Dear customer, thank you for your application. We have processed it and we would now like to offer you the boat berth specified below. If you wish to accept it, please notify us via the link at the end of this message.
{{ offer.berth.pier.harbor.street_address }}
| Waste management | {% endif %} {% if offer.berth.pier.gate %}Gate | {% endif %} {% if offer.berth.pier.electricity %}Electricity | {% endif %} {% if offer.berth.pier.lighting %}Lighting | {% endif %} {% if offer.berth.pier.water %}Water | {% endif %}
|---|
| Pier: | {{ offer.berth.pier.identifier }} | Berth: | {{ offer.berth.number }} |
| Width: | {{ offer.berth.berth_type.width }} |
| Length: | {{ offer.berth.berth_type.length }} |
| Mooring type: | {{ offer.berth.berth_type.get_mooring_type_display() }} |
|
If you accept the boat berth change offered, please:
1. Familiarize yourself with the berth lease terms and marina rules. 2. Notify us that you accept the boat berth change offered via this link, the due date is {{ due_date }}: Thank you, I wish to change my boat berth to the berth offered →Please note that if you accept the change, your current berth will become vacant. We will not charge for or reimburse the price difference if you change to a berth of a different size. For more information, please contact our customer service department at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>3. Contact customer service if you need a key to the pier gate of your berth. 4. For other questions, visit our boating website. If you do not wish to accept the boat berth change offered:1. Notify us via this link: No thank you, I do not wish to reserve this boat berth →Please note that if you choose not to accept the berth change offered, you will keep your current boat berth. |
The City of Helsinki’s boat berths are leased out to customers until further notice, and an annual fee is charged for them in accordance with the currently valid price list. If the invoice is not paid by the due date, the lease is terminated automatically. The boating season is from 10 June to 14 September, during which boats are allowed to be kept at berths.
In order to reserve a boat berth, the current boat berth lease agreement terms and the harbor rules must be accepted.
| City of Helsinki boating services → |


Guidance
How much funding local authorities receive for the early years pupil premium, and how they should distribute it to early years providers.
The early years pupil premium ( EYPP ) is additional funding for early years settings to improve the education they provide for disadvantaged 3- and 4-year-olds.
Early years providers are any organisation offering education for children aged under 5, including nurseries and childminders.
You should involve your virtual school head ( VSH ) in identifying and funding the EYPP for looked-after children in your area .
3- and 4-year-olds in state-funded early education will attract EYPP funding if they meet at least 1 of the following criteria:
their family gets 1 of the following:
Children must receive free early education in order to attract EYPP funding. They do not have to take up the full 570 hours of early education they are entitled to in order to get EYPP .
Children become eligible for free early education at different points in the year depending on when they turn 3. Details of the dates when children become eligible are available.
Please note that 4-year-olds in primary school reception classes who already receive the school-age pupil premium are not eligible for EYPP funding.
Early years providers are ultimately responsible for identifying eligible children. However, you should encourage providers to speak to parents to find out who is eligible for EYPP funding.
In particular, providers should speak to the parents of children who took up the early education entitlement for 2-year-olds , as most of these children will attract EYPP when they turn 3.
You must check the eligibility of any child a parent or provider alerts you to. In most cases you will have to check twice:
You should first check a child’s eligibility when a provider or parent tells you that a child may be eligible. If you wish to check a child’s eligibility before they begin to take up their free education entitlement, we suggest that you don’t do this more than a term in advance in case the family’s circumstances change.
You should check the child’s eligibility again in the academic year when the child is taking up their 4-year-old entitlement. This check will help you find out if the child’s circumstances have changed and they have stopped being eligible as a result. We recommend carrying out this second check at the beginning of the academic year in September, but you can use a different date if you wish.
In cases where a child becomes eligible when they are already 4 years old, you will not have to run a second check.
When you check a child’s eligibility, you should inform the child’s parents or legal carers of the outcome of the check. You should also inform the early years provider where the child receives their early years education. You shouldn’t inform anyone else.
Please be aware that once a child previously eligible for EYPP starts school they will not become automatically eligible for the school-age pupil premium.
You can use our eligibility checking system ( ECS ) to check children’s eligibility for the EYPP .
The Small, Business, Enterprise and Employment Act 2015 provides legal authority to use the ECS for this purpose.
You should follow a different process for identifying and checking the EYPP eligibility of children who:
You won’t be able to check these children’s eligibility through ECS . Instead, the parents, adoptive parents or guardians of these children will have to show you evidence of the court order that proves that the child was formally in local-authority care in either England or Wales.
It will be your VSH ’s responsibility to identify the children who are currently in local authority-care .
In the financial year 2015 to 2016, we will base the initial amount of EYPP funding each local authority receives on an estimate of how many eligible children will take up their entitlement.
We have calculated this estimate by looking at how many:
The estimate of the amount of funding you will receive in the 2015 to 2016 financial year is available.
In autumn 2015 we will collect data from local authorities about EYPP take-up. You should therefore record:
This data will help us adjust the figures and make sure you receive the right amount of funding for 2015 to 2016.
From January 2016, we will use the school census and early years census to collect information on:
We will use this data to calculate how much funding we give each local authority in future financial years.
You must fund all eligible early years providers in your area at the national rate of 53p per hour per eligible pupil. You can find more information about this national rate in the School and Early Years Finance (England) Regulations 2014 .
This means that in the financial year 2015 to 2016, providers will receive £302.10 for each eligible child who takes up the full 570 hours of state-funded early education they are entitled to.
Please note that the way you should distribute EYPP funding for looked-after children is different.
You should allocate the funding to early years providers based on:
You can’t place conditions on the funding.
This means that EYPP funding should follow the eligible child rather than the provider. If a child moves to a different provider part way through the year, they should not lose any of their funding because you will have calculated the amount of EYPP each provider gets based on the hours of take-up.
You can treat the EYPP like other supplementary payments to the hourly rate set in your local early years single funding formula. For example, in cases where you fund the provider on a termly rather than an hourly basis (eg schools with early years provision), you can pay providers for one-third of the full early years entitlement (ie 190 hours’ worth of EYPP ) per eligible child per term.
In cases where a child who lives in your area receives early education at a provider based in a different local authority, the provider’s local authority is responsible for:
You may wish to offer providers extra funding for disadvantaged children who don’t meet the EYPP eligibility criteria . You may also wish to pay providers more than the national rate for children who attract EYPP . You will have to meet the costs out of your local resources if you do either of these things.
You must record details about how you distribute your EYPP allocations in the section 251 return .
All early years providers who are eligible to receive funding for the 3- and 4-year-old early education entitlement are also eligible to receive the EYPP .
However, if any of these providers receives an ‘inadequate’ rating from Ofsted, you must stop their early education funding (including EYPP ) as soon as practicable. More guidance is available in the ‘Early education and childcare’ statutory guidance for local authorities.
Childminders who are registered with a childminder agency receive their funding through that agency. You should pay the childminder’s EYPP to the agency and they will pass it on to the childminder.
Virtual school heads ( VSH ) are responsible for managing EYPP funding for looked-after children.
The VSH in your local authority will be responsible for identifying the looked-after children who are eligible for EYPP funding. This will include any looked-after children who live in your local authority, even those who get their early years education with a provider based in a different local authority. You will receive EYPP funding for looked-after children through your dedicated schools grant. Once you have this funding, you should pass it on to your VSH .
Guidance for VSHs on managing the EYPP is available.
Published: 27 November 2014
Updated: 27 March 2015
From: Department for Education
Part of: Early years
Related guides: Pupil premium: virtual school heads’ responsibilities


The [GenerateClientScript] Attribute
Optionally attach this attribute to a web service to create a component
that will render Javascript that makes it very easy to call the
endpoints of the service.
Other page elements that will call this service can have the
[NeedsComponent] attribute attached to them to
indicate that they have a dependency on this Javascript and ensure that
it is included on all pages where it is needed.
Example Usage
[IsService("order", "/order/", new[] { Method.Get })]
[GenerateClientScript("order-service-client")]
public class OrderService
{
[Endpoint(UrlPath = "id/{id}")]
[EndpointParameter("id", typeof(AnyValue), EndpointParameterType.PathSegment)]
public void GetOrderById(IEndpointRequest request)
{
var id = request.Parameter<long>("id");
// Use data access layer to retrieve the order details
}
}
[IsRegion("order-region")]
[NeedsComponent("order-service-client")]
[NeedsComponent("libraries:ajax")]
public class OrderRegion { }
In this example:
-
Any page that includes the order-region region knows
that it must render the order-service-client component
because of the [NeedsComponent] attribute on the region.
-
The order-service-client component will write Javascript
where it is accesible to the page. Where exactly it gets written depends on the
asset deployment mechanism that you configured.
-
The Javascript that is produced depends on the ajax library, so this region also
specifies that the ajax library is required wherever this region is used.
