vignettes/articles/methods.Rmd
methods.Rmd
Sorting and searching are fundamental operations in computer and data
science. The objective of the kdtools
is to expose a C++
header file implementing efficient sorting and searching methods for
multidimensional tuple-like data. The interface mirrors that of the C++ Standard Library sorting
and searching functions. It is a single header-only library with no
external dependencies other than std
.
A common approach to improving search performance is to place data into an ordered tree structure, the most common being a binary tree and its variants. Computer textbooks and introductory courses are littered with examples of tree structures, however it has been pointed out by practitioners that many tree-type data structures have considerable storage overhead and poor memory locality. This results from using linked-list-like pointers to connect nodes. In many cases, a fully or partially sorted sequence combined with binary search will outperform pointer-based trees. Indeed, the Standard Library contains a set of algorithms for sorting or partitioning a data sequence and searching within partitioned sequences.
A limitation of the Standard Library algorithms and data structures is that they can only be ordered in a single dimension. Sort keys can possess higher cardinality however comparison operators and ordering are unidimensional. This is suboptimal for data that are intrinsically multidimensional, such as geographical coordinates or other multivariate data. In multiple dimensions, it is preferred to order a sequence of keys such the average distance between neighboring pairs in the sequence is small. There exist a vast array of techniques to accomplish sequence localization; however I will only discuss one known as the kd-tree.
A kd-tree is a type of binary tree that cycles among the dimensions of its stored objects at each level of the tree hierarchy. In the case of spatial data, the root node will contain the median key in the x-direction and each of its daughter nodes will contain the median in the y-direction of their respective partitions. Subsequent daughter nodes will again contain medians in the x-direction, and so on until there are no additional keys to the left or right. Searching a kd-tree involves recursive comparisons, cycling among the dimensions, until a leaf-node is encountered. Most searching operations can be accomplished in logarithmic time complexity yielding an efficient method.
Precisely as an ordinary binary tree can be replaced by a sorted range, a sequence of multidimensional elements can be sorted, in-place if desired, via recursive partitioning following the kd-tree scheme. Divide-and-conquer recursive partitioning is a well-known sorting algorithm and is the basis of the quicksort algorithm. Partitioning a sequence places all elements less than (or more generally meeting some predicate) to the left of a selected key, while all elements greater-than-or-equal-to follow to the right. The kd-sort algorithm presented here simply modifies quicksort to cycle among the dimensions of the stored elements. Searching follows exactly as the kd-tree except that nodes correspond to pivot-elements in the linear array.
Implementation of kd_sort
enables a set of additional
algorithms for searching and nearest neighbor queries. The following
table gives the exposed functions and corresponding Standard Library
routines.
| Function templates | SL analog | Outcome |
|---|---|---|
| kd_sort | sort | sorts range |
| kd_is_sorted | is_sorted | returns true if sorted |
| kd_lower_bound | lower_bound | finds first element not less than key for all dimensions |
| kd_upper_bound | upper_bound | finds first element greater than key for all dimensions |
| kd_binary_search | binary_search | returns true if key exists in range |
| kd_equal_range | equal_range | returns an iterator pair spanning all occurrences of a key |
| kd_range_query | lower_bound, upper_bound | finds all elements not less than lower and less than upper |
| kd_nearest_neighbor | finds nearest neighbor of key | |
| kd_nearest_neighbors, kd_nn_indices | finds k-nearest neighbors of key | |
| lex_sort | ordinary SL sort using kd_less for comparison |
The kd-sort algorithm in the kdtools package is implemented as a C++ function template parameterized by the starting dimension (usually 0) and the iterator type, which will be auto-deduced by the compiler.
template <size_t I, typename Iter>
void kd_sort(Iter first, Iter last)
{
using TupleType = iter_value_t<Iter>;
constexpr auto J = next_dim<I, TupleType>;
if (distance(first, last) > 1)
{
auto pred = kd_less<I>();
auto pivot = median_part(first, last, pred);
<J>(next(pivot), last);
kd_sort<J>(first, pivot);
kd_sort}
}
The median_part
function is a thin wrapper around the nth_element
function from the standard library, which is used to find the median
value in the current dimension. Elements to the left of the nth element
are not greater than the nth element and elements to the right are not
less than the nth element. This allows searching left or right depending
on whether the sought value is not greater than the median or not less
than the median (ties must search both directions).
Once the first dimension is partitioned, the ranges right and left of
the pivot are partitioned, and so on until first and last span a single
or no value. The dimension index I
is incremented at
compile-time using template metaprogramming. The value
member of the templated struct next_dim
holds the
incremented value of I
that has been wrapped to cycle
through successive dimensions of TupleType
. The result of
kd_sort
is a sequence ordered as if it were inserted into a
kd-tree data structure. The following figure illustrates the resulting
order in 2-dimensions.
Here the sequence order is shown with a continuous color gradient. The resulting patchiness indicates a hierarchical tree-like partitioning of the space providing the desired locality. Placing nearby points in proximity is what allows for efficient searches once the data are sorted. Sort times for vectors of tuple-like objects are relatively efficient, taking roughly twice the time of an ordinary lexicographical sort.
In the above results, lex_sort
is the Standard Library
built-in std::sort
algorithm using kd_less
as the predicate. The results
indicate that kd_sort
is reasonably fast, requiring roughly
twice the time as the Standard Library built-in sorting algorithm.
Because of the divide-and-conquer nature of kd_sort
, it is
trivially parallelizable. The threaded version is equal to or faster
than the regular sort. Performance comparable to the build-in Standard
Library sort
function indicates that this reference
implementation is reasonable.
To ensure the correct behavior in the presence of multiple ties, or
even when all keys in one dimension are equal, the kd_less
predicate implements circular lexicographic comparison. If elements in
one dimension are tied, the next dimension is interrogated to break the
tie. The comparisons cycle from trailing dimensions to leading
dimensions using modulo arithmetic. It is implemented as a recursive,
templated function object with the dimension index incremented at
compile-time. The recursion is terminated using constexpr
if.
template <size_t I, size_t K = 0>
struct kd_less
{
template <typename T>
bool operator()(const T& lhs, const T& rhs) const
{
if constexpr (is_last<K, T>) {
return less_nth<I>()(lhs, rhs);
} else {
constexpr auto J = next_dim<I, T>;
return equal_nth<I>()(lhs, rhs) ?
<J, K + 1>()(lhs, rhs) :
kd_less<I>()(lhs, rhs);
less_nth}
}
};
The predicates equal_nth
and less_nth
compare the \(I^{th}\) element of the
tuple. They have specializations for handling pointers to tuple-like
object, so all functions can operate on a range over pointers to tuples,
allowing arbitrary indexing into the original data.
A more general function object template kd_compare
that
takes an arbitrary binary predicate is also provided by
kdtools
. Some examples applying kd_less
,
including degenerate, all-ties cases, are shown here.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 7 |
| 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 2 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 7 | 8 | 3 | 6 |
| 1 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 7 |
| 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Notice that kd_sort
is a variant of the quicksort
algorithm in one dimension. It also is not effected by all-ties. The
order of subsequent dimensions can be changed when the leading dimension
contains all ties, however the sequence is still sorted and can be used
for searching.
Once data are ordered appropriately, searching can be achieved
efficiently. The kdtools
package provides analogs of the
Standard Library lower_bound
,
upper_bound
,
equal_range
and binary_search
functions for querying sorted ranges. An additional function,
kd_range_query
, does efficient searching within a boxed
region.
The kd_lower_bound
, kd_upper_bound
and
kd_equal_range
algorithms behave differently than their
unidimensional analogs. This is because the only reasonable definition
of multidimensional less is to require less in all dimensions
simultaneously. As illustrated below, this leads to cases where some,
but not all, elements are less to be included in the interval spanned by
kd_lower_bound
, kd_upper_bound
and
kd_equal_range
. In other words, in a single dimension,
these routines are both necessary and sufficient, whereas in
multiple-dimensions, they are necessary, but not sufficient to uniquely
identify elements in a boxed region.
In other schemes, such as Morton codes,
elaborate subroutines are required to prune the extra elements falling
outside the region of interest (see lower-left panel below). This is a
result of using a fundamentally unidimensional search on
multidimensional data. Instead kd_sort
implements direct
binary search for points falling within a boxed region.
template <size_t I,
typename Iter,
typename TupleType,
typename OutIter>
void kd_range_query(Iter first, Iter last,
const TupleType& lower,
const TupleType& upper,
)
OutIter outp{
if (distance(first, last) > 32) {
auto pred = less_nth<I>();
auto pivot = find_pivot<I>(first, last);
constexpr auto J = next_dim<I, TupleType>;
if (within(*pivot, lower, upper)) *outp++ = *pivot;
if (!pred(*pivot, lower)) // search left
<J>(first, pivot, lower, upper, outp);
kd_range_queryif (pred(*pivot, upper)) // search right
<J>(next(pivot), last, lower, upper, outp);
kd_range_query} else {
(first, last, outp, [&](const TupleType& x){
copy_ifreturn within(x, lower, upper);
});
}
return;
}
Here, each pivot element is tested to see whether it falls within the
boxed region, in which case, it is assigned to the output iterator. The
template find_pivot
searches for the partition point whose
position may or may not be the middle of the sequence. Leaf tuples are
also tested and copied to the output iterator. We check in each
dimension whether there might be additional points in the region of
interest to the left or right in the array. These are searched
recursively until reaching the span falls below a threshold and is more
profitably searched via sequential scan. In the following plot, the blue
points indicate those not meeting the predicate and the aquamarine
points are those where the predicate returns true.
The Boost Geometry library is a highly sophisticated and performant framework for working with geometric features. It includes an R-Tree index that allows access to objects within a bounding region in logarithmic time. Here I compare the speed of building and querying a collection of points. The only purpose of this comparison is to look for large (i.e., 5 to 10 fold) differences, which would indicate a problem in the implementation. Small differences in measured times are probably not meaningful and will likely change on different systems. Reported results are the median of 21 trials using 10^{7} tuples.
| Test | Time | Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| kd_sort_threaded | 0.421 | 1.0 |
| kd_sort inplace | 1.890 | 4.5 |
| kd_sort w/ copy | 1.900 | 4.5 |
| rtree pack linear | 2.100 | 5.0 |
| rtree pack quadratic | 2.090 | 5.0 |
| rtree pack rstar | 2.090 | 5.0 |
| Test | Time | Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| kd_range_query | 0.000294 | 1.0 |
| rtree query linear | 0.001330 | 4.5 |
| rtree query quadratic | 0.001160 | 3.9 |
| rtree query rstar | 0.001170 | 4.0 |
The results indicate that sorting and searching with kdtools is at least as performant as using Boost Geometry. Generally, an R-Tree will have an advantage with many individual insertions and deletions, whereas a sorted range will be more compact and show equal, if not better, query performance.
The kdtools package also provides routines for nearest- and k-nearest- neighbor search.
| Test | Time | Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| kd_nearest_neighbor | 1.10e-06 | 1.0 |
| rtree nearest neighbor linear | 2.67e-05 | 25.0 |
| rtree nearest neighbor quadratic | 7.10e-06 | 6.6 |
| rtree nearest neighbor rstar | 4.10e-06 | 3.8 |
| Test | Time | Ratio |
|---|---|---|
| kd_nearest_neighbors 100 | 1.71e-05 | 1.00 |
| rtree nearest 100 linear | 8.38e-05 | 4.90 |
| rtree nearest 100 quadratic | 4.05e-05 | 2.40 |
| rtree nearest 100 rstar | 1.63e-05 | 0.95 |
As before, the results show kdtools to be as fast or faster than Boost Geometry search. This is not surprising as the R-Tree data structure is optimized for indexing boxed regions, not points. The exception is rstar search for 100 nearest neighbors, which is faster. This might have to do with differences in the priority queue implementation or it could be that the rtree buckets allow rapid retrieval of groups of nearby points all at once. The main conclusion here is that the current implementation of kdtools is reasonably efficient.
Notice that the only requirement of the algorithms is that the
get<I>
function return a type meeting the EqualityComparable
and LessThanComparable
C++ concepts. This means that different dimensions can contain different
data types, including strings, for example. The current implementation
uses std::get
and so is restricted to
std::pair
, std::tuple
and
std::array
, unless one chooses to specializes in the
std
namespace, which is generally not recommended. A
suitable mechanism for providing type-specific specializations is
to-be-implemented. The following example demonstrates sorting and
searching a container holding keys of type
std::tuple<double, std::string>
.
// [[Rcpp::depends(kdtools)]]
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
#include "mixed_query.h"
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void mixed_query(NumericVector c1, CharacterVector c2)
{
auto n = c1.size();
range_type data;
.reserve(n);
data
(begin(c1), end(c1), begin(c2), back_inserter(data), make_key());
transform
auto t = time_it([&]{
(begin(data), end(data));
kd_sort
});
<< "\nSort time: " << t.count() << " seconds" << std::endl;
Rcout
<< "\nFirst and last " << N << " elements of sorted data:\n" << std::endl;
Rcout (data);
print_range
range_type result;
auto u = time_it([&]{
(begin(data), end(data),
kd_range_querykey_type(0.4, "w"), key_type(0.6, "z"),
(result));
back_inserter
});
<< "\nQuery time: " << u.count() << " seconds" << std::endl;
Rcout
<< "\nFirst and last " << N << " elements of query return:\n" << std::endl;
Rcout (begin(result), end(result)); print_range(result);
kd_sort
.clear();
result
auto v = time_it([&]{
(begin(data), end(data),
kd_nearest_neighborskey_type(0.5, "kdtools"), 100,
(result));
back_inserter
});
<< "\nNeighbors query time: " << v.count() << " seconds" << std::endl;
Rcout
<< "\nFirst and last " << N << " elements of neighbors query return:\n" << std::endl;
Rcout (result);
print_range}
First the data are sorted and then a range query is conducted. The
range query selects tuples where the first element ranges from
0.4
to 0.6
and the second element begins with
letters w
through y
. For the test, we borrow
the words from the parts_of_speech
dataset from the
tidytext
package. It contains more than \(10^5\) words.
data("parts_of_speech")
numbers = signif(runif(nrow(parts_of_speech)), 4)
strings = sample(tolower(parts_of_speech[[1]]))
mixed_query(numbers, strings)
#>
#> Sort time: 0.0675884 seconds
#>
#> First and last 3 elements of sorted data:
#>
#> 0 0.0001333 abdul
#> 1 0.0008761 abominator
#> 2 0.001739 abranchiate
#> ...
#> 208256 0.9975 year-round
#> 208257 0.9989 zedekiah
#> 208258 0.9995 zibet
#>
#> Query time: 3.6292e-05 seconds
#>
#> First and last 3 elements of query return:
#>
#> 0 0.4091 waffle
#> 1 0.4084 walls
#> 2 0.4102 wallydrag
#> ...
#> 1069 0.5879 yumuk
#> 1070 0.5928 yordan
#> 1071 0.5993 you'd
#>
#> Neighbors query time: 0.000375708 seconds
#>
#> First and last 3 elements of neighbors query return:
#>
#> 0 0.4432 koslo
#> 1 0.4882 kolnos
#> 2 0.4816 kobold
#> ...
#> 97 0.3718 laparotomies
#> 98 0.3328 kimonoed
#> 99 0.324 kingston
The timing results indicate that sorting \(2 \times 10 ^ 5\) tuples is on the order of 1/10th second, whereas the range query returned in less than a millisecond.
Nearest neighbor searching requires a suitable distance function be
defined for all types. The template scalar_dist
can be
specialized for different types. It returns the distance along a single
dimension. Currently, nearest neighbor distances are hardwired as the L2
norm of the returned scalar differences computed for each dimension. The
computation above uses the following definitions.
template<class InputIt1, class InputIt2>
double set_similarity(InputIt1 first1, InputIt1 last1,
, InputIt2 last2)
InputIt2 first2{
double num = 0, denom = 0;
while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2) {
if (*first1 < *first2) {
++first1; ++denom;
} else {
if (!(*first2 < *first1)) {
++first1; ++num;
}
++first2; ++denom;
}
}
+= std::distance(first1, last1) + std::distance(first2, last2);
denom return num / denom;
}
namespace kdtools {
template <>
double scalar_dist(const std::string& lhs, const std::string& rhs)
{
std::string a(lhs), b(rhs);
std::sort(begin(a), end(a));
std::sort(begin(b), end(b));
return 1 - set_similarity(begin(a), end(a),
(b), end(b));
begin}
} // namespace kdtools
The set_similarity
template is adapted from the Standard
Library set_intersection
template and produces a number
between 0 and 1. I have not attempted to prove this distance is metric,
so the results may not be entirely correct. Also, there is no facility
currently available to weight distances in different dimensions or
override the default root-sum-of-squares algorithm for the multivariate
distance.
Since version 0.4.0, kd_tools
all predicates and
distance functions have specializations or overloads to handle pointers
to tuple-like objects. Hence, any of the routines can sort or search a
vector of pointers to tuples, which act as indices into the original
data.
// [[Rcpp::depends(kdtools)]]
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp17)]]
#include "mixed_query.h"
// [[Rcpp::export]]
void sort_pointers(NumericVector c1, CharacterVector c2)
{
auto n = c1.size();
range_type data;
.reserve(n);
data
(begin(c1), end(c1), begin(c2), back_inserter(data), make_key());
transform
pointers_type idx1, idx2;
.reserve(n); idx2.reserve(n);
idx1
for (auto& x : data) {
.push_back(&x);
idx1.push_back(&x);
idx2}
(begin(idx1), end(idx1));
kd_sort(begin(idx2), end(idx2), greater_key());
kd_sort
<< "Original order\n\n"; print_range(data);
Rcout << "\nOrder by less\n\n"; print_range(idx1);
Rcout << "\nOrder by greater\n\n"; print_range(idx2);
Rcout }
Here, greater_key
has overloads for both string and
double types.
sort_pointers(numbers, strings)
#> Original order
#>
#> 0 0.006704 unself-centered
#> 1 0.4771 pectinatella
#> 2 0.3967 dominga
#> ...
#> 208256 0.8289 educate
#> 208257 0.7698 cnida
#> 208258 0.7565 coprophobia
#>
#> Order by less
#>
#> 0 0.0001333 abdul
#> 1 0.0008761 abominator
#> 2 0.001739 abranchiate
#> ...
#> 208256 0.9975 year-round
#> 208257 0.9989 zedekiah
#> 208258 0.9995 zibet
#>
#> Order by greater
#>
#> 0 0.9995 zibet
#> 1 0.9989 zedekiah
#> 2 0.9973 zooplankton
#> ...
#> 208256 0.001739 abranchiate
#> 208257 0.0008761 abominator
#> 208258 0.0001333 abdul
Note that the forward and reverse sorting do not give exactly the same result (in reverse) owing to ties.
The kdtools package implements efficient sorting and searching of arbitrary tuple-like object in C++. One of the major design decisions was to make the number of dimensions fixed at compile time. This is a reasonable tradeoff as these methods break down in high dimensions where search times will be no better than that of brute-force random searching. Nonetheless, a runtime-dimensioned extension would be easy to add and could allow working with runtime-determined types as is common in R. The current implementation is a demonstration, however it does illustrate the value of the Standard Library as the algorithms are constructed from Standard Library components. The generic nature of the kdtools implementation is an attractive feature as it permits flexibility and can be adapted to arbitrary tuple-like data as needed. Modern development of C++ has emphasized tuple-style data and algorithms and kdtools extends these developments.


