Builtin Tokens¶
In the pygments.token
module, there is a special object called Token
that is used to create token types.
You can create a new token type by accessing an attribute of Token:
>>> from pygments.token import Token
>>> Token.String
Token.String
>>> Token.String is Token.String
True
Note that tokens are singletons so you can use the is
operator for comparing
token types.
As of Pygments 0.7 you can also use the in
operator to perform set tests:
>>> from pygments.token import Comment
>>> Comment.Single in Comment
True
>>> Comment in Comment.Multi
False
This can be useful in filters and if you write lexers on your own without using the base lexers.
You can also split a token type into a hierarchy, and get the parent of it:
>>> String.split()
[Token, Token.Literal, Token.Literal.String]
>>> String.parent
Token.Literal
In principle, you can create an unlimited number of token types but nobody can guarantee that a style would define style rules for a token type. Because of that, Pygments proposes some global token types defined in the pygments.token.STANDARD_TYPES dict.
For some tokens aliases are already defined:
>>> from pygments.token import String
>>> String
Token.Literal.String
Inside the pygments.token
module the following aliases are defined:
| Text | Token.Text | for any type of text data |
| Whitespace | Token.Text.Whitespace | for specially highlighted whitespace |
| Error | Token.Error | represents lexer errors |
| Other | Token.Other | special token for data not matched by a parser (e.g. HTML markup in PHP code) |
| Keyword | Token.Keyword | any kind of keywords |
| Name | Token.Name | variable/function names |
| Literal | Token.Literal | Any literals |
| String | Token.Literal.String | string literals |
| Number | Token.Literal.Number | number literals |
| Operator | Token.Operator | operators (+ , not ...) |
| Punctuation | Token.Punctuation | punctuation ([ , ( ...) |
| Comment | Token.Comment | any kind of comments |
| Generic | Token.Generic | generic tokens (have a look at the explanation below) |
The Whitespace token type is new in Pygments 0.8. It is used only by the VisibleWhitespaceFilter currently.
Normally you just create token types using the already defined aliases. For each of those token aliases, a number of subtypes exists (excluding the special tokens Token.Text, Token.Error and Token.Other)
The is_token_subtype() function in the pygments.token module can be used to
test if a token type is a subtype of another (such as Name.Tag and Name).
(This is the same as Name.Tag in Name
. The overloaded in operator was newly
introduced in Pygments 0.7, the function still exists for backwards
compatiblity.)
With Pygments 0.7, it’s also possible to convert strings to token types (for example if you want to supply a token from the command line):
>>> from pygments.token import String, string_to_tokentype
>>> string_to_tokentype("String")
Token.Literal.String
>>> string_to_tokentype("Token.Literal.String")
Token.Literal.String
>>> string_to_tokentype(String)
Token.Literal.String
Keyword Tokens¶
- Keyword
- For any kind of keyword (especially if it doesn’t match any of the subtypes of course).
- Keyword.Constant
- For keywords that are constants (e.g.
None
in future Python versions). - Keyword.Declaration
- For keywords used for variable declaration (e.g.
var
in some programming languages like JavaScript). - Keyword.Namespace
- For keywords used for namespace declarations (e.g.
import
in Python and Java andpackage
in Java). - Keyword.Pseudo
- For keywords that aren’t really keywords (e.g.
None
in old Python versions). - Keyword.Reserved
- For reserved keywords.
- Keyword.Type
- For builtin types that can’t be used as identifiers (e.g.
int
,char
etc. in C).
Name Tokens¶
- Name
- For any name (variable names, function names, classes).
- Name.Attribute
- For all attributes (e.g. in HTML tags).
- Name.Builtin
- Builtin names; names that are available in the global namespace.
- Name.Builtin.Pseudo
- Builtin names that are implicit (e.g.
self
in Ruby,this
in Java). - Name.Class
- Class names. Because no lexer can know if a name is a class or a function or something else this token is meant for class declarations.
- Name.Constant
- Token type for constants. In some languages you can recognise a token by the
way it’s defined (the value after a
const
keyword for example). In other languages constants are uppercase by definition (Ruby). - Name.Decorator
- Token type for decorators. Decorators are synatic elements in the Python language. Similar syntax elements exist in C# and Java.
- Name.Entity
- Token type for special entities. (e.g.
in HTML). - Name.Exception
- Token type for exception names (e.g.
RuntimeError
in Python). Some languages define exceptions in the function signature (Java). You can highlight the name of that exception using this token then. - Name.Function
- Token type for function names.
- Name.Label
- Token type for label names (e.g. in languages that support
goto
). - Name.Namespace
- Token type for namespaces. (e.g. import paths in Java/Python), names following
the
module
/namespace
keyword in other languages. - Name.Other
- Other names. Normally unused.
- Name.Tag
- Tag names (in HTML/XML markup or configuration files).
- Name.Variable
- Token type for variables. Some languages have prefixes for variable names (PHP, Ruby, Perl). You can highlight them using this token.
- Name.Variable.Class
- same as Name.Variable but for class variables (also static variables).
- Name.Variable.Global
- same as Name.Variable but for global variables (used in Ruby, for example).
- Name.Variable.Instance
- same as Name.Variable but for instance variables.
Literals¶
- Literal
- For any literal (if not further defined).
- Literal.Date
- for date literals (e.g.
42d
in Boo). - String
- For any string literal.
- String.Backtick
- Token type for strings enclosed in backticks.
- String.Char
- Token type for single characters (e.g. Java, C).
- String.Doc
- Token type for documentation strings (for example Python).
- String.Double
- Double quoted strings.
- String.Escape
- Token type for escape sequences in strings.
- String.Heredoc
- Token type for “heredoc” strings (e.g. in Ruby or Perl).
- String.Interpol
- Token type for interpolated parts in strings (e.g.
#{foo}
in Ruby). - String.Other
- Token type for any other strings (for example
%q{foo}
string constructs in Ruby). - String.Regex
- Token type for regular expression literals (e.g.
/foo/
in JavaScript). - String.Single
- Token type for single quoted strings.
- String.Symbol
- Token type for symbols (e.g.
:foo
in LISP or Ruby). - Number
- Token type for any number literal.
- Number.Bin
- Token type for binary literals (e.g.
0b101010
). - Number.Float
- Token type for float literals (e.g.
42.0
). - Number.Hex
- Token type for hexadecimal number literals (e.g.
0xdeadbeef
). - Number.Integer
- Token type for integer literals (e.g.
42
). - Number.Integer.Long
- Token type for long integer literals (e.g.
42L
in Python). - Number.Oct
- Token type for octal literals.
Operators¶
- Operator
- For any punctuation operator (e.g.
+
,-
). - Operator.Word
- For any operator that is a word (e.g.
not
).
Punctuation¶
New in version 0.7.
- Punctuation
- For any punctuation which is not an operator (e.g.
[
,(
...)
Comments¶
- Comment
- Token type for any comment.
- Comment.Multiline
- Token type for multiline comments.
- Comment.Preproc
- Token type for preprocessor comments (also
<?php
/<%
constructs). - Comment.Single
- Token type for comments that end at the end of a line (e.g.
# foo
). - Comment.Special
- Special data in comments. For example code tags, author and license information, etc.
Generic Tokens¶
Generic tokens are for special lexers like the DiffLexer that doesn’t really highlight a programming language but a patch file.
- Generic
- A generic, unstyled token. Normally you don’t use this token type.
- Generic.Deleted
- Marks the token value as deleted.
- Generic.Emph
- Marks the token value as emphasized.
- Generic.Error
- Marks the token value as an error message.
- Generic.Heading
- Marks the token value as headline.
- Generic.Inserted
- Marks the token value as inserted.
- Generic.Output
- Marks the token value as program output (e.g. for python cli lexer).
- Generic.Prompt
- Marks the token value as command prompt (e.g. bash lexer).
- Generic.Strong
- Marks the token value as bold (e.g. for rst lexer).
- Generic.Subheading
- Marks the token value as subheadline.
- Generic.Traceback
- Marks the token value as a part of an error traceback.


@iooxa/svg
The goal of @iooxa/svg
is to provide web-components for interactive scientific writing, reactive documents and explorable explanations.
Included in @iooxa/svg
are ways to create, update and display SVG diagrams.
A:
Domain:


Tuesday, March 01, 2005
I went to Randy’s and got a treatment. As we were visiting he said that they were going up to the cabin this week-end. We talked about Mae and I joining up with them. Later I called him back and we question if I feel well enough to do something like that. I guess we won’t go. Mae stayed home and worked all day. We watched a couple of movies on TV. Bob & Carroll had new carpeting installed through out their upstairs. It sure looks nice.
Wednesday, March 02, 2005
Mae and I went into the Social Security office in Ogden this morning. We corrected my address but Mae’s address was already at the Clinton address. We are not sure how that happened. We next checked about me getting the “B” option of Medicare and was told that I had to do that before I turned 65 or pay a penalty for late registering. I tried to explain that we had came in before we left for our mission to sign up and was told that we should just wait until we got home. I guess I should have made more of a fuss because she was the one that helped us before. I remember her silly hair do and the cross around he neck. Oh well, I think I’m signed up now. We tried to find the phone company but can only call a phone number and get someone somewhere and hope for the best. There are some things I don’t like about this modern world. Mae went shopping this evening. She called me as the car stalled on her. I had her move the battery cables and it started up and got her home. She got the quilt that was shipped to Scott’s. We put it on the bed. It looks good but it isn’t custom fit to our mattress. I worked on a letter to President and Sister Brimhall while Mae was gone.
Thursday, March 03, 2005
We got up at 6 AM and tried to get away by 8 but we were a little late getting away because I had to tighten the battery cables on the car. We took our tax papers over to Ed Sorenson for him to figure for us. We then came on down to American Fork getting to Mike & Becky’s about 10:30 AM. There has been a new sub-division, a new chapel and stop sign added above Mike’s that had us confused for a while. On the way down Mae was able to call Jennifer with “OWS LOGISTIC, INC.” about the shipment we had sent from the Philippines. She needed us to fax her, a copy of the papers we had on the shipment. Mike was still at his office so Becky called him and he said that I could fax them from his office. By the time we got back to Mike’s, Jennifer had called Mae and said she had faxed some information back to Mike’s office. As Mike & Becky left they took me back to Mike’s office to get the information. I then had to get a Cashier’s Check and fax a copy, from the bank, of the check to “OWS LOGISTIC, INC.” and then mailed the check to them. I got all that done and later Jennifer called Mae and said the fax did not go through. David helped me and we were able to e-mail a copy to Jennifer. I sure hope this whole thing is worth it. I have Mae quite upset with me because I haven’t been very happy about the whole situation. I thought things went better this evening. I tried to help Mae with dinner. David played the piano for a while this evening. We played a game with the children before Mae put them to bed. I tried to find a show on TV but I don’t know how to work this electronic equipment but watched a BYU talk. I fell asleep before Mae came to bed. I think Mae went to bed upset with me. I sure feel like a square peg in a round hole lately.
Friday, March 04, 2005
We are at Mike & Becky’s and tending their children. The children have been very easy to tend and a joy to be with. This evening we took them to McDonald’s for ice cream and to let the little ones play on the toys.
Saturday, March 05, 2005
We tended the children this morning. I prepared a rice casserole while Mae and the children cleaned the house. Mike & Becky got home about 2 PM. They had to leave again for a social at the school district this evening. Mike & Becky brought me a frozen yogurt when they came home.
Sunday, March 06, 2005
We were able to sleep in as church doesn’t start until 1 PM. We attended with Mike and his family. It was cooler as we walked home after church. After eating some dinner Mae & I left for home. We stopped at Jeff & Gail’s and visited with them for a little while. They taught us a new game. I am not sure that I caught on very well.
Monday, March 07, 2005
We didn’t get in any hurry to get going this morning as the phone company was to come and install our phone service. We received our new cell phones so got the old ones ready to mail back. Bob said the phone was hooked up but it didn’t work. Mae & I went to Salt Lake and after some running around and another $25.00 was able to get our crates. We came home got them unpacked. We decided to go to a movie at Kaysville but when we got there the show we wanted to see was not on. We came back to the Little Orient and got something to eat. We came home and I watched “Rocky II” while Mae worked around the house. Mike called us and he has found us a new Palm Pilot. We will get it when we go down tomorrow evening.
Tuesday, March 08, 2005
Bob prepared breakfast for us of biscuits & gravy. After breakfast Bob, Carroll & I went to Home Depot and bought some tile to re-face their fireplace. On the way back, we stopped and visited with Sandy (Irven’s wife). They want me to do some work on their house for them. Although I didn’t feel that I had time to do it right now, Sandy just insisted that I do it. When we got back home, Bob & I loaded the empty shipping crates, and old set of matters & springs onto Bob’s pickup. We drove to Sherrie’s and loaded a discarded Christmas tree and went to the dumps. When I got home I took a nap and then Mae & I drove down to American Fork to Mike’s. On the way down, we stopped at Best Buy in Sandy and got a receipt for the purchase of our computer, so we can now take it in and get it repaired. Becky had some dinner ready that we ate, after getting to their place. We then went to a basket ball game that David played in. Davit is larger by a foot than any of the other boys on his team and plays quite well. He made over ½ of the points for his team. After the game we came home. Mae talked to Georgia most of the way home. We stopped at the grocery store and picked up a few items. We also got gas before coming home. Mae made a salad while I entered my journal.
Wednesday, March 09, 2005
After breakfast Mae went down to Randy’s and got a treatment. I gathered up a few tools, went to Wal Mart and bought some wall mud and then went over to Irven’s and repaired some spots in their walls that was caused by water coming in before we replaced the roofing. There was also some settling cracks. I went down to Randy and got a treatment this afternoon.
Thursday, March 10, 2005
We didn't get up extra early but I fixed breakfast while Mae talked to Shellie on the phone. After breakfast Bob and I traced the phone lines until we were able to correct our phone lines. Mae and I went over to the State Insurance and checked on the program and found that I don't need it. We then went to mail the old cell phones and Mae realized that we should mail them by UPS. We couldn't find the office so was unable to mail them today. Bob prepared lunch of liver & onions for us. It was very good. We took our computer over to Best Buy and left it for repairs. They may take up to two weeks to get it repaired. We went up to the Hospital and visited with Kaleesee, Kim & Jeanenne's daughter. She has some health problems that they are working on. Bryce was up there so we got to visit with him. Kim also came up so we visited him also. We then went to David and Shauna's and ate dinner with them. Shauna had taco salad and burritos. That is a first for over two years. We enjoyed the children and then visited with David for a while. I am entering my journal on David's computer.
Friday, March 11, 2005
We tended David & Shauna's children as they left about 6 AM to go to Saint George with some friends. This afternoon I went into Ogden and mailed a package to T-Moble. I stopped at Big-Lot and looked at a bedroom set. I also stopped at a store for a few groceries. Mae and I watched the first part of "Seven Alone" before going to bed. The children seem to do ok and went to bed ok this evening.
Saturday, March 12, 2005
After getting up I prepared breakfast while Mae took care of the children. They had all slept very good last night. The morning went by quite well. We took the children and went into Ogden. We stopped at McDonald's and ate lunch and let Tyler and Emily play on the toys. We then went to the Dinosaur Park and spent the afternoon. Mae bought a Grandparent pass for $50,00 for the year, but that will let us bring up to six grandchildren and enter free anytime we want. It was an enjoyable afternoon as we went through the park seeing the displays and feeding the fish. We left just before 5 PM and came home. We then prepared dinner, ate, did the dishes and got the children into bed. I read a couple of stories to Tyler and Emily while Mae got Connor to sleep. Mae & I stayed up and watched a show before going to bed.
Sunday, March 13, 2005
Mae was up quite a bit last night with the children. I didn’t sleep very well in fact I slept on the couch most of the night. We had a relaxed morning. After preparing breakfast and eating, I helped do up the dishes. Mae took Tyler and Emily with her to the first half of Stake Conference. I stayed home with Connor and got him to take a nap. Mae and the kids came home after the first 1st hour and let me go. David and Shauna got home just as I pulled in. We visited and had dinner. Mae and I started home when Mae called Jeff. We went over to their place. David called and said that we had forgot our vitamins and minerals so we had Jeff and Gail go up with us to get them. Jeff and Gail then came home with us and we gave them their items from the Philippines. We enjoyed the evening with them.
Monday, March 14, 2005
We slept in until 7 AM. Mae did some washing and we packed things to go to Mike & Becky’s. Bob and Carroll got a new stove and they wanted us to see it. It is really a nice stove and after see theirs we decided that e would like one. Bob will go through Grant and see if he can get the same deal that they did. It was noon when we got away. We stopped at the Stare Café in Layton and had breakfast. Mae ordered the Sr. breakfast and I ordered a three egg with everything omelet. We were completely stuffed when we finished. We stopped at Scott’s but no one was there. We just left their Temple Dish and charger in the door and came on to Mike’s. We enjoyed the evening with Mike’s family. We enjoyed Family Home Evening with Taylor giving lesson on the Word of Wisdom. After the children went to bed Mike, Becky, Mae and I played a new version of Sorry.
Tuesday, March 15, 2005
Mae and I slept in until 7:30 AM before getting up and eating breakfast. Mike had already been to Bishopric meeting ad was about to go to work. After breakfast Mae and I showered and got dressed. We enjoyed visiting with Becky. Mae and I went down to Home Depot looking for materials and just enjoyed looking around. Mike took of work at noon. He took Mom and I out to eat at a Chinese Restraint, Becky had already eaten with the little girls. I tried to use Mike computer to update my journals. The CD gave me problems so Mike took me to the store and we bought a 128 MB Quick Drive. This really works nice and I can take this drive with me. It will work on any computer with a USB port. Mike also helped me get the scriptures set up on my Palm Pilot. I think this will be a great feature to have. This evening we played a marble game that is a lot like “Sorry”. It is a fun game. We sure enjoy being with Mike, Becky and the children.
Wednesday, March 16, 2005
We got up in time to eat breakfast with the family. Becky has been up and out walking early this morning. Mike feels a little bad that we are going back today. I wish we would have had more time also. I have been thinking of some remodeling that would increase Mike & Becky’s house. I am concerned as to the mess and length of time it would take. When we got home from Mikes the new stove that we had ordered had arrived. Mae went to Randy’s this evening for a treatment.
Thursday, March 17, 2005
I went down to Randy’s this morning at 8 AM and got a treatment. Mae and I went into Ogden. We looked at some furniture at Merchandize Discount Outlet, and then we went to Home Depot and bought three Bar Stools. We went up to Big Lot to look at their bedroom sets. Mae liked the Oak set so we purchased it. We will have to get the Dresser from the Layton store. We drove to Grantsville getting there between 4 & 4:30 PM. We just enjoyed visiting and eating with dinner with Sandi and Chelci. This evening the four of us set in the hot tub for a while.
Friday, March 18, 2005
After eating breakfast and Sandi left for work, I went to Tooele to price fencing for Sandi’s yard to keep her dog in. I also looked at a “Radio Fence” unit. I suggested to Sandi, when she came home for lunch, that that might be the best way and the cheapest way to go. It does take some time to train your animal. She agreed so this afternoon Mae, Chelci and I went back to Tooele. We purchased a unit and then went to Wal Mart for some other items. When Sandi got off work we drove to JaNae and Brad’s home as it is Dawson’s Birthday. JaNae and Brad showed Mae and I their building lot. They hope to build this year. We attended a Utah Cattleman’s association meeting and Banquet, as Chelci had been asked to sing four numbers at it. She did very well with her songs. We went back to JaNae’s for a while.
Saturday, March 19, 2005
Sandi and Chelci were busy with practices for the Grantsville Old Folks Sociable. Mae sewed the hem on a dress for Sandi. Mae and I walked over to see the cars at a car show that is connected with the Sociable. It was fun to reminisce as we looked at some of those old models that we remembered. I got in the hot tub for a few minutes this afternoon. This evening Jeff & Gail came out to attend the Sociable with us. Nick Bradley also came to the Sociable with us. He is dating Sandi and it may get serious. At this point we feel ok with it. Sandi danced in two numbers on the program and Chelci sang one song. The meal was also very good. After eating Jeff and Gail left as Jeff had school work to do. The rest of attended the dance and we enjoyed it. We danced quite a while this evening and was tired when we came home. Mae & I got in the hot tub again to heat out the sourness from dancing.
Sunday, March 20, 2005
I woke at 6 AM with something beeping. I finally had to get up to find out what it was and found that it was one of our phones that needed charging. I didn’t get back to sleep but lay in bed until time to get up for church. We got up and fixed something to eat as Sandi & Chelci attended another ward where a friend of Chelci’s was reporting on his mission. Sandi got home in time to attend church with us. We saw quite a few that we still remembered in the ward. Sandi fixed dinner for us. After dinner Chelci left to go back to Cedar City to school. Mae & I left to come home about 5 PM. We stopped at Scott’s and got our cross stitch that Emmy finished and sent to us. We also got my charger for my cordless drill and saw. Shellie called and said they have sick children and maybe we had better rethink our trip right now. We stopped at Jeff and Gail’s for a few minutes to drop off a wedding gift for Gail’s sister. Gail gave Mae the cookies she had bought through the school. Bob came down to visit and bring us a package for us. It was our computer that Toshiba repaired for us. They got most things repaired and told us to order a new battery for it. I spent the evening getting my journal caught up to date. Mae called Shellie and it sounds like she and Roy are having some problems.
Monday, March 21, 2005
Mae went down to Randy’s and got a treatment this morning. She then went shopping for a few groceries. Bob and I got my pickup off the stands and hooked up the battery. It seems to run ok. Bob had a investment salesman come and talk to him about moving some of his savings. Bob ask if I would listen in as he has a hard time hearing. I don’t know how to advise him but it sounds pretty good. This afternoon Bob had a Brother from the Ward come over with his pickup. He took us into the Big Lot to get our bedroom set. We then had to go to the Layton store to get the dresser. I tried to pay him for his time and gas but he refused to accept anything. This evening Mae, Bob and I set the bedroom set up. We got it set up and Mae got most things transferred into the new drawers. I was tired when we finished.
Tuesday, March 22, 2005
I went down to Randy’s for a treatment this morning. We have decided to go to Arizona so while I was gone Mae got things packed. We left about 11:30 AM and drove to Kanab. There we stayed with Judy and Paul Giles in Kanab. Judy was Hendrick Brandenberg wife before he was killed in an automobile accident. We enjoyed visiting with them this evening. Judy prepared a wonderful meal of homemade chicken noodles for us.
Wednesday, March 23, 2005
We got up and left by 7:30 AM and traveled to Page Arizona where we stopped for breakfast. A snow storm had passed through at 3 AM and there was snow or slush on the road as we traveled. After eating breakfast we filled the car with gas and traveled on to Chandler Arizona. We got to Shellie and Roy’s about 3:30 PM. We sure enjoyed visiting with all the family. The children have all grown quite a bit but Jase has changed the most. Garrett went with me to the store and I let him drive. He had a few problems but is doing fair in his driving. Roy came home early and started getting things ready so we can take the quads out in the desert tomorrow. Irven called and talked to me for a few minutes. Garrett worked with me on my computer and it is interesting how smart he is on the computer. We were up until after mid-night visiting and getting the toy-hauler loaded.
Thursday, March 24, 2005
I woke up about 7 AM and showered. Shellie had breakfast about ready. Roy went to work for a while this morning. He came home about noon and we got things finished packed and left for the sand dunes. We went just across the California border so it took over 3 hours to get there. We spent quite a while trying to find others we were to camp with. When we found them and tried to go where they were we got stuck in the sand. With one of them helping with his truck we were able to get out. We decided to set up camp in a different area. It was late so we set up, cooked dinner then set up around a camp fire for a while before going to bed.
Friday, March 25, 2005
I woke during the night with stomach problems and had to sit up for a while. We were late getting up this morning. Most of the day was spent ridding sand buggies, quads (four wheelers), playing games and visiting. The boys gave Mae and I rides and we enjoyed being with them. Mae and I went for a walk and as we walked we discussed the amount of money spent on entertainment and toys compared to the little the Filipinos have. We are truly rich Americans as the Filipinos say.
Saturday, March 26, 2005
We got up at 7 AM and soon everyone else was up. After breakfast we played games while all the rest went riding. We spent a couple of hours with the children hunting Easter Eggs. Garrett was the one that hid the eggs and the other three boys sure had fun finding them. Shellie and Mae made Devil Eggs with several of the eggs. Roy and Shellie went for a long ride into the higher sand dunes with the quads. We packed up when Roy and Shellie returned and left for home about 4:30 PM. We stopped in Yuma and ate at the Carl’s Jr. Roy also stopped to dump the waste, clean out the tanks and get fuel. It was 9:30 PM when we got home and after min-night by the time we unpacked, showered and got to bed.
Sunday, March 27, 2005
It was 7:30 AM when we woke up. We got up and prepared breakfast of French toast. After breakfast Shellie had hidden Easter Baskets for all the family. It was fun as we all tried to find where she had hidden them. Shellie is very concerned that everyone receives a nice Easter Basket. We attended meetings with Roy and his family. I fell asleep during the speakers. When we separated for Priesthood classes, I met a Brother Larsen who had served his mission in the Angeles mission in 1987. We visited the full time of Priesthood classes. We helped prepared dinner and we ate out by the swimming pool. It was very relaxing. After eating Shellie, Roy, Mae & I visited for a while. We spent time playing with the children. At 7 PM Roy and Shellie called the family together for Family Home Evening. We enjoyed their Home Evening and played a game with the children. After the little children went to bed we watched the show “The Passion of Christ”. It was really dramatic in the betrayal of the crucifixion of Christ. I did feel that the resurrection was skipped over very lightly. We discussed it for a while after and I finished my journal entry for today before going to bed.
Monday, March 28, 2005
We got up and helped prepare breakfast. Garrett was on the internet so Mae checked our e-mail and had several that were there. Most were forwarded messages so she just deleted them. I called Wells Fargo and found out the pass words to get into our account. I was able to pull up a statement but had problems printing it off on Shellie’s computer. Garrett finally got it off. I worked most of the day getting the statement to balance. Shellie read from the scriptures each evening with the children. Part of the time Roy is there also. This evening he was getting the Toy Hauler taken back to their storage lot.
Tuesday, March 29, 2005
We were late getting up and going. The boys had school today so they were gone before we got up. We visited quite a while this morning about the Gospel and the purposes of life with Shellie. We took Shellie’s red car and the Expedition to have them washed. The Expedition will not be finished until tomorrow. We used the red car and went shopping at Kohl’s and Costco. Mae and I bought several items of clothes for each of us.
Thursday, March 30, 2005
We got up early and left for Utah by 5 AM. We went by way of Page and then cut over to St. George at Zion’s. We went to Aunt Joy’s and had a wonderful visit with her. We tried to call Uncle Van but couldn’t get them. We drove to Fillmore and stayed with Joyce and Bill Stoddard. We stayed up until almost mid-night visiting with them. We enjoyed talking about the experiences both couples have had on our missions.


