Advanced Typography Tables
These differ between OpenType (originally called TrueType Open) and Apple (GX or Apple Advanced Typography). My support for both OpenType and Apple is incomplete.
- The
GPOS
,GSUB
andGDEF
opentype tables - Apple Advanced Typography
- What features can be converted between OpenType and AAT?
- other true type and open type tables
- What is unsupported
- FontForge's non-standard extensions
The GPOS,
GSUB,
GDEF
and BASE
opentype tables
The first two tables are used for positioning and substituting glyphs. The GPOS table can control things like: kerning, accent positioning, cursive joining, etc. The GSUB table can control things like: ligatures, arabic forms, vertical rotation, conversion to small caps, indic glyph rearrangement, etc. GDEF contains some rather esoteric glyph information, ligature carets, etc. BASE contains information on baseline placement and line heights.
This page assumes basic familiarity with the abilities of the tables, for more information on them read, study and inwardly digest the opentype docs on:
- The header for both GPOS and GSUB
- The GPOS table, for positioning glyphs
- The GSUB table, for substituting glyphs
- The GDEF table, for classifying glyphs and for providing a ligature caret table
- The BASE table, for baseline placement
- The list of feature tags supported by opentype
- The list of script tags supported by opentype
- The list of language tags supported by opentype
- The list of baseline tags supported by opentype
The basic idea of the GPOS and GSUB tables is that each script (or language within a script) has a set of "features" that are available to it. A feature in turn is associated with a lookup which contains data for the feature. An example of a script is 'latn' for latin, 'arab' for arabic, 'hani' for chinese ideographs. Two examples of features are 'kern' which provides kerning information between pairs of glyphs and 'init' which will transform one set of glyphs to another when those glyphs are at the beginning of a word.
FontForge does not supportthe full range of possibilities inherent in these tables.
The GPOS
table
FontForge will read the following sub tables of the GPOS table:
| name | Reading support | Writing support | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | single adjustment | This sub-table allows the font designer to change the metrics of a specific glyph. The feature tag will provide a context in which the change should occur. For instance the 'tnum' (tabular numbers) feature could change a proportionally spaced digit by adjusting its advance width to be some set value and then centering the digit (by adjusting the left side bearing) within the new width. | These can be created with the Element->Char Info->Position command. |
| 2 | pair adjustment | This sub-table allows the font designer to change the metrics of a specific pair of glyph. The most common use of this is for kerning where the advance width of the first glyph is altered depending on which glyph follows it. But the table is more general than that and could support mark (accent, vowel) positioning over a base glyph (though that is more efficiently done with the mark to base subtable). | 'kern' feature s may be created from the Metrics View. 'vkrn' with Metrics->VKern From HKern. |
| 3 | cursive attachment | This sub-table allows the font designer to force adjacent glyphs to join at specific points. It can be used to generate the slanted script style needed for Urdu. | Only the 'curs' feature is supported for this sub-table. These may be created with the Points->Add Anchor command |
| 4 | mark to base | This sub-table allows the font designer to specify how mark glyphs (accents, vowel signs, etc.) are positioned over base glyphs. Every glyph can have an attachment point and the mark's attachment point will be placed on the base's attachment point so the two join properly. See my example in the overview. | These may be created with the Points->Add Anchor command |
| 5 | mark to ligature | This sub-table is very similar to the previous one except that the base glyph is a ligature and may have several different points at which the same type of accent may be placed. | These may be created with the Points->Add Anchor command |
| 6 | mark to mark | This sub-table is very similar to the previous two except that the base glyph is itself a mark. This may be used when a glyph has two accents each of which would normally be placed at the same attachment point on a base glyph. The second accent will be place relative to the first accent rather than to the base glyph. | These may be created with the Points->Add Anchor command |
| 7 | contextual positioning | This sub-table allows the font designer to control the positioning of glyphs when they occur within a specific string (or class of strings). For instance this table could say "when you see a digit followed by the string "th" then raise the "th" into a superscript position" | These may be created with the Element->Font Info->Contextualcommand |
| 8 | chaining contextual positioning | This is a slightly more complex version of the above, it doesn't really add new capabilities, but it does provide a more logical approach to the issue. | These may be created with the Element->Font Info->Contextualcommand |
| 9 | extension positioning | This is used to allow for a GPOS table which is bigger than 64k. Its use should be quite invisible to the font designer | FontForge uses this sub-table when needed. |
| 10+ | reserved for future use | FontForge does not support these sub-tables yet. (nor does anyone) |
FontForge also has built into it knowledge on how to provide default values for some features that use these tables. See Element->Typo. Features->Default ATT command for that.
FontForge will retain the order of features in the GPOS table and when a font is generated the order should be the same as it was before.
The GSUB
table
FontForge will read the following sub tables of the GSUB table:
| name | Reading support | Writing support | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | single substitution | This sub-table allows the font designer to change from one glyph to another, with a context provided by the feature tag. For example many scripts have letters which have a different form at the end of a word than they do within (this is true of every letter in arabic, several in hebrew, lower case sigma in greek, and the long-s/short-s pair in renaissance latin). So the 'fina' feature would map the normal form into the final form, and the word processing program would do a lookup at the end of each word to see if a transformation was needed. | These can be created with the Element->Char Info->Substitution command. |
| 2 | multiple substitution | This sub-table allows the font designer to replace one glyph by a series of others. This is generally used for rather technical layout issues. | These can be created with the Element->Char Info->Multiple Substitution command. |
| 3 | alternate substitution | This sub-table allows the font designer to have a series of "alternates" for each glyph. One common example would be an italic font which had several swash variants for each capital letter. The word processing program would allow the user to choose which variant was appropriate | These can be created with the Element->Char Info->Alternate Substitution command. |
| 4 | ligature substitution | This sub-table allows the font designer to replace a string of glyphs with another glyph. A common example is a ligature where the string is replaced by the ligature. | These can be created with the Element->Char Info->Ligature command. |
| 5 | contextual substitution | This subtable allows for a string of glyphs to replace another string of glyphs (or class of strings of glyphs) | These may be created with the Element->Font Info->Contextualcommand |
| 6 | chaining contextual substitution | This is a slightly more complex version of the above, it doesn't really add new capabilities, but it does provide a more logical approach to the issue. | These may be created with the Element->Font Info->Contextualcommand |
| 7 | extension positioning | This is used to allow for a GSUB table which is bigger than 64k. Its use should be quite invisible to the font designer | FontForge uses this sub-table when needed. |
| 8 | reverse chaining contextual single substitution | This allows glyph substitutions to happen in reverse order, and it a variant of the chaining contextual subtable. | These may be created with the Element->Font Info->Contextualcommand |
| 9+ | reserved for future use | FontForge does not support these sub-tables yet. (nor does anyone) |
FontForge also has built into it knowledge on how to provide default values for some features that use these tables. See the [Populate] button of the various lookup subtabledialogs.
FontForge can produce some of these tables, but the text layout/word processing program used has to look up the tables and do the actual work of rearranging the glyphs.
FontForge will retain the order of features in the GSUB table, and the user may adjust it with the Element->Font Info command.
The GDEF
table
FontForge will read ligature carets out of a GDEF table.
It will generate a GDEF table containing a glyph class definition sub-table (if needed) or a ligature caret sub-table (if needed).
Apple Advanced Typography
As above I do not go deeply into the abilities of these tables, for more information see Apple's docs:
- The 'bsln' (baseline) table
- The 'kern' table
- The 'lcar' (ligature caret) table
- The 'morx' (extended glyph metamorphosis) table
- The 'opbd' (optical bounds) table
- The 'prop' (glyph properties) table
FontForge will currently read and produce (if Apple mode is set in font generation) the following tables:
| tag | name | Reading support | Writing support |
|---|---|---|---|
'bsln' |
baseline table | FontForge will read baseline data (except for Apple's ideographic centered baseline, for which there is no OpenType equivalent) | FontForge will produce this table if the user has specified baseline data which apple supports |
| tag | name | Reading support | Writing support |
|---|---|---|---|
'lcar' |
ligature caret table | FontForge will read ligature carets | FontForge will produce this table if the user has specified ligature carets |
'prop' |
glyph properties table | FontForge will read this table to figure out which glyphs are hebrew and arabic, and which have 'r2la' substitutions. | FontForge will generate this table if the font contains some right to left glyphs. |
| tag | name | Reading support | Writing support |
|---|---|---|---|
'kern' |
kerning table | FontForge will read horizontal/vertical kerning pairs and classes. FontForge can read contextual kerning information too into a state machine. | FontForge will produce this if the font contains kerning data -- kerning pairs, kerning by classes, and kerning by state machine. |
'opbd' |
Optical bounds table | FontForge will read optical bounds | FontForge will produce this table if the user has specified right and left bounds as simple positions ('lfbd' and 'rtbd'). |
FontForge has support for the 'mort'
and 'morx'
tables (Glyph metamorphosis and extended glyph metamorphosis tables). These correspond vaguely to the GSUB table. Note: Any feature type/setting combinations which correspond directly to an open type feature will be converted to the opentype tag when read in. It will be converted back to a feature/setting when an apple font is generated (use File->Preferences to extend FontForge's mapping from feature type/setting to opentype tags).
Sub tables of 'mort'
or 'morx'
name
Reading support
Writing support
0
Indic style rearrangement
FontForge can read these and stores them as state machines (which can be edited with Font Info)
Any indic state machines will be output in the generated font.
1
contextual glyph substitution
FontForge can read these and stores them as state machines (which can be edited with Font Info)
If the font contains any state machines they will be output here. If there are no state machines then the following conversions of opentype features will be done:
- FontForge will generate a cursive connection feature using this subtable type if the font contains 'init', 'medi', 'fina' or 'isol' simple substitutions.
- In some cases FontForge is able to convert an OpenType Contextual/Chaining substitution table into an Apple contextual glyph substitution table.
2
ligature substitution
FontForge can read the unconditional information from these and stores them as opentype ligatures (which can be edited with Font Info or Char Info).
If there are any ligatures with an apple feature/setting (or which have an opentype tag which can be converted to an apple feature/setting) then this table will be output.
4
non-contextual glyph substitution
FontForge can read these and stores them as opentype simple substitutions (which can be edited with Font Info or Char Info)
If there are any substitutions with an apple feature/setting (or which have an opentype tag which can be converted to an apple feature/setting) then this table will be output.
5
contextual glyph insertion
FontForge can read these and stores them as state machines (which can be edited with Font Info)
Any glyph insertion state machines will be output in the generated font.
What features can be interconverted between OpenType and AAT?
Some features have almost the same meaning in OpenType and AAT (although they are expressed quite differently), others are similar enough that they can sometimes be converted, and others have essentially no common ground.
OT Table
AAT Table
Description
GDEF
lcar
The ligature caret information in both 'GDEF' and 'lcar' is essentially identical and FontForge has no trouble reading both and converting from one to the other.
