarm if necessary. Re-initialize the swarm using the following command, so that this node does not attempt to connect to nodes that were part of the old swarm, and presumably no longer exist.
$ docker swarm init --force-new-cluster
-
Verify that the state of the swarm is as expected. This may include application-specific tests or simply checking the output of
docker service ls
to be sure that all expected services are present. -
If you use auto-lock, rotate the unlock key.
-
Add manager and worker nodes to bring your new swarm up to operating capacity.
-
Reinstate your previous backup regimen on the new swarm.
Recover from losing the quorum
Swarm is resilient to failures and the swarm can recover from any number of temporary node failures (machine reboots or crash with restart) or other transient errors. However, a swarm cannot automatically recover if it loses a quorum. Tasks on existing worker nodes continue to run, but administrative tasks are not possible, including scaling or updating services and joining or removing nodes from the swarm. The best way to recover is to bring the missing manager nodes back online. If that is not possible, continue reading for some options for recovering your swarm.
In a swarm of N
managers, a quorum (a majority) of manager nodes must always
be available. For example, in a swarm with five managers, a minimum of three must be
operational and in communication with each other. In other words, the swarm can
tolerate up to (N-1)/2
permanent failures beyond which requests involving
swarm management cannot be processed. These types of failures include data
corruption or hardware failures.
If you lose the quorum of managers, you cannot administer the swarm. If you have lost the quorum and you attempt to perform any management operation on the swarm, an error occurs:
Error response from daemon: rpc error: code = 4 desc = context deadline exceeded
The best way to recover from losing the quorum is to bring the failed nodes back
online. If you can’t do that, the only way to recover from this state is to use
the --force-new-cluster
action from a manager node. This removes all managers
except the manager the command was run from. The quorum is achieved because
there is now only one manager. Promote nodes to be managers until you have the
desired number of managers.
# From the node to recover
docker swarm init --force-new-cluster --advertise-addr node01:2377
When you run the docker swarm init
command with the --force-new-cluster
flag, the Docker Engine where you run the command becomes the manager node of a
single-node swarm which is capable of managing and running services. The manager
has all the previous information about services and tasks, worker nodes are
still part of the swarm, and services are still running. You need to add or
re-add manager nodes to achieve your previous task distribution and ensure that
you have enough managers to maintain high availability and prevent losing the
quorum.
Force the swarm to rebalance
Generally, you do not need to force the swarm to rebalance its tasks. When you add a new node to a swarm, or a node reconnects to the swarm after a period of unavailability, the swarm does not automatically give a workload to the idle node. This is a design decision. If the swarm periodically shifted tasks to different nodes for the sake of balance, the clients using those tasks would be disrupted. The goal is to avoid disrupting running services for the sake of balance across the swarm. When new tasks start, or when a node with running tasks becomes unavailable, those tasks are given to less busy nodes. The goal is eventual balance, with minimal disruption to the end user.
In Docker 1.13 and higher, you can use the --force
or -f
flag with the
docker service update
command to force the service to redistribute its tasks
across the available worker nodes. This causes the service tasks to restart.
Client applications may be disrupted. If you have configured it, your service
uses a rolling update.
If you use an earlier version and you want to achieve an even balance of load
across workers and don’t mind disrupting running tasks, you can force your swarm
to re-balance by temporarily scaling the service upward. Use
docker service inspect --pretty <servicename>
to see the configured scale
of a service. When you use docker service scale
, the nodes with the lowest
number of tasks are targeted to receive the new workloads. There may be multiple
under-loaded nodes in your swarm. You may need to scale the service up by modest
increments a few times to achieve the balance you want across all the nodes.
When the load is balanced to your satisfaction, you can scale the service back
down to the original scale. You can use docker service ps
to assess the current
balance of your service across nodes.
See also
docker service scale
and
docker service ps
.


Демонстрация
by ComboRamКто–то знает что именно демонстрируют?
Взял видео с 9гаг а там традиционно источник не указывают.
В коменнтах пишут:
joefirebelly
This is analagous to how radios work. In a radio, a current flowing through an antenna creates electromagnetic waves. When they hit an object with the right dimensions (with the right resonant frequency), they induce an electrical current in the target which can be used to carry signals (or even energy) over a distance. It's the same here except the hammer is the current and it induces a physical wave (sound) which then hits a suitable "sound antenna" with the right resonant frequency.
ralphsmouse
Captain here: Sympathetic resonance.


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Below is a summary of your Company Credit Report. This summary is designed to provide you an overview and help you in managing your company's finances. To understand what each sub-section in this summary means, refer to the information provided within the sub-section.
Below is a percentage of instances where repayments were done before the due date. Upto last 24 months of payment history has been considered. A summary of delinquent months & type of delinquency has also been presented.
| 1 - 89 DAYS | 90 - 179 DAYS | > 179 DAYS |
| SMA | SUB | DOUBTFUL / LOSS |
| 5 | 1 | 1 |
Below is the current consolidated utilization across all the working capital loans availed by your company. The graph represents the utilization trend over the last 24 months.
Below is a ratio of current outstanding amount consolidated across all loans to the highest credit exposure reported over the past 24 months.
Below is a break-up of outstanding amount across all loan types and their contribution to overall credit exposure.
Below is a break-up of outstanding amount across different banks and their contribution to overall credit exposure.
Below is a break-up of outstanding amount across different banks and their contribution to overall credit exposure.
Below chart provides the average monthly exposure per quarter of consolidated outstanding amount over the past 24 months.


