learning theory
Contents
5.9. learning theory#
references: (1) Machine Learning - Tom Mitchell, (2) An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory - Kearns & Vazirani
5.9.1. evolution#
performance is correlation \(Perf_D (h,c) = \sum h(x) \cdot c(x) \cdot P(x)\)
want \(P(Perf_D(h,c) < Perf_D(c,c)-\epsilon) < \delta\)
5.9.2. sample problems#
ex: N marbles in a bag. How many draws with replacement needed before we draw all N marbles?
write \(P_i = \frac{N-(i-1)}{N}\) where i is number of distinct drawn marbles
transition from i to i+1 is geometrically distributed with probability \(P_i\)
mean times is sum of mean of each geometric
in order to get probabilities of seeing all the marbles instead of just mean[## draws], want to use Markov’s inequailty
box full of 1e6 marbles
if we have 10 evenly distributed classes of marbles, what is probability we identify all 10 classes of marbles after 100 draws?
5.9.3. computational learning theory#
frameworks
PAC
mistake-bound - split into b processes which each fail with probability at most \(\delta / b\)
questions
sample complexity - how many training examples needed to converge
computational complexity - how much computational effort needed to converge
mistake bound - how many training examples will learner misclassify before converging
must define convergence based on some probability
<IP_ADDRESS>. PAC - probably learning an approximately correct hypothesis - Mitchell#
want to learn C
data X is sampled with Distribution D
learner L considers set H of possible hypotheses
true error \(err_d (h)\) of hypothesis h with respect to target concept c and distribution D is the probability that h will misclassify an instance drawn at random according to D.
\(err_D(h) = \underset{x\in D}{Pr}[c(x) \neq h(x)]\)
getting \(err_D(h)=0\) is infeasible
PAC learnable - consider concept class C defined over set of instances X of length n and a learner L using hypothesis space H
C is PAC-learnable by L using H if for all \(c \in C\), distributions D over X, \(\epsilon\) s.t. 0 < \(\epsilon\) < 1/2 \(\delta\) s.t. \(0<\delta<1/2\), learner L will with probability at least \((1-\delta)\) output a hypothesis \(h \in H\) s.t \(err_D(h) \leq \epsilon\)
efficiently PAC learnable - time that is polynomial in \(1/\epsilon, 1/\delta, n, size(c )\)
probably - probability of failure bounded by some constant \(\delta\)
approximately correct - err bounded by some constant \(\epsilon\)
assumes H contains hypothesis with artbitraily small error for every target concept in C
<IP_ADDRESS>. sample complexity for finite hypothesis space - Mitchell#
sample complexity - growth in the number of training examples required
consistent learner - outputs hypotheses that perfectly fit training data whenever possible
outputs a hypothesis belonging to the version space
consider hypothesis space H, target concept c, instance distribution \(\mathcal{D}\), training examples D of c. The versions space \(VS_{H,D}\) is \(\epsilon\)-exhaused with respect to c and \(\mathcal{D}\) if every hypothesis h in \(VS_{H,D}\) has error less than \(\epsilon\) with respect to c and \(\mathcal{D}\): \((\forall h \in VS_{H,D}) err_\mathcal{D} (h) < \epsilon\)
<IP_ADDRESS>. rectangle learning game - Kearns#
data X is sampled with Distribution D
simple soln: tightest-fit rectangle
define region T so prob a draw misses T is \(1-\epsilon /4\)
then, m draws miss with \((1-\epsilon /4)^m\)
choose m to satisfy \(4(1-\epsilon/4)^m \leq \delta\)
<IP_ADDRESS>. VC dimension#
VC dimension measures capacity of a space of functions that can be learend by a statistical classification algorithm
let H be set of sets and C be a set
\(H \cap C := \{ h \cap C \: \vert h \in H \}\)
a set C is shattered by H if \(H \cap C\) contains all subsets of C
The VC dimension of \(H\) is the largest integer \(D\) such that there exists a set \(C\) with cardinality \(D\) that is shattered by \(H\)
VC (Vapnic-Chervonenkis) dimension - if data is mapped into sufficiently high dimension, then samples will be linearly separable (N points, N-1 dims)
VC dimension 0 -> hypothesis either always returns false or always returns true
Sauer’s lemma - let \(d \geq 0, m \geq 1\), \(H\) hypothesis space, VC-dim(H) = d. Then, \(\Pi_H(m) \leq \phi (d,m)\)
fundamental theorem of learning theory provides bound of m that guarantees learning: \(m \geq [\frac{4}{\epsilon} \cdot (d \cdot ln(\frac{12}{\epsilon}) + ln(\frac{2}{\delta}))]\)
5.9.4. concept learning and the general-to-specific ordering#
definitions
concept learning - acquiring the definition of a general category given a sample of positive and negative training examples of the category
concept is boolean function that returns true for specific things
can represent function as vector acceptable features, ?, or null (if any null, then entire vector is null)
general hypothesis - more generally true
general defines a partial ordering
a hypothesis is consistent with the training examples if it correctly classifies them
an example x satisfies a hypothesis h if h(x) = 1
find-S - finding a maximally specific hypothesis
start with most specific possible
generalize each time it fails to cover an observed positive training example
flaws
ignores negative examples
if training data is perfect, then will get answer
no errors
there exists a hypothesis in H that describes target concept c
version space - set of all hypotheses consistent with the training examples
list-then-eliminate - list all hypotheses and eliminate any that are inconsistent (slow)
candidate-elimination - represent most general (G) and specific (S) members of version space
version space representation theorem - version space can be found from most general / specific version space members
for positive examples
make S more general
fix G
for negative examples
fix S
make G more specific
in general, optimal query strategy is to generate instances that satisfy exactly half the hypotheses in the current version space
testing?
classify as positive if satisfies S
classify as negative if doesn’t satisfy G
inductive bias of candidate-elimination - target concept c is contained in H


{% extends "edd_base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block js_css %} {{ block.super }} {% endblock js_css %} {% block head_title %} EDD WebSockets Demo {% endblock head_title %} {% block body_title %} EDD WebSockets Demo {% endblock body_title %} {% block content %}
This page is a small demonstration of WebSocket capability in EDD. Moving your mouse pointer in the box below will move a small icon around. These motions are sent to the EDD server, and forwarded to every other browser with the page open. To see it in action, open two browser windows on this page, and see the icons moving around in both windows based on what happens in each window.
{% endblock content %}


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CUTLASS
CUDA Templates for Linear Algebra Subroutines and Solvers
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Mapping function for 4-D NC/xHWx tensors.
#include <tensor.h>
Public Types | |
| using | Index = int32_t |
| Index type used for coordinates. More... | |
| using | LongIndex = int64_t |
| Long index type used for offsets. More... | |
| using | TensorCoord = Tensor4DCoord |
| Logical coordinate. More... | |
| using | Stride = Coord< kStrideRank > |
| Stride vector. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE | TensorNCxHWx (Stride const &stride=Stride(0)) |
| Constructor. More... | |
| CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE LongIndex | operator() (TensorCoord const &coord) const |
| Returns the offset of a coordinate in linear memory. More... | |
| CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE Stride | stride () const |
| Returns the stride of the layout. More... | |
| CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE Stride & | stride () |
| Returns the stride of the layout. More... | |
| CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE LongIndex | capacity (TensorCoord const &extent) const |
| Compute the number of contiguous elements needed to store a tensor with the given size. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static CUTLASS_HOST_DEVICE TensorNCxHWx | packed (TensorCoord const &extent) |
| Helper returns a layout to a tightly packed tensor. More... | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| static int const | kInterleave = Interleave |
| Interleaving quantity. More... | |
| static int const | kRank = 4 |
| Logical rank of tensor. More... | |
| static int const | kStrideRank = 3 |
| Rank of stride vector. More... | |
| using cutlass::layout::TensorNCxHWx< Interleave >::Index = int32_t |
| using cutlass::layout::TensorNCxHWx< Interleave >::LongIndex = int64_t |
| using cutlass::layout::TensorNCxHWx< Interleave >::Stride = Coord<kStrideRank> |
| using cutlass::layout::TensorNCxHWx< Interleave >::TensorCoord = Tensor4DCoord |
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inlinestatic |
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But as a new venue was announced on Friday for the gathering called COP25 — this time in Spain — the 16-year-old didn’t bat an eyelid: she simply asked for a lift back across the Atlantic.
“As #COP25 has officially been moved from Santiago to Madrid I’ll need some help,” Thunberg tweeted from Los Angeles. “It turns out I’ve traveled half around the world, the wrong way:)”
“Now I need to find a way to cross the Atlantic in November… If anyone could help me find transport I would be so grateful,” said the teen, who refuses to fly because of the carbon emissions involved.
Thunberg’s highly publicised journey has so far involved crossing on a zero-emission sailboat from the coast of England to New York, traveling overland through North America by train and in an electric car borrowed from Arnold Schwarzenegger.
She was one of around 25,000 delegates expected in Santiago for the United Nations climate summit, until Chile pulled out as host this week due to deadly anti-government protests.
The United Nations announced on Friday that COP 25 will finally take place in Madrid, on the original scheduled dates of December 2-13.
The Swedish teen activist Thunberg rose to prominence last year after she started spending her Fridays outside Sweden’s parliament, holding a sign reading “School strike for climate.”
Students across the world began emulating her campaign, leading to organised school walkouts and the rise of the “Fridays for Future” movement which targets government action on climate change.


GitHub actions to publish npm packages
Build, test and deploy npm packages with GitHub actions.
GitHub actions allow you to run scripts for your repository without having to use applications. This is my early exploration of what is possible with GitHub actions and npm. There are heaps of alternatives, so make sure to try them out!
To follow along you will need to sign up to the GitHub actions beta.
Publishing workflow
I have some npm packages with specific workflow I always follow before deploying a new version. My usual workflow for publishing npm packages is to:
- Create a Pull Request into main
- Merge the pull request into main
- Checkout main branch locally
- Install dependencies
npm install
- Test the functionality
npm run test
-
Publish the package to the npm registry
npm publish
- If any of these steps fail I don't want to publish the package
With GitHub actions I can change the workflow to:
- Create a Pull Request into any branch
- Run GitHub actions
- If any of the actions fail I will get failed checks in the Pull Request
- Merge the pull request
Create a main.workflow
To use GitHub actions you need to create a
.github/main.workflow
file in your main branch. This
file tells GitHub you have a workflow to run. You can do this by
creating the file in your repository or clicking the actions tab in
GitHub.
Workflow
Once you have the file created we need to add a workflow. To create workflow we need:
- Workflow name: Build, test and publish on main
- The action to finish the workflow on: ["Test"]
- The event to run the workflow: push
A push event is ran when a push to a repository branch is made. Branch pushes and repository tag pushes also trigger webhook push events.
Actions
Now that we have a workflow created we can create our actions. Actions are docker containers that use arguments, secrets and environment variables with the files in your repository. To create an action for publish we need:
- The name of the action: Install dependencies
- The docker container: actions/npm@main
- The arguments to pass to the container: install
Note: you will need the word
run
before custom npm scripts.
We now have a new workflow that runs for every push into the
repository. It will create a docker container using
actions/npm@main and
run npm install
then npm run test
. If the
install and test pass the workflow resolves successfully.
Publishing when pushed to main
Lets add some more actions for install, test and filtering for the
main branch. We will use the
actions/bin/filter@main to make sure we are in the main branch before running the publish
action. The publish action will need a secret NPM_AUTH_TOKEN
to publish to the NPM registry, you can create an npm token here.
Lets update our workflow to include filtering and publishing.
And thats it! You now have a simple workflow to publish your npm packages.
If you liked this post or have feedback please let me know. I am thinking of writing some more posts on publishing static sites and a beginners guide to creating an action.


 Your georide's email and password will not be saved. All the info write on this page will not be saved. The informations needed are saved when you create an account.
{% extends "map/base/base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block title %}
Your georide token is created for 1 month. Your georide's email and password will not be saved. All the info write on this page will not be saved. The informations needed are saved when you create an account.


The spanishflu
package contains ten datasets covering the Spanish flu in the United States:
naval_forces_in_the_us_deaths
and army_in_the_us_deaths
, can be used to visualize deaths from influenza and pneumonia in the military forces, where the Spanish flu first spread.deaths_registered_in_certain_cities
, contains weekly death numbers from larger U.S. cities between September 8th 1918 and March 15th 1919.deaths_registered_in_certain_states_1000
,deaths_registered_in_certain_cities_1000
, deaths_registered_in_nyc_boroughs_1000
, contain mortality figures per 1,000 population for U.S. states, cities of 100,000 population or more, and New York City’s five boroughs.deaths_by_sex_age
, breaks down deaths from influenza and pneumonia per 1,000 population for all U.S. states, except Hawaii, by sex and age.death_estimated_vs_excess_states
, death_estimated_vs_excess_cities
,death_estimated_vs_excess_nyc_boroughs
, are helpful to distinguish “excess” deaths from influenza and pneumonia from “normal” deaths from influenza and pneumonia in U.S. states, larger cities, and New York City’s boroughs.The sources for the datasets contained in the package come from Alfred W. Crosby’s (2003) book “America’s Forgotten Pandemic”. It provides key context for all the datasets. In addition to Crosby’s data, I also added data on non-pharmaceutical interventions by larger U.S. cities during the 1918 and 1919 outbreak from Howard Markel and colleagues.
You can install the beta version of spanishflu
from GitHub with:
install.packages("devtools") devtools::install_github("markushlang/spanishflu")
To look at the tibble that contains the data, do this:
head(deaths_registered_in_certain_cities) #> city state population date deaths first_case mortality_acc_date #> 1 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-09-14 NA 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> 2 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-09-21 NA 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> 3 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-09-28 NA 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> 4 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-10-05 NA 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> 5 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-10-12 45 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> 6 Albany New York<PHONE_NUMBER>-10-19 110 1918-09-27 1918-10-06 #> response_date npi_speed_1918 npi_days_1918 #> 1 1918-10-06 -3 47 #> 2 1918-10-06 -3 47 #> 3 1918-10-06 -3 47 #> 4 1918-10-06 -3 47 #> 5 1918-10-06 -3 47 #> 6 1918-10-06 -3 47
# load packages library(pacman) pacman::p_load("tidyverse","lubridate","ggrepel","paletteer","scales","prismatic") pacman::p_load_gh("markushlang/spanishflu") # prepare cumulative counts flu_curve <- deaths_registered_in_certain_cities %>% select(date,city,deaths) %>% group_by(city) %>% arrange(date) %>% mutate(deaths = ifelse(is.na(deaths),0,deaths)) %>% mutate(cu_deaths = cumsum(deaths)) %>% filter(cu_deaths > 9) %>% mutate(days_elapsed = date - min(date), end_label = ifelse(date == max(date), city, NA)) # create cumulative deaths plot flu_curve %>% filter(city %in% c("New York","Philadelphia","Chicago", "Boston","Pittsburgh")) %>% ggplot(mapping = aes(x = days_elapsed, y = cu_deaths, color = city, label = end_label, group = city)) + geom_line(size = 0.8) + geom_text_repel(nudge_x = 1.1, nudge_y = 0.1, segment.color = NA) + guides(color = FALSE) + theme_minimal() + scale_color_manual(values = prismatic::clr_darken(paletteer_d("jcolors::default"), 0.2)) + scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::comma_format(accuracy = 1), trans = "log2") + labs(x = "Days Since 10th Confirmed Death", y = "Cumulative Number of Deaths (log scale)", title = "Cumulative Deaths from the Spanish Flu, Selected U.S. Cities") + theme(plot.title = element_text(size = rel(1), face = "bold"), axis.text.y = element_text(size = rel(1)), axis.title.x = element_text(size = rel(0.75)), axis.title.y = element_text(size = rel(0.75)), axis.text.x = element_text(size = rel(1)), legend.text = element_text(size = rel(1)) )
This example draws heavily on a Kieran Healy’s Covid-19 Tracking Blogpost.


You can develop your own web sites and dynamic content with a Nimbits Server as your back end. The basic concept is that all of the Web Services available that expose nimbits data can return data in JSON format. This means it's very easy to get and work with data from a Nimbits Service.
We whipped up a limited javascript library that you can use to get started. The code simply takes a point name, and a count for the number of values you'd like to pull down, as well as the URL of the server where the point you're interested in resides. In this example, I'm using the public nimbits cloud on: http://nimbits-02.appspot.com a.k.a http://cloud.nimbits.com
Every Nimbits data point has a unique identifier that makes it identifiable across all of time and space. The UUID is unique to that point even across any number of Nimbits Servers.
This example shows how to download a single data point
Just add a link to the current nimbits javascript library in the head section of your html page. In this case i'm using version 3.3 from the public cloud. If you are running your own instance of Nimbits, you can use that one.

This little example shows querying nimbits using the UUID of a data point. You can get the UUID of a point by opening its properties on a Nimbits Server. or using the data point Search Engine on nimbits.com. This example shows making the javascript call to download the point, and providing a callback function. The call back then displays the current value and name of the point in a popup.
 hello  Check out the Javascript Chart API tutorial for a more involved example on using js with nimbits.


Condition functions
You can use intrinsic functions, such as Fn::If
, Fn::Equals
, and
Fn::Not
, to conditionally create stack resources. These conditions are evaluated
based on input parameters that you declare when you create or update a stack. After you define
all your conditions, you can associate them with resources or resource properties in the
Resources and Outputs sections of a template.
You define all conditions in the Conditions section of a template except for
Fn::If
conditions. You can use the Fn::If
condition in the metadata
attribute, update policy attribute, and property values in the Resources section and Outputs
sections of a template.
You might use conditions when you want to reuse a template that can create resources in
different contexts, such as a test environment versus a production environment. In your
template, you can add an EnvironmentType
input parameter, which accepts either
prod
or test
as inputs. For the production
environment, you might include Amazon EC2 instances with certain capabilities; however, for the test
environment, you want to use less capabilities to save costs. With conditions, you can define
which resources are created and how they're configured for each environment type.
For more information about the Conditions section, see Conditions.
You can only reference other conditions and values from the Parameters and Mappings sections of a template. For example, you can reference a value from an input parameter, but you can't reference the logical ID of a resource in a condition.
Topics
Associating a condition
To conditionally create resources, resource properties, or outputs, you must associate a
condition with them. Add the Condition:
key and the logical ID of the condition
as an attribute to associate a condition, as shown in the following snippet. AWS CloudFormation creates the
NewVolume
resource only when the CreateProdResources
condition
evaluates to true.
JSON
"NewVolume" : { "Type" : "AWS::EC2::Volume", "Condition" : "CreateProdResources", "Properties" : { "Size" : "100", "AvailabilityZone" : { "Fn::GetAtt" : [ "EC2Instance", "AvailabilityZone" ]} }
YAML
NewVolume: Type: "AWS::EC2::Volume" Condition: CreateProdResources Properties: Size: 100 AvailabilityZone: !GetAtt EC2Instance.AvailabilityZone
Fn::If
For the Fn::If
function, you only need to specify the condition name. The
following snippet shows how to use Fn::If
to conditionally specify a resource
property. If the CreateLargeSize
condition is true, CloudFormation sets the volume
size to 100
. If the condition is false, CloudFormation sets the volume size to
10
.
JSON
{ "NewVolume": { "Type": "AWS::EC2::Volume", "Properties": { "Size": { "Fn::If": [ "CreateLargeSize", "100", "10" ] }, "AvailabilityZone": { "Fn::GetAtt": [ "Ec2Instance", "AvailabilityZone" ] } }, "DeletionPolicy": "Snapshot" } }
YAML
NewVolume: Type: 'AWS::EC2::Volume' Properties: Size: 'Fn::If': - CreateLargeSize - '100' - '10' AvailabilityZone: 'Fn::GetAtt': - Ec2Instance - AvailabilityZone DeletionPolicy: Snapshot
Nested conditions
You can also use conditions inside other conditions. The following snippet is from the
Conditions
section of a template. The MyAndCondition
condition
includes the SomeOtherCondition
condition:
JSON
"MyAndCondition": { "Fn::And": [ {"Fn::Equals": ["sg-mysggroup", {"Ref": "ASecurityGroup"}]}, {"Condition": "SomeOtherCondition"} ] }
YAML
MyAndCondition: !And - !Equals ["sg-mysggroup", !Ref "ASecurityGroup"] - !Condition SomeOtherCondition
Fn::And
Returns true
if all the specified conditions evaluate to true, or returns
false
if any one of the conditions evaluates to false. Fn::And
acts as an AND operator. The minimum number of conditions that you can include is 2, and the
maximum is 10.
Declaration
JSON
"Fn::And": [{
condition
}, {...
}]
YAML
Syntax for the full function name:
Fn::And: [
condition
]
Syntax for the short form:
!And [
condition
]
Parameters
Example
The following MyAndCondition
evaluates to true if the referenced security
group name is equal to sg-mysggroup
and if SomeOtherCondition
evaluates to true:
JSON
"MyAndCondition": { "Fn::And": [ {"Fn::Equals": ["sg-mysggroup", {"Ref": "ASecurityGroup"}]}, {"Condition": "SomeOtherCondition"} ] }
YAML
MyAndCondition: !And - !Equals ["sg-mysggroup", !Ref ASecurityGroup] - !Condition SomeOtherCondition
Fn::Equals
Compares if two values are equal. Returns true
if the two values are equal or
false
if they aren't.
Declaration
JSON
"Fn::Equals" : ["
value_1
", "value_2
"]
YAML
Syntax for the full function name:
Fn::Equals: [
value_1
,value_2
]
Syntax for the short form:
!Equals [
value_1
,value_2
]
Parameters
value
-
A value of any type that you want to compare.
Example
The following UseProdCondition
condition evaluates to true if the value for
the EnvironmentType
parameter is equal to prod
:
JSON
"UseProdCondition" : { "Fn::Equals": [ {"Ref": "EnvironmentType"}, "prod" ] }
YAML
UseProdCondition: !Equals [!Ref EnvironmentType, prod]
Fn::If
Returns one value if the specified condition evaluates to true
and another
value if the specified condition evaluates to false
. Currently, CloudFormation
supports the Fn::If
intrinsic function in the metadata attribute, update policy
attribute, and property values in the Resources section and Outputs sections of a template.
You can use the AWS::NoValue
pseudo parameter as a return value to remove the
corresponding property.
Declaration
JSON
"Fn::If": [
condition_name
,value_if_true
,value_if_false
]
YAML
Syntax for the full function name:
Fn::If: [
condition_name
,value_if_true
,value_if_false
]
Syntax for the short form:
!If [
condition_name
,value_if_true
,value_if_false
]
Parameters
Examples
To view additional samples, see Sample templates.
Example 1
The following snippet uses an Fn::If
function in the
SecurityGroups
property for an Amazon EC2 resource. If the
CreateNewSecurityGroup
condition evaluates to true, CloudFormation uses the
referenced value of NewSecurityGroup
to specify the
SecurityGroups
property; otherwise, CloudFormation uses the referenced value of
ExistingSecurityGroup
.
JSON
"SecurityGroups" : [{ "Fn::If" : [ "CreateNewSecurityGroup", {"Ref" : "NewSecurityGroup"}, {"Ref" : "ExistingSecurityGroup"} ] }]
YAML
SecurityGroups: - !If [CreateNewSecurityGroup, !Ref NewSecurityGroup, !Ref ExistingSecurityGroup]
Example 2
In the Output section of a template, you can use the Fn::If
function to
conditionally output information. In the following snippet, if the
CreateNewSecurityGroup
condition evaluates to true, CloudFormation outputs the
security group ID of the NewSecurityGroup
resource. If the condition is
false, CloudFormation outputs the security group ID of the ExistingSecurityGroup
resource.
JSON
"Outputs" : { "SecurityGroupId" : { "Description" : "Group ID of the security group used.", "Value" : { "Fn::If" : [ "CreateNewSecurityGroup", {"Ref" : "NewSecurityGroup"}, {"Ref" : "ExistingSecurityGroup"} ] } } }
YAML
Outputs: SecurityGroupId: Description: Group ID of the security group used. Value: !If [CreateNewSecurityGroup, !Ref NewSecurityGroup, !Ref ExistingSecurityGroup]
Example 3
The following snippet uses the AWS::NoValue
pseudo parameter in an
Fn::If
function. The condition uses a snapshot for an Amazon RDS DB instance
only if a snapshot ID is provided. If the UseDBSnapshot
condition evaluates
to true, CloudFormation uses the DBSnapshotName
parameter value for the
DBSnapshotIdentifier
property. If the condition evaluates to false,
CloudFormation removes the DBSnapshotIdentifier
property.
JSON
"MyDB" : { "Type" : "AWS::RDS::DBInstance", "Properties" : { "AllocatedStorage" : "5", "DBInstanceClass" : "db.t2.small", "Engine" : "MySQL", "EngineVersion" : "5.5", "MasterUsername" : { "Ref" : "DBUser" }, "MasterUserPassword" : { "Ref" : "DBPassword" }, "DBParameterGroupName" : { "Ref" : "MyRDSParamGroup" }, "DBSnapshotIdentifier" : { "Fn::If" : [ "UseDBSnapshot", {"Ref" : "DBSnapshotName"}, {"Ref" : "AWS::NoValue"} ] } } }
YAML
MyDB: Type: "AWS::RDS::DBInstance" Properties: AllocatedStorage: 5 DBInstanceClass: db.t2.small Engine: MySQL EngineVersion: 5.5 MasterUsername: !Ref DBUser MasterUserPassword: !Ref DBPassword DBParameterGroupName: !Ref MyRDSParamGroup DBSnapshotIdentifier: !If [UseDBSnapshot, !Ref DBSnapshotName, !Ref "AWS::NoValue"]
Example 4
The following snippet provides an Auto Scaling update policy only if the
RollingUpdates
condition evaluates to true. If the condition evaluates to
false, CloudFormation removes the AutoScalingRollingUpdate
update policy.
JSON
"UpdatePolicy": { "AutoScalingRollingUpdate": { "Fn::If": [ "RollingUpdates", { "MaxBatchSize": "2", "MinInstancesInService": "2", "PauseTime": "PT0M30S" }, { "Ref" : "AWS::NoValue" } ] } }
YAML
UpdatePolicy: AutoScalingRollingUpdate: !If - RollingUpdates - MaxBatchSize: 2 MinInstancesInService: 2 PauseTime: PT0M30S - !Ref "AWS::NoValue"
Fn::Not
Returns true
for a condition that evaluates to false
or returns
false
for a condition that evaluates to true
. Fn::Not
acts as a NOT operator.
Declaration
JSON
"Fn::Not": [{
condition
}]
YAML
Syntax for the full function name:
Fn::Not: [
condition
]
Syntax for the short form:
!Not [
condition
]
Parameters
Example
The following EnvCondition
condition evaluates to true if the value for the
EnvironmentType
parameter isn't equal to prod
:
JSON
"MyNotCondition" : { "Fn::Not" : [{ "Fn::Equals" : [ {"Ref" : "EnvironmentType"}, "prod" ] }] }
YAML
MyNotCondition: !Not [!Equals [!Ref EnvironmentType, prod]]
Fn::Or
Returns true
if any one of the specified conditions evaluate to true, or
returns false
if all the conditions evaluates to false. Fn::Or
acts
as an OR operator. The minimum number of conditions that you can include is 2, and the maximum
is 10.
Declaration
JSON
"Fn::Or": [{
condition
}, {...
}]
YAML
Syntax for the full function name:
Fn::Or: [
condition, ...
]
Syntax for the short form:
!Or [
condition, ...
]
Parameters
condition
-
A condition that evaluates to
true
orfalse
.
Example
The following MyOrCondition
evaluates to true if the referenced security
group name is equal to sg-mysggroup
or if SomeOtherCondition
evaluates to true:
JSON
"MyOrCondition" : { "Fn::Or" : [ {"Fn::Equals" : ["sg-mysggroup", {"Ref" : "ASecurityGroup"}]}, {"Condition" : "SomeOtherCondition"} ] }
YAML
MyOrCondition: !Or [!Equals [sg-mysggroup, !Ref ASecurityGroup], Condition: SomeOtherCondition]
Supported functions
You can use the following functions in the Fn::If
condition:
-
Fn::Base64
-
Fn::FindInMap
-
Fn::GetAtt
-
Fn::GetAZs
-
Fn::If
-
Fn::Join
-
Fn::Select
-
Fn::Sub
-
Ref
You can use the following functions in all other condition functions, such as
Fn::Equals
and Fn::Or
:
-
Fn::FindInMap
-
Ref
-
Other condition functions


Many efforts are being made to help the victims of the flood in Chennai. Organizations, individuals in the city, the army, the state government, citizens from around the country and people from around the world have all been contributing to the relief and rescue efforts in the city. Social media has played a vital role in making these contributions possible and relevant.
What is lacking amongst the civilian volunteers and organizations is coordination. The lack of coordination and organization has led to waste of time and resources. Out-dated posts, retweets, statuses and focus on camps as opposed to stranded areas has led to a mismatched supply demand ratio. Have you landed up at a place with supplies and found out they were not needed? Have you heard complaints that a few people were hogging all the resources? Did you see places that have more than enough food, but no medicines/sheets/clothes/sanitary pads etc. All of us can do a better job if we can understand which supplies are needed, when, and where.
We will try to assist both the people in need of help and the people who want to help. We will provide tools for voluteers to get up to date information, so they can be as effective as possible. A huge amount of aid is required over the coming weeks, and we will only be pull it off if we work together. Use these tools to coordinate your own group's activities. This website will go live by Monday morning (7/12/2015).
Let's be smart and make every contribution count.


In close partnership with the Fisheries Economics Research Unit (FERU), we provide economic data closely linked to fisheries. These data can be accessed below by type of economic data by spatial entities, or access directly from each spatial entity page.
The Fisheries Economics Research Unit strives for interdisciplinary solutions to global and national marine management issues. FERU focuses on economic and policy analysis and mobilizes researchers, students, and practitioners to advance resource management for the benefit of current and future generations, while maintaining ‘healthy’ ecosystems.
Choose a region type and a query dimension below to view catches by value.
For more options, try the Advanced Search page.
Select a country or territory to view fisheries subsidy information for the selected region.
**A short video by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides a good introduction to the important issue of fisheries subsides, and their link to overfishing. See also Fisheries Economics Research Unit for more details.


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What is HTTP?
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It is the protocol used by the World Wide Web and it forms the basis for how data is transmitted over the Internet and how servers and browsers respond to various requests. Essentially, it the “procedure” which helps define how data or messages should be exchanged by different parties on the Internet.
The Problem with HTTP
The problem with HTTP is that it does not provide for Integrity, Authentication and Privacy. That means data transmitted over HTTP alone is easy to intercept and makes you susceptible to a whole range of attacks which can compromise the 3 factors mentioned above (which you would ideally want when you surf the web).
How about HTTPS?
HTTPS is essentially HTTP running over Secure Socket Layer (SSL). HTTPS works by encrypting the HTTP message before the exchange and when received on the other side, it decrypts the message.
In comparison, if HTTP is used, sensitive information which may be credit card information, your identity numbers, login credentials such as passwords etc. will be transmitted over the server as plaintext. This leaves the exchange vulnerable to “eavesdropping” which means an attacker can intercept the message and use it for harmful purposes.
How do SSL Certificates work?
- When a browser/server tries to connect to a webpage secured with SSL, it first requests the web server to identify itself.
- The web server then sends the client or server its SSL certificate.
- The browser checks the SSL certificate to know if it can trust it. If it is able to trust the SSL certificate, it sends a message to the web server acknowledge this.
- The web server is now ready to establish an SSL encyrpted session with the client/server and sends a digital acknowledgement back.
- Now when messages or data is transferred between these 2 entities, they will be encrypted based on a mutually agreed ciphersuite.
The above process where the browser and web sever initiate a secure session is called an SSL Handshake.
Note: Anyone can create a SSL certificate, but it must be digitally signed by a trusted Certification Authority (CA). Most computers come with a pre-installed list of CAs they can trust and when the browser checks the SSL certificate, it verifies the digital signature against this list.
Public and Private Keys
You would have probably heard about asymmetric cryptography, also known as, public-key cryptography. In this type of asymmetric encryption, two types of keys are involved: public key and private key. The names speak for themselves. Public keys are made public, that is anyone is able to know them. Private keys are private, which means no one other than yourself will be able to access this private key.
Now when someone wants to send me some document, they will simply encrypt the document with my public key (which is accessible by anyone and everyone). Then, they send me this document. Now, I just need to use my private key (which is only known to me) to decrypt this. This ensures that only the intended receipient of the message will be able to decrypt and hence, access the message.
Similarly, if I am sending someone my document, I will encrypt the document with my private key. The receipient of the document will now use my public key to decrypt it and access the document. This helps to identify that the document truly came from me.
SSL Transaction
To set up the SSL session, we need 3 keys: public key, private key and session key. As disucussed above the public and private keys are effective in ensuring that the data is reliable and authentic. However, this requires considerable amount of processing power. Hence, we use the session key to encrypt any transmitted data following the SSL handshake.
Adding SSL to your website
To add SSL, you will have to first purchase a SSL certificate, activate it, install the certificate and finally configure your site to use the certificate. There are tons of tutorials online on how to do that.
You can also get free SSL protection with Cloudflare. To know how you can add free SSL to your website, check this post out!


{% macro displayPitches(pitches) %} {% for pitch in pitches %}
User: {{ pitch.user.username }} Category : {{ pitch.category_name }} {{ pitch.pitch_content| truncate(15) }} Posted on:{{ pitch.posted }} Read & Comment
{{ pitch.pitch_content| truncate(15) }}
{{ comment.com_write }}
Written by: {{ comment.list.username }}
{{ comment.com_write }}
posted on : {{ comment.date }}


Namespace Auth0.ManagementApi.Clients
Classes
ActionsClient
Contains methods to access the /actions endpoints.
AttackProtectionClient
BaseClient
Base class from which all Client classes inherit.
BlacklistedTokensClient
Contains methods to access the /blacklists/tokens endpoints.
BrandingClient
Contains methods to access the /branding endpoints.
ClientGrantsClient
Contains methods to access the /client-grants endpoints.
ClientsClient
Contains methods to access the /clients endpoints.
ConnectionsClient
Contains methods to access the /connections endpoints.
CustomDomainsClient
Contains methods to access the /custom-domains endpoints.
DeviceCredentialsClient
Contains methods to access the /device-credentials endpoints.
EmailProviderClient
Contains methods to access the /emails/provider endpoints.
EmailTemplatesClient
Contains methods to access the /email-templates endpoints.
GrantsClient
GuardianClient
Contains methods to access the /guardian endpoints.
HooksClient
Contains methods to access the /hooks endpoints.
JobsClient
Contains methods to access the /jobs endpoints.
KeysClient
Contains methods to access the /keys endpoints.
LogsClient
Contains methods to access the /logs endpoints.
LogStreamsClient
Contains methods to access the /log-streams endpoint
OrganizationsClient
PromptsClient
Contains methods to access the /prompts endpoints.
ResourceServersClient
Contains methods to access the /resource-server endpoints.
RolesClient
Contains methods to access the /roles endpoints.
RulesClient
Contains methods to access the /rules endpoints.
RulesConfigClient
Contains methods to access the /rules-configs endpoint
StatsClient
Contains methods to access the /stats endpoints.
TenantSettingsClient
Contains methods to access the /tenants/settings endpoints.
TicketsClient
Contains methods to access the /tickets endpoints.
UserBlocksClient
Contains methods to access the /user-blocks endpoints.
UsersClient
Contains methods to access the /users endpoints.


Woman incriminated by diary sentenced to prison
ST. LOUIS (AP) - A St. Louis woman whose diary entry detailed dumping a body along a highway has been sentenced to two years in prison.
A judge on Friday sentenced 39-year-old Joni Janis. She pleaded guilty in September to abandonment of a corpse and a drug charge.
Authorities say 26-year-old Kierstin Whitcher of Waterloo, Illinois, died in 2017 of a diabetes complication. Police found Janis’ diary in which she wrote that a male tenant of an apartment in her home left behind the woman, saying she was in a coma.
Janis explained in her diary that when she realized the woman was dead, she put the body in a car, which was left alongside the highway with the woman inside.
Her husband, Timothy Janis, was sentenced previously to two years in prison.
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Before Change
if self.cardinality == x.shape[1]:
return x.sum(1)
x_split = list(torch.split(x, self.cardinality, dim=1))
// Check if splits have the same shape (If split cannot be made even, the last chunk will be smaller)
if x_split[-1].shape != x_split[0].shape:
// How much is the last chunk smaller
diff = x_split[0].shape[1] - x_split[-1].shape[1]
// Pad the last chunk by the difference with zeros (=maginalized nodes)
x_split[-1] = F.pad(
x_split[-1], pad=[0, 0, 0, diff], mode="constant", value=0.0
)
// Stack along new split axis
x_split_stack = torch.stack(x_split, dim=2)
// Sum over feature axis
result = torch.sum(x_split_stack, dim=1)
return result
After Change
// - The channel dimension (c) will be the width dimension
// Convolution is then applied along the width with stride/ksize //children and along
// the height with stride/ksize 1
x = x.unsqueeze(1)
result = F.conv2d(x, weight=self._conv_weights, stride=(self.cardinality, 1))
// Remove simulated channel
result = result.squeeze(1)


About this post
The Go programming language is easy to learn. Go has only about 25 reserved words as compared to Java 67 (not including frameworks) or C# 79. The Go toolchain to compile Go codes, manage dependencies, generate documentation and perform the analysis is also very easy to use.
I was introduce to Go after years of working initially with Java, QT/C++, Objective C then Swift, and I was told that Go was to be the working lanugage from then on as employer had adopted that. Despite having no prior experience using Go, I became very comfortable using the language. I felt ready to work on a production-grade project using Go.
However, I found architecting Go projects that promoted clean, clear, concise and maintainable code challenging. When I worked on my first project, there was little consensus on good architecture for Go projects. So I applied architectural paradigms that I had learnt from my previous working experience, which was a mix of object-oriented and, sort of, functional programming. I had assumed that “good” architectural paradium transcend all programming languages. However, I found, belatedly that I could not apply architectural paradigm intended, for example, Java to Go. When I applied the Java way of organising code I ended up with a structure that was too complex and hard to maintain – i.e. deeply nested layers of abstractions.
To avoid repeating the mistakes for future projects, I pivoted from what I knew about organising projects and delved into the philosophy behind the Go’s creation. So I turned to a presentation by Rob Pike, one of the creators of the language, where he presented the Go Proverbs. The proverb gave me the necessary philosophical foundation to break from my past and exploit the goodness of Go which I will share my thoughts in a series of blogs. In this post, I will address the aspect of the proverb titled “design the architecture, name the components, document the details”.
 It is a folder containing one or more source files. A Go source file is one with the extension *.go
. The Go source files are organised as either part of a main
package or a named package.
A main
package contains a source file or files with the signature package main
and one main
function. The folder containing such files can have names different from its package signature. There is no requirement for these folders to be specifically named main
.
A named package contains a source file or files with a signature that matches its containing folder. For example, source files with a signature package something
must be found under this folder named something
, like so:
/something
source.go <-- contain "package something" at the top of the file
With some exceptions that I will not discuss here, Go is not opinionated about naming packages or naming source files in each package, thus I found myself confronted with these questions:
- How should I group my source files into a Go package?
- How should I name my Go packages and their source files?
- If we have more than one package, how should I aggregate them?
- How do I export or avoid exporting Go packages for used by other projects?
- How do I use Go packages and their contents to model the solution my project is intended to implement concisely whilst minimising complexity?
Deciding what to include in and naming a Go package
If you applied an object-oriented programming mindset, your instinct is organise your code around “classes”, a language construct you find in object-oriented languages such as Java or C#. The basic element of a class is a data structure and member methods. There are other more complex construct associated with classes in object-oriented langagues such as class (or static) methods, access protections (e.g. public, protected and private), and inheritence or polymorphism. I’ll discuss how these mechanisms impact architectural decisions in future blogs.
In the case of Go, the equivalent, very loosely, of a class is a struct
representing the structure of a piece of data with a “member” function declared like this:
type Person struct{
Name
}
func (p Person) GreetsWith(message string){
fmt.Printf("%s greets with message: %s", p.Name, message)
}
However, it is worth noting that declaring a Go “class” as illustrated above is simply a syntatic sugar for this:
type Person struct{}
func SendGreetings(p Person, message string){
fmt.Printf("%s greets with message: %s", p.Name, message)
}
This second approach is a more functional approach where the variable p
represents a receiver type.
Working on my first Go project, I started organising my code around object oriented style classes. I would then group these classes into Go packages, treating the packages as “namespaces” commonly found in object-oriented languages or, in some cases, a kind of miscellaneous folder for all kind of classes that did not fit into any grouping. However, as intended in the design of Go, a package name and its content have a coupled relationship. This means whenever you call a stucts or function you have to prefix it with a package name. Without much thought I found myself creating packages that were too nested and difficult to maintain or extend or exported for third parties use.
In order to find source of good practices, I examined Go’s standard library package time
. In that package there is a function call Now()
which coupled with the package time.Now()
. If you follow the official Go package naming convention described in the Go blog, it recommends:
- package names are lowercase with no underscore or mixed caps (but the Go compiler will accept these names);
- package names are short and clear often simple nouns;
- avoid ambiguous names, such as
util
orcommon
, be specific; - avoid repeating the content and package name, for example, the server – e.g. function name – provided by the package
http
should be calledServer
notHttpServer
so when the function is called, it will behttp.Server
instead ofhttp.HttpServer
which would suggest that under the http package, there might be other http server.
The recommendations seemed to reinforce the idea that in the context of Go, it probably make sense to use package in lieu of classes. Consider the example of the class Person
, we could model the it this way:
package person
type Detail struct{
Firstname string
Surname string
}
func SendGreetings(from Detail, to Detail, msg string) {
fmt.Printf("%s greets %s with message: %s", from.Name, to.Name, msg)
}
I could easily consume the package this way person.Detail{}
or person.SendGreetings(from, to, message)
. By treating packages in lieu of classes, treating functions in packages as forms of member methods, I found it easier to organise packages in a coherent fashion. What about the goodness of object-oriented programming? Inheritence and polymorphism?
My view is the loss of object-orientation is more than compensated by Go features that the designer of the language intended it to be. Namely to keep things small and appropriate for concurrency.
Organising your project structure
Having decided how I would create Go packages, the next challenge I found was how best to organise them in a project structure.
When working on a project with some degree of complexity, I often found that I need to organise my Go packages to exist alongside non-Go-related artefacts, such as deployment scripts, build scripts, etc. I also find it necessary to decide whether to export my Go packages for consumption by other projects or not export my Go packages. In other words, these are decisions related to project layout. Based on the projects I have worked on, I found that there are basically two types of projects; a library-oriented project or a service-oriented project.
A library-oriented project is intended purely for sharing Go artefacts with other projects. A Service-oriented project is intended to build one or more executable binaries. There is no standard way of laying out a service-oriented or library project. However, I found a template some describe as controversially or clumsily named Standard Go Project Layout1. The template offers clues to a proper way of structuring a Go project.
 There are three main types:
- a single package library;
- a multi-package library;
- a generated library.
In the case of a single package library, I treat my Go package as the equivalent of the root of a source code repository. The source files are laid out flat in the code repository with its name for the Go package name. You can see an example in Corbra library.
   I also tend to use this layout where I would generate the library codes from a third-party specification such as protobuf
. My project layout would look like this:
<repository>/
build/ <-- contain generator scripts
docs/
pkg/
pb/ <-- generated Go package from protos
protos/
model.proto <-- protobuf spec
/scripts <-- script as hooks for users or CI/CD to kick off generator
README.md
go.mod
Service-oriented
In the case of service-oriented layout for projects building one or more executable binaries, one approach to laying out a project like is:
<repository>/
utility.go
main.go <-- contain only main function
go.mod
However, this is only for small projects involving only one main
package.
A more realistic project will involve not just Go codes but also non-Go artefacts like build or deployment scripts. Some projects may also involve building multiple executables. For this type of project, I would layout the project like this:
<repository>/
build/ <-- build scripts
deployment/ <-- k8s yaml manifest
cmd/ <-- folder containing multiple main packages
service_a/
internal/ <-- Go packages internal to service_a but not service_b
restapi/
main.go
service_b/
internal/
restapi/
main.go
docs/
internal/ <-- shared internal library codes for service_a and service_b
fibgen/
cryptoutil/
scripts/ <-- script as hooks for users or CI/CD to kick off build process
README.md
go.mod
Note: The folder internal
has a special meaning in the case of Go. Packages under internal
that may not be exported beyond adjacent folders.
The structure also enable me to combine Go with other languages in a coherent manner. Please check out my example here. It demonstrates a service-oriented project that combines Go with ReactJS source codes clearly demarcated.
Document the details
Go emphasises short package names. The consensus amongst the Go community is that it keeps code compact. Some have argued that naming Go packages with short names is not helpful as readers cannot glean its context. Fortunately, the Go toolchain makes it easy to document and add details to Go package names and their content.
I can add detail about a Go package via godoc
style documentation in Go codes. Here is an example of documentation about a Go package:
// Package sort provides primitives for sorting slices and user-defined
// collections.
package sort
The same applies to the content of a Go package. I could document shown in this example:
// Fprint formats using the default formats for its operands and writes to w.
// Spaces are added between operands when neither is a string.
// It returns the number of bytes written and any write error encountered.
func Fprint(w io.Writer, a ...interface{}) (n int, err error) {
The godoc
format is not the only way to present details about a Go package and its contents. Readers might prefer information in other forms, as Rob Pike noted in another Go proverb, documentation is for users. With a few keystrokes of the godoc
command, part of the Go toolchain, documentation about packages can be displayed in a web browser (see Figure 1) for a more human-readable and searchable form.
The same information about a specific Go package can also be displayed from the godoc
cli (see Figure 2).
I found using godoc
formatting a great way of enabling others to learn about my Go packages and their content and is sufficient for library-oriented projects. However, for service-oriented projects where I had to build artefacts, perform tests and deploy, I would include a README.md
and a docs
folder following the Standard Go Project Layout template. Sometimes, I find it useful also to add examples
to help others who are maintaining my code appreciate the content. My recommended layout is this:
<repository>/
docs/
deployment.md
test.md
build.md
examples/
README.md
Conclusion
To summarise, for any Go projects and putting Rob Pike’s proverb on architecture, naming things and documentation into action, I recommend these principles when you work with Go:
- Use short, clear, and concise names for your Go packages and their content.
- Do not replicate paradigms from other languages blindly.
- When you layout your project, decide if you are working on a library based or a service base layout.
- For library based project, keep it flat and make it exportable.
- For Service based project, keep all packages internal, do not export any Go packages (keep the packages under
main
orinternal
), and name any non Go packages appropriately (see the Standard Go Project Layout for inspiration). - Use
godoc
and markdowns to document things.
Notes
- Despite the name Standard Go Project Layout, it is not an official standard created by the Go core language developement team. You should not assumed that the Go toolchain is going to enforce this layout. The template probably drew inspiration from the hexagon architecture pattern presented by Alistair Cockburn.


This is some HTML content
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The Writing Prompt: Take an event from history and write a fictional account describing a conspiracy theory about what "REALLY" happened. Or, if you prefer, write.


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We talked with different experts from universities and research centers in the field of biology, genetic engineering, biological modeling and cyanobacterial research. Many of these experts gave us much appreciated information and new aspects to our ideas that have guided our project towards what it is today. As this valuable information gained from the experts has affected the design of our project significantly we are presenting it more deeply in integrated human practices section.
In order to gain more insight into how big problem cyanobacteria in Finland is, we contacted the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. They guided us to the Finnish Environment Institute (Suomen ympäristökeskus, SYKE), where we got to discuss about the cyanobacteria problem and our project with some experts of the field.
We talked to Jari Silander, Senior Research Scientist specializing in monitoring and cost-benefit analysis, and Juhani Kettunen, Program Director responsible for modernization of environmental monitoring activities. We introduced our project and briefly talked about synthetic biology. They found our approach interesting and promising since they have been trying to deal with the blue-green algae problem for many years now. They described the full extent of algae detection problem in Finland and all the strategies used in the past and at the moment to deal with it both in research and industry.
They also discussed with us the business aspects of our project and gave us good advice on how to build our business strategy if we are to bring our algae detection and degradation methods to masses.
As we were looking for funding, contacting different companies and organizations, we got a chance to visit a few, tell about our project, discuss about synthetic biology and use of biotechnology in Finland. We talked with ThermoFisher, Algol and LAL (Luonnontieteiden akateemisten liitto) and they showed great interest in our project and helped us with the funding. ThermoFisher was quite generous to even send us different lab kits for different purposes. We will visit some of them to give the final presentation about our achievements after we return from Boston.
We decided to make a little survey on the streets of Helsinki. The goal was to find out what people actually knew about synthetic biology and cyanobacteria. We wanted to see what kind of need there was for informing the general public about all the possibilities synthetic biology offers, as well as, from our project’s point of view, the need to inform about the dangers of cyanobacteria. The interview can be viewed below with subtitles in English. It seemed that the general conception of synthetic biology was something quite foreign and that there is a need for raising awareness of the hazards of cyanobacteria.
We met some high school students who were candidates for the Finnish team of the International Biology Olympiad. Our team gave them a presentation about our project and synthetic biology. The students got to design their own little iGEM projects and hopefully learned about molecular biology and synthetic biology. They also asked questions about our studies and how one needs to prepare oneself to study them. Hopefully we were able to inspire them to continue with the biological studies in the future and perhaps even try themselves in the field of synthetic biology.
In addition to Luma we gave a talk on “Mathematical Modelling in Synthetic Biology” for math students at the University of Helsinki. After giving them a “Biology 101” lecture, they got to hear how modelling was done in our project. It was great to see that so many people were interested in our project as well as modelling in regards of synthetic biology. It might be that some of those students present there will be the members of Aalto-Helsinki 2017, who knows.
Our project was on display in the media. We had quite a few articles written about us and we were even a part of a radio program. As we had also gotten sponsorships from certain companies they posted about us and our project on their web pages which was nice.
The University of Helsinki’s Faculty of Science wrote an article about our project and especially what the two mathematicians of our team had learned from this synthetic biology project. The article was later posted also on the university’s main news page. Articles are unfortunately in Finnish.
Faculty of Science https://www.helsinki.fi/fi/uutiset/suvi-sauna-ja-sinileva
The university’s news page http://www.helsinki.fi/ml/ajankohtaista/2016/igem-kilpailu.html
Also, Aalto University’s School of Chemical Engineering posted an article about our project, iGEM and synthetic biology.
School of Chemical Engineering http://www.aalto.fi/fi/current/news/2016-07-01-002/ (in Finnish)
TEK magazine, the magazine of Tekniikan akateemiset which is a organization for Academics of Technology, published an article about us as well. The article was a part of their students page where they present different kind of career possibilities and such for their student members. The article is in Finnish.
TEK https://lehti.tek.fi/opiskelijat/hiivalla-sinilevamyrkyn-kimppuun
Finland’s public broadcasting company YLE’s radio show about science called Tiedeykkönen featured an episode about synthetic biology and iGEM. The episode mainly focused on Aalto-Helsinki 2015’s journey in iGEM, but also our team and project was mentioned. The broadcast of the episode can be listened here: http://areena.yle.fi/1-3424583 (in Finnish).
We have also been or will be a part of our sponsors’ blogs. Algol has posted a few posts about our journey in iGEM on their blog, and want to also publish something once we return from Boston. Also LAL will post in their member magazine an article about our iGEM experience after Jamboree.
We attended two iGEM meetups, the Nordic iGEM Conference in Stockholm and the European Experience in Paris. We consider them also as our human practices since we got a lot of input from them into our project and got to talk about our ideas with other iGEMers. We have written about the meetups on the Community page.
We have created a website in addition to Wiki which includes team descriptions, brief information about our project and partners. It also contains a description of synthetic biology, safety conscious statement and explains what iGEM is. We have been using our website for various purposes, e.g. to spread the word of iGEM, tell people about our project and about ourselves. We have also used it for fundraising purposes by including logos of our sponsors on our website.
This website also contains information about previous years’ Aalto-Helsinki iGEM teams. It gives similar information about them - what they were, what they have worked on.One can access our blog, facebook, twitter and instagram accounts using it too.
http://www.aaltohelsinki.com/2016/index.html
During this summer we have been posting about our weekly achievements and activities in our blog. We hope that this has helped people to follow our work better and in a way bring them closer to our research and what it is like to be a part of an iGEM team. Each of our team members has also presented themselves, so if one wants to get to know our team a bit better,
http://blog.aaltohelsinki.com/
Even though Wiki Freeze and the Giant Jamboree are here, we have still some human practices left after all this. We will be presenting our project results and achievements from the Jamboree to some of our sponsors as well as school representatives. As a part of the recruiting the next year’s team, we will present our project on a few different events: in Water Day of the School of Engineering’s where different project related to water industry are presented and in Career day of Faculty of biological and environmental Sciences.


#include <XSECCryptoKeyHMAC.hpp>
Inheritance diagram for XSECCryptoKeyHMAC:
The library uses classes derived from this to process HMAC keys.
Public Member Functions | |
Constructors and Destructors | |
| XSECCryptoKeyHMAC () | |
| virtual | ~XSECCryptoKeyHMAC () |
Key Interface methods | |
| virtual XSECCryptoKey::KeyType | getKeyType () |
| Return the type of this key. | |
| virtual XSECCryptoKey * | clone ()=0 |
| Replicate key. | |
Optional Interface methods | |
These functions do not necessarily have to be implmented. They are used by XSECKeyInfoResolverDefault to try to create a key from KeyInfo elements without knowing anything else.
If an interface class does not implement these functions, a simple stub that does nothing should be used. | |
| virtual void | setKey (unsigned char *inBuf, unsigned int inLength)=0 |
| Set the key. | |
| virtual unsigned int | getKey (safeBuffer &outBuf)=0 |
| Get the key value. |
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Replicate key.
Implements XSECCryptoKey. Implemented in OpenSSLCryptoKeyHMAC, and WinCAPICryptoKeyHMAC. |
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Get the key value. Copy the key into the safeBuffer and return the number of bytes copied.
Implemented in OpenSSLCryptoKeyHMAC, and WinCAPICryptoKeyHMAC. |
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Return the type of this key. For DSA keys, this allows people to determine whether this is a public key, private key or a key pair Reimplemented from XSECCryptoKey. Reimplemented in OpenSSLCryptoKeyHMAC, and WinCAPICryptoKeyHMAC. |
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Set the key. Set the key from the buffer
Implemented in OpenSSLCryptoKeyHMAC, and WinCAPICryptoKeyHMAC. |


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Algorithm 42
Task
Enter an angle in degrees and print:
Sine
Cosine
Tangent
Cotangent
Secant
Cosecant
ATTENTION:
Some angles may not have answer, then will be done a complete solution. Angle in degrees:
Result


You can browse the various courses and majors UCSB has to offer on the left. To edit a major or course, click on it, then click the "edit me" button in the pop-up window.
You can create a course below. To create a major instead, just click the button on the left.
Course ID:
Course Title (Short):
Course Title (Full):
Description:
Department:
Prerequisites:
Major:
College:
Requirements:
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CMPSC 48 - COMP SCI PROJECT
Course ID:
CMPSC48
Course Title (Short):
COMP SCI PROJECT
Course Title (Full):
Computer Science Project
Department:
Computer Science
Description:
This is a fun course! It's a project class where you create fun projects and have fun.


17 people killed in Tajikistan clash blamed on Islamic State militants
DUSHANBE: Seventeen people were killed in Tajikistan on Wednesday (Nov 6) in an attack on a border post that officials blamed on Islamic State group militants who had crossed over from Afghanistan.
Tajik security forces killed 15 assailants when an armed and masked gang attacked the checkpoint on the border with Uzbekistan.
A soldier and a policeman also died in the fighting, officials said.
The clashes near the Tajik capital Dushanbe broke out as the country prepared to celebrate Constitution Day on Wednesday and the country's long-serving President Emomali Rakhmon was on a visit to Switzerland.
Rakhmon is also expected to visit Paris later this week to meet with French President Emmanuel Macron as part of a rare European visit.
After questioning several detained militants, the Tajik border guard service said the men were members of the Islamic State group who had crossed the border from Afghanistan on Sunday.
"All (of them) are members of the so-called terrorist group 'Islamic State'", the border guard service said in a statement.
The interior ministry released pictures of several bodies in black clothes lying next to burnt-out vehicles at the scene of the clash.
The militants crossed the border in the south of Tajikistan and apparently trekked to the site of the attack on the border with Uzbekistan, which is around 200 kilometres away.
The armed gang of around 20 masked people attacked the Ishkobod border post located some 50 kilometres (30 miles) west of the Tajikistan capital after 3 am local time Wednesday, the interior ministry said.
"As a result of an operation conducted by law enforcement forces, 15 members of an armed criminal group were neutralised and four more attackers detained," the interior ministry said in a statement.
The country's border guards said separately that five attackers had been detained.
Tajikistan, a poor mountainous country of nine million people bordering Afghanistan and China, has been hit by conflicts since it gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Tens of thousands of people were killed in Tajikistan during a five-year civil war in the 1990s when rebel groups including Islamists rose up against the government.
ISLAMIST INSURGENCY
In recent years, the majority-Muslim country has struggled with an Islamist insurgency.
The authorities have said that more than 1,000 Tajiks joined Islamist fighters in Syria and Iraq in recent years.
The most famous IS recruit from Tajikistan was Gulmurod Halimov, who headed the interior ministry's special forces unit before sensationally announcing his defection to IS in a video attributed to the group in 2015.
In May, at least 32 people were killed in a prison riot in Tajikistan, including 19 members of the Islamic State militant group and several guards.
The prison in Vakhdat, 17 kilometres (11 miles) east of the capital Dushanbe, holds 1,500 inmates.
In July 2018, an attack on foreign cycling tourists left four dead and two injured.
The Islamic State militant group has claimed the attack on the cyclists including two Americans.


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