BASE
bsln
There is slightly different baseline data in the two formats. 'bsln' does not provide extent information. 'bsln' provides a baseline for every glyph, while 'BASE' provides a baseline for every script -- one hopes all glyphs in a script will have the same baseline, but it isn't guaranteed. Finally 'bsln' and 'BASE' provide a slightly different set of baseline tags, and FontForge only supports the OpenType ones. In particular Apple's ideographic centered baseline will be lost.
GPOS
kern
In most cases kerning information can be converted from one format to another. Both provide support for vertical kerning and right to left kerning. Both provide support for kerning by glyph pair and kerning by classes.
OpenType allows kerning commands to be supplied via a contextual chaining feature, Apple allows them to be controled by a state machine. FontForge supports both, but does not interconvert.
GPOS
opbd
The GPOS features 'lfbd' and 'rtbd' provide the information needed to generate an Apple opbd table. If FontForge reads a font with an opbd table it will generate appropriate 'lfbd' and 'rtbd' features. If FontForge generates a font in apple mode that has these features it will create an opbd table. Similarly when FontForge reads an opbd table it will create 'lfbd' and 'rtbd' features.
GPOS
I am not aware of any way to convert other GPOS features to AAT.
GSUB
morx
The 'mort' and 'morx' tables have the same capabilities ('mort' tables are an old format and Apple currently encourages that 'morx' tables be used instead). FontForge can read either one, but only generates 'morx' tables. Interconversion depends on specific feature types and the sub-table formats, see below
GSUB
mort
An analysis of GSUB and morx sub-tables and feature tags
OpenType uses a four character feature tag (like 'liga') while Apple uses two numbers to represent a feature setting (<1,2>). For FontForge to be able to inter-convert an OpenType feature into an Apple feature there must first be a correspondence between the two naming conventions. Sometimes there is an easy direct conversion (above 'liga' and <1,2> both represent "Common Ligatures") but far more often there is none. See below for a list of the tags and feature settings that FontForge considers similar enough to interconvert.
GSUB tables have 7 sub-table formats, while morx tables have 5.
GSUB
sub-
table
morx
sub-
table
Description
Single
Non-
Contextual
Glyph
These two sub-tables have almost exactly the same capabilities. Each allows one glyph to be substituted for another. The morx sub-table also allows a glyph to be deleted, while the GSUB sub-table does not.
Multiple
This GSUB subtable allows a single glyph to be replaced by multiple glyphs. It has some similarities to Apple's Glyph Insertion sub-table except:
- the 'morx' sub-table always leaves the current glyph in the glyph stream, while this sub-table need not
- the 'morx' sub-table is contextual while this sub-table is never. (But if this sub-table is wrapped inside a Context or Chaining Context subtable the result can be contextual).
Glyph
Insertion
This morx subtable allows a string of glyphs to be inserted before or after the current glyph (the current glyph always remains). This sub-table is contextual (ie. the insertion can be restricted to certain contexts). It bears some similarities to the GSUB Multiple subtable above.
Alternate
This GSUB subtable allows a single glyph to be replaced by any one of several alternatives (presumably with help from a word processor's UI). An example of this would be a character which had several swash variants. There is nothing like this in the 'morx' table.
Ligature
Ligature
Both formats have ligature sub-tables. The 'GSUB' version is unconditional (the ligature is always applied -- though a ligature substitution could be embedded in an OpenType contextual substitution to make it condtional). The 'morx' version can be contextual (though in fonts I have examined it is usually uncontextual). FontForge only supports unconditional ligatures.
FontForge can read all the unconditional ligatures from a 'morx' sub-table. FontForge loses all contextual ligatures.
In OpenType, contextual ligatures can be built by wrapping a ligature sub-table inside a Context or Chaining Context subtable.
Contextual
Glyph
This morx subtable allows single glyph substitutions to be applied within certain contexts. At first glance it seems that this could be converted into an opentype Context subtable, but this is rarely the case.
Context
These GSUB subtables allow any collection of other substitutions to be applied contextually. At first glance one might think that these (with appropriate nested substitutions) might be converted to 'morx' contextual glyph substitutions, contextual ligatures, or even glyph insertion. Unfortunately this is rarely the case.
Chaining
Context
Reverse
Chaining
Context
This GSUB subtable is applied backwards to the stream of glyphs, it allows a single glyph substitution per contextual match. There is nothing like it in 'morx'.
Indic
Rearrange-
ment
This 'morx' subtable allows for several glyphs to interchange their positions in the glyph stream. There is nothing like it in GSUB (or GPOS for that matter).
Why do contextual glyph substitutions only sometimes get generated in AAT?
Sadly OpenType and AAT provide disjoint capabilities when it comes to contextual matching. AAT is more capable in some areas, OpenType more capable in others. FontForge is able to convert an OpenType contextual substitution into an AAT one if FontForge can detect that the OpenType substitution does not use capabilities beyond those of AAT. Currently this means:
- There is an apple feature which matches the otf tag
- And one of the following is true:
- Either
- The sub-table is in coverage format
- The sub-table contains either exactly one nested single glyph replacement substitution, or
it contains exactly two single glyph replacements and one of them refers to the last glyph matched (and the other does not)
- or
- The sub-table is in either glyph or class format
- If in class format then either the backtrack and lookahead classes must be the same as the main class, or they must not be used.
- If a rule has a substitution at a given glyph position, then all rules which match the current rule up to that glyph position must also have a substitution at that position.
A rule with exactly one substitution is acceptable
A rule with one substitution in the middle and one substitution on the last glyph is acceptable.
A rule may contain more substitutions only if there is another rule which matches it exactly up to the internal substitution.
So the following rule set is valid:Rule
a
b
c
d
e
f
Rule
a
b
c
d
Rule
a
b
Substitutions
A
B
C
D
E
F
So the third rule will match an "ab" and convert them to "AB" (and this is valid because we have one internal and one final substitution and that's ok), then if that "ab" is followed by "cd" then rule 2 kicks in and will replace the "cd" with "CD" (again this has one internal and one final substitution, which is ok), and if that is followed by "ef" then they will be converted to "EF".
The following is not valid:
Substitution
B
Rule
a
b
c
Rule
a
b
Substitution
A
The two rules have substitutions at different places and that can't be expressed in an Apple state machine given that they have the same glyphs.
- Either
FontForge does not even try to convert an AAT contextual glyph substitution sub-table, too few of these can be expressed in OpenType to make it worth while.
NOTE: It would be possible to convert more lookups to state machines if FontForge were willing to:
- Use several state machines to represent complicated lookups
- Add additional glyphs to the font to be used as temporary state flags.
FontForge will do neither of these.
BUG
There is a subtle bug involved in converting a chaining contextual substitution into an Apple contextual glyph substitution. AAT does not have the concept of a backtrack list, this means that substitutions may occur in a different order.
Why can't all contextual/chaining tables be converted?
Well, obviously there are some thing that just aren't present. The concept of contextual positioning is missing from AAT, while Indic rearrangement is missing from OpenType. So let's concentrate on contextual substitutions, which both appear to support. The argument that follows is based on the capabilities of contextual matching, it applies equally to contextual ligatures, glyph insertion, glyph substitution and kerning, the examples given are only of glyph substitution because it is easier to represent (and because FontForge is only willing to convert contextual glyph substitutions) But even here, there is a very basic mismatch in concepts between the way OpenType and Apple specify contextual substitutions. Consider the following contextual substitution in a glyph list format:
Initial Sequence
a
b
c
d
Replace With
B
C
Now in OpenType this means if you find the sequence "abcd" then replace the "b" with "B" and the "c" with "C". But this can't be expressed in an Apple state machine. In OpenType the match is done first, and then the substitutions occur. In a state machine the substitutions have to be done (almost) concurrently with the match and so must happen whether the final "d" is present or not. (Note I'm using a glyph sequence because it is easier to display in an example. The same problem applies if the substitution is expressed by classes or by coverage tables)
Consider the following table with two glyph strings
Initial Sequence
a
b
c
d
Replace With
B
Initial Sequence
a
b
c
e
Replace With
C
So replace the "b" if the final "d" is present, otherwise replace the "c". Again this cannot be expressed in Apple's state machines.
Finally consider
Initial Sequence
a
b
c
d
Replace With
C
Initial Sequence
b
c
e
Replace With
B
If this substitution is given the sequence "abce" it cannot work in AAT. When it reads the "a" it will start down the "abcd" branch, the match will not fail until it looks for the "d" and finds "e" instead. At that point it is too late to switch to the "bce" substitution (which does match) because the "b" glyph will not have been marked as a substitution location.
On the other hand, Apple's state machines can express things that OpenType tables cannot (again I'm restricting myself to contextual glyph substitutions). Consider the case of a swash glyph at the beginning (or end) of a word. Let us say that a word begins when a letter appears at the start of input or following a whitespace character. But OpenType has no way of expressing "start of input" (or end of input) in a contextual/chaining context, whereas Apple's state machines do.
Since Apple's glyph substitutions can delete glyphs a contextual glyph substitution table can create two character ligatures (one glyph is converted to the ligature and the other is deleted), while OpenType tables must use a ligature substitution to do this.
Finally an AAT state machine can match a general regular expression, while OpenType tables can only match fixed length strings. Suppose you were typesetting mathematics and wanted a substitution which would convert an arbitrary digit string following a variable into a subscript (so x23 should become x23). It is easy to write a state machine which will keep substituting as long as it gets more digits, but you'd need an infinite number of OpenType rules to have the same expressive power.
These examples probably seem fairly contrived, and (except for the swash one) they are. But they illustrate the point that the two formats have very different expressive capabilities and it is NOT possible to write a converter which will take any input in one format and produce an equivalent output in the other.
Apple and OpenType features
Correspondences between Apple and OpenType features
(that I support)
Apple Feature Setting
OpenType Feature Name
OpenType Tag
Required Ligatures
Required Ligatures
rlig
Common Ligatures
Standard Ligatures
liga
Rare Ligatures
Discretionary
dlig
Fractions
Fractions
frac
Contextual Alternatives
Cursive connection
calt
Vertical Forms
Vertical Rotation 2
vrt2
Monospace numbers
Tabular numbers
tnum
Superscript
Superscript
sups
Subscript
Subscript
subs
Proportional Text
Proportional Widths
pwid
Half-width Text
Half Width
hwid
Full-width Text
Full Width
fwid
Traditional Characters
Traditional
trad
Simplified Characters
Simplified
smpl
JIS 1978 Characters
JIS 1978 Characters
jp78
JIS 1983 Characters
JIS 1983 Characters
jp83
JIS 1990 Characters
JIS 1990 Characters
jp90
FontForge will retain the order of features in the morx table, and the user may adjust it with the Element->Font Info command. (this is the same list as that used for GSUB table. GSUB features that don't correspond to mac features will be ignored).
What is Unsupported?
FontForge does not (yet) support all the advanced typographic features available in either opentype or apple advanced typography.
OpenType
- FontForge does not provide an attachment list subtable nor a MarkAttachClassDef subtable of the GDEF table.
- FontForge does not support the VORG and JUST tables
See here for a complete list of supported tables.
Apple Advanced Typography
- FontForge will never generate a 'mort' table. It can read 'mort' tables, but it will only produce 'morx' tables.
- FontForge is unable to parse contextual ligatures. It can find ligatures which start from state 0, but it will not find ligatures which start from other states (that is, which are contextual)
- FontForge does not support the following Apple specific tables
- acnt (accent attachment)
- bsln (baseline)
- fdsc (font descriptor)
- fmtx (font metrics)
- hsty (horizontal style)
- just (justification)
- trak (tracking)
- Zapf (glyph reference)