DNA methylation in CpG dinucleotides is an important epigenetic signal controlling heterochromatin formation, genomic imprinting, X-inactivation and gene expression [ 1]. DNA methylation patterns are subject to genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming at certain developmental stages, particularly during certain phases of germ cell and early embryonic development [ 2]. After fertilization, DNA methylation of sperm and oocyte-derived chromosomes is largely erased. While Southern blot studies of DNA methylation in repetitive elements in mouse gametes suggested that sperm chromosomes are more hypermethylated than those of oocytes [ 3], a recent analysis using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation revealed equally low DNA methylation levels in both sperm and oocytes, at least in the promoter regions [ 4]. Hence the observed decrease of DNA methylation during early embryonic development apparently largely reflects demethylation of (some) repetitive elements. Upon further development DNA methylation again increases in cells of the inner cell mass, while cells of the trophectoderm remain rather hypomethylated [ 5, 6]. The dynamics of DNA demethylation during early preimplantation development have been thoroughly investigated by a number of research groups in different mammalian species. Immunohistochemical studies on mouse zygotes using antibodies against 5-methyl-cytosine (α-5meC) showed a rapid loss of DNA methylation exclusively in the paternal pronucleus. The reactivity of the α-5meC antibody starts to diminish around the early pronuclear stage 2 (PN2) when the protamine-histone exchange is completed (approximately three hours post fertilization). At early PN4 (approximately 8 to 10 hours post fertilization) the α-5meC signal is completely absent from the paternal pronucleus [ 6- 8]. Bisulfite sequencing of zygotic DNA confirmed these rapid demethylation events for some single copy sequences and repetitive elements but revealed that imprinting control regions of imprinted genes and certain classes of repeat sequences remain refractory to such general demethylation [ 9- 11].
Pronounced active demethylation of paternal DNA was not only found in mouse but also reported for rat, pig, human and, to a lesser extent, for bovine zygotes [ 12- 15]. It is therefore considered as a general early epigenetic reprogramming event in mammalian development. However, the biological function of this process remains unclear. It has been proposed as being important for early transcriptional control, or as serving as a mechanism to reduce accumulation of transgenerational epigenetic effects propagated through the male germ line [ 6, 7, 16- 18]. The concept of paternal pronuclear demethylation as a general hallmark of early mammalian development was challenged by reports stating that this process is lacking in rabbit, ovine and pig zygotes [ 15, 19- 21]. On the contrary, other experiments demonstrated the capability of mature ovine oocytes to demethylate mouse sperm DNA introduced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) [ 22]. Moreover, Zhang et al showed a partial loss of DNA methylation at centromeric satellite repeats in rabbit zygotes following ICSI [ 23]. While these data suggest the existence of DNA demethylation activity in rabbit and ovine oocytes, it remained unclear whether the paternal pronucleus is subject to such demethylation in naturally derived zygotes.
Concomitant with pronuclear DNA methylation reprogramming specific alterations in histone modifications have been observed in early mouse embryos. On the paternal chromosomes protamines are rapidly exchanged by acetylated histones which subsequently become monomethylated at position H3K4 [ 6, 24]. This process coincides with paternal DNA demethylation in the mouse zygote. In addition, particular histone modifications such as di/trimethylation at H3K9, H4K20 and H3K27 are only present on the maternal chromosomes [ 24- 27]. This asymmetry between parental genomes, particular of DNA methylation and H3K9me2, persists until at least the two-cell stage of mouse embryo development [ 6, 24, 28, 29]. Direct comparative epigenetic studies are still scarce for mammalian species. In our studies we therefore analyzed the dynamics of H3K9me2 and H3K4me3 methylation along with DNA methylation alterations in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes.
To compare the developmental dynamics of DNA methylation in pronuclei of mouse, rabbit and bovine zygotes we performed indirect immunofluorescence using well-characterized α-5meC-specific monoclonal antibody [ 30]. Mouse and bovine zygotes were obtained by in vitro fertilization. Rabbit zygotes were derived from superovulated females, naturally mated with males. In all three species we found a clear asymmetry of α-5meC staining between the parental pronuclei at advanced stages of zygotic development (more than 6 hours after fertilization). Whereas the DNA of the maternal pronuclei and polar bodies retained a strong reactivity with the antibody, this reactivity was greatly reduced in all paternal pronuclei of the three species (Figure 1A). While the observed loss of DNA methylation signal in paternal DNA in mouse and bovine zygotes is in full agreement with previously published data [ 6, 8], the finding of a strong loss of DNA methylation signal in the paternal pronuclei of rabbit zygotes was unexpected. We therefore carefully re-examined rabbit zygotes at different time points (pronuclear stages) after fertilization. At early stages of development, starting from decondensing sperm and maternal metaphase DNA (PN0-1) up to early expanding stages (PN2) (Figure 2A), both paternal and maternal chromosomes are strongly stained with the α-5meC antibody. In mouse the α-5meC signal is already greatly reduced at the PN2 stage [ 6]. Upon further expansion of the pronuclei (PN3-4) the α-5meC signal intensity decreases substantially in the paternal but remains unchanged in the maternal pronucleus, respectively (Figure 2C). To validate this visual assessment we quantified the loss of paternal methylation on digital immunofluorescence images of zygotes collected approximately 6 to 8 hours after fertilization. The signal intensities of α-5meC antibody and propidium iodide DNA staining were measured for both paternal and maternal pronuclear areas in individual zygotes and the relative intensity ratios were calculated. Out of approximately 30 PN3-4-staged zygotes obtained, only 14 had non-overlaying pronuclei and hence qualified for ratio determination. In all 14 cases the paternal pronuclei consistently showed a reduction of α-5meC to DNA signal ratio (Figure 3) to an average ratio of 0.51 as compared with matching maternal pronuclei ratio (set as 1). Maternal and paternal pronuclei at earlier stages (PN2, see Figure 2B) exhibited approximately identical intensity ratios (data not shown).
DNA and histone H3 methylation in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes at advanced pronuclear stages . Representative images (>20 zygotes for each case) of indirect fluorescent immunostaining using specific antibodies against: (A) methylated cytosine residues (5meC); (B) H3K9me2 and (C) H3K4me3. The asymmetry in 5meC and H3K9me2 signal intensities between paternal and maternal pronuclei of mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes are clearly visible in lanes A and B respectively. H3K4me3-specific signal (lane C) is present in both pronuclei. Scale bar 20 μm.
Anti-5meC immunostaining on rabbit zygotes at various pronuclear stages. Lane (A): Example of a very early zygote ( n = 4) (approximately PN0) just after the penetration of sperm into the oocyte. The decondensing sperm chromatin is strongly stained with the α-5meC antibody (in contrast to sperm heads). Two haploid sets of maternal chromosomes are still present in the ooplasm and the second polar body is not yet formed. Lane (B): Example of a zygote ( n = 3) with newly formed pronuclei (approximately PN2). Both paternal and maternal pronuclei at this stage (approximately 3 to 4 hours after fertilization) show similar α-5meC signal intensities. Lane (C) shows an example of a zygote with expanded pronuclei (approximately PN3-4, 8 to 10 hours post-fertilization, n > 20). The α-5meC signal is strongly different between the two parental pronuclei, the paternal chromatin almost devoid of antibody staining. Panels: DNA – images of propidium iodide staining; 5meC – images of α-5meC monoclonal antibody staining; DNA/5meC – merged images. The arrows in the DNA staining panels indicate sperm heads still attached to the zygote. The highly compacted DNA of these sperm heads is not accessible to α-5meC staining in contrast to the just-penetrated sperm shown in (A). Scale bar 20 μm.
Quantification of the relative α-5meC signal intensities in paternal pronuclei of rabbit zygotes . The graph shows the relative α-5meC/DNA paternal to maternal signal intensities ratios for 14 individual PN3-4-stage zygotes. The ratio describes the amount of the remaining paternal methylation compared to maternal (set as 1). The mean value is 0.51, standard deviation is 0.139.
We conclude that in rabbit zygotes the paternal chromosomes undergo a significant demethylation at advanced pronuclear stages. The extent and dynamics of this demethylation is slightly different compared with the mouse. A recent report by Park et al corroborates this interpretation [ 31]. We can only speculate as to why previous publications came to the different interpretation that a paternal genome-wide DNA demethylation is absent in early rabbit embryos [ 15, 19]. One explanation for this discrepancy may be that the images analyzed in both previous publications show zygotes at rather early developmental stages, that is, at pronuclear stages before we observe DNA demethylation to commence. In addition, the different fixation method used in one of the previous studies may have contributed to the apparently different interpretation of images. We have applied the fixation method used by Shi et al (2004) [ 19] on mouse zygotes and found it to frequently produce incomplete cellular or nuclear membrane breakdown. In particular we often observed inconsistent pronuclear morphology and highly variable signals in α-5meC staining (data not shown).
To obtain further proof for a demethylation activity in rabbit oocytes we examined one-cell embryos produced by nuclear transfer (NT) using rabbit fetal fibroblasts as nuclear donors. As in naturally fertilized zygotes, we found an already strong reduction of the α-5meC signal in pronuclei of NT embryos at 4 hours after activation (Figure 4A and 4D, respectively). The majority of rabbit NT embryos showed a strong loss of methylation signal in the donor DNA (Figure 4A) and only a few escaped demethylation almost entirely (Figure 4C). Similar variable demethylation was reported for NT-derived bovine embryos [ 32]. Among NT embryos with only partial demethylation we found a remarkable example in which the transferred single donor nucleus formed two separate pronuclei. Only one of these pronuclei was demethylated at the time of fixation (Figure 4B). For the majority of one-cell NT embryos we estimated at least a four to six-fold decrease of α-5meC signal intensity as measured by DNA/immunofluorescence signal ratios using ImageJ software-based calculations. To exclude that the observed strong reduction of the α-5meC signal in the paternal pronucleus and in NT embryos might be due to selective antibody reactivity and sensitivity we performed a second series of experiments using a different polyclonal α-5meC antibody and obtained identical results (Figure 5A to 5C).
Anti-5meC immunostaining of rabbit one-cell nuclear transfer embryos. Rabbit one-cell nuclear transfer (NT) embryos were fixed 4 hours after activation. Immunostaining with α-5meC antibody shows the absence of signal in the majority (A, n = 12) of NT embryos, while a partial (B, n = 3) or complete (C, n = 4) presence of signal is observed less frequently. (D) Control staining on rabbit fetal fibroblasts used as donors for NT. Scale bar 20 μm.
Anti-5meC immunostaining using a rabbit polyclonal antibody. The figure shows the efficient staining using a polyclonal antibody, reproducing results shown in Figure 1A and Figure 3. (A) Naturally derived rabbit zygotes and (B and C) rabbit one-cell nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. The arrow points to the sticking sperm head (see Figure 2). (B, n = 8) Represents a significant loss of DNA methylation in the NT embryo, (C, n = 2) represents a lesser extent of DNA demethylation in NT embryo. Scale bar 20 μm.
The DNA demethylation in NT embryos is apparently 1 to 2 hours faster (less than 6 hours post-activation) as compared with zygotes (more than 6 hours post-fertilization). The reasons for the 'delayed' demethylation in zygotes remain unclear. It is possible that a completed protamine-histone exchange (1 to 2 hours) is required for demethylation to commence in the zygotes. The chromosomes of donor fibroblast are already in such a histone-containing chromatin state, which allows a more rapid demethylation process. However, it has been shown that also donor nuclei undergo considerable changes upon transfer into enucleated oocytes, including chromosomal decondensation and histone H1 exchange [ 33].
To obtain independent proof for the presence of a DNA demethylation activity in the rabbit oocyte we performed comparative bisulfite sequencing analyses with DNA of one-cell NT embryos and fibroblast donor cells, respectively. In particular we examined L1Oc7(8) sequences [ 34], a variant of LINE1 elements, shown to be partially demethylated in mouse zygotes [ 11] and Rsat IIE satellite sequences [ 23]. The sequencing data revealed that the overall methylation of L1Oc7(8) decreases from 79% in fibroblasts to 57% in NT embryos and from 39% to 13%, respectively in Rsat IIE sequences (Figure 6). Combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA) (see Methods) at two CpG positions within the L1Oc7 amplicons confirmed the sequencing results (data not shown). A detailed analysis of the methylation patterns of L1Oc7(8) and Rsat IIE clones (Figures 7 and 8) shows that some CpGs in L1Oc7(8) sequences are more resistant to demethylation than others, and the overall methylation pattern is often mosaic (Figure 7).
