A Go web development eco-system, designed to make the life of a Go web developer easier.
Latest release: <%= version %>
Requires Go <%= goMinVersion %>+
Buffalo uses Gorilla toolkit to manage routes, sessions, cookies... There might be faster routers out there, but this one is definitely the most powerful!
Write your templates with Plush, using a Rails-like syntax. Extend its features using custom helpers.
If you don't like it, you can use html/template
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Writing a web application module always begins with the same tasks. Buffalo provides you a simple toolbox, the buffalo
command, to generate many parts of your app and run usual tasks.
Extend the toolbox with plugins, using the language you want!
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Deep integration with pop provides a simple way to handle database and common related tasks.
Supported databases: MySQL/ MariaDB, PostgreSQL, CockroachDB, SQLite.
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Welcome to my website! If you can't tell from the title of the website, my name is Kevin Wong, and I'm a student currently working towards
a B.S. in Computer Science at the University of California, San Diego.I have a great love for logic and a burning curiosity that constantly drives me
to figure out how things work, whether it's a program, a machine, or even a mechanical pencil.
I'm familiar with many c-family languages such as C, C++, and Java, as well as
Python and some functional languages such as ocaML and Scala.
I also hold a fondness for puzzles, gaming, and a good sense of humor.
A bot for the messaging application Discord, which is built off of the "Red Discord-Bot" by TwentySix on GitHub.
I implemented a system similar to a trading card system in which users can
draw, collect, and trade images pulled from a database using its REST API. These images are stored in lists which are assigned to each user, and
are stored in JSON files to disk in order to allow them to persist.
Another bot for Discord. This bot is my own bot, and is primarily a soundboard, playing sound files on command through the application into a voice channel.
It makes extensive use of the Discord api as well as uses mechanisms such as a pseudo-implementation of semaphores in order to make the asynchronous nature of its
commands more scalable.
For any job inquiries, feel free to send me an email at the address below!


{% include 'healthcraft.favicon.html' %}
Sign up as a {[{ persona }]}
Sign Up
{[{ persona }]} Log In
Log In
To keep you safe and give you a way to accept deliveries, follow the instructions below to install the CryptoPhoto security and identity app:
[app install stuff]
Ok


S&P downgrades protest-hit Lebanon
DUBAI: Boeing said on Saturday the US Federal Aviation Administration and other global regulators would decide the timing of the return to service of its 737 MAX, which has been grounded since March in the wake of two fatal crashes.
The head of the FAA has told his team to “take whatever time is needed” in its review of the MAX, according to a Nov. 14 memo seen by Reuters, issued days after Boeing said it expected the FAA to certify the 737 MAX in mid-December.
“The FAA and regulators around the world control the schedule,” Stan Deal, chief executive of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, told a news conference on the eve of the Dubai Airshow.


This chart is an applet, it shows all files in a hierarchical manner; do click on it to drill down (right click to see menu).
The bigger the file, the bigger the box and the colour shows delta LOC, the brighter the bigger the delta over the last 30 days.
This page uses JTreeMap.


|
|||||||||
| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| DataCollector | |
| DataListener | An event listener that listens for data items. |
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| DataCollectorQueue | This is a queueing version of the interface atg.service.datacollection.DataCollector. |
| DataCollectorService | |
| DataItem | A basic data item. |
| DataListenerQueue | This is a queueing version of the interface atg.service.datacollection.DataListener. |
| DataSource | Sample data source implementation. |
| FormatField | A FormatField represents a single field in a line of formatted text. |
| FormatFieldEditor | Turns a FormatField into a String and vice versa. |
| FormatFieldPropertyValueParser | PropertyValueParser for a format field. |
| FormattingConsoleLogger | FormattingLogger that writes items to System.out |
| FormattingFileLogger | A FormattingLogger that logs items to the named file. |
| FormattingLogger | Base class for data collection loggers that emit plain text output. |
| FormattingSummaryConsoleLogger | FormattingSummaryLogger that writes items to System.out |
| FormattingSummaryFileLogger | A FormattingSummaryLogger that logs items to the named file. |
| FormattingSummaryLogger | Formats summary items and prints them to output stream. |
| GenericDataListenerService | |
| GenericSummarizer | This is a data collector that summarizes data items into summary items which in turn can be queued or summarized further. |
| JTSQLTableLogger | A DataCollector that logs items to an SQL table. |
| JTSQLTableSummaryLogger | JTSQLTableSummary logger that logs summary events |
| MessageSinkDataListenerService | This message sink passes the messages its receives to a configured data listener |
| SQLColumnMapping | A mapping of a name to a column name. |
| SQLColumnMappingEditor | PropertyEditor for SQLColumnMapping |
| SQLColumnMappingPropertyValueParser | PropertyValueParser for SQLColumnMapping |
| SQLTableLogger | Deprecated. replaced by JTSQLTableLogger |
| SQLTableSummaryLogger | Deprecated. replaced by JTSQLTableSummaryLogger |
| SummaryItem | A data item that holds summary information. |
|
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| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


So
Logo is 40 years old. I’ll take this as an
opportunity to talk about
Logo-the-language (as opposed to
Logo-the-graphics or
Logo-the-educational-experience).
It’s a much better language
than most people appreciate.
Logo is Lisp. It’s an old Lisp
but it’s very Lisp.
Let’s look at a classic
example:
TO square :size
REPEAT
4
[FD
:size RT 90]
END
This translates to something like
this (in Scheme):
(define
(square
size)
(repeat
4
(lambda
()
(begin
(fd
size)
(rt
90)))))
Well, technically it translates to
this:
(define
(square
size)
(repeat
4
'(fd size rt 90)))
That is,
[...]
is a quoted list; nothing inside it
is evaluated. This is actually a lot
like Tcl:
proc square
{size}
{
repeat
4
{
fd $size
rt
90
}
}
In Tcl
{...}
is just a string literal, but one
without substitution, and where you
can nest your braces. It’s a
lot like a quoted list in Lisp,
except where lists are the
fundamental type in Lisp, strings
are the fundamental type in Tcl.
To get an idea of how this works,
here’s the implementation of
repeat
in these different languages:
TO repeat :count :block
IF :count >
0
[EVAL
:block
REPEAT
(:count
- 1)
:block]
END
(define
(repeat
count block)
(if
(>
count 0)
(begin
(block)
(repeat
(-
count 1)
block))))
proc repeat
{count
block}
{
while
{$count >
0}
{
uplevel
1
$block
set count
[expr
{$count - 1}]
}
}
Tcl doesn’t really encourage
recursion, and it’s only
partially encouraged in Logo —
some implementations implement
tail call optimization, but not all of them.
Scoping is an interesting difference
here. In Scheme the scoping is
lexical, which is the norm in modern
languages. That is, any variables
you refer to in a
lambda
(like
size
in the example) are bound according
to where in the source you define
that anonymous function. In Tcl the
uplevel
statement says to evaluate the block
in the calling scope. In Logo
it’s all implicit because Logo
is
dynamically scoped. That is, each function call
inherits all the variables from the
calling function. So you can write
something like this:
TO house :size
square
FD :size
RT 60
triangle
END
TO square
REPEAT
4
[FD
:size RT 90]
END
TO triangle
REPEAT
3
[FD
:size RT 120]
END
Here
:size
is inherited in called functions.
You can write some really bad code
using dynamic scoping, with lots of
magic side effects, but Logo
isn’t meant for writing large
programs so it usually doesn’t
come up. A nice side effect of
dynamic scoping is that EVAL works
pretty well.
Another interesting aspect of Logo
(and Tcl) is that it has
very few special forms. In
one of Logo’s more
pure implementations
the only special form is
TO, and even that wouldn’t
have to be a special form
(there’s a function
DEFINE
that does the same thing). For
instance, here’s how you set a
variable:
MAKE
"variable <value>
That is, you call the function
MAKE, give it a variable name,
and then a value. Some dialects
allow
MAKE
:variable
<value>, but some like UCBLogo actually
interpret that to mean: set the
variable named by
:variable.
Another interesting aspect of Logo
is how it handles parenthesis.
You’ll notice there
aren’t many. Lisp is known
(and oft criticized) for its
parenthesis. Logo shows they
aren’t strictly required;
it
does this by using the
arity of functions
to inform parsing. An example:
SETXY ABS :x :y
The equivalent Scheme:
(setxy (abs x) y)
If you know that
SETXY
takes two arguments, and that
ABS
takes one argument, you can figure
out how to parse the Logo. Comparing
it to
Forth
is kind of interesting:
y @
x @ abs setyx
Reverse the order, replace
@
with
:, and you have Logo.
@
and
:
also share a lot in common:
:variable
in Logo is syntactic sugar for
THING
"variable
(symbols in Logo are spelled
"symbol, like
'symbol
in Scheme,
#symbol
in Smalltalk, or
:symbol
in Ruby).
THING
"variable
tells Logo to look up the value
associated with the given symbol.
Similarly in Forth,
y
refers to an address, and
@
says to lookup the value at that
address.
But back to parsing – Forth is
based on trust and foreknowledge.
You know that
abs
pops one thing from the stack, and
setyx
pops two things from the stack. You
trust those words to act that way,
because there’s nothing
stopping them from popping more or
less from the stack than they claim.
Logo isn’t quite as trusting,
but it does see that
SETXY
takes two values, and grabs two
values. In the same way in the first
example, when it sees
[FD
:size
RT
90], it can tell that it’s two
commands — newlines
aren’t required.
One awkward part of this lack of
parenthesis is that without knowing
what functions you are referring to
the expressions can’t be
trully parsed. As a result most
Logos are really interpreters. If
anyone cared enough of course you
could optimize this considerably,
and maybe some of the more
performant Logos like
StarLogo
or
NetLogo
do, but I don’t really know.
PyLogo
is pretty naive about it, and
it’s not that fast as a result
(but not terrible).
And of course I should take a chance
to plug
PyLogo, which runs Logo from Python, and
lets Logo code easily call Python,
and vice versa. Just
easy_install
PyLogo
and you can run
pylogo
--console
to amuse yourself with the language
(the
docs from UCBLogo
might be helpful, and
PROCEDURES
shows all the functions, while
HELP
"IFELSE
will show the help for a particular
command.
Another related language is
Rebol, which is very close to Logo
without the turtles (though with a
bunch of new literals and
object-oriented features as well).
Many things called Logo are
just
turtle graphics
with an extremely poor
"language" bolted on in
front. Don’t be fooled! On the
web
Turtle Tracks
is one of the more true
implementations (though I
can’t get graphics, hm).