We generated a random number from 0-10. Guess the number!
what is the color of the sun?
Computer generated its best super hero in X-men, Guess?


Calculate lower confidence bounds for binomial series system reliability. The R 'shiny' application, launched by launch_app(), weaves together a workflow of customized simulations and delta coverage calculations to output recommended lower confidence bound methods.
| Version: | 0.2.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0), shiny |
| Imports: | gplots, stats |
| Published: | 2018-07-19 |
| Author: | Edward Schuberg |
| Maintainer: | Edward Schuberg <eschu003 at ucr.edu> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | serieslcb results |
| Reference manual: | serieslcb.pdf |
| Package source: | serieslcb_0.2.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: serieslcb_0.2.0.zip, r-release: serieslcb_0.2.0.zip, r-oldrel: serieslcb_0.2.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: serieslcb_0.2.0.tgz, r-oldrel: serieslcb_0.2.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | serieslcb archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=serieslcb to link to this page.


Dear costumer, your payment for your online order placed on Mobel Furniture Store order and has been approved order reference number: WEB8974635.
Please note that we will appear on your card statement. To get further payment support for your purchase, please sign-up
using your email address at
Mobel Furniture Store
Shipping info
Name: John Doe
Phone: +122 523 352
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Address: 795 Folsom Ave, Suite 600
City: San Francisco, California
Zip: 94107
Order details
Order no.: 52522-63259226
Order date : 06/30/2017
Transaction ID : 2265996
Transaction time : 06/30/2017 at 00:59
Cart details: **** **** **** 5446
Invoice total: $ 1259,00
Product
Quantity
Price
Green Corner
Category item
$ 1.998
$ 2.666
Laura
Category item
$ 1.998
$ 2.666
Aurora
Category item
$ 1.998
$ 2.666
Discount 15%
$ 159,00
Shipping
$ 30,00
VAT / TAX
$ 59,00
Total price
$ 1259,00
You save
$ 159,00
Payments should be made within 30 days with one of the options below, or you can enter any note here if necessary, you have much space:
Payment Methods: Cheque, PayPal, WesternUnion We accept: MasterCard, Visa, AmericanExpress
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR CHOOSING OUR PRODUCT
You are receiving this because you are a current subscriber, or have bought from our website.