Bisulfite sequencing data. Percentage of methylation in CpG dinucleotides in rabbit L1Oc7(8) variants of LINE1 repeated element and satellite repeats Rsat IIE. Percentages of methylated CpG sites are calculated in relation to the total number of analysed CpG sites for rabbit fetal fibroblasts and NT embryos.
Bisulfite sequencing profile for L1Oc7(8). Graphical representation of individually sequenced bisulfite amplicons highlighting 10 CpG dinucleotide positions analyzed in this LINE1 element class. Open and closed circles indicate unmethylated and methylated CpGs, respectively. Some CpGs are absent in individual clones due sequence polymorphism in L1Oc7(8) copies. T aqI sites used for combined bisulfite restriction analysis assays are highlighted by black arrows.
Bisulfite sequencing profile for Rsat IIE . Graphical representation of individually sequenced bisulfite amplicons highlighting four CpG dinucleotide positions analysed in Rsat IIE satellite repeat. Open and closed circles indicate unmethylated and methylated CpGs, respectively. T aqI site used for combined bisulfite restriction analysis assays are highlighted by black arrows.
The bisulfite data are in agreement with previous data obtained in mouse zygotes where a decrease of about 28% methylation for LINE1 elements was found [ 11]. However, the extent of demethylation as determined by bisulfite sequencing for repetitive elements is not as pronounced as the significant loss of α-5meC antibody reactivity suggested in immunostainings (Figure 3 and Figure 4). One explanation for this apparent discrepancy might be that a gradual reduction of approximately 25% of co-methylated CpGs within repetitive elements may strongly influence the immunofluorescence detection by α-5meC antibodies. Indeed, Weber et al showed that efficient immunoprecipitation by α-5meC antibodies requires at least five methylated CpGs to be in proximity on the same strand [ 35].
Immunohistochemical analysis of mouse, bovine and rabbit late-stage zygotes with antibodies against H3K9me2 revealed that this type of histone modification is exclusively associated with maternal pronuclei in all three species (Figure 1B). We conclude that not only the pronuclear asymmetry of DNA methylation but also the asymmetry of H3K9me2 appears to be ubiquitous for late-stage zygotes of different mammalian species. Given that the maternal pronuclear DNA is refractory to demethylation, H3K9me2 could possibly generate a chromatin environment that protects the maternal chromosomes against demethylation. Other histone modifications such as H3 hypoacetylation may also contribute to this mechanism. This speculation is supported by the work of Spinaci et al who observed a positive influence of histone hyperacetylation on demethylation of maternal DNA in the mouse zygote [ 36].
H3K4me3 is found to be strongly associated with both maternal and paternal genomes in mouse, bovine and rabbit zygotes (Figure 1C). This modification is attributed to the transcriptionally active chromatin. It is known that in the mouse embryonic genome activation (EGA) starts in late zygotes and reaches its maximum at the two-cell stage [ 37]. The accumulation of H3K4me3 in late mouse zygotes may indicate the onset of transcriptional activity. The identical patterns in bovine and rabbit zygotes do not support this interpretation, since the EGA in these species does not occur before the eight- to 16-cell stage [ 37].
The different epigenetic signatures of paternal and maternal genomes established in zygotic pronuclei are maintained for at least one to two further cell divisions. Using epigenetic profiles such as DNA methylation and H3K9me2 as 'markers', spatially separated chromosomes can be observed in mouse two- and four-cell preimplantation embryos [ 28, 38]. Indeed, using an H3K9me2-specific antibody we observed a similar spatial compartmentalization in bovine and rabbit early two-cell embryos (Figure 9). Overall, the pronuclear distributions and dynamics of the analyzed histone modifications are rather similar between mouse, rabbit and bovine zygotes.
H3K9me2 distribution in mouse (A), bovine (B) and rabbit (C) early two-cell embryos. H3K9me2 was visualized using a specific rabbit polyclonal antibody. Core histones were visualized by a mouse monoclonal anti-Pan histone antibody. DNA was counterstained with DAPI. In all presented cases H3K9me2 compartmentalized asymmetrically in the nuclei of early two-cell embryos ( n > 5). Scale bar 20 μm.
Our analysis shows that the rabbit oocyte possesses a DNA-demethylation activity. In rabbit zygotes the paternal chromosomes are significantly demethylated at advanced pronuclear stages. We also show that the dynamics of chromatin modifications are conserved in zygotes of mice, cattle and rabbit. Together these findings allow us to conclude that the basic mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming are conserved in zygotes of these three mammalian species.
All animal experiments were carried out according to the German Animal Welfare law in agreement with the authorizing committee.
(C57BL/6 × CBA)F1 adult mice were used as donors of sperm and oocytes. Mature oocytes were collected from superovulated females 14 hours post human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) injection according to standard procedure [ 39]. Sperm isolation and in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures were performed as described by Nagy [ 39]. Briefly, sperm was isolated from cauda epididymis of donor males and capacitated in pre-gassed KSOM medium for 1.5 hours. Isolated oocytes in cumulus cell mass were placed into 400 μl drops of modified KSOM medium with capacitated sperm and incubated in a CO 2 incubator in a humidified atmosphere composed of 5% CO 2 in air at 37°C for up to 20 hours.
Bovine embryos were produced as described [ 40]. Briefly, cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were isolated from ovaries obtained from a local slaughterhouse. In vitro maturation of oocytes was performed in TCM 199 medium containing 10 IU eCG and 5 IU hCG (Suigonan; Intervet, Tönisvorst, Germany) and 0.1% BSA fatty acid-free (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) in a humidified atmosphere composed of 5% CO 2 in air at 39°C for 24 hours. Following in vitro maturation, COCs were rinsed in fertilization medium (Fert-TALP supplemented with 6 mg/ml BSA) and fertilized in Fert-TALP containing 10 μM hypotaurine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), 1 μM epinephrine (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), 0.1 IU/ml heparin (Serva, Germany) and 6 mg/ml BSA (Fraction V, Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany). Frozen semen from one bull with proven fertility in IVF was used. The final sperm concentration added per fertilization drop was 1 × 10 6 sperm/ml. Fertilization was initiated during a 19-hour co-incubation under the same temperature and gas conditions as described for maturation. For in vitro culture, synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium was employed supplemented with 4 mg/ml fatty acid-free BSA (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany).
Rabbit embryos were collected from superovulated outbred Zika rabbits mated with Zika males as described previously [ 19].
Oocytes were obtained from sexually mature Zika breed rabbits. All experiments were carried out during the natural breeding season. Female rabbits were superovulated by injection of 100 IU pregnant mares' serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) intramuscularly and 100 IU hCG (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) intravenously 72 hours later. Mature oocytes were flushed from the oviducts 15 to 16 hours post-hCG injection in warm PBS supplemented with 4 mg/ml BSA. Cumulus cells were removed by gentle pipetting with a small-bore pipette after treatment of oocytes in 5 mg/ml hyaluronidase prepared in M199 (M199 medium containing 10% FCS) for 15 min at 38.5°C.
To induce the MII metaphase protrusion cumulus-free oocytes were treated with 0.6 μg/ml demecolcine (Sigma) in M199 for 40 min to 2 hours [ 41]. The extruded MII metaphase with a small amount of associated material was removed in M199 supplemented with 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany) and 0.6 μg/ml demecolcine. Enucleated recipient oocytes were kept in M199.
Rabbit fetal fibroblast (RFF) cells were isolated from individual fetuses at 15 to 16 days post-coitum, and cultured in DMEM in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air at 38.5°C. RFFs from passage 1 to 8 were used as nuclear donors. Prior to nuclear transfer, attached cells were trypsinized, washed and suspended in M199. Since donor cells were cultured until confluency, the majority of cells were in G0/G1.
Transfer of donor karyoplast was carried out essentially as described previously [ 42]. Briefly, an individual nuclear donor cell was introduced under the zona pellucida of an enucleated oocyte in M199. Reconstructed embryos were produced after fusion of karyoplast-cytoplast complexes in Eppendorf fusion medium (Hamburg, Germany) with an Eppendorf Multiporator (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) using a double electric pulse of 1.95 KV/cm for 25 μs. After 20 to 40 min incubation in M199, fused embryos were activated by the same electric pulse, then immediately incubated for one hour in 1.9 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) and 5.0 μg/ml CB prepared in Menezo B2 medium (INRA, Paris, France) containing 10% FCS in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 in air at 38.5°C. After activation, cloned embryos were cultured in Menezo B2 medium until the desired stages were reached.
After removal of the zona pellucida by treatment with Acidic Tyrode's solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany), fertilized oocytes or cleavage-stage embryos were fixed for 20 min in 3.7% paraformaldehyde in PBS, and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min at room temperature. The fixed zygotes were blocked overnight at 4°C in 1% BSA, 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS. After blocking the embryos were incubated in the same solution with either anti PanHistone (mouse monoclonal, Roche), anti-H3K4me3 (rabbit polyclonal, Abcam, UK) or anti-H3K9me2 (rabbit polyclonal, a gift from T. Jenuwein [ 43]) antibodies at 4°C overnight, followed by several washes and incubation for 1 hour with anti-mouse secondary antibodies coupled with fluorescein (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), and anti-rabbit secondary antibodies coupled with Rhodamine Red-X (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc., USA). For α-5meC immunostaining, following the permeabilization step the embryos were placed into a drop of 4 M HCl for 10 in at room temperature to depurinate and thus to denature the DNA. The denaturation was stopped by neutralization in 100 mM TrisCl pH 8.0 for 5 min. Further blocking and immunostaining steps were as described above. Mouse monoclonal (Eurogentec, Belgium) or rabbit polyclonal (Megabase Research, USA) α-5meC antibodies were used. After final washes the embryos were placed on cleaned microscopy slides and mounted with a small drop of Vectashield (VectorLab, USA) mounting medium containing 0.5 μg/ml 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) or 2 μg/ml propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany).
We essentially followed the method described by Tierling et al [ 44] with minor modifications. Fifty rabbit one-cell NT embryos were washed in PBS, taken up in 1 to 2 μl and mixed with 12 μl of 2% molten low melting point agarose (in water) to form agarose beads for the bisulfite reaction. All individual sequences of clones, derived after cloning of bisulfite PCR product, were aligned and proved to be not clonal, which means they contained polymorphic sites and did not originate from the same DNA target molecule.
PCR amplifications from bisulfite-treated DNA were performed according to [ 44]. Primers used for rabbit L1Oc7(8) variants of LINE1 repeated element [ 34] were:
5'-GTG TTT TAA GGG GAG TGT ATG TT-3' and 5'-AAA CCT TAC AAC CTT ATA ACC TTT AC-3'.
Primers used for Rsat IIE satellite amplification [ 45] were: 5'-ATA GTT GTT GGT TTG TTT TAA TTT TGG T-3' and 5'-GGT TAT TTC TTT TCT TTC ATA ATA AAT CTA-3'.
Annealing temperature for both reactions was 55°C and the number of cycles applied was 45. The resulting PCR products were cloned into pGEM-T vector (Promega, USA) and 12 individual clones were sequenced per experiment. For COBRA, PCR products of 32 single clones were amplified using plasmid-specific primers (M13 primers) and the resulting 'colony' PCR products were digested with T aqI restriction endonuclease (Fermentas, Germany). T aqI restriction sites are present at CpG positions # 3 and #6 of the L1Oc7(8) bisulfite sequence profiles and at CpG position #4 of the Rsat IIE sequence profiles.
The slides were analyzed on a Zeiss Axiovert 200 M inverted microscope equipped with the fluorescence module and B/W digital camera for imaging. The images were captured, pseudocolored and merged using AxioVision 4.4 software (Zeiss, Jena, Germany).
The analysis was performed using ImageJ software. After the background subtraction the areas occupied by paternal or maternal pronuclei were defined manually and the integrated fluorescence signal densities (pixels) were calculated by the software. The relative amount of paternal methylation was calculated as the ratio of paternal to maternal pronucleus integrated fluorescence signal densities. The values obtained were then corrected by dividing them by the ratios (maternal/paternal) of the corresponding DNA signal intensities. Only zygotes with minimal or no overlap between paternal and maternal pronuclei were used for the analysis.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
We would like to thank Dr Sascha Tierling for his help with bisulfite sequencing. This work was supported by the grant from Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG) WA 1029/3-2.