-
The GetOrderById method of the order service can now be
called using one line of Javascript similar to
ns.myApp.orderService.getOrderById({id: 123},function(order){})
Note that:
-
I called the service order but the Javascript function is
called orderService. This is by convention. The
[GenerateClientScript] attribute appends "Service" to the
service name to avoid naming conflicts in the generated Javascript.
-
The generated Javascript is in a namespace. The Pages Framework uses a convention where
all namespaces are contained in the ns property of the
window object, so the fully qualified name of the function
call begins with ns.
-
In this example I used myApp as the namespace name. The actual
namespace that is required here is defined by your Package. You can have multiple application
packages, but many websites will have only one. You should substitute myApp
in the example above with the namespace name of your application package.
-
In the C# code the method is called GetOrderById but the Javascript
calls getOrderById. This is another convention. When generating
the Javascript the first letter is converted to lower case to make the Javascript more
conventional.
-
The Javascript getOrderById takes up to 4 parameters. In this example
I only passed the first two. The first parameter is the parameters that are expected by the
service endpoint (in this example just the "id"). The second parameter is a function that
will be called if the request succeeds. The function will be passed a Javascript object
that will be a Javascript representation of whatever C# object you serialized as the response
from your service endpoint.


Learning React can seem daunting. The documentation available on the main site is geared toward people who have a lot of experience creating front-end applications. The basic React objectives gets you over that hump. At the end of the lessons, you should be able to:
React.createElement
to create virtual DOM nodesReactDOM.render
to have React render your virtual DOM nodes into the actual Web pageReact.createElement
callsArray#map
to create an array of virtual DOM nodes while specifying a unique key for each created virtual DOM node


The 16-inch MacBook Pro's new keyboard is super quiet
Source: Rene Ritchie / iMore
What you need to know
- The 16-inch MacBook Pro's keyboard is super quiet.
- It's much quieter than the MacBook Air's butterfly keyboard.
- It's only beaten by the whisper quiet Pixelbook Go.
Apple released the new 16-inch MacBook Pro to great applause after it confirmed that it has a new keyboard. That keyboard does away with the troublesome butterfly switches of previous machines and brings back the scissor switches that are so popular in the Magic Keyboard. That should aid reliability, but apparently it also makes the keyboard super quiet, too.
That's according to a new round of tests carried out by The Wall Street Journal (via 9to5Mac), with the new MacBook Pro only beaten by Google's Pixelbook Go.
In order to get the results Joanna Stern found an anechoic chamger at Cooper Union, an college in New York City. The theory is that because the room absorbs all sonic reflections it's possible to record just the sound coming from the keyboard in question. And with that in mind the tests began.
The loudest typing experience came from a typewriter, which won't be a huge surprise to anyone. At 60.2dB it it was louder than the MacBook Air which uses the old butterfly keyboard and came in at 41.9dB which is still fairly loud. The new 16-inch MacBook Pro keyboard produced a result of 30.3dB while the whisper quiet Pixebook Go was the winner at 30.1dB. But only just.
You can check Joanna's full video out for the lowdown on exactly what the tests entailed.

But really, we just want the thing to be less likely to be taken out by a bread crumb. Fingers crossed on that score.


public class Response<T>
extends java.lang.Object
| 限定符和类型 | 方法和说明 |
|---|---|
void |
ensureSuccess()
A shortcut to check for successful status codes and throw exception in case of non-2xx status codes.
|
T |
getBody()
Returns the payload of the response converted to the given type.
|
java.net.HttpURLConnection |
getConnection()
Get the "real" connection, typically to call some getters which are not provided by this Response object.
|
java.lang.String |
getContentType()
Returns the MIME-type of the response body.
|
long |
getDate()
Returns the date when the request was created (server-time).
|
java.lang.Object |
getErrorBody()
Get the body which was returned in case of error (HTTP-Code >= 400).
|
long |
getExpiration()
Returns the value of the expires header field.
|
java.lang.String |
getHeaderField(java.lang.String name)
Returns the value of the named header field.
|
long |
getHeaderFieldDate(java.lang.String field,
long defaultValue)
Returns the value of the named field parsed as date (Millis since 1970).
|
int |
getHeaderFieldInt(java.lang.String field,
int defaultValue)
Returns the value of the named field parsed as a number.
|
long |
getLastModified()
Returns the value of the last-modified header field.
|
Request |
getRequest()
Access to the
Request object (which will not be very useful in most cases). |
java.lang.String |
getResponseMessage()
Returns the text explaining the status code.
|
int |
getStatusCode()
|
java.lang.String |
getStatusLine()
The first line returned by the web-server, like "HTTP/1.1 200 OK".
|
boolean |
isSuccess()
Was the request successful (returning a 2xx status code)?
|
public Request getRequest()
Request
object (which will not be very useful in most cases).public T getBody()
public java.lang.Object getErrorBody()
Content-Type
header (overrules the expected return type of the response)
asXyz()
). We try to coerce the error body to this type.
In case of REST services, where often a JSONObject is the normal response body, the error body
will be converted to JSONObject if possible. JSONArray
is not expected to be the
error body.
String
and byte[]
is used as
a fallback. You have to check the type with instanceof
or try/catch the cast.null
if there is no body or
no error.public int getStatusCode()
public java.lang.String getStatusLine()
public boolean isSuccess()
true
when status code is between 200 and 299, else false
public java.lang.String getResponseMessage()
public java.lang.String getContentType()
public long getDate()
0
if this header was not set.public long getExpiration()
public long getLastModified()
public java.lang.String getHeaderField(java.lang.String name)
name
- name of the header fieldpublic long getHeaderFieldDate(java.lang.String field, long defaultValue)
field
- name of the header fielddefaultValue
- the default value if the field is not present or malformedpublic int getHeaderFieldInt(java.lang.String field, int defaultValue)
field
- name of the header fielddefaultValue
- the default value if the field is not present or malformedpublic java.net.HttpURLConnection getConnection()
public void ensureSuccess()
Request.ensureSuccess()
instead of this method.
But there might be cases where you want to inspect the response-object first (check header values) and
then have a short exit where the response-code is not suitable for further normal processing.


Copyright (c) 2000 Cameron Browne
This game is played on an 8x8 square board with the following setup.
Each player starts with 64 stones on board and 64 stones off board (in the diagrams, a dot represents 5 stones, meaning 32 stones on each corner).
|
This can also be played on a checkered board. The square color where lies the stack determines its owner (and so, only half the stones - 128 of the same color - are needed to play this game)
| Before the move
A move example shown below starting from a black stack with height 14. |
Some words from the author: Notation: Moves can be described in the following format:
c3:8 d4:3 e3:1 f4:4 (:d3 e4) g6:1 g7:4
This Black move starts by taking 8 units from C3 (cash in hand) which are distributed along the diagonal path D4, E3 and F4. The White stacks at D3 and E4 are surrounded and captured (say 5 units in total). The captured units are redistributed to stacks G6 and G7.
| After the move
After moving 8 stones, the original stack has only height 6. The two white stacks (with a total of 5 stones) were captured (they are not adjacent to diagonal empty cells). Black decided to distribute them by g6 and g7. |
Notes on play: Movement restriction (ii) encourages players to spread their outermost pieces, increasing the chance of conflict. Movement restriction (iii) allows players to build defensive walls against their opponents.
Redistributing captured pieces to opponent's stacks may be worthwhile if that traps a nearby stack (due to movement restriction (ii)) which can be captured next turn.
Stalemates are not likely unless the stalling player has more units than their opponent - in which case they would presumably not aim for a stalemate!
Cash In Hand combines elements of a variety of games. The diagonally restricted movement is reminiscent of checkers, the distribution of cash is similar to the sowing of seeds in Mancala, and the surround-capture rule is similar to Go.


- Section - Class in model
-
Class represents a road section
- Section() - Constructor for class model.Section
-
- Section(String, double, Intersection, Intersection) - Constructor for class model.Section
-
- Section(Section) - Constructor for class model.Section
-
- set(double, double) - Method in class model.Vector2D
-
- set(Vector2D) - Method in class model.Vector2D
-
- setAddress(String) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
Set the id of the address
/!\ the geolocation is not changed so please set the address wisely
to avoid corrupted data
- setArrivalTime(int) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
Sets the arrival time of the delivery
- setCircuit(Circuit) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
- setCircuit(Circuit) - Method in class model.Section
-
- setCircuits(LinkedList<Circuit>) - Method in class model.Model
-
- setCityMap(CityMap) - Method in class model.Model
-
- setColors(Color[]) - Method in class view.Window
-
Creates an array with all colors that will be used for the circuits
- setCommandsList(CommandsList) - Static method in class controller.Controller
-
- setCourierId(int) - Method in class model.Circuit
-
Gets the id of the courier.
- setDeliveries(LinkedList<Delivery>) - Method in class model.DeliveryRequest
-
- setDeliveryRequest(DeliveryRequest) - Method in class model.Model
-
- setDepartureTime(Time) - Method in class model.Circuit
-
Sets the departure time of the circuit
- setDepartureTime(Time) - Method in class model.DeliveryRequest
-
- setDuration(int) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
Sets the duration of the delivery
- setEndIntersection(Intersection) - Method in class model.Section
-
- setFirst(A) - Method in class utils.Pair
-
- setGeolocation(Geolocation) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
Sets the geolocation of the delivery
/!\ be sure to keep this consistent with the address id
- setGeolocation(Geolocation) - Method in class model.Intersection
-
- setId(String) - Method in class model.Intersection
-
- setIsSelected(boolean) - Method in class model.Delivery
-
- setLatitude(double) - Method in class model.Geolocation
-
- setLength(double) - Method in class model.Section
-
- setLongitude(double) - Method in class model.Geolocation
-
- setNewDelivery(Delivery) - Method in class view.CityMapContainerView
-
- setNewDeliveryIntersection(Intersection) - Method in class view.CityMapContainerView
-
- setNumberOfCouriers(int) - Method in class model.Model
-
- setRowColor(Component, Circuit) - Method in class view.DeliveryRequestView
-
Sets the color of a row(containing a specific delivery) according to its circuit number
- setSecond(B) - Method in class utils.Pair
-
- setSections(List<Section>) - Method in class model.Trip
-
- setSelectDelivery(Delivery) - Method in class controller.Controller
-
Sets in the model the delivery currently selected in the UI
- setSelectedDelivery(Delivery) - Method in class model.Model
-
- setShortestPathsForNewDelivery(Delivery, HashMap<String, HashMap<String, Trip>>) - Method in class model.computers.ShortestPathComputer
-
- setStartIntersection(Intersection) - Method in class model.Section
-
- setState(State) - Method in class controller.Controller
-
Changes the state of the controller
- setStreetName(String) - Method in class model.Section
-
- setWaitingState(int) - Method in class view.Window
-
Utility method used when adding a new delivery
state 0 : waits for the user to choose a point on the map
state 1 : waits for the user to set duration and choose a circuit
state 2 : a new delivery is added
- setWarehouseAddress(String) - Method in class model.DeliveryRequest
-
- setWarehouseIntersection(Intersection) - Method in class model.DeliveryRequest
-
- ShortestPathComputer - Class in model.computers
-
Class computes the shortest paths that link deliveries to each
other and to the warehouse using the Dijkstra algorithm.
- ShortestPathComputer() - Constructor for class model.computers.ShortestPathComputer
-
- ShortestPathComputer.IntermediateResult - Class in model.computers
-
This class ressembles the trip class but with this inner class tooltip
- ShortestPathComputer.Link - Class in model.computers
-
This class wraps sections to make the Dijkstra implementation easier
- ShortestPathComputer.LinkTrip - Class in model.computers
-
- SPEED - Static variable in class model.Circuit
-
The average speed of a courier on a trip in km/h.
- State - Interface in controller
-
- StateCircuitsComputed - Class in controller
-
- StateCircuitsComputed() - Constructor for class controller.StateCircuitsComputed
-
- StateCityMapLoaded - Class in controller
-
- StateCityMapLoaded() - Constructor for class controller.StateCityMapLoaded
-
- StateDefault - Class in controller
-
Implements the default version of methods shared by all the states.
- StateDefault() - Constructor for class controller.StateDefault
-
- StateDeliveryRequestLoaded - Class in controller
-
- StateDeliveryRequestLoaded() - Constructor for class controller.StateDeliveryRequestLoaded
-
- StateInit - Class in controller
-
- StateInit() - Constructor for class controller.StateInit
-
- sub(Vector2D) - Method in class model.Vector2D
-
- sub(Vector2D, Vector2D) - Static method in class model.Vector2D
-


Map your results
If you want to see your geo-tagged search results on a map, add a SplunkMap view and bind it to the search manager.
Add a map
Add the SplunkMap view like any other view. You can bind it to any search, but the view works best when your search includes geographic data. To indicate geographic coordinates, the search query must include latitude and longitude fields. The following map and table are bound to the same search manager:
{% splunkmap id="example-map" managerid="geosearch" tileSource="openStreetMap" %} {% table id="example-table" managerid="geosearch" count="5" %} {% searchmanager id="geosearch" search="| inputlookup earthquakes.csv | rename Lat as latitude Lon as longitude | geostats count" preview=True cache=True autostart=True %}The code to create these views is similar to what we've seen so far. We have a SplunkMap view and a Table view, both bound to the same search manager. Note the use of the geostats
search command and the latitude
and longitude
fields in the search query.
{% splunkmap id="example-map" managerid="geosearch" %} {% table id="example-table" managerid="geosearch" count="5" %} {% searchmanager id="geosearch" search="| inputlookup earthquakes.csv | rename Lat as latitude Lon as longitude | geostats count" preview=True cache=True autostart=True %}


This is a heading
This is an "a" div
This is a "b" div
Link to Google
This is a p
Door 1
Door 2
Door 3
Door 4


Just another Xfce 4.4 review
Another interesting review of Xfce 4.4.
Another interesting review of Xfce 4.4.
Hopefully the last release candidate for 4.4.0...
I just released Thunar-0.5.0rc2 and libexo-<IP_ADDRESS>rc2 as part of Xfce 4.4RC2, which will be released in a few hours. The separate tarballs are provided for users of Xfce 4.2.x that don't want to upgrade yet, and users of other desktop environments. It is planned to be the last release candidate before the final release, so please help with testing so we can locate and elimate the leftover bugs for the final release.
You will need atleast libxfce4util 4.2.2, GTK+ 2.6.4, shared-mime-info 0.15 and desktop-file-utils 0.10 to build and run Thunar. In addition Gamin or FAM are highly recommended to enable file system monitoring in Thunar. For HAL support on Linux, the libhal-storage-devel package is required (0.5.0 or above). Furthermore if you want to use the trash panel applet, you will need the Xfce Panel 4.4BETA1 or above and D-Bus 0.34 or above. The README
file contains a complete list of dependencies and optional packages.
The official announcement is available at: http://thunar.xfce.org/news.html#2006-11-05
Several screenshots are available at: http://thunar.xfce.org/screenshots.html
The source tarballs and the graphical installer can be downloaded from: http://thunar.xfce.org/download.html#0.5.0
Installation instructions and documentation are available at: http://thunar.xfce.org/pwiki/
Please report bugs to the Xfce Bug Tracker (product Thunar) at: http://bugzilla.xfce.org/
This is a minor release, which adds support for the new Drag'n'Drop menu in Thunar 0.5.0 and tangoified icons, as well as several new and updated translations.
Download: http://developer.berlios.de/project/showfiles.php?group_id=910&release_id=11557
Release notes: http://developer.berlios.de/project/shownotes.php?release_id=11557
Website (with screenshots): http://foo-projects.org/~benny/projects/thunar-archive-plugin/index.html
Unfortunately I have the flu and so I'm somewhat late with posting old news here... Anyway, Xfld 0.3 is finally available for download. This time it's based on Xubuntu. And as usual it is the perfect LiveCD for nearly every use case. ;-)


Universal features
For core part-of-speech categories, see the universal POS tags. The features listed here distinguish additional lexical and grammatical properties of words, not covered by the POS tags.
|
|
Animacy
: animacy
Similarly to Gender (and to the African noun classes), animacy is usually a lexical feature of nouns and inflectional feature of other parts of speech (pronouns, adjectives, determiners, numerals, verbs) that mark agreement with nouns. It is independent of gender, therefore it is encoded separately in some tagsets (e.g. all the Multext-East tagsets). On the other hand, in Czech the (almost) only grammatical implications occur within the masculine gender, which is why the PDT tagset does not have animateness as separate feature and instead defines four genders: masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine and neuter. We follow the two-feature approach used in Multext-East (many languages) because it is safer.
Polish is special in that it also distinguishes grammatically human vs. non-human animates. It can be demonstrated by inflection of the example word który “which” (boldface forms differ from the middle row):
| gender | sg-nom | sg-gen | sg-dat | sg-acc | sg-ins | sg-loc | pl-nom | pl-gen | pl-dat | pl-acc | pl-ins | pl-loc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| animate human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | którzy | których | którym | których | którymi | których |
| animate non-human | który | którego | któremu | którego | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
| in-animate | który | którego | któremu | który | którym | którym | które | których | którym | które | którymi | których |
Anim
: animate
Human beings, animals, fictional characters, names of professions etc. are all animate. Even nouns that are normally inanimate can be inflected as animate if they are personified. For instance, consider a children’s story about cars where cars live and talk as people; then the cars may become and be inflected as animates.