International Master Licence
Discover how you can take our opportunities abroad and have exclusive access to launch a product in your country
Dear Entrepreneur,
Readymade Business 4 U specialise in the full set-up and marketing of many business models, it's similar to a franchise but we have removed all the negatives normally associated with them. This means once we have fully set-up their chosen business package, our customers own the full rights to that business and they'll never have to pay any on-going fees ever, unlike a typical franchisee has to!
This is what makes our business model very unique and people love it:-
- Wide choice with 20+ business models
- Unique, innovative products
- Customers, contracts or venues supplied by us
- Business from day one
- No royalties ever
- Full rights to their business
- On-going back-up & support
Readymade Business 4 U have years of experience in the promotion, marketing and full set-up of many successful business models across the UK & Ireland. Due to expansion we are now looking for "Master Licensees" to operate our proven business model internationally in their country of choice. Many of our professional staff have over 20 years experience in this industry. We have spent many years developing this business and now we can offer you a chance to benefit from this and operate this very successful business model in your own country of choice.
We are currently promoting the latest, safe, secure and realistic business models, using the latest technology available. We do not entertain get rich quick products or schemes, just honest, inventive ideas which we know work! All our packages offer excellent, current products which have been handpicked by us. We only pick tried and tested business models that offer our customers an up to date, realistic and exciting business model. Our business packages can give a secure future, freedom and an opportunity for success many people may not have at present.
We don't stop there, we also assist with customers, contracts or venues from day one, giving our customers the best start possible and they also receive full back-up and support for FREE!
We have had many happy customers over the years, so if you're currently looking for a proven business model that works anywhere in the world, that helps start a lucrative business and you enjoy speaking to people; then this is just what you've been looking for!
If you have not already done so, please visit our homepage to see our latest business models and familiarise yourself with exactly what we have to offer.
STARTING YOUR BUSINESS!
Our business model can be run from home, but on a much smaller scale and you would be restricting yourself considerably on the potential of this business. Realistically a small serviced office is ideal to start with, after all that's how we started. Currently, there are excellent commercial deals being offered by serviced offices but you will need to look into your area and make enquires. All you need to start is an office for about 3-4 people. Serviced offices generally have desks and furniture included, again keeping your costs down at the start. Prices for this should be in the region of about £500 (approx $750) per month, which is ideal. You will need a meeting room which again, most serviced offices can let you use for a small fee, as and when required.
You and a couple of staff, family or friends can easily run this business and as you get busier you simply take on more staff as you need them.
As long as you're an outgoing, people person you'll make a great income from this business and with our help you can't go wrong, as long as you work the business as we show you.
OUR MASTER LICENSEE SHOULD BE:
To become our latest "Master Licensee" ideally you will need to be outgoing, a real people person and having sales experience helps, but is not necessary, as our products do sell themselves. All you'll need to do is sell yourself, as people buy from people. These are all attributes we have and it's what makes us successful at what we do, so it makes sense to pass them on to you!
4 reasons a new business fails:-
- Lack of experience and knowledge
- Lack of funds to operate your business
- Lack of work ethics (hard work & commitment)
- Lack of demand for the product(s)
Experience any one of these and you'll probably fail.
Example: You can have all the experience in the world, the demand and funds are there to operate your business, but if the business needs you and you don't go to work, you will fail... Again, all the demand, hard work and experience, but if you have no money, you'll never get off the ground, or you'll fall at the first hurdle.
Our business model has:-
- Huge demand
- We are behind you 100% (our experience and knowledge) that's all you'll need
- Cost involved are below – so you know the costs
- Work ethics – That's up to you! Are you happy to work?
If the answer's YES! Then our business is for you!
As our latest licensee, you will be entitled to full access to our business model, with exclusive territory in the country or state of your choice (subject to availability). Operating this type of business can give you an excellent income:-
1st year projected income £200,000 ($300,000)
2nd year projected income £350,000 ($525,000)
3rd year projected income £1,000,000 ($1,500,000)
These figures are based on a 50% profit margin from your turnover... I.E if your turnover is £1,000,000 ($1,500,000) you should be on target for £500,000 ($750,000) profit.
These are realistic figures already achieved from our working model in just a small country and not wishful thinking... Larger countries can obviously expect much larger profits.
As a "Master Licensee" you will have access to all literature and training needed to operate our business and exclusive territory and much more:-
- Full access to all of our literature
- Exclusive territory
- Access to full website and SEO development
- Full product access at trade discounts
- Full training
- Full back–up and support at anytime
Costs
Ok, assuming you now have a good understanding of what we have to offer and you would like to become our latest "Master Licensee" here are the following costs involved should you wish to sign up!
- A Master Licence agreement starting fee is £5,000 GBP ($7,500 USD) subject to country size and availability. Please call or email for details
- On-going licence fee is £2,000 GBP ($3,000 USD); per year (Payable in 12 monthly instalments of £166 GBP ($200 USD)) this covers all on-going support, updates and any future intellectual rights, etc.
That's it, £5000 GBP ($7,500 USD) is the only fee required up front, depending on the country or state(s) required. This fee will cover the following:-
- Full set-up of the agreement (which will be an exclusive agreed territory)
- Access to full trade prices on all our products
- Access to all copyrights, literature, website
- Training, back-up and support from our team of experts
Basically everything you need to be set-up and running our business.
Our £2000 GBP ($3,000 USD) annual fee is paid monthly @ £166 GBP ($200 USD) and covers you for the following:-
- Continuous back-up & support from our team
- Access to any & all updates or changes, including all additional products that will be added
- Newsletters
Working Capital
You will need a small amount of working capital of around £4,000 GBP ($6,000) this is mainly to pay for your rent, deposit, advertising, stationary and staff wages, etc. Even though your business will take off very quickly, as we have done all the hard work over the years to iron out the main glitches, you will still need some funds to cover initial costs before your income is generated in the coming weeks.
So, you are looking at a realistic start-up cost of £11,000 GBP ($16,500 USD) depending on your situation, that's the worst case scenario. It can be done for much less, we are simply passing on our own example of set-up costs and remember we didn't have "US" to help and show us how to do it and we started with only one product. You may already have a business with spare offices and even staff, well that's great and means you can get started immediately, for much less!
Please Note: Not all our products may be suitable for your chosen country, as they were originally designed for the UK & Ireland markets. Please visit our website and familiarise yourself with all our products, as you are fully responsible for any and all products you offer in your country. Even if, say only 10 are suitable, that's not a problem, you'll still do very well. Our business took off with just one product. Remember, we are continuously adding new products all the time and if you have your own idea or product, just let us know and we'll show you how to add it to your portfolio if it's suitable.
Thank you for taking time to read our "Master Licensee" details. Feel free to contact us with any questions we're sure you have and our team will be more than happy to help you! Please remember any time differences with the UK when you call or email. We will reply as soon as we receive your email in our office opening hours.
Call us on: (+44) 01625 668 630.
Email us: services@readymadebusiness4u.com


since
1999
We are idea-driven, working with a strong focus on advertising, branding, digital, and print design. We love crafting smart and inspired design work that focuses on a business’s goals and its customers. We do this across multiple touchpoints to help organizations achieve their goals.