E-Tendering
Organisation Structure
Main Objectives
Latest Projects
Right To Information
Employee Data


KATE HANSEN
SKILLS
FRONT-END
DESIGN
PROJECT MANAGEMENT + PROTOTYPE
OTHER
WEB + DESIGN
2019
Web experience for client Lindsey Scherloum, documenting her work as artist-in-residence with the Somali Bantu refugee community in Pittsburgh.
Designed in Webflow.
Moms Can Code School, 2019
Co-designed with Stephanie McInelly. This was a bootcamp assignment to create a fake html newsletter using pair programming processes. The goal of the assigment was to learn how to create an HTML email with css inline, and to learn how to work with a collaborator to pair program.
The concept of this newsletter was all food-scented candle-related news, an nonsensical response to somber headlines and newsletters.
2019
Bootcamp project taking another group's pair-programmed html email newsletter and redesigning it. The goal of this assignment was to learn how to parse through other's code to make updates/changes.
Authentic Grace
2019
Pair Programmed with Stephanie McInelly. This project was a ootcamp excercise to design an MVP for a small brick-and-morter store seeking to expand into online sales. Built homepage, product section, and product feature pages.
Here is some more information about this product that is only revealed once clicked on.
Proprietary Project
100+ page document of the public art plan for the University of Wyoming, written by Renee Piechocki and Jennifer McGregor. This document included standard design elements and custom infographics.
Proprietary Projects
Graphic design work at the Office of Public Art included print info graphics for project parthers, weekly email event and project headers and web slider design, and any general departmental graphic needs.
Proprietary Projects
Graphic design work at the Office of Public Art included print info graphics for project parthers, weekly email event and project headers and web slider design, and any general departmental graphic needs.
WRITING + WORKSHOPS
"Text editors are basically the underwear of programming. Are you a boy-shorts, bikini cut, or simple cotton granny panty kind of gal? Just as there is no “best” kind of panty, selecting a text editor is a similar matter of personal taste..."
"...A few minutes of preparation can be the difference between an efficient meeting or a waste of everyone’s time."
"Quick and dirty intro to Figma wireframing, presented June 3, 2019 via Moms Can: Code School."


Transforming paper forms into digital information.
Use xlsx spreadsheets to easily generate forms and templates.
Open »
View your templates and add new ones.
Add new user accounts to give others access to this application.
View, process and transcribe all your uploaded form images.
Upload large batches of form images at once.