Nhum
: animate but non-human
Attested in Polish. In languages where Nhum is used, Anim
is
restricted to human beings (complement of Nhum
).
Inan
: inanimate
Nouns that are not animate are inanimate. (If Nhum
is used, nouns
that are neither Anim
nor Nhum
are Inan
.)
Aspect
: aspect
Aspect is typically a feature of verbs. It may also occur with other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs), depending on whether borderline word forms such as gerunds and participles are classified as verbs or as the other category.
Aspect is a feature that specifies duration of the action in time, whether the action has been completed etc. In some languages (e.g. English), some tenses are actually combinations of tense and aspect. In other languages (e.g. Czech), aspect and tense are separate, although not completely independent of each other.
In Czech and other Slavic languages, aspect is a lexical feature. Pairs of imperfective and perfective verbs exist and are often morphologically related but the space is highly irregular and the verbs are considered to belong to separate lemmas.
Since we proceed bottom-up, the current standard covers only a few aspect values found in corpora. See Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect) for a long list of other possible aspects.
Imp
: imperfect aspect
The action took / takes / will take some time span and there is no information whether and when it was / will be completed.
Examples
- [cs] péci “to bake” (Imp); pekl chleba “he baked / was baking a bread”
Perf
: perfect aspect
The action has been / will have been completed. Since there is emphasis on one point on the time scale (the point of completion), this aspect does not work well with the present tense. For example, Czech morphology can create present forms of perfective verbs but these actually have a future meaning.
Examples
- [cs] upéci “to bake” (Perf); upekl chleba “he baked / has baked a bread”
Pro
: prospective aspect
Used in Basque. A combination of tense and aspect that indicates the action is in preparation to take place.
Prog
: progressive aspect
English progressive tenses (I am eating, I have been doing …) have this aspect. They are constructed analytically (auxiliary + present participle) but the -ing participle is so bound to progressive meaning that it seems a good idea to annotate it with this feature (we have to distinguish it from the past participle somehow; we may use both the “Tense” and the “Aspect” features).
In languages other than English, the progressive meaning may be expressed by morphemes bound to the main verb, which makes this value even more justified. Example is Turkish.
Case
: case
Case
is usually an inflectional feature of nouns and,
depending on language, other parts of speech (pronouns,
adjectives, determiners, numerals,
verbs) that mark agreement with nouns. In some tagsets
it is also valency feature of adpositions (saying that
the adposition requires its argument to be in that case).
Case helps specify the role of the noun phrase in the sentence, especially in free-word-order languages. For example, the nominative and accusative cases often distinguish subject and object of the verb, while in fixed-word-order languages these functions would be distinguished merely by the positions of the nouns in the sentence.
Here on the level of morphosyntactic features we are dealing with case expressed morphologically, i.e. by bound morphemes (affixes). Note that on a higher level case can be understood more broadly as the role, and it can be also expressed by adding an adposition to the noun. What is expressed by affixes in one language can be expressed using adpositions in another language. Cf. the u-dep/case dependency label.
Examples
- [cs] nominative matka “mother”, genitive matky, dative matce, accusative matku, vocative matko, locative matce, instrumental matkou
- [de] nominative der Mann “the man”, genitive des Mannes, dative dem Mann, accusative den Mann
- [en] nominative/direct case he, she, accusative/oblique case him, her.
The descriptions of the individual case values below include semantic hints about the prototypical meaning of the case. Bear in mind that quite often a case will be used for a meaning that is totally unrelated to the meaning mentioned here. Valency of verbs, adpositions and other words will determine that the noun phrase must be in a particular grammatical case to fill a particular valency slot (semantic role). It is much the same as trying to explain the meaning of prepositions: most people would agree that the central meaning of English in is location in space or time but there are phrases where the meaning is less locational: In God we trust. Say it in English.
Note that Indian corpora based on the so-called Paninian model use a
related feature called vibhakti. It is a merger of the Case feature
described here and of various postpositions. Values of the feature are
language-dependent because they are copies of the relevant morphemes
(either bound morphemes or postpositions). Vibhakti can be mapped on
the Case values described here if we know 1. which source values are
bound morphemes (postpositions are separate nodes for us) and 2. what
is their meaning. For instance, the genitive case (Gen
) in Bengali
is marked using the suffix -ra (-র), i.e. vib=era. In Hindi, the
suffix has been split off the noun and it is now written as a separate
word – the postposition kā/kī/ke (का/की/के). Even if the
postpositional phrase can be understood as a genitive noun phrase, the
noun is not in genitive. Instead, the postposition requires that it
takes one of three case forms that are marked directly on the noun:
the oblique case (Acc
).
Nom
: nominative / direct
The base form of the noun, typically used as citation form (lemma). In many languages this is the word form used for subjects of clauses. If the language has only two cases, which are called “direct” and “oblique”, the direct case will be marked Nom.
Acc
: accusative / oblique
Perhaps the second most widely spread morphological case. In many languages this is the word form used for direct objects of verbs. If the language has only two cases, which are called “direct” and “oblique”, the oblique case will be marked Acc.
Abs
: absolutive
Some languages (e.g. Basque) do not use nominative-accusative to distinguish subjects and objects. Instead, they use the contrast of absolutive-ergative.
The absolutive case marks subject of intransitive verb and direct object of transitive verb.
Erg
: ergative
Some languages (e.g. Basque) do not use nominative-accusative to distinguish subjects and objects. Instead, they use the contrast of absolutive-ergative.
The ergative case marks subject of transitive verb.
Dat
: dative
In many languages this is the word form used for indirect objects of verbs.
Examples
- [de] Ich gebe meinem Bruder ein Geschenk. “I give my brother a present.” (meinem Bruder “my brother” is dative and ein Geschenk “a present” is accusative.)
Gen
: genitive
Prototypical meaning of genitive is that the noun phrase somehow belongs to its governor; it would often be translated by the English preposition of. English has the “saxon genitive” formed by the suffix ‘s; but we will normally not need the feature in English because the suffix gets separated from the noun during tokenization.
Note that despite considerable semantic overlap, the genitive case is not the same as the feature of possessivity (Poss). Possessivity is a lexical feature, i.e. it applies to lemma and its whole paradigm. Genitive is a feature of just a subset of word forms of the lemma. Semantics of possessivity is much more clearly defined while the genitive (as many other cases) may be required in situations that have nothing to do with possessing. For example, [cs] bez prezidentovy dcery “without the president’s daughter” is a prepositional phrase containing the preposition bez “without”, the possessive adjective prezidentovy “president’s” and the noun dcery “daughter”. The possessive adjective is derived from the noun prezident but it is really an adjective (with separate lemma and paradigm), not just a form of the noun. In addition, both the adjective and the noun are in their genitive forms (the nominative would be prezidentova dcera). There is nothing possessive about this particular occurrence of the genitive. It is there because the preposition bez always requires its argument to be in genitive.
Examples
- [cs] Praha je hlavní město České republiky. “Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic.”
Note that in Basque, Gen should be used for possessive genitive (as opposed to locative genitive): diktadorearen erregimena “dictator’s regime”; diktadore “dictator”.
Voc
: vocative
The vocative case is a special form of noun used to address someone. Thus it predominantly appears with animate nouns (see the feature of Animacy). Nevertheless this is not a grammatical restriction and inanimate things can be addressed as well.
Examples
- [cs] Co myslíš, Filipe? “What do you think, Filip?”
Loc
: locative
The locative case often expresses location in space or time, which gave it its name. As elsewhere, non-locational meanings also exist and they are not rare. Uralic languages have a complex set of fine-grained locational and directional cases (see below) instead of the locative. Even in languages that have locative, some location roles may be expressed using other cases (e.g. because those cases are required by a preposition).
In Slavic languages this is the only case that is used exclusively in combination with prepositions (but such a restriction may not hold in other languages that have locative).
Examples
- [cs] V červenci jsem byl ve Švédsku. “In July I was in Sweden.”
- [cs] Mluvili jsme tam o morfologii. “We talked there about morphology.” (Non-locational non-temporal example)
Ins
: instrumental / instructive
The role from which the name of the instrumental case is derived is that the noun is used as instrument to do something (as in [cs] psát perem “to write using a pen”). Many other meanings are possible, e.g. in Czech the instrumental is required by the preposition s “with” and thus it includes the meaning expressed in other languages by the comitative case.
In Czech the instrumental is also used for the agent-object in passive constructions (cf. the English preposition by).
Examples
- [cs] Tento zákon byl schválen vládou. “This bill has been approved by the government.” (Passive example)
A semantically similar case called instructive is used rarely in Finnish to express “with (the aid of)”. It can be applied to infinitives that behave much like nouns in Finnish. We propose one label for both instrumental and instructive (instrumental is not defined in Finnish).