Base type: System.Entity
Summary: Contains probe information. The probing is done from probes. A user can install multiple probes at various locations to probe the same service.
| Name | Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ProbeID | System.Int32 | |
| Name | System.String | |
| AgentID | System.Int32 | |
| EngineID | System.Int32 | |
| DetailsUrl | System.String | |
| Description | System.String | |
| Enabled | System.Boolean | |
| Status | System.Int32 | |
| DisplayName | System.String | |
| Description | System.String | |
| InstanceType | System.Type | |
| Uri | System.String | |
| InstanceSiteId | System.Int32 | Default='0'. |
| ServiceAssignments | Orion.NetPath.ServiceAssignments | Defined by relationship Orion.NetPath.ProbesReferencesServiceAssignments (System.Reference) |
| EndpointServiceAssignments | Orion.NetPath.EndpointServiceAssignments | Defined by relationship Orion.NetPath.ProbesReferencesEndpointServiceAssignments (System.Reference) |
| EndpointServiceProperties | Orion.NetPath.EndpointServiceProperties | Defined by relationship Orion.NetPath.EndpointServicePropertiesReferencesProbes (System.Reference) |
| Agent | Orion.AgentManagement.Agent | Defined by relationship Orion.NetPath.AgentReferencesProbes (System.Reference) |
| Engine | Orion.Engines | Defined by relationship Orion.NetPath.EnginesReferencesProbes (System.Reference) |


To register samples, it is first necessary to create a new shipment. Please see the other tutorials for instructions on how to do this.
Once a Shipment has been created click the "Add Container" button on a dewar in the shipment
This will take you to the register container page. Here you can register samples for this puck.
Firstly you need to give the new puck a name. After that each sample needs to be given a protein acronym and sample name as a minimum. Barcode and spacegroup can also be specified if needed. The "+" icon can be used to clone a sample in a similar mannar to the GDA client.
When a protein acronym and sample name has been specified ISPyB considers the sample to be valid and shows this as a green circle in the puck graphic. You can navigate to a particular sample position by clicking on the puck graphic
If you need to add a new protein acronym, simply type into the protein acronym box and press Tab
You will be prompted to confirm the new protein addition
Click "Ok" and the new protein will be created
Finally to save your new puck click "Add Container" at the bottom of the page
Although not recommended, ISPyB2 supports the old style Excel Spreadsheet. First fill in the spreadsheet as you would usually.
Now select the current spreadsheet using CTRL-A (CMD-A on Mac) to select the spreadsheet. Depending on your location in the sheet you may need to press this twice.
Now press CTRL-C (CMD-C on Mac) to copy the contents of the selection to the clipboard. Now go back to ISPyB2 and click the "Paste from Spreadsheet" button
This will show a popup. In this popup press CTRL-V (CMD-V on Mac) to paste the contents of the clipboard, then click "Insert"
The copied samples will now be inserted into the current puck


ppdmerge(1) Apple Inc. ppdmerge(1) NAME ppdmerge - merge ppd files SYNOPSIS ppdmerge [ -o output-ppd-file ] ppd-file ppd-file2 [ ... ppd-fileN ] DESCRIPTION ppdmerge merges two or more PPD files into a single, multi-language PPD file. The -o option specifies the PPD file to create. If not specified, the merged PPD file is written to the standard output. If the output file already exists, the new NOTES ppdmerge does not check whether the merged PPD files are for the same device. Merging of different device PPDs will yield unpredictable results. SEE ALSO cupsprofile(1), ppdc(1), ppdhtml(1), ppdi(1), ppdpo(1), ppdcfile(5) http://localhost:631/help COPYRIGHT Copyright 2007-2011 by Apple Inc. 20 May 2008 CUPS ppdmerge(1)


Answer
New game
Please draw the following regular polygon:
Pig's coordinate is correct!
Pig's coordinate is wrong!
Your answer is correct!
Your answer is wrong!


CINEMA BOOKING SYSTEM | now playing | coming soon | cart | search
Hello, Admin!
Admin Main View
Manage Movies
Add Movie
Update/Delete Movie
Manage Promotions
Add Promotion
Update/Delete Promotion
Manage Showtimes
Add Showtimes
Update/Delete Showtimes
Manage Users
Add User
Authorize User
Suspend User
View Reports


Pakistan Cricket Team History
The Pakistan cricket team made its Test cricket debut in 1952 and has since become one of the most successful teams in modern cricket. The team reached the semi-finals of the 1979,1983, 1987 and 2011 World Cups, and finals in 1992 and 1999, and won the 1992 ICC Cricket World Cup by defeating England in the final with the captaincy of Imran Khan They are one of the most successful T20 sides but faced a big failure in T20 2016 having won the T20 World Cup in 2009 and been runner-up in 2007. And after that they have defeated India by big margin of 180 in the Final of Champions Trophy 2017 at Oval.Pakistan has also been ranked as the Number 1 Test Team twice (summers of 1988 & 2016) and Number 1 across all formats (Test, ODI and T20) at various points.
Past History
Main articles: History of cricket in Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, History of cricket in Pakistan from 1971 to 1985, History of cricket in Pakistan from 1986 to 2000, and History of cricket in Pakistan from 2001 See also: History of the Indian cricket team and Cricket in Pakistan After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, and the establishment of the separate nation state of Pakistan, cricket in the country developed steadily and Pakistan was given Test Match status at a meeting of the Imperial Cricket Conference at Lord's Cricket Ground on 28 July 1952 following recommendation by India,[2] which, being the successor state of the British Raj, did not have to go through such a process. Pakistan's first Test match was played in Delhi in October 1952 as part of a five Test series which India won 2–1. Pakistan made their first tour of England in 1954 and drew the series 1–1 after a memorable victory at The Oval in which fast bowler Fazal Mahmood took 12 wickets. Pakistan's first home Test match was in Dacca in January 1955 against India, after which four more Test matches were played in Bahawalpur, Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi (all five matches in the series were drawn, the first such occurrence in test history[3]). The team is considered strong but unpredictable. Traditionally Pakistani cricket has had players of great talent but limited discipline, making them a team which could play inspirational cricket one day and then perform less than ordinarily another day. Over the years, competitions between India and Pakistan have always been emotionally charged and provide for intriguing contests, as talented teams from both sides of the border elevate their game to new levels to produce high-quality cricket. Pakistan's matches against India in the Cricket World Cup have seen packed stadiums and heightened atmospheres no matter where the World Cup has been held.
1986 Australasia Cup
986 Australasia Cup, played in Sharjah, is remembered as a famous last-ball victory for Pakistan against arch-rivals India, with Javed Miandad emerging as a national hero.[4] India batted first and set a target of 245 runs, leaving Pakistan with a required run rate of 4.92 runs per over. Javed Miandad came in to bat at number 3, and Pakistan lost wickets at regular intervals. Later recalling the match, Miandad stated that his main focus was to lose with dignity. With 31 runs needed in the last three overs, Miandad hit a string of boundaries while batting with his team's lower order, until four runs were required from the last delivery of the match. Miandad received a leg side full toss from Chetan Sharma, which he hit for six over the midwicket boundary.