[Note that the follow-up is set to rec.arts.sf.written rather than rec.art.sf.movies. This was done on purpose. -Moderator]
THE WHOLE WIDE WORLD A film review by Edwin Jahiel Copyright 1997 Edwin Jahiel
THE WHOLE WIDE WORLD ** to *** depending on viewer. Directed by Dan Ireland.Written by Michael Scott Myers from the memoir "One Who Walked Alone" by Novalyne Price Ellis. Photography, Claudio Rocha. Editing, Luis Colina. Production design, John Frick. Music, Hans Zimmer and Harry Gregson-Williams. Cast: Vincent D'Onofrio (Robert E. Howard), Renee Zellweger (Novalyne Price) Ann Wedgeworth (Mrs. Howard), et al. A Sony Pictures Classics release. 105 min. PG. At the Art.
While The Whole Wide World may or may not fascinate all audiences, it will certainly intrigue those devotees of pulp fiction who revere writer Robert E. Howard (1906-1936).
Texas-born Howard began to write at age 15. From the late 1920s to his demise he was a hugely popular author of fantasy and sci-fi stories (he called them yarns), mostly in the fanzine Weird Tales. He created some thirty lead characters who appeared in tale after tale. Conan, the most famous of them, was in a record number of some 45 yarns.
In the 1970s pulp fiction became an object of study in American universities for reasons that included breaks with and expansions of established literary values, an interest in popular cultures, and in some cases trend-seeking scholarly opportunism. Two Arnold Schwarzenegger movies, Conan the Barbarian (significantly baptized Conard le Barbare in French) and Conan the Destroyer also contributed to a revival of popular interest in Howard.
Novalyne Price, later Price Ellis, was from Cross Plains, in rural West Texas, where Howard, his mother and his father (a respected M.D.) also lived. Novalyne alternated between graduate studies and teaching to which she was most dedicated. An aspiring writer, she was happy to meet Bob Howard in 1934, when she was in her mid-20s. A curious relationship ensued. It lasted under various permutations until Howard's end in 1936. She continued college teaching, married William Ellis in 1947, was widowed in 1994 after 47 years of marriage.
The resurgence of interest in fantasy and science fiction caused Novalyne to become indignant at the scholarly studies about Robert Howard and to set out righting the wrongs with her memoir One Who Walked Alone (1985). Her version is the basis of the movie which was made by a first-time director and a first-time scriptwriter.
The non-affair between Novalyne and Bob begins in a refreshingly un-cute fashion which intimates that both people were originals. Soon however, maverick Bob is revealed to be an authentic weirdo. While not a hermit, he avoids the outside world in favor of shutting himself in his room to write away. Material necessity does not explain this, since, even at half-cent a word, Howard stretches out his texts, is prolific, financially well off and lives very simply. The significant reason must be that Bob tends to escape the real world and to sublimate his fantasies by working them into his yarns. In a stentorian voice he reads his own fabulations and acts out his creatures' parts.
He is exaggeratedly dedicated to his mother, a possessive, overly protective woman with a life-threatening ailment. The relationship is merely sketched out but clearly Oedipal, a tad incestuous and certainly unhealthy.The father, out of the picture, is sad at his exclusion.
Novalyne and Bob have a slow-motion rapport that goes through a number of minor adjustments that would take pages to relate. Its apex is when, many months after their first date, they have their rather chaste first kiss. Matters go no further.
The virginal protagonists are well cast and played. Both have ordinary faces and a sort of physical anonymity that makes Mr. D'Onofrio and Ms. Zellwegger credible. They are people, not actors, and they are a duo rather than a couple.
My key to this odd relationship is "amitie amoureuse," (loving friendship), an ambiguous, tricky concept that's quite common. Seen from another angle, Bob is a mini-Pygmalion to the young woman. Surprisingly -- on the face of it -- he gives her a book by the erotic writer Pierre Louys whose famous The Woman and the Puppet (1898) was filmed as The Devil is a Woman, starring Marlene Dietrich. It would seem that Bob, in his spare time, is trying to emancipate the lady.
Yet, for a progressive thinker, Bob often sounds sexist to the ears of the 1990s. I cannot remember a single instance of his calling his friend by her first name, one that echoes futuristic fiction or medical products. He always addresses her as "girl." "Listen, girl, "look here, girl, hey, girl." This mode of address may grate today but was a Southern term of endearment for generations.
The depiction of Bob as neurotic, dysfunctional and a little mad occupies center stage. To my ears, Brooklynite D'Onofrio's Texas twang sounded authentic. Yet, setting aside the nasty cliche of some Southern accents denoting hicks, the way Bob is written and performed does make him into something of a bumpkin. This may not endear him to us but at least it shatters preconceptions about what writers are like.
By mid-1936, the Bob and Novalyne had parted but without severing all connections. The bad health of Bob's beloved mother had reached a point of no return. When he heard that her end was near, he shot himself through the head. He was 30. Mother died 30 hours later.
Save for some awkward transitions, the film is a well-produced small slice of Americana. It must be one of the lowest low-budget A pictures ever made given the tiny number of actors, locations, sets and props. Its rural nature must have made it even cheaper than recent independent films set in urban areas where "dressing" streets and controlling traffic add to costs. I have the impression that the biggest expense in WWW went to recreating a theater's marquee and renting some period automobiles.
To what extent the persona of Bob is genuine, or filtered by Novalyne's memory (she was about 88 during the filming, living alone in Lafayette, Louisiana), or fiddled with by the filmmakers, I cannot tell. The movie may answer few questions about Robert Howard, yet it does present to us the interesting case history of a one-of-a-kind individual.
This review and others can be found at : http://www.prairienet.org/ejahiel/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Core Topics
Advanced Topics
Misc
Routing
Routing is a system that allows creating Single-Page-Applications (SPA), i.e. applications that can go from one page to another without causing a full browser refresh.
It enables seamless navigability while preserving the ability to bookmark each page individually, and the ability to navigate the application via the browser's history mechanism.
Mithril provides utilities to handle three different aspect of routing:
- defining a list of routes
- programmatically redirecting between routes
- making links in templates routed transparently and unobtrusively
Defining routes
To define a list of routes, you need to specify a host DOM element, a default route and a key-value map of possible routes and respective modules to be rendered.
The example below defines three routes, to be rendered in
. home
, login
and dashboard
are modules. We'll see how to define a module in a bit.
m.route(document.body, "/", {
"/": home,
"/login": login,
"/dashboard": dashboard,
});
Routes can take arguments, by prefixing words with a colon :
.
The example below shows a route that takes a userID
parameter.
//a sample module
var dashboard = {
controller: function() {
return {id: m.route.param("userID")};
},
view: function(controller) {
return m("div", controller.id);
}
}
//setup routes to start w/ the `#` symbol
m.route.mode = "hash";
//define a route
m.route(document.body, "/dashboard/johndoe", {
"/dashboard/:userID": dashboard
});
This redirects to the URL http://server/#/dashboard/johndoe
and yields:
johndoe
Above, dashboard
is a module. It contains controller
and view
properties. When the URL matches a route, the respective module's controller is instantiated and passed as a parameter to the view.
In this case, since there's only one route, the app redirects to the default route "/dashboard/johndoe"
and, under the hood, it calls m.mount(document.body, dashboard)
.
The string johndoe
is bound to the :userID
parameter, which can be retrieved programmatically in the controller via m.route.param("userID")
.
The m.route.mode
property defines which URL portion is used to implement the routing mechanism. It should be set before any calls to m.route
. Its value can be set to either "search", "hash" or "pathname". The default value is "search".
search
mode uses the querystring. This allows named anchors (i.e.Back to top
,
) to work on the page, but routing changes causes page refreshes in IE8, due to its lack of support forhistory.pushState
.Example URL:
http://server/?/path/to/page
hash
mode uses the hash. It's the only mode in which routing changes do not cause page refreshes in any browser. However, this mode does not support named anchors and browser history lists.Example URL:
http://server/#/path/to/page
pathname
mode allows routing URLs that contain no special characters, however this mode requires server-side setup in order to support bookmarking and page refreshes. It also causes page refreshes in IE8.Example URL:
http://server/path/to/page
The simplest server-side setup possible to support pathname mode is to serve the same content regardless of what URL is requested. In Apache, this URL rewriting can be achieved using mod_rewrite.
Redirecting
You can programmatically redirect to another page. Given the example in the "Defining Routes" section:
m.route("/dashboard/marysue");
redirects to http://server/#/dashboard/marysue
Mode abstraction
This method is meant to be used with a virtual element's config
attribute. For example:
//Note that the '#' is not required in `href`, thanks to the `config` setting.
m("a[href='/dashboard/alicesmith']", {config: m.route});
This makes the href behave correctly regardless of which m.route.mode
is selected. It's a good practice to always use the idiom above, instead of hardcoding ?
or #
in the href attribute.
See m()
for more information on virtual elements.
Redrawing semantics of routing
By default, changing routes causes templates to be re-rendered from scratch. This behavior can be changed either via the retain flag in a config's context object, or the m.redraw.strategy("diff")
hint.


{{initialCap(model.question.text)}}?
Is it {{prefixedNoun(model.guess.text)}}?
Would you like to play again?
I knew you were thinking of {{prefixedNoun(model.guess.text)}}!
Do you want to play again?
{{model.alteredQuestion}}?
Oops. I'm in an unknown state!


ArcGIS Server
Light Rail Lines
This example has a simple, single symbology and uses the showAll
parameter to fetch all features at once since there are only a handful.
ags_light_rail = new lvector.AGS({ url: "http://maps.rtd-denver.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/SystemMapLiteGoogleVectors/MapServer/1", fields: "*", scaleRange: [13, 20], showAll: true, symbology: { type: "single", vectorOptions: { weight: 4, opacity: 0.8, color: "#004a00" } }, popupTemplate: '

Light Rail Line

Route	{ROUTE}

' });
RTD Director Districts
This example has features styled using the unique
symbology type where values of a particular attribute ("DISTRICT" in this example) have a specific style. We also supply a where
parameter to keep the feature count to a minimum for this demo.
ags_districts = new lvector.AGS({ url: "http://maps.rtd-denver.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/DirectorDistricts/MapServer/1", fields: "OBJECTID,DISTRICT,URL,MAP", showAll: true, scaleRange: [8, 14], where: "DISTRICT NOT IN('I','J','K','L','M','N','O')", symbology: { type: "unique", property: "DISTRICT", values: [ { value: "A", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#6600FF", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "B", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#660066", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "C", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#FF9900", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "D", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#00FFFF", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "E", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#FFFF00", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "F", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#003333", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "G", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#ff7800", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } }, { value: "H", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#46461f", fillOpacity: 0.6, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.8, weight: 1 } } ] }, popupTemplate: '

