Assignment by Marty Stepp and Victoria Kirst, based on Random Writer problem from Joe Zachary.
January 20, 2017
This problem practices using maps and other collections.
This is an individual assignment. Write your own solution and do not work in a pair/group on this program.
Starter files:
You will edit and turn in only the following file(s). The ZIP contains other files/libraries; do not modify these. Your code must work with the other files unmodified.
Demo JAR:
Our assignments offer a solution 'demo' that you can run to see the program's expected behavior. On many machines, all you have to do is download the .jar file, then double-click it to run it. But on some Macs, it won't work; your operating system will say that it doesn't know how to launch the file. If you have that issue, download the file, go to the Downloads folder in your Finder, right-click on the file, and click Open, and then press Confirm.
Some Mac users see a security error such as, "cs106x-life-demo.jar can't be opened because it is from an unidentified developer." To fix this, go to System Preferences → Security & Privacy. You will see a section about downloaded apps. You should see a prompt asking if you would like to allow access to our solution JAR. Follow the steps and then you should be able to open the demo.
If all else fails, you could run the demo JAR from a terminal. Every operating system allows you to open a "terminal" or "console" window for typing raw system commands. Open your operating system's terminal or console window (Google if you need to learn how to do this), and then type:
cd DIRECTORY_WHERE_DEMO_JAR_IS_STORED java -jar JAR_FILE_NAME
For example, on a Mac machine, if your user name is jsmith12 and you have saved a demo JAR named hw1.jar in your Documents/106a directory, you would type:
cd /users/jsmith12/Documents/106a java -jar hw1.jar
Or on a Windows machine, if your user name is jsmith12 and you have saved a demo JAR named hw1.jar in your Documents/106a directory, you would type:
cd C:\users\jsmith12\Documents\106a java -jar hw1.jar
In this problem you will write a program that reads an input file and uses it to build a large data structure of word groups called "N-grams" as a basis for randomly generating new text that sounds like it came from the same author as that file.
You will use the Map
collection from Chapter 5.
The "Infinite Monkey Theorem" states that an infinite number of monkeys typing random keys forever would eventually produce the works of William Shakespeare. That's silly, but could a monkey randomly produce a new work that "sounded like" Shakespeare's works, with similar vocabulary, wording, punctuation, etc.? What if we chose words at random, instead of individual letters? Suppose that rather than each word having an equal probability of being chosen, we weighted the probability based on how often that word appeared in Shakespeare's works?
Picking random words would likely produce gibberish, but let's look at chains of two words in a row. For example, perhaps Shakespeare uses the word "to" occurs 10 times total, and 7 of those occurrences are followed by "be", 1 time by "go", and 2 times by "eat". We can use those ratios when choosing the next word. If the last word we chose is "to", randomly choose "be" next 7/10 of the time, "go" 1/10 of the time, and "eat" 2/10. We never choose any other word to follow "to". We call a chain of two words like this, such as "to be", a 2-gram.
+---------------------+ | Chose "to". | ----> choose "be" (7/10 chance) | Next random word? | ----> choose "go" (1/10 chance) +---------------------+ ----> choose "eat" (2/10 chance)
A sentence of 2-grams isn't great, but look at chains of 3 words (3-grams). If we chose the words "to be", what word should follow? If we had a collection of all sequences of 3 words-in-a-row with probabilities, we could make a weighted random choice. If Shakespeare uses "to be" 22 times and follows them with "or" 5 times, "in" 3 times, "with" 10 times, and "alone" 4 times, we could use these weights to randomly choose the next word. So now the algorithm would pick the third word based on the first two, and the fourth based on the (second+third), and so on.
+---------------------+ ----> choose "or" ( 5/22 chance) | Chose {"to", "be"}. | ----> choose "in" ( 3/22 chance) | Next random word? | ----> choose "with" (10/22 chance) +---------------------+ ----> choose "alone" ( 4/22 chance)
You can generalize the idea from 2-grams to N-grams for any integer N. If you make a collection of all groups of N-1 words along with their possible following words, you can use this to select an Nth word given the preceding N-1 words. The higher N level you use, the more similar the new random text will be to the original data source. Here is a random sentence generated from 5-grams of Hamlet, which is starting to sound a lot like the original:
Each particular piece of text randomly generated in this way is also called a Markov chain. Markov chains are very useful in computer science and elsewhere, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, economics, and statistics.
Here is an example log of interaction from your program (with user input bolded). Your output must match this format exactly to earn full credit. (We are very picky.)
Welcome to CS 106X Random Writer ('N-Grams')! This program generates random text based on a document. Give me an input file and an 'N' value for groups of words, and I will generate random text for you. Input file name: hamlet.txt Value of N: 3 # of random words to generate (0 to quit): 40 ... chapel. Ham. Do not believe his tenders, as you go to this fellow. Whose grave's this, sirrah? Clown. Mine, sir. [Sings] O, a pit of clay for to the King that's dead. Mar. Thou art a scholar; speak to it. ... # of random words to generate (0 to quit): 20 ... a foul disease, To keep itself from noyance; but much more handsome than fine. One speech in't I chiefly lov'd. ... # of random words to generate (0 to quit): 0 Exiting.
Here are some additional expected output files to compare. It's hard to match the expected output exactly because it is random. But you should exactly match our overall output format, intro message text, and so on. Also, your program's graphical Console window has a File → Compare Output feature for checking your output. Use it!
In this program, you will read the input file one word at a time and build a particular compound collection, a map from prefixes to suffixes. If you are building 3-grams, that is, N-grams for N=3, then your code should examine sequences of 2 words and look at what third word follows those two. For later lookup, your map should be built so that it connects a collection of N-1 words with another collection of all possible suffixes; that is, all possible N'th words that follow the previous N-1 words in the original text. For example if you are computing N-grams for N=3 and the pair of words "to be" is followed by "or" twice and "just" once, your collection should map the key {to, be} to the value {or, just, or}. The following figure illustrates the map you should build from the file.
When reading the input file, the idea is to keep a window of N-1 words at all times, and as you read each word from the file, discard the first word from your window and append the new word. The following figure shows the file being read and the map being built over time as each of the first few words is read to make 3-grams:
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {} window = {to, be} |
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {{to, be} : {or}} window = {be, or} |
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {{to, be} : {or},
{be, or} : {not}}
window = {or, not}
|
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {{to, be} : {or}, {be, or} : {not}, {or, not} : {to}} window = {not, to} |
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {{{to, be} : {or}, {be, or} : {not}, {or, not} : {to}, {not, to} : {be}} window = {to, be} |
to be or not to be just ...
^
|
map = {{to, be} : {or, just}, {be, or} : {not}, {or, not} : {to}, {not, to} : {be}} window = {be, just} |
| ... | ... |
to be or not to be just be who you want to be or not okay you want okay |
map = {{to, be} : {or, just, or}, {be, or} : {not, not}, {or, not} : {to, okay}, {not, to} : {be}, {be, just} : {be}, {just, be} : {who}, {be, who} : {you}, {who, you} : {want}, {you, want} : {to, okay}, {want, to} : {be}, {not, okay} : {you}, {okay, you} : {want}, {want, okay} : {to}, {okay, to} : {be}} |
| input file, tiny.txt | resulting map of 3-gram suffixes |
Note that the order matters: For example, the prefix {you, are} is different from the prefix {are, you}. The same word can occur multiple times as a suffix, and this should affect your N-grams and probabilities, such as "or" occurring twice after the prefix {to, be}.
Also notice that the map wraps around. For example, if you are computing 3-grams like the above example, perform 2 more iterations to connect the last 2 prefixes in the end of the file to the first 2 words at the start of the file. In our example above, this leads to {want, okay} connecting to "to" and {okay, to} connecting to "be". If we were doing 5-grams, we would perform 4 more iterations and connect the last 4 prefixes to the first 4 words in the file, and so on. This turns out to be very useful to help your algorithm later on in the program.
Your code should not change case or strip punctuation of words as you read them. The casing and punctuation turns out to help the sentences start and end in a more authentic way. Just store the words in the map as you read them.
To generate random text from your map of N-grams, first choose a random starting point for the document. To do this, pick a randomly chosen key from your map. Each key is a collection of N-1 words. Those N-1 words will form the start of your random text. This collection of N-1 words will be your sliding "window" as you create your text.
For all subsequent words, use your map to look up all possible next words that can follow the current N-1 words, and randomly choose one with appropriate weighted probability. If you have built your map the way we described, as a map from {prefix} → {suffixes}, this simply amounts to choosing one of the possible suffix words at random. Once you have chose your random suffix word, slide your current "window" of N-1 words by discarding the first word in the window and appending the new suffix. The following diagram illustrates the text generation algorithm.
| Action(s) | Current (N-1) "window" | Output so far |
|---|---|---|
| choose a random start | {who, you} | who you |
| choose new word; shift | {you, want} | who you want |
| choose new word; shift | {want, okay} | who you want okay |
| choose new word; shift | {okay, to} | who you want okay to |
| ... | ... | ... |
Note that in our random example, at one point our window was {want, okay}. This was the end of the original input file. Nothing actually follows that prefix, which is why it was important that we made our map wrap around from the end of the file to the start, so that if our window ever ends up at the last N-1 words from the document, we won't get stuck unable to generate further random text.
Since your random text likely won't happen to start and end at the beginning/end of a sentence, just prefix and suffix your random text with "..." to indicate this. Here is another partial log of execution:
Input file: tiny.txt Value of N: 3 # of random words to generate (0 to quit): 16 ... who you want okay to be who you want to be or not to be or ...
Your code should check for several kinds of user input errors and should not assume that the user will type valid input. Specifically, re-prompt the user if they type the name of a file that does not exist. Also re-prompt the user if they type a value for N that is not an integer, or is an integer less than 2 (a 2-gram has prefixes of length 1; but a 1-gram is essentially just choosing random words from the file and is uninteresting for our purposes). When prompting the user for the number of words to randomly generate, re-prompt them if the number of random words to generate is not at least N. If the value the user types for N is greater than the number of words found in the file, you should print an error message as shown in the example logs. See the linked logs of execution for examples of proper program output for various cases.
Along with your code, submit a file myinput.txt that contains a text file that can be used as input for this program. This can be anything you want, as long as it is non-empty and is not just a copy of an existing input file provided in the starter ZIP. This is meant to be just for fun; for example, if you like a particular band, you could paste several of their songs into a text file, which leads to funny new songs when you run your N-grams program on this data. Or gather the text of a book you like, or a poem, or anything you want. This is worth a small part of your grade on the assignment.
This program can be tricky if you don't develop and debug it step-by-step. Don't try to write it all at once. Make sure to test each part of the algorithm before you move on. See the FAQ below for more tips.
input >> variable;
syntax rather than getLine, etc.
cout
and examine its contents for debugging.
keys
member function, which returns a Vector
containing all of the keys in the map.
For randomness in general, include "random.h"
and call the global function randomInteger(min, max)
.
As in other assignments, you should follow our Style Guide for information about expected coding style. You are also expected to follow all of the general style constraints emphasized in the Homework 1 specs, such as the ones about good problem decomposition, parameters, using proper C++ idioms, and commenting. The following are additional points of emphasis and style contraints specific to this problem:
Algorithms: You should follow the general algorithms as described in this document and should not substitute a very different algorithm. In particular, you should follow the given overall algorithm for finding and mapping N-Grams as described in this spec. You should also not write a recursive algorithm for finding N-Grams.
Collections: You are expected to make intelligent decisions about what kind of collections from the Stanford C++ library to use at each step of your algorithm, as well as using those collections properly. As much as possible, pass collections by reference, because passing them by value makes an expensive copy of the collection. Do not use pointers, arrays, or STL containers on this program.
Redundancy: You should avoid expensive operations that would cause you to reconstruct bulky collections multiple times unnecessarily. For example, you should generate the map of prefixes exactly once; do not regenerate it each time the user asks to generate random text.
For each assignment problem, we receive various frequent student questions. The answers to some of those questions can be found by clicking the link below.
<>
.
Vector<Vector<int>> foo; // no Vector<Vector<int> > foo; // yes
\042
. Is it a bug? What does it mean?
#include "random.h" ... int r = randomInteger(min, max); // inclusive
Vector
, just pick a random index and then go access that index.
If it doesn't have indexes, like a set or queue, pick a random index based on the size, and then advance forward (e.g. in a foreach
or while
loop) that many times and grab the element found there.
myinput.txt
file?
Though your solution to this assignment must match all of the specifications mentioned previously, it is allowed and encouraged for you to add extra features to your program if you'd like to go beyond the basic assignment. Note that our motivation for allowing extra features is to encourage your creativity, not inflate your grade; so if any points are given for your extra features, they will be minimal. The purpose is to explore the assignment domain further, not to disrupt the class grading curve. Make sure to see the notes below about how to separate your extra code and how to turn it in properly.
Here are some example ideas for extra features that you could add to your program:
Indicating that you have done extra features: If you complete any extra features, then in the comment heading on the top of your program, please list all extra features that you worked on and where in the code they can be found (what functions, lines, etc. so that the grader can look at their code easily).
Submitting a program with extra features: Since we use automated testing for part of our grading process, it is important that you submit a program that conforms to the preceding spec, even if you want to do extra features. If your feature(s) cause your program to change the output that it produces in such a way that it no longer matches the expected sample output test cases provided, you should submit two versions of your program file: a first one with the standard file name without any extra features added (or with all necessary features disabled or commented out), and a second one whose file name has the suffix -extra.cpp with the extra features enabled. Please distinguish them in by explaining which is which in the comment header. Our turnin system saves every submission you make, so if you make multiple submissions we will be able to view all of them; your previously submitted files will not be lost or overwritten.