Examples
- [fi] lähteä “to leave”; 2003 lähtien “since 2003” (second infinitive in the instructive case)
- [fi] yllättää “to surprise”; sekaantui yllättäen valtataisteluun lit. was-involved-in by-surprise.Ins power-struggle.Ill.
Par
: partitive
In Finnish the partitive case expresses indefinite identity and unfinished actions without result.
Examples
- [fi] kolme taloa “three houses”; (the -a suffix of talo)
- [fi] rakastan tätä taloa “I love this house”
- [fi] saanko lainata kirjaa? “can I borrow the book?” (the -a suffix of kirja)
- [fi]lasissa on maitoa “there is (some) milk in the glass”
Examples comparing partitive with accusative: ammuin karhun “I shot a bear.Acc” (and I know that it is dead); ammuin karhua “I shot at a bear.Par” (but I may have missed).
Using accusative instead of partitive may also substitute the missing future tense: luen kirjan “I will read the book.Acc”; luen kirjaa “I am reading the book.Par”.
Dis
: distributive
The distributive case conveys that something happened to every member of a set, one in a time. Or it may express frequency.
Examples
- [hu] fejenként “per capita”
- [hu] esetenként “in some cases”
- [hu] hetenként “once per week, weekly”
- [hu] tízpercenként “every ten minutes”
Ess
: essive / prolative
The essive case expresses a temporary state, often it corresponds to
English “as a …” A similar case in Basque is called prolative
and it should be tagged Ess
too.
Examples
- [fi] lapsi “child”; lapsena “as a child / when he/she was child”
- [et] laps “child”; lapsena “as a child”
- [eu] erreformista “reformer”; erreformistatzat “as a reformer”
Tra
: translative / factive
The translative case expresses a change of state (“it becomes X”, “it changes to X”). Also used for the phrase “in language X”. In the Szeged Treebank, this case is called factive.
Examples
- [fi] pitkä “long”; kasvoi pitkäksi “grew long”
- [fi] englanti “English language”; englanniksi “in/into English”
- [fi] kello kuusi “six o’clock”; kello kuudeksi “by six o’clock”
- [et] kell kuus “six o’clock”; kella kuueks “by six o’clock”
- [hu] Oroszlány halott várossá válhat. lit. Oroszlány dead city.Tra could-become. “Oroszlány could become a dead city.”
Com
: comitative / associative
The comitative (also called associative) case corresponds to English “together with …”
Examples
- [et] koer “dog”; koeraga “with dog”
Abe
: abessive
The abessive case corresponds to the English preposition without.
Examples
- [fi] raha “money”; rahatta “without money”
Ine
: inessive
The inessive case expresses location inside of something.
Examples
- [hu] ház “house”; házban “in the house”
- [fi] talo “house”; talossa “in the house”
- [et] maja “house”; majas “in the house”
Ill
: illative
The illative case expresses direction into something.
Examples
- [hu]ház “house”; házba “into the house”
- [fi] talo “house”; taloon “into the house”
- [et] maja “house”; majasse / majja “into the house”
Ela
: elative
The elative case expresses direction out of something.
Examples
- [hu]ház “house”; házból “from the house”
- [fi] talo “house”; talosta “from the house”
- [et] maja “house”; majast “from the house”
Add
: additive
Distinguished by some scholars in Estonian, not recognized by traditional grammar, exists in the Multext-East Estonian tagset and in the Eesti keele puudepank. Reportedly same or similar meaning as illative. Forms of this case exist only in singular and not for all nouns.
Ade
: adessive
The adessive case expresses location at or on something. The corresponding directional cases are allative (towards something) and ablative (from something).
Examples
- [hu] pénztár “cash desk”; pénztárnál “at the cash desk”
- [fi] pöytä “table”; pöydällä “on the table”
- [et] laud “table”;laual “on the table”
Note that adessive is used to express location on the surface of something in Finnish and Estonian, but does not carry this meaning in Hungarian.
All
: allative
The allative case expresses direction to something (destination is adessive, i.e. at or on that something).
Examples
- [hu] pénztár “cash desk”; pénztárhoz “to the cash desk”
- [fi] pöytä “table”; pöydälle “onto the table”
Abl
: ablative
Prototypical meaning: direction from some point.
Examples
- [hu] a barátomtól jövök “I’m coming from my friend”
- [fi] pöydältä “from the table”; katolta “from the roof”; rannalta “from the beach”
Sup
: superessive
Used, chiefly in Hungarian, to indicate location on top of something or on the surface of something.
Examples
- [hu] asztal “table”; asztalon “on the table”
- [hu] könyvek “books”; könyveken “on books”
Sub
: sublative
The sublative case is used in Finno-Ugric languages to express the destination of movement, originally to the surface of something (e.g. “to climb a tree”), and, by extension, in other figurative meanings as well (e.g. “to university”).
Examples
- [hu] Belgrádtól 150 kilométerre délnyugatra lit. Belgrade.Abl 150 kilometer.Sub southwest.Sub “150 kilometers southwest of Belgrade”
- [hu] hajó “ship”; hajóra “onto the ship”
- [hu] bokorra “on the shrub”
Del
: delative
Used, chiefly in Hungarian, to express the movement from the surface of something (like “moved off the table”). Other meanings are possible as well, e.g. “about something”.
Examples
- [hu] asztal “table”; az asztalról “off the table”
- [hu]Budapestről jövök “I am coming from Budapest”
Lat
: lative / directional allative
The lative case denotes movement towards/to/into/onto something. Similar case in Basque is called directional allative (Spanish adlativo direccional). However, lative is typically thought of as a union of allative, illative and sublative, while in Basque it is derived from allative, which also exists independently.
Examples
- [eu] behe “low”; beherantz “down”
Tem
: temporal
The temporal case is used to indicate time.
Examples
- [hu] hétkor “at seven (o’clock)”; éjfélkor “at midnight”; karácsonykor “at Christmas”
Ter
: terminative / terminal allative
The terminative case specifies where something ends in space or time. Similar case in Basque is called terminal allative (Spanish adlativo terminal).
Examples
- [et] jõeni “down to the river”; kella kuueni “till six o’clock”
- [hu] a házig “up to the house”; hat óráig “till six o’clock”
- [eu] erdi “half”; erdiraino “up to the half”
Cau
: causative / motivative
Noun in this case is the cause of something. In Hungarian it also seems to be used frequently with currency (“to buy something for the money”) and it also can mean the goal of something.
Examples
- [hu] Egy világcég benzinkútjánál 7183 forintért tankoltam. lit. a world-wide.company petrol.station.Ade 7183 forint.Cau refueled “I refueled my car at the petrol station of a world-wide company for 7183 forints.”
- [hu] Elmentem a boltba tejért. lit. went the shop.Ill milk.Cau “I went to the shop to buy milk.”
- [eu] jokaera “behavior”; jokaeragatik “because of behavior”
Ben
: benefactive / destinative
The benefactive case corresponds to the English preposition for.
Examples
- [eu] mutil “boy”; mutilarentzat “for boys”
Definite
: definiteness or state
Definiteness is typically a feature of nouns, adjectives and articles. Its value distinguishes whether we are talking about something known and concrete, or something general or unknown. It can be marked on definite and indefinite articles, or directly on nouns, adjectives etc. In Arabic, definiteness is also called the “state”.
Ind
: indefinite
Examples
- [en] a dog
Def
: definite
Examples
- [en] the dog
Red
: reduced
Used in construct state in Arabic. If two nouns are in genitive relation, the first one (the “nomen regens”) has “reduced definiteness,” the second is the genitive and can be either definite or indefinite. Reduced form has neither the definite morpheme (article), nor the indefinite morpheme (nunation).
Examples
- [ar] indefinite state: حلوَةٌ_ḥulwatun_ “a sweet”; definite state: الحلوَةُ al-ḥulwatu “the sweet”; حلوَةُ ḥulwatu “sweet of”.
Com
: complex
Used in improper annexation in Arabic. The genitive construction described above normally consists of two nouns (first reduced, second genitive). That is called proper annexation or iḍāfa. If the first member is an adjective or adjectivally used participle and the second member is a definite noun, the construction is called improper annexation or false iḍāfa. The result is a compound adjective that is usually used as an attributive adjunct and thus must agree in definiteness with the noun it modifies. Its first part (the adjective or participle) may get again the definite article. Although it may look the same as the form for the definite state, it is assigned a special value of complex state to reflect the different origin. See also Hajič et al. page 3.
Examples:
- [ar] مُخْتَلِفٌ muxtalifun “different/various” (active participle, Form VIII); نَوْعٌ ج أنْوَاعٌ nawˀun ja anwāˀun “kind”; مُخْتَلِفُ الأنْوَاعِ muxtalifu al-anwāˀi “of various kinds” (false iḍāfa); مَشَاكِلُ مُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ mašākilu muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi “problems of various kinds”; اَلْمَشَاكِلُ الْمُخْتَلِفَةُ الأنْوَاعِ al-mašākilu al-muxtalifatu al-anwāˀi “the problems of various kinds”.