District {DISTRICT}

Links	Map, Director\'s Website

', singlePopup: true });
Senior Citizens
This example has features styled using the range
symbology type where values of a particular attribute ("MED_AGE" in this example) within a specific range have a specific style. Polygons with lighter shades have a population with a lower median age while the darker polygons have an older population.
Also, instead of a string-based popupTemplate
, we're using a function that is passed feature attributes and returns a string for populating the Popup. This way we can do more complex things with our attributes, like create charts.
ags_census = new lvector.AGS({ url: "http://sampleserver1.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/Demographics/ESRI_Census_USA/MapServer/3", fields: "ObjectID,NAME,STATE_NAME,POP2000,MED_AGE,AGE_UNDER5,AGE_5_17,AGE_18_21,AGE_22_29,AGE_30_39,AGE_40_49,AGE_50_64,AGE_65_UP", uniqueField: "ObjectID", scaleRange: [6, 20], symbology: { type: "range", property: "MED_AGE", ranges: [ { range: [0, 32], vectorOptions: { weight: 1, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.5, fillOpacity: 0.8, fillColor: "#FFFFCC" } },{ range: [32.0000001, 40], vectorOptions: { weight: 1, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.5, fillOpacity: 0.8, fillColor: "#C2E699" } },{ range: [44.0000001, 50], vectorOptions: { weight: 1, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.5, fillOpacity: 0.8, fillColor: "#78C679" } },{ range: [50.0000001, 100], vectorOptions: { weight: 1, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.5, fillOpacity: 0.8, fillColor: "#238443" } },{ range: [35.0000001, 48], vectorOptions: { weight: 1, color: "#666666", opacity: 0.5, fillOpacity: 0.8, fillColor: "#C2E699" } } ] }, popupTemplate: function(atts) { var totPop = atts.POP2000; var percent_under_5 = (atts.AGE_UNDER5/totPop) * 100, percent_5_17 = (atts.AGE_5_17/totPop) * 100, percent_18_21 = (atts.AGE_18_21/totPop) * 100, percent_22_29 = (atts.AGE_22_29/totPop) * 100, percent_30_39 = (atts.AGE_30_39/totPop) * 100, percent_40_49 = (atts.AGE_40_49/totPop) * 100, percent_50_64 = (atts.AGE_50_64/totPop) * 100, percent_65_up = (atts.AGE_65_UP/totPop) * 100; var imageURL = "http://chart.googleapis.com/chart?cht=p&chs=280x150&chl=%3C5|5%20-%2017|18%20-%2021|22%20-%2029|30%20-%2039|40%20-%2049|50%20-%2064|%3E64&chdl=" + parseInt(percent_under_5) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_5_17) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_18_21) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_22_29) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_30_39) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_40_49) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_50_64) + "%|" + parseInt(percent_65_up) + "&chd=t:" + percent_under_5 + "," + percent_5_17 + "," + percent_18_21 + "," + percent_22_29 + "," + percent_30_39 + "," + percent_40_49 + "," + percent_50_64 + "," + percent_65_up; return '

' + atts.NAME + ' County, ' + atts.STATE_NAME + '

Median Age: ' + atts.MED_AGE + '

'; }, popupOptions: { maxWidth: 350 }, singlePopup: true });
San Francisco 311 Incidents
This example makes use of the esriOptions
parameter which, when used with an ArcGIS Server Feature Service, uses symbology
and scaleRange
options from ArcGIS Server.
This lets your write less code and use the symbology and scale dependent rendering you've spent many hours developing with ArcGIS Desktop.
ags_311 = new lvector.AGS({ url: "http://sampleserver3.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/SanFrancisco/311Incidents/FeatureServer/0", fields: "*", uniqueField: "objectid", esriOptions: true, popupTemplate: '

{address}

Date/Time	{req_date} {req_time}

Request Type	{req_type}

', singlePopup: true });
Winter Weather
This example pulls from an ArcGIS Server instance that produces weather warnings and watches. Here we're using the where
parameter to only show winter weather related watches and warnings ("EVENT LIKE 'WINTER%'"
).
Again, this demo uses a function based popupTemplate
. In this case the function iterates through each property in properties and formats each to Proper Case for better looking output and skips properties that we don't want to display ("FIPS", "OBJECTID", "EVENT", "SHAPE.area", "SHAPE_Length").
Note that this demo might appear to be non-functional if there are no current winter weather warnings. I'll try to remember to change this demo to show thurerstorm warnings when the weather warms up.
ags_winter = new lvector.AGS({ url: "http://rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov/ArcGIS/rest/services/nhss_weat/MapServer/0", fields: "*", uniqueField: "OBJECTID", where: "EVENT LIKE 'WINTER%'", scaleRange: [3, 15], showAll: true, popupTemplate: function(properties) { var html = '

' + properties.EVENT.replace(/_/gi, " ").replace(/\w\S*/g, function(txt){return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(1).toLowerCase();}) + '

'; for (var prop in properties) { if (["FIPS", "OBJECTID", "EVENT", "SHAPE.area", "SHAPE_Length"].indexOf(prop) < 0) { if (prop == "WEB") { html += '
Link	' + properties.EVENT.replace(/_/gi, " ").replace(/\w\S*/g, function(txt){return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(1).toLowerCase();}) + '
'; } else { html += '
' + prop.replace(/_/gi, " ").replace(/\w\S*/g, function(txt){return txt.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + txt.substr(1).toLowerCase();}) + '	' + properties[prop] + '
'; } } } return html + '

'; }, symbology: { type: "single", vectorOptions: { fillColor: "#ffffff", fillOpacity: 0.75, weight: 1, opacity: 1, color: "#666" } } });


Internal classes of Carmesi for POJO controller controllers.
Beware of using classes in this package because could be changed without previous notification.
A controller must have exactly one public method. Parameters must obey one of the follow constraints:
- Be one of the automatic injectable types: HttpSession, HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, ServletContext.
- Have one of the attribute annotations: RequestAttribute, SessionAttribute or ApplicacionAttribute
- Have one of the parameter annotations: RequestParameter, ContextParameter.
- Annotated with CookieValue.
- Annotated with RequestBean.


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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Clojure > How to list the functions of a namespace. author: display_name: hojunbaek login: hojunbaek email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: hojunbaek author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>excerpt: 네임스페이스에 정의 된 메서드 표시하기 wordpress_id: 2167 wordpress_url: http://ezcocoa.com/?p=2167 date: '2013-12-18 09:16:12 +0900' date_gmt: '2013-12-18 09:16:12 +0900' categories: - Clojure tags: - Clojure - list - class - define - fn - function - namespace comments: [] ---
(keys (ns-publics 'foo))
to list Vars exported by the namespace foo; e.g. for clojure.contrib.monads this returns
(defmonad censor m-when-not m+write+m maybe-m maybe-t ...)
(the ... stands for quite a lot more).
More generally, there's a bunch of functions whose names start in ns- which list Vars by namespace, with certain additional criteria attached:
ns-map -- the most general function of all, returns a map keyed by symbols (non-namespace-qualified symbols actually), where the value corresponding to each symbol is the Var or class that symbol resolves to in the given namespace.
ns-interns -- like ns-map, but includes only the Vars interned in the given namespace (as opposed to Vars from other namespaces which are accessible from the given namespace due to a use or refer call or the implicit referral of Vars from clojure.core.
ns-publics -- like ns-interns, but includes only the non-private Vars.
ns-imports -- like ns-map, but includes only the entries whose values correspond to Java classes.
There's also ns-aliases which lists symbols which can be used as shorthand aliases when referring to Vars from other namespaces; e.g. if you call (require '[clojure.contrib.math :as math]), ns-aliases will include an entry with the key of math (the symbol), whose value will be the actual namespace clojure.contrib.math. These mapping are not included in the map returned by ns-map.
or you can use as the following.
(dir clojure.string)


Name of the branch. Example: /main/feature123.
/main/feature123
If defined, the job will build the contents of the last changeset in this branch. Specifying a changeset, label or shelveset will override this value.


| pgpool-II 4.0.3 Documentation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Appendix A. Release Notes | Next |
Release Date: 2018-02-13
Change systemd service file to use STOP_OPTS=" -m fast". (Bo Peng)
Change pgpool_setup to add restore_command in recovery.conf. (Bo Peng)
Fix queries hanging in parse_before_bind
with extended protocol and replication + load-balancing. (bug 377) (Tatsuo Ishii)


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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %} Interior Image Upload {% endblock %} {% block main %}
Upload photos of your property's interior here. Maximum image dimensions: 450 x 325 pixels.


--- title: Maya date: 2001-07-31T10:00:00.000Z age: 14 gender: Girl city: Melbourne country: Australia religion: Jewish favouriteQuote: SMILE starSign: Aquarius height: 157cm eyeColour: blue, grey thinkLotrRules: Of course ---
WICKED!


Pictures: Maura Higgins and Curtis Pritchard step out on red carpet at Radio 1 Teen Awards 25 Nov 2019, 08:01 by Michelle Townsend LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 24: Maura Higgins attends BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2019 on November 24, 2019 in London, United Kingdom. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images) LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 24: Curtis Pritchard and Maura Higgins attend BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2019 on November 24, 2019 in London, United Kingdom. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images) LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 24: Curtis Pritchard and Maura Higgins attend BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2019 on November 24, 2019 in London, United Kingdom. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images) LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 24: Curtis Pritchard and Maura Higgins attend BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2019 on November 24, 2019 in London, United Kingdom. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images) LONDON, ENGLAND - NOVEMBER 24: Curtis Pritchard and Maura Higgins attend BBC Radio 1's Teen Awards 2019 on November 24, 2019 in London, United Kingdom. (Photo by Dave J Hogan/Getty Images)


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Brazil home made with of over 6,000 bottles
A home in Brazil made of thousands of discarded bottles is proving quite the attraction in a rural area of Sao Paulo state.
It's a labour of love for single mother Ivone Martins who took to building this house following the death of her son.
The glass bottles are placed on their side and bound together with cement.
Martins got the idea to build the house after seeing large quantities of dumped bottles in the area.
Speaking to Reuters, the proud homeowner said her bottle house was not only good for cutting construction costs but was also helping the environment.
At three metres high, nine metres wide and eight metres in length, Martin fashioned a bedroom, corridor, kitchen and a bathroom out of more than 6,000 bottles.
But work on the home is not over, with Martins also thinking about how to incorporate other recycled materials to make furniture for the home.