Students from Thomas Gainsborough School helping to launch the scheme at Great Cornard Library.
Suffolk Libraries is getting behind a national scheme to support young people with mental health issues.
‘Reading Well for young people’ is a new scheme which provides expert information and a recommended reading list to help tackle some of the mental health and wellbeing issues that young people face.
The scheme is being launched today (12 April) and is part of the hugely successful Reading Well Books on Prescription scheme which is already available through the library service. Reading Well for young people is aimed at 13-18 year-olds and provides high-quality information, support and advice on a wide-range of issues such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders and self-harm, and difficult life pressures, like bullying and exams. The number of 15-16 year olds experiencing anxiety or depression has doubled in the last 30 years and 1 in 10 young people have a diagnosable mental health issue.
The new scheme has been developed with the help of a panel of young people who have had experience of mental health issues. The books can be recommended by GPs, school nurses, counsellors and other health professionals as well as being free to borrow from the library.
The scheme is delivered by The Reading Agency in partnership with the Society of Chief Librarians and the Association of Senior Children’s and Education Librarians. It is funded by Arts Council England and the Wellcome Trust and is supported by a range of health organisations including NHS England (IAPT), Public Health England, Mental Health Foundation, Mind and YoungMinds.
Suffolk Libraries already supports the Books on Prescription programme and is unique in having a dedicated Mental Health and Wellbeing Co-ordinator who works to ensure library visitors can get access to the health and wellbeing information.
Alison Wheeler, Chief Executive of Suffolk Libraries and a member of the Society of Chief Librarians, said:
I am very pleased that Suffolk Libraries will be supporting this very positive new programme. We know that young people may face many challenges and issues and may not always know where to turn for help. Libraries can play a key role in providing access to reading materials and information which can make a real difference to them.
Culture Minister Ed Vaizey said:
Libraries can play a significant role in the health of local communities by providing free access to advice and information for people of all ages. This important new scheme uses libraries, books and reading to reach out to young people to help them manage their mental health and wellbeing, and cope with the pressures of modern life.
Reading Well for young people’s recommended reading list of 35 books were selected by mental health experts and young people. The list includes a wide range of self-help and information titles, as well as fiction, including hugely influential novels such as The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon and The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky.
There is more information on the new scheme at http://reading-well.org.uk/blog/launch-of-reading-well-for-young-people
Ends
More information:
Public libraries have offered support to adults with common mental health needs since 2013 through Reading Well Books on Prescription. The Reading Well for young people list of 35 recommended books will soon be available from all library services along with supporting leaflets.
Rates of mental health problems increase as young people reach adolescence. Poor mental health for young people has serious implications for later life, affecting wellbeing and the ability to work and earn as adults. The core booklist for Reading Well for young people is as follows:
- Stuff That Sucks: Accepting What You Can’t Change and Committing to What You Can by Ben Sedley (Robinson, Little Brown)
- Mind Your Head by Juno Dawson (Hot Key Books)
- The Self-Esteem Team’s Guide to Sex, Drugs and WTFs?!! by The Self-Esteem Team (John Blake Publishing)
- Blame My Brain: The Amazing Teenage Brain Revealed by Nicola Morgan (Walker Books)
- Quiet the Mind by Matthew Johnstone (Robinson, Little, Brown)
- I’ll Give You the Sun by Jandy Nelson (Walker Books)
- Kite Spirit by Sita Brahmachari (Macmillan Children’s Books)
- House of Windows by Alexia Casale (Faber)
- Every Day by David Levithan (Electric Monkey, Egmont)
- Putting on the Brakes: Understanding and Taking Control of Your ADD or ADHD by Patricia Quinn and Judith Stern (Magination Press, American Psychological Association)
- My Anxious Mind: A Teen’s Guide to Managing Anxiety and Panic by Michael Tompkins and Katherine Martinez (Magination Press, American Psychological Association)
- The Anxiety Survival Guide for Teens: CBT Skills to Overcome Fear, Worry and Panic by Jennifer Shannon (New Harbinger Publications, Little, Brown)
- The Shyness and Social Anxiety Workbook for Teens by Jennifer Shannon (New Harbinger Publications, Little Brown)
- The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky (Simon & Schuster)
- The Reason I Jump by Naoki Higashida (Sceptre, Hodder)
- Freaks, Geeks and Asperger Syndrome: A User’s Guide to Adolescence by Luke Jackson (Jessica Kingsley)
- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon (Vintage)
- Teen Life Confidential: Bullies, Cyberbullies and Frenemies by Michele Elliott (Wayland, Hachette Children’s)
- Vicious: True Stories by Teens about Bullying ed. Hope Vanderberg (Free Spirit Publishing)
- Banish Your Self-Esteem Thief: A Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Workbook on Building Positive Self-Esteem for Young People by Kate Collins-Donnelly (Jessica Kingsley)
- Teen Life Confidential: Self-Esteem and Being You by Anita Naik (Wayland, Hachette Children’s)
- Face by Benjamin Zephaniah (Bloomsbury)
- Am I Depressed and What Can I Do About it? by Shirley Reynolds and Monika Parkinson (Robinson, Little, Brown)
- I Had a Black Dog by Matthew Johnstone (Robinson, Little, Brown)
- Can I Tell You About Depression? by Christopher Dowrick and Susan Martin (Jessica Kingsley)
- Can I Tell You About Eating Disorders? by Bryan Lask and Lucy Watson (Jessica Kingsley)
- Banish Your Body Image Thief by Kate Collins-Donnelly (Jessica Kingsley)
- Tyranny by Lesley Fairfield (Walker Books)
- Don’t Let Your Emotions Run Your Life for Teens by Sheri van Dijk (New Harbinger Publications, Little, Brown)
- Touch and Go Joe by Joe Wells (Jessica Kingsley)
- Breaking Free from OCD: A CBT Guide for Young People and their Families by Jo Derisley, Isobel Heyman, Sarah Robinson, Cynthia Turner (Jessica Kingsley)
- The Unlikely Hero of Room 13B by Teresa Toten (Walker Books)
- The Truth About Self-Harm by Celia Richardson (Mental Health Foundation)
- Fighting Invisible Tigers: A Stress Management Guide for Teens by Earl Hipp (Free Spirit Publishing)
- Teenage Guide to Stress by Nicola Morgan (Walker Books)


