Surface Operators¶
-
class
galsim.
WavelengthSampler
(sed, bandpass, rng=None, npoints=None)[source]¶ This class is a sensor operation that uses sed.sampleWavelength to set the wavelengths array of a
PhotonArray
.- Parameters
sed – The
SED
to use for the objects spectral energy distribution.bandpass – A
Bandpass
object representing a filter, or None to sample over the fullSED
wavelength range.rng – If provided, a random number generator that is any kind of
BaseDeviate
object. Ifrng
is None, one will be automatically created, using the time as a seed. [default: None]npoints – Number of points
DistDeviate
should use for its internal interpolation tables. [default: None, which uses theDistDeviate
default]
-
class
galsim.
FRatioAngles
(fratio, obscuration=0.0, rng=None)[source]¶ A surface-layer operator that assigns photon directions based on the f/ratio and obscuration.
Assigns arrival directions at the focal plane for photons, drawing from a uniform brightness distribution between the obscuration angle and the edge of the pupil defined by the f/ratio of the telescope. The angles are expressed in terms of slopes dx/dz and dy/dz.
- Parameters
fratio – The f/ratio of the telescope (e.g. 1.2 for LSST)
obscuration – Linear dimension of central obscuration as fraction of aperture linear dimension. [0., 1.). [default: 0.0]
rng – A random number generator to use or None, in which case an rng will be automatically constructed for you. [default: None]
-
class
galsim.
PhotonDCR
(base_wavelength, scale_unit=coord.arcsec, **kwargs)[source]¶ A surface-layer operator that applies the effect of differential chromatic refraction (DCR) and optionally the chromatic dilation due to atmospheric seeing.
Due to DCR, blue photons land closer to the zenith than red photons. Kolmogorov turbulence also predicts that blue photons get spread out more by the atmosphere than red photons, specifically FWHM is proportional to \(\lambda^{-0.2}\). Both of these effects can be implemented by wavelength-dependent shifts of the photons.
Since DCR depends on the zenith angle and the parallactic angle (which is the position angle of the zenith measured from North through East) of the object being drawn, these must be specified via keywords. There are four ways to specify these values:
explicitly provide
zenith_angle
as a keyword of typeAngle
, andparallactic_angle
will be assumed to be 0 by default.explicitly provide both
zenith_angle
andparallactic_angle
as keywords of typeAngle
.provide the coordinates of the object
obj_coord
and the coordinates of the zenithzenith_coord
as keywords of typeCelestialCoord
.provide the coordinates of the object
obj_coord
as aCelestialCoord
, the hour angle of the objectHA
as anAngle
, and the latitude of the observerlatitude
as anAngle
.
DCR also depends on temperature, pressure and water vapor pressure of the atmosphere. The default values for these are expected to be appropriate for LSST at Cerro Pachon, Chile, but they are broadly reasonable for most observatories.
This surface op is intended to match the functionality of
ChromaticAtmosphere
, but acting on the photon array rather than as aChromaticObject
. The photons will need to have wavelengths defined in order to work.Warning
The alpha parameter is only appropriate for stars. This surface op will act on all of the photons, so applying a chromatic dilation according to the chromatic seeing is the wrong thing to do when the surface brightness being rendered is not a pure PSF. As such, the default is alpha=0, not -0.2, which would be appropriate for Kolmogorov turbulence.
- Parameters
base_wavelength – Wavelength (in nm) represented by the fiducial photon positions
scale_unit – Units used for the positions of the photons. [default: galsim.arcsec]
alpha – Power law index for wavelength-dependent seeing. This should only be used if doing a star-only simulation. It is not correct when drawing galaxies. [default: 0.]
zenith_angle –
Angle
from object to zenith, expressed as anAngle
. [default: 0]parallactic_angle – Parallactic angle, i.e. the position angle of the zenith, measured from North through East. [default: 0]
obj_coord – Celestial coordinates of the object being drawn as a
CelestialCoord
. [default: None]zenith_coord – Celestial coordinates of the zenith as a
CelestialCoord
. [default: None]HA – Hour angle of the object as an
Angle
. [default: None]latitude – Latitude of the observer as an
Angle
. [default: None]pressure – Air pressure in kiloPascals. [default: 69.328 kPa]
temperature – Temperature in Kelvins. [default: 293.15 K]
H2O_pressure – Water vapor pressure in kiloPascals. [default: 1.067 kPa]


Hayley J. Bauman, Psy.D
Licensed Psychologist
"When it’s over, I want to say: all my life I was a bride married to amazement."
How do I set up an appointment?
Dr. Bauman can be reached at (305) 606 -6301. She will personally set up an appointment at a time that is convenient for you. Her office hours are Monday through Friday 11am-7pm
Do you take insurance?
Although she is a provider on several insurance plans, Dr. Bauman is joining a growing number of providers that are no longer accepting assignment.
How much does therapy cost?
Dr. Bauman’s fee is $125 per hour. The preferred method of payment for phone sessions is through Paypal. Please click here for instructions on setting up your paypal account. In person sessions may be paid by cash, check, or money order.
How long will therapy take?
While the length of therapy varies widely among individuals and presenting concerns, an average length of treatment is six months to one year. The therapeutic process works best when it is allowed the necessary time to nourish, fulfill, and foster growth.
I’ve made an appointment, what should I expect?
Dr.  The session will last 50 minutes. The first couple of sessions will be to gather background information and assess your needs. If you and Dr. Bauman deem this a good fit, therapy will proceed from there. Every process is different and unique. Feel free to ask questions as you go along and Dr. Bauman will make every effort to answer them informatively.
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Conway's Game of Life
Presets
Generation: 0
Game Options
About this Algorithm
The Game of Life, also known simply as Life, is a cellular automaton devised by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970. It is a zero-player game, meaning that its evolution is determined by its initial state, requiring no further input. One interacts with the Game of Life by creating an initial configuration and observing how it evolves. It is Turing complete and can simulate a universal constructor or any other Turing machine.
Rules
- Any live cell with two or three live neighbours survives.
- Any dead cell with three live neighbours becomes a live cell.
- All other live cells die in the next generation.


Challenge 00: ret2win
Contents
Challenge 00: ret2win#
I’m new new ROP and trying to learn. Ben pointed me to the ROP
Emporium as well as a
writeup.
As always, the writeup was a bit out of date, and could not be followed exactly,
but that helped cement some of the learning and, while a little painful, maybe
made some things stick.
Starting#
My initial plan was to read through the writeup twice. The first time was just
to skim/do and the second was to understand. I followed my plan and wrote
installed most of the tools. I did note that the writeup installed peda
while
the current version of the Rop Emporium site recommends pwndbg
. Since I read
through the writeup first, I setup peda
- I’ll need to come back and look at
pwndbg
later… it is supposedly a superset of both peda
and gef
.
I followed the walkthrough and used radre2
to do the initial poking around.
While I didn’t confirm, my supposition is that ghidra
would have been just as
easy (if not more so) to accomplish this step.
This “challenge” really isn’t much of one… it is a simple stack overflow that requires you to learn the address in memory you want to jump to (return to) and obtain the flag. So, your “chain” has only a single link.
I liked the use of pattern_create
and pattern offset
as these are quite
helpful in many situations.
I got to the point where I was to run the sample exploit, but it failed for me
due to a segfault. Digging a bit further, this led me to the Common
Pitfalls section of the
beginners guide and, specifically, the section on the MOVAPS
issue. I read the
text in this paragraph a time or two and it didn’t really sink in… I was being
told to ensure my stack was 16-byte aligned, but I didn’t know how to do that
(I was, evidently, incapable of reading the last sentence of the paragraph).
My trouble, however, got me to trying to figure out how to use gdb
while
passing in a generated payload (program arguments) - and specifically those that
contain illegal characters (e.g. \x00). If you were not using GDB, you could
do something like this:
$ python -c 'print "\x90" * 40 + "\x11\x08\x40\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" | ./ret2win
However, running this with gdb
is not as straight-forward. After some poking
around and flailing, I stumbled onto this answer from
StackOverflow.
The key is to write the input data to a file first, and then pass it to the
program arguments once gdb
is running. following this, I did something like
the following:
$ python -c 'print "\x90" * 40 + "\x11\x08\x40\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00" > t1.dat
$ gdb ./ret2win
(gdb) r < t1.dat
This allowed me to pass the data exactly as I wished into the program being
debugged by gdb
. This confirmed my problem was the same movaps
issue
discussed above. This time, however, I read the entire paragraph and caught the
last line… either pad the data, add an extra ret
, or change the offset to
skip a push
. In the debugger, it was clear that the function I was interested
in started at 0x400811
, but the first operation is a push
. I adjusted my
payload to cause rip
to be set to one step further (0x400812
) and the
exploit completed successfully.
$ python -c 'print "\x90"*40 + "\x12\x08\x40\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"' | ./ret2win
ret2win by ROP Emporium
64bits
For my first trick, I will attempt to fit 50 bytes of user input into 32 bytes of stack buffer;
What could possibly go wrong?
You there madam, may I have your input please? And don't worry about null bytes, we're using fgets!
> Thank you! Here's your flag:ROPE{a_placeholder_32byte_flag!}
Following up, I wanted to do a little more to practice some of the other tools
Create a template where I can explore:
$ pwn template ret2win > ret2win.py
break#
I found that I really didn’t understand what I thought I did. So, I started over again and did it from scratch.
After going back and re-working things, I bundled the solution in exploit_00.py.
32-Bit Solution#
The solution to the 32 bit version was not much different. The only change is
that the offset is different (44
rather than 40
), but that is determined
automatically via the exploit script. Additionally, the exploit script needs to
read the value of eip
rather than rsp
and its related to locate the pattern.
Spent a bit too much time tracking down weird nuiances on that. The solution
for the 32 bit verison is exploit_0032.py.
What Did I Learn?#
Both versions of this challenge were relatively easy and straight forward. The take-aways for me from this challenge are:
Exposure to some tools/extensions I have not used before
Exposure to the MOVAPS issue with Ubuntu 18.04 and later
Learning how to send various blocks of data to an application both from the commandline directly as well as via GDB.


Note : If the tables are already created, it will indicate so on the console. Proceed to the step no. 3 in this case
Prerequisites
Make sure a multi-partition processing instance and the designdb
database are created before proceeding. Please refer to the Design Overview section for detailed instructions.
The prerequisite tables are created in order to enable creation of the replicated MQT
Operation
- Click on the action button in the Action panel
- It creates a replicated MQT table. The dimension table is replicated in the factspace containing the fact tables.
Note
- For the syntax of the above, please refer to the following in this workshop:
- Indexing - page 2
- Multidimensional Clustering (MDC) - page 2


| matrix.add | (function) Adds vector B to vector A inplace |
| matrix.bsx | (function) 'Broadcast' function applier, like 'bsxfun' in octave. Calls f(A[i], B) for every row i in matrix A, where... |
| matrix.contains | (function) Verifies if vector X contains value val, up to a tolerance of eps |
| matrix.div | (function) Divides vector A by vector B, element-wise, inplace |
| matrix.equal | (function) Checks if two real matrices are equal (element-wise, within eps, to handle floating point precision) |
| matrix.filter | (function) Returns a new matrix with only the rows where cond(row_idx) is true |
| matrix.load_sep | (function) Loads a matrix from a text file, where each row is in a line and each value is separated by sep |
| matrix.mpow | (function) Returns the matrix X to the a-th power (exponentiation by squaring). 'a' must be >= 0. |
| matrix.mul | (function) Multiplies vector A by vector B, element-wise, inplace |
| matrix.reorder | (function) Returns a new matrix that is a 'reordering' of the rows of matrix X. This reordering can be arbitrary, so ... |
| matrix.sub | (function) Subtracts vector B from vector A inplace |
| matrix.unique | (function) Returns a vector containing only the unique values of vector v. Warning: the ordering will be undefined |
| matrix.Broadcast function applier | (example) Demonstrates the usage of the bsx function |
| matrix.Filter | (example) Filtering values from a vector with the filter function |
| matrix.Power | (example) Usage of the function mpow to perform exponentiation by squaring |
| matrix.Reorder | (example) Using the reorder function |
| matrix.Unique | (example) Using the unique function |
| num.fmin | (function) Minimizes a scalar function, with one or more variables, by using the Downhill Simplex method. |
| num.nlfit | (function) Levenberg-Marquardt implementation to solve non-linear least squares fitting problems. |
| num.rk4 | (function) Implementation of the classical Runge-Kutta method for a system of ODEs. Returns a function that, when cal... |
| num.Function Minimization | (example) Minimization of a function by using num.fmin. |
| num.Levenberg-Marquardt | (example) Non-linear fitting (least squares) by using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm |
| num.Runge-Kutta | (example) Using the Runge-Kutta method to solve a system of ODEs |
| stat.corr | (function) Computes the correlation between vectors X and Y |
| stat.corrm | (function) Computes the correlation matrix (correlation between each pair of columns of matrix M) |
| stat.cov | (function) Computes the covariance between vectors X and Y. Normalizes with #X-ddof |
| stat.covm | (function) Computes the covariance matrix (covariance between each pair of columns of matrix M). Normalizes with cols... |
| stat.cumsum | (function) Computes the cumulative sum of vector X |
| stat.lda | (function) Performs a linear discriminant analysis on matrix M (data 'points') and vector y (classes). Each column of... |
| stat.mean | (function) Computes the mean of the vector X |
| stat.meanm | (function) Computes the mean of the matrix M |
| stat.pca | (function) Performs a principal component analysis on matrix M, where each column is a dimension and each row is a da... |
| stat.project | (function) Projects the matrix X into the components V using the vector mu to shift the data to its original center |
| stat.reconstruct | (function) Reconstructs a projected matrix back to its original axes |
| stat.std | (function) Computes the standard deviation of vector X. Normalizes with #X-ddof |
| stat.var | (function) Computes the variance of vector X. Normalizes with #X-ddof |
| stat.zscore | (function) Computes the standard score of each value in vector X in respect to itself |
| stat.zscorem | (function) Computes the standard score of each value in each dimension (column) of matrix M in respect to itself |
| stat.Standard deviation | (example) Demonstrates the computation of the standard deviation of a vector |


Footcs - Rllmuk Edition
ver 2016
Let's watch a load of guys get bummed in the gob
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pingouin.qqplot¶
-
pingouin.
qqplot
(x, dist='norm', sparams=, confidence=0.95, figsize=5, 4, ax=None)¶ Quantile-Quantile plot.
- Parameters
- xarray_like
Sample data.
- diststr or stats.distributions instance, optional
Distribution or distribution function name. The default is ‘norm’ for a normal probability plot.
- sparamstuple, optional
Distribution-specific shape parameters (shape parameters, location, and scale). See
scipy.stats.probplot()
for more details.- confidencefloat
Confidence level (.95 = 95%) for point-wise confidence envelope. Can be disabled by passing False.
- figsizetuple
Figsize in inches
- axmatplotlib axes
Axis on which to draw the plot
- Returns
- axMatplotlib Axes instance
Returns the Axes object with the plot for further tweaking.
- Raises
- ValueError
If
sparams
does not contain the required parameters fordist
. (e.g.scipy.stats.t
has a mandatory degrees of freedom parameter df.)
Notes
This function returns a scatter plot of the quantile of the sample data
x
against the theoretical quantiles of the distribution given indist
(default = ‘norm’).The points plotted in a Q–Q plot are always non-decreasing when viewed from left to right. If the two distributions being compared are identical, the Q–Q plot follows the 45° line y = x. If the two distributions agree after linearly transforming the values in one of the distributions, then the Q–Q plot follows some line, but not necessarily the line y = x. If the general trend of the Q–Q plot is flatter than the line y = x, the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the vertical axis. Conversely, if the general trend of the Q–Q plot is steeper than the line y = x, the distribution plotted on the vertical axis is more dispersed than the distribution plotted on the horizontal axis. Q–Q plots are often arced, or “S” shaped, indicating that one of the distributions is more skewed than the other, or that one of the distributions has heavier tails than the other.
In addition, the function also plots a best-fit line (linear regression) for the data and annotates the plot with the coefficient of determination \(R^2\). Note that the intercept and slope of the linear regression between the quantiles gives a measure of the relative location and relative scale of the samples.
Warning
Be extra careful when using fancier distributions with several parameters. Always double-check your results with another software or package.
References
Fox, J. (2008), Applied Regression Analysis and Generalized Linear Models, 2nd Ed., Sage Publications, Inc.
Examples
Q-Q plot using a normal theoretical distribution:
>>> import numpy as np >>> import pingouin as pg >>> np.random.seed(123) >>> x = np.random.normal(size=50) >>> ax = pg.qqplot(x, dist='norm')
Two Q-Q plots using two separate axes:
>>> import numpy as np >>> import pingouin as pg >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> np.random.seed(123) >>> x = np.random.normal(size=50) >>> x_exp = np.random.exponential(size=50) >>> fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(9, 4)) >>> ax1 = pg.qqplot(x, dist='norm', ax=ax1, confidence=False) >>> ax2 = pg.qqplot(x_exp, dist='expon', ax=ax2)
Using custom location / scale parameters as well as another Seaborn style
>>> import numpy as np >>> import seaborn as sns >>> import pingouin as pg >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> np.random.seed(123) >>> x = np.random.normal(size=50) >>> mean, std = 0, 0.8 >>> sns.set_style('darkgrid') >>> ax = pg.qqplot(x, dist='norm', sparams=(mean, std))


Working with Large Data Sets¶
Big data is something of a buzzword in the modern world. While statsmodels works well with small and moderately-sized data sets that can be loaded in memory–perhaps tens of thousands of observations–use cases exist with millions of observations or more. Depending your use case, statsmodels may or may not be a sufficient tool.
statsmodels and most of the software stack it is written on operates in memory. Resultantly, building models on larger data sets can be challenging or even impractical. With that said, there are 2 general strategies for building models on larger data sets with statsmodels.
Divide and Conquer - Distributing Jobs¶
If your system is capable of loading all the data, but the analysis you are attempting to perform is slow, you might be able to build models on horizontal slices of the data and then aggregate the individual models once fit.
A current limitation of this approach is that it generally does not support patsy so constructing your design matrix (known as exog) in statsmodels, is a little challenging.
A detailed example is available here.
|
Distributed model class |
|
Class to contain model results |
Subsetting your data¶
If your entire data set is too large to store in memory, you might try storing it in a columnar container like Apache Paruqet or bcolz. Using the patsy formula interface, statsmodels will use the __getitem__ function (i.e. data[‘Item’]) to pull only the specified columns.
import pyarrow as pa
import pyarrow.parquet as pq
import statsmodels.formula.api as smf
class DataSet(dict):
def __init__(self, path):
self.parquet = pq.ParquetFile(path)
def __getitem__(self, key):
try:
return self.parquet.read([key]).to_pandas()[key]
except:
raise KeyError
LargeData = DataSet('LargeData.parquet')
res = smf.ols('Profit ~ Sugar + Power + Women', data=LargeData).fit()
Additionally, you can add code to this example DataSet object to return only a subset of the rows until you have built a good model. Then, you can refit your final model on more data.


Before Change
manifest = json.loads(manifest)
if len(manifest) != 1:
model.objects.filter(pk=pk).update(
status=(
f"The container image file should only have 1 image. "
f"This file contains {len(manifest)}."
After Change
with uploaded_image.open() as f:
instance.image.save(uploaded_image.name, File(f))
try:
image_sha256 = _validate_docker_image_manifest(
model=model, instance=instance
)
except ValidationError:
send_invalid_dockerfile_email(container_image=instance)
raise
model.objects.filter(pk=instance.pk).update(
image_sha256=f"sha256:{image_sha256}", ready=True
)


BLOG POSTS
NEW Blog Post
Be the Change BLM
6/13/2020
Breonna Taylor was murdered by a police officer. George Floyd was murdered by a police officer.
These are horrible tragedies no one should face especially in 2020 when people should know
better.  Defund the police. BLack Lives Matter!
These protests are changing laws. We urge you to stand up for what is right. Petitions
or protests in the streets. All we know is this cannot continue.
Monday Protests
Save Our Future
6/2/2020
Save our Future, she said as she held a sign next to another sign with a drawing of
our world on it. She was not fooled by the Government's ploy to get everyone sick and
create chaos a distraction for election year so one could campaign. No one could
physically meet anywhere. That was up until now. The protests have seiged the streets
with thousands of humans marching for their rights, marching for justice, for peace,
and for hope. Our children must not see this world we have created. We call for
change. Sign our petition today if you stand for justice. BLM. Save the world.
LAST WEEK
Tuesday Protests
Justice Now
6/3/2020
Don't forget about the elections people! Even though we are isolated and distracted right now by
many important
events we cannot forget that this is a Presidential Election year! Democracy must prevail! The
marches are for justice at all fronts. People must vote for our voices to be heard. We must not
remain silent. If this murder has taught us anything at all, it is to stand up for what we believe
in.
This government is not our friend. It does not support our needs as human beings on this Earth. And
this
government must be overruled by democracy. If it cannot support us, we must fight for our beliefs
any
way we know how. Of course peaceful tactics are best.  There is much to do to prepare for this giant election that the
entire world will be watching. If you aren't from a state where mail-in votes are an option we urge
you to
help us change these laws to permit mail-in voting. We must do everything in our power to win this
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6/4/2020
Our petitions have made a difference in people's lives and deaths. We are partnering with the ACLU
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We believe that by taking written action we can make great changes to this country. Our Country's
name has been
tarnished worldwide. It's enough already. This President has made his point and unleashed all of the
racist and homophobic people of this country. We want to make sure they know they are not welcome
here
any longer.  Slavery should be a thing of the past not an everyday
crisis
of the present.
We
are all a part of this mess and we must all work together to get us out. There shouldn't be one man
against another or one man against the government and all of it's employees. How have we gotten so
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that these hate crimes are seen as okay by government officials? We must take action. Please join us
in
signing our many petitions to stand up for the justice and equality that we know is honorable. Take
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minute of your time to help another human in thiers.
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NEW Blog Post
Be the Change BLM
6/13/2020
A man was murdered by a police officer. This is a horrible tragedy for
no person to face especially in 2020 when people should know better by now.

Monday Protests
Save Our Future
6/2/2020
Save our Future, she said as she held a sign next to another sign with a
drawing of our world on it. She was not fooled by the Government's ploy to get everyone sick and create
chaos
as
a distraction for election year so one could campaign. No one could physically meet anywhere. That was
up
until now.
The protests have seiged the streets with thousands of humans marching for their rights, marching for
justice,
for peace, and
for hope. Our children must not see this world we have created. We call for change. Sign our petition
today if
you stand for justice. BLM. Save the world.
LAST WEEK
Tuesday Protests
Justice Now
6/3/2020
Don't forget about the elections people! Even though we are isolated and distracted right now by many
important
events we cannot forget that this is a Presidential Election year! Democracy must prevail! The
marches are for justice at all fronts. People must vote for our voices to be heard. We must not
remain silent. If this murder has taught us anything at all, it is to stand up for what we believe in.
This government is not our friend. It does not support our needs as human beings on this Earth. And this
government must be overruled by democracy. If it cannot support us, we must fight for our beliefs any
way we know how. Of course peaceful tactics are best.  There is much to do to prepare for this giant election that the
entire world will be watching. If you aren't from a state where mail-in votes are an option we urge you
to
help us change these laws to permit mail-in voting. We must do everything in our power to win this
election
as democrats. We need to make sure that people have the option to vote in all states and not be counted
out because of
financial difficulties or health issues. Everyone must have the opporty to be heard. Sign petitions, do
whatever
you need to do to let everyone know that they deserve the option to vote by mail.
Wednesday Protests
I Will Never Understand but I Stand
6/4/2020
Our petitions have made a difference in people's lives and deaths. We are partnering with the ACLU to
voice our concerns over unresolved issues in the political field as well as at the human level.
We believe that by taking written action we can make great changes to this country. Our Country's name
has been
tarnished worldwide. It's enough already. This President has made his point and unleashed all of the
racist and homophobic people of this country. We want to make sure they know they are not welcome here
any longer.  Slavery should be a thing of the past not an everyday
crisis
of the present.  We
are all a part of this mess and we must all work together to get us out. There shouldn't be one man
against another or one man against the government and all of it's employees. How have we gotten so off
track
that these hate crimes are seen as okay by government officials? We must take action. Please join us in
signing our many petitions to stand up for the justice and equality that we know is honorable. Take one
minute of your time to help another human in thiers.


I'm Philip Kariuki.
I am graduate from Kenyatta University. The main reason I took on programming is because I always thought it is a cool profession. Watching many movies has obviously influenced my thinking, since according to Hollywood, anything electronic can be hacked. Morever I think with time programming will come in handy career-wise.
My hobbies include:


Evaluation Only. Created with GroupDocs.Viewer for .NET. Copyright 2015 Aspose Pty Ltd.
Hello there
Hello there
Evaluation only.
Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 2.0 <IP_ADDRESS>.
Copyright 2004-2015 Aspose Pty Ltd.


About
Hi! My name is Liam Hill and I'm currently a Junior Computer Science/Data Science Major attending Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology upon this website's creation. This website is a portfolio website, it contains some notable projects that I have created, along with an updated resume.
 While I enjoy an attention to detail, being allowed the freedom to create things that interest me is one of the primary reason I entered into the field. This is reflected in my hobbies, video games being a primary source of entertainment for me, I was always curious how a project as large as those got developed using the building blocks we learned at the beginning of our Computer Science education. Other hoobies of mine are playing RPGs, drawing, singing, and daydreaming about everything.
Recently I've pivoted my Computer Science education in to the field of Data Science. As one of the tech industry's fastest growing sectors, data is becoming a necessary facet of any business regardless of its size. One of the most important reasons I love the field is the opportunity for communication and collaboration between team members. Data on its own is benign, it takes context for it to gain relevancy. This relevancy is gained through both the data scientist's interpretations, but also the context given by experts that scientist collaborates on projects with. As a person who enjoys this collaboration, the field seems like a great fit.
If you have any questions, or just want to connect, you can stop by my LinkedIn, or send me an email at the email address listed below.


{% load static %}
Fellow
Jonathan is a Fellow in the Institute for Genomics & Multiscale Biology Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He earned his PhD in Biophysics and his MS in Medicine from Stanford University. He received his SB in Physics and Brain & Cognitive Sciences from MIT. Jonathan grew up in Potomac MD. Outside the lab he enjoys running, biking, and exploring the city.
More info: cv


Now let's blow this thing and go home!
Traveling through hyperspace isn't like dusting crops, boy!
Without precise calculations we could fly right through a star or bounce too close to a supernova and that'd end your trip real quick, wouldn't it?
Negative!
It didn't go in. It just impacted on the surface.
Rebel base, in range.
You may fire when ready.
I sense something...
A presence I haven't felt since...


|
My Project test
|
Laravel is a web application framework with expressive, elegant syntax. We believe development must be an enjoyable, creative experience to be truly fulfilling. Laravel attempts to take the pain out of development by easing common tasks used in the majority of web projects, such as authentication, routing, sessions, queueing, and caching.
Laravel is accessible, yet powerful, providing tools needed for large, robust applications. A superb inversion of control container, expressive migration system, and tightly integrated unit testing support give you the tools you need to build any application with which you are tasked.
Documentation for the framework can be found on the Laravel website.
Thank you for considering contributing to the Laravel framework! The contribution guide can be found in the Laravel documentation.
If you discover a security vulnerability within Laravel, please send an e-mail to Taylor Otwell at taylo. All security vulnerabilities will be promptly addressed. r@la ravel .com
The Laravel framework is open-sourced software licensed under the MIT license.


Chrome Developer Tools
Advanced Features
December 2012
Who am I?
Dimitar Bonev a.k.a Mitko - developer in Behind The Book team
Software Setup
-
Chrome Canary
- bleeding-edge build
- runs side-by-side with your other Chrome installation
-
Chrome flags turned on
- Developer Tools experiments
- Experimental JavaScript
Make live modifications to
- DOM
- JS
- CSS
- SASS/CoffeeScript soon
...view diff, revert and save them
- CTRL+S for each JS/CSS file
-
Tincr Chrome Extension
- Bidirectional: saves to filesystem, reloads modified files
- Specify project directory and patterns for files to URL mapping
- Predefined patterns for popular project types e.g. Rails
- strive for 60 fps
- watch out for forced layout
- Document/Node/Listener counters
- Heap Snapshot comparison view - detached DOM
Settings Panel
- Disable cache
- Enable source maps
- Snippets support
Overrides Panel
- User Agent / Device metrics
- Emulate touch events
Elements Panel
- New Style Rule adds selector automatically
- View relevant Event Listeners
Network Panel
- Duration/Latency/etc. view
- Search and Filter requests
- Preserve log upon navigation (useful for redirects debugging)
Sources Panel
- CTRL+O => open file | CTRL+Shift+O => open method
- CTRL+F => search in current file | CTRL+Shift+F => search in all files
- Pretty print minified files
- Pause on uncaught exceptions
Timeline Panel
- Hide records shorter than 15 ms
- Collect Garbage
Profiles Panel
- Comparison view
- legend (question mark)
Console Panel
- Filter logs by severity: errors, warnings, logs
- $0 variable points to currently selected DOM element
Snippets
- blocks of code that run in the context of the document
About Pages
- about:about
- about:flags
- about:plugins
Yeoman is a robust and opinionated set of tools, libraries, and a workflow that can help developers quickly build beautiful, compelling web apps
- Strict mode for JS
- safer and faster js code


Video Tutorials
Community Development
FontForge is maintained by the community on GitHub. It was originally created by George Williams, as a retirement project from 2000 until 2012. History...
If you find a bug, please open-up an issue on the repository. Guidelines...
Mailing Lists
Note: Subscribing is required to post a message, and posting to these mailing
lists exposes your email address.


Nikki Haley says US must 'get to the bottom' of Joe Biden, Hunter Biden allegations
by Charles CreitzFormer U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley said President Trump was not engaged in a quid pro quo with Ukraine but warned it is better for American authorities to investigate American citizens overseas than officials from other nations.
Referring to allegations Trump asked Ukraine to investigate former Vice President Joe Biden and his adult son Hunter, Haley told "Hannity" on Monday it is not good practice to ask other governments to take on such probes.
"I, in practice, don't think it's good for us to ever ask foreign governments to investigate Americans, but I think it goes to the fact that Americans should be investigating Americans," she said.
"And, Americans should be asking the questions of Joe Biden and asking the questions of his son, and finding out exactly what was going on with that situation and get down to the bottom of it."
NIKKI HALEY REVEALS TILLERSON, KELLY PRIVATELY DISCUSSED RESISTING TRUMP
She also defended Trump, noting he released the foreign aid without the Ukrainian government initiating a probe into the Bidens.
"If you look at the transcript, it's very clear that the president wasn't demanding that this be done," she said.
Later in the interview, the former South Carolina governor criticized a series of inquiries and probes into Trump and his administration, calling them one-sided.
"I'd like for them to go back and say what President Obama's role was in [the Russia] situation," she added.
"In this situation, what was Joe Biden's role, and what was Hunter Biden's role in that process as well? There are a lot of questions that need to be asked."
NIKKI HALEY SAYS TRUMP DOES NOT DESERVE 'DEATH PENALTY' IMPEACHMENT PROCEEDINGS
Regarding her criticisms of former Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and former White House Chief of Staff John Kelly -- relating to a conversation in which the two men defended resisting Trump -- Haley said the crux of the matter was a policy disagreement.
"This wasn't that these guys thought this was a rogue president, this was that these guys disagreed with his policy -- they disagreed with us getting out of the Paris Climate Agreement, they disagreed with us getting out of the Iran deal, they disagreed with us moving the [Israeli] embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem," she said.
"They just thought he was going in the wrong direction.
CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
Haley previously told "CBS Evening News" anchor Norah O’Donnell that she did not appreciate having the former officials confide in her, as she described in her new book, “With All Due Respect.”
"[I]nstead of saying that to me, they should've been saying that to the president, not asking me to join them on their sidebar plan," the former ambassador said.
Fox News' Ronn Blitzer contributed to this report.


Looking to find out what dog breed is best for you? You've come to the right place and we are so excited to help suggest the right furry family member for you!
Your schedule, activities, and even your home can help determine the best dog breed for you. Some people would prefer a small lap dog to spend time on the couch with, others could prefer a larger and more work focused dog for home protection and work related activites.
Regardless of your situatation we are glad to help you make this important decision.


Small Business
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Exodus 22:2
If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die, there shall no blood be shed for him.


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x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature
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Clears the context.
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Maps an object to an aliased object. Since: 0.4 |
Get an alias of an object.
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Gets a string based on a reference
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| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Mon Sep 7 23:17:44 2009 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


A blog built by Logan Gordon with Bootstrap templates.
Mistborn is a series of epic fantasy novels written by American author Brandon Sanderson and published by Tor Books. The first trilogy, published between 2006 and 2008, consists of The Final Empire, The Well of Ascension, and The Hero of Ages. To prepare readers for the second series, Sanderson wrote a transitional sequel, The Alloy of Law, which then became the first installment in the Wax and Wayne tetralogy, set 300 years later. This was followed by Shadows of Self, released on October 6, 2015; The Bands of Mourning, published on January 26, 2016; and The Lost Metal, to be written in the next few years. Sanderson also published a novella tied to the original trilogy, titled Mistborn: Secret History, on January 26, 2016
Source: wikipedia
Discworld is a comic fantasy book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld, a flat planet balanced on the backs of four elephants which in turn stand on the back of a giant turtle. The series began in 1983 with The Colour of Magic and continued until the final novel The Shepherd's Crown was published in 2015, following Pratchett's death. The books frequently parody or take inspiration from J. R. R. Tolkien, Robert E. Howard, H. P. Lovecraft, Charles Dickens and William Shakespeare, as well as mythology, folklore and fairy tales, often using them for satirical parallels with cultural, political and scientific issues
Source: wikipedia
Malazan Book of the Fallen is a high fantasy book series by the Canadian author Steven Erikson. The series, published by Bantam Books in the U.K. and Tor Books in the U.S., consists of ten volumes, beginning with Gardens of the Moon (1999) and concluding with The Crippled God (2011). Erikson's series is extremely complex with a wide scope, and presents the narratives of a large cast of characters spanning thousands of years across multiple continents.
Source: wikipedia


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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: "[声明]新邮箱(i@leaskh.com)启用声明" author: Leask author_login: leask author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: https://leaskh.com wordpress_id: 145 wordpress_url: http://leaskh.wordpress.com/2009/05/25/%e5%a3%b0%e6%98%8e%e6%96%b0%e9%82%ae%e7%ae%b1ileaskh-com%e5%90%af%e7%94%a8%e5%a3%b0%e6%98%8e date: '2009-05-25 06:10:04 +0800' date_gmt: '2009-05-25 06:10:04 +0800' categories: tags: [] comments: [] ---


Product Information
Set Name: Oath of the Gatewatch
Block: Battle for Zendikar (2 of 2)
Number of Cards: 184
Languages: English, Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish
Official Three-Letter Code: OGW
Twitter Hashtag: #MTGOGW
Release Date: January 22, 2016
Magic Online Release: February 1, 2016
Initial Concept and Game Design:
Ethan Fleischer (lead)
Graeme Hopkins
Ari Levitch
Ken Nagle
Adam Prosak
Mark Rosewater
Final Game Design and Development:
Ian Duke (lead)
Dave Humpherys
Jackie Lee
Adam Prosak
Gavin Verhey


In addition to importing networks in network file formats, such as sif and xgmml, Cytoscape also supports importing networks from tabular data. In this example, the data table represents protein-protein interaction data from a mass-spectrometry experiment.
The data used for this protocol represents interactions between human and HIV proteins by Jäger et al. In this quantitative AP-MS experiment, a relatively small number of bait proteins were used to pull down a larger set of prey proteins.
Note: In cases where a Prey node interacts with more than one Bait node, it will have multiple rows of values for the same attribute (for example HEKScore). During import, the last value imported will overwrite prior values and visualizations using this attribute thus only shows the last value.
The imported network consists of multiple smaller subnetworks, each representing a bait node and its associated prey nodes:


Module: Sprout::TestHelper
- Includes:
- Gem::DefaultUserInteraction
- Defined in:
- lib/sprout/test_helper.rb
Overview
A collection of custom assertions and helper methods to take some of the suck out of testing functionality that is based on Sprout features.
Include this module into your test cases to make testing Sprout tools easier.
require 'sprout/test/sprout_test_helper'
class SomeTestCase < Test::Unit::TestCase
include Sprout::TestHelper
def setup
super
# do something
end
def teardown
super
# do something
end
def test_something
assert_file File.join(fixtures, 'some_file') do |f|
assert_matches /Fred/, f
end
end
end
Constant Summary
- FIXTURES_NAME =
The name of the folder that should contain fixture data.
'fixtures'
Instance Method Summary (collapse)
-
- (Sprout::System::OSXSystem) as_a_mac_system {|Sprout::System::OSXSystem| ... }
protected
Execute a block as a OSXSystem.
-
- (Sprout::System::UnixSystem) as_a_unix_system {|Sprout::System::UnixSystem| ... }
protected
Execute a block as a UnixSystem.
-
- (Sprout::System::WinNixSystem) as_a_win_nix_system {|Sprout::System::WinNixSystem| ... }
protected
Execute a block as a WinNixSystem.
-
- (Sprout::System::WinSystem) as_a_windows_system {|Sprout::System::WinSystem| ... }
protected
Execute a block as a WinSystem.
-
- (Sprout::System::BaseSystem) as_each_system {|Sprout::System::BaseSystem| ... }
protected
Execute a block as each available Sprout::System, any code within this block that calls Sprout.current_user will receive the currently active Sprout::System.
-
- (Object) assert_directory(path, message = nil)
protected
Assert that a directory exists at path and display message if it does not.
-
- (Object) assert_file(path, message = nil) {|String| ... }
protected
Assert that a file exists at path and display message if it does not.
-
- (Object) assert_matches(expression, string, message = '')
protected
Assert that an expression matches the provided string.
-
- (Object) assert_not_empty(path, message = nil)
protected
Assert that a file exists at path and is not empty.
-
- (Object) clear_tasks
protected
Clear all registered Rake tasks.
-
- (File) create_file(path)
protected
Create an empty file at path.
-
- (Dir) fixtures(from = nil)
the text case that calls this method.
-
- (Rake::Task) get_task(name)
protected
Retrieve a registered Rake task by name.
-
- (Dir) make_temp_folder(from)
protected
Create a temporary folder relative to the provided path.
-
- (Object) remove_file(path = nil)
protected
Remove a file if it exists.
-
- (Rake::Task) run_task(name)
protected
Invoke a Rake task by name.
-
- (Object) setup
Override the setup method in order to record the working directory before the test method runs.
- - (Object) skip(message = "")
-
- (Object) teardown
Override the teardown method in order to perform systemic cleanup work like, clearing lingering rake tasks, and removing temporary folders.
-
- (Dir) temp_cache
protected
Create and/or return sprout/cache directory relative to the fixtures folder nearest the file that calls this method.
-
- (Dir) temp_path
protected
Create a temporary folder relative to the test case that calls this method.
Instance Method Details
- (Sprout::System::OSXSystem) as_a_mac_system {|Sprout::System::OSXSystem| ... } (protected)
Execute a block as a OSXSystem.
as_a_mac_system do
puts ">> Sprout.home: #{Sprout.home}"
end
312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 312 def as_a_mac_system sys = Sprout::System::OSXSystem.new Sprout::System.stubs(:create).returns sys yield sys if block_given? # Ugh - This is way too greedy... We're killing all mocks in here # Doing it anyway b/c we need to get Windows support in place... # TODO: Implement this feature without clobbering all stubs/mocks #Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown sys end |
- (Sprout::System::UnixSystem) as_a_unix_system {|Sprout::System::UnixSystem| ... } (protected)
Execute a block as a UnixSystem.
as_a_unix_system do
puts ">> Sprout.home: #{Sprout.home}"
end
292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 292 def as_a_unix_system sys = Sprout::System::UnixSystem.new expectation = Sprout::System.stubs(:create).returns sys yield sys if block_given? # Ugh - This is way too greedy... We're killing all mocks in here # Doing it anyway b/c we need to get Windows support in place... # TODO: Implement this feature without clobbering all stubs/mocks #Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown sys end |
- (Sprout::System::WinNixSystem) as_a_win_nix_system {|Sprout::System::WinNixSystem| ... } (protected)
Execute a block as a WinNixSystem.
as_a_win_nix_system do
puts ">> Sprout.home: #{Sprout.home}"
end
352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 352 def as_a_win_nix_system sys = Sprout::System::WinNixSystem.new Sprout::System.stubs(:create).returns sys yield sys if block_given? # Ugh - This is way too greedy... We're killing all mocks in here # Doing it anyway b/c we need to get Windows support in place... # TODO: Implement this feature without clobbering all stubs/mocks #Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown sys end |
- (Sprout::System::WinSystem) as_a_windows_system {|Sprout::System::WinSystem| ... } (protected)
Execute a block as a WinSystem.
as_a_windows_system do
puts ">> Sprout.home: #{Sprout.home}"
end
332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 332 def as_a_windows_system sys = Sprout::System::WinSystem.new Sprout::System.stubs(:create).returns sys yield sys if block_given? # Ugh - This is way too greedy... We're killing all mocks in here # Doing it anyway b/c we need to get Windows support in place... # TODO: Implement this feature without clobbering all stubs/mocks #Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown sys end |
- (Sprout::System::BaseSystem) as_each_system {|Sprout::System::BaseSystem| ... } (protected)
Execute a block as each available Sprout::System, any code within this block that calls Sprout.current_user will receive the currently active Sprout::System.
as_each_system do
puts ">> Sprout.home: #{Sprout.home}"
end
This method is primarily used to ensure that we create system-appropriate paths and processes.
NOTE: This process automatically calls Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown after the yield. This means that any mocks that have been created will no longer be available after the provided block is complete.
264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 264 def as_each_system [ Sprout::System::VistaSystem.new, Sprout::System::WinNixSystem.new, Sprout::System::WinSystem.new, Sprout::System::JavaSystem.new, Sprout::System::OSXSystem.new, Sprout::System::UnixSystem.new ].each do |sys| expectation = Sprout::System.stubs(:create).returns sys yield sys if block_given? # Ugh - This is way too greedy... We're killing all mocks in here # Doing it anyway b/c we need to get Windows support in place... # TODO: Implement this feature without clobbering all stubs/mocks Mocha::Mockery.instance.teardown sys end end |
- (Object) assert_directory(path, message = nil) (protected)
Assert that a directory exists at path and display message if it does not.
198 199 200 201 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 198 def assert_directory(path, =nil) ||= "Expected directory not found at #{path}" assert(File.directory?(path), ) end |
- (Object) assert_file(path, message = nil) {|String| ... } (protected)
Assert that a file exists at path and display message if it does not.
This method yields the file contents so that you can write readable tests like:
assert_file File.join(fixtures, 'my_file') do |f|
assert_matches /Johnny/, f
end
183 184 185 186 187 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 183 def assert_file(path, =nil) ||= "Expected file not found at #{path}" assert(File.exists?(path), ) yield File.read(path) if block_given? end |
- (Object) assert_matches(expression, string, message = '') (protected)
Assert that an expression matches the provided string.
This helper mainly makes tests more readable and provides simpler failure messages without extra work.
assert_matches /Fred/, 'Bill, Fred, Bob'
227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 227 def assert_matches(expression, string, ='') if(expression.is_a?(String)) expresion = /#{expression}/ end if(!string.match(expression)) fail "#{} - '#{string}' should include '#{expression}'" end end |
- (Object) assert_not_empty(path, message = nil) (protected)
Assert that a file exists at path and is not empty. Display message if the file does not exist or if it is empty.
212 213 214 215 216 217 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 212 def assert_not_empty(path, =nil) assert_file path, files = FileList["#{path}/*"] ||= " - Expected #{path} to not be empty, but it was" assert files.size > 0, end |
- (Object) clear_tasks (protected)
Clear all registered Rake tasks.
140 141 142 143 144 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 140 def clear_tasks CLEAN.delete_if {|a| true } Rake::Task.clear Rake.application.clear end |
- (File) create_file(path) (protected)
Create an empty file at path
151 152 153 154 155 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 151 def create_file path dir = File.dirname path FileUtils.mkdir_p dir FileUtils.touch path end |
- (Dir) fixtures(from = nil)
the text case that calls this method.
56 57 58 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 56 def fixtures from=nil @fixtures ||= find_fixtures(from || Sprout.file_from_caller(caller.first)) end |
- (Rake::Task) get_task(name) (protected)
Retrieve a registered Rake task by name.
134 135 136 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 134 def get_task(name) return Rake.application[name] end |
- (Dir) make_temp_folder(from) (protected)
Create a temporary folder relative to the provided path.
114 115 116 117 118 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 114 def make_temp_folder from dir = File.join(fixtures(from), 'tmp') FileUtils.mkdir_p dir dir end |
- (Object) remove_file(path = nil) (protected)
Remove a file if it exists. If no file exists, do nothing.
162 163 164 165 166 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 162 def remove_file(path=nil) if(path && File.exists?(path)) FileUtils.rm_rf(path) end end |
- (Rake::Task) run_task(name) (protected)
Invoke a Rake task by name.
124 125 126 127 128 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 124 def run_task(name) t = Rake.application[name] t.invoke return t end |
- (Object) setup
Override the setup method in order to record the working directory before the test method runs.
63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 63 def setup super # Prevent log messages from interrupting test output, # and create a pipe that test cases can read to ensure # user output is provided properly. Sprout.stdout = Sprout::OutputBuffer.new Sprout.stderr = Sprout::OutputBuffer.new @start_path = Dir.pwd end |
- (Object) skip(message = "")
47 48 49 50 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 47 def skip ="" puts puts ">> SproutTestCase.skip called from: #{caller[0]} ( #{} )" end |
- (Object) teardown
Override the teardown method in order to perform systemic cleanup work like, clearing lingering rake tasks, and removing temporary folders.
79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 79 def teardown super clear_tasks remove_file @temp_path remove_file @temp_cache @temp_path = nil @temp_cache = nil if(@start_path && Dir.pwd != @start_path) puts "[WARNING] >> SproutTestCase changing dir from #{Dir.pwd} back to: #{@start_path} - Did you mean to leave your working directory in a new place?" Dir.chdir @start_path end end |
- (Dir) temp_cache (protected)
Create and/or return sprout/cache directory relative to the fixtures folder nearest the file that calls this method.
240 241 242 243 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 240 def temp_cache dir = File.dirname(Sprout.file_from_caller(caller.first)) @temp_cache ||= File.join(fixtures(dir), 'sprout', 'cache') end |
- (Dir) temp_path (protected)
Create a temporary folder relative to the test case that calls this method.
102 103 104 105 |
# File 'lib/sprout/test_helper.rb', line 102 def temp_path caller_file = Sprout.file_from_caller caller.first @temp_path ||= make_temp_folder File.dirname(caller_file) end |


Type: Color
Type: Date
Type: Datetime-local
Type: Email
Type: File
Type: Month
Type: Number
Type: Password
Type: Tel
Type: Text
Type: Time
Type: URL
Type: Week


Object traversal is the process Twisted.Web2 uses to determine what object to use to render HTML for a particular URL. When an HTTP request comes in to the web server, the object publisher splits the URL into segments, and repeatedly calls methods which consume path segments and return objects which represent that path, until all segments have been consumed. At the core, the Web2 traversal API is very simple. However, it provides some higher level functionality layered on top of this to satisfy common use cases.
The root resource is the top-level object in the URL
space; it conceptually represents the URI "/". The
Twisted.Web2 object traversal and object
publishing machinery uses only two methods to locate an
object suitable for publishing and to generate the HTML from it;
these methods are described in the
interface twisted.web2.iweb.IResource
:
class IResource(Interface): """ I am a web resource. """ def locateChild(request, segments): """Locate another object which can be adapted to IResource. @return: A 2-tuple of (resource, remaining-path-segments), or a deferred which will fire the above. Causes the object publishing machinery to continue on with specified resource and segments, calling the appropriate method on the specified resource. If you return (self, L{server.StopTraversal}), this instructs web2 to immediately stop the lookup stage, and switch to the rendering stage, leaving the remaining path alone for your render function to handle. """ def renderHTTP(request): """Return an IResponse or a deferred which will fire an IResponse. This response will be written to the web browser which initiated the request. """
Let's examine what happens when object traversal occurs over a very simple root resource:
from twisted.web2 import iweb, http, stream class SimpleRoot(object): implements(iweb.IResource) def locateChild(self, request, segments): return self, () def renderHTTP(self, request): return http.Response(200, stream=stream.MemoryStream("Hello, world!"))
This resource, when passed as the root resource to
server.Site
or
wsgi.createWSGIApplication
, will
immediately return itself, consuming all path segments. This
means that for every URI a user visits on a web server which
is serving this root resource, the text "Hello,
world!" will be rendered. Let's examine the value of
segments
for various values of
URI:
/foo/bar ('foo', 'bar') / ('', ) /foo/bar/baz.html ('foo', 'bar', 'baz.html') /foo/bar/directory/ ('foo', 'bar', 'directory', '')
So we see that Web2 does nothing more than split the URI on the string '/' and pass these path segments to our application for consumption. Armed with these two methods alone, we already have enough information to write applications which service any form of URL imaginable in any way we wish. However, there are some common URL handling patterns which Twisted.Web2 provides higher level support for.
One common URL handling pattern involves parents which only
know about their direct children. For example,
a Directory
object may only
know about the contents of a single directory, but if it
contains other directories, it does not know about the contents
of them. Let's examine a
simple Directory
object which
can provide directory listings and serves up objects for child
directories and files:
from twisted.web2 import resource class Directory(resource.Resource): def __init__(self, directory): self.directory = directory def renderHTTP(self, request): html = ['
'] for child in os.listdir(self.directory): fullpath = os.path.join(self.directory, child) if os.path.isdir(fullpath): child += '/' html.extend(['
', child, '
']) html.append('
') html = stream.MemoryStream(''.join(html)) return http.Response(200, stream=html) def locateChild(self, request, segments): name = segments[0] fullpath = os.path.join(self.directory, name) if not os.path.exists(fullpath): return None, () # 404 if os.path.isdir(fullpath): return Directory(fullpath), segments[1:] if os.path.isfile(fullpath): return static.File(fullpath), segments[1:]
Because this implementation of locateChild
only consumed one segment and returned the rest of them
(segments[1:]
),
the object traversal process will continue
by calling locateChild
on the returned resource and passing the partially-consumed
segments. In this way, a directory structure of any depth can be
traversed, and directory listings or file contents can be rendered for any
existing directories and files.
So, let us examine what happens when the URI "/foo/bar/baz.html" is traversed, where "foo" and "bar" are directories, and "baz.html" is a file.
No more segments to be
consumed; File('/foo/bar/baz.html').renderHTTP(ctx)
is
called, and the result is sent to the browser.
Consuming one URI segment at a time by checking to see if a
requested resource exists and returning a new object is a very
common pattern. Web2's default implementation
of twisted.web2.iweb.IResource
, twisted.web2.resource.Resource
, contains an
implementation of locateChild
which
provides more convenient hooks for implementing object
traversal. One of these hooks
is childFactory
. Let us imagine for
the sake of example that we wished to render a tree of
dictionaries. Our data structure might look something like this:
tree = dict( one=dict( foo=None, bar=None), two=dict( baz=dict( quux=None)))
Given this data structure, the valid URIs would be:
Let us construct
a twisted.web2.resource.Resource
subclass which uses the
default locateChild
implementation
and overrides the childFactory
hook
instead:
from twisted.web2 import http, resource, stream class DictTree(resource.Resource): def __init__(self, dataDict): self.dataDict = dataDict def renderHTTP(self, request): if self.dataDict is None: content = "Leaf" else: html = ['
'] for key in self.dataDict.keys(): html.extend(['
', key, '
']) html.append('
') content = ''.join(html) return http.Response(200, stream=stream.MemoryStream(content)) def childFactory(self, request, name): if name not in self.dataDict: return None # 404 return DictTree(self.dataDict[name])
As you can see, the childFactory
implementation is considerably shorter than the equivalent locateChild
implementation would have been.
Often we may wish to have some hardcoded URLs which are not
dynamically generated based on some data structure. For example,
we might have an application which uses an external CSS
stylesheet, an external JavaScript file, and a folder full of
images. The twisted.web2.resource.Resource
locateChild
implementation provides a
convenient way for us to express these relationships by using
child_
prefixed methods:
from twisted.web2 import resource, http, static class Linker(resource.Resource): def renderHTTP(self, request): page = """  <link href="css" rel="stylesheet" />


Dao
interface.GenericDao
interface.MasterDataDao
.GenericDao
for the suggested and common case that you have a Long
as
primary key
.PersistenceEntity
is new
.Dao
responsible for a PersistenceEntity
that represents master-data.PersistenceEntity
in OASP.Copyright © 2014–2018 OASP-Team. All rights reserved.


A cohesive framework for parsing, analyzing and organizing color from spectral data.
| Version: | 2.0.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10) |
| Imports: | rcdd, mapproj, geometry, pbmcapply, utils, plot3D, imager, stats, sp |
| Suggests: | rgl, xml2, testthat, knitr, covr |
| Published: | 2018-09-22 |
| Author: | Rafael Maia [aut, cre], Thomas White [aut], Hugo Gruson [aut], Chad Eliason [aut], Pierre-Paul Bitton [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Rafael Maia <rm72 at zips.uakron.edu> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | http://rafaelmaia.net/pavo/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | pavo citation info |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | pavo results |
| Reference manual: | pavo.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
pavo spectral shape descriptors |
| Package source: | pavo_2.0.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: pavo_2.0.0.zip, r-release: pavo_2.0.0.zip, r-oldrel: pavo_2.0.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: pavo_2.0.0.tgz, r-oldrel: pavo_2.0.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | pavo archive |
| Reverse suggests: | photobiologyInOut |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pavo to link to this page.


MSYNC
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)Updated: 2008-04-22
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
msync - synchronize a file with a memory mapSYNOPSIS
#include <sys/mman.h>int msync(void *addr, size_t length, int flags);
DESCRIPTION
msync() flushes changes made to the in-core copy of a file that was mapped into memory using mmap(2) back to disk. Without use of this call there is no guarantee that changes are written back before munmap(2) is called. To be more precise, the part of the file that corresponds to the memory area starting at addr and having length length is updated.The flags argument may have the bits MS_ASYNC, MS_SYNC, and MS_INVALIDATE set, but not both MS_ASYNC and MS_SYNC. MS_ASYNC specifies that an update be scheduled, but the call returns immediately. MS_SYNC asks for an update and waits for it to complete. MS_INVALIDATE asks to invalidate other mappings of the same file (so that they can be updated with the fresh values just written).
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.ERRORS
- EBUSY
- MS_INVALIDATE was specified in flags, and a memory lock exists for the specified address range.
- EINVAL
- addr is not a multiple of PAGESIZE; or any bit other than MS_ASYNC | MS_INVALIDATE | MS_SYNC is set in flags; or both MS_SYNC and MS_ASYNC are set in flags.
- ENOMEM
- The indicated memory (or part of it) was not mapped.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001.This call was introduced in Linux 1.3.21, and then used EFAULT instead of ENOMEM. In Linux 2.4.19 this was changed to the POSIX value ENOMEM.
AVAILABILITY
On POSIX systems on which msync() is available, both _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES and _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO are defined in <unistd.h> to a value greater than 0. (See also sysconf(3).)SEE ALSO
mmap(2)B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128-129 and 389-391.
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:33:04 GMT, December 24, 2015


Mahesh Nair
Software Engineer - Frontend, Backend and Big Data technologies. Loves video games and just walking around.
Technologies
Front-end
Back-end
Big Data
Hobbies
Copyright 2022 - Mahesh Nair
Software Engineer - Frontend, Backend and Big Data technologies. Loves video games and just walking around.
Copyright 2022 - Mahesh Nair


A particle whose v∥ takes the same sign during one poloidal period is called a passing particle. Otherwise, it is called a trapped particle.
For a particle with a given initial condition, can we determine whether the particle is passing or not, without numerically computing its orbit (and without assuming zero orbit width)? The answer is yes. We can do this by making use of the conservation of Pϕ, μ, and the kinetic energy 𝜀.
|
| (61) |
|
| (62) |
|
| (63) |
The critical condition for a particle being passing/trapped is that its parallel velocity v∥ is zero on the high-ﬁeld side of the midplane. (For a given magnetic surface, the midplane can be deﬁned as the poloidal locations where ∂B∕∂𝜃 = 0. For simple magnetic magnetic surfaces, usually there are two poloidal locations satisfying ∂B∕∂𝜃 = 0 and we denote these two locations by 𝜃 = −π (high-ﬁeld-side) and 𝜃 = 0 (low-ﬁeld-side), respectively.)
Deﬁne a dimensionless variable Λ by
|
| (64) |
which is a constant of motion, and is often used as a phase space coordinate in place of μ. What does the above critical condition look like in (Pϕ,Λ) space? Using v∥ = 0, Eq. (61) is reduced to
|
| (65) |
which determines Ψ if Pϕ is given. Using v∥ = 0, expression (64) is written as
|
| (66) |
Since the critical condition requires 𝜃 = −π. Therefore Eq. (66) is written as
|
| (67) |
The curve in the (Pϕ,Λ) plane corresponding to the critical condition can be traced out in the following steps: 1. for a given Pϕ, use Eq. (65) to determine Ψ and hence a magnetic surface; 2. the value of B(𝜃 = −π) on the magnetic surface can be determined; 3. then the value of Λ can be determined by Eq. (67).
The curve traced out by the above method for an EAST magnetic conﬁguration is plotted in Fig. 7, where the black curve corresponds to Eq. (67). The region above the black line is the trapped region, and that below it is the passing region.
Another curve similar to Eq. (67) is
|
| (68) |
This is plotted as blue curve in Fig. 7. This curve is approximately the phase space boundary beyond which no physical particles exist. (There is actually a small region where physical particles can exit beyond the blue curve, which corresponds to the stagnation orbits. This region is usually very small, see Fig. 10).
Note that, in determine the passing trapped boundary in the (Pϕ,Λ) plane, we do not need to specify the kinetic energy 𝜀. The reason for this is as follows. Using Eqs. (62) and (63) to eliminate v∥ in Eq. (61), we obtain an equation in the (Pϕ,Λ) plane:
|
| (69) |
i.e.,
|
| (70) |
where the dependence on 𝜀 disappears because the critical condition requires that Pϕ − ZeΨ = 0.
Next, let us consider the phase space points with a given kinetic energy and a given spatial location, and examine how these points are distributed in the (Pϕ,Λ) plane. Note that Eq. (70) involve two free parameters Ψ and B. Let us ﬁrst ﬁxed the value of Ψ. Then there remains a free parameter B to be chosen. Two representative values of B are B(𝜃 = −π) and B(𝜃 = 0), corresponding to, respectively, the maximum and minimum of B on the the given magnetic surface. If the given magnetic surface corresponds to the magnetic axis, then B(𝜃 = −π) and B(𝜃 = 0) are identical. Figure 8 plots the three curves that correspond to the LCFS with 𝜃 = −π, the LCFS with 𝜃 = 0, and the magnetic axis, respectively.
Next, let us consider all the physically possible points in the phase space (Pϕ,Λ) for a given kinetic energy and a given spatial region. Note that Eq. (70) involves two free parameters Ψ and B, both of which are functions of spatial locations. For each value of Pϕ, scan the spatial region to ﬁnd all the values of Λ by using Eq. (70). Denote the range of Λ for a speciﬁc value of Pϕ by [Λmin : Λmax]. If Λmax < 0, then this indicates this value of Pϕ is not physically possible. If Λmax ≥ 0, then this value of Pϕ is physically possible and the physically possible range of Λ for this value of Pϕ is [0 : Λmax]. Figure 9 plots the curve Λ = Λmax(Pϕ) for Λmax ≥ 0.
Putting results in Fig. 7, 8, and 9 into one ﬁgure, we obtain Fig. 10.
In the above, we plot boundary curves in the phase space (Pϕ,Λ) and get some rough ideas about possible orbits in diﬀerent regions of (Pϕ,Λ) plane. Next, let us numerically examine the orbits and conﬁrm which regions are corresponding to passing/trapped/conﬁned/lost regions.
|
| (71) |
| −(Pϕ − ZeΨ)2 |
|
| (72) |
|
| (73) |
|
| (74) |
|
| (75) |
An approximate condition determining whether a particle is trapped or circulating can be obtained by using the conservation of magnetic moment and kinetic energy, and assuming the guiding center orbit is along the magnetic ﬁeld line (zero-width orbit approximation, which is a proper approximation for low-energy particles whose orbit width is small, as is shown in Fig. 13).
In this approximation, the orbit remains on a magnetic surface. The critical condition for a particle to be trapped/circulating is given by
|
| (76) |
where v⊥ is the perpendicular (to the magnetic ﬁeld) velocity of the particle at the location where the strength of the magnetic ﬁeld is B, Bmax is the maximum value of the magnetic ﬁeld on the same magnetic surface where the particle moves. Deﬁne 𝜃 = arccos(v∥∕v), which is the pitch angle of velocity with respect to the local magnetic ﬁeld, then Eq. (76) is written as
|
| (77) |
Deﬁne
|
| (78) |
then particles with 𝜃c < 𝜃 < π − 𝜃c can not reach the point of the maximum magnetic ﬁeld of the same magnetic surface and thus they are trapped particles. Otherwise, they are circulating particles. In velocity space (v∥,v⊥), the trapped and circulating region are shown in Fig. 14.
Note that the trapped-circulating boundary given in Fig. 14 is determined based on the assumption that the guiding center motion does not deviate from a magnetic surface. However, the actual guiding center orbit does not remain on the same magnetic surface, so the above result can be wrong when applied to some particles. An example is given in Fig. 15, where the numerical results show that the particle is actually trapped but the approximate condition indicate that the particle is circulating.
At a given radial location, in terms of (w,μ) coordinates, where w is the kinetic energy, the trapped passing boundary is shown in Fig. 16.
The trapped particle fraction ft is deﬁned as the ratio of the number of trapped particles to the total number of particles. Particle distribution function (in terms of guiding-center variables) can be written as f = f(r,v,𝜃,ϕ), where r is the guiding-center position vector in conﬁguration space and (v,𝜃,ϕ) is the spherical coordinates in velocity space with 𝜃 being the pitch angle and ϕ the gyro-angle. Assuming zero Larmor radius limit, then the trapped particle fraction ft is written as
where 𝜃c is the critical pitch angle deﬁned in Sec. 5. Assume that f(r,v,𝜃,ϕ) is uniform in 𝜃 and ϕ, then the integration over the 𝜃 and ϕ in Eq. (79) can be performed, giving Using the deﬁnition of the critical value of the pitch angle (Eq. (78)), the above expression is written as|
| (81) |
The ﬂux surface averaging of ft, ⟨ft⟩, is written as
|
| (82) |
In the large aspect ratio approximation and for particles that are initially on the low-ﬁeld-side of the midplane, Eq. (81) is written
|
| (83) |
where 𝜀 = r∕R0. This is the result given in Wessson’s book[2]. Note that this result is valid only for particles that are initially at the low-ﬁeld-side of the midplane. For particles that are initially located at the poloidal location 𝜃p, the trapped particles fraction is written
|
| (84) |
For 𝜃p = π, i.e., at the high-ﬁeld-side of the midplane, ft = 0, i.e., there is no trapped particles there.
Using Eq. (84), the ﬂux surface averaging of ft, ⟨ft⟩, is written as
Let us analytically estimate the bounce frequency of deeply trapped particles. The time evolution of the parallel velocity of a guiding center is given by Eq. (2), i.e.,
|
| (85) |
which can be approximately written as
| = −b ⋅∇B, |
which can be further written as
|
| (86) |
where dl is the arc length along the magnetic ﬁeld. In a large aspect ratio tokamak with circular ﬂux surfaces, the magnetic ﬁeld can be written approximately as
|
| (87) |
The equation of magnetic ﬁeld is written
|
| (88) |
which can be written
|
| (89) |
Using Eqs. (89) and (87), the parallel derivative of the magnetic ﬁeld is written as
|
| (90) |
Plug this into equation (86), then we obtain
|
| (91) |
Consider deeply trapped particles (particles are trapped in a very small region near the low-ﬁeld-side midplane), i.e., 𝜃 ≈ 0, then we have sin𝜃 ≈ 𝜃. Using this, the above equation is written as
|
| (92) |
Assume the orbit is along the magnetic ﬁeld line (i.e. zero-width orbit approximation), then the equation of magnetic ﬁeld (89) is also satisﬁed by the orbit. In the linear approximation, we have 𝜃 ≈ B𝜃∕(Br)l. Using this in Eq. (92), we obtain
|
| (93) |
Using the deﬁnition of safety factor, q = rB0∕R0B𝜃, the above equation is written
|
| (94) |
Deﬁne
|
| (95) |
(for deeply trapped particles, the variation of v⊥ during one poloidal period is small, and thus can be considered constant, and thus ωb can also be considered constant), then Eq. (94) is written
|
| (96) |
which indicates that the motion of a deeply trapped particle is a harmonic oscillation with an angular frequency ωb. Equations (95) and (96) agree with Eqs. (3.12.3) and (3.12.4) in Wesson’s book “Tokmaks”[2]. I have test the accuracy of formula (95) by comparing it with the numerical results, which indicates the formula can usually give a reasonable estimation of the bounce frequency (for example, 28kHz is obtained numerically while the analytical formula gives 24kHz for a not very deeply trapped orbit).
Let us analytically estimate the bounce frequency of barely trapped particles, i.e., particle satisfying the critical condition (76),
|
| (97) |
i.e., v∥ = v, where v∥ is the parallel velocity on the low-ﬁeld-side midplane.
The distance along the magnetic ﬁeld line traveled in half an orbit is about 2πR0q, then the time needed is then given by
|
| (98) |
The above approximation is rough since v∥ changes between zero and v and we still use a constant value, v, in approximating it.
Then the bounce (angular) frequency is given by
|
| (99) |
which turns out to be take the same form as Eq. (95). very strange!
If neglecting the magnetic drift, a guiding-center orbit is along a magnetic ﬁeld lines, i.e., there is no derivation from the magnetic surface where a guiding center is initially located. Taking the magnetic drift into account, a guiding-center orbit will deviate from the initial magnetic surface, giving an orbit of nonzero width in the poloidal plane.
Whether a guiding-center will drift radially outward or inward from a local magnetic surface near the midplane can be determined in the following way. First note that the zero-order approximation of the guiding-center orbit (zero-width orbit) is either parallel or anti-parallel to the local magnetic ﬁeld, depending on the sign of v∥. Further note the direction of the magnetic drift (B×∇B and curvature drift) is approximately vertical, which can be either up or down, depending on the charge sign and direction of the toroidal magnetic ﬁeld. Finally, by imposing the magnetic drift on the zero-width orbit, we can determine whether the guiding center will drift inward or outward from the local magnetic surface. Figures 17-19 plots the drift orbits for all the possible combinations of tokamak magnetic conﬁgurations and particle initial conditions (assume particles of positive charge, i.e., Z∕|Z| > 0).
Figure 17 can be used to identify the direction of the bootstrap current due to the radial density gradient of trapped particles. Examining all the cases in Fig. 17, one ﬁnds that the bootstrap current is always along the direction of plasma current, and the bootstrap current direction is independent of the charge sign.
Next, consider passing particles launched from the low-ﬁeld-side midplane. Figure 18 plots all the 4 possible cases.
Next, consider a particle launched from the high ﬁeld side midplane, which must be a passing particle. Figure 19 plots all the 4 possible cases.
Examining the above results, one ﬁnds that reversing the direction of the toroidal magnetic ﬁeld does not change the projection of orbits on the poloidal plane, i.e., the location and shape of the poloidal orbits remain the same. However the direction of the poloidal motion is changed from clockwise (anti-clockwise) to anti-clockwise (clockwise). (This is because v∥ of a particle changes sign when the toroidal ﬁeld is reversed and thus the direction of the poloidal motion changes).
Examining the above results, we can also ﬁnd that, for particles launched from low-ﬁeld-side midplane, co-current particles have their orbits inside the magnetic surface at which the particle is initially located, and counter-current particles have their orbits outside of the magnetic surface. For particles launched from the high-ﬁeld-side midplane, the conclusion is reversed, i.e., co-current particles have their orbits outside the magnetic surface where they are initially located, and counter-current particles have their orbits inside of the magnetic surface.
These conclusions have important implications for the neutral beam injection, where orbits outside a reference magnetic surface (birth location) are more likely to be lost to the wall of the machine. If the neutral beam injection (NBI) is along the same direction of the plasma current, it is called the co-current injection. Otherwise it is called the counter-current injection. Using the above conclusions, we know that, for co-current injection, ions ionized at the low-ﬁeld-side have better conﬁnement compared with those ionized at the high-ﬁeld-side. For the counter-current injection, ions ionized at the high-ﬁeld-side have better conﬁnement compared with those ionized at the low-ﬁeld-side. Whether the overall conﬁnement of ions due to co-current injection is better or worse than that of the counter-current injection depends on the ratio of number of ions deposited at the low-ﬁeld-side to that deposited at the high-ﬁeld side. For the shine-through loss to be small, most neutral must ionize at the low-ﬁeld-side (most neutrals ionizing at the the high-ﬁeld side usually means a very high shine-through loss fraction ( >50%)). Therefore, with the assumption that most neutral beam particles are ionized on the low-ﬁeld-side, co-current injection is better than counter-current injection in terms of the ﬁrst-orbit loss.
Figure 20 and 21 compares the poloidal orbits of energetic Deuterium particles ionized at the low-ﬁeld-side midplane due to co-current and counter-current injection. The results indicate again that the counter-injected particles ionized at the low-ﬁeld-side midplane are easy to be lost from the plasma because their orbits are outside the ﬂux surface where they are ionized, and thus are more likely to touch the ﬁrst wall.
Figure 24 plots the guiding centers orbits for particles launched at the low-ﬁeld-side of the midplane with diﬀerent values of the pitch angle 𝜃.
Figure 24 shows (1) the toroidal procession of deeply trapped particles is faster than that of the shallowly trapped particles and (2) the direction of the toroidal recession of the particle with 𝜃 = 65∘ is diﬀerent from the others.
Procession angular frequency of a trapped particles (from Porcelli’s slide):
|
| (100) |
where Ek is the kinetic energy of the particle. Equation () indicates that the procession frequency is proportional to the energy of the particle.
|
| (101) |
Compared with the results given by the numerical code, the above results seems to be roughly correct when the orbit is not near the magnetic axis.
|
| (102) |
| = Vd ⋅∇Ψ = b ×⋅∇Ψ |
| = B ×⋅∇Ψ |
| = −B ×∇Ψ ⋅ |
using
| B = ∇Ψ ×∇ϕ + g∇ϕ |
|
| (103) |
Noting that both ∇B and κ are approximately along − direction, which is perpendicular to ∇ϕ, Eq. (103) is written as
| = −(g∇ϕ ×∇Ψ) ⋅ |
| = gBp ⋅ |
if
| (Ψlcfs − Ψaxis) > 0, |
then the drift from the local magnetic surface is outward, otherwise, the drift is inward.
| (Ψlcfs − Ψaxis) = gBp ⋅ (−)(Ψlcfs − Ψaxis) |
Examining the right-hand side of Eq. (5.8), we ﬁnd that Bp and (Ψlcfs − Ψaxis) change signs simultaneous when the toroidal plasma current Iϕ change sign, thus the direction of Bp(Ψlcfs − Ψaxis) is independent of the sign of Iϕ. Therefore the sign of the radial drift is independent of the sign of Iϕ.
The gyroradius of a particle is given by ρα = mv∕BZe, which can be further written as
|
| (104) |
where Ek is the kinetic energy of the particle. For an electron with the same kinetic energy of a ion, Eq. (104) indicates that the gyroradius of the electron is smaller than that of the ion by the factor . Now comes the question: Is the width of the guiding center orbit of an electron with the same kinetic energy of a ion smaller than that of the ion? Examine the constant of motion Pϕ which is given by
|
| (105) |
The function g(Ψ)∕Ω is usually a weak function of Ψ, thus can be assumed to be a constant along a drift orbit. The orbit width can be characterized by ΔΨ, which is written
|
| (106) |
where Δv∥ is the variation range of v∥ in one poloidal period of the orbit. For trapped particles, this variation can be approximated as
|
| (107) |
Using this, Eq. (106) is written as
|
| (108) |
which indicates that, for the same temperature, ΔΨ is proportional to . (For circulating ions, the variation of v∥ during one poloidal period can not be approximated by vt. I do not know how to estimate the orbit width in this case).
The variation of the poloidal ﬂux ΔΨp can be approximated by
|
| (109) |
where Δr is the variation of the minor radius, Bp is the average poloidal magnetic ﬁeld on a magnetic surface. Using this and the deﬁnition ΔΨ = ΔΨp∕2π in Eq. (108), we obtain
|
| (110) |
which indicates that the width of guiding-center orbits is inversely proportional to the poloidal magnetic ﬁeld Bp, rather than the toroidal magnetic ﬁeld Bt (ﬁrst got to know this conclusion from J. Wesson’s book “Science of JET”, and later wrote the above derivation).
Comparing Eq. (110) and (104), we know Δr is just the “poloidal Larmor radius” which is obtained by replacing the B in Eq. 104) by the poloidal magnetic ﬁeld Bp. It follows that the ratio between them is given by
|
| (111) |
which is about q∕𝜀 for large aspect-ratio tokamaks, where q is the safety factor.
The average poloidal magnetic ﬁeld on a magnetic surface near the plasma edge is approximately given by
|
| (112) |
Using this, Eq. (110) is written as
|
| (113) |
which indicates that Δr is proportional to 1∕Ip. This explains why high plasma current is beneﬁcial to the conﬁnement of energetic particles (because high current corresponds to smaller orbit width and thus better conﬁnement of energetic particles which usually have larger drift orbit width than thermal particles).
A numerical example in Fig. 25 indicate, as expected, that the guiding center orbit width of an electron with the same kinetic energy of a ion is much smaller than that of the ion.


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This function compress the given string using the ZLIB data format. For details on the ZLIB compression algorithm see the document "» ZLIB Compressed Data Format Specification version 3.3" (RFC 1950). Note: This is not the same as gzip compression, which includes some header data. See gzencode() for gzip compression.
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A vector type in Cartesian format containing UUID of the corresponding CPS together with last updated time stamp. More...
#include <kinematics_exchanger.h>
Public Attributes | |
| Time | stamp |
| string | uuid |
| vector< float > | x |
| vector< float > | y |
A vector type in Cartesian format containing UUID of the corresponding CPS together with last updated time stamp.
Definition at line 35 of file kinematics_exchanger.h.
| Time cartesian_vector_t::stamp |
Definition at line 39 of file kinematics_exchanger.h.
| string cartesian_vector_t::uuid |
Definition at line 36 of file kinematics_exchanger.h.
| vector<float> cartesian_vector_t::x |
Definition at line 37 of file kinematics_exchanger.h.
| vector<float> cartesian_vector_t::y |
Definition at line 38 of file kinematics_exchanger.h.


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