In our quest to write loopless code, we first learned about J's implicit looping, which we can use to replace loops in which the same function is performed on each cell; then we learned monad / which lets us accumulate an operation across all the items of a noun, and \ and \. which apply verbs to certain regular subsets of a noun. We now examine cases in which the operations on the cells are different, but where there is no sharing of information between cells.
In these irregular cases, the J solution is to create an array that contains control information describing the difference between the cells, and then create a dyadic operation that produces the desired result when given a cell of control information and a cell of data. Writing code this way can seem ingeniously clever or awkwardly roundabout, depending on your point of view; we will simply accept it as a necessary part of coding in J, and we will learn to be effective with it. What follows is a hodgepodge of tricks to treat cells individually. If we were writing in C, we would use if statements, but since if by necessity involves a scalar comparison we will avoid it in J.
To add one to the elements of y whose values are even:
y + 0 = 2 | y
To double all the elements of y whose values are even:
y * 1 + 0 = 2 | y
To create an array whose even-numbered elements come from y and whose odd-numbered elements come from x :
(x * -.sv) + y * sv =. (#y) $ 1 0
which, homely as it is, is a standard idiom in J. This expression works only for numeric operands; for general operands we can select using a selection vector sv with
sv {"_1 x ,. y
To replace lowercase 'a' through 'f' with uppercase 'A' through 'F' in a string that contains only 'a' through 'f':
('abcdef' i. y) { 'ABCDEF'
Extending the previous example: to replace lowercase 'a' through 'f' with uppercase 'A' through 'F' leaving other characters unchanged:
(('abcdef' , a.) i. y) { 'ABCDEF' , a.
To understand this you need to know the special noun a. which is the character string containing all the ASCII characters in order. Work through a simple example until you understand how this works--it's a good example of how J thinking differs from C thinking.
A similar problem: given a list of keys y and a list of data z, with each item of y corresponding to an item of z; and another list of search keys x; and a default element d : return the item in z corresponding to the item of y that matches the item of x, or d if the item of x didn't match anything in y :
(y i. x) { z , d
To evaluate the polynomial defined by x, so that if for example x is 2 1 5 the result is 5y2+y+1:
+/ x * y ^ i. # x
(and now you can see why 0^0 is 1).
To evaluate the polynomial defined by x going the other direction, so that if for example x is 2 1 5 the result is 2y2+y+5:
y #. x
The last example, due to Roger Hui, has a power and economy that amount to sorcery. Suppose you had a list, and you wanted to know, for each item in the list, how many identical items appeared earlier in the list. You could find out this way:
y =. 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 6 4 2
t - (i.~ y) { t =. /: /: y
0 1 2 0 3 1 0 0 1 4
Take a little time--maybe a long time--to see how this works. The /: /: y is an idiom we discussed earlier--did you figure it out? It gives the ordinal of each item of y, in other words the rank of the item among the items of y . If there are equal items, they will occupy a block of successive ordinals. In this example you can see that t does indeed hold the ordinals:
t
2 3 4 0 5 1 7 9 8 6
(i.~ y) takes the index of each item of y within y itself, in other words, for each item, the index of the first item with the same value:
(i.~ y)
0 0 0 3 0 3 6 7 6 0
Since the identical items of y are a block of successive ordinals, and (i.~ y) comprises indexes of first items in blocks, we can find relative positions in blocks by subtracting the ordinal of the first item with a value from the ordinals of all the other items with the same value. That is what this expression does. Lovely!
We could use the hook to avoid creating the temporary variable t, by writing the line as
(i.~ y) (] - {) /: /: y
and we could even avoid naming y twice by writing
(i.~ (] - {) /:@/:) y
In addition to the foregoing ad hoc means of varying the operation cell-by-cell J has some language features expressly designed for that purpose:
Power/If/DoWhile
Conjunction u^:n and u^:v
Applying u Repeatedly (Power)
u^:n y has infinite rank. It applies the verb u to y, then applies u to that result, and so on, for a total of n applications of u, ; in other words u u u...(n times) y, as we see when it is used with the >: (increment) primitive:
>: 5
6
>:^:2 (5)
7
>:^:3 (5)
8
fndisplay gives a picture of what is happening:
defverbs 'incr"0'
incr^:3 (5)
+----------------+
|incr incr incr 5|
+----------------+
x u^:n y also has infinite rank. It evaluates x u x u...(n times) y . A simpler way to say this is to say that it is equivalent to x&u^:n y, since x&u y is equivalent to x u y .
2 * 2 * 2 * 2 * 5
80
2 *^:4 (5)
80
u^:v y and x u^:v y are defined similarly: first v is evaluated (monadically or dyadically as appropriate), and then result is used as n . Formally, u^:v y is u^:(v y) y and x u^:v y is x u^:(x v y) y . With dyad u^:v, it will be rare that x and y both make sense as an operand into both u and v, and you will usually use @:[ and @:] to cause u or v to operate on only one operand. For example, to coalesce the x+1 leading axes of y into one axis, you could use x ,/@:]^:[ y :
1 ,/@:]^:[ i. 2 2 3
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
9 10 11
2 ,/@:]^:[ i. 2 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
This is hardly a commonplace usage, but let's analyze it, since conjunctions are still new to us. The verb is executed as if parenthesized ((,/)@:])^:[, so the first thing executed is u^:v where u is (,/)@:] and v is [ . x [ y is just x, so x is going to tell us how many times to apply x&((,/)@:]) . Now, x&((,/)@:]) y is just the same as ,/ y, because the purpose of the @:] is to ignore the left argument that was put on by x& . We remember monad ,/ from our discussion of monad u/ : it combines the 2 leading axes of y . So, x ,/@:]^:[ y will combine the 2 leading axes of y, x times; in other words, combine the x+1 leading axes of y .
Applying u Optionally (If)
The importance of u^:n is not in applying a verb several times--usually we could just write the instances out if we needed to--but rather in 4 special values of n : _1, 0, 1, and _ (infinity). u^:0, meaning apply u 0 times, is simple: it does nothing, with the result y in both dyadic and monadic forms. u^:1 means apply u once. Thinking about that, we see that if n is restricted to the values 0 or 1, ^:n means 'If n' : u^:n y is y, but modified by application of u if n is 1; in C terms, it is n ? u(y) : y . If we want to apply the verb u only on the items of y for which x is 1, we can write x u@:]^:["_1 y :
1 0 0 1 0 >:@]^:["_1 (1 2 3 4 5)
2 2 3 5 5
Applying u Forever (Converge)
When n is _, u^:_ means 'apply u repeatedly until the result stops changing'; in C, it resembles while(u(y)!=y)y = u(y); . You could use this to perform a numerical calculation that converges on a result; for example if you take ...cos(cos(cos(cos(y)))) until the result stops changing, you get the solution of the equation y=cos(y):
2 o.^:_ (0)
0.739085
You can think of u^:_ as applying an improvement u to y repeatedly until no further improvement is possible. The best-known example of this is Newton's Method for evaluating zeros of f(x): start with an initial guess y, and then replace the guess with y-(f(y)/f'(y)); repeat till there is no change in y. For example, to find the zeros of 3x3+2x2-10 (the derivative of which is 9x2+4x), we create a verb to apply the Newton's-Method step, and then execute it repeatedly with a well-chosen initial value:
3 : 'y - ((3*y^3)+(2*y^2)-10) % (9*y^2)+4*y' ^:_ (3)
1.30142
A robust implementation of Newton's Method must be able to find multiple roots and handle pathological functions, but a simple implementation such as the one above is an efficient way to polish up a root that has been approximated by other methods.
Applying u Iteratively (DoWhile)
The most important use of ^:_ is in the special form u^:v^:_ . Consider this form (either monad or dyad), with the understanding that v always produces a Boolean result of 0 or 1 . It is parenthesized (u^:v)^:_, i. e. u^:v repeated until its result is the same as its right operand. Now, if v evaluates to 0, the result of u^:v will certainly be the same as its right operand because u will not be executed; if v is 1, u^:v causes u to be executed once. So this construct is like C's while(v(y))y = u(y); (except that the J version also stops if the result of u y is the same as y, so the complete definition is while(v(y)&&(u(y)!=y))y = u(y); ). The great thing about having a verb to do this loop rather than a statement is that we can give the verb a rank and apply it to cells, with independent loop control on each cell:
2 *^:(100&>@:])^:_"0 (1 3 5 7 9 11)
128 192 160 112 144 176
Read this as 'for each atom of y, double it as long as the value is less than 100'.
u^:_1 is also of great interest but we will discuss it later.
One last point:
>:^:1 2 4 (5)
6 7 9
As you can see, n may be an array, in which case u^:n1 y is repeatedly evaluated, with n1 assuming the value of each atom of n, and the results are assembled using the shape of n as the frame and with framing fills added as needed. Pop quiz: express the preceding English sentence in J.
Solution: u^:n y is equivalent to n u@:]^:["0 _ y, and x u^:n y is equivalent to n x&u@:]^:["0 _ y . If you can make sense of the answer, you should be content with your progress. If you came up with either half on your own, you are entitled to claim Apprentice Guru status.
Tie and Agenda (switch)
The
Tie Conjunction u`v u`n m`v m`n
The backquote character ` is the conjunction named Tie. ` is one of the few conjunctions that produce a noun, so it is neither monadic or dyadic. If an operand of ` is a verb, it is converted to its atomic representation which is a noun form from which the verb can be recovered; then the two operands m and n (both nouns now since any verb was converted to a noun) are joined by executing m,n . So, the result of ` applied between the members of a sequence of verbs is a list of special nouns, each of which is the atomic representation of a verb. We are not concerned with the format of the atomic representation, nor will we create or modify an atomic representation (that's Advanced-Guru work); we will be content to use the values produced by ` . An example is:
+`-`*`%`(+/)
+-+-+-+-+-------+
|+|-|*|%|+-+---+|
| | | | ||/|+-+||
| | | | || ||+|||
| | | | || |+-+||
| | | | |+-+---+|
+-+-+-+-+-------+
What makes the result of ` special is not the boxing, but the fact that what's in the boxes is not just any old data, but data in the format that can be used to recover the original verbs. Once created, the result of ` can be operated on like any other noun:
a =. +:`-`*`%`(+/)
3 { a
+-+
|%|
+-+
0 0 1 0 1 # a
+-+-------+
|*|+-+---+|
| ||/|+-+||
| || ||+|||
| || |+-+||
| |+-+---+|
+-+-------+
In English grammar, a gerund is a form of a verb that is used as a noun, for example the word cooking in Cooking is fun. The result of ` in J is also called a gerund, and we can see that the name is apt: a gerund in J is a set of J verbs put into a form that can be used as a J noun. It has the latent power of the verbs put into a portable form, like nitroglycerine that has been stabilized by kieselguhr to become dynamite. The blasting cap that sets it off is
The Agenda (switch) conjunction<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>(either monad or dyad) uses the result of v to select a verb from the list of verbs m, and then executes that verb.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>requires that m be a valid gerund. It produces a verb which can be used monadically or dyadically and whose ranks are the ranks of v . The operation of this verb is as follows: v y (if monadic) or x v y (if dyadic) is evaluated; it must produce a scalar result r that is a valid index into m; i. e. (-#m) <: r and r < #m . Then, item r{m is selected--it is the atomic representation of one of the verbs that went into m--and that atomic representation is converted to a verb u . Finally, u y (if monadic) or x u y (if dyadic) is executed, and its result is the result of the execution of<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
So, verb0`verb1`verb2 @. v y evaluates v y, resulting in r, and then executes verbr y . The dyadic case x verb0`verb1`verb2 @. v y evaluates x v y, resulting in r, and then executes x verbr y . The verbs may be any valid verb: a primitive, a compound verb, or a named verb.
Examples:
(1&+)`(-&2)@.(2&|) "0 i. 6
1 _1 3 1 5 3
This added 1 to each even number and subtracted 2 from each odd number. Note that we had to assign rank 0 to the overall combined verb, because otherwise the rank of (1&+)`(-&2)@.(2&|) would have been the rank of 2&| which is infinite because m&v has infinite rank.
_5 _3 _1 1 3 5 +`-@.(0&>@:["0) 2
_7 _5 _3 3 5 7
Subtract 2 from elements of x that are negative, add 2 to elements that are nonnegative. Here we assigned the rank to the selector verb in<EMAIL_ADDRESS>that rank was then inherited by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
5 uname`+`] @. (*@:]"0) _5 0 5
(Remember that monad * is the signum function returning _1 for negative, 0 for zero, and 1 for positive operands) For each atom of y, execute 5 uname y if y is zero, 5 + y if y is positive, and pass y through unchanged (5 ] y) if y is negative. uname must be defined elsewhere. This expression makes use of negative indexing: if * y is negative, verb number _1 (the last item) is taken from the gerund.
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>obviously can be used with a small rank to afford great control over what operation is performed cell-by-cell, but if you do that it will have to apply J verbs on small operands, which is inefficient. After all we've been through, I feel confident that I can trust you not to use<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with small rank unless it's absolutely necessary.