Degree
: degree of comparison
Degree of comparison is typically an inflectional feature of some adjectives and adverbs.
Pos
: positive, first degree
This is the base form that merely states a quality of something, without comparing it to qualities of others. Note that although this degree is traditionally called “positive”, negative properties can be compared, too.
Examples
- [en] young man
- [cs] mladý muž
Cmp
: comparative, second degree
The quality of one object is compared to the same quality of another object.
Examples
- [en] the man is younger than me
- [cs] ten muž je mladší než já
Sup
: superlative, third degree
The quality of one object is compared to the same quality of all other objects within a set.
Examples
- [en] this is the youngest man in our team
- [cs] toto je nejmladší muž v našem týmu
Abs
: absolute superlative
Some languages can express morphologically that the studied quality of the given object is so strong that there is hardly any other object exceeding it. The quality is not actually compared to any particular set of objects.
Examples
- [es] guapo “handsome”; guapísimo “indescribably handsome”
Gender
: gender
Gender
is usually a lexical feature of nouns and inflectional feature
of other parts of speech (pronouns,
adjectives, determiners, numerals,
verbs) that mark agreement with
nouns. In English gender affects only the choice of the personal
pronoun (he / she / it) and the feature is usually not encoded in
English tagsets.
See also the related feature of Animacy.
African languages have an analogous feature of noun classes: there might be separate grammatical categories for flat objects, long thin objects etc. African noun classes are not covered in the current proposal because none of the tagsets on which the proposal is based are for a language with noun classes. They might be added in future.
 Other nouns may be also grammatically masculine, without any relation to sex.
Examples
- [cs] hrad “castle”
Fem
: feminine gender
Nouns denoting female persons are feminine. Other nouns may be also grammatically feminine, without any relation to sex.
Examples
- [de] Burg “castle”
Neut
: neuter gender
Some languages have only the masculine/feminine distinction while others also have this third gender for nouns that are neither masculine nor feminine (grammatically).
Examples
- [cs] dítě “child”
Com
: common gender
Some languages do not distinguish masculine/feminine most of the time but they do distinguish neuter vs. non-neuter (Swedish neutrum / utrum). The non-neuter is called common gender.
Note that it could also be expressed as a combined value
Gender=Fem,Masc
. Nevertheless we keep Com
also as a separate
value. Combined feature values should only be used in exceptional,
undecided cases, not for something that occurs systematically in the
grammar. Language-specific extensions to these guidelines should
determine whether the Com
value is appropriate for a particular
language.
Note further that the Com
value is not intended for cases where
we just cannot derive the gender from the word itself (without seeing the context),
while the language actually distinguishes Masc
and Fem
.
For example, in Spanish, nouns distinguish two genders, masculine and feminine, and
every noun can be classified as either Masc
or Fem
. Adjectives are supposed to
agree with nouns in gender (and number), which they typically achieve by alternating -o / -a.
But then there are adjectives such as grande or feliz that have only one form for both genders.
So we cannot tell whether they are masculine or feminine unless we see the context.
Yet they are either masculine or feminine (feminine in una ciudad grande, masculine in un puerto grande).
Therefore in Spanish we should not tag grande with Gender=Com
.
Instead, we should either drop the gender feature entirely
(suggesting that this word does not inflect for gender)
or tag individual instances of grande as either masculine or feminine, depending on context.
Mood
: mood
Mood is a feature that expresses modality and subclassifies finite verb forms.
Ind
: indicative
The indicative can be considered the default mood. A verb in indicative merely states that something happens, has happened or will happen, without adding any attitude of the speaker.
Examples
- [cs] Studuješ na univerzitě. “You study at the university.”
- [de] Du studierst an der Universität. “You study at the university.”
Imp
: imperative
The speaker uses imperative to order or ask the addressee to do the action of the verb.
Examples
- [cs] Studuj na univerzitě! “Study at the university!”
- [de] Studiere an der Universität! “Study at the university!”
Cnd
: conditional
The conditional mood is used to express actions that would have taken place under some circumstances but they actually did not / do not happen. Grammars of some languages may classify conditional as tense (rather than mood) but e.g. in Czech it combines with two different tenses (past and present).
Examples
- [cs] Kdybych byl chytrý, studoval bych na univerzitě. “If I were smart I would study at the university” (note that only the auxiliary bych is specific to conditional; the active participle byl is also needed to analytically form the conditional mood, however, it will only be tagged as participle because it can also be used to form past tense indicative.)
Pot
: potential
The action of the verb is likely but not certain. Used e.g. in Finnish.
Sub
: subjunctive / conjunctive
The subjunctive mood is used under certain circumstances in subordinate clauses, typically for actions that are subjective or otherwise uncertain. In German, it may be also used to convey the conditional meaning.
Examples
- [fr] Je veux que tu le fasses “I want you to do it” lit. I want that you it do.Sub
Jus
: jussive
The jussive mood expresses the desire that the action happens. Used e.g. in Arabic.
Qot
: quotative
The quotative mood is used e.g. in Estonian to denote direct speech.
Opt
: optative
Used e.g. in Turkish in exclamations like “May you have a long life!” or “If only I were rich!”
Des
: desiderative
The desiderative mood corresponds to the modal verb “want to”: “He wants to come.” Used e.g. in Turkish.
Nec
: necessitative
The necessitative mood corresponds to the modal verbs “must, should, have to”: “He must come.” Used e.g. in Turkish.
Negative
: whether the word can be or is negated
Negativeness is typically a feature of verbs, adjectives, sometimes also adverbs and nouns in languages that negate using bound morphemes. For instance, all Czech verbs and adjectives can be negated using the prefix ne-. In English, verbs are negated using the particle not and adjectives are also negated using prefixes, although the process is less productive than in Czech (wise – unwise, probable – improbable).
Note that Negative=Neg
is not the same thing as
PronType=Neg
. For pronouns and other pronominal parts of speech
there is no such binary opposition as for verbs and adjectives. (There
is no such thing as “affirmative pronoun”.)
The negativeness feature could be also used to distinguish response interjections yes and no.
Pos
: positive, affirmative
Examples
- [cs] přišel “he came”
Neg: negative
Examples
- [cs] nepřišel “he did not come”
NumType
: numeral type
Some languages (especially Slavic) have a complex system of numerals. For example, in the school grammar of Czech, the main part of speech is “numeral”, it includes almost everything where counting is involved and there are various subtypes. It also includes interrogative, relative, indefinite and demonstrative words referring to numbers (words like kolik / how many, tolik / so many, několik / some, a few), so at the same time we may have a non-empty value of PronType. (In English, these words are called quantifiers and they are considered a subgroup of determiners.)
From the syntactic point of view, some numtypes behave like adjectives
and some behave like adverbs. We tag them u-pos/ADJ and
u-pos/ADV respectively. Thus the NumType
feature applies to
several different parts of speech:
- u-pos/NUM: cardinal numerals
- u-pos/DET: quantifiers
- u-pos/ADJ: definite adjectival, e.g. ordinal numerals
- u-pos/ADV: adverbial (e.g. ordinal and multiplicative) numerals, both definite and pronominal
Card
: cardinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
Note that in some Indo-European languages there is a fuzzy borderline between numerals and nouns for thousand, million and billion.
Examples
- [en] one, two, three
- [cs] jeden, dva, tři “one, two, three”; kolik “how many”; několik “some”; tolik “so many”; mnoho “many”; málo “few”
Ord
: ordinal number or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
This is a subtype of adjective or (in some languages) of adverb.
Examples
- [en] first, second, third;
- [cs] adjectival: první “first”; druhý “second”, třetí “third”; kolikátý lit. how manieth “which rank”; několikátý “some rank”; tolikátý “this/that rank”
- [cs] adverbial: poprvé “for the first time”; podruhé “for the second time”; potřetí “for the third time”; pokolikáté “for which time”, poněkolikáté “for x-th time”, potolikáté
Mult
: multiplicative numeral or corresponding interrogative / relative / indefinite / demonstrative word
This is subtype of adverb.
Examples
- [cs] jednou “once”; dvakrát “twice”; třikrát “three times”; kolikrát “how many times”, několikrát “several times”; tolikrát “so many times”
Frac
: fraction
This is a subtype of cardinal numbers, occasionally distinguished in corpora. It may denote a fraction or just the denominator of the fraction. In various languages these words may behave morphologically and syntactically as nouns or ordinal numerals.
Examples
- [en] three-quarters
- [cs] půl / polovina “half”; třetina “one third”; čtvrt / čtvrtina “quarter”
Sets
: number of sets of things
Morphologically distinct class of numerals used to count sets of things, or nouns that are pluralia tantum.