This simple script can be used to reduce (simulated) VIS data.
The script was initially written for reducing a single CCD data. However, since the version 0.5 the script tries to guess if the input is a single quadrant then reduce correctly.
The script performs the following data reduction steps:
1 Bias correction
2 CTI correction
3 Flat fielding (only if an input file is provided)
To Run:
python reduceVISdata.py -i VISCCD.fits -b superBiasVIS.fits -f SuperFlatField.fits
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | CDM03 (FORTRAN code, f2py -c -m cdm03 cdm03.f90) |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| version: | 0.5 |
Todo
Simple class to reduce VIS data.
Applies a CTI correction in electrons using CDM03 CTI model. Converts the data to electrons using the gain value given in self.values. The number of forward reads is defined by self.values[‘order’] parameter.
Bristow & Alexov (2003) algorithm further developed for HST data processing by Massey, Rhodes et al.
There is probably an excess of .copy() calls here, but I had some problems when calling the Fortran code so I added them for now.
Take into account pixel-to-pixel non-uniformity through multiplicative flat fielding.
Simply subtracts self.bias from the input data.
Write out FITS files using PyFITS.
This simple script can be used to study the number of bias frames required to meet the VIS calibration requirements.
The following requirements related to the bias calibration has been taken from GDPRD.
R-GDP-CAL-052: The contribution of the residuals of VIS bias subtraction to the error on the determination of each ellipticity component of the local PSF shall not exceed 3x10-5 (one sigma).
R-GDP-CAL-062: The contribution of the residuals of VIS bias subtraction to the relative error sigma(R2)/R2 on the determination of the local PSF R2 shall not exceed 1x10-4 (one sigma).
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.95 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Add readout noise to the input data. The readout noise is the median of the number of frames.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | data + read out noise |
| Return type: | ndarray [same as input data] |
Calculate ellipticity and size for PSFs of different scaling when there is a residual bias offset.
| Parameters: | sigma (float) – 1sigma radius of the Gaussian weighting function for shape measurements |
|---|
Calculate ellipticity and size for PSFs of different scaling when there is a residual bias slope.
| Parameters: | sigma (float) – 1sigma radius of the Gaussian weighting function for shape measurements |
|---|
Generates a simple plot showing the errors in the ellipticity components.
Generates a simple plot showing the ellipticity components.
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results for errors (delta).
| Parameters: |
|
|---|
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|
A simple function to test the area of pixels needed (defined by size) to derive the pixel offset to the level of required number of electrons given the readout noise and the gain of the system.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | none |
Derive the PSF ellipticities for a given number of random surfaces with random PSF positions and a given number of biases median combined and compare to the nominal PSF ellipticity.
This function can be used to derive the error (delta) in determining ellipticity and size given a reference PSF.
Choices that need to be made and effect the results:
- bias surface that is assumed (amplitude, complexity, etc.)
- whether the order of the polynomial surface to be fitted is known or not
- size of the Gaussian weighting function when calculating the ellipticity components
There are also other choices such as the number of PSFs and scaling and the random numbers generated for the surface that also affect the results, however, to a lesser degree.
Generates a set of plots that can be used to inspect the simulation.
Derive the PSF ellipticities for a given number of random surfaces with random PSF positions and a given number of biases median combined.
This function is to derive the the actual values so that the knowledge (variance) can be studied.
Choices that need to be made and effect the results:
- bias surface that is assumed (amplitude, complexity, etc.)
- whether the order of the polynomial surface to be fitted is known or not
- size of the Gaussian weighting function when calculating the ellipticity components
There are also other choices such as the number of PSFs and scaling and the random numbers generated for the surface that also affect the results, however, to a lesser degree.
Generates a set of plots that can be used to inspect the simulation.
This simple script can be used to study the number of flat fields required to meet the VIS calibration requirements.
The following requirements related to the flat field calibration has been taken from GDPRD.
R-GDP-CAL-054: The contribution of the residuals of VIS flat-field correction to the error on the determination of each ellipticity component of the local PSF shall not exceed 3x10-5 (one sigma).
R-GDP-CAL-064: The contribution of the residuals of VIS flat-field correction to the relative error on the determination of the local PSF R2 shall not exceed 1x10-4 (one sigma).
Note
The amount of cosmic rays in the simulated input images might be too low, because the exposure was set to 10 seconds and cosmic rays were calculated based on this. However, in reality the readout takes about 80 seconds. Thus, the last row is effected by cosmic a lot more than by assuming a single 10 second exposure.
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.97 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Calculate ellipticity and size for PSFs of different scaling when there is a residual pixel-to-pixel variations.
Generate a median combined flat field residual from given input files.
Randomly draws a given number (kw combine) of files from the file list identified using the files kw. Median combine all files before the lamp profile given by lampfile kw is being divided out. This will produce a derived flat field. This flat can be compared against the reference that was used to produce the initial data to derive a residual flat that describes the error in the flat field that was derived.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|
Warning
Remember to use an appropriate lamp and reference files so that the error in the derived flat field can be correctly calculated.
| Returns: | residual flat field (difference between the generated flat and the reference) |
|---|---|
| Return type: | ndarray |
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
Derive the PSF ellipticities for a given number of random surfaces with random PSF positions and a given number of flat fields median combined.
This function is to derive the the actual values so that the knowledge (variance) can be studied.
Calculate ellipticity and size variance and error in case of no pixel-to-pixel flat field correction.
This simple script can be used to study the error in the non-linearity correction that can be tolerated given the requirements.
The following requirements related to the non-linearity have been taken from GDPRD.
R-GDP-CAL-058: The contribution of the residuals of the non-linearity correction on the error on the determination of each ellipticity component of the local PSF shall not exceed 3x10**-5 (one sigma).
R-GDP-CAL-068: The contribution of the residuals of the non-linearity correction on the error on the relative error sigma(R**2)/R**2 on the determination of the local PSF R**2 shall not exceed 1x10**-4 (one sigma).
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.97 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
Function to study the error in the non-linearity correction on the knowledge of the PSF ellipticity and size.
The error has been assumed to follow a sinusoidal curve with random phase and a given number of angular frequencies (defined by the multiplier). The amplitudes being studied, i.e. the size of the maximum deviation, can be spaced either linearly or logarithmically.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | reference value and results dictionaries |
| Return type: | list |
This script can be used to test the CTI correction algorithm performance.
| requires: | NumPy |
|---|---|
| requires: | PyFITS |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| version: | 0.3 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Add CTI trails to a FITS file or input data.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: |
Plot the CTI correction algorithm results.
| Parameters: | results – CTI test results |
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
Plot the CTI correction algorithm results.
| Returns: | None |
|---|
Calculates PSF properties such as ellipticity and size from data without CTI and from CTI data.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | ellipticity and size |
| Return type: | dict |
Calculates PSF properties such as ellipticity and size from data w/ and w/o CTI.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | ellipticity and size |
| Return type: | dict |
Test the impact of CTI in case of no noise and no correction.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: |
This simple script can be used to study the error in the cosmic ray rejection that can be tolerated given the requirements.
The following requirements related to the cosmic rays have been taken from CalCD-B.
Note that the analysis is for a single star. Thus, if we consider a single exposure we can relax the requirements given that there will be on average about 1850 stars in each field that are usable for PSF modelling. Furthermore it shuold be noted that the presence of cosmic rays will always increase the size. Because of this one cannot combine the contribution from cosmic rays with other effects by adding each individual contribution in quadrature. It is more appropriate to add the impact of cosmic rays to the size of the PSF linearly given the preferred direction.
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.4 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
This is for a single PSF.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: |
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: |
This scripts can be used to study the impact of ghost images on the weak lensing measurements.
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy (1.7.0 or newer for numpy.pad) |
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.2 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Calculates PSF size and ellipticity when including another PSF scaled to a given level (requirement = 5e-5)
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | results |
| Return type: | dict |
Calculates PSF size and ellipticity when including an out-of-focus doughnut of a given contrast level. The dougnut pixel values are all scaled to a given scaling value (requirement 5e-5).
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | results |
| Return type: | dict |
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: |
Draws a doughnut shape with a given inner and outer radius.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | image, xcentre, ycentre |
| Return type: | list |
Derive area loss in case of object detection i.e. the SNR drops below the requirement. Assumes that a ghost covers the covering number of pixels and that the peak pixel of a point source contains fpeak fraction of the total counts. An offset between the V-band and VIS band is applied as VIS = V + offset.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
Shape measurement bias as a result of ghosts.
Most PSF stars are bright while most weak lensing galaxies are faint, thus the PSF model needs to be transferable to an appropriate object luminosity (and colour, position, etc.). This simple script can be used to study the error in the model transfer due to non-linearity that can be tolerated given the requirements.
The following requirements related to the model transfer have been taken from CalCD-B.
| requires: | PyFITS |
|---|---|
| requires: | NumPy |
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.2 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Creates a simple plot to combine and show the results.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | None |
Function to study the error in the non-linearity correction on the knowledge of the PSF ellipticity and size.
The error has been assumed to follow a sinusoidal curve with random phase and a given number of angular frequencies (defined by the multiplier). The amplitudes being studied, i.e. the size of the maximum deviation, can be spaced either linearly or logarithmically.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | reference value and results dictionaries |
| Return type: | list |
This script can be used to derive statistics of background pixels.
Use dilation to define the background. Not working too well...
Kernel Density Estimation with Scipy
Kernel Density Estimation with Scikit-learn
Multivariate Kernel Density Estimation with Statsmodels
Univariate Kernel Density Estimation with Statsmodels
Load data, exclude pre- and over scan regions, and subtract the bias level found from the header.
Mask objects using sigma clipping around the median.
Will also plot the data and the mask.
| Returns: | masked numpy array |
|---|
Plots the entropy in the data. No really suitable as the input data not in a useful format.
Plot statistics of the background pixels. Assumes that the input contains only the background pixel values as a 1D array.
| Returns: | None |
|---|
Perform Gaussian filtering, sigma clipping and binary opening to define a mask for the background pixels.
This scripts can be used to study the impact of background subtraction errors on the shape measurements.
| requires: | NumPy |
|---|---|
| requires: | SciPy |
| requires: | matplotlib |
| requires: | VISsim-Python |
| version: | 0.1 |
| author: | Sami-Matias Niemi |
| contact: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
A simple function to test the area of pixels needed (defined by size) to derive the pixel value to the level of required number of electrons given the readout noise and the gain of the system.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Returns: | none |


$ Accessing restricted files..
grabbing files..
$ 404 File not found
Site configured at this address does not contain the requested file.
$ You should check URL...