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| SUMMARY: INNER | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
The XPathResult
interface represents the result of the
evaluation of an XPath 1.0 expression within the context of a particular
node. Since evaluation of an XPath expression can result in various
result types, this object makes it possible to discover and manipulate
the type and value of the result.
See also the Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 XPath Specification.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static short |
ANY_TYPE
This code does not represent a specific type. |
static short |
ANY_UNORDERED_NODE_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] and will be accessed as a single node, which may be null if
the node set is empty. |
static short |
BOOLEAN_TYPE
The result is a boolean as defined by [XPath 1.0]. |
static short |
FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] and will be accessed as a single node, which may be null if
the node set is empty. |
static short |
NUMBER_TYPE
The result is a number as defined by [XPath 1.0]. |
static short |
ORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] that will be accessed iteratively, which will produce document-ordered nodes. |
static short |
ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] that will be accessed as a snapshot list of nodes that will be in original document order. |
static short |
STRING_TYPE
The result is a string as defined by [XPath 1.0]. |
static short |
UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] that will be accessed iteratively, which may not produce nodes in a particular order. |
static short |
UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
The result is a node set as defined by [XPath 1.0] that will be accessed as a snapshot list of nodes that may not be in a particular order. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
boolean |
getBooleanValue()
The value of this boolean result. |
boolean |
getInvalidIteratorState()
Signifies that the iterator has become invalid. |
double |
getNumberValue()
The value of this number result. |
short |
getResultType()
A code representing the type of this result, as defined by the type constants. |
Node |
getSingleNodeValue()
The value of this single node result, which may be null . |
int |
getSnapshotLength()
The number of nodes in the result snapshot. |
java.lang.String |
getStringValue()
The value of this string result. |
Node |
iterateNext()
Iterates and returns the next node from the node set or null if there are no more nodes. |
Node |
snapshotItem(int index)
Returns the index th item in the snapshot collection. |
| Field Detail |
public static final short ANY_TYPE
ANY_TYPE
was
requested, then UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
is always
the resulting type. Any other representation of a node set must be
explicitly requested.public static final short NUMBER_TYPE
public static final short STRING_TYPE
public static final short BOOLEAN_TYPE
public static final short UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
ANY_TYPE
is requested.public static final short ORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
public static final short UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
public static final short ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
public static final short ANY_UNORDERED_NODE_TYPE
null
if
the node set is empty. Document modification does not invalidate the
node, but may mean that the result node no longer corresponds to the
current document. This is a convenience that permits optimization
since the implementation can stop once any node in the resulting set
has been found.
public static final short FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE
null
if
the node set is empty. Document modification does not invalidate the
node, but may mean that the result node no longer corresponds to the
current document. This is a convenience that permits optimization
since the implementation can stop once the first node in document
order of the resulting set has been found.
| Method Detail |
public short getResultType()
public double getNumberValue() throws XPathException
XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
NUMBER_TYPE
.public java.lang.String getStringValue() throws XPathException
XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
STRING_TYPE
.public boolean getBooleanValue() throws XPathException
XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
BOOLEAN_TYPE
.public Node getSingleNodeValue() throws XPathException
null
.XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
ANY_UNORDERED_NODE_TYPE
or
FIRST_ORDERED_NODE_TYPE
.public boolean getInvalidIteratorState()
resultType
is UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
or ORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
and the document has been
modified since this result was returned.public int getSnapshotLength() throws XPathException
0
to
snapshotLength-1
inclusive.XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
or
ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
.public Node iterateNext() throws XPathException, DOMException
null
if there are no more nodes.XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
UNORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
or
ORDERED_NODE_ITERATOR_TYPE
.DOMException
- INVALID_STATE_ERR: The document has been mutated since the result was
returned.public Node snapshotItem(int index) throws XPathException
index
th item in the snapshot collection. If
index
is greater than or equal to the number of nodes in
the list, this method returns null
. Unlike the iterator
result, the snapshot does not become invalid, but may not correspond
to the current document if it is mutated.index
- Index into the snapshot collection.index
th position in the
NodeList
, or null
if that is not a valid
index.XPathException
- TYPE_ERR: raised if resultType
is not
UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
or
ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE
.
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: INNER | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %}
Password Must Contain At Least One Of The Following: Number / Uppercase / Lowercase / Special Character. Length: 6 - 20 Characters.