India Claims Situation in Kashmir Completely Normal Since Revocation of Special Status
New Delhi (Sputnik): India imposed restrictions and took hundreds of political leaders and activists into custody in Jammu and Kashmir prior to stripping the restive state of its special constitutional status in early August.
On Wednesday, India’s federal Home Minister Amit Shah told the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, that the “situation is completely normal in Jammu and Kashmir”.
He claimed that not a single person was killed in police firing and that all prohibitions imposed earlier in the wake of the revocation of the state's special status have been lifted.
Shah asserted that compared to the previous year, incidents of stone-throwing by residents had fallen to 554 from 802 in 2018. The minister went on to say that restrictions have been lifted from all regions and listed several developments to highlight normalcy in the state, including:
- Schools are open and examinations are being held
- All hospitals and public health facilities are functioning; there is no shortage of drugs
- There is no shortage of essential commodities such as fuel and food
- Most telephone connections have been restored
- All newspapers and television channels are back in operation
According to the minister, about 5,000 people – prominent political figures and activists, and leaders of pro-independence organisations were taken into custody in early August, but most of them have since been released.
Concurring with New Delhi’s claim, a local journalist in Srinagar, who wished to remain unnamed said that the situation in the Kashmir valley is peaceful, although the internet is still offline.
On 5 August, the Indian government moved to scrap Article 370 of the national constitution, which grants special autonomy to the state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Muslim-majority Indian-controlled part of Kashmir.
Islamabad rejected New Delhi’s Kashmir decision and launched a diplomatic offensive against it.
Kashmir has been a contentious issue between the south Asian rivals since they gained independence in 1947. The area has witnessed violence for the past three decades and according to the Home Minister over 40,000 people have lost their lives.
Both nations claim the entire region but control only parts of it. Over the past 70 years, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought two wars and waged a limited conflict over the region.


Now, I’m getting interested in Redis. The concept of Redis seems to be different from other general purpose database like relational, document, graph databases; each of these employs a one-size-fits-all data model. By no free lunch theorem, these databases cannot store and fetch some kind of data efficiently. Some of this data can be efficiently handled by Redis since it provides specialized and primitive data structures. This specialty attracts me.
So, I intend to dig into Redis source codes. First step of code reading is to overview source codes and decide where to read. In this post, I visualize source code dependency graph.
Graphviz dot
utility
A simple way to visualize a dependency graph is to use dot utility program in Graphviz. It can generate a graphical image from a plain text, e.g.,
# graph.dot
digraph "graph" {
a -> b
a -> c
c -> d
c -> e
}
This source represents a directed graph with 5 nodes a, b, …, e and 4 edges. Input this to dot:
dot -T png -o graph.png > graph.dot
Resulting output becomes:
Extract source code dependencies
As above, we need to enumerate dependencies to visualize the graph but what source code dependency mean in fact? Here, I define a dependency is represented by #include
statements (Redis is written in C).
Thus, dependencies are easily enumerated by a simple script like
cd $PATH_TO_REDIS_REPO
echo 'digraph "redis" {'
for i in *.h; do
for j in *.{h,c}; do
[[ ${i%.h} = ${j%.*} ]] && continue
grep -q -E "#include\s*[<\"]${i}[\">]" $j && echo "\"${j%.*}\" -> \"${i%.*}\""
done
done
echo '}'
(Nested loop is to exclude header files not in Redis repository such as stdin.h
)
Here is the resulting dependency graph:
A bit complex. As you can see, almost source codes have dependency with redis.h
. So I remove this trivial dependency and regenerated a graph:
Looks little bit clear! Maybe I should understand zmalloc first.
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{% extends 'base.html'%} {% import 'macros.html' as macro%} {% block styles%} {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Life can get a little complicated, so much can change in 60 seconds, this pitches might just be that little nudge you need!


Test how browsers fire keydown and keypress events
Type into <input>, and watch console for log messages.