A way to plan your next excursion to a wonderful getaway spot.
Destination Weather
Current weather forecast in the city you plan to visit.
Plan out your Events
Apologies it seems that there are no current activities occuring in your area
Lodging both comfortable and affordable
Contact Us
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur, adipisicing elit. Quas ut nulla maiores, beatae voluptas sunt excepturi deserunt vero. Beatae est ratione quia neque molestias, cum asperiores quibusdam rem illum, debitis dolorem natus, eos
fuga eveniet numquam ab officia reiciendis inventore. Tempore repudiandae exercitationem quisquam? Fugiat!


| Quick links: |
This is an identification program for wildflowers in the northeastern and north-central parts of United States and adjacent Canada (if you live on the West Coast, try Reny's Wildflowers). Fill out the form as best as you can and you'll find which wildflowers match. If you find no flowers that match, use the "Back" button and try unchecking a box or two. If you want to see all the flowers in the database, simply hit "Identify" without checking any boxes.
To understand more about the various flower terms used, see Fred's Flower Finder (after reading the page click on the link at the bottom). There are a number of sites dedicated to wildflower identification, including My Wildflowers, Gallery of Connecticut Wildflowers, Reny's Wildflowers (for West Coast flowers), Kansas Wildflowers, Wildflowers in Bloom, and many others.
The database used here is derived from the "Quick-Key Guide to Wildflowers," by David Archbald, Rosemary V. Fleming, and Virginia M. Kline, Doubleday Press, 1968 (long out of print, unfortunately). A large number of corrections and additions have been made to the original data. Lee Dunbar has written a free standalone version of this wildflower program. A Wildflower Quiz Program is also available, which lets you test and improve your knowledge. There are also identification programs for trees and birds.
Some books which can help include:
Note: This wildflower database is not all-encompassing; it contains only about 550 of the estimated 5000 species of wildflowers native to the northeastern quarter of the continent. If you find any errors or want to add more flowers, write me. The database and perl program that runs here is free to download, and is fairly simple to figure out where and how to add wildflowers.
Wildflower Leaf Characteristics: see this image (from Wikipedia) for a useful description of the leaf terminology used below. Also see Fred's Flower Finder for a little more help.


Contact name
City
Country
Is Promoted
Thomas Hardy
London
UK
Maria Anders
Berlin
Germany
Ana Trujillo
México D.F
Mexico
Antonio Moreno
México D.F
Mexico


Bottle is a fast, simple and lightweight WSGI micro web-framework for Python.
Install Bottle with pip install bottle
or download the source package at PyPI.
Warning: This is a preview for Bottle-{{release}}, which is not released yet. Switch to the latest stable release?
{% endif %}Download this documentation as PDF or HTML (zip) for offline use.


We do not check feedback every day and cannot respond to comments.
Find out how to contact the NHS if you need to speak to someone.


I'm a content creator turned shotgun shooter turned programmer and maker.
Outside of code and design, I collect graphic novels. Current favourite - This Korean cookbook.
Outside of everything you can find on this website, I think of myself as a little octopus who just wants to cook, code, and create.
Give me a shout out if you have any cool projects in mind!


|
Drake
|
A fully type-erased container class.
An AbstractValue stores an object of some type T (where T is declared during at construction time) that at runtime can be passed between functions without mentioning T. Only when the stored T must be accessed does the user need to mention T again.
(Advanced.) Note that AbstractValue's getters and setters method declare that "If T does not match, a std::logic_error will be thrown with a helpful error message". The code that implements this check uses hashing, so in the extraordinarily unlikely case of a 64-bit hash collision, the error may go undetected in Release builds. (Debug builds have extra checks that will trigger.)
(Advanced.) Only Value should inherit directly from AbstractValue. User-defined classes with additional features may inherit from Value.
#include <drake/common/value.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual | ~AbstractValue () |
| template<typename T > | |
| const T & | get_value () const |
| Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue as a const reference. More... | |
| template<typename T > | |
| T & | get_mutable_value () |
| Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue as mutable reference. More... | |
| template<typename T > | |
| void | set_value (const T &v) |
| Sets the value wrapped in this AbstractValue. More... | |
| template<typename T > | |
| const T * | maybe_get_value () const |
| Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue, if T matches the originally declared type of this AbstractValue. More... | |
| virtual std::unique_ptr< AbstractValue > | Clone () const =0 |
| Returns a copy of this AbstractValue. More... | |
| virtual void | SetFrom (const AbstractValue &other)=0 |
Copies the value in other to this value. More... | |
| virtual const std::type_info & | type_info () const =0 |
| Returns typeid of the contained object of type T. More... | |
| virtual const std::type_info & | static_type_info () const =0 |
| Returns typeid(T) for this Value<T> object. More... | |
| std::string | GetNiceTypeName () const |
| Returns a human-readable name for the underlying type T. More... | |
Does not allow copy, move, or assignment | |
| AbstractValue (const AbstractValue &)=delete | |
| AbstractValue & | operator= (const AbstractValue &)=delete |
| AbstractValue (AbstractValue &&)=delete | |
| AbstractValue & | operator= (AbstractValue &&)=delete |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| template<typename T > | |
| static std::unique_ptr< AbstractValue > | Make (const T &value) |
Returns an AbstractValue containing the given value . More... | |
|
delete |
|
delete |
|
virtual |
|
pure virtual |
Returns a copy of this AbstractValue.
Implemented in Value< T >.
| T& get_mutable_value | ( | ) |
Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue as mutable reference.
The reference remains valid only until this object is set or destroyed.
| T | The originally declared type of this AbstractValue, e.g., from AbstractValue::Make<T>() or Value<T>::Value(). If T does not match, a std::logic_error will be thrown with a helpful error message. |
| const T& get_value | ( | ) | const |
Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue as a const reference.
The reference remains valid only until this object is set or destroyed.
| T | The originally declared type of this AbstractValue, e.g., from AbstractValue::Make<T>() or Value<T>::Value(). If T does not match, a std::logic_error will be thrown with a helpful error message. |
| std::string GetNiceTypeName | ( | ) | const |
Returns a human-readable name for the underlying type T.
This may be slow but is useful for error messages. If T is polymorphic, this returns the typeid of the most-derived type of the contained object.
|
static |
Returns an AbstractValue containing the given value
.
| const T* maybe_get_value | ( | ) | const |
Returns the value wrapped in this AbstractValue, if T matches the originally declared type of this AbstractValue.
| T | The originally declared type of this AbstractValue, e.g., from AbstractValue::Make<T>() or Value<T>::Value(). If T does not match, returns nullptr. |
|
delete |
|
delete |
| void set_value | ( | const T & | v | ) |
Sets the value wrapped in this AbstractValue.
| T | The originally declared type of this AbstractValue, e.g., from AbstractValue::Make<T>() or Value<T>::Value(). If T does not match, a std::logic_error will be thrown with a helpful error message. |
|
pure virtual |
Copies the value in other
to this value.
If other is not compatible with this object, a std::logic_error will be thrown with a helpful error message.
Implemented in Value< T >.
|
pure virtual |
Returns typeid(T) for this Value<T> object.
If T is polymorphic, this does NOT reflect the typeid of the most-derived type of the contained object; the result is always the base type T.
Implemented in Value< T >.
|
pure virtual |
Returns typeid of the contained object of type T.
If T is polymorphic, this returns the typeid of the most-derived type of the contained object.
Implemented in Value< T >.


Canonical URL provides a simple RESTful service to obtain the canonical URL declared by a page in its HTML.
The API supports fetching the canonical URL based on a number of selectors:
curl https://canonicalurl.info/get?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2F
| Name | Value | Comments |
|---|---|---|
&url |
The URL to retrieve its canonical URL | |
&types |
The types of canonical URL to retrieve. | Optional. By default the API will try to retrieve canonical and if there is no value, it will try opengraph . If you specify values it will search in the order the values are set (i.e. opengraph,canoncail will search for opengraph and the canonical) |
canonical |
||
opengraph |
||
&callback |
The name of the callback JavaScript function when using JSONP (and format is json ) |
Optional. |
&format |
The output format of the result | Optional. By default it will return json |
json |
When there is no canonical value the API will return an empty string | |
text |
When there is no canonical value the API will return an empty string |


Ethanol molecule C2H5OH.
Use your fingers or mouse to control the model
(hold shift key or use mouse wheel to zoom it).
Canvas is matched to your browser window.
Sorry but proportions for this model are chosen at random. To make a
new molecule just set balls positions, colors and scales in the script.
ChemDoodle
molecules demos in 3D.
WebGL Demos
updated 16 May 2010


Ruby is an object-oriented programming language developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto. Ruby is a dynamic programming language with a complex but at the same time expressive grammar. Ruby also has a core class library with a rich and powerful API.
Features
- Ruby is an open-source and is freely available on the Web, but it is subject to a license.
- Ruby is a general-purpose, interpreted programming language.
Basic programming knowledge is required along with good skills at solving algorithm problem.
example:
print "Hello, World!\n"
MacOS comes with Ruby already installed. Most Linux distributions either come with Ruby preinstalled or allow you to easily install Ruby from the distribution's repository of free software. You can also download and install Ruby on Windows. The more technically adept can download the Ruby source code and compile it for most operating systems, including Unix, DOS, BeOS, OS/2, Windows, and Linux.
Ruby goes to great lengths to be a purely object oriented language. Every value in Ruby is an object, even the most primitive things: strings, numbers and even true and false. Every object has a class and every class has one superclass. At the root of the class hierarchy is the class BasicObject, from which all other classes, including Object, inherit.
Every class has a set of methods which can be called on objects of that class. Methods are always called on an object — there are no “class methods”, as there are in many other languages (though Ruby does a great job at faking them).
- 3th item
# Simple for loop using a range.
for i in (1..4)
print i," "
end
print "\n"
for i in (1...4)
print i," "
end
print "\n"
# Running through a list (which is what they do).
items = [ 'Mark', 12, 'goobers', 18.45 ]
for it in items
print it, " "
end
print "\n"
Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer, HTML, CSS and JavaScript for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.
Ruby on Rails' emergence in the 2000s greatly influenced web app development, through innovative features such as seamless database table creations, migrations, and scaffolding of views to enable rapid application development. Ruby on Rails' influence on other web frameworks remains apparent today, with many frameworks in other languages borrowing its ideas, including Django in Python, Catalyst in Perl, Laravel in PHP, Phoenix in Elixir, and Sails.js in Node.js.
Ruby on Rails is open source software, so not only is it free to use, you can also help make it better. More than 4,500 people already have contributed code to Rails. It’s easier than you think to become one of them.
Optimizing for programmer happiness with Convention over Configuration is how we roll. Ruby on Rails has been popularizing both concepts along with a variety of other controversial points since the beginning. To learn more about why Rails is so different from many other web-application frameworks and paradigms, examine The Rails Doctrine.
$ rails generate initializer core_extensions
The best way to read this guide is to follow it step by step. All steps are essential to run this example application and no additional code or steps are needed.
By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called blog, a (very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application, you need to make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
- Say "Hello", Rails
- Setting the Application Home Page
Rails.application.routes.draw do
get 'welcome/index'
# For details on the DSL available within this file,
see http://guides.rubyonrails.org/routing.html
end


Java decreased in popularity by about 6,000 job postings in 2018 compared to 2017, but is still extremely well-established. Java is over 20 years old, used by millions of developers and billions of devices worldwide, and able to run on any hardware and operating system through the Java Virtual Machine. All Android apps are based on Java and 90 percent of Fortune 500 companies use Java as a server-side language for backend development. Java Enterprise Edition 8 and Java 9 both launched in September 2017 as the Eclipse Foundation took over managing Java EE from Oracle.
Python grew in popularity by about 5,000 job postings over 2017. It is a general-purpose programming language used for web development and as a support language for software developers. It’s also widely used in scientific computing, data mining and machine learning. The continued growth and demand for machine learning developers may be driving the popularity of Python.
JavaScript, the grandfather of programming languages, is roughly as popular today as it was in our last blog post. That’s no surprise to us – JavaScript is used by over 80% of developers and by 95% of all websites for any dynamic logic on their pages. Several front-end frameworks for JavaScript such as React and AngularJS have huge future potential as IoT and mobile devices become more popular, so we doubt we’ll see JavaScript drop in popularity anytime soon.
C++ changed very little in popularity from early 2017 to now. An extension of the old-school “C” programming language, C++ is usually used for system/application software, game development, drivers, client-server applications and embedded firmware. Many programmers find C++ complex and more difficult to learn and use than languages like Python or JavaScript, but it remains in use in many legacy systems at large enterprises.
C# (pronounced “C sharp”) went down slightly in demand this year. C# is an object-oriented programming language from Microsoft designed to run on Microsoft’s .NET platform and to make development quicker and easier than Microsoft’s previous languages. C# 7.2 came out in November, adding several new features geared towards avoiding unnecessary copying. C#, like C++, is heavily used in video game development, so any aspiring video game developers would do well to learn both of them.
PHP, a scripting language used on the server side, moved up to number six in our ranking over number nine last year. Most developers use PHP for web development, either to add functions that HTML can’t handle or to interact with MySQL databases.
Perl dropped by about 3,000 job postings and stayed in seventh place in our analysis. Perl 5 and Perl 6 are both chugging along and Perl continues to be popular for system and network administrators and as a glue language.


@(u: User)(implicit ctx: Context<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{ email =>
To ensure honest players aren't falsely accused of cheating, we request titled players to identify themselves. For instance, jeffforever and milacek are verified FIDE master, and Grandmaster respectively. Identification can be performed in a number of ways, and you can choose to remain anonymous.
It's easy; click here to see how it's done.
If you need help or have any question, feel free to contact us by email at @email.


Hi Alex,
Thank you for creating your payment.
RE: Bacon ipsum dolor amet flank frankfurter ham kielbasa, pastrami tail burgdoggen buffalo.
Instructions 0044008
Payer Instructions
You must make your payments by:
09 July 2020
Method:
DMT - Domestic Money Transfer
Exact amount to pay - No cash or cheques:
COP 2.620.035,26
Beneficiary /Payee /Receiver:
Nexpay Colombia SAS
Beneficiary Address:
Cra 11 A No 93 A - 22 Of 302
Bogota Colombia
Tax Identification Number:
NIT: 901076077 (901076077-1)
Account Number:
66676729667
IMPORTANT: Please insert this reference number in transfer reason:
0044008
Beneficiary bank name:
Bancolombia
Colombia
Payer Details
Payment ID:
12315
Reference:
Lorem Ipsum text
Student Name:
Alex Zhang
Currency:
NZD
Total Paid:
3,500
If you have any questions please contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or call us for free on 1300 786 320 (in Australia) or +61 2 9078 7967 (outside Australia).
Nexpay Pty Ltd
Level 17, 456 Kent Street
Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
www.nexpay.com.au
The information contained in this e-mail message and any accompanying files is or may be confidential. If you are not the intended recipient, any use, dissemination, reliance, forwarding, printing or copying of this e-mail or any attached files is unauthorised. This e-mail is subject to cop-center. No part of it should be reproduced, adapted or communicated without the written consent of the cop-center owner. If you have received this e-mail in error, please advise the sender immediately by return e-mail, or telephone and delete all copies. NexPay does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information contained in this e-mail or attached files. Internet communications are not secure, therefore NexPay does not accept legal responsibility for the contents of this message or attached files.


We implemented small app - "Keeper quotes". We earnestly recommend you to check it out and use it as a starting point for your own web-applications. Enjoy!
{{quote}}