'use strict';
const { argValidator: _argValidator } = require('@vamship/arg-utils');
const _ssh2 = require('ssh2');
const Promise = require('bluebird');
const RemoteClient = require('./remote-client');
/**
* Result of execution from a single command.
*
* @typedef {Object} ExecutionResult
* @property {String} command The command string that was executed, including
* all arguments/options.
* @property {Boolean} success A boolean parameter that indicates whether or
* not the command was executed successfully.
* @property {Number} exitCode The exit code from the command
* @property {String} stdout The contents of the STDOUT from command execution
* @property {String} stderr The contents of the STDERR from command execution
*/
/**
* SSH command execution results. Returns a summary of the commands and an array
* containing detailed command results.
*
* @typedef {Object} SshExecutionResults
* @property {Number} commandCount The number of commands requested
* @property {Number} successCount The number of successful command executions
* @property {Number} errorCount The number of command executions that had
* errors
* @property {ExecutionResult[]} results Execution results from each individual
* command executed.
*/
/**
* Abstract base class for SSH based clients (ssh, scp). Provides methods for
* connection configuration and setup.
*/
class SshClient extends RemoteClient {
/**
* @param {ClientConfig} options Connection configuration for the client
*/
constructor(options) {
super(options);
}
/**
* Executes a set of commands sequentially, and returns the results of
* command execution. Command set execution will only continue after each
* command in the set has completed successfully. Execution will be aborted
* if a failure is encountered.
*
* Command execution will be treated as a failure if the `exec()` method
* on the ssh client fails, or if the command exits with a non zero error
* code.
*
* @private
* @param {Object} client A reference to the ssh client to use to execute
* the commands. It is assumed that the client has successfully
* established a connection to the remote host.
* @param {String[]} commands An array of strings representing the commands
* to be executed on the remote host.
*
* @return {Promise<ExecutionResults[]>} An array of execution results for
* each command that was executed. If commands are not executed due
* to a failure in an earlier command, no execution result will be
* provided for that command.
* Note that this method always resolves its promise even if a
* command execution fails.
*/
_runCommandSet(client, commands) {
const results = [];
let _finishMethod = undefined;
client.on('continue', () => {
this.logger.trace('Continuing command execution');
if (_finishMethod) {
_finishMethod();
}
});
return Promise.mapSeries(commands, (command) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
_finishMethod = undefined;
this.logger.trace('Executing command', { command });
const callNext = client.exec(command, (err, stream) => {
const result = {
command,
success: true,
stdout: '',
stderr: ''
};
results.push(result);
if (err) {
this.logger.trace(err, 'Error executing command');
result.success = false;
result.error = err;
reject(err);
return;
}
stream
.on('close', (code, signal) => {
result.exitCode = code;
if (code !== 0) {
const err = new Error(
'Program exited with non zero exit code'
);
result.error = err;
result.success = false;
reject(err);
} else if (callNext) {
this.logger.trace(
'Command execution successful. Invoking next'
);
resolve(result);
} else {
this.logger.trace(
'Command execution successful, but client not ready. Waiting'
);
_finishMethod = () => {
resolve(result);
// Resolution complete. Do no further processing.
_finishMethod = undefined;
};
}
})
.on('data', (data) => {
result.stdout += data;
})
.stderr.on('data', (data) => {
result.stderr += data;
});
});
});
})
.then(() => {
this.logger.trace('Command set executed successfully');
return results;
})
.catch((err) => {
this.logger.error(err, 'Error running command set');
return results;
});
}
/**
* Connects to the remote host, and executes the specified command(s) on it
* sequentially. Execution will be aborted if any of the commands fail.
*
* @param {String|Array} commands The commands to execute on the remote host.
*
* @return {Promise<SshExecutionResults>} A promise that will be resolved
* with an object that defines the results of execution of the
* commands. Note that the promise will be resolved even if command
* execution fails. Promise rejection implies a general failure,
* such as connection errors, etc.
*/
run(commands) {
if (_argValidator.checkString(commands, 1)) {
commands = [commands];
}
_argValidator.checkArray(commands, 'Invalid command(s) (arg #1)');
const execResult = {
commandCount: commands.length,
successCount: 0,
failureCount: 0,
results: []
};
return this.getConnectionOptions().then((connOpts) => {
return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const client = new _ssh2.Client();
client
.on('ready', () => {
this.logger.trace('Connected to remote host', {
host: this._host,
username: this._username
});
this._runCommandSet(client, commands)
.then((results) => {
results.forEach((result) => {
if (result.success) {
execResult.successCount++;
} else {
execResult.failureCount++;
}
});
execResult.results = results;
resolve(execResult);
})
.finally((execResult) => {
resolve(execResult);
client.end();
});
})
.on('error', (err) => {
this.logger.error(
err,
'Fatal error executing commands on remote host'
);
client.end();
reject(err);
})
.connect(connOpts);
});
});
}
}
module.exports = SshClient;


The mode in which native language text is added after locale keys.
Sets locale object. Locale object is key-value object for localization. Key is english text, and value is any utf8 text.
expression how to get locale object.
a promise which will be resolved with script return value.
The mode in which native language text is added after locale keys.


Wideband SDR transceiver
The SDR transceiver is ready.
Now you can start experimenting with GNU Radio.
More details about this application can be found at this link.
Getting started with GNU Radio
- Connect an antenna to the IN1 connector on the Red Pitaya board.
- Install GNU Radio:
- Clone the SDR transceiver source code repository:
- Run GNU Radio Companion and open a flow graph:
sudo apt-get install gnuradio python-numpy python-gtk2
git clone https://github.com/pavel-demin/red-pitaya-notes
cd red-pitaya-notes/projects/sdr_transceiver_wide/gnuradio
export GRC_BLOCKS_PATH=.
gnuradio-companion trx_wide_template.grc


One-way data binding
Data source -> View target
this is a double curly brackets binding: {{brackets}}
element's [innerHTML] property binding:
buttons's aria-label attribute binding:
element's style property binding: The maze isn't meant for you.
View target -> Data source (Events)


We campaign for the freedom of users, because everyone deserves them. The users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the program, we call it a “nonfree” program. The nonfree program controls the users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the program an instrument of unjust power.
Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, download, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose. Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner.
GLUG-REVA aims at organizing sessions/workshops/projects based on free and open-source software to provide a platform to learn, meet like-minded students, and develop skills. The goal is to expose students to the current technological realm..


Our Story
Replate started as just a few friends with a desire to give back to their community. After visiting a local restaurant those friends talked about how important that restaurant was to them. Not only was the food important, but the experience they all shared together. Thus, Replate was born.
Our Mission
We desire not only to feed people in tough situations, but also merge communities through food
Our Process
Volunteers are the backbone of Replate. Through our app our volunteers know where to pick up the food, and where to deliver it. Volunteers will deliver the food to nonprofits that can use the food. Each nonprofit we work with is committed to the same mission we are!


You can search for a word by sending a post request with the word as the "word" parameter to /search,or send a post request to hallucinate for a word using /lstm. Outputs will be strings of the following format: "language_iso_code: source_word \t rel:some_relation \t language_iso_code: target_word"


// Solidity files have to start with this pragma.
// It will be used by the Solidity compiler to validate its version.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.7.0;
// Import the console log to be able to log variables within a call
import "hardhat/console.sol";
// This is the main building block for smart contracts.
contract Token {
// Some string type variables to identify the token.
// The `public` modifier makes a variable readable from outside the contract.
string public name = "My Hardhat Token";
string public symbol = "MBT";
// The fixed amount of tokens stored in an unsigned integer type variable.
uint256 public totalSupply = 1000000;
// An address type variable is used to store ethereum accounts.
address public owner;
// A mapping is a key/value map. Here we store each account balance.
mapping(address => uint256) balances;
// An event
event transferEvent(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 amount);
/**
* Contract initialization.
*
* The `constructor` is executed only once when the contract is created.
*/
constructor() {
// The totalSupply is assigned to transaction sender, which is the account
// that is deploying the contract.
balances[msg.sender] = totalSupply;
owner = msg.sender;
}
/**
* A function to transfer tokens.
*
* The `external` modifier makes a function *only* callable from outside
* the contract.
*/
function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external {
// Check if the transaction sender has enough tokens.
// If `require`'s first argument evaluates to `false` then the
// transaction will revert.
require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "Not enough tokens");
// Transfer the amount.
balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
balances[to] += amount;
/**
Uncomment to be able to console.log() variables from within solidity
smart contracts
*/
// console.log("Sender balance is %s tokens", balances[msg.sender]);
// console.log("Trying to send %s tokens to %s", amount, to);
emit transferEvent(
msg.sender,
to,
amount
);
}
/**
* Read only function to retrieve the token balance of a given account.
*
* The `view` modifier indicates that it doesn't modify the contract's
* state, which allows us to call it without executing a transaction.
*/
function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256) {
return balances[account];
}
} |


Bolivia's new leaders break ties with Venezuela
LA PAZ, Bolivia (AP) — Bolivia's interim leadership says it has broken diplomatic ties with the Government of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and ordered Cuban medical teams to leave Bolivia.
The announcement yesterday represents a turnaround in Bolivia's foreign policy following the resignation of Evo Morales, a socialist who quit after a disputed election that sparked massive protests.
Karen Longaric, the foreign minister of Bolivia's interim Government, also said the country is leaving the Union of South American Nations, known by its Spanish acronym UNASUR. The group was set up in 2008 by Venezuela's Hugo Chávez and other leftists to support regional integration efforts and counter US influence in South America.
Longaric also says Bolivia is no longer a part of ALBA, a regional group that espouses socialist ideology.
In the meantime, Bolivia's interim leader says Evo Morales will have to “answer to justice for electoral fraud” if he returns home.
Jeanine Áñez made the comment during a news conference yesterday, a day after Morales insisted from asylum in Mexico that he remains the country's legitimate president because his resignation was forced by the military and wasn't formally accepted by Congress.
Añez was the top-ranking Senate opposition official when Morales resigned Sunday and says that the resignation of everyone else in the chain of succession left her with the presidency.
Morales left following massive demonstrations across the country alleging fraud in the October 20 presidential election — irregularities certified by a team of auditors from the Organization of American States. Morales had claimed victory in his bid for a fourth term in office.
Áñez said Morales “left on his own. Nobody threw him out.”