Company profile - Canadian Company Capabilities
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
Giga-tron Associates Limited
Mailing Address:
1A-2775 Moodie Dr.NEPEAN, Ontario
K2J 4S6
Location Address:
1A-2775 Moodie Dr.NEPEAN, Ontario
K2J 4S6
Tel.:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Company Profile
Distributors of high tech, RF, Microwave subsystems and components, unique, complete building block technologies for designers in the RF field, from antennas to cabling
Giga-Tron Associates is a manufacturers technical sales representative firm having been in business since 1973. We continue to support both Commercial and Government markets.
We specialize in the areas of todays High Technology arena. These technology areas can be diverse and may include: Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave Frequency based Components as well as complex RF and Microwave Systems; Wireless Telemetry; Avionics / Data and software applications; Digital COFDM Video and Audio Transport; and Antenna solutions.
These areas are multi-disciplined and can include technologies in Wireless, Ethernet, IP (Internet Protocol)
Having been well established in the Canadian marketplace for over 35 years, Giga-Tron has been a valuable resource to design Engineers, Technologists, Managers and Procurement Authorities for their component and system level application needs.
Full profile
Full profile
Contact information
Company description
Product / Service / Licensing
Antennas
Attenuators
Bias Tees
Cable RF
Circulators
Connectors
Connectors
DC Blocks
DC Injectors
Directional Couplers
Delay Lines
Diplexers
Doublers ( Frequency )
Downconverters
Duplexer
Fiber optic cables
Fiber Optic Links
Filters
Frequency Converters
Frequency Demodulators
Frequency Doublers
Frequency Limiters
Frequency Mixers
Frequency Modulators
Frequency Multipliers
Front End ( RF )
Hybrid Coupler
Impedance Matching Pads
Isolators
Oscillators
Phase Detectors
Phase Shifters
Power Combiners
Power Detectors
Power Splitters
Powers Sensors
RF / IF Transformers
Rotary Joints
Silicon Assemblies - Connectorized or Modular
Switches - RF
Test Fixtures
Upconverters
Vector Modulators ( I&Q)
(I&Q) Demodulators
Lightning Protection products see Times Microwave Protect
Amplifiers - Surface mount
Attenuators Surface mount
Baluns - Surface mount
Capacitors Surface mount
Ceramic Integrated Passive components
Circulators Surface mount
Connectors - Surface mount
Diodes
Diplexers - Surface mount
Directional Couplers Surface mount
Evaluation Boards - Surface mount
Filters Surface mount
Frequency Converters - Surface mount
Frequency Converters Surface mount
Frequency Doublers - Surface mount
Frequency Mixers Surface mount
Frequency Multipliers - Surface mount
Hybrid Coupler Surface mount
Impedance Matching Pads - Surface mount
Inductors ( RF ) - Surface mount
Isolators Surface mount
Line Drivers - Surface mount
Oscillators - Surface mount
Phase Detectors - Surface mount
Phase Detectors Surface mount
Power Combiners - Surface mount
Power Combiners Surface mount
Power Splitters - Surface mount
Resistors - Surface mount
RF / IF Transformers - Surface mount
Semiconductors - RF And Microwave
Silicon Control Components products ( cases with Pins for connectors)
Switches - RF - Surface mount
Substrate Drop-in Circulators
Terminations - Surface mount
Transistors (RF)
Adapters - Waveguide to Waveguide
Antennas Wavguide
Arc detectors - Wavguide
Arc detectors Wavguide
Attenuators - Waveguide
Bulkhead feedthrus
Circulators - Waveguide
Directional Coupler Wavguide
Dehydrators
Filters Waveguide
Flanges
Waveguide Gaskets
GaAs Assemblies for Waveguide
Hardware for Waveguide
Isolators - Waveguide
Loads Waveguide
Orthomode Transducers (OMT)
Pedestals Wavguide
Phase Shifters
Power Combiners Waveguide
Power Splitters Waveguide
Rotary Joints - Waveguide
Shims
Shorts
Switches RF Waveguide
Tees
Terminations Waveguide
Transceivers - waveguide
Video Detectors
Waveguide Pressurized sections
Waveguide Quick Disconnect
Waveguide assemblies with Flanges attached
High Power waveguide Subsystems
Diplexers Waveguide
Waveguide Amplifiers
Automatic Device Handling Systems
Cables - Measurement Grade
RF and Microwave Cables that are better quality performance for Repeatable
measurements in a Lab or production
Non Coaxial Calibration Standards
Noise Sources
Precision Components for test, measurement, and calibration purposes
Test Fixtures
Manual Tuners
Antenna Test Systems
UNIVERSAL LCD Based Cockpit Display INDICATOR
cockpit display and control units
PCI, PMC, PCIE, PC/104+, cPCI and PCCARD
Mil 1553 Interface Cards
transmission from HF through Microwave frequencies military specifications, including MIL-C-17 for coaxial cables
5820-Radio and Television Communications Equipment, Except Airborne
5821-Radio and Television Communication Equipment, Airborne
5865-Electronic Countermeasures, Counter- Countermeasures and Quick Reaction Capability Equipment
5895-Miscellaneous Communication Equipment
5932-Electrical Connectors
5935-Connectors, Electrical
5962-Microcircuits, Electronic
5985-Antennas, Waveguide, and Related Equipment
5995-Cable, Cord, and Wire Assemblies: Communication Equipment
5998-Electrical and Electronic Assemblies; Boards, Cards, and Associated Hardware
5999-Miscellaneous Electrical and Electronic Components
6007-Filters
6625-Electrical and Electronic Properties Measuring and Testing Instruments
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
Contacts
Contact information
Description
Company description
Products, services and licensing
Product / Service / Licensing
Antennas
Attenuators
Bias Tees
Cable RF
Circulators
Connectors
Connectors
DC Blocks
DC Injectors
Directional Couplers
Delay Lines
Diplexers
Doublers ( Frequency )
Downconverters
Duplexer
Fiber optic cables
Fiber Optic Links
Filters
Frequency Converters
Frequency Demodulators
Frequency Doublers
Frequency Limiters
Frequency Mixers
Frequency Modulators
Frequency Multipliers
Front End ( RF )
Hybrid Coupler
Impedance Matching Pads
Isolators
Oscillators
Phase Detectors
Phase Shifters
Power Combiners
Power Detectors
Power Splitters
Powers Sensors
RF / IF Transformers
Rotary Joints
Silicon Assemblies - Connectorized or Modular
Switches - RF
Test Fixtures
Upconverters
Vector Modulators ( I&Q)
(I&Q) Demodulators
Lightning Protection products see Times Microwave Protect
Amplifiers - Surface mount
Attenuators Surface mount
Baluns - Surface mount
Capacitors Surface mount
Ceramic Integrated Passive components
Circulators Surface mount
Connectors - Surface mount
Diodes
Diplexers - Surface mount
Directional Couplers Surface mount
Evaluation Boards - Surface mount
Filters Surface mount
Frequency Converters - Surface mount
Frequency Converters Surface mount
Frequency Doublers - Surface mount
Frequency Mixers Surface mount
Frequency Multipliers - Surface mount
Hybrid Coupler Surface mount
Impedance Matching Pads - Surface mount
Inductors ( RF ) - Surface mount
Isolators Surface mount
Line Drivers - Surface mount
Oscillators - Surface mount
Phase Detectors - Surface mount
Phase Detectors Surface mount
Power Combiners - Surface mount
Power Combiners Surface mount
Power Splitters - Surface mount
Resistors - Surface mount
RF / IF Transformers - Surface mount
Semiconductors - RF And Microwave
Silicon Control Components products ( cases with Pins for connectors)
Switches - RF - Surface mount
Substrate Drop-in Circulators
Terminations - Surface mount
Transistors (RF)
Adapters - Waveguide to Waveguide
Antennas Wavguide
Arc detectors - Wavguide
Arc detectors Wavguide
Attenuators - Waveguide
Bulkhead feedthrus
Circulators - Waveguide
Directional Coupler Wavguide
Dehydrators
Filters Waveguide
Flanges
Waveguide Gaskets
GaAs Assemblies for Waveguide
Hardware for Waveguide
Isolators - Waveguide
Loads Waveguide
Orthomode Transducers (OMT)
Pedestals Wavguide
Phase Shifters
Power Combiners Waveguide
Power Splitters Waveguide
Rotary Joints - Waveguide
Shims
Shorts
Switches RF Waveguide
Tees
Terminations Waveguide
Transceivers - waveguide
Video Detectors
Waveguide Pressurized sections
Waveguide Quick Disconnect
Waveguide assemblies with Flanges attached
High Power waveguide Subsystems
Diplexers Waveguide
Waveguide Amplifiers
Automatic Device Handling Systems
Cables - Measurement Grade
RF and Microwave Cables that are better quality performance for Repeatable
measurements in a Lab or production
Non Coaxial Calibration Standards
Noise Sources
Precision Components for test, measurement, and calibration purposes
Test Fixtures
Manual Tuners
Antenna Test Systems
UNIVERSAL LCD Based Cockpit Display INDICATOR
cockpit display and control units
PCI, PMC, PCIE, PC/104+, cPCI and PCCARD
Mil 1553 Interface Cards
transmission from HF through Microwave frequencies military specifications, including MIL-C-17 for coaxial cables
5820-Radio and Television Communications Equipment, Except Airborne
5821-Radio and Television Communication Equipment, Airborne
5865-Electronic Countermeasures, Counter- Countermeasures and Quick Reaction Capability Equipment
5895-Miscellaneous Communication Equipment
5932-Electrical Connectors
5935-Connectors, Electrical
5962-Microcircuits, Electronic
5985-Antennas, Waveguide, and Related Equipment
5995-Cable, Cord, and Wire Assemblies: Communication Equipment
5998-Electrical and Electronic Assemblies; Boards, Cards, and Associated Hardware
5999-Miscellaneous Electrical and Electronic Components
6007-Filters
6625-Electrical and Electronic Properties Measuring and Testing Instruments


Parser combinator and maybe rule
Parser combinator is a technique to build top down parsing logic in any language, for more detail on that refer to Parser Combinator wiki page, rest of this article describe a use case with goparsec tool written in golang.
Following code uses two types of combinator logic, And and Maybe:
- And combinator forces that all three tokens should match.
- Maybe combinator gives an exception on the second token, which can be optional.
Prior to this commit, there was an issue with goparsec tool, which failed to parse the second i/p text text: "hello" false:
text: "hello" 10 false
parsed 3 items
index:0 string
index:1 parsec.Terminal
index:2 parsec.Terminal
......
text: "hello" false
with a fix to goparsec tool, our parsec works fine with the second i/p text.
text: "hello" 10 false
parsed 3 items
index:0 string
index:1 parsec.Terminal
index:2 parsec.Terminal
......
text: "hello" false
parsed 3 items
index:0 string
index:1 parsec.MaybeNone
index:2 parsec.Terminal
Note that the second item, index:1, is parsed as parsec.MaybeNone, which indicates that the second token was not present in the input text. Whereas the first, index:0 and the third, index:2 nodes are parsed in same way as that of the first i/p.