Examples
- [cs] dvoje / troje boty “two / three [pairs of] shoes”; as opposed to normal cardinal numbers: dvě / tři boty “two / three shoes”
Dist
: distributive numeral
Used to express that the same quantity is distributed to each member in a set of targets.
Examples
- [hu] három-három in gyermekenként három-három ezer forinttal “three thousand forint per child”
Range
: range of values
This could be considered a subtype of cardinal numbers, occasionally distinguished in corpora.
Examples
- [en] two-five “two to five” (provided tokenization leaves it as one token.)
Gen
: generic numeral, i.e. a numeral that is neither of the above
Czech school grammar distinguishes this subclass, which is why it
appears in Czech tagsets. Other Slavic languages may have similar
words but their traditional classification may differ. (Note that
“generic numerals” in Czech grammar also include the Sets
subclass
mentioned above.)
Examples
- [cs] čtvero, patero, desatero (specific forms of four, five, ten; they are morphologically, syntactically and stylistically distinct from the default forms čtyři, pět, deset); dvojí, trojí, čtverý (twofold, threefold, fourfold; these are morphologically and syntactically adjectives).
Number
: number
Number
is usually an inflectional feature of nouns and,
depending on language, other parts of speech (pronouns,
adjectives, determiners, numerals,
verbs) that mark agreement with nouns.
Sing
: singular number
A singular noun denotes one person, animal or thing.
Examples
- [en] car
Plur
: plural number
A plural noun denotes several persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [en] cars
Dual
: dual number
A dual noun denotes two persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [sl] singular glas “voice”, dual glasova “voices”, plural glasovi “voices”
- [ar] singular سَنَةٌ sanatun “year”, dual سَنَتَانِ sanatāni “years”, plural سِنُونَ sinūna “years”.
Ptan
: plurale tantum
Some nouns appear only in the plural form even though they denote one
thing (semantic singular); some tagsets mark this distinction.
Grammatically they behave like plurals, so Plur
is obviously the
back-off value here; however, if the language also marks gender, the
non-existence of singular form sometimes means that the gender is
unknown. In Czech, special type of numerals is used when counting
nouns that are plurale tantum (NumType = Sets).
Examples
- [en] scissors, pants
- [cs] nůžky, kalhoty
Coll
: collective / mass / singulare tantum
Collective or mass or singulare tantum is a special case of singular. It applies to words that use grammatical singular to describe sets of objects, i.e. semantic plural. Although in theory they might be able to form plural, in practice it would be rarely semantically plausible. Sometimes, the plural form exists and means “several sorts of” or “several packages of”.
Examples
- [cs] lidstvo “mankind”
Person
: person
Person is typically feature of personal and possessive pronouns / determiners, and of verbs. On verbs it is in fact an agreement feature that marks the person of the verb’s subject (some languages, e.g. Basque, can also mark person of objects). Person marked on verbs makes it unnecessary to always add a personal pronoun as subject and thus subjects are sometimes dropped (pro-drop languages).
1
: first person
In singular, the first person refers just to the speaker / author. In plural, it must include the speaker and one or more additional persons. Some languages (e.g. Taiwanese) distinguish inclusive and exclusive 1st person plural pronouns: the former include the addressee of the utterance (i.e. I + you), the latter exclude them (i.e. I + they).
Examples
- [en] I, we
- [cs] dělám “I do”
2
: second person
In singular, the second person refers to the addressee of the utterance / text. In plural, it may mean several addressees and optionally some third persons too.
Examples
- [en] you
- [cs] děláš “you do”
3
: third person
The third person refers to one or more persons that are neither speakers nor addressees.
Examples
- [en] he, she, it, they
- [cs] dělá “he/she/it does”
Poss
: possessive
Boolean feature of pronouns, determiners or adjectives. It tells whether the word is possessive.
While many tagsets would have “possessive” as one of the various pronoun types, this feature is intentionally separate from PronType, as it is orthogonal to pronominal types. Several of the pronominal types can be optionally possessive, and adjectives can too.
Yes
: it is possessive
Note that there is no No
value. If the word is not possessive, the
Poss
feature will just not be mentioned in the FEAT
column. (Which
means that empty value has the No
meaning.)
Examples
- [en] my, your, his, mine, yours, whose
- [cs] possessive adjectives: otcův “father’s”, matčin “mother’s”
PronType
: pronominal type
This feature typically applies to pronouns, determiners, pronominal numerals (quantifiers) and pronominal adverbs.
Prs
: personal or possessive personal pronoun or determiner
See also the Poss feature that distinguishes normal personal
pronouns from possessives. Note that Prs
also includes reflexive
personal/possessive pronouns (e.g. [cs] se / svůj; see the
Reflex feature).
Examples
- [en] I, you, he, she, it, we, they, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs
Rcp
: reciprocal pronoun
Examples
- [de] einander, “each other”
- [da] hinanden “each other”
Art
: article
Article is a special case of determiner that bears the feature of definiteness (in other languages, the feature may be marked directly on nouns).
Examples
- [en] a, an, the
- [de] ein, eine, der, die, das
- [es] un, una, el, la
Int
: interrogative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Note that possessive interrogative determiners (whose) can be distinguished by the Poss feature.
Examples:
- [cs/en] kdo / who, co / what, který / which, čí / whose, kolik / how many, how much, kolikátý / how-maniest (ordinal number), kolikrát / how many times, kde / where, kam / where to, kdy / when, jak / how, proč / why
Rel
: relative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Note that in many languages this class heavily overlaps with interrogatives, yet there are pronouns that are only relative, and in some languages (Bulgarian, Hindi) the two classes seem to be distinct.
Examples:
- [cs] jenž, což “which”, “that” (relative but not interrogative pronouns); jehož “whose” (possessive relative pronoun)
Dem
: demonstrative pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
These are often parallel to interrogatives. Some tagsets might also distinguish a separate feature of distance (here / there; [es] aquí / ahí / allí).
Examples
- [cs/en] tento / this, tamten / that, takový / such, týž / same, tolik / so much, tolikátý / so-maniest (ordinal number), tolikrát / so many times, tady / here, tam / there, teď / now, tehdy / then, tak / so
Tot
: total (collective) pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples
- [cs/en] každý / every, everybody, everyone, each, všechno / everything, all, všude / everywhere, vždy / always
Neg
: negative pronoun, determiner or adverb
Examples:
- [cs/en] nikdo / nobody, nic / nothing, nijaký / no, ničí / no one’s (possessive negative pronoun), žádný / no, none, nikde / nowhere, nikdy / never, nijak / no way (lit. “no-how”)
Ind
: indefinite pronoun, determiner, numeral or adverb
Note that some tagsets might further subclassify this category to distinguish “some” from “any” etc. Such distinctions are not part of universal features but may be added in language-specific extensions.
Examples
- [cs/en] někdo / somebody, něco / something, některý / some, něčí / someone’s (possessive indefinite pronoun), několik / a few, several (indefinite numeral/quantifier), několikátý / “a fewth”, “severalth” (indefinite ordinal numeral), několikrát / a few times, several times, někde / somewhere, někdy / sometimes, nějak / somehow
- [cs/en] kdokoli / anybody, cokoli / anything, kterýkoli / any, číkoli / anyone’s (possessive indefinite pronoun), kdekoli / anywhere, kdykoli / any time, jakkoli / anyhow
- [cs/en] málokdo / few people, leckdo / quite a few people, kdosi / somebody…
Reflex
: reflexive
Boolean feature, typically of pronouns or determiners. It tells whether the word is reflexive, i.e. refers to the subject of its clause.
While many tagsets would have “reflexive” as one of the various pronoun types, this feature is intentionally separate from PronType, as it is orthogonal to pronominal types.
Note that while some languages also have reflexive verbs, these are in fact fused verbs with reflexive pronouns, as in Spanish despertarse or Russian проснуться (both meaning “to wake up”). Thus in these cases the fused token will be split to two syntactic words, one of them being a reflexive pronoun.
Yes
: it is reflexive
Note that there is no No
value. If the word is not reflexive, the
Reflex
feature will just not be mentioned in the FEAT
column. (Which means that empty value has the No
meaning.)
Examples
- [cs] reflexive personal pronouns: se, si; reflexive possessive pronoun: svůj
Tense
: tense
Tense is typically a feature of verbs. It may also occur with other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs), depending on whether borderline word forms such as gerunds and participles are classified as verbs or as the other category.
Tense is a feature that specifies the time when the action took / takes / will take place, in relation to the current moment or to another action in the utterance. In some languages (e.g. English), some tenses are actually combinations of tense and aspect. In other languages (e.g. Czech), aspect and tense are separate, although not completely independent of each other.