Bill Details: 123456789
Payment Info for 123456789
505 Lincoln Str. Queens, New York
John Doe
Final price: $125.00
Visit type: Surgery
Date generated: 2021-09-28 00:00
Back to History...


| Moon Phase Widget | |
Method 1 : Displaying the current phase Method 2 : Displaying the phase for a specific date The format for passing variables is as follows: This example show the phase inside an iframe for the date 27th Jan 2012.
Method 3 : Displaying the phase for a specific date ex : http://moon-phase-widget.herokuapp.com/moonp.php?y=2012&m=1&d=27 To show the current phase just drop the variables in the url righ after ".php". The Joomla module Moon Phase Joomla Module - mod_ajmoonphase.zip (2kb) Acuracy: The phase of the moon is calculated using simple mathematics. This widget is still in beta stage so if you find any errors please report them to me by email : admin[at]skylk.com (relace [at] with @) How it works : The widget is made with php. So you don't need flash or anything installed for this to work. However the widget will not work offline. You need to have internet connected for this to work. Changing the iframe size: The above code already contains proper i frame width and height. Changing this values may result the widget to align incorrectly. Always use the above settings. If you encounter bugs or if you have any ideas to improve this contact me .. email : admin[at]skylk.com
Anuradha Jayathilaka (Colombo, Sri Lanka) 2010 © All rights reserved. |
Current moon phase
Moon phase for 2012/1/27 |


 This is a true-to-life portrait of one of this century's most celebrated artists, as the film covers his work from the periods of the 1960s- through the- 1970s, as Bacon's specialty in the macabre is examined, as is also his spectacle of what is horrific, but the film offers very little concrete arguments for him to be considered as a great artist (we saw none of his paintings on display; I realize that this was no fault of the director, since Bacon's estate refused to grant permission for their use).
That he is a great artist, is of course, a debatable subject; but what is not subject to debate, is the brilliant performance by Derek Jacobi (a virtuoso one) and the fine supporting performance by his lover who is the foil for all his nasty wit, Daniel Craig (George), as both exhibit a forcefulness and a subtly for their character that leaves no doubt that they have mastered their subject rather well, leaving no sharp stone unturned, so to speak.
In the very first shot, Bacon is diabolically smelling the pillow from an obvious lover who just left his flat, an image that reminded me so much of Hannibal Lecter in THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS, and his extrasensory capacity for smell.
Soon he is confronted with a crashing sound from his skylight flat and there is George Dyer, a lower-class London East Ender, a petty burglar who gets caught by Bacon as he is robbing his flat. They immediately become lovers and begin a relationship that mystifies both their circle of friends, as George's friends think he has joined up with a bunch of puffs, while Bacon's clique of vipers are titillated to no end by this unholy union, as they make sniping remarks directed at how dull George is, trying to get the devilish Bacon to say what he sees in him, even though George will heretofore become the model for Bacon's decadent and lifeless figures, as well as his almost full time lover, except when Bacon picks up an odd stud or two and locks the hapless George out of the studio flat. He will also generously support George with money and proper clothing and booze.
That George and he are almost complete opposites, able to use each other for whatever it is worth, is part of the fascination of the bleak material covered, as the film becomes an exercise in excesses and debauchery, that is covered so wantoningly, with Bacon referring to his relationship with George at one point, as the man who does odd jobs for him once in a while.
But somewhere in the seven year relationship between George and Bacon, Bacon tires of him and chooses to let the demise of George become complete without showing one bit of concern for him. This should not be too surprising, because he proudly tells us that he is optimistic about nothing and finds beauty in the suffering and bloodshed of others, such as at a car accident, relating how it excites him to see the bodies lie randomly on the road, and at a professional fight we see how he nearly has an orgasm in public when he gets splattered with the boxer's blood.
That his precarious lifestyle often shines as brightly as his visual images, as his oeuvre of work is presented to us through these visions, rather than seeing it as on framed paintings, and this is stupendously done by a brilliant stroke of filmmaking, as the artist's soul was seen crawling out of the recesses of his warped but talented mind, as distorted lenses and mirrored images and shaded colorings and quick editing of the images, were all effectively used to enhance the eeriness of the artist's visions.
The nonlinear story is transcribed for the most part either in Bacon's studio or in the bar where his circle of friends hold court, as Bacon who is the submissive one in sex, is the ever aggressive and dominant one with both his sham friends, as he notes realistically what they are to him, and his George, who foolishly tells him that he loves him and is quickly admonished with the following put down from the master, "from what bad TV show did you get that from?"
I must confess, I never cared for Bacon's art, though I was somewhat impressed with the raw power of his blood curling images and the deathlike objectivity he gives his work. But I was put off with his inability to reach farther back into the human soul and see what the whole being is like as the truly great artists such as a Blake or Durer can, who know both good and evil. To know one of the contraries is not enough, as it probably means that you can't even see that as clearly as you should, as in Bacon's case, what evil is for him to see, is mostly felt as a raging flux inside, something Jacobi captured on screen, that made this film a very special one, and saved it from the doldrums it could have been. It is rare that an actor can really sense the mood and spirit of an artist, because when he doesn't, it is to the detriment of the film, no matter how good the story is or who the artist is that is being portrayed. What comes to my mind is the risible performances of Charlton Heston as Micheangelo and Kirk Douglas as Van Gogh, or more recently Leonard Di Caprio trying to be convincing as an unknown artist in TITANIC. Their lack of credibility as artists, were enough to make the films they were in seem phony. Off hand, I can only think of Derek Jarman's CARAVAGGIO, to match this one in intensity and homosexuality, and integrity of performance.
But whatever I think of Bacon and his art work or the unwatchable moments this film had, and the pangs I got from his negative philosophy, and how the story was going down a cul-de-sac, I was nevertheless, still dazzled by a performance from Derek Jacobi, that left me breathless, and by a first time director, who is in every mannerism an artist and feels like an artist does, and was able to translate that inspiration onto the screen, which is no easy feat to do.
REVIEWED ON 5/4/99 GRADE: B-
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Some places in Padang are known for its historical value and recreational destination.
Fort de Kock was a 19th-century Dutch sconce fortification established over a hill in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Around the fortification, a new settlement grew, which eventually grew into the city of Bukittinggi, the second largest city in West Sumatra. Although the remnants of the mound and some cannons can still be seen, the original buildings on top of the sconce has been demolished.
Pagaruyung Palace is a palace building which was used as a residence from the Pagaruyung royal family until 1833. The architecture of this building uses a typical Padang vernacular style so that it is similar to the Gadang House. Until now, Pagaruyung Palace has become one of the most popular tourist attractions in Padang. Here you can see there are lots of furniture and other Minangkabau relics which are certainly very antique.
In Minang Language, Maninjau means “watching”, “observing”, or “take a look at”. Now this very large caldera lake is surrounded by super beautiful natural scenery accompanied by local resident houses. Of course you should not miss this unspoiled landscape as a tourist attraction in Padang that must be visited. In addition, you should try the sensation of playing paragliding on Lake Maninjau which is definitely very spectacular.
In the southwest of Padang City, there is a place that is very popular among surfers because of the waves and strong winds. If you like to surf, then you must come to the Mentawai Islands that has one of the big wave beaches in Indonesia.This tourist attraction in Padang is very well known among foreign tourists. This archipelago can be considered quite remote and even untouched until the 20th century. So the beauty of nature here is still very amazing to be enjoyed.


I am an Android Developer with more than 4 years of experience. I always looking for new and creative challenges and keep myself upto date with new technologies.
Bring to the table win-win survival strategies to ensure proactive domination. At the end of the day, going forward, a new normal that has evolved from generation X is on the runway heading towards a streamlined cloud solution. User generated content in real-time will have multiple touchpoints for offshoring.
SGPA: 8.47
GPA: 3.56
Apart from being a Android developer, I enjoy most of my time being research.
When forced indoors, I follow a number of sci-fi and fantasy genre movies and television shows, I am an aspiring chef, and I spend a large amount of my free time exploring the latest technolgy advancements in the Mobile app development world.
Check Out Some of My Works.


Pharmacy Store Transfer Log
Filter By
Transferring Store
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{{store.StoreName}}
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{{store.StoreName}}
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Applied Filters:
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Newsround axed from after school slot by BBC after 40 years
The BBC have announced plans to scrap the after school slot for Newsround after 40 years as kids get most of their news online these days.
The news bulletin aimed at children was previously shown in the morning as well as at teatime, but the BBC has submitted a proposal to Ofcom to reduce the amount of news on CBBC from 85 to 35 hours a year.
The corporation is looking to invest the money it would save into online news for children rather than the TV programme.
The show was launched in 1972 as John Craven’s Newsround after presenter John Craven who hosted it for the first 17 years.
It’s been a staple in the after-school viewing schedules of kids for generations, so it’s no wonder Twitter was awash with commiseration that it would no longer be shown in the afternoon.
Advertisement Advertisement
They tweeted: ‘Surely not… Generations of kids were informed of the news in a way we could understand… John Craven gave me my interest in news and it’s never gone away.’
Another added: ‘#Newsround being cut? Where the **** am I going to go when I need an explanation I can actually understand of the Irish Backstop and Israel v Palestine?’
Many praised the way the show made news easily understandable: ‘Now this is truly sad news. Newsround was groundbreaking in so many ways. Never talked down to its audience. Broke many stories first, and in an accessible way.’
Newsround broke several world news stories, including the loss of the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1986 and was also first bulletin in Britain to report an assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II in Vatican City in 1981 and the Windsor Castle fire in 1992.
The BBC are yet to announce when the afternoon bulletin will be scrapped, but viewers will still be able to watch it in the morning as well as on their website.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


{% extends "navbarbase.html" %} {% block navcontent %} {% if alert_type == "success" %}
Student Plan Assistant (SPA) is a software engineering class project created by Ben Doan, Brock Lewis, Patrick Lynch, and James Percival. Our goal for this project was to create an easy-to-use application for students and advisors to create a viable future schedule for completing a degree. The user chooses the classes they have already completed and the application generates their remaining requirements and electives.
SPA is written in Python using the Flask web framework. Flask uses a SQLite implementation for its persistent storage. It uses Bootstrap to drive the look and feel of the site through CSS.