Taking Action¶
A critical part of building your bot is taking actions. The actions you can take are listed below. Only one action can be set per turn. All actions are set by calling
Selecting a contract¶
A list of contracts will be generated every turn. These contracts can be viewed in truck.contract_list Once you have chosen a contract, pass the select contract enum and either the index of the contract which you wish to select or the contract object. Selecting a contract takes one hour.
actions.set_action(ActionType.select_contract, 0)
actions.set_action(ActionType.select_contract, chosen_contract)
Will set your contract to the contract at index 0
Moving¶
Moving requires selecting a road. The list of roads you can select is in truck.current_node.roads. Simply pass the road you wish to travel to by passing the index of the road you wish to take. Each road will lead to the same node. Please note that the amount of time it takes to travel a road is simply calculated by (road.length / player.truck.get_current_speed())
actions.set_action(ActionType.select_route, 0)
Will take your road at index 0. The MPG for a given speed is
def getMPG(speed):
return (-0.00249444*(speed**2))+(.2520296*speed)+.22752
Buying Gas¶
You can buy gas at every node. Gas prices vary from node to node. There are no arguments passed to the buy gas method, it will either fill up your tank or buy the most gas you can afford. Buying gas also takes a flat 5 hours.
actions.set_action(ActionType.buy_gas)
Will fill your tank (or buy the most you can afford)
Repairing¶
Throughout the game your truck will take damage. Similar to buying gas, Repair prices will fluctuate from node to node. No arguments are required, and the truck will either fully repair or repair the most you can afford. Repairing a truck takes 10 hours.
actions.set_action(ActionType.repair)
Will fill your health (or buy the most you can afford)
Upgrading¶
Upgrades can negate damage and time penalties from events. There are two upgrade slots (body, addons) which each have three different upgrade types. If you don’t have enough money, the upgrade will be ignored. Switching from one object to another will result in a complete loss of the former upgrade. Upgrading takes 4 hours.
actions.set_action(ActionType.upgrade, Objectype.policeScanner)
Will upgrade or switch your add on object to policeScanner. Other possible upgrades are tank, headlights, sentryGun, rabbitFoot, and GPS
Switching Tires¶
Tires are like upgrades, but they don’t have any levels. The syntax is also slightly different. Switching tires also takes 4 hours.
actions.set_action(ActionType.change_tires, TireType.tire_econ)switch_tires
Will switch your tires to the tire_econ type
Choosing a speed¶
You can set your trucks speed to an integer value between 1 and 100 MPH. Going faster will allow you to complete more contracts, but will also increase the probability of events happening. Your speed will also affect your fuel efficiency. Increasing your speed takes one hour.
actions.set_action(ActionType.set_speed, 66)
Will set your trucks speed to 66 mph
Failure to action¶
Not taking any action is a valid action. It takes one hour to take no action.


Three S&P 500 stocks with recent strong returns and short interest of at least 15 per cent
by Hugh Smith, CFA, MBAWhat are we looking for?
Constituents of a high-flying index that now may be venturing too close to the sun.
The screen
The S&P 500’s current bull run, the longest in history, celebrated its 10th birthday on March 9, and has shown no signs of slowing, posting more than a 15-per-cent return since then. The price of the index is now 22.5 times aggregate earnings, the highest price-to-earnings ratio in more than 15½ years and higher that at any point during the run up to the financial crisis. All this comes against the backdrop of a trade war with China chief among a number of geopolitical concerns and historically low interest rates. (During the 40 years from 1969 to 2009, the Federal funds rate averaged 6.5 per cent; it has averaged 0.5 per cent in the 10 years since.)
In short, investors in U.S. large caps have had a good run, and for those keen to crystallize gains before the good times end, we will look for companies that have performed well recently and may be due for a pullback.
First, we screen for S&P 500 companies where short interest is at least 15 per cent of shares outstanding. This suggests that institutional investors, or “smart money," have not only sold the stock, but have actually taken a large active bet on the stock price falling.
Among these, we screen for only companies with a one-month and three-month total return of at least 2 per cent and 5 per cent, respectively.
Finally, we use the Refinitiv credit-ranking quantitative model to identify companies likely to be downgraded. The model considers things such as leverage, profitability and liquidity as well as using artificial intelligence to text-mine transcripts, news, filings and research to calculate an implied credit rating for a company. When this implied rating is lower than the rating given by the ratings agencies – Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s, Fitch – the company is four times as likely to be downgraded as upgraded. We will refine our search to only companies whose implied rating is lower than that assigned by the ratings agencies.
More about Refinitiv
Refinitiv, formerly the financial and risk business of Thomson Reuters, is one of the largest providers of financial markets data and infrastructure, serving more than 40,000 institutions worldwide. With a dynamic combination of data, insights and technology, as well as news from Reuters, our customers can access solutions for every challenge, including a breadth of applications, tools, and content – all supported by human expertise.
What we found
The screen yields three companies, and all three are in the consumer discretionary sector, which is cyclical in nature and tends to see falling earnings, and thus falling share prices, in an economic slowdown. The sector in general has a forward (next 12 months) P/E ratio of 22 times. This makes it the second-most expensive sector behind only real estate, which is generally much more stable through a slowdown. The results of the screen might be indicative of a slowdown in the broader sector as U.S. consumers lose confidence in the economy and spend less of their discretionary income.
The two companies with the highest short interest – Macy’s Inc. and Nordstrom Inc. – are both department stores. The issues facing this type of bricks-and-mortar business model in a time of rapidly expanding online retail through Amazon.com Inc. and others is well documented, and the results of the screen only reinforces these views.
Investors are advised to do their own research before trading in any of the securities shown here.
Select S&P 500 stocks with recent strong returns and short interest of at least 15 per cent
| Company | Symbol | Mkt. Cap. (US$ Mil.) | Short Interest (%) | 1M Rtn. (%) | 3M Rtn. (%) | Issuer Rating | Refinitiv Implied Rating | Div Yld. NTM (%) | 1Y Rtn. (%) | Recent Close (US$) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macy's Inc. | M-N | 5,214 | 27.0 | 11.6 | 8.0 | A | BB- | 8.9 | -45.1 | 16.88 |
| Nordstrom Inc. | JWN-N | 5,879 | 20.1 | 9.5 | 51.5 | BBB | BB+ | 4.2 | -23.1 | 37.87 |
| Hanesbrands Inc. | HBI-N | 5,585 | 15.5 | 2.3 | 14.4 | A- | BB+ | 4.0 | 7.3 | 15.44 |
Source: Refinitiv
Hugh Smith, CFA, MBA, is the manager of Refinitiv’s investment management business for the Americas and is a director on the board of the Responsible Investment Association of Canada.
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Calculates the enrichment of associated variant set (AVS) for an array of genomic regions. The AVS is the collection of disjoint LD blocks computed from a list of disease associated SNPs and their linked (LD) SNPs. VSE generates a null distribution of matched random variant sets (MRVSs) from 1000 Genome Project Phase III data that are identical to AVS, LD block by block. It then computes the enrichment of AVS intersecting with user provided genomic features (e.g., histone marks or transcription factor binding sites) compared with the null distribution.
| Version: | 0.99 |
| Depends: | GenomicRanges |
| Imports: | igraph, car, IRanges, parallel |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown, ggplot2 |
| Published: | 2016-03-21 |
| Author: | Musaddeque Ahmed |
| Maintainer: | Hansen He <hansenhe at uhnresearch.ca> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | VSE results |
| Reference manual: | VSE.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Variant Set Enrichment |
| Package source: | VSE_0.99.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: VSE_0.99.zip, r-release: VSE_0.99.zip, r-oldrel: VSE_0.99.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: VSE_0.99.tgz, r-oldrel: VSE_0.99.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=VSE to link to this page.


This the architecture document of the S3A Auditing component.
The S3A auditing subsystem is defined in the package org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit.
This package is declared LimitedPrivate; some classes inside are explicitly declared @Public (e.g AuditConstants) while others @Private. If declared @Private, external auditing modules MUST NOT use them.
@InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate("auditing extensions") @InterfaceStability.Unstable package org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit;
The auditing implementation classes are all in the package package org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit.impl. These MUST NOT be subclassed or invoked directly by external code.
Audit classes/interfaces which are intended to be used across object store clients and manipulated from other parts of hadoop are in hadoop-common JAR in the package org.apache.hadoop.fs.store.
An AuditSpan audits a single Hadoop FileSystem API operation such as open(Path), rename(Path, Path) or listFiles(Path, Boolean).
public interface AuditSpan extends Closeable { String getSpanId(); String getOperationName(); long getTimestamp(); AuditSpan activate(); void deactivate(); default void close() { deactivate(); } boolean isValidSpan(); void set(String key, String value); }
Audit Spans are intended for use within FileSystem clients; that is not visible to applications invoking them.
This interface is implemented by sources of audit spans.
public interface AuditSpanSource<T extends AuditSpan> { T createSpan(String operation, @Nullable String path1, @Nullable String path2) throws IOException; }
All S3 Auditors implement this interface, as does the AuditManagerS3A. (Implementation note: so do S3AFileSystem and WriteOperationHelper)
When a Hadoop FS API call is made of an S3AFileSystem instance, it calls startOperation on its audit manager; this will relay it to the auditor is bound to.
The auditor then creates and returns a span for the specific operation. The AuditManagerS3A will automatically activate the span returned by the auditor (i.e. assign it the thread local variable tracking the active span in each thread).
This architecture contains a critical defect, HADOOP-18091 S3A auditing leaks memory through ThreadLocal references.
The code was written assuming that when the ActiveAuditManagerS3A service is stopped, it’s ThreadLocal fields would be freed. In fact, they are retained until the threads with references are terminated.
This is why auditing is now disabled by default until a fix is implemented.
This is a class in hadoop-common which provides a context to auditing operations across all instrumented filesystems.
It’s Global Context values are a map of string keys and values, which are constant across all threads. This is where global values such as a process UUID and the class executed by ToolRunner are noted.
The CommonAuditContext.currentAuditContext() call returns a thread local CommonAuditContext which is a thread-local map of keys to string values. It also supports a map of evaluated entries. This is a map of type Map<String, Supplier<String>>. supplier methods/lambda expressions set here are dynamically evaluated when auditors retrieve the values. Spans may be used on different thread from that which they were created. Spans MUST always use the values from the currentAuditContext() in the creation thread.
This auditor creates spans which doesn’t do anything with the events.
<property> <name>fs.s3a.audit.service.classname</name> <value>org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit.impl.NoopAuditor</value> </property>
This is not the same as disabling auditing, as it still uses the ActiveAuditManagerS3A class which is the source of memory leaks.
Avoid using it except in tests as there is no benefit -simply significant cost.
The logging auditor logs operations to the console at DEBUG level (to keep the noise down), and attaches the operation details in the HTTP “referer” header.
It can be configured to raise an exception whenever an S3 API call is made from within the unbonded span. This option primarily for development, as it is how we can verify that all calls are audited/identify where this is not possible.
The class ActiveAuditManager provides all the support needed for S3AFileSystem to support spans, including * Loading and starting the auditor declared in a Hadoop configuration. * Maintaining a per-thread record of the active audit span * Switching spans on AuditSpan.activate() and reverting to the unbonded span in deactivate() and close(). * Providing binding classes to be passed into the AWS SDK so as to invoke audit operations prior to requests being issued. This is essential to guarantee that all AWS S3 operations will be audited.
It’s a YARN composite service which follows the standard lifecycle. The actual auditor is instantiated initialized and started in its service start phase; closed when the Audit Manager is stopped.
public interface AuditManagerS3A extends Service, AuditSpanSource<AuditSpanS3A>, AWSAuditEventCallbacks, ActiveThreadSpanSource<AuditSpanS3A> { /** * Get the auditor; valid once initialized. * @return the auditor. */ OperationAuditor getAuditor(); /** * Create the request handler(s) for this audit service. * The list returned is mutable; new handlers may be added. * @return list of handlers for the SDK. * @throws IOException failure. */ List<RequestHandler2> createRequestHandlers() throws IOException; /** * Return a transfer state change callback which * fixes the active span context to be that in which * the state change listener was created. * This can be used to audit the creation of the multipart * upload initiation request which the transfer manager * makes when a file to be copied is split up. * This must be invoked/used within the active span. * @return a state change listener. */ TransferStateChangeListener createStateChangeListener(); /** * Check for permission to access a path. * The path is fully qualified and the status is the * status of the path. * This is called from the {@code FileSystem.access()} command * and is a soft permission check used by Hive. * @param path path to check * @param status status of the path. * @param mode access mode. * @return true if access is allowed. * @throws IOException failure */ boolean checkAccess(Path path, S3AFileStatus status, FsAction mode) throws IOException; }
This extension point is @Unstable
@InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate("S3A auditing extensions") @InterfaceStability.Unstable package org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit;
A custom OperationAuditor auditor is a class which implements the interface org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit.OperationAuditor. This SHOULD be done by subclassing org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.audit.AbstractOperationAuditor.
It is a YARN service and follows the lifecycle: configured in serviceInit(); start any worker threads/perform startup operations in serviceStart() and shutdown in serviceStop().
In use, it will be instantiated in S3AFileSystem.initialize() and shutdown when the FS instance is closed.
It will be instantiated before the AWS S3 Client is built -it may provide a request handler to be part of the handler chain of the S3 request pipeline.
It will be closed in the FileSystem.close() operation, after the S3 Client is itself closed.
IETF requires *.example.org to be unresolvable through DNS, so with a well configured DNS there’s never any host to probe.
It guarantees that there will never be real HTTP requests coming in from that host.
Provenance and versioning.
While most API calls have a bounded duration, e.g. getFileStatus(), some calls have a very long lifespan (input and output streams). List iterators are never formally terminated, they just “fall out of scope”, Thus, they’d never end.
Having a uniform “Audit Spans are never explicitly terminated” design means that it is consistent everywhere.
It’s a no-op.
It does mean that if you deactivate the span the first time, then the thread reverts immediately to the unbonded span.
Again, it gets complicated fast, especially when audit spans our shared across threads.
Because of the sharing you cannot store the previous span in a field within the AuditSpan itself.
Instead you need to have a thread local stack per FileSystem instance of active audit spans.
And you had better be confident that audit spans are correctly activated and deactivated, with no span deactivated more than once -else the stack will become confused.
Having a simple “In Span” or “Out of Span” model avoids this problem. However, it does prevent the S3A FileSystem implementation methods from calling other methods which create new spans. Hence the annotation of all span entry points as @AuditEntryPoint and a need for rigorous review of the invocations. As with the need to make sure that we never call retry() around a method tagged @Retry, making sure that an audit entry point doesn’t invoke another audit entry point is going to become another piece of maintenance overhead.