Software
bGMYC: a Bayesian implementation of the general mixed yule-coalescent model for species delimitation. Instructions here. See Reid and Carstens 2012 on my publication page.
I also wrote an R package (Reid et al. 2013) to check model adequacy of the multispecies coalescent model as implemented in *BEAST using posterior predictive simulation. This package had quite a few dependencies and thus was very fragile and broke quickly as they were updated. A part of the procedure I devised was adapted by Michael Gruenstaeudl into the R package P2C2M, available on CRAN.
For completeness, here are the data used in the paper, and the original package.


| knit2wp {knitr} | R Documentation |
This function is a wrapper around the RWordPress package. It compiles an R Markdown document to HTML and post the results to WordPress. Please note that RWordPress has not been updated for several years, which is not a good sign. For blogging with R, you may want to try the blogdown package instead.
knit2wp( input, title = "A post from knitr", ..., envir = parent.frame(), shortcode = FALSE, action = c("newPost", "editPost", "newPage"), postid, publish = TRUE )
input |
Filename of the Rmd document. |
title |
Title of the post. |
... |
Other meta information of the post, e.g. |
envir |
Environment in which code chunks are to be evaluated, for
example, |
shortcode |
A length-2 logical vector: whether to use the shortcode
[sourcecode lang='lang'], which can be useful to WordPress.com users
for syntax highlighting of source code and output. The first element
applies to source code, and the second applies to text output. By default,
both are |
action |
Whether to create a new post, update an existing post, or create a new page. |
postid |
If |
publish |
Boolean: publish the post immediately? |
This function will convert the encoding of the post and the title to
UTF-8 internally. If you have additional data to send to WordPress (e.g.
keywords and categories), you may have to manually convert them to the
UTF-8 encoding with the iconv(x, to = 'UTF-8')
function
(especially when using Windows).
William K. Morris, Yihui Xie, and Jared Lander
https://yihui.org/knitr/demo/wordpress/
# see the reference


| Name | User ID | |
|---|---|---|
| No users have signed in with this app yet |
Fake a data source from a smart watch, a mobile phone, car tracker or similar.
Send a single data entry to the server.
Send a stream of data entries to the server.
I'm an app that lives in this panel next to your dashboard. To use me, please authenticate yourself.
Sign in with RootHi there,
This app tracks your driving speeds and will give you 5% off on fuel purchases if you can keep your average speed below the speed limit.


Word Guessing Game
Start Game
Choose a word
Puzzle me
{{ errorMsg }}
You
CPU
Hint
{{ game.gameData.cpu.hint }}
Replay


Der Raketenwerfer
Use the menu to get some informations
Welcome to launcher control!
Press...
1 Button to hit target one
2 Button to hit target two
3 Button to hit target three
4 Button to hit target four
t Button to hit all targets
w Button to move Launcher up
s Button to move Launcher down
a Button to move Launcher left
d Button to move Launcher right
0 Button to move to zero-position
space Button to launch
x Button to exit program


ZRANK returns the rank of the member in the sorted set, with scores ordered from low to high. ZREVRANK returns the rank with scores ordered from high to low. When the given member does not exist in the sorted set, the special value 'nil' is returned. The returned rank (or index) of the member is 0-based for both commands.
the rank (an integer number) represented as an string.


WITNESS LIST Redistricting Committee (SUBCOMMITTEE ON Congressional Redistricting Three) June 28, 2003-9:00A Congressional Redistricting For: Alford, Cindy (Self) Alford, David (Self) Bridgman, Thomas (Self) Bridgman, Traci (Self) Brookshire, Van (Self) Patton, Elmer (Self) Teuscher, David (Self) Against: Adkison, Ron (Self) Alsobrook, Ruth Ann (Self) Anderson, Richard M. (Self) Bain, Max (Self) Bennett, Emma F. (Self) Bowden, Richard M. (Self) Caldwell, Craig D. (Self and Cherokee County Democrat Club) Cartwright, Mary (Self and City of Nacogdoches Tex) Cox, Kathie (Self) Dalby, Dickie (Self) Davis, Larry (Self) Davis, Sharon (Self) Evans, Danny (Self) Evans, Mark (Self and Trinity County) Fisher, Brady (Self) Griffin, Kathy (Self) Hall, James (Self) Hampton, JoAnn (Self) Henderson, Norman (Self) Hodges, Sandra (Self and Bill Hale Rusk Co. Comm. Pct 1) Holley, Jr., Carl (Self and Stephen F. Austin State University Young Democrats) Holt, Wayne (Self) Kelly, Anne (Self) Kemp, Hill (Self) Kulhavy, Arika (Self) LeTourneau, Richard E. (Self) Lindsey, Billie S. (Self) Lomax III, Robert J. (Self) Malcolm, Molly Beth (Self) McKee, Terese (Self) McKinney, Linda B. (Self) Mitchell, Charles (Self) Moore, John T. (Self) Morris, Dr. Jane (Self) Morrison, John C. (Nacogdoches Tri-County NAACP) Nickerson, Jim (Self) Peek, Powell (Self) Presley, Dr. James (Self) Ray, Willie (Self) Ross, Madeleine G. S. (Self) Rushing, Ann (Self and Clarksville City Council) Sandlin, Max (Self and US House District 1 - TX) Scallon, Tim (Self) Shumake, Max (Self and Sulphur River Oversight Society) Shumake, Shirley (Self and SOS) Smith, Don (Self and Texas Farm Bureau) Smith, Ed (City of Marshall) Smith, Lynn (Self) Superville, Chuck (Self) Teal, Dennis (Self) Teal, Sharon (Self and Polk County Democrats) Thompson, Albert (Self and Texas Farm Bureau) Thompson, John (Self) Trees, Toni (Self and Robin Moore) Turner, Jim (Self) West, Jimmy (Self and Lamar County Farmer's Union and Texas Farmers Union) On: Ashley, Kimberly (UT Health Center at Tyler) Law, Bill (San Jacinto County)


Slippage: 11-15% when buy or sell!
Launching time: 17th June at 15:00 UTC
CA: 0x0c1b3983D2a4Aa002666820DE5a0B43293291Ea6
Have you been dumped by whale before? now with $PEPE,there is no whale, which means no dump on you.
Owning a coin have wait for its price increasing then sell to take profit? with Pepe, you just earn $BNB and $BTC weekly without having to sell your coins. Magically!
When staking? just own $PEPE, then you automatically get more $PEPE without doing anything. Buy $PEPE, earn $BTC, automatically have more $PEPE, repeat!
Holders who sold all $PEPE will not be able to earn $BNB and $BTC again
For the frogs, by the frogs. We do fair launch, announced 1 week before launching date so that everyone can join. No dev fund, devs participating with everyone else.
Every trade contributes towards automatically generating liquidity that goes into liquidity pools on PancakeSwap and other exchanges
Transactions (sell/buy/transfer) that trade more than 0.05% of the total supply will be rejected.
$PEPE inherits from best features from other memecoin and improves, make them even better
4% of every transaction is taken and re distributed to all $PEPE holders. The burn address is also a holder thus each transaction helps deflate the supply.
Very secure. We have burned all the Liquidity Pool tokens (PEPE/BNB , PEPE/BUSD LP) to provide security for the whole community! The smart contract will be audited by TechRate & Certik
There is no pre-sale. 22 % of supply is burned at launch, 8% for Investor Protection Program. Dev added 70% of the token supply to LP on PancakeSwap at the Fair Launch.
Total supply: 1 Quadrillion $PEPE
You can claim the amount of the BNB & BTC based on the ratio of $PEPE you hold/the
total
reward pool.
For example, you hold 1% of $PEPE, you can withdraw 1% of the reward pool.
2.5% of every transaction is taken and re-distributed to all PEPE holders in $BNB & BTC. This pool is the auto farming pool.
If you don’t claim at your cycle and other holders claim, the reward pool will
reduce.
So then the ratio of your $PEPE/reward pool reduces as well. That’s why you should
claim as soon as your cycle is ready
Simply holding $PEPE will earn you a share of the rewards pool, proportional to the amount of $PEPE you hold. You will also earn $PEPE passively too, which gets put straight in your wallet
Every week. Read more at WhitePaper
It syncs to your device time so the answer is whatever time zone you are in.
Simply have your wallet connected through the PEPE Dapp on the website, click "Frogbank" button or you directly to this link. Please note that you must have BNB in your wallet that will be used to cover transfer fees.
No. This is because it's a set share of the pool of BNB & BTC. As people claim their BNB, the total pool will decrease, which in turn means the BNB value of your set share will decrease. In short, it is best to claim your BNB as soon as possible.
Several factors impact BNB & BTC claim amount.
1. The amount of BNB in the pool is distributed based on percentage. The more BNB
there, the more you get, however, it is ALWAYS based on percentage. The less there,
the less you get. IT IS NOT CUMULATIVE
2. The more people claim, the less BNB will be available for everyone else
3. There is a cycle before you can collect BNB and the more transactions you make
with this coin, the more the cycle changes. Be aware of that when you are thinking
of selling high to buy low
You go here: https://t.me/PEPEcommunity


Later Today
This Evening
Tomorrow
Tomorrow Evening
This Weekend
In a Week
In a Month
Someday
Pick Date
Next Week
The day after tomorrow
The day after tomorrow evening
Tab Snooze
Snoozed!
Undo


CLINICAL DETAILS:
Right radical orchidectomy for testicular tumour.
MACROSCOPIC:
Pot labelled “right testis”: A radical orchidectomy specimen comprising testis measuring 7 x 5 x 4 cm with attached spermatic cord 7 cm long. External coverings appear mobile. Slicing the testis reveals a heterogenous soft tumour measuring up to 4 cm in size. Tumour appears confined to the testis macroscopically. Slicing the spermatic cord shows no abnormalities. Blocks: A1: cord margin, A2: base of cord, A3-10: tumour.
MICROSCOPIC:
Tumour types: Embryonal carcinoma (85%), yolk sac tumour (15%)
Maximum tumour diameter: 4 cm
Lymphovascular invasion: Yes, by embryonal carcinoma
Rete testis stromal invasion: No
Hilar soft tissue or direct spermatic cord invasion: No
Tumour at spermatic cord margin: No
Microscopic tunica vaginalis invasion: No
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia identified: Yes
TNM 7 tumour stage: pT2
DIAGNOSIS:
RIGHT RADICAL ORCHIDECTOMY: NON-SEMINOMATOUS GERM CELL TUMOUR (85% EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA, 15% YOLK SAC TUMOUR), WITH VASCULAR INVASION, STAGE pT2, EXCISED.