 It's like a 80 minute episode with no videos, better than average content, some surprises, and good animation.
This movie was partially made really un-enjoyable because of talk of Beavis masturbating. There is also a scene where he walks into a neighbors camper to masturbate which I did not find funny but disgusting. Also in the desert scene they see two buzzards having sex. The show usually does not have content like this and I did not excpect this.
On the plus side, it has above average jokes, likeable small parts and some suprisingly dramatic content.
The movie opens with giant Beavis and Butt-head monsters destroying the city and then they wake up and Beavis notices the TV is gone, after studying the broken window, the tracks on the ground, the missing TV, and the door hanging open Butt-head makes the assumption that "this sucks".
They go searching for there TV they end up in a trashy motel and find a drunken guy who thinks B&B are the people he hired to "do" his wife.
After the movie begins beavis and butthead are heading towards washington, unknowingly carrying an unstable biological weapon with the ATF hot on their trail led by some guy who is voiced by robert stack.
-KeFKa
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


This operator implements migration within cellular Eco Lab. This updates density values according to the difference with the 4 nearest neighbours: , where the index the north, east, south and west neigbouring cells.


[by Michael Taylor]
Here is what is shown for each resource file.
| id | resource LFD | scene |
| 10: | logo.lfd | Lucas Arts logo |
| 20: | swlogo.lfd | Star Wars logo |
| 30: | ftextcra.lfd | scrolling text |
| 40: | 1e.lfd | ship flyby |
| 41: | darklogo.lfd | Dark Forces logo and credits |
| 200: | kflyby.lfd | flyby from planet |
| 209: | execx.lfd | star destroyer |
| 210: | execcomp.lfd | Darth Vader and Gen. Mohc talk |
| 211: | arcext.lfd | Arc Hammer external |
| 215: | tubecomp.lfd | DT loading and lauch |
| 216: | succes.lfd | Darth Vader continues |
| 220: | neb1.lfd | rebel fleet |
| 225: | brief1.lfd | Mon Montha briefing 1 |
| 230: | holocu.lfd | Admiral's report |
| 235: | brief2.lfd | Mon Montha briefing 2 |
| 240: | exitneb.lfd | Kyle takes off |
| 500: | gromas1.lfd | flying to Gromas |
| 550: | gromasx.lfd | leaving Gromas |
| 600: | arcfly.lfd | Arc Hammer |
| 605: | madine1.lfd | General's report on Madine |
| 610: | boba.lfd | Boba Fett |
| 800: | rob1.lfd | flying to robotics facility |
| 850: | robotx.lfd | leaving robotics facility |
| 1000: | jabba1.lfd | Kyle takes off |
| 1010: | jabba2.lfd | tractor beam gets Kyle |
| 1020: | jabba3.lfd | Jabba's ship takes off |
| 1030: | pit.lfd | Jabba and Kyle |
| 1050: | jabescp.lfd | escaping from Jabba |
| 1400: | cargo1.lfd | cargo goes from Executor to Arc Hammer |
| 1410: | cargo2.lfd | cargo docks |
| 1450: | exp1xx.lfd | Arc Hammer explosion |
| 1451: | exp2x.lfd | Kyle flies by |
| 1452: | exp3xx.lfd | Darth Vader's comments |
| 1460: | award1.lfd | rebel fleet |
| 1470: | award2.lfd | show medal |
| 1472: | award3.lfd | Kyle leaves hangar |
| 1475: | award4.lfd | Kyle flies in and out of fleet |
| 1480: | endfly.lfd | Kyle flies away |
| 1500: | fullcred.lfd | credits |


Linking instructions to the Animated Backgrounds page
This page should make linking to the Animated Backgrounds page really Easy!
You may modify these links for ClickTrade
or other purposes if necessary.
Note: You have to have a relevant website to qualify for a
paid link


The Game
-
Rules
-
List of Cards
-
Referee
-
Streams [YouTube playlist]
- by game authors:
- [YouTube] related literature, games commentary, intro to evolutionary algorithms, implementing Rolling Horizon EA for LOCM
- [YouTube] game rules description, history of development, cards discussion, 10 lines bronze bot, game playing strategies
- by reCurse:
- [YouTube] detecting player during the draft phase, implementing simulation based player, state evaluation, going Silver
- [YouTube] basic bot, improvements, bitstream implementation
Publications


Landing Page
Special Projects
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.
RILEY SCOTT
05.30.19
EMILEE CHINN | DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Truthfully, I don’t remember much about my time at freshman orientation.
I remember the dancing orientation leaders, Dean of Students Jenny Hall-Jones talking about pizza and trying to figure out what DARS was to schedule my classes for Fall Semester.
I wasn’t quick to consider Ohio University my home right away. During my time at OU, I feel like everyone else had the epiphany moment when they walked on campus for orientation and realized they had found the place they were meant to be. For me, it took some time to get there.
This is not to say OU isn’t an amazing place; I love everything about the university and Athens. Nothing beats looking out the top floor windows of Alden Library while studying for finals. There are so many local restaurants like Bagel Street Deli, and coffee shops like Court Street Coffee, to find your favorite Athens tastes. When the weather is warm, I like to go for a run on the bike trail or do homework outside of Baker Center.
However, I was hesitant when I first started. I felt like I couldn’t find where I belonged, while everyone else did so easily. I quickly learned to get out of my comfort zone after my freshman year. I got a new roommate (hi Nicole), made new friends, explored new areas of writing at The Post and studied abroad in Italy for a semester.
Now, I cannot imagine going to school anywhere else and consider Athens my second home.
If someone told me at my freshman orientation that I would be editor-in-chief of The Post, I would not have believed them. I couldn’t be more excited to be in this position and for my senior year — I wouldn’t be where I am today if I hadn’t explored all the possibilities OU has to offer.
The Orientation Guide from The Post is meant to be a guideline for freshman as they take in their first experience as an OU Bobcat. The Post has been the independent voice on campus and in Athens for over 100 years. Make sure to follow us on Twitter @ThePost, pick up our tabloid every Thursday and subscribe to Post Haste, our daily newsletter.
As you step onto campus for your orientation, you’re going to have a lot of feelings: excitement, anxiety, nervousness. It’s a crazy time in your life where you’re ending an important chapter in your life, but a new one is just beginning.
My advice to you: dive in! Go outside your comfort zone! There is no better time in your life to do it, and your only regret will be not doing it sooner. Try out everything Athens has to offer because, unfortunately, four years will go by quickly.
Ellen Wagner is a senior studying journalism at Ohio University and the editor-in-chief of The Post. Have questions? Email Ellen at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or tweet her @ewagner19.
BackLanding Page
This story is part of a series of specially designed stories that represents some of the best journalism The Post has to offer. Check out the rest of the special projects here.


That Thing You Do (1996) A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1996 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
For those of us like this critic who were teenagers in the 60s, there is no simpler pleasure that a trip down memory lane. Musically in the 60s one group dominated and that was the Beatles. Girls swooned in their presence. I remember driving over to Dallas to see a bunch of them camping out over night to get tickets for one of their concerts. I liked the group, but calculated that the Beatles were not worth sleeping on the ground.
In his directorial and screenwriting debut, Tom Hanks recreates the energy and charm of that era through the dramatic assent of an American group with many similarities to the Beatles's career path. The group known as the One-ders, and later as the Wonders when no one realizes that they are supposed to be pronounced the same, is discovered in an out of the way town in Pennsylvania. Their fame comes from a single song and that is also the title for the picture, THAT THING YOU DO.
In the Wonders is a singer named James "Jimmy" Mattingly II (Jonathan Schaech), a guitarist named Lenny Haise (Steve Zahn), a guy known only as "the bass player" (Ethan Embry), and the catalyst for the group, a drummer named Guy Patterson (Tom Everett Scott). Its one groupie and Jimmy's girlfriend Faye Dolan (Liv Tyler) is later christened their costume mistress so she can travel with them everywhere.
Just like you need to test a cleaner on a part of a garment to see if it is safe before you apply it everywhere on it, let me suggest a warning label for this film. Listen to the song, "That Thing You Do" before you see the movie. You have probably already heard it in the trailers or in the television advertisements. If you find the song irritating in small doses, do enter the theater playing the movie version. I counted them, and the song is done eleven times in the film. Now, I found the song upbeat and quite nice, but if you don't like it, this picture will likely drive you crazy.
The story is that the Wonders wins a contest with their song and soon are asked to play a gig at the local pizza parlor. The parlor owner packs the house so he starts laying money down for them on the bar saying, "You know what that is?" The groups comedian, Lenny, says, "Presidential flashcards?" The owner answers with "a bonus."
One day a guy looking like a hunter comes to town and invites them into his old camper to sign a contract, but one of the group objects saying he doesn't want to sign away his music.  A man in a really nice camper wants to put our songs on the radio."
Soon Tom Hanks enters the picture playing Mr. White, an agent of the famous Play-Tone records. He promises the group that they will be "one of the stars of the Play-Tone galaxy." He becomes their agent and mentor, but not their friend. It is strictly business.  I want something upbeat, something snappy."
The group has great fun being one of those Play-Tone stars and traveling with the other luminaries to state fairs. While their record is climbing the charts, the other star's careers are in steep descent; nevertheless, the Wonders are in awe of them and treat them as demigods. This part of the show is quite cute and is complete with go-go dancers in halter tops and skin tight polyester pants behind the groups. The costumes by Colleen Atwood (LITTLE WOMEN and PHILADELPHIA) add to the show without overpowering it. Similarly, the warm, almost candlelit affect of the cinematography of Tak Fujimoto (THE SILENCE OF THE LAMBS and SOMETHING WILD) give the picture a heavily nostalgic feel.
The show is almost non-stop music. Although most of it is the incessant playing of "That Thing You Do," the falling stars play other songs as do some jazz groups. The film is a musical feast albeit a highly repetitive one. It all makes for a high energy production and a pleasant time at the movies. Watch the credits at the end and count how many of the songs were written by Tom Hanks. I think it is about a dozen.
The acting by the group of unknowns playing the Wonders are all nice, but none are particularly noteworthy. Liv Tyler, on the other hand, continues in the great tradition of STEALING BEAUTY from earlier this year. She spends most of her time looking beautiful with an empty smile. For variety, she sometimes changes to an equally meaningless frown. Her acting ability must be one of the better kept secrets in Hollywood.
THAT THING YOU DO is a fun movie of no consequence. Other than the theme song it brainwashes you with, the show has nothing memorable. For the time you are there, it will be a completely pleasant experience. You will likely leave the theater feeling happy for no particular reason. I defy you to get that song out of your brain. It is stuck there forever I'm afraid. Oh well, it sure beats those songs from cigarette commercials that I have never been able to purge.
THAT THING YOU DO runs a quick 1:50. Amazingly, it is correctly rated just PG. There is no sex, nudity, violence, bad language, or drug usage. With most other writers there would have been profanity, and probably a little dope smoking to show how cool the band was and how much like the Beatles. I appreciate Hanks's restraint. The show will probably only interest kids nine and up, but there is nothing to offend or scare kids of any age. I had nice time so I give the show a thumbs up and award it ** 1/2.
**** = One of the top few films of this or any year. A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show.  Totally unbearable.
REVIEW WRITTEN ON: October 4, 1996
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| Assigned | Name | Priority | Budget | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S |
Sunil JoshiWeb Designer |
Elite Admin | Low | $3.9K |
AndrewProject Manager |
Real Homes | Medium | $23.9K | |
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Elite Admin | Low | $10.9K |
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Micheal DoeContent Writer |
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“Life is 10% what happens to us and 90% how we react to it.”
– Dennis P. Kimbro
“When I stand before God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left and could say, I used everything you gave me.”
– Erma Bombeck
“Be not afraid of life. Believe that life is worth living, and your belief will help create the fact.”
– William James
“You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.”
― Mae West
“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”
― Eleanor Roosevelt, This is My Story
“Even if you’re on the right track, you’ll get run over if you just sit there.”
– Will Rogers
“Look at the sparrows; they do not know what they will do in the next moment. Let us literally live from moment to moment.”