Specification run results
${projectHeader}
Specifications summary:
Created on ${dateTestRan} by ${username}
Total
Passed
Failed
Skipped
Ft Total
Ft Passed
Ft Failed
Ft Skipped
Success rate
Total time
1
0
1
0
5
6
1
2
25.0%
1.0 second
Specifications:
Name
Features
Iterations
Failed
Errors
Skipped
Success rate
Time
Spec1
5
3
1
0
2
25%
1 sec


ABOUT PIZZAZ TUMTUMMY
Pizza TumTummy is the largest pizza restaurant chain in the world based on global retail sales, with more than 17,800 stores in over 90 markets. Founded in 1960, our roots are in convenient pizza delivery, while a significant amount of our sales also come from carryout customers. Although we are a highly-recognized global brand, we focus on serving the local neighborhoods in which we live and do business through our large network of franchise owners and Company-owned stores. On average, we sell more than 3 million pizzas each day throughout our global system.
Our business model is straightforward: we handcraft and serve quality food at a competitive price, with easy ordering access and efficient service which are aided by our technology innovations. Our dough is generally made fresh and distributed to stores around the world by us and our franchisees.
Pizza TumTummy generates revenues and earnings by charging royalties to its franchisees. Royalties are ongoing percent-of-sales fees for use of the Domino's brand marks. The Company also generates revenues and earnings by selling food, equipment and supplies to franchisees primarily in the U.S. and Canada, and by operating a number of our own stores. Franchisees profit by selling pizza and other complementary items to their local customers. In our international markets, we generally grant geographical rights to the Domino's Pizza® brand to master franchisees. These master franchisees also profit by running pizza stores, and often by sub-franchising and selling ingredients and equipment to those sub-franchisees. Everyone in the system can benefit, including the end consumer, who can feed their family Pizza TumTummy menu items conveniently and economically.


The Y axis or value axis. Normally this is the vertical axis, though if the chart is inverted this is the horiontal axis. In case of multiple axes, the yAxis node is an array of configuration objects.
Method used:
Parameters:
API Tags:
Return: instance
Access: public
Example:
... $chart = new jqChart(); $chart->setChartOptions(array("defaultSeriesType"=>"line","marginRight"=>130,"marginBottom"=>25)) ->setTitle(array('text'=>'Monthly Average Temperature',"x"=>-20)) ->setSubtitle(array("text"=>"Source: WorldClimate.com","x"=>-20)) ->setxAxis(array("categories"=>array('Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'))) ->setyAxis(array("title"=>array("text"=>"Temperature (°C)"))) ...
| Option name | Type | Default |
|---|---|---|
| allowDecimals | Boolean | true |
| Whether to allow decimals in this axis' ticks. When counting integers, like persons or hits on a web page, decimals must be avoided in the axis tick labels. | ||
| alternateGridColor | Color | null |
| When using an alternate grid color, a band is painted across the plot area between every other grid line. | ||
| categories | Array | () |
|
If categories are present for the xAxis, names are used instead of numbers for that axis. Example:
"categories"=> array('Apples', 'Bananas', 'Oranges') |
||
| dateTimeLabelFormats | Array | |
|
For a datetime axis, the scale will automatically adjust to the appropriate unit. This member gives the default string representations used for each unit. For an overview of the replacement codes, see dateFormat.
Default array( "second"=> '%H:%M:%S', "minute"=> '%H:%M', "hour"=> '%H:%M', "day"=> '%e. %b', "week"=> '%e. %b', "month"=> '%b '%y', "year"=> '%Y' ) |
||
| endOnTick | Boolean | false |
| Whether to force the axis to end on a tick. Use this option with the maxPadding option to control the axis end. | ||
| events | Array | |
| A collection of event handlers. | ||
| gridLineColor | Color | "#C0C0C0" |
| Color of the grid lines extending the ticks across the plot area. | ||
| gridLineDashStyle | String | ShortDot |
| The dash or dot style of the grid lines. | ||
| gridLineWidth | Number | 0 |
| The width of the grid lines extending the ticks across the plot area. | ||
| id | String | null |
| An id for the axis. This can be used after render time to get a pointer to the axis object | ||
| labels | Array | |
| Configuration object for the axis labels, usually displaying the number for each tick. | ||
| lineColor | Color | "#C0D0E0". |
| The color of the line marking the axis itself. | ||
| lineWidth | Number | 1 |
| The width of the line marking the axis itself | ||
| linkedTo | Number | null |
| Index of another axis that this axis is linked to. When an axis is linked to a master axis, it will take the same extremes as the master, but as assigned by min or max or by setExtremes. It can be used to show additional info, or to ease reading the chart by duplicating the scales. | ||
| max | Number | null |
| The maximum value of the axis. If null, the max value is automatically calculated. If the endOnTick option is true, the max value might be rounded up. The actual maximum value is also influenced by chart.alignTicks. | ||
| maxPadding | Number | 0.01 |
| Padding of the max value relative to the length of the axis. A padding of 0.05 will make a 100px axis 5px longer. This is useful when you don't want the highest data value to appear on the edge of the plot area. When the axis' max option is set or a max extreme is set using axis.setExtremes(), the maxPadding will be ignored. | ||
| maxZoom | Number | |
| The maximum amount of zoom on this axis. The entire axis will not be allowed to span over a smaller interval than this. For example, for a datetime axis the main unit is milliseconds. If maxZoom is set to 3600000, you can't zoom in more than to one hour. The default maxZoom for the x axis is five times the smallest interval between any of the data points. |
||
| min | Number | null |
| The minimum value of the axis. If null the min value is automatically calculated. If the startOnTick option is true, the min value might be rounded down. | ||
| minorGridLineColor | Color | #E0E0E0 |
| Color of the minor, secondary grid lines. | ||
| minorGridLineDashStyle | String | Solid |
| The dash or dot style of the minor grid lines. | ||
| minorTickColor | Color | #A0A0A0. |
| Color for the minor tick marks. | ||
| minorTickInterval | Number | null |
| Tick interval in scale units for the minor ticks. If "auto", the minor tick interval is calculated as a fifth of the tickInterval. If null, minor ticks are not shown. | ||
| minorTickLength | Number | 2 |
| The pixel length of the minor tick marks. | ||
| minorTickPosition | String | outside |
| The position of the minor tick marks relative to the axis line. Can be one of inside and outside. | ||
| minorTickWidth | Number | 0 |
| The pixel width of the minor tick mark. | ||
| minPadding | Number | 0.01 |
| Padding of the min value relative to the length of the axis. A padding of 0.05 will make a 100px axis 5px longer. This is useful when you don't want the lowest data value to appear on the edge of the plot area. When the axis' min option is set or a min extreme is set using axis.setExtremes(), the minPadding will be ignored. | ||
| offset | Number | 0 |
| The distance in pixels from the plot area to the axis line. A positive offset moves the axis with it's line, labels and ticks away from the plot area. This is typically used when two or more axes are displayed on the same side of the plot. | ||
| opposite | Boolean | false |
| Whether to display the axis on the opposite side of the normal. The normal is on the left side for vertical axes and bottom for horizontal, so the opposite sides will be right and top respectively. This is typically used with dual or multiple axes. | ||
| plotBands | Array | null |
| An array of configuration objects for plot bands colouring parts of the plot area background. | ||
| plotLines | Array | null |
| An array of configuration objects for plot lines marking specific values in the plot area. | ||
| reversed | Boolen | false |
| Whether to reverse the axis so that the highest number is closest to origo. If the chart is inverted, the x axis is reversed by default. | ||
| showFirstLabel | Boolean | true |
| Whether to show the first tick label. | ||
| showLastLabel | Boolean | false |
| Whether to show the last tick label. | ||
| startOfWeek | Number | 1 |
| For datetime axes, this decides where to put the tick between weeks. 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday. | ||
| startOnTick | Boolean | false |
| Whether to force the axis to start on a tick. Use this option with the maxPadding option to control the axis start. | ||
| tickColor | Color | #C0D0E0 |
| Color for the main tick marks. | ||
| tickInterval | Mixed | null |
| tickInterval : Mixed null The interval of the tick marks in axis units. When null, the tick interval is computed to approximately follow the tickPixelInterval on linear and datetime axes. On categorized axes, a null tickInterval will default to 1, one category. Note that datetime axes are based on milliseconds, so for example an interval of one day is expressed as 24 * 3600 * 1000. | ||
| tickLength | Number | 5 |
| The pixel length of the main tick marks. | ||
| tickmarkPlacement | String | between |
| For categorized axes only. If "on" the tick mark is placed in the center of the category, if "between" the tick mark is placed between categories. | ||
| tickPixelInterval | Number | |
| If tickInterval is null this option sets the approximate pixel interval of the tick marks. Not applicable to categorized axis. Defaults to 72 for the Y axis and 100 for the X axis. | ||
| tickPosition | String | "outside" |
| The position of the major tick marks relative to the axis line. Can be one of inside and outside. | ||
| tickWidth | Number | 1 |
| The pixel width of the major tick marks. | ||
| title | Array | |
| Configuration array for the axis title. | ||
| type | String | linear |
| The type of axis. Can be one of "linear" or "datetime". In a datetime axis, the numbers are given in milliseconds, and tick marks are placed on appropriate values like full hours or days. |