Across: 1. Trains nipper at being cast into stinking pit's chemical treatment (14) 10. Numbers points for climbers (5) 11. Armstrong and I grab articles for state (9) 12. Closes heart, or is about to? (15) 13. Said lunatic frees pods (9) 15. John, a blues singer, not right in hard rock (5) 17. Tone's wrong for a start (5) 18. Harbour died after I was removed, soaked (9) 19. Excuse bombing at a rail into Zion (15) 22. Scotch (which is not English) with ice, lazing about (9) 23. In India, the right to replace one's God (5) 24. Choose least odds in fixing, so the change is superficial (14) Down: 2. American lives next door and unfortunately he's boring (9) 3. Stricter union is ruined by Fidel perhaps (15) 4. Kate's representation of Adelaide since 2004: hellishly limited (5) 5. Not so decent to rid equals of reform (9) 6. Muso's key is time (15) 7. Type of apple that sticks in your throat? (5) 8. Three nouns created last in scheme of crossing boundaries (14) 9. Nick is a proper Pat - I'm confused (14) 14. Friendly fake person on computer, Pat and I have company (9) 16.   Confession of drug vendor as one would hope (5)


I will look at it as my personal and professional failure if any of my team members will leave Aidoc’s A.I. team after less than 5 years.
At the same time, I will be super happy for that team member who found a better place for himself, where he\she will be more satisfied, more challenged, better promoted or compensated.
And when I say “5 years” I actually mean 20 years, but my experience has taught me it’s better to sound realistic so people could connect to what I’m saying, and in an industry with a mean-employee-lifetime of 1 year, even 5 years barely sounds realistic.
But “5 years” is the the best mixture of something that sounds realistic enough to be believable (all of us heard about some rare unicorns who are friends of friends of friends that did it even in companies that don’t provide tenure), and unrealistic enough (a stretch goal) to serve as a “compass” guiding the way — rather than a concrete number.
The reason this is super-important to me, is that I believe that a place that fulfills this goal — is a place where people are highly satisfied, motivated, challenged and are developing their career in routes that make them yet again satisfied, motivated and challenged.
To me this makes sense even in the “cold” business sense (at least for companies like us that build themselves to be long term companies, because it does come with short term costs), and creates the type of magic circle that is exactly what a company needs to continue attracting the best-of-the-best, in their masses. This is the type of company that I would like to work for, and that’s why this is what I intend to build. Continue reading the rest of this post...


as3flobile update: now using as3-signals
2010 October 25th by todd anderson
If you have been following/using as3flobile, I just recently committed an update for v0.3 to github. The new version now utilizes as3-signals by Robert Penner for assigning delegate handling.
In the previous versions of as3flobile, interface delegates were used in order to notify subscribing clients of a change to a control. I knew i did not want to institute event dispatching in as3flobile because it was faster to notify a client through a method than going through an observer. So interface delegates were originally used. In basic terms, each control in as3flobile declared one or more optional delegates whose method(s) would be invoked when a change to the control had occured. As an example, this was the now deprecated IButtonDelegate:
public interface IButtonDelegate
{
function buttonTapped( button:Button ):void;
}
When a client wanted to subscribe as the delegate for a tap gesture on the Button, it would point itself as the delegate for the Button:
var button:Button = new Button();
button.delegate = this;
addChild( button );
public function buttonTapped( button:Button )
{
trace( "button tapped: " + button );
}
I had some issues with this, but i went ahead with that implementation for the first couple versions of as3flobile. As far as how this solution stacked up:
Pros:
- No event system. Faster execution.
Cons:
- Only one subscribing delegate allowed.
- No @optional interface method declarations. A delegate had to strictly adhere to the interface and declare all the methods whether or not it cared to handle them.
So the one Pro was good, but the 2nd Con really started to bother me. In some cases i started adding multiple delegate properties to a control so they could target different changes to the control. Take for instance a delegate for the scroll of a list and a delegate for the selection of a list. It started to feel cumbersome.
Then last week, i finally decide to see what as3-signals was about. Very intuitive and an excellent library. I was impressed and decided that as3-signals was a perfect fit for the delegate handling in as3flobile. So the library has moved to support that. More information is available at as3flobile on github and its wiki.
As with every project i create that has a dependency on another library, there are now two flavors of the build: Standalone and External. The Standalone is meant as a standalone library with the parts required of the dependency compiled in. The External is solely the as3flobile bits and any personal project using the External library will also need to build against the as3-signals library. The as3-signals library can be found on github.
Subsequently, the as3flobile-air and as3flobile-android extensions have been updated due to this change.
So, a big change, i know. But I think a step in the right direction. If you are using as3flobile, update and let me know how you feel about this change.
Robert Penner’s as3-signals
as3flobile on github
Posted in General.


Interfaces and basic classes of the framework.
{@link pobs.PParser} is the central class of POBS. All concrete parsers extend
this abstract class.
In package pobs.parser
small
concrete general-purpose parsers are defined. To create your own parser
you just use these predefined parsers as building block. They are defined
in such a way that it is easy to build a parser from an (E)BNF syntax
definition.
The following class diagram gives an overview of the architecture of the
framework:
After parsing a parser returns a {@link pobs.PMatch} instance which tells
whether parsing was successful or not. One can attach a
{@link pobs.PAction} for both cases.
For parsing a parser needs a {@link pobs.PScanner} which capsulates the source
to be parsed and a {@link pobs.PContext}. The parser context holds
- a {@link pobs.PDirective} object giving directives for parsing
(e.g. do case-sensitive parsing or not),
- an optional {@link pobs.PTarget} manipulated by actions,
- an optional {@link pobs.PErrorHandler} which will be notified
by the parser in case of unsuccessful parsing.
One can add {@link pobs.PControl} objects to a parser. They modify the
PDirective
object before parsing.


It is simply an approach to design whereby a grid made up of x by y pixels contains all the elements of a web page. Basically it's a series of intersecting vertical and horizontal lines used to structure content.
Responsive web design basically feels that the design and development of a webpage should respond the same way no matter what device someone is using. This means that developers can build a page using the @media rule so the page will respond and behave the same across a variety of platforms and screens.
Basically organising your html so it has meaning. For example you use the 'p' tag to indicate that the content contained within is defined as a paragraph.


Start Bootstrap can help you build better websites using the Bootstrap CSS framework! Just download your template and start going, no strings attached!
find out moreStart Bootstrap has everything you need to get your new website up and running in no time! All of the templates and themes on Start Bootstrap are open source, free to download, and easy to use. No strings attached!
Our templates are updated regularly so they don't break.
You can use this theme as is, or you can make changes!
We update dependencies to keep things fresh.
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Ready to start your next project with us? That's great! Give us a call or send us an email and we will get back to you as soon as possible!
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Song Registry
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Song URL
Song Price
Show Total Number of Songs
Register Song
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Song URL
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Go to the source code of this file.
◆ LIBWIFI_BCAST_MAC
| #define LIBWIFI_BCAST_MAC "\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF" |
Commonly used fixed fields.
Definition at line 26 of file core.h.
◆ LIBWIFI_VERSION
| #define LIBWIFI_VERSION "UNSET_VERSION" |
◆ LIBWIFI_ZERO_MAC
| #define LIBWIFI_ZERO_MAC "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" |
◆ MAC2STR
| #define MAC2STR |
( |
|
a | ) |
(a)[0], (a)[1], (a)[2], (a)[3], (a)[4], (a)[5] |
Helpers for MAC Addresses.
Definition at line 32 of file core.h.
◆ MACSTR
| #define MACSTR "%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x" |
◆ libwifi_dummy()
| void libwifi_dummy |
( |
void |
| ) |
|
Dummy function for linker testing purposes.
Dummy function for linker testing purposes.
Definition at line 37 of file core.c.
◆ libwifi_get_version()
| const char * libwifi_get_version |
( |
void |
| ) |
|
Obtain the version of libwifi.
- Returns
- The version of the installed libwifi.
Obtain the version of libwifi.
Definition at line 44 of file core.c.
◆ libwifi_random_mac()
| void libwifi_random_mac |
( |
unsigned char |
buf[6], |
|
|
unsigned char |
prefix[3] |
|
) |
| |
Function to randomly generate a MAC address.
- Parameters
-
| buf | A buffer for the generated MAC to be written to |
| prefix | An optional OUI prefix |
Function to randomly generate a MAC address.
Definition at line 24 of file core.c.


We invest substantial effort to ensure content quality but still there may be mistakes. If found something not reasonable please let us know. Suggestions for improvement are also welcomed.
This application is completely free. Development effort is donated. It is a humble way to show gratitude to Internet community that gives us all so much.
Please help improving and spread the word. Do not forget to rate on Google Play! Is is important for store rank so that much users to have access to this application.


Types
List
A standard list
Schnoodle
Your new dog
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Ragamuffin
Your old dog.
Was on a walk today
Here's a picture of me on the farm with a cow...
Ruff Ruff
I know i usually message you in english but i wanted to see how your dog language was progressing...
Reaching Out
Hey its your old dog, been a while since you sent me to the farm...
Bulleted
A list can mark items with a bullet
Cats
Horses
Dogs
Labradoodles
Shiba Inu
Mastiff
- Cats
- Horses
- Dogs
- Labradoodles
- Shiba Inu
- Mastiff
Ordered
A list can be ordered numerically
Getting Started
Introduction
Languages
HTML
Javascript
CSS
- Cats
- Horses
- Dogs
- Labradoodles
- Shiba Inu
- Mastiff
Content
Icon
A list item can have an icon
Content
A list can have groups of content that can be floated left or right
New York Dog Fair
Dog Appreciation Day
Link
A list can contain items that link
Header
A list item can contain a header
New York City
A lovely city
Chicago
Also quite a lovely city
Los Angeles
Sometimes can be a lovely city
San Francisco
What a lovely city
Description
A list item can contain a description
New York City
A lovely city
Chicago
A lovely city
Los Angeles
A lovely city
San Francisco
A lovely city
Variations
Horizontal List
A list can be formatted horizontally
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
New York City
Chicago
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Apples
Pears
Oranges
Soursop
Inverted
A list can be inverted to appear on a dark background
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
Selection
A selection list formats list items as possible choices
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
Animated
A list can animate to set the current item apart from the list
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
Relaxed
A list can relax its padding to provide more negative space
Divided
A list can show divisions between content
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
About Us
Contact
Support
Celled
A list can divide its items into cells
Snickerdoodle
An excellent companion
Poodle
A poodle, its pretty basic
Paulo
He's also a dog
About Us
Contact
Support
Sizes
A list can vary in size
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...
Thanks for being my owner
Im so glad you chose to bring me home from the shelter...
What a walk
Man i am so tired that walk today really was too far...
Sorry about your old dog
Is this your address? I'm getting dropped off from the SPCA...


MIND Consulting is the vehicle through which MIND offers human resource and organizational development, advice, research and strategic planning support to public and private sector organisations locally, regionally and internationally.


As of July 2015, the Prototype History Research tool contains over 3.7 million descriptions of persons, families, and organizations (identity descriptions) derived from more than 6.6 million EAC-CPF records derived primarily from archival resource descriptions and original authority records. The source data was provided by a large number of contributors. The SNAC identities are linked to holdings in more than 4000 repositories. “Featured records” provides random selections of identities that also match entries in Wikipedia, and these are typically for well-known (or at least relatively well-known) persons. These persons also tend to be well-documented in the primary resources and thus constitute “strong” identities. However, many of the persons, organizations, and families in the Prototype History Research tool are weakly identified, which is to say, the available evidence does not establish a strong, reliable identity.
The linked resource descriptions represent all resources that are identifiably related to the identity, either as a creator or a subject of the resource. Holdings of hundreds of repositories, large and small, are represented in these resource links. While the representation of holding repositories and known, available resources is substantial, researchers should not assume that the links represent all available resources. As additional repositories contribute data to SNAC, the number of linked descriptions of holdings will continue to grow. There are always new discoveries to be made, as the vast majority of resource descriptions mention only a fraction of the persons, organizations, and families represented in a collection, and not all collections in any given repository have been processed and described.


Lookup CUSIP ID's
Insert one or more CUSIP ID's separated with a comma
What's your name?
Enter CUSIP?


THEY LIVE BY NIGHT (director: Nicholas Ray; screenwriters: Charles Scnee/from a novel by Edward Anderson "Thieves Like US"; cinematographer: George E. Diskant; editor: Sherman Todd; cast: Farley Granger (Bowie), Cathy O'Donnell (Keechie Mobley), Howard Da Silva (Chicamaw Mobley), Jay C. Flippen (T-Dub), Helen Craig (Mattie), Will Wright (Mobley), Marie Bryant (Singer); Runtime: 95; RKO; 1949)
Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz
Nicholas Ray's (Rebel Without A Cause) debut feature is a gem. It's a film noir set during the Great Depression about a 23-year-old prison escapee, Bowie (Granger), who was serving a life sentence for murder. After serving 7 years he teams up with two veteran hardened criminals, Chicamaw (Da Silva) and T-Dub (Flippen), and sinks deeper into a life of crime.
After the three rob a number of banks, the edgy Chicamaw pushes Bowie to drive too fast in traffic and he gets into a car accident. When a cop confronts them Chicamaw shoots him and takes the injured boy to be nursed by a relative of his, the attractive Keechie (O'Donnell), who lives on a broken-down farm with her drunk father (Wright). The two other criminals take off but when they return later they find out that the couple, who are living off his share of the bank robberies, fell in love and have travelled cross-country through the dark nights of America, got married and are staying in a cabin camp out west. When Chicamaw tracks him down, he forces the reluctant bank robber to continue robbing banks. Bowie has different plans, as he hopes to escape to Mexico with Keechie and live an honest life. But he believes he owes the criminals his help for one last job, since they took him along on their escape.
On the bank robbery T-Dub gets killed and in their escape, Chicamaw resents the radio broadcasts making Bowie to be the leader of the gang. In a drunken stupor he attacks Bowie in the car, but is overcome and the two part ways. Soon afterwards a radio broadcast announces that Chicamaw is killed trying to break into a liquor store.
Warning: spoiler in next paragraph.
What Ray does very well is make this into a love story, one that is movingly real as it is not corny or filled with clichés. It's a road movie, about how the doomed lovers hold out hope that they could somehow survive their ordeal and find happiness together. The sober-minded and gentle Keechie is a perfect complement to the naive and vulnerable Bowie, as they both seek a conventional life. But that becomes impossible for Bowie to realize as he can't overcome his dark past, and he is finally betrayed by a relative of T-Dub's -- Mattie (Craig), and is killed by the police who set a trap for him.  In the last shot she reads it, as she walks back to the cabin and tenderly says: "I Love You." There was no escape for the couple in the dark world they resided in: surrounded by thieves, drunks, and betrayers. The only comfort they had in life was their love that grew from an initial mistrust to one that was consuming. The dark, expressionist photography and the love between these two in such dark settings gives this very ordinary story a poetical elegance and makes it a memorable film.
REVIEWED ON 7/17/2001 GRADE: B
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
========== X-RAMR-ID: 28915 X-Language: en X-RT-ReviewID: 237108 X-RT-TitleID: 1021217 X-RT-SourceID: 873 X-RT-AuthorID: 1315 X-RT-RatingText: B
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


This is a folder that contains some json data for the folder location
This is a folder that does not contain an html file but does contain a json file


Isaac Kramer, Yuval Bayer, and Yair Mau. The Sustainability of Treated Wastewater Irrigation: The Impact of Hysteresis on Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity . Water Resources Research, 2022.
doi: 10.1029/2021WR031307
BibTeX
PDF
@article{kramer2022sustainability,doi={10.1029/2021WR031307},url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031307},year={2022},author={Isaac Kramer and Yuval Bayer and Yair Mau},title={The Sustainability of Treated Wastewater Irrigation: The Impact of Hysteresis on Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity},journal={Water Resources Research},}
Taiwo Adeyemo, Isaac Kramer, Guy J. Levy, and Yair Mau. Salinity and sodicity can cause hysteresis in soil hydraulic conductivity. Geoderma, 2022.
doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115765
BibTeX
PDF
@misc{adeyemo2022salinity,title={Salinity and sodicity can cause hysteresis in soil hydraulic conductivity},author={Taiwo Adeyemo and Isaac Kramer and Guy J. Levy and Yair Mau},year={2022},journal={Geoderma}}
Yuval R. Zelnik, Yair Mau, Moshe Shachak, and Ehud Meron. High-integrity human intervention in ecosystems: Tracking self-organization modes. PLOS Computational Biology, 2021.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009427
BibTeX
PDF
@article{zelnik2021high,doi={10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009427},url={https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009427},year={2021},author={Yuval R. Zelnik and Yair Mau and Moshe Shachak and Ehud Meron},title={High-integrity human intervention in ecosystems: Tracking self-organization modes},journal={PLOS Computational Biology},volume={17},number={9},pages={e1009427}}
Isaac Kramer, Yuval Bayer, Taiwo Adeyemo, and Yair Mau. Hysteresis in soil hydraulic conductivity as driven by salinity and sodicity: a modeling framework . HESS, 2021.
doi: 10.5194/hess-25-1993-2021
BibTeX
PDF GitHub
@article{kramer2020hysteresis,doi={10.5194/hess-25-1993-2021},url={https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1993-2021},year={2021},author={Isaac Kramer and Yuval Bayer and Taiwo Adeyemo and Yair Mau},title={Hysteresis in soil hydraulic conductivity as driven by salinity and sodicity: a modeling framework},journal={Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},volume={25},number={4},pages={1993--2008}}
Isaac Kramer and Yair Mau. Soil degradation risks assessed by the SOTE model for salinity and sodicity. Water Resources Research, 2020.
doi: 10.1029/2020WR027456
BibTeX
PDF GitHub
@article{kramer2020soil,doi={10.1029/2020WR027456},url={https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027456},year={2020},publisher={Wiley},volume={56},number={10},author={Isaac Kramer and Yair Mau},title={Soil degradation risks assessed by the SOTE model for salinity and sodicity},journal={Water Resources Research}}
Xing Chen, Mukesh Kumar, Daniel de B. Richter, and Yair Mau. Impact of gully incision on hillslope hydrology. Hydrological Processes, 2020.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.13845
BibTeX
PDF
@article{chen2020impact,doi={10.1002/hyp.13845},url={https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13845},year={2020},publisher={Wiley},volume={34},number={19},pages={3848--3866},author={Xing Chen and Mukesh Kumar and Daniel B. Richter and Yair Mau},title={Impact of gully incision on hillslope hydrology},journal={Hydrological Processes}}
Avigail Kaner, Yakir Preisler, José M. Grünzweig, and Yair Mau. Internal water storage buffering maintains plant function under drought as described by a general hydraulic model. bioRxiv, 2020.
doi: 10.1101/2<IP_ADDRESS>3563
BibTeX
PDF
@article{kaner2020internal,doi={10.1101/2<IP_ADDRESS>3563},url={https://doi.org/10.1101/2<IP_ADDRESS>3563},year={2020},publisher={Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},volume={},number={},pages={},author={Avigail Kaner and Yakir Preisler and Jos{\'{e}} M Gr\"{u}nzweig and Yair Mau},title={Internal water storage buffering maintains plant function under drought as described by a general hydraulic model},journal={}}
Yair Mau and Amilcare Porporato. Optimal control solutions to sodic soil reclamation. Advances in Water Resources, 91:37–45, 2016.
doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.02.014
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2016optimal,doi={10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.02.014},year={2016},publisher={Elsevier {BV}},volume={91},pages={37--45},author={Yair Mau and Amilcare Porporato},title={Optimal control solutions to sodic soil reclamation},journal={Advances in Water Resources}}
Amilcare Porporato, Xue Feng, Stefano Manzoni, Yair Mau, Anthony J. Parolari, and Giulia Vico. Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems: Examples and challenges. Water Resources Research, 51(7):5081–5099, 2015.
doi: 10.1002/2015WR017289
BibTeX
PDF
@article{porporato2015ecohydrological,doi={10.1002/2015wr017289},year={2015},publisher={Wiley-Blackwell},author={Amilcare Porporato and Xue Feng and Stefano Manzoni and Yair Mau and Anthony J. Parolari and Giulia Vico},title={Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems: Examples and challenges},journal={Water Resources Research},volume={51},number={7},pages={5081--5099}}
Yair Mau and Amilcare Porporato. A dynamical system approach to soil salinity and sodicity. Advances in Water Resources, 83:68–76, 2015.
doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.010
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2015dynamical,year={2015},publisher={Elsevier {BV}},volume={83},pages={68--76},author={Yair Mau and Amilcare Porporato},title={A dynamical system approach to soil salinity and sodicity},journal={Advances in Water Resources},doi={10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.05.010}}
Yair Mau, Lev Haim, and Ehud Meron. Reversing desertification as a spatial resonance problem. Physical Review E, 91(1):012903, 2015.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.91.012903
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2015reversing,title={Reversing desertification as a spatial resonance problem},author={Yair Mau and Lev Haim and Ehud Meron},journal={Physical Review E},volume={91},number={1},pages={012903},year={2015},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physreve.91.012903},}
Yair Mau, Xue Feng, and Amilcare Porporato. Multiplicative jump processes and applications to leaching of salt and contaminants in the soil. Physical Review E, 90(5):052128, 2014.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.052128
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2014multiplicative,title={Multiplicative jump processes and applications to leaching of salt and contaminants in the soil},author={Yair Mau and Xue Feng and Amilcare Porporato},journal={Physical Review E},volume={90},number={5},pages={052128},year={2014},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physreve.90.052128},}
Lev Haim, Yair Mau, and Ehud Meron. Spatial forcing of pattern-forming systems that lack inversion symmetry. Physical Review E, 90(2):022904, 2014.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.90.022904
BibTeX
PDF
@article{haim2014spatial,title={Spatial forcing of pattern-forming systems that lack inversion symmetry},author={Lev Haim and Yair Mau and Ehud Meron},journal={Physical Review E},volume={90},number={2},pages={022904},year={2014},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physreve.90.022904},}
Yair Mau, Lev Haim, Aric Hagberg, and Ehud Meron. Competing resonances in spatially forced pattern-forming systems. Physical Review E, 88(3): 032917, 2013.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.032917
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2013competing,title={Competing resonances in spatially forced pattern-forming systems},author={Yair Mau and Lev Haim and Aric Hagberg and Ehud Meron},journal={Physical Review E},volume={88},number={3},pages={032917},year={2013},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physreve.88.032917},}
Yair Mau, Aric Hagberg, and Ehud Meron. Spatial periodic forcing can displace patterns it is intended to control. Physical Review Letters, 109 (3):034102, 2012.
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.034102
BibTeX
PDF
@article{mau2012spatial,title={Spatial periodic forcing can displace patterns it is intended to control},author={Yair Mau and Aric Hagberg and Ehud Meron},journal={Physical Review Letters},volume={109},number={3},pages={034102},year={2012},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physrevlett.109.034102},}
@article{mau2009dual,title={Dual-mode spiral vortices},author={Yair Mau and Aric Hagberg and Ehud Meron},journal={Physical Review E},volume={80},number={6},pages={065203},year={2009},publisher={APS},doi={10.1103/physreve.80.065203},}
Tip: find the BibTeX of any publication by copying its doi here: doi2bib.org.
Theses
PhD Thesis
Title:“Pattern Formation in Spatially Forced Systems: Application to Vegetation Restoration” Advisor:Prof. Ehud Meron.
The Physics Department, The Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. PDF


FROM: MR.GEORGE BENNETH ACCOUNTANT, UBN BENIN CITY-NIGERIA TEL/FAX: 234-09-272103 Hello Friend, First, I must solicit your confidence in this transaction, this is by virtue if its nature as being utterly CONFIDENTIAL and TOP SECRET. Truly, I know that a transaction of this magnitude will make any one apprehensive and worried, but I am assuring you that all will be well at the end of the day. We have decided to contact you due to the urgency of this transaction; we were reliably informed of your discreteness and ability in transactions of this nature. I hereby start by introducing myself properly to you first. I am Mr. George Benneth an Accountant with the Union Bank of Nigeria Plc. I came to know of you in my private search for a reliable and Reputable person to handle this confidential transaction, which involves the transfer of a huge sum of money to a foreign account requiring maximum confidence. A pipeline Engineer, Late Engineer Walter Tang Min, with the Federal Government of Nigeria. Until his death five years ago in a ghastly air crash, banked with us here at Union Bank Plc. Benin City. He had a closing balance of US$13.5M (Thirteen Million, Five Hundred Thousand United States Dollars) which the deposited bank in question are questioning and expecting the money and some other properties to be claimed by any available foreign next-of-kin or alternatively to be donated to a discredited trust fund for importation of arms and Ammunition at a military war college here in Nigeria. Fervent and valuable efforts are being made by the Union Bank to get in touch with any of the Walter Min's family or relatives but all proved non-avail. It is because of the negative possibility of not being able to locate any of Late Engr. Walter Tang Min next-of-kin (he had no known wife or children) that the management under the influence of our chairman and member of the board of rectors, retired Major General Kalu Uke Kalu, that an arrangement must be made for the funds to be declared "UNCLAIMABLE/UNSERVICEABLE"and subsequently be donated to the Trust Fund for importation of Arms and Ammunition for further enhancement of war course in Africa and the world in general. In order to re-direct this negative development just because we want no more war, so be of my trusted colleagues and I now seek your permission to have you stand as a next-of-kin to Late Engr. Walter Tang Min so that the funds US$13.5M would be released and paid into your bank account as the beneficiary or next-of-kin. All documents and proves to enable you get this fund will be carefully worked out, more so we are assuring you of a 100% risk free involvement. Your share stays while the rest would be for my colleagues, myself and some disbursement of investment purposes in your country, which I shall abide on your guidelines on the lucrative business to hook on. We have agreed that after every deal is over, the funds will be shared thus, 35% of the money will go to you for acting as the beneficiary of the funds, 5% will be set aside for reimbursement to both parties for any incidental expenses that may be incur along the transfer, while the remaining 60% goes to myself and my immediate colleagues for been the originator of the transaction. If this proposal is OK by you and you do not wish to take undue advantage of the trust, we hope to bestow you and your company through this positive and lucrative venture, then kindly get back to me immediately via the above machine line nor through the overleaf email address on the screen of your good computer. Furnishing me with your most confidential information for an equitable enhancement and facilitation of the transfer. A. Your Full Name B. Your House Full Address C. Delivering Address D. National/Country E. Occupation F. Position At Work G. Your Bank Name H. Your Bank Address I. Account Number. J. Routing/Transit Number K. Your Reachable Telephone Nor Fax Number (It May Be Your Mobile Line) L. Neither Your International Passport Copy/Driving License. Your above and provided informations will be use in tally order to the deceased informations for release and subsequent transfer of the fund in your favor. Thank you in advance for soliciting this proposal and also for your anticipated co-operation. Yours faithfully, Mr. George Benneth.


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
Interface implemented by security policy providers that may support dynamic
granting of permissions at run-time. The grant
methods of the
Security
class delegate to the
methods declared by this interface when this interface is implemented by the
installed security policy provider. Permissions are granted on the
granularity of class loader; granting a permission requires (of the calling
context) GrantPermission
for that
permission.
| Method Summary | |
Permission[] |
getGrants(Class cl,
Principal[] principals)
If this security policy provider supports dynamic permission grants, returns a new array containing the cumulative set of permissions dynamically granted to protection domains (including ones not yet created) that are associated with the class loader of the given class and possess at least the given set of principals. |
void |
grant(Class cl,
Principal[] principals,
Permission[] permissions)
If this security policy provider supports dynamic permission grants, grants the specified permissions to all protection domains (including ones not yet created) that are associated with the class loader of the given class and possess at least the given set of principals. |
boolean |
grantSupported()
Returns true if this policy provider supports dynamic
permission grants; returns false otherwise. |
| Method Detail |
public boolean grantSupported()
true
if this policy provider supports dynamic
permission grants; returns false
otherwise. Note that this
method may return different values for a given
DynamicPolicy
instance, depending on context. For example,
a policy provider that delegates to different underlying policy
implementations depending on thread state would return true
from this method when the current delegate supports dynamic permission
grants, but return false
when another delegate lacking such
support is in effect.
true
if policy supports dynamic permission grants
under current context, false
otherwisepublic void grant(Class cl, Principal[] principals, Permission[] permissions)
null
, then the grant applies across all
protection domains that possess at least the specified principals. If
the list of principals is null
or empty, then principals
are effectively ignored in determining the protection domains to which
the grant applies. If this policy provider does not support dynamic
permission grants, then no permissions are granted and an
UnsupportedOperationException
is thrown.
The given class, if non-null
, must belong to either the
system domain or a protection domain whose associated class loader is
non-null
. If the class does not belong to such a
protection domain, then no permissions are granted and an
UnsupportedOperationException
is thrown.
If a security manager is installed, its checkPermission
method is called with a GrantPermission
containing the
permissions to grant; if the permission check fails, then no permissions
are granted and the resulting SecurityException
is thrown.
The principals and permissions arrays passed in are neither modified nor
retained; subsequent changes to the arrays have no effect on the grant
operation.
cl
- class to grant permissions to the class loader of, or
null
if granting across all class loadersprincipals
- if non-null
, minimum set of principals
to which grants applypermissions
- if non-null
, permissions to grant
UnsupportedOperationException
- if policy does not support
dynamic grants, or if cl
is non-null
and belongs to a protection domain with a null
class loader other than the system domain
SecurityException
- if a security manager is installed and the
calling context does not have sufficient permissions to grant
the given permissions
NullPointerException
- if any element of the principals or
permissions arrays is null
public Permission[] getGrants(Class cl, Principal[] principals)
null
, then this method returns the cumulative set of
permissions dynamically granted across all protection domains that
possess at least the specified principals (i.e., through calls to the
grant method where the specified class was null
). If the
list of principals is null
or empty, then the permissions
returned reflect only grants not qualified by principals (i.e., those
performed through calls to the grant method where the specified
principals array was null
or empty). If this policy
provider does not support dynamic permission grants, then an
UnsupportedOperationException
is thrown.
The given class, if non-null
, must belong to either the
system domain or a protection domain whose associated class loader is
non-null
. If the class does not belong to such a
protection domain, then an UnsupportedOperationException
is
thrown.
cl
- class to query the permissions dynamically granted to the
class loader of, or null
if querying permissions
granted across all class loadersprincipals
- if non-null
, principals to query
dynamic grants for
UnsupportedOperationException
- if policy does not support
dynamic grants, or if cl
is non-null
and belongs to a protection domain with a null
class loader other than the system domain
NullPointerException
- if any element of the principals array is
null
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


The official website for code clan nigeria community We are a community comprised of future innovators. Front-end developers, DevOps engineers, full stack developers, technical writers, software engineers. This community was created out of a desire to provide ongoing support to you wherever stage you are in your coding career.
As part of the measures towards achieving out goal stated above, we propose to bring together the amazing talents of our community members to built a website and a mobile application that represents all that we stand for.
To get a complete documentation of the source code and the architectural structure of the application, click here.
Feel free to put your skills to the test. Here is a suggested workflow for you to follow: Note: This is applicable to codeclannigeria community members only.
develop
branchWant more support? Join our slack community and ask questions.


Click the text! The mouseDown() function is triggered when the mouse button is pressed down over this paragraph, and sets the color of the text to red. The mouseUp() function is triggered when the mouse button is released, and sets the color of the text to green.
DOSSSS button is pressed down over this paragraph, and sets the color of the text to red. The mouseUp() function is triggered when the mouse button is released, and sets the color of the text to green.
TRES TRES ressed down over this paragraph, and sets the color of the text to red. The mouseUp() function is triggered when the mouse button is released, and sets the color of the text to green.


Wifi: username / password
| Install the Tools | http://bit.ly/CnCTheTools |
| This presentation | http://bit.ly/cncinteractiveslides |
| The worksheet | http://bit.ly/cncinteractivework |
All slides in this presentation are licensed by http://kcwomenintech.org under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
#LadyDevs #KCWiT
#CodingAndCocktailsKC
#techtalks
#cats_and_doggos
#wootwoot
#general
Don’t be discouraged if you don’t finish the worksheet section before the next presentation section. We have a lot of material to cover tonight and in order to fit everything in, we have to keep a fast pace. This is difficult material and will take time to understand. We are here (and on Slack after the session) to help!
Single Line comments
//this is a one line comment
Multi line comments
/* This is a
multi line comment */
Does not affect the output of your code! (but makes it easier to understand)
Placeholder to store values / data
var iAmTheLegacyWayOfDoingThings = "But I still work";
let youCanChangeMe = "I'm pretty flexible";
const I_STAY_THE_SAME = "All the time....mostly";
let iAmANumber = 5;
let iAmABoolean = true;
let myAge = 28 + 10;
let modExample = 15 % 2; // console logs 1
Modulus: The 'remainder' in a division problem
15 / 2 = 7 with a remainder of 1 (the modulus)
Perform a task
Help you complete tasks inside or outside functions
What is a loop?
Repeat some code as long as some condition is true
Types of loops:
for (initialization; condition; increment) {
// code to execute while condition is true
}
Example
var numberOfCustomers = 5;
for (var i = 0; i < numberOfCustomers; i++) {
notifyDrinkIsReady(i);
}
var numberOfCustomers = 5;
for (var i = 0; i < numberOfCustomers; i++) {
notifyDrinkIsReady(i);
}
Which of these is an 'infinite loop'?
var numberOfCustomers = 5;
for (var i = 0; i < numberOfCustomers;) {
notifyDrinkIsReady(i);
}
Great for troubleshooting / debugging your code
| Windows Key Combination | Mac Key Combination |
| F12 | cmd + shift + i |
var fruit = ['Apple','Strawberry','Blackberry',
'Raspberry','Cherry','Blueberry'];
var drinksIveConsumed = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
'none of the above'];
var myNewArray = new Array();
var myEmptyArray = [];
var myFilledArray = ['is','not','empty'];
Zero-based Index
var fruit = ['Apple','Strawberry','Blackberry'];
// Grab first item and display
var first = fruit[0];
console.log(first);
// 'Apple'
// Check array length and display
var length = fruit.length;
console.log(length);
// 3
// Grab last item and display
var last = fruit[fruit.length-1];
console.log(last);
// 'Blackberry'
Add item to beginning of array
// Create the Array
var fruit = ['Apple','Pear','Kiwi'];
// View the contents of the array
// stored in the fruit variable
console.log(fruit);
// ['Banana','Apple','Pear','Kiwi']
An array method that executes a given function once for each array element
// Create array
var drinks = ['martini', 'soda', 'coffee'];
// loop using forEach
drinks.forEach(function(drink) {
console.log(drink);
});
// martini
// soda
// coffee
Imagine you are standing on a mountain...
Is the top of the mountain
Can be manipulated using JavaScript
Using the
document
keyword you get access to useful functions to manipulate the DOM
document.getElementById('button');
let aNewPieceOfDOM = document.createDocumentFragment();
let newDiv = document.createElement("div");
aNewPieceOfDOM.append(newDiv);
Wifi: username / password
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| View these slides | http://bit.ly/cncinteractiveslides |
| Do the worksheet | http://bit.ly/cncinteractivework |
All slides in this presentation are licensed by http://kcwomenintech.org under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Thing that happens on the page
Triggered autonomously (in code)
Triggered by the user

<button>Click Me</button>
const button = document.querySelector('button');
//Our handler
const ourEventHandlerMethod = (event) => {
console.log('they clicked our button!!!!', event);
console.log(event.target)
}
//Our listener
button.addEventListener('click', ourEventHandlerMethod);
Wifi: username / password
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| View these slides | http://bit.ly/cncinteractiveslides |
| Do the worksheet | http://bit.ly/cncinteractivework |
All slides in this presentation are licensed by http://kcwomenintech.org under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
var AdaLovelace = {
"achillesHeel": "Compulsive Gambling",
"firstName": "Ada",
"lastName": "Lovelace",
"children": ["Byron","Ralph","Anne"],
"dateBorn": "12/10/1815",
"dateDied": "11/27/1852",
"father": "Lord Byron",
"Likes Programming": true,
"fullName": function() {
return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
}
};
console.log(AdaLovelace.children)
// ['Byron', 'Ralph', 'Anne']
console.log(AdaLovelace.fullName)
/* function () { return this.firstName + " "
+ this.lastName; } */
console.log(AdaLovelace.fullName())
// Ada Lovelace
console.log(AdaLovelace.Likes Programming)
// syntax error :(
Bracket Notation
console.log(AdaLovelace['Likes Programming'])
// true
console.log(AdaLovelace['children'])
// ['Byron', 'Ralph', 'Anne']
Use Bracket Notation
AdaLovelace.favorite_animal = 'giraffe';
// Print out value of favorite_animal
console.log(AdaLovelace.favorite_animal);
Create an object
Work with scope access
Wifi: username / password
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| Do the worksheet | http://bit.ly/cncinteractivework |
All slides in this presentation are licensed by http://kcwomenintech.org under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Library
Native JavaScript
var caliberOfDay = 'sunshiney';
var myMultiLineString = `
Hello!
Hope you have a ${caliberOfDay} day!`;
VS
var myMultiLineString = 'Hello!' + \n
'Hope you have a ' + caliberOfDay + ' day!';
Expression with some logic in a template
`I should drink ${8 - 5} more glasses of water today.`
// I should drink 3 more
// glasses of water today.

var user = {
firstName: 'Alice',
city: 'Wonderland'
};
var myMarkup = `

Hi, I'm ${user.firstName}.

I live in ${user.city}.

`;
var intro = document.getElementById('intro');
intro.innerHTML = myMarkup;

Hi, I'm Alice.

I live in Wonderland.

Use template literals
Wifi: username / password
| Install the Tools | http://bit.ly/CnCTheTools |
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| Do the worksheet | http://bit.ly/cncinteractivework |
All slides in this presentation are licensed by http://kcwomenintech.org under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
#LadyDevs #KCWiT
#CodingAndCocktailsKC
A reference value that changes based on context and cannot be reassigned
Global level: window
Events: Event Object
Arrow function: Parent
Inside an object: the object
let AdaLovelace = {
"achillesHeel": "Compulsive Gambling",
"firstName": "Ada",
"lastName": "Lovelace",
"children": ["Byron","Ralph","Anne"],
"dateBorn": "12/10/1815",
"dateDied": "11/27/1852",
"father": "Lord Byron",
"Likes Programming": true,
"fullName": function() {
return this.firstName + " " + this.lastName;
}
};
That means you can use `fetch` without having to include a BULKY library.
fetch(url) // URL of API
.then(function() {
// Code for handling data response from API
})
.catch(function() {
// Code to run if API returns an error
});


PathPointY()
语法
Result.d = PathPointY(Distance.d)概要
Returns the Y coordinate of the point at the given distance from the start of the current vector drawing path.
参数
Distance.d Specifies the distance from the start of the path. If this parameter is negative or larger than the total path length, the start/endpoint of the path is returned. The full length of the path can be determined with PathLength().
返回值
The Y coordinate of the point of the path.
示例
See PathPointX() for an example.
参阅
PathPointX(), PathPointAngle(), PathLength()
已支持操作系统
所有


| Total net profit | 225.17 | Gross profit | 957.21 | Gross loss | -732.04 |
| Profit factor | 1.31 | Expected payoff | 1.24 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -83.75 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 184.55 (183.09%) | ||
| Total trades | 182 | Profit trades (% of total) | 67 (36.81%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 115 (63.19%) |
| Long positions (won %) | 83 (36.14%) | Short positions (won %) | 99 (37.37%) | ||
| Largest | profit trade | 33.3 | loss trade | -9.28 | |
| Average | profit trade | 14.29 | loss trade | -6.37 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.2 | loss trade | -0.43 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 337.6 | stop loss in pips | -93.7 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 169.7 | stop loss in pips | -59.3 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 135.3 | stop loss in pips | 108.6 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 28.7 | Duration in minutes | 9911 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 3.5 | Duration in minutes | 2245.5 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | 0.0 | Duration in minutes | 0 | |
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 10.0 (170.3) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 21.0 (-133.63) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 4.0 | consecutive losses | 7.0 |
| Total net profit | 54.97 | Gross profit | 400.89 | Gross loss | -345.92 |
| Profit factor | 1.16 | Expected payoff | 0.66 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -47.55 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 167.58 (139.62%) | ||
| Total trades | 83 | Profit trades (% of total) | 30 (36.14%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 53 (63.86%) |
| Largest | profit trade | 20.69 | loss trade | -8.88 | |
| Average | profit trade | 13.36 | loss trade | -6.53 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.2 | loss trade | -0.43 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 337.6 | stop loss in pips | -93.7 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 169.9 | stop loss in pips | -59.1 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 135.3 | stop loss in pips | 108.6 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 22.1 | Duration in minutes | 7519.0 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 3.2 | Duration in minutes | 1845.3 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | 0.0 | Duration in minutes | 9.0 | |
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 5.0 (87.65) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 15.0 (-102.53) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 3.0 | consecutive losses | 7.0 |
| Total net profit | 170.2 | Gross profit | 556.32 | Gross loss | -386.12 |
| Profit factor | 1.44 | Expected payoff | 1.72 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -63.44 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 90.83 (90.05%) | ||
| Total trades | 99 | Profit trades (% of total) | 37 (37.37%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 62 (62.63%) |
| Largest | profit trade | 33.3 | loss trade | -9.28 | |
| Average | profit trade | 15.04 | loss trade | -6.23 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.42 | loss trade | -0.54 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 332.9 | stop loss in pips | -91.0 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 169.5 | stop loss in pips | -59.5 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 138.0 | stop loss in pips | 103.9 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 28.7 | Duration in minutes | 9911.0 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 3.7 | Duration in minutes | 2581.1 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | Duration in minutes | 0.0 | ||
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 10.0 (111.84) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 15.0 (-90.83) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 7.0 | consecutive losses | 10.0 |


The author of:
and more recently of:
A very cool guy with a no-nonsense approach to software development.
His home page is at www.martinfowler.com.
| Title | Publication | Date |
|---|---|---|
| The New Methodology | martinfowler.com | 2005/12 |
| Mocks Aren't Stubs | martinfowler.com | 2004/07 |
| Data Access Routines | IEEE Software | 2003/11 |
| Public versus Published Interfaces | IEEE Software | 2002/03 |
| Agile Development: What, Who, How, and Whether | Fawcette.com | 2002/03 |
| To Be Explicit | IEEE Software | 2001/11 |
| The Agile Manifesto | Software Development Magazine | 2001/08 |
| Reducing Coupling | IEEE Software | 2001/07 |
| Is Design ... Dead? | Software Development Magazine | 2001/04 |
| Put Your Process on a Diet | Software Development Magazine | 2000/12 |


THE REPLACEMENT KILLERS
RATING: **1/2 (out of ****)
Columbia / 1:28 / 1998 / R (language, violence) Cast: Chow Yun-Fat; Mira Sorvino; Michael Rooker; Jurgen Prochnow; Carlos Gomez; Frank Medrano; Kenneth Tsang; Danny Trejo Director: Antoine Fuqua Screenplay: Ken Sanzel
Whether you love or hate "The Replacement Killers," you've got to respect it's running time -- at a slim hour-and-28-minutes, the film speeds by faster than the ammo discharged from star Chow Yun-Fat's endless supply of firearms. Unfortunately, "The Replacement Killers" also boasts more story and character holes than he puts in his opponents, a drawback that keeps the movie from being both truly enjoyable and involving. It's certainly nothing new to find a action movie riddled with flaws, but at least this one has a must-see attraction in its leading man -- Yun-Fat, a Hong Kong idol making his American debut here, radiates absolute cool.
He plays John Lee, an assassin with (yes, folks, say it with me) a heart of gold. Lee is hired by underworld kingpin Mr. Wei (Kenneth Tsang) to perform a hit in L.A. -- Wei's criminal son was killed in self-defense by stateside cop Stan Zedkov (Michael Rooker), and Wei would like Lee to shoot Zedkov's own seven-year-old in retaliation. Even though Wei will dispatch people to murder Lee's family if the job isn't completed, Lee just can't bring himself to pull the trigger. He then hooks up with a document-forger named Meg (Mira Sorvino), his only hope to get back to his home in time, and together they become marked targets from a new pair of professionals dispatched by Wei.
Director Antoine Fuqua, the man behind Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise" music video, does what he can with Ken Sanzel's paint-by-numbers script; in particular, he's got style to spare, and demonstrates it from the first scene on. The loud, humdinger action makes up a large part of the movie, turning everyday locations like car washes, parking garages and theaters into dangerous, violent places (and that last one's quite a doozy). "The Replacement Killers" doesn't waste much time between them, and thus is over with quickly. The film is a dazzler for the eyes and ears, and that's about it.
Chow Yun-Fat, who learned English for the movie, has an undeniable screen presence. He's also a strong actor, and so it's puzzling -- and even disappointing -- that John Lee has few scenes where he can project emotional depth (could it be that Yun-Fat was still a little too stiff with his newly-acquired dialect?). Mira Sorvino offers game support as a sidekick and pseudo-romantic interest; she's given more to do than just tagalong, and ends up owning the movie's best scene and line ("Are you gonna put a bullet in your head now that our positions are reversed?"). The villains, however, are too underdeveloped or silly to be much fun, especially the replacement killers of the title; when they strut in slo-mo into an airport decked out in black leather, greasy hair, facial scars and nasty scowls, you wonder why customs doesn't just snatch them up right there.
While "The Replacement Killers" isn't challenging or even remotely thrilling, it sure isn't boring. Terrific visuals, a smooth color palette, a handful of strong sequences and the performances of Yun-Fat and Sorvino make the movie far from a dull sit. And that super-fast 88 minutes (you could fit two showings of this into one of "The Postman," and still have a couple seconds for a bathroom stop) earns "The Replacement Killers" a fraction of a star alone. The movie is a tiny blessing in disguise -- underneath the imperfect trappings lies a film that knows it's just about the ride and doesn't throw in any needless padding. When looking for a mild diversion, who could ask for anything more?
© 1997 Jamie Peck E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Visit the Reel Deal Online: http://www.gl.umbc.edu/~jpeck1/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Use this page with https to allow access to your microphone.
Connect to:
circuitsandbox.net
Logon
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TERMIOS
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (3)
Updated: 2014-05-08
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
termios, tcgetattr, tcsetattr, tcsendbreak, tcdrain, tcflush, tcflow,
cfmakeraw, cfgetospeed, cfgetispeed, cfsetispeed, cfsetospeed, cfsetspeed -
get and set terminal attributes, line control, get and set baud rate
SYNOPSIS
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int tcgetattr(int fd, struct termios *termios_p);
int tcsetattr(int fd, int optional_actions,
const struct termios *termios_p);
int tcsendbreak(int fd, int duration);
int tcdrain(int fd);
int tcflush(int fd, int queue_selector);
int tcflow(int fd, int action);
void cfmakeraw(struct termios *termios_p);
speed_t cfgetispeed(const struct termios *termios_p);
speed_t cfgetospeed(const struct termios *termios_p);
int cfsetispeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);
int cfsetospeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);
int cfsetspeed(struct termios *termios_p, speed_t speed);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
feature_test_macros(7)):
cfsetspeed(),
cfmakeraw():
_BSD_SOURCE
DESCRIPTION
The termios functions describe a general terminal interface that is
provided to control asynchronous communications ports.
The termios structure
Many of the functions described here have a termios_p argument
that is a pointer to a termios structure.
This structure contains at least the following members:
tcflag_t c_iflag; /* input modes */
tcflag_t c_oflag; /* output modes */
tcflag_t c_cflag; /* control modes */
tcflag_t c_lflag; /* local modes */
cc_t c_cc[NCCS]; /* special characters */
The values that may be assigned to these fields are described below.
In the case of the first four bit-mask fields,
the definitions of some of the associated flags that may be set are
exposed only if a specific feature test macro (see
feature_test_macros(7))
is defined, as noted in brackets ("[]").
In the descriptions below, "not in POSIX" means that the
value is not specified in POSIX.1-2001,
and "XSI" means that the value is specified in POSIX.1-2001
as part of the XSI extension.
c_iflag flag constants:
- IGNBRK
-
Ignore BREAK condition on input.
- BRKINT
-
If IGNBRK is set, a BREAK is ignored.
If it is not set
but BRKINT is set, then a BREAK causes the input and output
queues to be flushed, and if the terminal is the controlling
terminal of a foreground process group, it will cause a
SIGINT to be sent to this foreground process group.
When neither IGNBRK nor BRKINT are set, a BREAK
reads as a null byte ('\0'), except when PARMRK is set,
in which case it reads as the sequence \377 \0 \0.
- IGNPAR
-
Ignore framing errors and parity errors.
- PARMRK
-
If IGNPAR is not set, prefix a character with a parity error or
framing error with \377 \0.
If neither IGNPAR nor PARMRK
is set, read a character with a parity error or framing error
as \0.
- INPCK
-
Enable input parity checking.
- ISTRIP
-
Strip off eighth bit.
- INLCR
-
Translate NL to CR on input.
- IGNCR
-
Ignore carriage return on input.
- ICRNL
-
Translate carriage return to newline on input (unless IGNCR is set).
- IUCLC
-
(not in POSIX) Map uppercase characters to lowercase on input.
- IXON
-
Enable XON/XOFF flow control on output.
- IXANY
-
(XSI) Typing any character will restart stopped output.
(The default is to allow just the START character to restart output.)
- IXOFF
-
Enable XON/XOFF flow control on input.
- IMAXBEL
-
(not in POSIX) Ring bell when input queue is full.
Linux does not implement this bit, and acts as if it is always set.
- IUTF8 (since Linux 2.6.4)
-
(not in POSIX) Input is UTF8;
this allows character-erase to be correctly performed in cooked mode.
c_oflag
flag constants:
- OPOST
-
Enable implementation-defined output processing.
- OLCUC
-
(not in POSIX) Map lowercase characters to uppercase on output.
- ONLCR
-
(XSI) Map NL to CR-NL on output.
- OCRNL
-
Map CR to NL on output.
- ONOCR
-
Don't output CR at column 0.
- ONLRET
-
Don't output CR.
- OFILL
-
Send fill characters for a delay, rather than using a timed delay.
- OFDEL
-
Fill character is ASCII DEL (0177).
If unset, fill character is ASCII NUL ('\0').
(Not implemented on Linux.)
- NLDLY
-
Newline delay mask.
Values are NL0 and NL1.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
- CRDLY
-
Carriage return delay mask.
Values are CR0, CR1, CR2, or CR3.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
- TABDLY
-
Horizontal tab delay mask.
Values are TAB0, TAB1, TAB2, TAB3 (or XTABS).
A value of TAB3, that is, XTABS, expands tabs to spaces
(with tab stops every eight columns).
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
- BSDLY
-
Backspace delay mask.
Values are BS0 or BS1.
(Has never been implemented.)
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
- VTDLY
-
Vertical tab delay mask.
Values are VT0 or VT1.
- FFDLY
-
Form feed delay mask.
Values are FF0 or FF1.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
c_cflag flag constants:
- CBAUD
-
(not in POSIX) Baud speed mask (4+1 bits).
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- CBAUDEX
-
(not in POSIX) Extra baud speed mask (1 bit), included in
CBAUD.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
(POSIX says that the baud speed is stored in the
termios
structure without specifying where precisely, and provides
cfgetispeed()
and
cfsetispeed()
for getting at it.
Some systems use bits selected by
CBAUD
in
c_cflag,
other systems use separate fields, for example,
sg_ispeed
and
sg_ospeed.)
- CSIZE
-
Character size mask.
Values are CS5, CS6, CS7, or CS8.
- CSTOPB
-
Set two stop bits, rather than one.
- CREAD
-
Enable receiver.
- PARENB
-
Enable parity generation on output and parity checking for input.
- PARODD
-
If set, then parity for input and output is odd;
otherwise even parity is used.
- HUPCL
-
Lower modem control lines after last process closes the device (hang up).
- CLOCAL
-
Ignore modem control lines.
- LOBLK
-
(not in POSIX) Block output from a noncurrent shell layer.
For use by shl (shell layers). (Not implemented on Linux.)
- CIBAUD
-
(not in POSIX) Mask for input speeds.
The values for the
CIBAUD
bits are
the same as the values for the
CBAUD
bits, shifted left
IBSHIFT
bits.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
(Not implemented on Linux.)
- CMSPAR
-
(not in POSIX)
Use "stick" (mark/space) parity (supported on certain serial
devices): if
PARODD
is set, the parity bit is always 1; if
PARODD
is not set, then the parity bit is always 0.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- CRTSCTS
-
(not in POSIX) Enable RTS/CTS (hardware) flow control.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
c_lflag flag constants:
- ISIG
-
When any of the characters INTR, QUIT, SUSP, or DSUSP are received,
generate the corresponding signal.
- ICANON
-
Enable canonical mode (described below).
- XCASE
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux)
If ICANON is also set, terminal is uppercase only.
Input is converted to lowercase, except for characters preceded by \.
On output, uppercase characters are preceded by \ and lowercase
characters are converted to uppercase.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE
or
_XOPEN_SOURCE]
- ECHO
-
Echo input characters.
- ECHOE
-
If ICANON is also set, the ERASE character erases the preceding
input character, and WERASE erases the preceding word.
- ECHOK
-
If ICANON is also set, the KILL character erases the current line.
- ECHONL
-
If ICANON is also set, echo the NL character even if ECHO is not set.
- ECHOCTL
-
(not in POSIX) If ECHO is also set,
terminal special characters other than
TAB, NL, START, and STOP are echoed as ^X,
where X is the character with
ASCII code 0x40 greater than the special character.
For example, character
0x08 (BS) is echoed as ^H.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- ECHOPRT
-
(not in POSIX) If ICANON and ECHO are also set, characters
are printed as they are being erased.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- ECHOKE
-
(not in POSIX) If ICANON is also set, KILL is echoed by erasing
each character on the line, as specified by ECHOE and ECHOPRT.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- DEFECHO
-
(not in POSIX) Echo only when a process is reading.
(Not implemented on Linux.)
- FLUSHO
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux)
Output is being flushed.
This flag is toggled by typing
the DISCARD character.
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- NOFLSH
-
Disable flushing the input and output queues when generating signals for the
INT, QUIT, and SUSP characters.
- TOSTOP
-
Send the
SIGTTOU
signal to the process group of a background process
which tries to write to its controlling terminal.
- PENDIN
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux)
All characters in the input queue are reprinted when
the next character is read.
(bash(1)
handles typeahead this way.)
[requires
_BSD_SOURCE
or
_SVID_SOURCE]
- IEXTEN
-
Enable implementation-defined input processing.
This flag, as well as ICANON must be enabled for the
special characters EOL2, LNEXT, REPRINT, WERASE to be interpreted,
and for the IUCLC flag to be effective.
The c_cc array defines the terminal special characters.
The symbolic indices (initial values) and meaning are:
- VDISCARD
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 017, SI, Ctrl-O)
Toggle: start/stop discarding pending output.
Recognized when
IEXTEN
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VDSUSP
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 031, EM, Ctrl-Y)
Delayed suspend character (DSUSP):
send
SIGTSTP
signal when the character is read by the user program.
Recognized when
IEXTEN
and
ISIG
are set, and the system supports
job control, and then not passed as input.
- VEOF
-
(004, EOT, Ctrl-D)
End-of-file character (EOF).
More precisely: this character causes the pending tty buffer to be sent
to the waiting user program without waiting for end-of-line.
If it is the first character of the line, the
read(2)
in the user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file.
Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VEOL
-
(0, NUL)
Additional end-of-line character (EOL).
Recognized when
ICANON
is set.
- VEOL2
-
(not in POSIX; 0, NUL)
Yet another end-of-line character (EOL2).
Recognized when
ICANON
is set.
- VERASE
-
(0177, DEL, rubout, or 010, BS, Ctrl-H, or also #)
Erase character (ERASE).
This erases the previous not-yet-erased character,
but does not erase past EOF or beginning-of-line.
Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VINTR
-
(003, ETX, Ctrl-C, or also 0177, DEL, rubout)
Interrupt character (INTR).
Send a
SIGINT
signal.
Recognized when
ISIG
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VKILL
-
(025, NAK, Ctrl-U, or Ctrl-X, or also @)
Kill character (KILL).
This erases the input since the last EOF or beginning-of-line.
Recognized when
ICANON
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VLNEXT
-
(not in POSIX; 026, SYN, Ctrl-V)
Literal next (LNEXT).
Quotes the next input character, depriving it of
a possible special meaning.
Recognized when
IEXTEN
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VMIN
-
Minimum number of characters for noncanonical read (MIN).
- VQUIT
-
(034, FS, Ctrl-\)
Quit character (QUIT).
Send
SIGQUIT
signal.
Recognized when
ISIG
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VREPRINT
-
(not in POSIX; 022, DC2, Ctrl-R)
Reprint unread characters (REPRINT).
Recognized when
ICANON
and
IEXTEN
are set, and then not passed as input.
- VSTART
-
(021, DC1, Ctrl-Q)
Start character (START).

Recognized when
IXON
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VSTATUS
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux;
status request: 024, DC4, Ctrl-T).
Status character (STATUS).
Display status information at terminal,
including state of foreground process and amount of CPU time it has consumed.
Also sends a
SIGINFO
signal (not supported on Linux) to the foreground process group.
- VSTOP
-
(023, DC3, Ctrl-S)
Stop character (STOP).
Stop output until Start character typed.
Recognized when
IXON
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VSUSP
-
(032, SUB, Ctrl-Z)
Suspend character (SUSP).
Send
SIGTSTP
signal.
Recognized when
ISIG
is set, and then not passed as input.
- VSWTCH
-
(not in POSIX; not supported under Linux; 0, NUL)
Switch character (SWTCH).
Used in System V to switch shells in
shell layers,
a predecessor to shell job control.
- VTIME
-
Timeout in deciseconds for noncanonical read (TIME).
- VWERASE
-
(not in POSIX; 027, ETB, Ctrl-W)
Word erase (WERASE).
Recognized when
ICANON
and
IEXTEN
are set, and then not passed as input.
An individual terminal special character can be disabled by setting
the value of the corresponding
c_cc
element to
_POSIX_VDISABLE.
The above symbolic subscript values are all different, except that
VTIME,
VMIN
may have the same value as
VEOL,
VEOF,
respectively.
In noncanonical mode the special character meaning is replaced
by the timeout meaning.
For an explanation of
VMIN
and
VTIME,
see the description of
noncanonical mode below.
Retrieving and changing terminal settings
tcgetattr()
gets the parameters associated with the object referred by fd and
stores them in the termios structure referenced by
termios_p.
This function may be invoked from a background process;
however, the terminal attributes may be subsequently changed by a
foreground process.
tcsetattr()
sets the parameters associated with the terminal (unless support is
required from the underlying hardware that is not available) from the
termios structure referred to by termios_p.
optional_actions specifies when the changes take effect:
- TCSANOW
-
the change occurs immediately.
- TCSADRAIN
-
the change occurs after all output written to
fd
has been transmitted.
This option should be used when changing
parameters that affect output.
- TCSAFLUSH
-
the change occurs after all output written to the object referred by
fd
has been transmitted, and all input that has been received but not read
will be discarded before the change is made.
Canonical and noncanonical mode
The setting of the
ICANON
canon flag in
c_lflag
determines whether the terminal is operating in canonical mode
(ICANON
set) or
noncanonical mode
(ICANON
unset).
By default,
ICANON
set.
In canonical mode:
- *
-
Input is made available line by line.
An input line is available when one of the line delimiters
is typed (NL, EOL, EOL2; or EOF at the start of line).
Except in the case of EOF, the line delimiter is included
in the buffer returned by
read(2).
- *
-
Line editing is enabled (ERASE, KILL;
and if the
IEXTEN
flag is set: WERASE, REPRINT, LNEXT).
A
read(2)
returns at most one line of input; if the
read(2)
requested fewer bytes than are available in the current line of input,
then only as many bytes as requested are read,
and the remaining characters will be available for a future
read(2).
In noncanonical mode input is available immediately (without
the user having to type a line-delimiter character),
no input processing is performed,
and line editing is disabled.
The settings of MIN
(c_cc[VMIN])
and TIME
(c_cc[VTIME])
determine the circumstances in which a
read(2)
completes; there are four distinct cases:
- MIN == 0, TIME == 0 (polling read)
-
If data is available,
read(2)
returns immediately, with the lesser of the number of bytes
available, or the number of bytes requested.
If no data is available,
read(2)
returns 0.
- MIN > 0, TIME == 0 (blocking read)
-
read(2)
blocks until MIN bytes are available,
and returns up to the number of bytes requested.
- MIN == 0, TIME > 0 (read with timeout)
-
TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second.
The timer is started when
read(2)
is called.
read(2)
returns either when at least one byte of data is available,
or when the timer expires.
If the timer expires without any input becoming available,
read(2)
returns 0.
If data is already available at the time of the call to
read(2),
the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.
- MIN > 0, TIME > 0 (read with interbyte timeout)
-
TIME specifies the limit for a timer in tenths of a second.
Once an initial byte of input becomes available,
the timer is restarted after each further byte is received.
read(2)
returns when any of the following conditions is met:
-
- *
-
MIN bytes have been received.
- *
-
The interbyte timer expires.
- *
-
The number of bytes requested by
read(2)
has been received.
(POSIX does not specify this termination condition,
and on some other implementations
read(2)
does not return in this case.)
-
Because the timer is started only after the initial byte
becomes available, at least one byte will be read.
If data is already available at the time of the call to
read(2),
the call behaves as though the data was received immediately after the call.
POSIX
does not specify whether the setting of the
O_NONBLOCK
file status flag takes precedence over the MIN and TIME settings.
If
O_NONBLOCK
is set, a
read(2)
in noncanonical mode may return immediately,
regardless of the setting of MIN or TIME.
Furthermore, if no data is available,
POSIX permits a
read(2)
in noncanonical mode to return either 0, or -1 with
errno
set to
EAGAIN.
Raw mode
cfmakeraw()
sets the terminal to something like the
"raw" mode of the old Version 7 terminal driver:
input is available character by character,
echoing is disabled, and all special processing of
terminal input and output characters is disabled.
The terminal attributes are set as follows:
termios_p->c_iflag &= ~(IGNBRK | BRKINT | PARMRK | ISTRIP
| INLCR | IGNCR | ICRNL | IXON);
termios_p->c_oflag &= ~OPOST;
termios_p->c_lflag &= ~(ECHO | ECHONL | ICANON | ISIG | IEXTEN);
termios_p->c_cflag &= ~(CSIZE | PARENB);
termios_p->c_cflag |= CS8;
Line control
tcsendbreak()
transmits a continuous stream of zero-valued bits for a specific
duration, if the terminal is using asynchronous serial data
transmission.
If duration is zero, it transmits zero-valued bits
for at least 0.25 seconds, and not more that 0.5 seconds.
If duration is not zero, it sends zero-valued bits for some
implementation-defined length of time.
If the terminal is not using asynchronous serial data transmission,
tcsendbreak()
returns without taking any action.
tcdrain()
waits until all output written to the object referred to by
fd
has been transmitted.
tcflush()
discards data written to the object referred to by
fd
but not transmitted, or data received but not read, depending on the
value of
queue_selector:
- TCIFLUSH
-
flushes data received but not read.
- TCOFLUSH
-
flushes data written but not transmitted.
- TCIOFLUSH
-
flushes both data received but not read, and data written but not
transmitted.
tcflow()
suspends transmission or reception of data on the object referred to by
fd,
depending on the value of
action:
- TCOOFF
-
suspends output.
- TCOON
-
restarts suspended output.
- TCIOFF
-
transmits a STOP character, which stops the terminal device from
transmitting data to the system.
- TCION
-
transmits a START character, which starts the terminal device
transmitting data to the system.
The default on open of a terminal file is that neither its input nor its
output is suspended.
Line speed
The baud rate functions are provided for getting and setting the values
of the input and output baud rates in the termios structure.
The new values do not take effect
until
tcsetattr()
is successfully called.
Setting the speed to B0 instructs the modem to "hang up".
The actual bit rate corresponding to B38400 may be altered with
setserial(8).
The input and output baud rates are stored in the termios
structure.
cfgetospeed()
returns the output baud rate stored in the termios structure
pointed to by
termios_p.
cfsetospeed()
sets the output baud rate stored in the termios structure pointed
to by termios_p to speed, which must be one of these constants:
B0
B50
B75
B110
B134
B150
B200
B300
B600
B1200
B1800
B2400
B4800
B9600
B19200
B38400
B57600
B115200
B230400
The zero baud rate, B0,
is used to terminate the connection.
If B0 is specified, the modem control lines shall no longer be asserted.
Normally, this will disconnect the line.
CBAUDEX is a mask
for the speeds beyond those defined in POSIX.1 (57600 and above).
Thus, B57600 & CBAUDEX is nonzero.
cfgetispeed()
returns the input baud rate stored in the termios structure.
cfsetispeed()
sets the input baud rate stored in the termios structure to
speed,
which must be specified as one of the Bnnn constants listed above for
cfsetospeed().
If the input baud rate is set to zero, the input baud rate will be
equal to the output baud rate.
cfsetspeed()
is a 4.4BSD extension.
It takes the same arguments as
cfsetispeed(),
and sets both input and output speed.
RETURN VALUE
cfgetispeed()
returns the input baud rate stored in the
termios
structure.
cfgetospeed()
returns the output baud rate stored in the termios structure.
All other functions return:
- 0
-
on success.
- -1
-
on failure and set
errno
to indicate the error.
Note that
tcsetattr()
returns success if any of the requested changes could be
successfully carried out.
Therefore, when making multiple changes
it may be necessary to follow this call with a further call to
tcgetattr()
to check that all changes have been performed successfully.
ATTRIBUTES
Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
The
tcgetattr(),
tcsetattr(),
tcsendbreak(),
tcdrain(),
tcflush(),
tcflow(),
cfmakeraw(),
cfgetispeed(),
cfgetospeed(),
cfsetispeed(),
cfsetospeed(),
and
cfsetspeed()
functions are thread-safe.
CONFORMING TO
tcgetattr(),
tcsetattr(),
tcsendbreak(),
tcdrain(),
tcflush(),
tcflow(),
cfgetispeed(),
cfgetospeed(),
cfsetispeed(),
and
cfsetospeed()
are specified in POSIX.1-2001.
cfmakeraw()
and
cfsetspeed()
are nonstandard, but available on the BSDs.
NOTES
UNIX V7 and several later systems have a list of baud rates
where after the fourteen values B0, ..., B9600 one finds the
two constants EXTA, EXTB ("External A" and "External B").
Many systems extend the list with much higher baud rates.
The effect of a nonzero duration with
tcsendbreak()
varies.
SunOS specifies a break of
duration * N
seconds, where N is at least 0.25, and not more than 0.5.
Linux, AIX, DU, Tru64 send a break of
duration
milliseconds.
FreeBSD and NetBSD and HP-UX and MacOS ignore the value of
duration.
Under Solaris and UnixWare,
tcsendbreak()
with nonzero
duration
behaves like
tcdrain().
SEE ALSO
stty(1),
console_ioctl(4),
tty_ioctl(4),
setserial(8)
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- The termios structure
-
- Retrieving and changing terminal settings
-
- Canonical and noncanonical mode
-
- Raw mode
-
- Line control
-
- Line speed
-
- RETURN VALUE
-
- ATTRIBUTES
-
- Multithreading (see pthreads(7))
-
- CONFORMING TO
-
- NOTES
-
- SEE ALSO
-
This document was created by
man2html,
using the manual pages.
Time: 02:54:54 GMT, September 18, 2014


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