― William W. Purkey
“You may find the worst enemy or best friend in yourself.”
– English Proverb
“Friendship ... is born at the moment when one man says to another "What! You too? I thought that no one but myself . . .”
― C.S. Lewis, The Four Loves
“Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others.”
– Winston Churchill
“The great thing in this world is not so much where you stand, as in what direction you are moving.”
– Oliver Wendell Holmes
“The difference between a successful person and others is not lack of strength not a lack of knowledge but rather a lack of will.”
– Vince Lombardi
“A room without books is like a body without a soul.”
― Marcus Tullius Cicero
“Be the change that you wish to see in the world.”
― Mahatma Gandhi
“Don’t worry about failures, worry about the chances you miss when you don’t even try.”
– Jack Canfield
“Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending.”
– Carl Bard
“Some men see things as they are and say why – I dream things that never were and say why not.”
– George Bernard Shaw
“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.”
 Learn as if you were to live forever.”
― Mahatma Gandh


≢
≢ 𝕩
→full documentation
Length of each dimension of x.
≢ 1 ⟨⟩ ≢ 1‿2 ⟨ 2 ⟩ ≢ 1‿2 ≍ 3‿4 ⟨ 2 2 ⟩
𝕨 ≢ 𝕩
Does 𝕨 not exactly match 𝕩?
𝕨
𝕩
1 ≢ ⟨1⟩ 1 ⟨1⟩ ≢ ⟨1⟩ 0


Welcome to SETAsurvey
Survey creation
{% if form %}For creating a new survey: use CSV file (',' separated and no headers), containing per line: Q,question, or T/F,answer.
{% elif error_msg %}
KO! We were unable to create the survey
Reason for that: {{ error_msg }}
{% elif questions %}Survey {{survey_name}} created successfully!
Total number of questions loaded: {{ questions}}
{% endif %}


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slides: http://bu.gs/ofh15
For consumers, the food industry is a black box
A lot of useful data available...
... if you read the fine print...
... all the fine print
... on all products
Can we open the data on food products ourselves?
Crowdsourcing with mobile apps
(FirefoxOS in the making)
Crowsourcing from the web
decrypting labels
Additives
Additives
Allergens
Palm Oil
Nutrition traffic lights
Ingredients Translator
And more ...
Interactive graphs world.openfoodfacts.org/cgi/search.pl
In numbers
Launch on May 19th 2012
Incorporated as non-profit on April 11th 2014
1500 contributors
33000 products (23000 from France)
27500 ingredients
312 additives
In a graph
In a map
Not public data but data of public interest
Open data:
Full database export in CSV, RDF, MongoDB dump
JSON API
More info: world.openfoodfacts.org/data
Open Food Facts data + OpenStreetMap map
Educative game
Englih: howmuchsugar.in French: combiendesucres.fr
Goals
Add food products in all 250 countries
Reach a critical mass of products in as many countries as possible
Start or develop local contributors communities
Food Explorers who add products
Food Ambassadors who recruit new contributors
Friendly competition with points,rankings and rewards for participants
We use extensively a tool called Slack to communicate between contributors, developers and reusers. Please e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to join!


start()
on java.lang.Thread
or any of its subclasses during object construction. While occasionally useful, this construct should be avoided due
to inheritance issues. Subclasses of a class which launches a thread during object construction will not have finished
any initialization logic of their own before the thread has launched.
This inspection does not report if the class that starts a thread is declared as final.
Example:
class MyThread extends Thread {
MyThread() {
start();
}
}


A reliable data transfer is used with a reliable channel, where no transferred data bits are corrupted and all are delivered in the order in which they were sent.
TCP is a reliable data transfer protocol, however it is implemented on top of an unreliable end-to-end network layer (IP).
Finite-State Machine: an abstract machine that can be in one of a finite number of states.
There are seperate FSM's for the sender and the receiver, and they each have one state.
The sending side of the data transfer accepts data from the upper layer via the rdt_send(data) event, creates a packet containing the data via the make_pkt(data) event, and sends the packet into the channel.
On the receiving side, the data transfer receives a packet from the underlying channel via the rdt_rcv(packet) event, and removes the data from the packet via the action extract (packet, data).
The message dictation protocol uses positive and negative acknowledgements, which let the sender know what has been received successfully, and what has been received in an error. Reliable data transfer protocols based on this retransmission are known as Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocols.
Three additional protocol capabilities are required in ARQ protocols to handle the presence of bit errors:


Element Focused
No Element Focused
The uxFocusWithin
and uxBlurWithin
directives can be used to
identify when any child of an element gains or loses focus. This can be particularly useful
when it comes to making your components more accessible.
The following code can be used to create the example above:


s
파랑 저항값
빨강 저항값
노랑 저항값
파랑 떨어지는 시간
초 뒤
빨강 떨어지는 시간
초 뒤
노랑 떨어지는 시간
초 뒤
쌓임?
재시작 텀
ms
bouncing
얼굴크기 (반지름)
px(화면크기:1000px)
red-01
red-02
red-3
red-4
red-5
red-6
red-7
red-8
red-9
red-10
red-11
red-12
yellow-01
yellow-02
yellow-03
yellow-04
yellow-05
yellow-06
yellow-07
yellow-08
yellow-09
yellow-10
yellow-11
yellow-12
yellow-13
blue-01
blue-02
blue-03
blue-04
blue-05
blue-06
blue-07
blue-08
blue-09
blue-10
blue-11
blue-12
blue-13
blue-14
blue-15
red-chain
yellow-chain-1
yellow-chain-2
blue-chain
GOGOGOGO
SSD Mobilenet V1
Tiny Face Detector
Select Face Detector
Time:
Estimated Fps:
Min Confidence:
-
+
Input Size:
128 x 128
160 x 160
224 x 224
320 x 320
416 x 416
512 x 512
608 x 608
Input Size
Score Threshold:
-
+


Configuration page
You can choose program and color
Cycle
Bounce
Fade
Rainbow
Crazy Rainbow
Gradient
Active color:
Background color:
Animation delay:
Number of LEDS:
Number of Bits:
*require restart