Last updated: 2017-04-24
Code version: 2ddb127
The updates in the Baum- Welch (EM) algorithm depend on a few key terms listed below. For each one, show how the term can be expressed as a function of the forward and backward variables.
(a)
\[ E[\#t_{ij}(Q)|\lambda(t),O] = \sum_{t=1}^{T}\frac{\alpha_{i}(t)a[x_{i},x_j]b[x_{j},o_{t+1}]\beta_{j}(t+1)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\alpha_{}(T)} \]
(b)
\[ E[\#o_{ij}(Q)|\lambda(t),O] = \]
(c)
\[ E[\#times\ in\ state\ i|\lambda(t), O] = n \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_{i}(j) \beta_{i}(j) \]
(d)
\[ P(Q_{1} =i|\lambda(t),O) = \frac{\alpha_{i}(t)\beta_{i}(t)}{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\alpha_{}(T)} \]
The opening of a new hospital with a rate of incoming admissions and of patients leaving can be described by a birth-death process with exponentially distributed birth and death rates.
So \(\lambda\) ~ \(Exp(2)\) and \(\mu\) ~ \(Exp(\frac{1}{10})\).
(a)
We want to know the average number of patients we expect 100 days after opening th clinic. For this we will need to compute the PDF for the difference between exponential random variables \(\lambda\) and \(\mu\). We can call this function \(Z\).
\[ f_{Z}(z) = \frac{\lambda \mu}{\lambda + \mu}e^{-\lambda z} \]
Now we need to calculate the expectation at \(z = 100\). That is calculate,
\[ \int_{0}^{100} \frac{\lambda \mu}{\lambda + \mu}e^{-\lambda z} dz = \frac{\mu - e^{-100 \lambda}\mu}{\lambda + \mu} \]
This then simplifies to,
\[ \frac{\mu - e^{-100 \lambda}\mu}{\lambda + \mu} = \frac{10 - e^{(-100)(0.5)}(10)}{10 + 0.5} = 0.952381 \]
To make sure that’s true, let’s write a quick simulation:
sim_number_of_patients <- function(niter = 100, mean_birth_rate, mean_death_rate) {
l <- numeric(niter)
lambda <- rexp(n = 1, rate = 1/mean_birth_rate)
l[1] <- lambda
for (i in 2:niter) {
lambda <- rexp(n = 1, rate = 1/mean_birth_rate)
mu <- rexp(n = 1, rate = 1/mean_death_rate)
l[i] <- ifelse(l[i - 1] + lambda - mu > 0, l[i - 1] + lambda - mu, 0)
}
return(l)
}
And let’s run this simulation:
sim_number_of_patients(niter = 100, 0.5, 10)
[1] 0.07317974 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[7] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.12077185 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[13] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[19] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[25] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[31] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[37] 1.24640391 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[43] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[49] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[55] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.27486782 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[61] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[67] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[73] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[79] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[85] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[91] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000
[97] 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.41053897
(b)
Now we want to consider worst case scenarios to make sure we have enough beds on the rare influx of a large number of patients. In 1 out of 50 openings, how many beds would we need to accomodate the worst case scenario?
A population of organisms consists of both male and female members. Any male is likely to mate with any female in a time interval of length \(h\), with probability \(\lambda h + o(h)\). Each mating produces one offspring, equally likely to be male or female. Let \(N_{1}(t)\) and \(N_{2}(t)\) denote the number of males and females in the population at \(t\). Derive the parameters of the continuous-time Markov chain \(\{N_{1}(t),\ N_{2}(t)\}\).
We want to find the rate of transition between states, \(v_{i}\), and the probabilities of moving between states, \(P_{ij}\).
\(v_{ij} = ij \lambda\) and \(P_{i,j+1} = P_{i+1,j} = \frac{1}{2}\)
Each individual in a biological population is assumed to give birth at an exponential rate, \(\lambda\), and to die at an exponential rate, \(\mu\). In addition, there is an exponential rate of increase \(\theta\) due to immigration. However, immigration is not allowed when the population size is N or larger:
(a)
Setting up the birth-death model:
\(\mu_{n} = n \mu\), \(\lambda_{n} = n \lambda + \theta\) if \(n \lt N\), and \(\lambda_{n} = n \lambda\) if \(n \geq N\)
(b)
If \(N = 3\), \(1 = \theta = \lambda\), \(\mu = 2\), determine the porportion of time that immigration is restricted.
Our generator matrix \(Q\) is going to be:
\[ Q = \begin{pmatrix} -\lambda_{0} & \lambda_{0} & 0 & 0 & 0 & . . . \\ \mu_{1} & -(\mu_{1} + \lambda_{1}) & \lambda_{1} & 0 & 0 & . . . \\ 0 & \mu_{2} & -(\mu_{2} + \lambda_{2}) & \lambda_{2} & 0 & . . . \\ 0 & 0 & \mu_{3} & -(\mu_{3} + \lambda_{3}) & \lambda_{3} & 0 \\ . & . & . & . & . & . \\ . & . & . & . & . & . \\ . & . & . & . & . & . \end{pmatrix} \]
We then solve for \((P_{0}, P_{1}, P_{2})\) according to our parameterization \((N = 3, \theta = \lambda = 1, \mu = 2)\):
\[ \begin{align*} P_{1} &= \frac{1}{2}P_{0} \\ P_{2} &= \frac{1}{4}P_{0} \\ P_{0} &= \frac{1}{1 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda_{0}...\lambda_{n-1}}{\mu_{1}...\mu_{n}}} \\ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda_{0}...\lambda_{n-1}}{\mu_{1}...\mu_{n}} &= \frac{\lambda_{0}}{\mu_{1}} + \frac{\lambda_{0}\lambda_{1}}{\mu_{1}\mu_{2}} + \frac{\lambda_{0}\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}{\mu_{1}\mu_{2}\mu_{3}} + \sum_{n=4}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda_{0}...\lambda_{n-1}}{\mu_{1}...\mu_{n}} \\ &= \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} + \sum_{n=4}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda_{0}...\lambda_{n-1}}{\mu_{1}...\mu_{n}} \\ &= \frac{7}{8} + \sum_{n=4}^{\infty} \frac{1(2)(3)(3...n-1)}{2((2)(2))((2)(3))((2)(4))...((2)(n))} \\ &= \frac{7}{8} + \sum_{n=4}^{\infty} \frac{3(n-1)!}{2^{n}n!} \\ &= \frac{7}{8} + log(8) - 2 \\ P_{0} &= \frac{1}{1 + \frac{7}{8} + log(8) - 2} = 0.51166 \\ P_{1} &= \frac{1}{2}(0.51166) = 0.25583 \\ P_{2} &= \frac{1}{4}(0.51166) = 0.12791 \\ \sum_{i=0}^{2}P_{i} &= 0.51166 + 0.25583 + 0.12791 = 0.8954 \\ \sum_{i=3}^{\infty} &= 1 - 0.8954 = 0.1046 \end{align*} \]
The surface of a bacterium consists of several sites at which foreign molecules become attached. We consider a particular site and assume that molecules arrive at the site according to a Poisson process with parameter \(\lambda\). Among these molecules a proportion \(\alpha\) is acceptable. Unacceptable molecules stay at the site for a length of time that is exponentially distributed with parameter \(\mu_{1}\), whereas an acceptable molecule remains at the site for an exponential time with rate \(\mu_{2}\). An arriving molecule will become attached only if the site is free of other molecules. What percentage of time is the site occupied with an acceptable (unacceptable) molecule?
We can consider a continuous–time Markov chain with 3 states defined as 0, 1, or 2 as the site being free, attached to an unacceptable molecule and attached to an acceptable molecule, respectively. The transition rate matrix Q is:
\[ Q = \begin{pmatrix} -\lambda & -\lambda \alpha & \lambda (1 - \alpha) \\ \mu_{2} & -\mu_{2} & 0 \\ \mu_{1} & 0 & -\mu_{1} \end{pmatrix} \]
We have the balance equations:
\[ \begin{align*} \mu_{2}P_{2} &= \alpha \lambda P_{0} \\ \mu_{1}P_{1} &= (1 - \alpha) \lambda P_{0} \\ P_{0} + P_{1} + P_{2} &= 1 \end{align*} \] So the percentage of the time the site is occupied by an acceptable molecule is:
\[ P_{1} = \frac{\alpha \mu_{2}^{-1}}{\lambda^{-1} + (1 - \alpha)\mu_{1}^{-1} + \alpha \mu_{2}^{-1}} \]
And the percentage of the time the site is occupied by an unacceptable molecule is:
\[ P_{2} = \frac{(1 - \alpha) \mu_{1}^{-1}}{\lambda^{-1} + (1 - \alpha)\mu_{1}^{-1} + \alpha \mu_{2}^{-1}} \]
Derive the stationary distribution for the Kimura 2-parameter (1980) model.
The detail balance equations give us:
\[ \sum_{i}\pi_{i} = 1 \\ \mathbf{0} = \pi \mathbf{Q} \] Which we can solve to obtain a stationary distribution of:
\[ \pi^{*} = \{\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{4}\} \]
Derive the stationary distribution for the Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano (HKY, 1985) model.
This allows for an arbitrary stationary distributions for the resulting Markov Chain of:
\[ \pi^{*} = \{\pi_{A},\pi_{G},\pi_{C},\pi_{T}\} \]
sessionInfo()
R version 3.3.3 (2017-03-06)
Platform: x86_64-apple-darwin16.4.0 (64-bit)
Running under: macOS Sierra 10.12.4
locale:
[1] en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] backports_1.0.5 magrittr_1.5 rprojroot_1.2 formatR_1.4
[5] tools_3.3.3 htmltools_0.3.5 yaml_2.1.14 Rcpp_0.12.10
[9] stringi_1.1.3 rmarkdown_1.3 knitr_1.15.1 git2r_0.18.0
[13] stringr_1.2.0 digest_0.6.12 workflowr_0.4.0 evaluate_0.10
This site was created with R Markdown