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| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 7. Queries | Next |
The results of two queries can be combined using the set operations union, intersection, and difference. The syntax is
query1 UNION [ALL] query2 query1 INTERSECT [ALL] query2 query1 EXCEPT [ALL] query2
query1 and query2 are queries that can use any of the features discussed up to this point. Set operations can also be nested and chained, for example
query1 UNION query2 UNION query3
which is executed as:
(query1 UNION query2) UNION query3
UNION effectively appends the result of query2 to the result of query1 (although there is no guarantee that this is the order in which the rows are actually returned). Furthermore, it eliminates duplicate rows from its result, in the same way as DISTINCT, unless UNION ALL is used.
INTERSECT returns all rows that are both in the result of query1 and in the result of query2. Duplicate rows are eliminated unless INTERSECT ALL is used.
EXCEPT returns all rows that are in the result of query1 but not in the result of query2. (This is sometimes called the difference between two queries.) Again, duplicates are eliminated unless EXCEPT ALL is used.
In order to calculate the union, intersection, or difference of two queries, the two queries must be "union compatible", which means that they return the same number of columns and the corresponding columns have compatible data types, as described in Section 10.5.


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Steps to install the Share screen and Record screen plugin on your Chrome browser .
- Go to Login page of Registered User/ Guest User.
- If you have not added this site to your exception list of your chrome browser, then it will show error message as “Pop-up Blocker is enabled! Please add this site to your exception list, and refresh the page.”
- Click on pop up blocked icon , select Always allow pop-ups and redirects from https://cfscommunicator.com and click on Done button as shown in the below image.
- Refresh the page.
- A pop–up as shown in below screen will appear to install the screen share chrome plugin. Click on the link provided in the pop up.
- Click on Add to Chrome button as shown in below screen.
- Click on Add extension button as shown in below screen.
- After adding the Screen Capturing plugin successfully, it will show a message as “ Screen Capturing has been added to Chrome ” and screen capturing plugin icon will get added to your chrome browser as shown in the below screen.
- Close the Screen Capturing – Chrome Web Store – Google Chrome pop up.
- After closing the pop up, an another pop up to install the record screen chrome plugin as shown in below screen will appear. Click on the link provided in the pop up.
- Click on Add to Chrome button as shown in below screen.
- Click on Add extension button as shown in below screen.
- After adding the RecordRTC plugin successfully, it will show a message as “ RecordRTC has been added to Chrome ” and a RecordRTC plugin icon will get added to the browser as shown in the below screen.
- Close the RecordRTC – Chrome Web Store – Google Chrome pop up. Now you can login with your credentials and proceed further.


Previous: File Operations on Open and Closed Streams, Up: File System Concepts
Many file systems permit more than one filename to designate a particular file.
Even where multiple names are possible, most file systems have a convention for generating a canonical filename in such situations. Such a canonical filename (or the pathname representing such a filename) is called a truename .
The truename of a file may differ from other filenames for the file because of symbolic links, version numbers, logical device translations in the file system, logical pathname translations within Common Lisp, or other artifacts of the file system.
The truename for a file is often, but not necessarily, unique for each file. For instance, a Unix file with multiple hard links could have several truenames.
| • Examples of Truenames: |


Daniel Craig confirms he's stepping down as James Bond after No Time To Die
Daniel Craig has confirmed No Time To Die will mark his last outing as James Bond.
The actor has played 007 since 2006’s Casino Royale, going on to star in Quantum of Solace, Skyfall and Spectre.
But after next year’s No Time To Die – the 25th Bond film – the 51-year-old will be hanging up his tuxedo.
Craig was speaking to German publication Express when he was asked if his era as Bond is really over.
The star said: ‘Yes – in the future someone else has to do it.’
The Knives Out star also shot down claims that he would turn to directing Bond 26 after handing over the reins, saying: ‘For God’s sake, no.
‘If you’re a director, then at night you’re still with the producers, screenwriters, on the phone. And then after two hours of sleep, you have to go back up to the set. No thanks.’
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Daniel previously insisted he wouldn’t return to Bond after 2015’s Spectre, making infamous comments about preferring to ‘slash [his] wrists’ than play the secret agent again.
Speaking to Time Out weeks before Spectre’s release, the father-of-two said: ‘Now? I’d rather … slash my wrists. No, not at the moment. Not at all. That’s fine. I’m over it at the moment. We’re done. All I want to do is move on.
‘I don’t know what the next step is. I’ve no idea. Not because I’m trying to be cagey.  At the moment, we’ve done it. I’m not in discussion with anybody about anything. If I did another Bond movie, it would only be for the money.’
He later called it a ‘stupid answer’, but we guess the money was good enough as Craig signed on to play Bond one last time.
Actors rumoured to be taking on the iconic role after Craig’s departure include Idris Elba, Richard Madden, James Norton, Tom Hardy, Aidan Turner and Riz Ahmed.
No Time To Die is in cinemas on 3 April 2020.
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JAWS reading Angular content
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