{% from "components/card.html" import card %} {% extends "issues_report/base.html" %} {% block title %}Report a Problem/Submit Feedback{% endblock %} {% block subcontent %}
This form will create an issue on GitHub. If the issue is urgent, please message the current WebMaster on Discord.
If you wish to contribute, please fork the repository and make a pull request.


visualization-example.Rmd
library(EML)
library(emld)
library(lubridate)
library(tibble)
library(dplyr)
library(tidyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(EFIstandards)
Visualizing the simple, example forecast of population growth of two interacting species
========================================================
First load the data using EML
.
eml_filename <- system.file("extdata", "forecast-eml.xml", package="EFIstandards")
md <- read_eml(eml_filename) #you could replace the variable here with a filename form a downloaded data package from a repository
Then to examine the details, use EML::eml_get
. First,
the title and abstract and who made it.
eml_get(md, "title")
## '': A very simple Lotka-Volterra forecast
eml_get(md, "abstract")
## '': An illustration of how we might use EML metadata to describe an ecological forecast
eml_get(md, "creator")
## electronicMailAddress<EMAIL_ADDRESS>## id: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1282-7825
## individualName:
## givenName: Quinn
## surName: Thomas
Then diving in, the coverage and keywords
eml_get(md, "coverage")
## geographicCoverage:
## geographicDescription: 'Lake Sunapee, NH, USA '
## boundingCoordinates:
## westBoundingCoordinate: '-72.15'
## eastBoundingCoordinate: '-72.05'
## northBoundingCoordinate: '43.48'
## southBoundingCoordinate: '43.36'
## taxonomicCoverage:
## taxonomicClassification:
## - taxonRankName: Genus
## taxonRankValue: Gloeotrichia
## taxonomicClassification:
## taxonRankName: Species
## taxonRankValue: echinulata
## - taxonRankName: Genus
## taxonRankValue: Anabaena
## taxonomicClassification:
## taxonRankName: Species
## taxonRankValue: circinalis
## temporalCoverage:
## rangeOfDates:
## beginDate:
## calendarDate: '2001-03-04'
## endDate:
## calendarDate: '2001-04-02'
eml_get(md, "keywordSet")
## keyword:
## - forecast
## - population
## - timeseries
## keywordThesaurus: EFI controlled vocabulary
Looks like it’s a population level timeseries forecast of Lake Sunapee, NH, USA for two species:
# these seem a bit of a pain to pull out maybe there's an easier way
spps <- eml_get(md, "taxonRankValue")
sp1 <- paste(spps[1:2], collapse=" ")
sp2 <- paste(spps[3:4], collapse=" ")
sp1
## [1] "Gloeotrichia echinulata"
sp2
## [1] "Anabaena circinalis"
Load the additional metadata (see documentation of EFI forecasting standard):
methods_md <- eml_get(md, "additionalMetadata")
methods_md
## metadata:
## forecast:
## drivers:
## status: absent
## forecast_horizon: 30 days
## forecast_issue_time: '2001-03-04'
## forecast_iteration_id: 20010304T060000
## forecast_project_id: LogisticDemo
## initial_conditions:
## complexity: '2'
## status: present
## metadata_standard_version: '0.3'
## model_description:
## forecast_model_id: v0.3
## name: discrete Lotka–Volterra model
## repository: https://github.com/eco4cast/EFIstandards/blob/master/vignettes/logistic-metadata-example.Rmd
## type: process-based
## obs_error:
## complexity: '2'
## covariance: 'FALSE'
## status: present
## parameters:
## complexity: '6'
## status: present
## process_error:
## complexity: '2'
## covariance: 'FALSE'
## propagation:
## size: '10'
## type: ensemble
## status: propagates
## random_effects:
## status: absent
## timestep: 1 day
This metadata contains details about the system forecast including number of state variables and parameters, and the methods used, including propagation of uncertainty. For example, details of the treatment of process error in this model are given by
## complexity: '2'
## covariance: 'FALSE'
## propagation:
## size: '10'
## type: ensemble
## status: propagates
n_ensembles <- methods_md %>% eml_get("process_error") %>% eml_get("size")
n_ensembles <- n_ensembles[[1]]
From this metadata, the output of this forecast should have error propagation via an ensemble of size 10, process error for two state varible dimensions with no covariance between these. Further, one can check if the forecast used data assimilation (no):
eml_get(md, "assimilation")
## {}
Finally, I’ll dive into the metadata for the output data itself. Wait, which output data? All we’ve seen so far is metadata!
First remember that EML specifies a tag “physical” for the location of an actual data file. There’s plenty of metadata on the file itself including authentication format, etc
## authentication:
## method: MD5
## authentication: 4dbe687fa1f5fc0ff789096076eebd78
## dataFormat:
## textFormat:
## recordDelimiter: |2+
##
## attributeOrientation: column
## simpleDelimited:
## fieldDelimiter: ','
## objectName: logistic-forecast-ensemble-multi-variable-multi-depth.csv
## size:
## unit: bytes
## size: '110780'
To get the data parse the filename and load it!
datafilename <- eml_get(dt_md, "objectName")[[1]]
# this steps are necessary because this is in an R package if you have a downloaded data repository
# you coudl just pass 'datafilename' into read.csv here
datafile <- system.file("extdata", datafilename, package="EFIstandards")
dt <- as_tibble(read.csv(datafile, row.names=1))
dt
## # A tibble: 1,800 × 8
## time depth ensemble obs_flag species_1 species_2 forecast data_assimilati…
## <chr> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2001-0… 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 2 2001-0… 3 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 3 2001-0… 5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 4 2001-0… 1 2 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 5 2001-0… 3 2 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 6 2001-0… 5 2 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 7 2001-0… 1 3 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 8 2001-0… 3 3 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 9 2001-0… 5 3 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## 10 2001-0… 1 4 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
## # … with 1,790 more rows
OK! This has the column names and actual data. To understand these
column names, recall the output dataset metadata, which was loaded
earlier. In particular the attributeList
contains fine
details like units and definitions for each column:
dt_md_cols <- dt_md %>% eml_get("attributeList") %>% get_attributes()
dt_md_cols$attributes
## attributeName attributeDefinition storageType
## 1 time [dimension]{time} date
## 2 depth [dimension]{depth in reservior} float
## 3 ensemble [dimension]{index of ensemble member} float
## 4 obs_flag [dimension]{observation error} float
## 5 species_1 [variable]{Pop. density of species 1} float
## 6 species_2 [variable]{Pop. density of species 2} float
## 7 forecast [flag]{whether time step assimilated data} float
## 8 data_assimilation [flag]{whether time step assimilated data} float
## formatString measurementScale domain unit numberType
## 1 YYYY-MM-DD dateTime dateTimeDomain <NA> <NA>
## 2 <NA> ratio numericDomain meter real
## 3 <NA> ratio numericDomain dimensionless integer
## 4 <NA> ratio numericDomain dimensionless integer
## 5 <NA> ratio numericDomain numberPerMeterSquared real
## 6 <NA> ratio numericDomain numberPerMeterSquared real
## 7 <NA> ratio numericDomain dimensionless integer
## 8 <NA> ratio numericDomain dimensionless integer
Cross-referencing this documentation of EFI forecasting standards,
note that data_assimilation
column is zeroed out so this
performed no data assimilation and forecast
column is
zeroed out so this was a hindcast. As expected, there are 10 ensemble
members in the forecast. As consumer of this type of forecast this is
the only way to understand the uncertainty in the forecast.
The output includes densities (number per meter squared) for both
species 1 and species 2. I assume these are in the same order as the
entries in taxononmicCoverage
: Gloeotrichia echinulata and
Anabaena circinalis at several depths measured in meters. Glancing at
column depth
there are only three depths represented. While
reshaping the data, I will rename columns with useful information about
their units and construct a categorical variable with the actual species
names:
dtl <- pivot_longer(dt, c("species_1", "species_2"), values_to="density (m^-2)") %>%
mutate(time = as.POSIXct(time),
name=recode(name, species_1=sp1, species_2=sp2),
`depth (m)` = depth)
Given the ensembles, order statitics or quantiles seem like a natural choice to summarize uncertainty, so compute the median and upper and lower quartiles:
dtl <- dtl %>%
group_by(name, depth, time) %>%
mutate(density_50 = median(`density (m^-2)`),
density_25 = quantile(`density (m^-2)`, .25),
density_75 = quantile(`density (m^-2)`, .75)
)
Putting these pieces together to visualize and describe the forecast and its uncertainty:
ggplot(dtl) +
geom_ribbon(aes(time, ymin=density_25, ymax=density_75, fill=name), alpha=0.3) +
geom_line(aes(time, `density (m^-2)`, color=name, group=interaction(name, ensemble)), alpha=0.5) +
#geom_smooth(aes(group=name), method='gam', formula= y ~ s(x, bs = "cs", k=30)) +
geom_line(aes(time, density_50, color=name), size=1.25) +
facet_grid(`depth (m)` ~ ., labeller=label_both) +
guides(color=guide_legend(title='Median density'),
fill=guide_legend(title='25th-75th quantile density')) +
labs(title=eml_get(md, 'title')[[1]],
subtitle=paste("Forecast from", n_ensembles, "ensembles (thin lines), with uncertainty from quantiles."),
caption=paste("Demo visualization from EFIstandards package for an \nimaginary forecast at", eml_get(md, "geographicDescription")[[1]]))


|
Ocular Engine
|
#include <ConvexHull2D.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| ConvexHull2D (std::vector< Point2f > const &points) | |
| ConvexHull2D (Point2f const *, uint32_t numPoints) | |
| void | sort () |
| uint32_t | getNumPoints () const |
| std::vector< Point2f > const & | getHull () const |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | createHull () |
| void | splitCollection (LineSegment2Df const &segment, std::vector< Point2f > &leftGroup, std::vector< Point2f > &rightGroup) |
| void | findHull (LineSegment2Df const &segment, std::vector< Point2f > &points) |
A convex hull is the minimum set of points that envelope an arbitrary collection of points.
By default, the points comprising the hull are stored as they are discovered and no type of order is guaranteed.
The sort method may be called to order them in a counterclockwise fashion.
| Ocular::Math::ConvexHull2D::ConvexHull2D | ( | std::vector< Point2f > const & | points | ) |
| [in] | points | Arbitrary collection of points to calculate a convex hull for. |
| Ocular::Math::ConvexHull2D::ConvexHull2D | ( | Point2f const * | points, |
| uint32_t | numPoints | ||
| ) |
| [in] | points | Arbitrary array of points to calculate a convex hull for. |
| [in] | numPoints | Number of points in the array. |
|
protected |
Find the most distant point from the segment.
This point (C) creates a triangle ACB with the two endpoints (AB) and is part of the hull. Any points inside ACB are not part of the hull, while any points outside of it may be part of the hull.
Check the points to the left of the segment AC. The most distant one (D) will create a a triangle ADC. Any inside this triangle are not part of the hull, and so on and so forth.
Once all points left of AC have been accounted for, then do the same for all points to the left of the line segment CB.
| std::vector< Point2f > const & Ocular::Math::ConvexHull2D::getHull | ( | ) | const |
Returns a container with all of the points in the convex hull. The vertices compose a polygon and are stored in a counterclockwise order.
| uint32_t Ocular::Math::ConvexHull2D::getNumPoints | ( | ) | const |
Returns the number of points that make up the convex hull.
| void Ocular::Math::ConvexHull2D::sort | ( | ) |
Sorts the points comprising the convex hull into an ordered counterclockwise polygon.


GUERRE des DEUX ROSE
Copyright (c) 2004 Le Korrigan
This game is played with the following setup (the cells with black squares are not used):
Each player has one castle (already on board) and four soldiers (in the reserve).
DROP PHASE - Alternately, each player drops a friendly soldier in an empty cell adjacent to a friendly piece.
Soldiers cannot be dropped on red cells.
MOVE PHASE - On each turn, each player chooses one of the following actions:
Move a friendly soldier to an empty adjacent cell.
Move a straight line of friendly soldiers one cell in either direction of that line, provided the next cell in the chosen direction is empty.
Move by translation - move two adjacent friendly soldiers to two adjacent empty cells.
Attack by phalanx - two adjacent soldiers may move in a line over a enemy piece. This is invalid if the next cell (in that direction) exists and is occupied. If the cell exists and is empty, the enemy piece is pushed there, if there is no cell (the enemy piece was at the board edge) the piece is captured.
Attack by support - Two soldiers adjacent to an enemy soldier may push it, as if either one was attacking by phalanx.
GOAL - Wins the player that captures by phalanx the enemy castle.
Moving examples Any soldier may move to an adjacent empty cell (btw, castles don't move).
The two black soldiers may move together one cell to the left or right (both destiny cells are empty) and can also move by translation both one cell to southeast or southwest.
The white soldiers can also move to the left (just 2 or all the 3 soldiers), or move by translation the two left soldiers or the two right soldiers to the north or to the south.
Attacking examples If White's turn, then he could attack by phalanx the black soldier at f6, capturing it (since it would be pushed out the board). However, a more urgent move is to remove the adversary winning threat by pushing out the black stone at c3. White cannot win the game with an attack by support against the black castle (only attacks by phalanx are permitted to win).
If Black's turn, the best move was to win by an phalanx attack which would capture the white castle. However, White has other attacking options, for eg, attack by support against d4 by moving d3 to d4 (white d4 is adjacent to two contiguous black soldiers). But this last move would be very bad, since it would give White the chance to win in the next move.
Check http://jesweb.net/old/coin/concours04/ for more information about this and other games played on this small board.


My long term goal is to become a junior developer and progress from there
I would like to develop more leadership skills and improve working with different kinds of people and personalities I would also like to develop my coding skills further so i can feel confident in my ability and can add value to an employers buisiness
Strengths (patience, perserverence) Limitations (switching mind off)
Under no circumstances will i miss classes unless absolutely necessary and unavoidable. This will set up the foundation of success and give me the best chance of manageing the workload well. I need to communicate any concerns clearly with teachers and peers and keep outside distractions to a minimum.
If i have any concerns i should contact my cohort leader or a course facilitator asap either through pm in the slack channel or in person
I expect the facilitation team to aid me in my learning and be helpful if/when i come to
them with concerns
I expect them to have patience if i am not immediately understanding a concept
I would prefer not to be told to "google it" every time i have a problem
i want to develop leadership skills, selfconfidence and coding abiltiy. i want to continue to grow and develop positive ppersonality traits and get better at dealing with people. i want to be a junior developer aftter this course. i want to work in a workplace with nice considerate people, a workplace with an emphasis on well-being
strengths would be perserverance weaknesses would be keeping my sleeping routine good (by keeping mind peaceful)
leadership, and more experience working with people from different backgrounds and personalities, self confidence. anything and everything - developing as many skills as possible is almost never a bad thing
I expect the facilitation team to aid me in my learning and be helpful if/when i come to
them with concerns
I expect them to have patience if i am not immediately understanding a concept
I would prefer not to be told to "google it" every time i have a problem
i expect myself to ask my tutors any questions or concerns i have, not miss days of class,


Watch: Tigers freed from truck taste outdoor lifestyle at Polish zoo
by EuronewsTwo tigers rescued last month from cramped cages in a truck have had their first taste of outdoor space, as they explored their new enclosure at the Polish zoo where they now live on Monday.
The tigers were among ten being transported from Italy to Russia when they were discovered at the Poland-Belarus border.
Maximus and Fenix, both males, have now found sanctuary at the private Zoo Canpol, close to the small Polish town of Czluchow.
Zoo owner Izabella Odejewska said she hardly recognises them from when they first arrived several weeks ago.
Previously, the pair had been kept in a smaller enclosure designed to help them overcome their fear and increase their trust in humans, Odejewska said.
Seven other tigers are currently in quarantine in a zoo in the western Polish city of Poznan. Dutch animal welfare charity Animal Advocacy and Protection has said it is hoping to move five of the tigers in Poznan to a shelter in southern Spain.
The tigers spent days stuck in cages on a truck at the border, having started their journey in Rome and travelled some 2,000 km. There were originally 10 tigers on board, but one died in transit.
Video editor • Ivan Sougy


These are the cats that are available:
Return to Main Adoption Page
Adoption Form
Name
Age
Gender
Gets Along with other animals
Sunshine
3 months
female
Gets along with other animals
Dexter
1 yr
male
Does not get along with other animals
Freestyle
1 years
female
Gets along with other animals


To build up a GIS project, one of the first steps is to identify and acquire the data and map layers that you need. Once you have the data and map layers, the next step is to integrate them, which means ‘put them together’.
A very important consideration for integrating spatial datasets and map layers is that they overlay correctly. All the layers you need must firstly overlay or line up accurately on top of each other and they must be at the same projection.
For this to happen, these conditions need to be met:
In South Africa, the CRS would normally be the South African Co-ordinate Reference System, which is based on the Transverse Mercator projection (also know as Gauss Conform or Kruger) and the Hartebeesthoek 1994 datum, using metres as the co-ordinate units.


This intention converts boolean comparison expression
not(a negop b)
into
a op b
. Where
op
and
negop
are mutually inverse comparison operators, like
==
and
!=
.


| Overview |
Module |
Use |
Devguide |
Index |
:: com :: sun :: star ::
|
| module mail |
- Description
- Interfaces for Email connectivity
|
| Interfaces |
| XAuthenticator |
Represents an interface that will be used to query for user
information which are necessary to login to a network resource.
An implementation of this interface may for instance show a
dialog to query the user for the necessary data.
|
| XConnectionListener |
The listener interface for connection events.
|
| XMailMessage |
Represents a mail message.
|
| XMailServer |
Represents a mail server abstraction.
|
| XMailService |
Represents a mail server abstraction.
|
| XMailServiceProvider |
A factory for creating different mail services.
|
| XSmtpService |
Represents a SMTP service abstraction.
|
Top of Page
Copyright © 2013, The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Apache, the Apache feather logo, Apache OpenOffice and OpenOffice.org are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.


Is this merely, as The German Ideology maintains, a play on words, the absurd exploitation of a tautology that detaches itself from language in mysterious and transcendent fashion? One may understand, however, how the derisive epithets of "Saint Max" and "Sancho" need an enunciative montage without which the philosophical critique could not work. Stirner is slowly cornered at the intersection of two texts, the Bible and Don Quixote, which play a driving polemical role in the Marxist critique of ideology, allegedly presented in the name of historical materialism. Indeed, the last word of the caustic review of "Sancho's" thought is left to Cervantes. Marx saw in Stirner proof, by incompetence and self-parody, of the bankruptcy of the speculative system of German idealism.
Stirner not only "invents" modern anarchism, but also radicalizes the paradox (that will be taken up by Lacan) of subjective self-positioning through linguistic enunciation when he writes in his conclusion: "The conceptual question, 'What is man?' has then changed into the personal question, 'Who is man?' With 'what' the concept was sought for, in order to realize it; with 'who' it is no longer any question at all, but the answer is personally there present at once in the asker: the question answers itself" (EHO, 366, modified). Stirner, as a writer, produces a "work" in order to extol the pleasure of life perceived as the ego's auto-delectation and self-erasure: everything becomes a ghost for the unique mill of the ego. Being all and nothing at once, the Ego becomes the non-totalizable source of all the negativity that can be introduced into the world. It is a view that recalls Fichte rather than Hegel; here, the combination of their theses provides an unassailable position--unless you manage to convince the ego that he is just another ghost. Which is what Marx and Engels attempt with partial success, but without being able to lay that old and too familiar ghost to rest. It is here, at the point where the status of the ego is already a contested and uncertain identity, that Joyce decides to invest it with something that is more than matter, as opposed to spirit (or the reverse). He must translate the ghost into his own idiom derived from ethics and politics formed in the wake of Nietzsche.
That Joyce's work should have found its way into the pages of Mardsen's journal was more than mere coincidence. If we pay attention to what Stanislaus Joyce witnessed, his elder brother distinguished himself early by a Stirnerian attitude. At the beginning of his diary, written in 1903 when Joyce is assembling material for a tentative autobiography, Stanislaus notes:
Jim is a genius of character. . . . He has, above all, a proud, wilful, vicious selfishness, out of which by times now he writes a poem or an epiphany, now commits the meanness of whim and appetite, which was at first protestant egoism, and had, perhaps, some desperateness in it, but which is now well-rooted--or developed?--in his nature, a very Yggdrasill. 13
When Stanislaus confesses that he has modeled his life on that of Jim, he hastens to express fears that he also has adopted his brother's egoism and is relieved to learn from his aunt that this is not the case. He is relieved to think that Poppie, his older sister, has none of the detested selfishness:
Poppie is the most unselfish person I know. . . . She seems to wish, if anyone is to suffer, that she should be the victim. What an extraordinary sense of duty women have! . . . Aunt Josephine tells me I underrate myself and that I am not an egoist. The fact that I think constantly about myself should prove her that I am. Yet I take myself at Jim's valuation of me, because it is my own, perhaps. [CDD, 58-59]
As for his elder brother, Stanislaus can spot inconsistencies in his system:
His (James's) nature is naturally antagonistic to morality. Morality bores and irritates him. He tries to live on a principle of impulse. The justification of his conduct is the genuineness of impulse. The principle is itself an impulse, not a conviction. He is a polytheist. What pleases him for the moment is his god for the moment. He demands an absolute freedom to do as he pleases. . . . This kind of life is naturally highly unsatisfactory and his conduct bristles with contradictions. [CDD, 52]
What Stanislaus exposes here is the combination of lax socialism and easy Nietzscheism that was so dominant a pose among young aesthetes at the turn of the century. This element is nevertheless a major component of "early modernism"--as James himself seemed to be aware. Here is the diary again:
Jim boasts--for he often boasts now--of being modern. He calls himself a socialist but attaches to no school of socialism. He marks the uprooting of feudal principles. Beside this, and that subtle egoism which he calls the modern mind, he proclaims all kinds of anti-Christian ideals--selfishness, licentiousness, pitilessness. What he calls the domestic virtues are words of contempt in his mouth. He does not recognize such a thing as gratitude. He says it reminds him of a fellow lending you an overcoat on a wet night and asking for a receipt.  As he lives on borrowing and favours, and as people never fail to treat him in their manners as a genius while he treats them as fools, he has availed himself of plenty of opportunity of showing ingratitude. [CDD, 54-55]
One should not blame Stanislaus for what might appear a jaundiced assessment. His brother's earlier works, what remains of Stephen Hero and the 1904 "Portrait of the Artist," all stress the need of systematic egoism. 14 At the opening of chapter seventeen of Stephen Hero, we read that "Maurice" has been "corrupted" by his brother's idle habits, while "Stephen" resents the family pressure that is put upon him. He is reluctant to "satisfy the family" by choosing a remunerative career. "He thanked their intention: it had first fulfilled him with egoism; and he rejoiced that his life had been so self-centered" (SH, 53). His rejection of Irish society is based above all upon a loathing for the Irish Catholicism--but he also refuses the role of a political activist or "demagogue." If his work can change this society, so much the better! But that goal cannot become a program:
The attitude which was constitutional with him was a silent self-occupied, contemptuous manner and his intelligence, moreover, persuaded him that the tomahawk, as an effective instrument of warfare, had become obsolete. He acknowledged to himself in honest egoism that he could not take to heart the distress of a nation, the soul of which was antipathetic to his own, so bitterly as the indignity of a bad line of verse . . ." [SH, 151]
In Joyce's autobiography, the denunciation of egoism is left to others; thus at one point we see Lynch clearly upset by "Stephen's unapologetic egoism, his remorseless lack of sentiment for himself no less than for others" (SH, 156). This is the same picture that we find in the early "Portrait": its third page describes the "enigma of a manner" that is supposed to protect Stephen: "It was part of that ineradicable egoism which he was afterwards to call redeemer that he imagined converging to him all the deeds and thoughts of the microcosm" ("APA," 259). The thought cannot simply be ascribed to youthful enthusiasm, since we also find it in Stephen's mouth at the close of Ulysses, in "Eumaeus," when Stephen declares to a baffled Bloom "that Ireland must be important because it belongs to (him)" (U, 16.1164-65).
By a typically Fichtean reversal, the early "Portrait of the Artist" transforms Egoism into Negoism: "His Nego, therefore, written amid a chorus of peddling Jews' gibberish and Gentile clamour, was drawn up valiantly while true believers prophesied fried atheism and was hurled against the obscene hells of our Holy Mother" ("APA," 265). The position of what the Wake calls a "Negoist Cabler" (FW, 488.21) is described here as a mere "outburst," for now the artist seems ready to join a communal movement.
. . . already the generous idea had emerged from a thirty years' war in Germany and was directing the councils of the Latins. To those multitudes, not as yet in the wombs of humanity but surely engenderable there, he would give the word: Man and Woman, out of you comes the nation that is to come, the lightning of your masses in travail; the competitive order is employed against itself, the artistocracies are supplanted; and amid the general paralysis of an insane society, the confederate will issues in action. ["APA,", 265-66]
As Manganiello has shown in his excellent study of Joyce's Politics, the younger Joyce was deeply drawn to Italian anarcho-syndicalism. 15 The reference to a new thirty years' war alludes to German socialism after 1875, that is after the Gotha Congress that tried to bridge the gap between anarchists and communists. The shift advocated (from Germany to Italy) shows that Joyce clearly inclines towards anarchism as an ideology that can accept and even foster egoism. Can one therefore conclude that anarchist egoism is closer to a nationalist position, while communism stresses an internationalism that ts against any backsliding into regressive provincialism? That has been the orthodox Marxist thesis when faced by the dangers of anarchism, but it may obscure a more complex picture.
Two couples of concepts need to be linked here: egoism and heroism, on the one hand; and socialist internationalism and Irish nationalism, on the other. Consider one example. When Griffith decided in 1906 to rename his United Irishman and call it Sinn Fein, he knew what he was doing: his choice of the Irish phrase corresponding to "Ourselves alone" was a decisive move towards practical and economic solutions for Ireland rather than an hitherto sterile parliamentary agitation. Ireland, in Stirner's vocabulary, would start being its "Own" and stop following other "Causes": it would boycott British products and develop its own industries and banking system. The letters that Joyce wrote from 1906 to 1908 show him endorsing Griffith's program, though with important reservations about language and race.
Yet contrary to our expectations, egoist nationalism, to call it that, was not necessarily opposed to a revolutionary or internationalist politics. Marx and Engels themselves, it is worth recalling, had advocated nationalism as a solution for Ireland in spite of their noted internationalist leanings. To one correspondent in 1868, after remarking that, "The Irish question predominates here just now," Marx urges the overthrow of the Church of England in Ireland, where it is merely a bulwark for landlordism. 16 In December 1869, writing to Engels who was then preparing a monumental history of Ireland that he never completed, Marx adds that it is vital for the International Council of Workers to discuss the Irish question: "For a long time I believed that it would be possible to overthrow the Irish regime by English working-class ascendancy. . . . Deeper study has now convinced me of the opposite. The English working class will never accomplish anything before it has got rid of Ireland. The lever must be applied in Ireland. That is why the Irish question is so important for the social movement in general" (IIQ, 382). One year before his death in 1883 (and scarcely a week after James Joyce's birth), Engels writes to Kautsky (February 7, 1882): "I hold the view that two nations in Europe have not only the right but even the duty to be nationalistic before they become internationalistic: the Irish and the Poles. They are most internationalistic when they are genuinely nationalistic" (IIQ, 432). Joyce would apply this precept with a vengeance.
Though Engels advocated Irish nationalism, he had no patience with what he considered an anarchist deviation of armed nationalism--namely direct action as advocated by the Fenians. He strongly condemned terrorist coups such as the Phoenix Park assassination of 1882: "Thus the 'heroic deed' in Phoenix Park appears if not as pure stupidity, then at least as pure Bakuninist, bragging, purposeless 'propagande par le fait'" (IIQ, 436). The same letter urges Eduard Bernstein "never [to] praise a single Irishman--a politician--unreservedly, and never identify yourself with him before he is dead," since "Celtic blood and the customary exploitation of the peasant make Irish politicians very responsible to corruption" (IIQ, 436). He then cites O'Connell's notorious bribes and the famous rejoinder of one of the Land League leaders who was responding to the reproach that he had sold his country: "Yes, and I was damned glad to have a country to sell."
Thus, when Joyce was offered the possibility of serializing his novel describing how a young Irish man refuses the traps that are his family's values, the dominant Catholicism that had triumphed over Parnell, and even a well-meaning but stumbling Irish nationalism, he could recognize not only that he had found a kindred spirit in Dora Marsden, but also that his struggle against several varieties of imperialism (British and Roman, at least) could be promoted by her reasonably militant journal. Joyce had read Marsden's editorial notes carefully, as his allusion to the "egomen" shows, and it might even be argued that the linguistic theory that is acted out in Finnegans Wake is fundamentally Marsden's. But to appreciate that requires a broader consideration of the relationship between egoism, modernism, and Joyce's general literary politics.
Joyce's version of an early and heroic egoism took Parnell as a key re, the true "leader" who had been sold and betrayed to the British by Irish politicians who, thereby, had sacrificed the only hope of achieving a peaceful transition to postcolonial independence. His conclusion was that some type of Egoism--Sinn Feinn can be translated as "I am my own"--was a safer course. This view, however, was not only a result of Joyce's private identifications, but essentially a major component of modernism, as Michael Levenson has shown in his Genealogy of Modernism, which describes the process whereby, among the turn-of-the-century intellectuals, "liberalism decomposed into egoism." 17 More recently, Weldon Thornton has tried to qualify Levenson's views by attempting to demonstrate that Joyce may have been niether an egoist nor a modernist, but that Stephen Dedalus was both. In his provocative The Antimodernism of Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, he mounts a systematic attack on modernism in general. 18 Modernism becomes a kind of "bad egoism" that determines the failure of Joyce's first literary creation, Stephen Dedalus. For Thornton, modernism cannot be restricted to the meaning the term has in literary history--which is the meaning I have given it so far. It must be seen as complicit with a vast philosophical program, perhaps as old as philosophy, more recently dating from Galileo's and Locke's pioneering distinction between primary and secondary qualities, a distinction that was to generate the broad movement of skepticism in regard to the power of human consciousness. What he subsequently brands as "the Modernist Syndrome" is the separation between subject and object achieved in Cartesian philosophy, one that would indeed culminate in egoism.
In this reconstruction, modernism in general would be defined by the conjunction of individual skepticism in the realm of society and culture, and, in epistemology, of all the splits between subject and object, mind and matter, that have allowed for the progress of Western sciences. When this ideology identifies itself with modernity, especially after the French Revolution, it leads to the dissolution of a unified social psyche. Wilde's paradoxes, his witty inversions of commonsensical beliefs, are the sign of a strict hiatus between the world of empirical objects and the mind that is now free to reconstruct a world out of nothing (TAJ, 29-31). Egoism would thus appear as the outcome and the symptom of early and high modernism, and the main "symptom-bearer" is Joyce's fictional projection of himself into Stephen Dedalus.
Thornton is among those who dislike Stephen Dedalus. For him, Stephen is a failure, an Irish would-be "artist," and never a spokesman of the author. Such a de-authorization of the central character allows Joyce to combine techniques derived from two antagonistic traditions, symbolism and naturalism, and their combined energies help create an original type of Bildungsroman whose aim is to "expose the paltriness of the modernist view of the self" (TAJ, 57). Since Modernism has been identified with atomic individualism, Joyce's plan, according to Thornton, is to reconstruct the self as a full, social, and organic entity in order to combat egoism under all its shapes. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has often been commended for its insistence on the creative value of language in the development of an adolescent. Thornton strongly denies that Joyce reduces thought to language--an idea that is nevertheless crucial in Marsden's egoist semantics. Yet in his discussion of the final chapter in Portrait, Thornton faces mounting difficulties when he deals with the entries of Stephen's diary (which end the novel with major claims about his artistic autonomy and spirtitual self-liberation), entries that betray inadequacies as much as they convey his hopes and plans. Can this be treated as a sign of Joyce's refusal to identify his character with his language, as proof that he is attacking a superficial version of modernism, or that modernism is being debunked through the parodic exposition of Stephen's immaturity?
No doubt there is a parodic element in Joyce's presentation of the progressive liberation of a "young man" who chooses the arduous path of artistic rebellion against the traps and trappings of family values, religious models, and national politics. As Thornton's writes, "while Stephen aspires to the Enlightenment program of complete self-knowledge, Joyce wishes us to realize how specious that aim is, and how simple and superficial a view of the psyche it involves" (TAJ, 152). For instance, Stephen remains very Irish in spite of himself, which proves that Joyce often works against his hero's declared values. That, however, does not mean that the main goal of the novel is to bridge the gap between self and world that Galileo and Descartes had opened. Critics who belong to Thornton's "reconstructive" camp would probably follow Stephen through Ulysses and note how badly he needs Bloom's full humanity and caritas to compensate for his failings and shallowness. But what of Molly's monologue? And what to do with Finnegans Wake? Thornton notes correctly that it is "a book devoted to radically a-personal elements, generic elements, perhaps even pre-human elements, in human experience" (TAJ, 61) Since he refuses to believe that the novel evades traditional models of meaning, Thornton has to confess to a certain bafflement: "In light of Joyce's concern in his earlier works with 'individualism,' one of the most striking things about Finnegans Wake is the absence in it of anything like individual characters." (TAJ, 61) His critical honesty forces Thornton to acknowledge that the Wake cannot be brought aligned with the alleged "message" of Ulysses: "Ulysses is in some degree paradigmatic of how Joyce feels we should respond to our own life-crises--namely, by tempering our sense of ego and of our separateness from one another, but not by abandoning the conscious self and the values that it brings into being. Not so in Finnegans Wake . . ." (TAJ, 62). One can therefore conclude that Joyce's utter intractability justifies the whole "experiment" of his later work: with the Wake, he has managed to write a text that can be seen to resist all humanistic recuperations--and that achieves this aim by expanding his earlier egoism. Or perhaps by preferring a novelistic model of egoism to a philosophical concept.
In the fiction that escapes from the autobiographical sphere, Joyce often provides interesting critiques of egoism, especially when it appears not as the expression of the self's liberation but as nihilistic impotence. The "case" of Mr. Duffy would provide a good example of this critique. "A Painful Case" shows how a man can condemn a woman to degradation and finally to an ignominious death through his rejection of love: "He thought that in her eyes he would ascend to an angelical stature; and as he attached the fervent nature of his companion more and more closely to him, he heard the strange impersonal voice which he recognised as his own, insisting on the soul's incurable loneliness. We cannot give ourselves, it said: we are our own." 19 Is Mr. Duffy the negative version of the egoist? Perhaps, especially when we remember that this story is based upon an incident that happened to Stanislaus Joyce. Let us take this as an opportunity to return to his diary and its comments about literary egoism, or, more precisely about Meredith's famous novel, The Egoist.
A long and self-conscious passage in the Dublin Diary is devoted to a systematic comparison between Henry James and George Meredith. Stanislaus values James over Meredith and finds many faults with two main novels, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel and The Egoist. "The Egoist is later and more mature work, but its construction is far worse. It drags intolerably until within about 100 pages of the end, and then ends like a farce by Pinero" (CDD, 120). Stanislaus summarizes the plot, stressing its artificiality and obscurity ("Vernon Whitford and Colonel de Craye evidently know as much about the affair as Meredith himself"), and he concludes, "Perhaps what is called a 'plot' has little attraction for me, but it seems to me that The Egoist has to be written again and that the man who will write it must be able to write without a 'plot,' directly from his characters" (CDD, 121). It is precisely the kind of advice that Joyce paid attention to when he rewrote Stephen Hero as A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. One might suggest not only that Joyce's first novel is a variation on the theme of The Egoist, but also that Ulysses attempts to overcome aporias of anarchist egoism by fusing the main themes of two novels: Richard Feverel serves for the "father and son" intrigue that links Bloom and Stephen, as some explicit allusions make clear, while The Egoist serves for another motif of equal importance--as we shall see.
The hero of The Egoist is Sir Willoughby Patterne, a rich and handsome country squire who has reached the age of marrying. Initially he hesitates between the "dashing" and wealthy Constantia Durham and a shy, romantic neighbor, Laetitia Dale, who is also a poet. After he has chosen Constantia as a match appropriate to his standing, she suddenly marries someone else. Wounded personally and socially, Sir Willoughby turns back to Laetitia, to whom he suggests that they will eventually marry. Meanwhile, to escape the social embarrassment caused by Constantia, he spends three years travelling in America with his cousin. When he returns, his mother frowns upon Laetitia, and he meets his ideal partner, Clara Middleton. She unites all the qualities of the others: she is well-off, independent, the daughter of a renowned scholar, and, though only eighteen, assuredly beautiful and clever. She allows him to pay court, but after she has grudgingly accepted his marriage proposal and been presented as the official "betrothed," she slowly realizes that he is an intolerable egoist who wants to keep her in his world and will deny the autonomy she requires. He behaves like a feudal lord who expects absolute devotion from his subjects:
I confess to exacting that kind of dependency. Feudalism is not an objectionable thing if you can be sure of the lord. You know, Clara . . . I do not claim servitude, I stipulate for affection.  And with one? . . .dearest! So that the two can shut out the world: we live what is the dream of others. Nothing imaginable can be sweeter. It is a veritable heaven on earth. To be the possessor of the whole of you! Your thoughts,hopes, all. 20
The slowness denounced by Stanislaus Joyce corresponds to the long internal struggle within Clara, who is at first in love with Willoughby, or at least flattered by his "devotion," then comes slowly to the conclusion that she must reject him if she is to remain "her own." At one point she thinks: "My mind is my own, married or not," and the narrator adds: "It was the point in dispute" (E, 64). Love implies possessiveness and she cannot accept the limitation of her freedom that it entails. She tries to pretend to be jealous of Laetitia (still in love with Willoughby, despite his two rejections), a ploy that works only until the two young women become friends. In their rather cordial and intense discussion, Clara admits to having become an "egoist" herself ("I have latterly become an Egoist thinking of no one but myself, scheming to make use of every soul I meet"), adding in self-defense that women need different weapons: "But then women are in the position of inferiors. They are hardly out of the nursery when a lasso is round their necks . . ." (E, 132). Finally, she systematizes the main opposition between male and female egoism: "Here is the difference I see; I see it; I am certain of it: women who are called coquettes make their conquests not of the best of men; but men who are Egoists have good women for their victims; women on whose devoted constancy they feed; they drink it like blood" (E, 133). Laetitia who first thinks that she is hearing "discursive observations upon the inequality in the relations of the sexes" then understands that this discourse concerns Clara and her--her role has been outlined by her new "friend."
Clara finds help and support when a friend comes on the scene, Colonel de Craye, who is half-Irish, a born seducer, and a rival of Willoughby. Clara more or less openly allows him to flirt with her, and almost runs away, followed nevertheless by Vernon, Willoughby's cousin who is secretly in love with her. Eventually she will leave with Vernon (at Willoughby's request; he prefers to see her go with his cousin than with his rival). She loses her social respectability by doing so, but seems in the end to have found her freedom. Willoughby marries Laetitia, who by now has lost all her illusions, and just accepts the arrangement because she needs the money and power. She too has become an egoist, as she explains in the penultimate chapter.
Meredith bases his system on what was for him "science," the theory of evolution. Why has Clara yielded to Willoughby's entreaties? "He looked the fittest; he justified the dictum of science. The survival of the Patternes was assured" (E, 35). Egoism is merely a vestige of an archaic past that sends us back directly to primitive man: "The Egoist, who is our original male in giant form . . ." (E, 191). The splendid mansion of the Patternes has been built out of such a primitive accumulation of wealth and egoism: "Aforetime a grand old egoism built the House. It would appear that ever finer essences of it are demanded to sustain the structure: but especially would it appear that a reversion to the gross original, beneath a mask and in a vein of fineness, is an earthquake at the foundations of the House" (E, 6-7). Willoughby's naive egoism appears thus as an "anachronic spectre" coming from the past of his family and mankind. He is therefore ridiculous--comedy is the only medicine one can apply to his case. The novel opens with the parallel presentation of the "Book of the earth," which might also be called "the book of egoism" (E, 3), and of the imps of the comic spirit who can try to correct egoism. However, the egoist should also inspire pity (and we know that Meredith admitted to having introduced a lot of himself under the disguise of Sir Willoughby Patterne--but can we pity the hero for that matter?). "The Egoist surely inspires pity. He who would desire to clothe himself at everybody's expense, and is of that desire condemned to strip himself stark naked, he, if pathos ever had a form, might be taken for the actual person" (E, 6) The uneasy mixture of comedy and pathos makes for narrative slowness, while dramatic ironies abound. It is Willoughby, for instance, who warns Clara never to marry an Egoist! "Beware of marrying an Egoist, my dear!" he blurts out, never thinking that Clara can apply the term to him. She grasps it avidly. "None of them saw the man in the word, none noticed the word; yet this word was her medical herb, her illuminating lamp, the key of him (and, alas, but she thought it by feeling her need of one), the advocate pleading in apology for her. Egoist! She beheld him--unfortunate, self-designed man that he was!" (E, 82). Meredith, it seems, has come by a different route to discern the same circularity linking concept and active realization in an utterance. The simple mental enunciation of "Egoist" propels action, leads to a series of imitative tactics.
This generalized performativity is philosophically very impressive, while it brings added problems to the novel's economy: it fails to bring out the "comedy" that would work as the main antidote to egoism. Despite its links with the famous lecture delivered in 1877 on "Comedy and the Uses of the Comic spirit" (E, 431-450), The Egoist never becomes funny enough to propel itself beyond mere psychological delineation, despite its advertised ambition. The satire never really takes off (perhaps because the theme was too painfully close to Meredith's own life). Ulysses, instead manages to be consistently comic, in the very spirit advocated by Meredith, without ever flaunting comedy as a key to, or a consequence of, the idea of the book. This is where Joyce has clearly gone beyond Meredith--but he may have been helped by Stanislaus's scathing remarks.
Thus, the central issue in the interpretation of Meredith's novel is to decide whether Clara becomes an egoist, and if she does, what that means. Laetitia becomes one at the novel's end, cynically admitting her disillusionment with Willoughby and romantic feelings. Clara has learned from Willoughby the uses of egoism, which forces her to think of herself and to refuse the lure of self-sacrifice that is expected of women. 21 One finds a few passages in which Meredith clearly approves of feminine retaliation facing male egoism: "Let women tell us of their side of the battle. We are not so much the test of the Egoist in them as they to us. Moments of similarity shown in crowned and undiademed ladies of intrepid independence suggest their occasional capacity to be like men when it is given to them to hunt" (E, 191). Clara is also betrayed by her own father in her struggle, since he cannot understand her desire to be "her own," and would prefer her to make a socially rewarding marriage. Like Richard Feverel, Clara will have to discover herself as unique and her own through an "ordeal." It is likely that Meredith had heard of Stirner's book, although it was not available in English at the time. Egoism smacks also of capitalism as the next stage after feudal society: the egoist wishes to buy a wife who will be treated as a beautiful ornament, and merely add to his riches. And what is fundamentally condemned by Meredith is the lack of reciprocity that egoism entails: "In the hundred and fourth chapter of the thirteenth volume of the BOOK of EGOISM, it is written: Possession without obligation to the object possessed approaches felicity. It is the rarest condition of ownership" (E, 110). Possession, Meredith explains, generally entails some vestigial obligation to the object owned. Not in one case only: "Our possession of an adoring female's worship is this instance" (E, 111).
This analysis is very close to what Meredith denounces as sentimentalism in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel--a sentence that is quoted, as we remember, by Stephen Dedalus when he sends his famous telegram to Buck Mulligan: "'Sentimentalists,' says The Pilgrim's Scrip, 'are they who seek to enjoy without incurring the Immense Debtorship for a thing done.'" 22 Sentimentalism, as an attempt to negate a sense of debt, is a weaker form of egoism: at least an egoist behaves more or less consciously like a despot. That is why avid readers of Meredith such as Harriet Weaver and Dora Marsden could embrace egoism, but never accept sentimentalism. When Harriet Weaver congratulated Marsden on the change of name from the New Freewoman to the Egoist, she urged that it would be a "good challenge to sentimentalism"; in a similar way, when Marsden expresses doubts about Allen Upward as an editor, she writes: "I am terrified he will turn out a sentimentalist" (both quoted in DM, 123). Bruce Clarke explains how the spirit of anarchism penetrated the stronghold of suffragism through a reference to The Egoist--as early as December 1911!--in a leading article by Selwyn Weston, who explained that the seemingly self-effacing protagonist, Vernon Whitford, was "no less an egoist than Willoughby" (DM, 66). The logical development for the two female editors was to replace Meredith with Stirner--a development that, as I have suggested, was the exact inverse of Joyce's own progression through various modes of egoism.
One passage in Meredith's Egoist may be even more relevant to the situation of Stephen than the famous subtitle of The Ordeal of Richard Feverel: A History of Father and Son; it is the analysis of dissociation brought about by the pain of jealousy to the egoist who realizes that he is about to lose his prize. When Willoughby manages to control himself, above all by thinking that Clara has been touched by scandal, his psychic disaggregation is arrested; but in what alarmingly looks like a parody of Christian theology, Meredith explains how he becomes his own Father and Son:
Consider him indulgently: the Egoist is the Son of Himself. He is likewise the Father. And the son loves the father, the father the son; they reciprocate affection through the closest ties . . . The two rub together in sympathy besides relationship to an intenser one. Are you, without much offending, sacrificed by them, it is on the altar of their mutual love, to filial piety or paternal tenderness: the younger has offered a dainty morsel to the elder, or the elder to the younger. Absorbed in their great example of devotion, they do not think of you. They are beautiful. . . . The Egoist is our fountain-head, primeval man: the primitive is born again, the elemental reconstituted. Born again, into new conditions, the primitive may be highly polished of men, and forfeit nothing save the roughness of his original nature. He is not only his own father, he is ours; and he is also our son. We have produced him, he us. [E, 324-25]
Meredith enables us to understand not only the overcoming of Stephen's juvenile egoism, the illusion he entertains of a "mystical" self-begetting, but also the way a female self can both go beyond egoism and signify its culmination. In this sense, Molly Bloom is a direct heir of Clara Middleton, for she radicalizes egoism in her "pre-human" and "post-human" function when she becomes one with Gea-Tellus. The "father-and-son" intrigue vanishes from the "plot" in order to allow for the apotheosis of a female being who can assert independence that is beyond immanence or transcendence. "Penelope" and Clara Middleton gain their freedom by contradicting themselves a lot and by losing a little of their reputation. Thus can they be free and also accept life in all its manifestations. And when Gea-Tellus becomes one with a principle of paradoxical narratology, based upon orality, so as to never really tell us the tale we expect, but let language deploy itself in all its masks and obfuscations, we have reached the terra non firma of Finnegans Wake.
In a typically modernist fashion, the only way for Joycean egoism to triumph is to blend with language. Joyce's strong ego has often been contrasted with Pound's more volatile and esemplastic personality, but they share a fundamental attitude that was well captured by Olson, writing about Pound: "Ez's epic solves problem by his ego . . . thus creates the methodology of the Cantos, viz, a space-field where, by inversion, though the material is all time material, he has driven through it so sharply by the beak of his ego that he has turned time into what we must now have, space & its live air." 23 Joyce's epic also solves all problems by his ego, but an ego that is opposed from the start to different obstacles. We can recognize the "egoes" in the famous "eagles" that will come to "pull out the eyes" of the frightened baby tuckoo at the beginning of A Portrait of the Artist, threatening super-egos who are messengers of a law that is administered by women first, and only later by men.
Throughout his career, the strategy adopted by Joyce was much the same. Hiding under the tables of the law, he multiplied his "I's" in order to avoid the frightening beaks. For him, paradoxically, moral courage was founded on the lability of the I, a view that owes much to the chief charactersitic of the Stirnerian unique one, who is also causa sui. Egoism can never be equated with an essentialism of the self. Thus the double motto (shared with Pound) of "Never explain, never apologize." To apologize (we are never told whether young Stephen did apologize in front of Dante, but we know that he suffered from his eyes all his life) implies a moral law; that has to be subverted, for an apology is synonymous with excuse, and an "ex-cuse" is a way of ex-causing oneself, of refusing the single "cause" one has to become, namely oneself. Like Stirner, Joyce chose to become his own cause and consistently refused to apologize.
Yet egoism must be distinguished from egotism. Joyce would not have written memoirs as did Stendhal in his Souvenirs d'Egotisme, a diary he kept between 1821 and 1830. 24 Egotism implies the heroic cultivation of the self, as we find in romantic and postromantic literature, from Goethe to Barrés, via Stendhal, Baudelaire, and Gide, while egoism implies a radical anarchism that refuses any authority. Egotism is mainly a literary movement. (It has been highly developed in French literature, perhaps because of the centrality of Montaigne and the important debate between him and Pascal that dominated most discussions about moralism and anti-moralism in France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.) Whereas egoism is a political movement, much closer to German or English trends. Joyce always appeared impatient of literary egotism, and in a conversation with Arthur Power he insisted that Ulysses offered a critique of "egotism." "Nature is quite unromantic. It is we who put romance into here, which is a false attitude, an egotism, absurd like all egotisms. In Ulysses I have tried to keep close to fact." 25 Just a few years later, Finnegans Wake also stressed the limitation of "egotism," using metanarrative logics based on a-personal sigla and statements (e.g., "--Cockran, eggotisters, limitated" [FW, 137.8]). But Joyce's initial Stirnerian position forced him to see the ghosts surrounding the antiromantic "facts" he claimed he had never left aside.
The egoist, like the ego, owns himself only after he has been reconciled with various ghosts, a journey that might take us, in Joyce's case, from Ibsen, the main "egoarch", to such Wakean idioms such as "me altar's ego in miniature" (FW, 463.7), an endless recirculation of a-personal subjects that can "guide them through the labyrinth of their samilikes and the alteregoases of their pseudoselves" (FW, 576.32-33). The task that devolves on feminine characters is less to eradicate than to sublimate egoism by creating a new and vital affirmation. This explains why the feminist "egoism" Joyce found in Dora Marsden, Harriet Weaver, and later Sylvia Beach, was so instrumental in his career and helped him throughout his life. The "Egomen" who helped him believe in himself were above all women who were devoted, dedicated, and loved him not as a person, but as a cause, a cause he did not so much defend as embody.
As Lacan has suggested his seminar on Joyce, Joyce can be understood as the sinthome: a sinner and a saintly man, he was the cultural and political symptom of modernity, yet also the modern avatar of Aquinas, writing his Summa in order to expose how all the interlocking circles of the Real, the Imaginary and the Symbolic are enmeshed and intertwined in a knot. 26 Joyce's cause is still the cause of writing, understood here less as literature, more as a psychic apparatus that keeps together traces impelling the active secret of sexual division. Joyce's egoism never reclaims the subjective self as the source of values, but points to an other cause that contains the keys of the structure of a subjectivity constituted by language. In that movement, Joyce shows his fundamental alliance with a postfeminist position such as that of Dora Marden, who remained a feminist in spite of her repudiation of her former suffragist ideology. In spite of our likes and dislikes, this brand of egoism does not foster rejection or hate; it even triggers a paradoxical love. Or, to quote a French magazine aptly called Egoïste: an egoist is just somebody who doesn't love me. 27
Jean-Michel Rabaté is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania. His books include Joyce in the Void and most recently The Ghosts of Modernity.
1. James Joyce, Finnegans Wake (New York: Viking Press, 1939), 145.29, hereafter abbreviated FW. Reference is made to page and line number, the latter appearing after a decimal point.
2. James Joyce, Ulysses, ed. Hans Walter Gabler et al. (New York: Random House, 1986), hereafter abbreviated U. References cite episode number and, after a decimal point, line number.
3. Don Gifford with Robert J. Seidman, Ulysses Annotated: Notes for James Joyce's Ulysses, rev. edtn. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 251-52.
4. Bruce Clarke, Dora Marsden and Early Modernism (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), hereafter abbreviated DM. See also Robert von Hallberg, "Libertarian Imagism," 2 (April 1995): 63-79.
5. [Dora Marsden], "Views and Comments," The New Freewoman, 15 December 1913, 244.
6. Rachel Blau DuPlessis, The Pink Guitar: Writing as Feminist Practice (New York: Routledge, 1990), 45.
7. Dora Marsden, "The Lean Kind," New Freewoman, 15 June 1913, 1; hereafter abbreviated "LK."
8. Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, ed. J. J. Martin and trans. S. T. Byington (New York: Dover Press, 1973), 3-5. Because no edition of Stirner in English presents the complete text of his work, I shall cite three different editions in the course of this dicussion.
9. Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, trans. S. T. Byington (New York: Benjamin Tucker, 1907), 43-44; hereafter abbreviated EHO.
10. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works, vol. 5 The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers, 1976), 152; hereafter abbreviated GI.
11. Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx (New York: Routledge, 1994), 121-22. See also my La Pénultième est morte (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 1993), 223, and The Ghosts of Modernity (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996), 223-27.
12. Max Stirner, The Ego and His Own, ed. and trans. John Carroll (London: Jonatan Cape, 1971), 261. I have changed Carroll's translation of the German Sache from "affair" to "cause."
13. Stanislaus Joyce, The Complete Dublin Diary, ed. George H. Healey (Ithaca: Cornell Univeristy Press, 1971), 3; hereafter abbreviated CDD.
14. James Joyce, Stephen Hero, ed. John J. Slocum and Herbert Cahoon (New York: New Directions, 1963); hereafter abbreviated SH. James Joyce, "A Portrait of the Artist," in Chester G. Anderson, ed., James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (New York: Viking; London: Cape, 1964), 257-85; hereafter abbreviated "APA."
15. Dominic Manganiello, Joyce's Politics (London: Rougtledge, 1980), 67-72.
16. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Ireland and the Irish Question (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 151; hereafter abbreviated IIQ.
17. Michael Levenson, A Genealogy of Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 68.
18. Weldon Thornton, The Antimodernism of Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994); hereafter TAJ.
19. James Joyce, Dubliners, ed. Terence Brown (London: Penguin, 1992), 107.
20. George Meredith, The Egoist edited by R. M. Adams (New York: Norton, 1979), 71; hereafter abbreviated E.
21. See Jenny Calder, "The Insurrection of Women," quoted in E, 472-80,
22. George Meredith, The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (New York, Signet, 1961), 196.
23. Charles Olson, Selected Writings, ed. Robert Creeley (New York: New Directions, 1976), 81-82.
24. Stendahl [Henry Beyle], "Souvenirs d'Egotisme," in Oeuvres Intimes (Paris: Gallimard, Bibliothèque du Pleïade, 1966), 1393- 1483.
25. Arthur Power, Conversations with James Joyce (London: Millington, 1974), 98.
26. Jacques Aubert, ed., Joyce avec Lacan (Paris: Navarin, 1987).
27. Anonymous advertisement, Egoïste 13 (June 1966), 2. Egoïste is a high fashion magazine launched by Nicole Wisnak in 1977; it sold its name to Karl Lagerfeld and Chanel when the latter created a new perfume with the same name.
.


>>> import morse.code
>>> p = morse.code.TelegraphPrinter()
>>> p.encode("SMS SMS")
'...--... ...--...'
>>> w = morse.code.TelegraphWriter("test.ogg")
>>> w.encode("SMS SMS")
Exports the Morse for "SMS SMS" to test.ogg
>>> p = morse.code.TelegraphPlayer()
>>> p.encode("SMS SMS")
Plays the Morse for "SMS SMS" to test.ogg
Warning
This class is used primarily as a parent class to be inherited from. Please see TelegraphWriter ,:class:TelegraphPlayer OR TelegraphPrinter. It is created as a “new style” class.
| Parameters: | morse_alphabet – (str) Name of alphabet encoding to be used. |
|---|
Return the Morse encoding of a character, according to the configured alphabet
| Parameters: | character – (str) Character to be encoded |
|---|---|
| Returns: | ‘.-‘ encoding of character |
| Return type: | String |
| Raises: |
|
Generate character tones
The ‘.’ and ‘-‘ Morse characters are represented by a NumPy array data structure. The structure, and the tone are affected by the frequency of the ‘note’ (the default, 660Hz is the musical note ‘A’), the Words Per Minute (the number of words per minute defines how long each tone will be) and the sample rate (the frequency at which the tone is passed to the sound card).
When an instance of a subclass of the class:Telegraph is created the tones can be regenerated. For example, to change the note to a middle C (frequency 262Hz), with a slower WPM rate
>>> p = morse.code.TelegraphPlayer()
>>> p.generate_tones(frequency=262, wpm=10)
| Parameters: |
|
|---|
Return the Morse Code NumPy Array for a character
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Raises: |
|
Return the data structure for a tones length of silence.
This can be used to populate the gaps between characters (2 ‘.’ tones) or the gap between words (5 ‘.’ tones)
| Returns: | a single ‘.’ tones worth of silence. |
|---|---|
| Return type: | NumPy array |
Bases: morse.code.Telegraph
Write Morse Code to an Audio File. TelegraphWriter uses SndFile from the scikits.audiolab package to write out audio data, and as such TelegraphWriter can output to whatever formats are available. See the available_file_formats() and available_encodings() to determine what audio outputs are available.
| Parameters: |
|
|---|---|
| Raises InvalidFormatEncoding: | |
The default format and encoding is ogg vorbis (http://www.vorbis.com). This produces good quality compressed files, but is slower that (say) WAV 16pcm
Write a message to the output file.
| Parameters: | message – (str) Message to be written |
|---|---|
| Raises CharacterNotFound: | |
| if ignore_unknown is set to False and a character is not found |
Bases: morse.code.Telegraph
Play the Morse Code through the audio device
| Parameters: | alphabet – (str) Morse Code alphabet to be used |
|---|
Play a message to the output device.
| Parameters: | message – (str) Message to be played |
|---|---|
| Raises CharacterNotFound: | |
| if ignore_unknown is set to False and a character is not found |


Here some major points to consider when choosing the right tool:
Latency:
Is the performance of the streaming application paramount? Storm can give sub-second latency much more easily and with less restrictions than Spark Streaming.
Development Cost:
Is it desired to have similar code bases for batch processing and stream processing? In our case I could say yes! With Spark, batching and streaming are very similar.
Message Delivery Guarantees:
Is there high importance on processing every single record, or is some nominal amount of data loss acceptable? In our case I want to say it’s important to processes every record. Disregarding everything else, Spark trivially yields perfect, exactly once message delivery. Storm can provide all three delivery semantics, but getting perfect exactly once message delivery requires more effort to properly achieve.
Process Fault Tolerance:
Is high-availability of primary concern? Both systems actually handle fault-tolerance of this kind really well and in relatively similar ways.
Production Storm clusters will run Storm processes under supervision; if a process fails, the supervisor process will restart it automatically. State management is handled through ZooKeeper. Processes restarting will reread the state from ZooKeeper on an attempt to rejoin the cluster.
Spark handles restarting workers via the resource manager: YARN or its standalone manager. Spark’s standalone resource manager handles master node failure with standby-masters and ZooKeeper.
Conclusion
Both Apache Spark Streaming and Apache Storm are great solutions that solve the streaming ingestion and transformation problem. Either system can be a great choice for part of an analytics stack. Choosing the right one is simply a matter of answering the above questions.