😋In native Newari language(Nepal Bhasha) from Nepal, the term Mo/mah/mome/maniu/ mame denotes the process of steaming while preparing any food similar to yomari and lhocha mari. It was well believed that this term got wide spread to Tibet when princess Bhrikuti daughter of lichhavi kings, known to Tibetans as Bal-mo-bza got married to Tibetan emperor Tsongtsen Gampo and introduced this meat filled steam dumpling to Tibet after her marriage to Emperor. In Shanxi, where Jin Chinese is spoken, unfilled buns are often called momo (饃饃), which is simply the character for "steamed bun".
| TYPE OF MOMOS |
  PREP TIME |
|---|---|
| Chicken |  1hour |
| Steam |  30mins |
| Fried |  40mins |


I have been trying to explore a wide range of different programming languages. I am working from Python, HTML, CSS, Javascript, to C++ and Unity. I would like to see what I enjoy the most. Here are some of my recent projects:
| Project | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|
| Bunker Game | A html/javascript incremental game where the player is trying to keep people in a bunker from dying by clicking to generate coins. I coded a login page for this using Firebase authentication. The user can now create an account, verify their email, and then login again. | Here |
| Old Page | Put a lot of effort on CSS styling and animations to configure my old page. Wanted a more simple design so I redesigned it to this. Check it out if you want though. | Here |
| Tasks | To-Do list that was designed while focusing on learning about Firebase realtime database, as well as storing and accessing cookies on the users computer so the list items are not deleted everytime the user closes that tab. It does not work yet. | Here |
| Echo NEW! | A minimalist memory game based on the classic, Simon. Mostly focused on JavaScript variables, configuration, lists, and game logic while coding this. I think the final design looks pretty enjoyable. Also had fun creating the sounds and music in the game. Listen to it here. | Here |


My long term goal and/or career pathway is to be fluent in HTML, CSS and JS and combined with my marketing/advertising bring ideas to life, literally on the web. At this stage I do think it’s too early for me to carve out my specific pathway as I’m still in the introductory levels of code. I want to explore all the avenues and see what I’m most drawn to! Let’s watch this space.
My strengths would be talking, making friends and working in teams. My weaknesses are being able to be comfortable with being uncomfortable and keep learning I’m used to being uncomfortable but usually about things that I control - this really is a whole new world.
Having confidence in my solutions and seriously putting my ideas forward and being able to back and justify them. Also asking questions - I’ve talked about this before but I just need to do this - just do, thanks Nike.
Putting self doubt on the back burner or perhaps just outside the kitchen or house all together.
Generally speaking to provide a helpful, educational and supportive environment that we all want to be a part of. I know for myself and have heard from others that there are some anxiety and stress-y thoughts going into the Bootcamp. From the handbook I see that this is totally the case - the team is so supportive and understanding of the pressures which is great.
To be disciplined and focused on the course and the content. And for the three months I have it as my unwavering number one priority. I want to make the most out of this opportunity and I don’t want to look back and think that I did let myself down. Oh also to look after my mental and physical health - remember I don’t have to be stressed and exhausted to feel like I’m working hard and achieving.
My term goal is made up of short term goals. Firstly, to work consistently through each of the sprints within both the foundations and bootcamp sections of the course primarily focusing on my comprehension of theory and ability to implement it. Secondly sticking to my devised learning routine to ensure focus is also very important. In this way I hope to provide myself with a holistic set of skills to move forward with in my dev career. Ultimately, my long term goal is to get a job in web dev at the moment - I want to be able to competently use my skills and broaden my horizons.
My strengths of learning are that I am a very hard worker, I am willing and able to put the time into my tasks and will spend more than the allocated time to further my learning and understanding. This is a double edged sword where my time management does become a limitation of mine. I need to be able to implement one of the time management strategies that we explored in the prep foundations. One that did particularly stand out to me was the pomodoro technique where I use a specified period of time and work within that to achieve the task. Moreover, I will need to be okay with trusting the 'just in time' learning strategy which I think will massively aid in my time keeping skills holding off on the time sucking granular level that I can go to. Another limitation I have is that I am not a great speller - I will have to be veeeeery aware of that when writing my code.
I would love love love to develop my skills in presenting my ideas formally or informally to a group. I tend to be able to freely and happily "banter" in groups but not be able to communicate my ideas confidently or take part in robust conversations.
I will manage my time through using one of the time keeping strategies that we were presented with in the foundations prep work specifically the pomodoro method. However, instead of using 25 minute increments I will use 60mins as I think I would more effectively not stopping quite so readily as it allows me to keep in my flow. I will also be setting a firm BUT achieving a routine which allows me to achieve my goals for the day. I have noted that I am very efficient in the early hours of the morning til around 1pm so I would set up my learning new theories/concepts in the morning and leave reflection to the afternoon.
In terms of learning alongside others I will be conscious of their routines and have an understanding that the best way that I learn is not necessarily theres. For facilitators and community representatives first and foremost interact with all with respect to them, of their time and their abilities.
When things are building up I have found taking some time away from the task to be wildly beneficial. Also to remember to break it down into bite sized actions and goals. Another technique I really like is the rubber duck where I try to explain the problem in plain english and hope that triggers an action. If I get overwhelmed, which is inevitable, I will go for a break and write down a plan of how to approach the task from another perspective as the current path is obviously not working.
In my short time at Dev Academy I have learnt that if you're stuck for more than 45mins to an hour on a task ask for help! My first port of call will be the Slack community and from there my facilitator. When I first started Dev I was of the mindset that I could figure it all out if I just spent more time on the problem however I found that a. I could not or b. the solution would take me 7 hours to reach whereas asking the Slack community I would have an answer within 10mins.
I would expect, from which I have already experienced from my facilitator, to be a sounding board for best practise, answer or provide help to answer any unanswerable course related questions. Also sometimes it's just nice to have someone who can listen and also understands and provide some advice.


Cricket: Australia find winning formula to thrash Pakistan
Australia can claim to have a settled test team for the first time in 18 months, after beating Pakistan by an innings and five runs in their series opener in Brisbane.
Josh Hazlewood took four wickets on Sunday at the Gabba, as Pat Cummins and Mitchell Starc also chipped in to have Pakistan all out for 335.
But the end didn't come as quick as the Aussies would have liked.
Babar Azam hit 104, combining with Muhammad Rizwan for a 132-run sixth-wicket stand that stalled Australia's charge.
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But when Nathan Lyon had Babar caught behind and Muhammad upper-cut Hazlewood to third man on 95, the tail was exposed and Hazlewood capitalised.
Two weeks ago, who would fill some of the spots in Australia's XI was still a mystery.
Now the side looks set for the summer, realistically, for the first time since the ball-tampering scandal that rocked the team in March 2018.
"Every time you pick, you want to be able to stick," captain Tim Paine said. "It's been hard to have stability, because we haven't been performing as well as we would have liked.
"I think we have nutted out a really good group at the moment - a group that can still get a lot better as well, which is a really pleasing thing."
Joe Burns locked himself in as David Warner's long-term opening partner, combining for a 222-run stand at the top, as the pair showed why they loved batting together.
Warner silenced any questions over his own form, with his 154 from 296 balls in the first innings eclipsing his total runs scored and deliveries faced from the whole Ashes series.
Marnus Labuschagne also looks a lock at No.3, with his maiden hundred becoming a big one of 185, as Australia cruised to 580 in their first and only innings.
Australia's ability to score runs without Steve Smith firing was also crucial, given they passed 300 in an innings in which he had failed for the first time since the 2014 Boxing Day test.
"The early signs would suggest, yes [we've found a top three]," Paine said.
"We've known Burnsy is a quality opening batter for a long time. It was great to have him back in the side and he's got a great combination with Davey.
"Marnus was given some opportunities 18 months ago, when some people thought he shouldn't have, but I think selectors saw the talent he had.
Starc finished with seven wickets for the match, rushing through the tail in the first innings and claiming two early scalps to run through the Pakistan top order in the second.
Amid some tough spells on Sunday, he still looked a more controlled bowler this summer, after making small tweaks to his action, while sitting out most of the Ashes.
Cummins again showed potency as both an opening bowler and at first change.
He grabbed the first scalp of the summer, which kickstarted a Pakistan collapse from 75/0 to 78/4 in the first innings.
The quick also removed Asad Shafiq on the third evening, after the righthander had been a thorn in Australia's side in the first innings.
Pakistan don't have the same luxuries, as they head to Adelaide on Friday for the second and final test.
On sunday, they admitted they would rethink their batting line-up, after none of their top three passed 50 in either innings.
The pressure is also on to return Muhammad Abbas to the team, after his controversial omission for the Gabba.
AAP


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Here you can take a look at my favorite works:
Praxis is an Android app that helps University of Granada Medical School's students to manage and organize their medical practices.
It provides a list of the available practices for the student where you can view more information about them and evaluate the teacher when the practice is over.
Eat the Burger! is a game for Android where your character have to eat all the fast food that falls from the sky and avoid the healthy ones (any resemblance to reality is pure coincidence).
You can download the code for this app here.
Have you ever felt alone? This Android app lets you make a real conversation with the Cleverbot conversational bot.
You can download the code for this app here.


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‘The Witcher’ Renewed For A Second Season On Netflix
by Erik KainNetflix must have faith in upcoming fantasy epic The Witcher. The streaming TV show, based on the books by Polish author Andrzej Sapkowski, is already confirmed for a second season. That’s great news for fans and for star Henry Cavill who plays the lead, Geralt of Rivia.
Cavill is a big fan of the books and the video games, apparently, and stars alongside Freya Allan as Ciri, Anya Chalotra as Yennefer and Anna Shaffer as Triss–not to mention his trusty steed(s) Roach.
The Witcher looks terrific–a fantasy-horror-monster-hunting-epic that’s quite a bit different than something like Game Of Thrones, but should appeal to the same audience.
Netflix revealed on Twitter today that new episodes would land in 2021:
I don’t know how you can carry a season on a horse, but okay funny guys at Netflix. I’m digging the two swords–steel for humans, silver for monsters.
Here’s the Season 1 trailer #2:
I get shivers each time I watch this trailer. I’m beyond hyped. I just wish Netflix didn’t release all these at once so I could do weekly episodic reviews, and we could all stand around having amazing water cooler conversations about the latest episode, and eagerly await the following week’s.
C’est la vie. Binge-watching is fun, too. The Witcher hits Netflix the same day as Star Wars: The Rise Of Skywalker lands in theaters: December 20th, 2019.
You can read my review of The Mandalorian here–it’s Star Wars at its very best.