Note that we are defining features that apply to a single word. If a
tense is constructed periphrastically (two or more words,
e.g. auxiliary verb indicative + participle of the main verb) and none
of the participating words are specific to this tense, then the
features will probably not directly reveal the tense. For instance,
[en] I had been there is past perfect (pluperfect) tense,
formed periphrastically by the simple past tense of the auxiliary to
have and the past participle of the main verb to be. The auxiliary
will be tagged VerbForm=Fin|Mood=Ind|Tense=Past
and the participle
will have VerbForm=Part|Tense=Past
; none of the two will have
Tense=Pqp
. On the other hand, Portuguese can form the pluperfect
morphologically as just one word, such as estivera, which will thus be tagged
VerbForm=Fin|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pqp
.
Past
: past tense / preterite / aorist
The past tense denotes actions that happened before the current moment. In English, this is the simple past form. In German, this is the Präteritum. In Turkish, this is the non-narrative past. In Bulgarian, this is aorist, the aspect-neutral past tense that can be used freely with both imperfective and perfective verbs (see also imperfect).
Examples
- [en] he went home
Pres
: present tense
The present tense denotes actions that are happening right now or that usually happen.
Examples
- [en] he goes home
Fut
: future tense
The future tense denotes actions that will happen after the current moment.
Examples
- [es] irá a la casa “he/she/it will go home”
Imp
: imperfect
Used in e.g. Bulgarian and Croatian, imperfect is a special case of the past tense. Note that, unfortunately, imperfect tense is not always the same as past tense + imperfective aspect. For instance, in Bulgarian, there is lexical aspect, inherent in verb meaning, and grammatical aspect, which does not necessarily always match the lexical one. In main clauses, imperfective verbs can have imperfect tense and perfective verbs have perfect tense. However, both rules can be violated in embedded clauses.
Nar
: narrative
Special case of the past tense, this is the Turkish miş-past. The difference is whether the speaker personally witnessed the action he is describing, or not.
Pqp
: pluperfect
The pluperfect denotes action that happened before another action in past. This value does not apply to English where the pluperfect (past perfect) is constructed analytically. It applies e.g. to Portuguese.
VerbForm
: form of verb or deverbative
Even though the name of the feature seems to suggest that it is used
exclusively with verbs, it is not the case. Some verb
forms in some languages actually form a gray zone between verbs and
other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives
and adverbs). For instance, participles may be either
classified as verbs or as adjectives, depending on language and
context. In both cases VerbForm=Part
may be used to separate them
from other verb forms or other types of adjectives.
Fin
: finite verb
Rule of thumb: if it has non-empty Mood, it is finite. But beware that some tagsets conflate verb forms and moods into one feature.
Examples
- [en] I do, he does
Inf
: infinitive
Infinitive is the citation form of verbs in many languages. Unlike in English, it often has morphological form that is distinct from the finite forms. Infinitives may be used together with auxiliaries to form periphrastic tenses (e.g. future tense [cs] budu sedět v letadle “I will sit in a plane”), they appear as arguments of modal verbs etc. In some languages they behave similarly to nouns and are used as such (similar to the gerund in English).
Examples
- [de] ich muss gehen “I must go”
Sup
: supine
Supine is a rare verb form. It survives in some Slavic languages (Slovenian) and is used instead of infinitive as the argument of motion verbs (old [cs] jdu spat lit. I-go sleep).
A form called “supine” also exists in Swedish where it is a special form of the participle, used to form the composite past form of a verb. It is used after the auxiliary verb ha (to have) but not after vara (to be):
- Simple past: I ate (the) dinner = Jag åt maten (using preterite)
- Composite past: I have eaten (the) dinner = Jag har ätit maten (using supine)
- Past participle common: (The) dinner is eaten = Maten är äten (using past participle)
- Past participle neuter: (The) apple is eaten = Äpplet är ätet
- Past participle plural: (The) apples are eaten = Äpplena är ätna
Part
: participle
Participle is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adjectives. Its usage varies across languages. It may be used to form various periphrastic verb forms such as complex tenses and passives; it may be also used purely adjectively.
Other features may help to distinguish past/present participles (English), active/passive participles (Czech), imperfect/perfect participles (Hindi) etc.
Examples
- [en] he could have been prepared if he had forseen it; I will be driving home.
Trans
: transgressive
The transgressive, also called adverbial participle, is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and adverbs. It appears e.g. in Slavic and Indo-Aryan languages.
Examples
- [cs] zírali na mne, pevně svírajíce své zbraně “they stared at me while gripping their guns firmly”; udělavši večeři, zavolala rodinu ke stolu “having prepared the dinner, she called her family to the table”
Ger
: gerund
Gerund is a non-finite verb form that shares properties of verbs and nouns. In English it shares the morphological form with present participle, which may mean that the tagset will not distinguish it from the participle.
Examples
- [en] I look forward to seeing you; he turns a blind eye to my being late
Voice
: voice
Voice is typically a feature of verbs. It may also occur with other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs), depending on whether borderline word forms such as gerunds and participles are classified as verbs or as the other category.
For Indo-European speakers, voice means mainly the active-passive distinction. In other languages, other shades of verb meaning are categorized as voice.
Act
: active voice
The subject of the verb is the doer of the action (agent), the object is affected by the action (patient).
Examples
- [cs] Napadli jsme nepřítele. “We attacked the enemy” (the active participle napadli can be used to form either past tense or conditional mood; here it forms the past tense.)
Pass
: passive voice
The subject of the verb is affected by the action (patient). The doer (agent) is either unexpressed or it appears as an object of the verb.
Examples
- [cs] Jsme napadeni nepřítelem. “We are attacked by the enemy” (the passive participle napadeni is used to form passive in all tenses; here it forms the present passive.)
Rcp
: reciprocal voice
Examples
- [tr] karıştı, tutuştular
Cau
: causative voice
Documentation of the METU Sabanci treebank classifies causative as voice (page 26). Note that this is a feature of verbs. There are languages that have also the causative case of nouns.
Examples
- [tr] karıştırıyor “is confusing”


As the Activities Committee, we do our best to ensure that your ISYF experience is fun, enriching and memorable, even as it has been shifted online. We have put together an exciting line-up of activities to allow you to get to know your fellow participants well and bond through your shared passion for science.
As the Activities Committee, we do our best to ensure that your ISYF experience is fun, enriching and memorable, even as it has been shifted online. We have put together an exciting line-up of activities to allow you to get to know your fellow participants well and bond through your shared passion for science.
Facil Group: xxxxxx
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The Admin and Operations (AnO) committee works around the clock to ensure that you can completely immerse yourself in the grandeur and atmosphere of this conference from the comfort of your homes! We run behind the scenes to make this event a memorable experience for everyone.
The Admin and Operations Committee (AnO) works around the clock to ensure that you can completely immerse yourself in the grandeur and atmosphere of this conference from the comfort of your homes! We run behind the scenes to make this event a memorable experience for everyone.
Facil Group: xxxxxx
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The Dialogue and Discussion Committee (DnD) has an exciting lineup for you! As a delegate, you will have the opportunity to pose questions to eminent scientists at the Meet-the-Scientist Sessions, and gain insights from the sharing of a Nobel Laureate at our Nobel Keynote! See you there!
The Dialogue and Discussion Committee (DnD) has an exciting lineup for you! As a delegate, you will have the opportunity to pose questions to eminent scientists at the Meet-the-Scientist Sessions, and gain insights from the sharing of a Nobel Laureate at our Nobel Keynote! See you there!
Facil Group: xxxxxx
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The Media and Publications Committee (MnP) is responsible for all media projects and efforts, such as the ISYF website, social media pages, and handbook. We hope the content we create will be able to add to and enhance your ISYF experience!
The Media and Publications Committee (MnP) is responsible for all media projects and efforts, such as the ISYF website, social media pages, and handbook. We hope the content we create will be able to add to and enhance your ISYF experience!
Facil Group: xxxxxx
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The pandemic has plunged us into a new normal, where change is the only constant. Science and its role in the world has also undergone major shifts, as we head into an uncertain future, like sailors sailing towards distant shores.
In the same way these explorers used to navigate uncharted waters by referring to the stars, we see science as a reliable beacon that can help guide us out of these challenging times.
Inspired by this analogy, we chose to adopt constellation names as the names of our ISYFdigital groups. Our hope is that indeed, each group will be inspired by its own constellation name to shine bright and light the way forward.
The pandemic has plunged us into a new normal, where change is the only constant. Science and its role in the world has also undergone major shifts, as we head into an uncertain future, like sailors sailing towards distant shores.
In the same way these explorers used to navigate uncharted waters by referring to the stars, we see science as a reliable beacon that can help guide us out of these challenging times.
Inspired by this analogy, we chose to adopt constellation names as the names of our ISYFdigital groups. Our hope is that indeed, each group will be inspired by its own constellation name to shine bright and light the way forward.
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The coolest car in the world, with record-setting
cuteness, age and useless body.
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+35mph
Top Speed
120mi
Mile Range