Chapter 8 Some lecture notes from a few years ago
This is just a rewrite of some playing with ggplot that I did for the reproducible research course a few years ago, updated to the tidyverse.
It might be worth a reading through to see more examples ### Prerequisites {#ggplot-prereq} * To work through the examples you will need another package that you might not have yet. * Please download/install these before coming to class: 1. install necessary packages:
```r
install.packages("lubridate")
```
2. Pull the most recent version of the rep-res-course repo just before coming to class.
8.0.1 Goals for this hour:
- Describe (briefly)
ggplot2
s underlying philosophy and how to work with it. - Quickly overview the _geom_s available in
ggplot2
- Develop an example plot together
- Turn you all loose with the
mosaic
package to experiment with different plots
8.1 About ggplot2
8.1.1 Basics
- A package created by Hadley Wickham in 2005
- Implements Wilkinson’s “grammar of graphics”
- Unified way of thinking about 2-D statistical graphics
- Not entirely easy to learn
- if you already know R’s base graphics system, it is painful to re-learn a different way of doing things
- if you don’t already know how to do graphics in R, be glad.
- regardless it is worth learning ggplot
- I am not even going to teach R’s base graphics system
- Amazing for quick data exploration and also produces publication quality graphics
- Support for legends etc., considerably better/easier than R base graphics
8.1.2 What is this grammar of graphics?
- Traditionally, people have referred to plots by name
- i.e., scatterplot, histogram, bar chart, bubble plot, etc.
- Disadvantages:
- Lots of possible graphics = way too many names
- Fails to acknowledge the common elements / similarities / dissimilarities between different plots
- Wilkinson’s Grammar of Graphics (a book) describes a few building blocks which when assembled together in particular ways can generate all these named graphics (and more)
- Provides a nice way of thinking about and describing graphics
8.1.3 ggplot2
- Hadley Wickham’s R implementation of a modified (layered) grammar of graphics
ggplot
andggplot2
are similar. `ggplot2
is just more recent (and recommended)ggplot
operates on data frames- in R base graphics typically you pass in vectors
- in
ggplot
everything you want to use in a graphic must be contained within a data frame - Takes getting used to, but ultimately is a good way of thinking about it.
8.1.4 Components of the grammar of graphics
- data and aesthetic mappings
- geoms (geometric objects)
- stats (statistical transformations)
- scales
- coords (coordinate systems)
- facets (a specification of how to break things into smaller subplots)
We will focus on 1, 2 for most of today.
8.1.5 In a nutshell
Without getting into the complications of scales and coordinate systems here, in a nutshell, is what ggplot does:
- Layers in plots are made by:
- mapping values in the columns of a data frame to aesthetics, which are properties that can visually express differences, for example:
- \(x\)-position
- \(y\)-position
- shape (of a plot character, for example)
- color
- size (of a point, for example)
- Portraying those values by drawing a geometric object whose appearance and placement in space is dictated by the mapping of values to aesthetics.
- mapping values in the columns of a data frame to aesthetics, which are properties that can visually express differences, for example:
8.2 An example, please
Phew! That is a crazy mouthful. Is this really going to help us make pretty plots?
All I can say is you owe it to yourself to persevere — ggplot2
is really worth the effort!
8.2.1 A pole vaulting example
- Here is a concrete example: we will investigate the history of pole-vaulting world records
- I grabbed the data by copying them from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men's_pole_vault_world_record_progression and pasting them into a text file
- Here we make a data frame out of them:
library(tidyverse) # for dealing with dates
library(stringr)
library(lubridate) # functions mdy, ymd, today(), etc.
##
## Attaching package: 'lubridate'
## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
##
## date
# first off read the data into a data frame
pv <- read_tsv("inputs/mens_pole_vault_raw.txt", comment = "%") %>%
mutate(Date = lubridate::mdy(str_replace(Date, "\\[[0-9]\\]", ""))) %>% # clean up dates
mutate(Meters = parse_number(Record)) # get the record in a numeric number of meters
## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
## Record = col_character(),
## Athlete = col_character(),
## Nation = col_character(),
## Venue = col_character(),
## Date = col_character(),
## `#[2]` = col_integer()
## )
- Great, what do these look like? Try
View(pv)
if you are following along. Here are the first few rows too:
pv
## # A tibble: 72 × 7
## Record Athlete Nation Venue Date
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <date>
## 1 4.02 m Marc Wright United States Cambridge, U.S. 1912-06-08
## 2 4.09 m Frank Foss United States Antwerp, Belgium 1920-08-20
## 3 4.12 m Charles Hoff Norway Copenhagen, Denmark 1922-09-22
## 4 4.21 m Charles Hoff Norway Copenhagen, Denmark 1923-07-22
## 5 4.23 m Charles Hoff Norway Oslo, Norway 1925-08-13
## 6 4.25 m Charles Hoff Norway Turku, Finland 1925-09-27
## 7 4.27 m Sabin Carr United States Philadelphia, U.S. 1927-05-27
## 8 4.30 m Lee Barnes United States Fresno, U.S. 1928-04-28
## 9 4.37 m William Graber United States Palo Alto, U.S. 1932-07-16
## 10 4.39 m Keith Brown United States Boston, U.S. 1935-06-01
## # ... with 62 more rows, and 2 more variables: `#[2]` <int>, Meters <dbl>
8.2.2 A first ggplot
- There is a simplified ggplot function called
qplot
that behaves more like R’s base graphics functionplot()
.- I don’t recommend
qplot
. It will just lengthen the time it takes to understand the grammar of graphics. - Instead, we will use the full
ggplot()
standard syntax.
- I don’t recommend
First we have to essentially establish a plotting area upon which to add layers. We will do this like so:
g <- ggplot()
At this point,
g
is a ggplot plot object. We can try printing it:That doesn’t work, because there is nothing to plot. We have to add a layer to it.g
Adding a layer is done by adding a collection of geometric objects to it using one of the
geom_xxxx
functions. Each such function requires a data set and a mapping of columns in the data set to aesthetics. Let’s make some scatter-points: Meters as a function of Date:g2 <- g + geom_point(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters)) g2
Wow! That totally worked. Here are some interesting points about:
g2 <- g + geom_point(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters)) g2
- You add layers by catenating them with
+
. - the names of the columns don’t need to be quoted.
- when you map aesthestics you wrap them inside the
aes()
function - the full object with all the layers is returned into
g2
and then we printed it (by typingg2
). (we could have also just saidg + geom_point(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters))
) - we didn’t have to do anything fancy to the dates…ggplot knew how to plot them. This is thanks to turning the dates into
lubridate
objects. (If you work with dates, get to know the lubridate package!)
- You add layers by catenating them with
I want to overlay a line on that…No problem! Add another layer:
That worked! We just added (literally, using ag3 <- g2 + geom_line(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters)) g3
+
sign!) another layer—one that had a line on it. BUT! what if I want to make that line blue?Make the line blue. Note that you are giving the line an aesthetic property (the color blue), but you are not mapping that to any values in the data frame, so you don’t put that within the
aes()
function:g4 <- g2 + geom_line(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters), color = "blue") g4
That worked! Notice that we were able to put that new layer atop
g2
which we had stored previously.
8.2.3 ggplot’s system of defaults
- Hey! I am really tired of typing
data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters)
isn’t there some way around that? - Yes! You can pass a default data frame and/or default mappings to the original
ggplot()
function. Then, if data and mappings are not specified in later layers, the defaults are used. Witness!
d <- ggplot(data = pv, aes(x = Date, y = Meters)) # this defines defaults d2 <- d + geom_point() # add a layer with points d2 # print it
- Sick! Now we can add all sorts of fun layers as we see fit, each time, by invoking a
geom_xxx()
function. Let’s go totally crazy!
Establish plot base with defaults:
d <- ggplot(data = pv, aes(x = Date, y = Meters))
Add a transparent turquoise area along the back:
Wow! I feel like transparency was never so easy in R base graphics!d2 <- d + geom_ribbon(aes(ymax = Meters), ymin = min(pv$Meters), alpha = 0.4, fill = "turquoise") d2
Put a line along there too:
d3 <- d2 + geom_line(color = "blue") d3
Now add some small orange points:
d4 <- d3 + geom_point(color = "orange") d4
Now, add “rugs” along the \(x\) and \(y\) axes that show the position of points, and in them, map color to Nation:
d5 <- d4 + geom_rug(sides = "bl", mapping = aes(color = Nation)) d5
- Note that we are using the
aes()
function to add the mapping of color to Nation within thegeom_rug()
function.- Note also that the legend was created automatically.
- Wow! A legend is produced automatically, by default, and it looks pretty good. This doesn’t happen without an all-out wrestling match in R’s base graphics system.
- Note that we are using the
- So, that was some fun playing around with the truly awesome ease with which you can build up complex and lovely graphics with ggplot.
8.2.4 How many geoms are there?
- Quite a few. There is a good summary with little icons for each here
- Note that most geoms respond to the aesthetics of
x
,y
, andcolor
(orfill
). And some have more (or other) aesthetics you can map values to.
8.2.5 Getting even sillier
- Here is another plot I made while geeking out.
- I wanted to get a sense for how much individual athletes had improved since their first world record
# add a column for the date of first record for each athlete
pv <- pv %>%
group_by(Athlete) %>%
mutate(FirstRecordMeters = min(Meters)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
mutate(DateNext = lead(Date, default = lubridate::ymd(lubridate::today())))
bb <- ggplot(data = pv, mapping = aes(x = Date, y = Meters, color = Nation)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymax = Meters, color = NULL), ymin = min(pv$Meters), alpha = 0.2, fill = "orange") +
geom_line(color = "black", size = .1) +
geom_rect(aes(xmin = Date,
xmax = DateNext,
ymin = FirstRecordMeters,
ymax = Meters,
fill = Nation
))
bb
I used geom_rect()
to plot rectangles where the bottom edge is situated at the athlete’s lowest world record. Note how it required massaging some data into the data frame at the beginning.
8.2.6 More! Add some text to it!
Now, I want to try to get every single name in the first time the person set the record.
We make a new data frame that has just the first time a person got a record
pv1 <- pv %>% filter(`#[2]` == 1) pv1 # have a look at it
## # A tibble: 34 × 9 ## Record Athlete Nation Venue ## <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> ## 1 4.02 m Marc Wright United States Cambridge, U.S. ## 2 4.09 m Frank Foss United States Antwerp, Belgium ## 3 4.12 m Charles Hoff Norway Copenhagen, Denmark ## 4 4.27 m Sabin Carr United States Philadelphia, U.S. ## 5 4.30 m Lee Barnes United States Fresno, U.S. ## 6 4.37 m William Graber United States Palo Alto, U.S. ## 7 4.39 m Keith Brown United States Boston, U.S. ## 8 4.43 m George Varoff United States Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. ## 9 4.54 m Bill Sefton United States Los Angeles, U.S. ## 10 4.54 m Earle Meadows United States Los Angeles, U.S. ## # ... with 24 more rows, and 5 more variables: Date <date>, `#[2]` <int>, ## # Meters <dbl>, FirstRecordMeters <dbl>, DateNext <date>
Look at the previous plot and decide that we would like to run names equally spaced along a line that runs from about (1910, 4.25) to (1980, 6.5). Note that we will have to squish 34 names along that line. So, we can define the points along it as follows:
pv1 <- pv1 %>% mutate(nameline.x = seq(mdy("1-1-1910"), mdy("1-1-1980"), length.out = nrow(.)), nameline.y = seq(4.5, 6.44, length.out = nrow(.))) pv1$nameline.x <- seq(mdy("1-1-1910"), mdy("1-1-1980"), length.out = nrow(pv1)) # holy cow! did you see how easily we got that sequence of dates? lubridate is amazing! pv1$nameline.y <- seq(4.5, 6.44, length.out = nrow(pv1))
Add that line to the plot as colored points atop a black line.
Notice how the color of Nation gets applied to the points automatically.bb2 <- bb + geom_line(data = pv1, mapping = aes(x = nameline.x, y = nameline.y), color = "black", size = 0.2) + geom_point(data = pv1, mapping = aes(x = nameline.x, y = nameline.y)) bb2
Now, little colored lines from the nameline points to the records. For this we can use the
geom_segment()
function.bb3 <- bb2 + geom_segment(data = pv1, mapping = aes(xend = nameline.x, yend = nameline.y)) bb3
Finally, we want to add the names of the athletes in there. We already have their names in
pv1
. We use thegeom_text()
function.bb4 <- bb3 + geom_text(data = pv1, aes(label = Athlete, x = nameline.x, y = nameline.y + .05), angle = -45, hjust = 1) bb4
That is pretty cool, but a lot of names have gotten chopped off. Can we do something about that? There might be something a little more automatic, but we can do it by-hand, too:
bb4 + coord_cartesian(xlim = mdy(c("1-1-1898", "1-1-2020")), ylim = c(3.8, 7.1))


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% set title = 'piCC - Motion CCTV' %} {% block body %}
Motion-based CCTV Software on the Raspberry Pi Please click one of the following videos: