texts:
If I want to say two things, can I always combine them by “of which”? Is there any rule for that?

For example, if I want to say

  3d objects with and without jump edges produced by the intersection of straight lines.
  3d objects represented by a method A.

then, could the combined sentence be as below? Does my “of which” work correctly?

  3d objects with and without jump edges of which produced by the intersection of straight lines represented by a method A.


texts:
a. In all this, he becomes involved in the life of a young woman, pregnant, whose husband, an environmental radical, wants an abortion.

FROM:

Andrew Sullivan, "Obama’s Legacy Has Been Destroyed", New York Magazine May 18, 2018

Is (a) grammatical?

It is definitely understandable, but I don't like the way 'pregnant' is placed. I think it should be 'who is pregnant'.

If the 'a young woman' was the subject of the sentence that kind of thing would work, but in this case, it is not the subject of the sentence.


texts: Difference between "be aimed at" and "be aiming to"

texts:
According to Longman, I think I can use "aimed at ing" and "aiming to v" both.

  GRAMMAR: Patterns with aim

  • You aim to do something:

  I aim to study medicine.

  ✗Don’t say:  I aim at studying medicine.

  • An action is aimed at doing something:

  Our policies are aimed at encouraging economic growth.

  ✗Don’t say:  Our policies are aimed to encourage economic growth.Longman

Then are these sentences both okay?:

  In order to reinforce the sharing of information aimed at strengthening the safety control, we will... (omitted the rest part because of the confidentiality)

vs

  In order to reinforce the sharing of information aiming to strengthen the safety control, we will...  (omitted the rest part because of the confidentiality)

are there any differences in the 'naturalness' of the sentence?

What is the difference between two of them?

(+) this is a translation from another language, so I cannot write the whole sentence because of the confidentiality.


texts: Does "other people" mean people that are not his/her parents in common sense?

texts:
I am not sure whether this is Longman official online dictionary, and I think this sentence may need some improvement.

  This was my first experience of living with other people.

Technically, most of people's first experience of living with other people could be living with his/her parents.

So, does "other people" mean people that are not his/her parents in common sense?


texts: Is the sentence considered one independent sentence or two independent sentences?

texts:
We can return or exchange the purchased items.

I have a question.  Is the sentence above considered one independent sentence or two independent sentences?   I think it is one indenpendent sentence.  (I am not talking about as for a clause but as for an independent sentence)

Could you help me clarify it?   Thank you always.


texts: "Cast a spell on people" vs. "cast a spell over people"?

texts:
What's the difference between the two? Example:

  She cast a strange, yet beautiful spell on people.

  She cast a strange, yet beautiful spell over people.


texts:
I have a question about this article regarding marketing.
 https://blog.ycombinator.com/toy-markets/

  While most successful startups that make one of these arguments will eventually raise large sums of money, the fundraising environment at a company’s founding can have a large impact on it’s [sic] path.
  One of the stranger things happening in the startup world right now is the ever-rising amount of capital available to startups at all stages of life.
  This seems to be reinforcing the dangers of overthinking markets, as founders and investors each try to justify larger amounts of investment and the pricing that goes along with that.

What does "overthinking markets" mean in this context?


texts: Data is "stored in a memory" or data is "being stored in a memory"?

texts:
This memory has data necessary for that program.

I would like to rewrite this such that data is a subject. My example is as follows:

  Data necessary for that program is being stored in a memory.

I am unsure whether the "being" is necessary.  Is this "being" is necessary?


texts: two verbs, past participle used as attribute

texts:
Can I say, for instance, "[some people] conducted research supervised and guided by the committee"
Is it grammatical that there are two verbs?


texts: Why does "Mission Accomplished" not have an auxiliary verb?

texts:
I thought you need to add "is/has (been)" in between?
e.g. "Mission is accomplished", "Mission has been accomplished"

So as "All done", shouldn't it be "All are done", "All have been completed", etc.?

Further example, "Have you finished your homework?"

"Yes, all my homework completed", shouldn't it be "Yes, all my homework has been completed"?


texts: Reported speech grammar error but I couldn't detected it

texts:
Long time ago I had a assignment which I had to convert a quoted speech to reported speech.
Here's one of the question in my assignment:

"I'm going to quit school and get a job".

My reported speech answer:

Jessica announced that she was going to quit school and got a job.

However, according to my teacher, that was incorrect (but I didn't know where the grammar error was), while I thought that was correct.
Any correction and suggestion?


texts: Word in English that illustrate the meaning of humor and criticism

texts:
Is there a combined word in English that illustrate the meaning of humor and criticism?

For example, I want to say that I watch TV programs, which criticize wrongdoings of politicians in a humorous way. Is there any word that can substitute criticize avoiding the need to write in a humorous way because it completes the meaning?


texts:
Are both options valid? Or only one is?

Example sentence:

  From today, employees will be required to sleep (for) at least twenty minutes during lunch break.

I did a Google search. Sleep at least has more results. Sleep for at least has less results, but there are still there. So maybe both are valid but for is redundant?


texts:
There should be no wireless transmissions in the area where
  pyrotechnic devices are being used.

What does "wireless transmissions" mean? What's confusing for me is that whether "transmissions" refers to "transmission signal" or "transmission device". Which one is correct?


texts:
Mike got in the car and drove away. The sight of his dad's grave didn't seem to have brought out/evoked any emotion(s) in him.

Is there any difference between using "brought out" and "evoked" here?

Would it be natural to use "emotions"?


texts:
I wrote:

  Some people have a better performance when there are some colleagues around.

Does it need a final "them" as:

  Some people have a better performance when there are some colleagues around them.

If yes, why?


texts: Clarifying what the following questions intended to?

texts:
At The Times, her remit is much the same, the news cycle driving in large part which public figures’ statements come in for a closer look.

Does the bald part is the main clause?

And

Does the following part that start with “the news cycle” noun phrase? Because it doesn’t have main verb? Is that right


texts:
I'm looking for a word/phrase meaning a person not getting worried or not hurrying in situations where most people do and get butterflies.

For example, you want to go on a trip by train. You've got your tickets and there is 15 minutes left to catch your train. Your husband or wife doesn't seem worried at all and keep saying "there is no rush." And you're all like are you kidding me?! and you say

  How can you be so relaxed?! You're such a [the word/phrase]!

Or you have a test and you need to study but you all seem so casual like you have all the time in the world. Your mum sees you and says

  You're really a [the word/phrase]! I'd study harder if I were you!

As you see this is what normally people get suprised by so I need a word with a negative connotation. Adjectives are also OK.

Thanks


texts: What is the meaning of "jammer extraordinaire?"

texts:
What in the world does "jammer extraordinaire" mean? A google search lead me to the use of the phrase in a variety of contexts but no clear indication of what is could mean. I first found it on Huffington Post (here) under the author's name.

  Ron English
  Oil Painter, Post-Pop Pundit and Proto-Culture Jammer Extraordinaire


texts: Do you say "outside classes", when mentioning study by yourself?

texts:
By taking courses, I have learned topic A. Through self-studying and discussion with others, I have explored topic B.

I also study topic A outside the classroom. What I want to emphasis
is that topic B is not in my curriculum, but I study it on my own.
Extracurricular activities can include both activities contributed
to academic study although outside the normal curriculum, but also
activities not contributed to academic study such as sports,
volunteer work, etc. I want to emphasis the former activities.
Do you say "outside classes", when mentioning study by yourself,
i.e.

  Outside classes, I have explored B.

  If it were you, how would you rewrite the first quote for the same
      meaning?

Thanks!


texts: Differences between I do remember and I remember

texts:
Can anybode help me with these sentences?
Time is running nowhere. I do remember clearly this day
and
Time is running nowhere. I remember clearly this day.
Or
It does frightens most of time cause we are not used to it.
and
It frightens most of time cause we are not used to it.
I don't understand why we use auxiliary verb here??? I mean  'do' and how it's changed these senteces ???


texts: When you can't change the girl, change the girl

texts:
How can one differentiate between these two "Girl"? I mean I was not able to understand the sentence first is there any sort of punctuation missing in this sentence?

  Just want to clarify my intention is not to offend and these are not my words. I just want to learn.


texts: Difference between "... view of being one of the..." and ...view of being like one of the..."

texts:
I can't understand the difference between the two following sentences:

  A very thoughtful view of being one of the locals.

  A very thoughtful view of being like one of the locals.

If both are right then please tell me the difference of meaning of these sentence?


texts: What is the meaning of Stacy words about her lover Patrick character?

texts:
Stacy: He must have used the costumes to make real monsters, which
  implies He needs the costumes to make the monsters, which implies He
  already had a Ghost costume somehow, which implies
  Patrick's the one.

  Stella: Stacy's in love.

  Stacy: No, I mean the one. The bad guy.

What is the meaning of Stacy words here ?


texts:
They overturned the great waist-high earthenware jugs; duck eggs, pickled fruits, vegetables burst out and mixed in acrid torrents"

From no name woman, Maxine Hong Kingston.

I know the semicolon is put between two complete sentences which are joined because they're both about an idea, but can stand alone as well. So "duck eggs, pickled fruits, vegetables burst out and mixed in acrid torrents" is a complete sentence.
What i confuse is: can duck eggs, pickled fruit... mix themselves? or should this be passive voice?
And can someone explain me "acrid torrents"?


texts: Usage of "Salutation" vs "Form-of-Address"

texts:
I seek clarification on the correct meaning of the terms "Salutation" vs "Form-of-Address".
My understanding is that salutation denotes the entry line of a letter:

Dear Mr Hercule Poirot,

and that form of address in this example is 'Mr' in front of the name.
My mother tongue is German. In German the term 'Anrede' can denote both things.
When one wants to use a more precise term the former can be called 'Grußformel'.
When I would need to use the correct terms for UI interface entry forms and the corresponding data structure I would use it like so:
{
  formOfAddress: 'Mr',
  firstname: 'Hercule',
  lastname: 'Poirot',
}

But I regularly see the following usage in source code:
{
  salutation: 'Mr',
  firstname: 'Hercule',
  lastname: 'Poirot',
}

Now all my colleagues are German as myself and I suppose this is not the correct usage of the terms and is only rampant because most German-English online dictionaries will yield 'salutation' as the first result when one searches for 'Anrede'.
This is really not a big issue but I strive to find clarity over this just for my peace of mind.
Maybe a native speaker can shed some light on this?


texts:
What is the subtle difference between the following two sentences?

  The man slithers up next to the young woman.

  The man slithers next to the young woman.

That is, I want to know how the feeling is changed.


texts: What is the common term to express the barrier of a balcony?

texts:
The barrier of a balcony could by built in many forms like these

or

or

or

Should we call it "balcony railings" or "balcony fence"?


texts:
I guess it's not clear to use "turning point" to refer to the area pointed out by the red circle in the image below,

because "turning point" means "the time at which a situation starts to change in an important way" while the one in question is a physical area.
What is the correct the word/phrase to refer to that area?


texts:
Can the word crowd refer to just 10 people?

I am seriously wondering what "a large number of person" mean exactly? Is 10 large enough, is 100 large enough? How many people do you need to have a crowd?

The definition states:

  A large number of persons gathered together; a throng.

But large number is a bit too vague for me so I was wondering if there's a sort of number I can refer to.


texts: What part of speech comes after "be better off"?

texts:
For example, in a sentence:

If you've got bags, you're better off taking a taxi.

What part of speech is the "taking a taxi" part? Is it a gerund or a participle?
I know the difference between these parts of speech (or at least, I hope so =)). I'm asking this because the phrase "be better off" is totally senseless to me, and currently I'm just taking  for granted the scheme of mixing "be better off + ~something~?".


texts:
This is the opening sentence of the famous novel 'The Godfather.

"Amerigo Bonasera sat in New York Criminal Court Number 3 and waited for justice.."

My question is, why did the author use the simple past tense to describe the situation? Could it have been described using past continuous tense? ... like .. he was sitting in New York Criminal Court waiting for justice..?

Thanks in advance.

Regards...


texts: Should I write "expertise I will have gained" or "expertise I have gained"?

texts:
"Using the teachings, skills and expertise I have gained through this course I’d like to produce..."

Do I need to add "I will have gained here" or rather not?

Even though skills are not yet acquired, to me it feels like now we are at the point after the class is taken not anymore here now. Adding will makes these using and will have a little contradictory to me in terms of time perspective.

What do you think?


texts:
I'm confused with the use of 'than' in this sentence. Please explain it to me.

  Your philosophy of life is different than mine.


texts: What does the phrase "that's for sure" mean in this dialogue?

texts:
A: Look, I need this vacation; I need a break, from you in particular. I also need to practice my golf and my tennis.
B: Well, I don't know about your tennis, but you certainly need to practice your golf. That's for sure, ha, ha, ha.

What does "That's for sure" mean in this dialogue?


texts: "something that you're not an expert in"

texts:
In The Big Bang Theory s02e09 Leonard says:

  And you wanna know the worst part? You don't understand what you did wrong because you can't conceive of something that you are not an expert in.

Then Sheldon corrects him:

  In which I am not an expert.

What was wrong with Leonard's sentence?


texts: What does the phrase "happen to be" mean?

texts:
I saw this video while in 1:19 Sec I have heard so:

  "I happen to be pro-life"

What does it mean? I have tried to find it on some dictionaries (Cambridge, Oxford and Merriam Webster) and I didn't find the meaning.


texts: What is the grammar term that means using pronouns to reduce repetition of nouns?

texts:
For instance:

Normally we say "Winston is a victim of the totalitarian regime and I sympathize with him" instead of "Winston is a victim of the totalitarian regime and I sympathize with Winston".

After an aha moment the word swam into my mind. What I meant is anaphora, then I realized that I asked the wrong question. (Maybe there exists another term in psychology which can explain this phenomenon of false memory retrieval)

The anaphora means "deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence". But what I needed is not anaphora. Then I wonder how I can express using a term the meaning of what I asked.


texts: A common verb to describe someone's act when he/she eats eagerly and pleasantly

texts:
I'm going to describe someone who eats usually eagerly and pleasantly so that it appetizes others, makes them feel good, and makes them want to eat the dish themselves. How shall I imply that in everyday speech?
The only way that seems to be idiomatic is:

(S)he devours food.

Is there a better way to say it?
PS: I need a verb not an adjective.


texts: What is 'slave to the grind' meaning in skid row's album?

texts:
What is slave to the grind means?
it's the album title of skid row


texts:
Does it mean "Egypt decided to increase the supplies for 2017" or "Egypt held a bid and Qatar won the bid to supply LNG to Egypt"? http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tender_2

"Egypt last year awarded a large tender for 2017 supplies, much of it sourced from Qatar, although traders said rising domestic output and alternative sources including Norway, Nigeria and the United States could fill a potential gap."

Source: http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL3N1J220N


texts: Does this verb "lurk" in the sentence is used as a transitive verb?

texts:
sentence: Behind the invective lurked a vision of Europe as a
  consortium of sovereign nations, free from politically correct elites
  and pesky foreigners.

But the dictionary doesn't say about the transitive form of the word.

or

Is it just a participle form of the verb ??


texts: "I like listening to music" and "I like to listen to music" - is there any difference?

texts:
When speaking about my hobby, should I say:

  I like listening to music.
  I like to listen to music.

Do both mean the same? Is any of these sentences grammatically incorrect?


texts: "it" vs "this" vs "that" when referring to a preceding word

texts:
"it", "this" or "that", which one should I use in the context. Can any native speaker please help me?

John got a new mobile. It's/that's/this is the second one he's bought this year.
I got a new mobile last month. It/that's/this is the third one I have bought this year.


texts:
I need to describe the following data highlighting the difference in terms of tonnes between the amount of gas and oil sold in 2014.

  In 2014 were sold

  10 tonnes of oil
  20 tonnes of gas

Are the following sentences correct?

In 2014 10 more tonnes of gas were sold compared to oil
In 2014 the amount of gas sold was 10 tonnes more than that of oil
In 2014 the amount of gas sold was twice the amount of oil


texts: I came across this sentence "Now therefore, the both parties enter into..." and it seemed incorrect to me.  Shouldn't it be "both (of) the parties" or "both parties"?  Or is it correct to say "the both parties"?


texts: Using "south" when referring to the southern part of a place

texts:
In Italian, if I am referring to Southern Europe, I could say Sud Europa (literally "South Europe"), or Europa meridionale.

Is South Europe acceptable in English, or could I say "the south of Europe"?


texts:
If I say "people who watch this will run to the hills",

are you becoming curious of "the" here, or
will you understand perfectly what it meant, or
You would guess the speaker's own secret information and think "I am ok even if I am in the dark, since the speaker knows what he was talking abot?

(Let's not clarify "this" for now)


texts:
These thoughts have to do with effects on others— not necessarily
  effects on their feelings, since they may never find out about it, but
  some kind of damage nevertheless

[What does it all mean, Thomas Nagel]

I don't understand the bold sentence. Is it connected with "these thoughts"?

Thank you!


texts: The most idiomatic adjective for a community that is not well established

texts:
Unlike in Western European countries were scientific community has
  developed for a couple of centuries, scientific community in this
  country is yet ______ and fragile.

I want to say that the community is not established for a very long time and so is not well established and not well-developed.

I thought of elementary, primitive, and seminal. But I am looking for the most idiomatic word for such context.


texts: Does "That is how I've always used it." make sense?

texts:
"That is how I've always used it"

Does it make sense? Does it sound natural? Is there any other way of saying it? Answers will be appreciated. :)

(clarification: There's a body soap that is not supposed to be used as shampoo, but I've have done it all the time regardless)


texts: Is there any semantic difference between "In the school there is a swimming pool" and "In the school is a swimming pool"?

texts:
In a major reference grammar book, I came across the following two constructions. Unfortunately, it did not mention the difference in meaning between them. I am wondering if there is any semantic difference between them?

  In the school there is a swimming pool.
  In the school is a swimming pool.


texts:
An Australian colleague of mine wrote the following sentence:

  How many toilets requiring maintenance is difficult to foresee.

I'd like to know whether the verbal requiring is in the correct form in the sentence as it is presented here (btw, it's only one of the four options for a multiple choice question). Should it be require?

I'd appreciate your help.


texts: Does "demand" here mean "interrupt"? and does "equally enigmatically" mean "also grim"?

texts:
In "The Man with Two Beards" by G. K. Chesterton, the author was describing a situation where John & Devine were going to Carver with John's new car:

  "I say," burst in the irrepressible John, before Devine could offer any polite greeting, "I’ve brought her round to give you a little run. You see if she isn’t better than a ‘Thunderbolt.’"

  Mr Carver’s mouth set into a smile that may have been meant to be gracious, but looked rather grim. "I’m afraid I shall be too busy for pleasure this evening," he said.

  "How doth the little busy bee," observed Devine, equally enigmatically. "Your bees must be very busy if they keep you at it all night. I was wondering if——"

  "Well," demanded Carver, with a certain cool defiance.

  "Well, they say we should make hay while the sun shines," said Devine. "Perhaps you make honey while the moon shines."

Does "demand" here mean "interrupt"? If not, what does it mean in this context, as he just said "Well"? and does "equally enigmatically" mean "also grim"? As I found that "enigmatic" means "obscure"?


texts: Is it correct to use "....my such thinking.."?

texts:
The following conversation took place with one of my friends while discussing about a theory.

Me: I am right (about some theory).

Friend: No, you are wrong.

Me: (After giving it a deeper thought) Well, I see your point. I may be wrong also. But the reason behind my such thinking is that......

As you see I used the structure "my such thinking" in the conversation. I felt uneasy using that structure and somehow it did not feel fluent or right.

Is this grammatically correct? Does an alternative like "The reason why I think like this is..." or "The reason of me thinking like this is..." sound better?


texts: perfect and non-perfect in a verb phrase

texts:
Today's Melbourne Cup has been couched in terms of Australia versus the rest. There's a big field of overseas horses and they rate well but soon all the punting and best guesses will have paid off or be lost in the fun of the running of the 153rd Melbourne Cup. (ABC.net.au)

Why do they put perfect and non-perfect tense that share will-auxiliary?


texts: What's the meaning of "certain issues of conscience"?

texts:
On certain issues of conscience, she refused to take a partisan stand.

What does "certain issues of conscience" mean?

I know meanings of the words- 'certain', 'issue', and 'conscience',but I'm not sure about the meaning of this combination.

I guess it is somewhat related to conscience vote in which you vote according
to your personal conscience rather than according to the official line set
by the party.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_vote


texts: Is it grammatically correct to repeat object in a relative clause?

texts:
Suppose we have the following relative clause:

  Have you seen those people whom we met on holiday?

Is it correct to add a pronoun and change it in the following way?

  Have you seen those people whom we met them on holiday?


texts:
From VOA Special English:

Germany is facing a crisis as low birth rates combine with a growing population of citizens who are living longer.

The word "combine" somehow confused me. In my view, we can use the expression "combine with" in the following forms:

<somebody> combine <something> with <something>
<something> is combined with <something>.

Of course, "low birth rates" and "a growing population of citizens" both belong to "<something>", and considering the omitted verb "is", I think maybe "combined with" is more appropriate. So, can anyone tell me why does it use "combine" instead of "combined"?


texts: What is the "s" of third person verbs called in English grammar terminology?

texts:
What is the "s" of third person singular verbs called in English grammar terminology?

For example: does, loves, works, etc.


texts:
I got this question in an examination:

  Find the error:

  My host suffered from (A)/ the illusion that (B)/ I was an actor from daily soaps. (C)/ No error (D)

In my opinion, the answer should be (B) as "an" should be used here to introduce a new idea, instead of "the". But the answer provided in the answer key is (D), i.e no error. Is this a typo or am I wrong?


texts: "there is/are not only one but many ..."

texts:
I have a sentence along the lines of

There is/are not only one, but many of these synchrotron radiation sources
around the world.

So I have to decide between is and are. I have the feeling that I have seen this question discussed before, but I fail to google a suitable phrase to get an answer.


texts: The signal is very weak here, but the signal is stronger here

texts:
If I get around four or five signal bars at a region,can I use the following sentences:

  1.)The signal is very strong here.

  2.)The signal is very good here.

And if I get a very poor reception:

  3.)The signal is very weak here.

  4.)The signal is very bad here.

And if I don't get a signal on my phone at all:

  5.)There is no signal here.

And then my friend comments somewhere in a distance at the same place:

  6.) But there is signal here.

Do all the 6 sentences sound natural? If any of these don't sound natural, what can be an alternative? So what would be used by you?


texts:
Which one of the following words work better in my self-made sentences below:

  1) Life is too short and you're young only once. So.................your age/youth.

a) appreciate
b) value

  2) ...............your parents. You may lose them someday.

a) appreciate
b) value

I wonder if you could introduce a better option if exists for this sense.

Thank you.


texts: Meaning of "...motor...pushes the wheels around."

texts:
In this audio file, what does the man say at 2:32? Is it:

  Now, this motor in the back pushes the wheels around.

If so, what does push something around mean in this context?

Source: The ILI English Series, Intermediate 3, Student's book, Page 101


texts: Simple past or past perfect with "by" and years

texts:
What is the difference between

  He became a star by 1990's.

  He had become a star by 1990's.

Is the first sentence correct? If yes, then please tell me the difference between the two.


texts: Use of "she" for a general person in a scientifical paper

texts:
In this scientific paper published in 2007, the authors wrote (page 684):

Note: you don't have to understand the technical part of the following paragraph to understand my question.

  The set of efficient portfolios is analogous to the set of non-dominated portfolios in that a rational DM
  would not choose a portfolio outside the efficient set. If she were to do so, there would exist an efficient portfolio
  which yields a higher overall value for all feasible weights and scores, and costs less no matter what the
  project costs are within their intervals.

Here "DM" refers to "Decision Maker" which could be either a man or a woman, absolutely nothing could make us say it's a woman in the article. Indeed, Decision Maker refers to all decision-makers in general, a manager in a company for instance.

I don't think it's an error because the authors wrote it twice, the second time is page 686 section 3.4. So why did they choose to use "she" instead of "he" and is it common and good practice? Should I do the same?


texts:
Consider these errors:

  Answer with yesor positive

The spacing error in "yesor" is it a typo or a formatting error or both?
If the writer meant "yes or no" but for some reason the word positive found its way in place of no would that be a typo, a formatting error, or something else?


texts: "Mona {went/has gone/would go/used to go} to the library thrice a week when she was young."

texts:
Mona ____ to the library thrice a week when she was young.
a. went
b. has gone
c. would go
d. used to go

I think the right answer is "went" as "used to" can not be used to say how times an event happened.  What about you?


texts:
According to Korean English grammar books, nouns that ends with "thing", such as something, anything, generally take "that" as a relative pronoun.

But does that mean that "something which" is not preferred? If so, are there any rules?

  It is not just the newness of contemporary literature that makes it different, but also the context in which it is written and received, something which gives it a very interesting edge over the literature of the past. (excerpt)

In the sentence, "something which" is used because "which" can be used as non-restrictive, but "that" cannot be used so?


texts: In this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgF_3FFpixQ at 0:25, the person in the video says "He's been in the army for eight years" referring to his cousin. Does that mean that his cousin was still in the military at the moment he said that, or does it mean that his cousin had been in the military before and he is not in military anymore? Or is it ambiguous?


texts: How can I describe the position the man sits in in the picture?

texts:
How can I describe the position the man is sitting in in the picture?

Are either of these good:

A man is sitting hunched over on a chair, resting his elbows on his thighs.

A man is sitting leaning forward on a chair, resting his elbows on his thighs.

Is 'forearms' better than 'elbows'? Is 'knees' better than 'thighs'?

In the story I'm writing the man sit like that gazing tiredly out the window (if that changes anything)


texts: If ai ever wanted to travel to M87, all I'd need was/would be

texts:
When talking about hypothetical scenario such as this:

If I ever wanted to travel to galaxy M87, all I'd need would be/was/is a time machine.

Which one is the best option among would be/was/is here? Or is it anything else? And if I were to rearrange it:

All I'd need would be/was/is a time machine if I ever wanted to travel to galaxy M87.
Here again, which one is the best option?


texts:
I faced this sentence actually:

  One would be caught dead without one of these.

What does "would be caught dead" mean?


texts: "Roll Over" in the Song Roll Over Beethoven

texts: There is a famous Chuck Berry song titled Roll Over Beethoven. The overall meaning was telling a DJ to stop playing classical music and play rock and roll. But when I looked up for the definition of the phrase "roll over", I can't find a meaning suitable for here. Can you explain what does "roll over" mean here?


texts: What does "Jules flicks him with champagne from her glass. ‘Oi!’" mean here?

texts:
I would like to know what "Jules flicks him with champagne from her glass. ‘Oi!’" means in the following sentences:

‘And he seemed so grown-up,’ Jules says, heedless of the interruption.
She touches Charlie’s arm, proprietary. ‘When you’re sixteen, eighteen
seems so much older. I was shy.’
‘That’s hard to believe,’ Johnno mumbles.
Jules ignores him. ‘But I know at first you thought I was this
stuck-up princess.’
‘Which was probably true,’ Charlie says, raising an eyebrow, getting
back into his stride.
Jules flicks him with champagne from her glass. ‘Oi!’
They’re flirting. There’s no other word for it.

Lucy Foley, The Guest List, Chapter 12

This is a thriller novel published in 2020 in the United Kingdom. One hundred and fifty guests would be gathering at some remote and deserted fictional islet called Inis an Amplóra off the coast of the island of Ireland to celebrate the wedding between Jules (a self-made woman running an online magazine called The Download) and Will (a celebrity appearing in a TV show program called Survive the Night). The day before the actual wedding day, Hannah, the wife of Charlie (Jules' friend), arrived at the island and is now at the dinner party for the rehearsal dinner with only some selected guests. And during the party, Jules and Charlie say how they came to meet in the first place, back then when Charlie was an eighteen-year-old sailing instructor and Jules was a sixteen-year-old, supposedly shy girl. Seeing them recounting their story, Hannah thinks they are flirting.
(1) In this part, I wonder what Jules did when she "flicked him with champagne from her glass." Does it perhaps mean that Jules dipped her fingers in the champagne in her glass, and spattered some champagne drops over Charlie?
(2) And I also wonder what "Oi!" means. Would that be perhaps similar to "Hey!"?


texts: Is it still common to hear the expression 'go bonkers' in the US in daily conversations?

texts: I did some looking into and found out that the expression 'go bonkers' was more prevalent throughout the '90s in the US. I've read somewhere that it's use has started to wane at around 2004, and not very common nowadays. However, just a week or so ago, I've heard someone use the expression for the first time in--I must say-almost 20 years. Do people in the US still use this expression often? Or is it more common to hear people say 'go crazy' or 'go nuts'?


texts: In computer science there is the term real-time. Is there any word to say something is not real time? Non-real time doesn't sound good to me.


texts:
They had hoped to get to the summit, but Travers fell ill at base camp.

Is this sentence a negative sentence?

Does “had hoped” mean that “they” did not get there?


texts: "record amounts" and "only possible because"

texts:
From NPR
INTRODUCTION: This passage mainly describes a record-breaking rain in Britain. Prime Minister David promised that money is no object in the flood response, but in the mean time, hundreds of environment agency workers who respond to the floods were laid off. According to this, Labour leader Ed Miliband suspected that there is not enough money in fact. BTW Shapiro is the NPR correspondent.

ED MILIBAND: If money is no object as he said, is he committing now to reconsider these redundancies?
SHAPIRO:Cameron would not make that commitment. He said the U.K. is spending record amounts on flood prevention, and that's only possible because the government has made other tough choices on spending.

What's the meaning of record amounts? Does it mean the amounts are on record or the amounts are the highest in history?

Does the word only is relevant to because? I know a phrase called only because, meaning something happens or possible for a particular reason**. But the word possible in the middle of the two words make me suspect that the word only is not relevant to because but to possible. In other words, is there any phrase like only possible without because following it?


texts:
Which of the  following  sentences is correct:

  Please do let me know prior filing so immediately rectification could be done.

OR

  Please do let me know so immediately rectification could be done prior filing the documents.


texts:
What's the correct construction in the following case?

  All right, she had to calm down. Not (to) be upset.

Is the to necessary in this case? Why or why not?


texts:
I struggle with this one right here: which one is correct? is there another way to say it?

He does neither shelter his children from the sensitive aspects of life nor does he lie to them.

Neither does he shelter..nor does he lie to them.

Thank you for your answers!


texts: How to distinguish between use of "types of approach" or "types of approaches"?

texts:
I write an engineering text and I construct the sentence:

  In practical applications two types of approaches can be found.

After the sentence, I describe the first "deterministic" and the second "stochastic" approach. My supervisor changed it to ..."types of approach" as singular form.

A few lines after I summarise and I say "...both approaches are similar in terms..." and my supervisor did not change this one, which even confuse me more.

As far as I understand, the approach is use as a method so I should use "types of methods". I try to google similar sentences with singular form but only found something like types of approach to somebody in sense that there is one approach only but the person can be approached  in a different manner, but when is already approached, the story finish. (I hope it make sens)

My question is why in my case approach is changed to a singular form if I have the different methods?

Is there any rule or explanation which can be used in future similar context?


texts: What is the difference between “about me” and “for me”?

texts:
Which of the following sentences grammatically correct?

  Do you still care about me?

or

  Do you still care for me?

or maybe, it is same?


texts:
What is the difference between Has he come? and Did he come?

Is the headline of the linked article correct?


texts: How do native speakers read "How will an"?

texts:
How will an overseas perspective change a new generation of young
  Chinese and what may that lasting impact be on the future of China and
  the world?

I have heard the above read in such a way that the opening three words, "How will an", sounded like "How woulen".

What do you think about that?


texts: Does "he arrived here one hour ago" mean this person is still there?

texts:
I'm confused about if this sentence implies the person in question is still there or may have departed already:

  He arrived here one hour ago.

Can this sentence mean both things?


texts:
Which sentence is correct?

Please confirm that you want this sms to be sent to 10 clients?

or

Please confirm that you want this sms to be sent at 10 clients?


texts: In a situation of just one person in one test, is it grammatically correct to use the plural form of "results"?

texts:
A tutorial gives a sentence

  will I get
  better results for my IELTS essay if I
  have interesting ideas

which uses the plural form of "results". However, there is only one essay task in an IELTS test.

Is that grammatically correct?


texts: Can I put 'about' in "I'll email you 'about' the date"

texts:
When the date of the party is fixed, I'll let you know.  In this situation, should I say:

  I'll email you the date.

or can I say:

  I'll email you about the date.


texts:
... (Ray's mother)Her dress hung badly on her body as if she had recently lost a lot of weight.

  "Ray," she(Ray's mother) said in that whispery conspirator's voice that he had come to dread. "Ray, listen --"

  He ducked his head and pretended to tuck in his shirt. ...

I think the use of first 'that' is like 'such': she said in such whispery conspirator's voice that he had come to dread.

So, I'm wondering if the form of "that...that" is common to replace "such...that". How should we understand it correctly here?

Excerpted from the book - "The Long Walk"


texts:
I often cook fruit or nuts or vegetables or meat with water and a bit sugar or salt to form a so-called soup.
And my little daughter just wants to eat the chewable parts not the water part of the soup.
How to generally express the chewable parts of soup in English?
For example "she liked to eat nuts not water of soup".


texts:
Please tell which of the following correct.
If none is correct, please suggest an alternative.
Thanks for help.

I am petitioning for my wife an immigrant visa.
I am petitioning for my wife's immigration visa.
I am filing a petition for my wife an immigrant visa.
I am filing a petition for my wife's immigrant visa.


texts: college graduate in reference to someone holding a graduate degree

texts:
Suppose someone holds a master's degree in history, and an ad says "College graduates qualify for a 15% discount." Does he qualify for the offer?

I'd appreciate your help.


texts:
I wrote:

  Subsequently, some approaches to information extraction used the regions returned by VIPS as the basis for detecting and extracting relevant data. _______ VIPS is considered as a region extractor.

I try to connect these two sentence to each other but I can't come up with a good phrase! Maybe, "in this respect", "in this sense", "in this view", "in this regard" ... are some options. But I've been said that these phrases must have an antecedent and I am not sure what could be that antecedent.


texts: go jogging is a  verb or a  noun ? I wanted to say " I was not accustomed to go jogging " but I do not know  if go jogging would be right or going jogging would be true


texts: What can I call the English-speaking section of the Internet?

texts:
Is there such a term for this?

E.g. in Russia we call Russian-speaking section "runet". "Runet" is a useful term. You can search in runet, analyze runet, compare runet with "english-speaking section of the Internet".

As an example, I've searched for a term in runet and found nothing. That's why I'm trying to ask in "English-speaking section of the Internet". (Too long, isn't it?)

EngNet is "engeneering network" as far as I can see.

Well, I've got the idea. These terms are useful only if are using more than one language. Btw, I've found some interesting stats about net: 1 English 52.3% 2 Russian 6.4% 3 Japanese 5.7% 4 German 5.4% 5 Spanish 5.0% (src: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_used_on_the_Internet)


texts: "We go there every year." Is this correct or it should be "we go there on every year"?


texts:
"In February 1917 it (set up) _____ the Women's Land Army to recruit women as farm workers."

What verb should be placed in this sentence? Is the construction of this question grammatically incorrect, or correct? I'm rather left baffled.


texts:
Definite article still confuse me even after having got a lot of help on the site. What I noticed is that we use "the" when we talk about something particular or something unique. But what with this sentence:

1) This is a thing not to worry about.

I think if I said 2) "This is the thing not to worry about", it would mean that this is the only thing not to worry about, but what if I mean it's just one of them - should I use indefinite article then? But than it seems a strange structure to me...

Saying "this is a thing not to worry about" sound like "this is a case not to worry about" - never met such a thing. Never heard "that's a case either"...

So,

1) Is the sentence 1 correct?

2) Can the sentence 2 mean that it's one of the things not to worry about?

3) If the answer for the 2nd question is "yes", can I say: "I am lazy. This is the thing not to worry about. I am angry too. This is also the thing not to worry about." Or "a" should be used?

I know I asked similar  questions, but still in a muddle and want to clarify this all... Thank you in advance!)


texts:
Example with a context (The Object-Oriented Thought Process by Matt Weisfeld, 3rd Edition):

  If, however, a manufacturer decided to install a joystick in place of the steering wheel, most drivers would balk at this, and the automobile might not be a big seller (except for some eclectic people who love bucking the trends). On the other hand, as long as the performance and aesthetics didn’t change, the average driver would not notice if the manufacturer changed the engine (part of the implementation) of the automobile.

How do you understand that phrase?


texts:
I'm learning English and I'm having trouble on understanding which word I should use to avoid any subject-verb agreement issue.

Which one is correct?

  The counting of votes are easy.

  The counting of votes is easy.


texts: The significance of the pronoun "It" in the given sentences

texts:
I hate how people think they can do whatever they want.
I hate it, how people think they can do whatever they want.
I hate it how people they think they can do whatever they want.

Which of the above sentences are grammatically correct?
What's the difference between the sentences mentioned above?


texts: Is it natural to ask "Is it good" about a cafe?

texts:
A: I own a cafe downtown. You should try it out.

B: Yeah? Is it good?

Is asking "is it good?" natural here?


texts:
I faced the sentences:

They are suppose to take a short term view and build product and keep customers satisfied.
Well this wasn't suppose to be a screed, ...

(from http://www.postel.org/pipermail/end2end-interest/2008-April/007169.html)
Does suppose acts here as a noun?
What do this sentences with that suppose mean?


texts: Suppose I have an equation x+2y=3 and label it (2). And I have a previous equation x+y=2 labeled (1). Now I want to put the two equations together and solve them, what should I write?


texts:
I would like to don the hat as the hotel manager in your new restaurant which is planned to open next month.

In this sentence, is it correct to use "is planned"


texts: "I like to be loved" vs. "I like being loved"

texts:
I like to be loved.

  I like being loved.

What is the difference between them?


texts: I'd like to know if this sentence is correct and what is the meaning?

texts:
I'll keep this thing up active.

I don't know if this is correct and what did you get from it? What's the idea of this sentence?


texts: Which preposition should I use to point events in time {of/in/from}

texts:
The Mongols and Chinese both tried to conquer Vietnam at various points ( of / in / from ) second millennium.

Which one is correct?


texts: adjective + to + verb vs adjective + verb+ing

texts:
I practice to improve my writting skills. I just learned the following:
after adjective we use to + verb.
For example,
These students are difficult to teach.
However, I am confused about the following sentences:
Different types of models will be necessary, depending on what forecast horizon is most important.
Forecasts that need to be produced frequently are  better done using an automated system than with methods that require careful manual work.
And
Once it has been determined what forecasts are required, it is then necessary to find or collect the data on which the forecasts will be based
I am Ok with the latter sentence as it follows what I learned. However, what about the former sentences? Why we did not add to + verb to after the adjective?


texts:
Is the following use of in case natural?

  We stored the apples in the fridge in case they should go rotten.

  She didn’t want me to go with her to the party in case I cramped her style.


texts:
I found the following in a grammar textbook under a unit about “should” as a modal verb:

“I suggested that she should buy a car.”

But it is stated there that the past tense of “should” is “should have + past participle”. So, is the example grammatically wrong? If yes, what’s the correct form? If no, why?


texts: "How is going" or "How is it going" or both?

texts: Which one is correct? "How is going" or "How is it going". I googled it but it seemed both are in use. Am I right with this point?


texts: Do these changes of the location of commas in a dictionary make the meaning dif from the original?

texts:
Does the location of commas in the original explanation (,or not ~ of,) indicate the phrase between them is not neccessary?
I wonder whether the change of the location of commas below affects on the original meaning or not~

Ex) 'Deficiency'  : The state of not having, or not having enough of, smth that is essential

The state of not having or not having enough of, smth that is essential. (Without the first comma)
The state of not having or not having enough of smth that is essential. (Without any comma)


texts:
A: what are your plans for next holiday ?

B: I (will take - are going to take - am taking) a course in English.

Could anyone choose the right answer?


texts: Subject-verb agreement of the verb "cast"

texts:
I was looking for the meaning of "cast" and I came across these examples from the Cambridge Dictionary:

to send light or shadow (= an area of darkness) in a particular direction:
• The moon cast a white light into the room.
• The tree cast a shadow over/on his face.
• (figurative)Her arrival cast a shadow over/on the party (= made it less pleasant).
https://www.google.com/amp/s/dictionary.cambridge.org/amp/english/cast

Why for the 3 cases above we don't add an "s" to the verb after the singular nouns?


texts:
1) I more or less know the meaning of "for the taking" but I am highly confused about the usage of this phrase. When should one use this phrase, in what situation one should use it.

2) My second question is, which of the following sentence of correct

  I am highly confused about the usage of this phrase

Or

  I am highly confused on the usage of this phrase


texts: What is Flynn? (Example: they’re in like Flynn)

texts:
Source: Russian science is amazing. So why hasn’t it taken over the world?

Example:

  I think Russia makes the mistake, and is making it right now, and has made it for a long time, of thinking that the secret to modernization is the technology itself. So they keep going after the technology—they’re doing that with MIT right now in Skolkovo. They think that if they can get the latest big thing, the latest new technology, that they’re in like Flynn. But actually it won’t do anything for them, because the characteristics [of] a society that are necessary for commercial success in technology do not exist in Russia—and those characteristics are social and legal and political and economic.

What is he talking about?


texts: If I say "Analyze yourself" to someone, does it mean I am asking someone to analyze himself or asking him to analyze something by himself (without someone else's assistance?


texts: When someone says "something appears to be broken", is he certain or is he assuming?

texts: When someone says "something appears to be broken", does that mean he is assuming that it might be broken or is he certain that the said thing is broken?


texts: I saw it in "Jurassic park" movie. Character of Sam Jackson says "Vehicle headlights are on and not responding. Those shouldn't be running off of car batteries".


texts:
Here's what Charlie Rose said in a segment of CBS's 60 minutes titled "Amazon's Jeff Bezos looks to the future":

  Bezos believes low costs ensure customer loyalty to Amazon, even if it's at the expense of profits. Amazon is one of the rare companies that on a quarterly basis shows little profit and yet is beloved by investors.

Is it also possible to use "loved" instead of "beloved" here?

Which is more natural in context? And Why?

Is there any difference between them, semantically and/or syntactically?


texts:
Slick advertising campaigns, soaring gold prices and increasing purchasing power for consumers have helped develop a market for diamonds.

This sentence is from an error spotting exercise which suggests to use diamond in place of diamonds. May I know why diamonds is wrong here ? Moreover isn't the for used in the sentence wrong here ? Of would have been better in place of for I.e. purchasing power of consumers .


texts: Which one is correct? ‘So much to ask’ or ‘so much for asking’

texts:
How do I know which one to use? Could I use both of them interchangeably all the time?

I think it  would be so much for asking/to ask


texts: “Should already have” or “should have already”?

texts:
I think this new law is great and should already have exist earlier.

This sentence doesn’t seem correct to me. I don't know what, but something is disturbing me. Is it the tense of some verb? Or a false construction?


texts:
I have a question about the usage of 'a' and 'the' in English. I know that the rules depend on countable/non-countable nouns and general/specific nouns. Like described in this tutorial and in other questions in the Stack Exchange.
However, in real life I see some instances where I except to see an 'a' or a 'the' but they are not used. These are some examples:
- Shipment has left seller facility and is in transit to carrier
___________________^____________________________________^_______

- Tendered to local postal carrier for final delivery
_____________^________________________^______________

- This fridge is shared space.
________________^____________

- The best revenge is massive success.
_____________________^_______________

- I go to college.
_________^________

When exactly am I supposed to use 'a' and 'the'?


texts:
I'm reading tips and tricks for an exam I'm going to take I and saw the following paragraph:

  Be careful with “should vs. could”: e.g the sentence “Product Owner
  could attend the Daily Scrum” is true, while the sentence “Product
  Owner should attend the Daily Scrum” is false.

Is it gramatically correct? Why it's not "Product Onwer can attend the Daily Scrum"? If this is correct than what is the difference in meaning of the sentence?


texts: Should I write "solitude" or "a solitude" in the following sentence?

texts:
Sentence:

  After a few days, the fresh flavor of the food became (a) stale
  solitude.

I'm a bit confused about the word solitude. It sounds countable and non-countable at the same time. So I don't know whether to use an "a" or not.


texts: Why is the preposition 'in' used in '$130,000 in hush money'?

texts:
The host listed some of Trump’s worst lies and misstatements,
  including claiming there was widespread voter fraud in the 2016
  election and the recent revelation that he repaid his personal lawyer
  Michael Cohen for $130,000 in hush money given to porn star Stephanie
  Clifford, known as Stormy Daniels, after he’d repeatedly denied
  knowing about the situation.

  ... ...

  “Your base probably might not care,” Cavuto added. “But you should. I
  guess you’re too busy draining the swamp to ever stop and smell the
  stink you’re creating. ... ...

I think repaid his personal lawyer Michael Cohen for $130,000 hush money given to without IN should be ok. Why should we add IN here? any difference?

A side question: I also wasn't sure what your base is referring to.

Here is the full source at Yahoo News.


texts:
Are the following sentences correct? What about other sentences with "make sure that" and "make sure if"? Is there any difference between them?

I want to make sure that these sentences sound natural.
I want to make sure if these sentences sound natural.


texts: to show (object) do something -- grammatical construction

texts:
Example with a context:

  The clip clearly shows the fully armed Russian Su-27 approach the surveillance plane from the starboard side (at a safe distance), use the air brake to slow down, and then break away.

First of all, if we changed the sentence above to the clip clearly shows the fully armed Russian Su-27 approaching..., would it still mean the same thing?

Secondly, is that how we always use that construction? I mean, we always use a bare infinitive after the object of "show" to tell what action it's doing? If so, is the following example correct:

  The footage shows two street toughs approach and rob a man.


texts:
Here are some sentences about 'after being'

  Schoolgirl awarded €20,000 after being locked in classroom.

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/courts/circuit-court/schoolgirl-awarded-20-000-after-being-locked-in-classroom-1.2842852

  Girl dies after being struck by lightning.

http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-06-08/girl-dies-after-being-struck-by-lightning.html

  Two people die after being swept away by river.

http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-09-21/two-die-after-being-swept-away-by-river.html

I think we can use 'after being+past participle' when one action immediately follows another action. For example: Girl dies after being struck by lightning.

Here, It means: Girl dies after she was struck by lightning.

Am I correct?

I think I can change 'dies' into 'died'.

For example:

  Girl died after being struck by lightning.

Why has 'Girl dies' been written in the news even if she died in past?


texts:
haha pretty close to my own situation, although I work "sometimes" as
a technician.
You can bet your life that I understand deeply what these youths are
doing with their lives. They are trying to catch up with themselves.
The pressure around my generation is far greater than it ever was for
you.
Life was simpler, cheaper, had more opportunities and less choices.
Today a young man is faced with hundreds of choices, temptations and
ways to conduct his life and at the same time he has to keep up with
demands from the old system sustained by old folk still clinging to
their dying way of life.
So young people are basically opting out of this mess just so they can
regain their breath and figure out what the fuck they want for their
lives, and actually do something of value that is not rushed and
careless just because their parents did.
I look at your generation, and see strong family values and a
desperate need to submit to something or someone. It's almost like you
guys have never heard of dignity, autonomy and honor. You all display
a submissive / passive mentality of an apathetic slave who does no
question WHY things are the way they are. You cannot fathom the idea
of taking control over your life and living ONE day after the other.
Life nowadays is INDEED about the NOW! moment and not long term plans
that basically take a big chunk of your soul over a long period of
servitude, which in turn takes a big chunk of your health. To make
matters worse, just when you think that your dreams have come "true",
you are too tired and frail to enjoy any of it. My dear friend, there
is no "success" in this life, only tradeoffs (sacrifices). But then
again, there are shitty (ego-driven) sacrifices and smart (loving)
sacrifices.
The sense of altruism from the old generation is mostly ego-driven
because it's actually provides the FOOD for your cheap emotional needs
to be accepted by your community and society. That is exactly how
superficial and empty the fruit of your life's work really is, and
still you are always bragging about it.
Most long term plans are bullshit anyway. You cannot see beyond them.
You are trapped in the past, waiting to die, but not until you have
given a few more drops of blood to feed a dying system. And why?
Because you love conformism better than authenticity and creativity.
You love security better than freedom.
—Source

From here, the definition Succeed in reaching a person who is ahead of one seems most plausible to apply in this context. But what does it mean to catch yourself ahead?Is it a sort of figurative use of the phrase, meaning the youths are just trying to make a living?


texts: What does 'let-off' mean in football (soccer)?

texts:
What does 'let-off' mean in football (soccer

5' Another let-off for a QPR player - Wszolek hacks down Gunter as he skips down the right... foul, but no card for a hefty challenge.


texts:
'Waters' in this context confuses me
First, let's look at two relevant definition/meanings of plural waters found in the Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.

3. waters [plural] – the water in a particular lake, river, sea or ocean
5. waters [plural] – an area of sea or ocean belonging to a particular country

I got it.
Now the confusion – what should replace 'X', 'Y', 'Z' in the example below: water or waters?

The color of (the?) X is magenta because at that place, (the?) Y of Indian Ocean and (the?) Z of South Atlantic Ocean which are red and green respectively meet.

Also, does it take the article the? Because in one official document from the Journal of Marine Research (American Government), I found this sentence (without the) -

...continues into the Indian Ocean while the rest of it mixes with water of Indian Ocean...


texts:
Consider we have the sentence

My bird likes sunflower seeds. She eats a lot of seeds everyday.

Using  pronoun resolution we can replace she with the actual subject 'My birds'; converting 'She eats a lot of seeds everyday.' to 'My bird eats a lot of seeds everyday.  '

Similarly, assume the below sentences where we have the *'the following * '*  (where * refers to a noun):

It stores itself in the following location: \windows.
It tries to open the following file: file.exe.
The following rows are deleted: row1 row2.

We simply can remove (resolve) 'the following'  and write them as

It stores itself in \windows. (Replaced the 'the following location:' with the actual  location \windows)
It tries to open file.exe. (Replaced 'the following file:' with actual file which it was referring to: file.exe)
Row1 and row2 are deleted: row1 and row2. (Replaced 'The following rows' with row1 and row2).

Unlike the 'My bird eats a lot of seeds everyday.' where I used pronoun resolution here I am resolving object with the actual ones. My question is what is this technique? And what is the grammar behind this. Is there any specific naming for 'the following' ? Any help and insight is greatly appreciated.


texts: Watching or to watch. Which one is correct in these two sentences?

texts:
Is it ok to say:

Then, I started watching an episode of...

or should I say

Then, I started to watch an episode of...

Which one is correct or are both correct? Can you explain me what's the difference between these two sentences? I would really appreciate your help, thank you so much.


texts: with or without "a": towards [a] green and sustainable growth

texts:
We move towards green and sustainable growth

  We move towards a green and sustainable growth

Is 'a' a must here?


texts:
The meaning of my sentence is "I didn't practice English a lot and that's why I don't know it well."

Which conditional should I use?

This one is 2nd conditional.

  If I practiced English more, I would know it much better.

And this one is mixed conditional(3rd conditional + 2nd conditional).

  If I had practiced English more, I would know it much better.


texts: "The Sergeant over there's wife" is correct?

texts:
The sentence below is a line from the movie Inglorious Basterds.

  The Sergeant over there's wife just had a baby.

Is the use of the apostrophe correct?
 As this is almost my first time seeing an apostrophe placed after such a phrase which consists of a noun and then adverbs, I am not sure of that.

Any explanation will be appreciated. Thank you for your help.


texts: What does 'it' reference in this sentence?

texts:
“Will you walk this way, ma’am?” said the girl; and I followed her across a square hall with high doors all round: she ushered me into a room whose double illumination of fire and candle at first dazzled me, contrasting as it did with the darkness to which my eyes had been for two hours inured; when I could see, however, a cosy and agreeable picture presented itself to my view. (Jane Eyre)

What does ‘it’ indicate?


texts:
Consider these sentences, please:

I can just imagine what he is going through.

I can imagine what he is going through.

Question 1: Is there any difference between 1 and 2?
Question 2: If I were to backshift 1 and 2, how would I backshift them, like this?

I could just imagine what he was going through OR I could've just imagined what he was going through.

I could imagine what he was going through OR I could've imagined what he was going through.


texts:
Could you please tell me the meaning of 'would' in the following sentences:

  1 He would seem to be getting better.
  (Does it mean you the speaker lack of knowledge about his health?)

  2 The answer would seem to be correct.
  (Does it mean the speaker is hesitating?)

  3 That's what I would call annoying.
  (Why is would used here? Is it hypothetical situation or what?)

I found it quite difficult to know the meaning of 'would' in these sentences. I hope someone will help me with it.


texts:
I used to ask my classmates or teacher:
Which book you refer or should I refer?
I've referred (read) license.
I suppose refer as read.
Is it correct?


texts: When do we use definite article in front of a proper noun, especially for an university?

texts:
"The University of Minnesota is a highly ranked public research
  university offering a wide range of undergraduate and graduate
  programs."

  "Harvard University is devoted to excellence in teaching, learning,
  and research, and to developing leaders in many disciplines who make a
  difference globally."

Those two sentences are quoted from the official websites of those two schools.
Why is there a "the" in front of "university of Minnesota" but not in front of "Harvard University"? How can we decide when to use a definite article in front of a proper noun?


texts: Is there any difference between "fall into/fall within/fall under several categories"?


texts: I hope you enjoyed. vs I hope you enjoyed it.

texts:
Is 'I hope you enjoyed.' grammatically correct?
I have heard it used many times by non native speakers. However it sounds odd to me if there is nothing after 'enjoyed'. Such as I hope you enjoyed it/the party.


texts: Why "John lost his coat and his temper" has logically and grammatically different ideas?

texts:
Consider this quote first please.

  For instance, in a sentence “John lost his coat and his temper”, the
  verb “lost” applies to both noun “coat” and “temper”. Losing a coat
  and losing temper are logically and grammatically different ideas that
  are brought together in the above-mentioned sentence.

The quote above is a discussion of the literary device Zeugma

  Zeugma, from Greek “yoking” or “bonding”, is a figure of speech in
  which a word, usually a verb or an adjective, applies to more than one
  noun, blending together grammatically and logically different ideas.

I understand why the example has logically different ideas, but I do not know how they are grammatically different too.

I could think of losing a coat as a concrete notion while losing temper as a non-literal one. However, I am not sure I do in terms of grammar.

Could it be not dropping the pronoun his in his temper? or dropping the verb lost?

Would adding the verb lost make it grammatical?: John lost his coat and lost his temper.


texts: Words order in "the amount of oil produced rose significantly"

texts:
This is the sentence I’m confused about:

After eight years, the amount of oil produced rose significantly.

Why is it oil produced and not produced oil?


texts: "Where are you" vs "Where have you been"?

texts:
a. Where are you? I am here in the room.

b. Where have you been? I have been here in the room.

My question is below:

What is the difference in meaning between the two sentences above? Could you explain in detail, please?


texts:
Which one is correct? (or maybe both ?!)

I was thinking of an appliance, gives human the capability of ~ ( or that gives human the ~)
I was thinking of an appliance, giving human the capability of ~

Edit :

in the 1st one I omited "that", because i know we can some times omit unnecessary words, here's an example :

I was driving my car , suddenly i saw a dead cat!

changes to : driving my car I saw a dead cat

or

saw a dead cat driving my car.

so can i do the same with my 1st sentence?


texts:
From bbc

  If the verb has an object, the adverb of manner is usually placed after the object, not between the verb and object.

A post says

  "Lovely" and "wonderful" mean pretty much the same thing

which seems to be against that rule. the one with that rule could be

  "Lovely" and "wonderful" pretty much mean the same thing

Is my understanding right?


texts: "You should go" vs "You should have to go"

texts:
What's the difference between:

  You should go

and

  You should have to go

Can I use one instead of the other?


texts:
Please, have a look at the sentence from the A Study in Scarlet, by Arthur Conan Doyle (Chapter 3 = The Lauriston Garden Mystery).

“This case will make a stir, sir,” he remarked. “It beats anything I have seen, and I am no chicken.”

  Lestrade, lean and ferret-like as ever, was standing by the doorway, and greeted my companion and myself.
  “This case will make a stir, sir,” he remarked. “It beats anything I have seen, and I am no chicken.”
  “There is no clue?” said Gregson.
  “None at all,” chimed in Lestrade.
  Sherlock Holmes approached the body, and, kneeling down, examined it intently. “You are sure that there is no wound?” he asked, pointing to numerous gouts and splashes of blood which lay all round.

What is the meaning of 'I am no chicken'? I can not find the correct answer. Could you please explain it to me?


texts: Conditional sentences - usage of "shall" in main clause

texts:
I read here that in first type of conditional sentences, simple future is used in the main clause. However, it was not clear if only will should be used or shall can also be used. For example below sentence, is that grammatically correct?

  if I leave now, I shall reach on time


texts: Is it correct to say "don't drink old water, drink new one"?

texts:
This is an article "Old water contains bacteria, but it's generally yours", which could be written by native speakers
Can we say "old water" to refer to water left overnight in an open container or in a close container but you put your mouth or your tongue in the water. In both cases, bacterium may spread the whole water?
and
Can we say "new water" to refer to water left overnight in a closed container and has not been infected from your mouth or tongue?


texts:
Which of the sentence is correct?

The fuel of which is petrol and gas
The fuel of which are petrol and gas

Should there be is or are?


texts:
Here are some sentences in a student composition:

  I'm thinking about the future design of the kitchens. Will it be better if we design a totally enclosed ventilation system, which includes poriferous ceramic tiles, ceiling materials, to drain and centralize the oil smoke though special pipes.

According to dictionary, the word "drain" is used for liquid. Is it right to use the word "drain" for gas or smoke?


texts:
And the answer is, "You can always conjure them up! IF they are significant triggers of relaxation in a person then there is a very good chance indeed that you can activate the appropriate system by the techniques we learned in Chapter 1. If someone responds to the touch of a pet, for example, then *there is every chance that you can evoke the response via words or pictures, and you should have seen that rocking can be evoked with no expense other than a few minutes of time."

What does the phrase "there is every chance that" mean?

What can I use instead of that phrase?

I need some simple examples of using the phrase to understand better the meaning and usage of that.


texts: Which personal pronouns replace the names of chess pieces?

texts:
I wonder if the chess king is he or it, and if the chess queen is she or it.
Something like that: "NN made a good move with his queen, but lost her (or lost it) three moves later."


texts: Why Harley & Jake say this words "Not Nice" in this situation?

texts:
In Romance-Comedy movie It's Complicated, Jake having lunch with his ex-wife Jane & her children (age above 20).

  Gabby: Okay, I would like to say something, too. For real. No offense
  to the lovely Agness or her charming offspring...

  Jake: Not Nice.

  Harley: Not Nice.

Gabby is daughter for Jane & Harley is Lauren's (also daughter for Jane) husband.
Agness is present wife for Jake. In this situation Gabby hasn't completed her sentence. But Harley & Jake responded by say with this words "Not Nice". Why so?

There is no offense in Gabby words. then why it is not nice to say this words then?


texts: Uncomfortable vs discomforted vs discomfortable vs uncomforted

texts:
“Did you feel _____ after the surgery?”

In the above sentence, should ‘uncomfortable’, ‘discomforted’, ‘discomfortable’, or ‘uncomforted’ be used?

If so, what is the difference between the four options?


texts: Do we use an article with every item in a list of countable singular nouns?

texts:
For example:

An RLC circuit is composed of resistor, inductor, and capacitor elements.

Or:

An RLC circuit is composed of a resistor, an inductor, and a capacitor elements.

Which one is grammatically correct?

The part that confuses me is at the end of the list ".. and a capacitor elements." I know that the word "elements" refers to the items of the list (plural); but being right after a singular countable noun makes me feel something is wrong.


texts: Is the word "stock" being used correctly here?

texts:
I read a definition of "sarcastic interrogatives" at this link which was:

  stock questions with glaringly obvious yes or no answers.

Now, most of the dictionaries define stock, as an adjective, as

(of an excuse or answer) often used because of being convenient and therefore being unoriginal.

And also, the word "stock", in most of the examples that I read, was modifying an answer, not a question. A "stock question" would imply that it is often asked whenever it is convenient which is not basically what the author wanted to say, although what author wanted to say was clear from the context. Am I right?


texts: What are other ways to say "going down the path leading nowhere"?

texts:
There are many good answers in Is there a way to say "go to the path of no way out"?, but most of them imply that the subject is aware of the situation after making the mistake (like "Oh shit! I've painted myself into the corner."). I want to find a phrase or idiom to emphasize the unawareness of getting lost, that they are going down the path leading nowhere. They don't know what they don't know, and without outside help they will keep going, thinking that someday the solution will come. In Buddhism term, they haven't reached nirvana and is still stuck in the samsara.

So far, I only see that "going down the path leading nowhere" is the most suitable. But I'd like to see other options.


texts:
There must be a subtle difference between the terms 'snotty', 'snooty', and 'haughty'. The dictionaries have barely different definitions:

To choose one, Merriam-Webster gives:

snotty : 1 - soiled with nasal mucus a snotty nose, 2 : annoyingly or spitefully unpleasant; especially : snooty
snooty : 1 - looking down the nose : showing disdain, 2 : characterized by snobbery
haughty : blatantly and disdainfully proud : having or showing an attitude of superiority and contempt for people or things perceived to be inferior, haughty aristocrats

(ignoring the literal snot version of 'snotty')

Following all the vocabulary in those definitions, disdain, snobbery, inferior, contempt, proud, nose(?), there may well be things that differentiate these terms but it is not at all clear from the descriptions.

What exactly are the nuances that differentiate these?


texts:
Say hello to aunt Jane.

  Say hello to Aunt Jane.

  Dear Uncle Sam.

  Dear uncle Sam.

Should I capitalise these word or not? Why?


texts:
This movie clip starts with a teacher saying this line:

  (1) Okay, now that we've finished our tests, I want you all to start thinking about our fifth grade science fair projects, which you will need to work on to have ready after spring break.

Where the relative clause is shown in bold and its antecedent is our fifth grade science fair projects.

Now, can you insert a pronoun (them) that refers back to our fifth grade science fair projects after either work on or have as follows?

  (2) Okay, now that we've finished our tests, I want you all to start thinking about our fifth grade science fair projects, which you will need to work on them to have ready after spring break.

  (3) Okay, now that we've finished our tests, I want you all to start thinking about our fifth grade science fair projects, which you will need to work on to have them ready after spring break.

Is (2) or (3) or both natural English or even grammatical?

If grammatical and natural, how natural are they compared to (1)?


texts: Are these noun phrases single or plural?

texts:
I am very confused about which is the main noun in a noun phrase.
And I know that the verb should be in accordance with the main noun in the subject noun phrase in terms of the numbers.

  Noun Phrase A.

  the majority of people

  Q) The majority of people are/is?

  Noun Phrase B.

  several layers of meaning

  Q) Several layers of meaning are/is?

Is each phrase single or plural and could you explain why?

Thank you very much for your help. :)


texts: Which on is the the correct form:"Let’s to take" or "Let’s take"

texts:
I'm studying an educational English common sentences flash card set and it is supposed to be correct! and I find this sentence there: "The main road is blocked. Let’s to take the byroad."

which on is the the correct form:

  The main road is blocked. Let’s to take the byroad.

  The main road is blocked. Let’s take the byroad.


texts:
Random House dictionary (RHD) has these examples for: of (used to indicate derivation, origin, or source):

  I have a favour to ask of you.
  Don’t expect too much of him.

And I can add one from a Korean dictionary:

  I asked a question of her.

I can guess these of’s have this meaning:
the complement of ‘of’ is an agent that will satisfy the subject’s hope or demand, from which they say ‘of’ is used do indicate origin or source. Can this be possible interpretation for those of’s?


texts:
I miss your saying '' I love you''.

  I miss you saying '' I love you''.

Which phrase should  I use after the verb '' miss'' you or your. As far as I searched on the internet I couldn't find any result but I thougt second one is better than the firs one.


texts:
The French used this tactic at the enemy.

  This tank as a special machine gun that fires 1000 round/s at the
  enemy.

Should we use the plural "enemies" or is "enemy" fine? Why is that?


texts: "a cold yesterday" or "a cold day yesterday"

texts:
It was such a cold yesterday that we could not go out.

  It was such a cold day yesterday that we could not go out.

Which sentence is grammatical or better?


texts:
Could you please help me understand what the author is talking about? I have no idea what "animated madness" means. I don't understand it.

  Many of these sequences are short, funny and downright tame compared
  to the cartoonish nonsense that would come in a few seasons. But they
  were also startlingly out of place in a show that had never made use
  of them before. The Simpsons was increasingly relying on cartoonish
  tricks and (danger free) action sequences to tell its stories, and was
  making those parts even harder to swallow by playing the over-the-top
  moments of animated madness for suspense instead of comedy.

  Source


texts: Is it possible to write these expressions

texts:
Berliners  are nice.

All berliners  are friendly.

All of the berliners help tourists when they need some info.

Are there a lot of differences between these expression on bold


texts:
In this sentence:

  She began to sing, in an undertone, but as she heard the sounds come clear and pure she let herself go.

What is “in an undertone”?

I mean, can this whole construction “in an undertone” be an adverb of manner: She began to sing how? - in an undertone. Is it some kind of composite adverb, or maybe something else?


texts:
I know that certain letters are not always pronounced in English words, at least not by all people or in all dialects. For example, for the word mountain, there seems to be at least two native pronunciations, and it seems to me sometimes the t is not pronounced. Notice that the middle of mountain contains a nasal sound (n) followed by a stop (t). This same enviornment exists in combo with m and b.

I can't hear the b in combo breaker in this video from the game Killer Instinct. So I began to wonder if sometimes the b is not pronounced in combo like the t is not pronounced in mountain.

There is also this video ('How to pronounce combo'); I don't know if English speakers always pronounce the b.

Background note:
I have always heard the word combo without any silent letter almost everywhere but not in the video game Killer Instinct. When I was a kid I used to play this game and tried to repeat the phrase "combo breaker" but I wasn't close to it because I didn't understand any English nor was trying to learn. So, today my niece was saying the same thing I used to say when I was a kid and I thought, wow! I need to find out the right pronunciation and got on YouTube and found this video and I heard "combo breaker" but with silent b so I thought I would ask where this English comes from and here I am asking. Check the link I gave to hear, or should I say watch, the video? Anyway the video makes the same sound as the Killer Instinct I used to play. I thought I should give this little extra piece of information just so you know.


texts: participial construction usage question - 'although' being omission

texts:
Original Text:
Although gamblers are the most prone to this, it equally applies to business during bubbles and to people who gain sudden attention from the public.
If I change the above sentence into the participial construction, is it grammatical correct?
(To emphasize the meaning, I do not omit the conjunction.)
Although gamblers (being) the most prone to this, ~.


texts: "Dare I say this?" What's the exact meaning of the phrase and what are the alternatives?

texts:
I am an English learner here.

I am filling in an application form for a program and I would like to make a special request on something.

I don't want to be rude, and I don't want to cause any inconvenience. To be honest, I don't even know if my application would be successful, and now I am here demanding special treatment.

This makes me wonder what is the best way to put forward a request when you are not exactly in the position to do so?

I have heard people say "Dare I say" before. From the context, I assume it was used when you are afraid that the next statement might be offensive.

In this situation, can I start with "Dare I ask the following?" If it sounds weird, is there any alternative?

Thanks guys.


texts: Questions on article and preposition usage

texts:
Here is my sentence:

  It is the special period when China faces an extremely high traffic load, which results in great transportation problems, especially on the railway services.

My questions:

Why does the author use "the" instead of "a"? My English teacher told me that there is a "a/an+adj.+n." rule.
Why use "on"? I usually see a problem of.


texts: Do past/present simple + infinitive invoke subjunctive mood?

texts:
The construction past/present simple + infinitive is often used. Some examples are:

  — He wanted you to come with me.
  — I suggest you to do this.

Questions:

Do these constructions invoke the subjunctive mood?
Can the above examples be rephrased?


texts: Travel around something or Travel something?

texts:
According to the dictionaries, the verb travel can be used without a preposition: travel something: travel the world, travel huge distances, etc.

Can it be used like that with a particular country/continent?
E.g. I travelled [around] Europe last year.

Thanks in advance!


texts: Why do we say "Police Department" instead of "Department of Police"?

texts: Why do we say in English Police Department instead of Department of Police?


texts:
have you been wearing  my sweater? It’s dirty and it smells terrible!

  Your hair looks different. have you dyed it?

The first sentence is continuous (have been wearing), the other is simple (have you dyed). Why? Both sentences have evidence of an action (the speaker can imagine but he has not seen it).  The sweater is dirty and smells terrible and the hair is different. So why not "have you been dying"?


texts: Long dependency of phrases in a sentence

texts:
I wrote this sentences:

  In the Web accessibility tools, speech rendering of the main content [of a web page] can provide better access to a web page for the visually impaired users.
  Extracting and presenting the main block [of the page] can also make browsing the page easier over constrained devices like mobile phones

  In particular, we employ the textual delimiters and semantic cues [within a web page]  to locate the data of interest within a web page. (However, in this last sentence I prefer to keep it in its first place).

To avoid repeating some words, I relocated and left out the second part of possessive constructions [in the brackets] yet kept the "the" before the first part.

Are my sentences correct and convey the meaning I want? Could it be a technique to avoid repeating some phrases and make more fluent sentences?


texts:
When I talk about many people, like community, what should I use?

A large community
A huge community
A big community

In my native language (German), we use just one word for that: groß. What is the difference in English?


texts: What is difference between compensate and recompense?

texts: As far as I know from dictionary that both words compensate and recompense are same in meaning .But are those actually same or is there any precise difference?


texts: Why isn’t definite article "the" used in “came ___ third in the race”?

texts:
There are two sentences. Both of these are correct but why?

Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.
Nick came third in the race.

Why don’t we use "the" in the second sentence?


texts: Differences between 'till now', 'as of now','yet', 'up till now'

texts:
I have seen phrases like the following:

Till now
Yet
Up till now
As of now

Is there any difference between their usage and meaning, or do they have the same meaning?


texts: Once you become a father, playing [ a / the ] super dad comes naturally

texts:
Is there any difference in between those? I feel sometimes there's a hard thing to catch when people say somethings like

  Don't play [ a / the ] fool.

also. Is it just you use 'the' when you mentioned it earlier in the conversation and 'a' for the opposite?


texts: What can an example of "actual political circumstances" be in this context?

texts:
I read this in my history book:

  The rulers of the Mughal Empire saw themselves as appointed by Divine Will to rule over a large and heterogeneous populace. Though this grand vision was often circumscribed by actual political circumstances, it remained important.

I can't really deduce what those "actual political circumstances" could be. Can "struggle to get to the top position" be an example of that? I'm asking it since I'm not confident that it would fit into the context.


texts: what is the meaning of "high quarter"? and What is the meaning of "wrote in favor of the persecuted sect?

texts:
Antiochus, his representative at the
Court of Arcadius, openly wrote in favor of the persecuted sect; and the
encouragement received from this high quarter rapidly increased the
number of professing Christians in the Persian territories.
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16167/16167-h/16167-h.htm


texts: Difference between What's your another tip for that? and What's another tip for that?

texts:
I want to see the difference between

  What's your another tip for that?

  What's another tip for that?

Do they both seem grammatically correct?


texts: What is the connotation of the word "Lightninged" when using it as a name of a product for education?

texts:
I chose the word Lightninged (not lightning) to name a product. It means literally be struck by a lightning, and it is a real word as discussed in ELU: What is the past tense of “lightning”?. The name is inspired by this quote of Mark Twain:

  The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter. ’tis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning.

Since the origin word of lightning is lightening, and lighten relates to enlighten, therefore lightninged can be understood as enlightened. This picture conveys exactly what in my mind:

My product is about learning advanced English vocabulary. Since I emphasize the importance of using the right word, I think it's a suitable name. Does the word have a bad connotation when used as a name for this thing?

After reading the comments, I have some thoughts:

Didn't the founders of reddit think the same to me when they named their product?
Since no native English speaker will need to learn English vocabulary, and for all non-native English speakers any English word that they don't know is new, what would be a problem to use it for non-native ones? Related question on Language Learning: How would non-native readers percept writing that has no problem, but sounds unnatural to the native speakers?
Mark Twain also said: "Thunder is good, thunder is impressive. But lightning that does the work". So definitely I won't encourage people to use the thundered words.

Meta discussion: I name a product with an English word, and many people say it's a bad name. Can I ask why it's bad here?


texts: seedling time; does it meet the requirement of terminology?

texts:
The plants were harvested at 28th day of seedling time.

seedling time - does it meet the requirement of terminology?


texts: In order to complete the highway on time, the workers worked _____ quickly _____ there was not even a time to talk.?

texts:
In order to complete the highway on time, the workers worked _____ quickly _____ there was not even a time to talk.

options given:

(a)such, that (b)as,as (c)such, as (d)so,that

My Approach

Ans d because i found it the most appropriate.

Any better approach to analyze the Ans? or Correct me if i am wrong.


texts: present perfect even if I don't expect any change

texts:
I've tried to track my parcel with the number given. But every time I enter the number, I receive this message "status not yet available".

I've tried to track my parcel with the number given. But every time I've entered the number, I have  received this message "status not yet available".

I think the first one is better because I'm sure that the number given is not correct so I don't expect any change until I have a new number.


texts: Difference between 'in the centre' and 'at the centre'

texts:
The sun is in/at the centre of the solar system.

Which is right and why?


texts: Pros and Cons, Prostitution and Constitution

texts:
The phrase pros and cons has given me an illusion for a long time that pro means something good (supporting, approving, agreeing), while con means something bad (trick, hoax, disadvantage):

promising, prosperous, professional, ...
contradict, confront, concede, ...

However, when append -stitution to both words, they turn into prostitution and constitution. I checked their spellings carefully and can confirm that these 12-letter words are absolutely the same except for the first 3 letters. That is an overwhelming 75% similarity. This confused me, you know, because people often regard constitution as a word giving more positive sentiment than prostitution. (You may or may not agree with this.)

How were these two words formed historically? Is it a stereotype that pro means good while con means bad? What does it mean if somebody calls me a pro? Do they genuinely 100%-time mean that I am a professional player, but not a prostitute in any slightest sense?


texts:
The following sentence has been painted on the wall in an education building of a major university

  Harness your enthusiasm of learning.

Is this correct, or should it be

  Harness your enthusiasm for learning."

or are both acceptable?


texts:
Which is the best option?

In Europe, national and supranational citizenship may coexist.

In Europe, national and supranational citizenships may coexist.


texts:
I am searching for a way to say that the man who raped the girl, which now the man with no moral code protects (his daughter) is also his boss.

This is what I have so far:

“A man with no moral code protects a rape victim from her perpetrator and his boss, the man who…”


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Human beings are social animals, linked together by shared beliefs and values. This is both a weakness and a strength. Brands use this fact against us by tapping into the pulsing collective mass of our shared fears, hopes, desires and anxieties and the consumer blind spots which offer the greatest opportunity for exploitation are related to the murky area of emotions and feelings.

Source: https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/how-to-survive-christmas-463410.html

I would ask you just one question regarding this paragraph. Do you think that the word "pulsing" stands in the context for the noun ("the practice of advertising a product all the time, but increasing the advertising for some periods and reducing it for other periods")? Or is it just the adjective related to "collective mass"?


texts: Is it allowed to write "put someone into words"?

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"put into words" is commonly used in English,
as in

  I cannot put into words how much I love him.

  I can't put my feelings into words.

But is it allowed to place a "person" as an object in this phrase?
as in

  "Amy was so unique that I couldn't put her into words."


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I was reading "The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach" and it talks about flower removal plots what does that mean?

  Visitation and pollen transport networks were constructed to compare replicated I. glandulifera invaded and I. glandulifera removal plots.


texts: That Vs which; which one should I chose and why?

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Which is correct (and why)..or are both options ok?

Look! That's the car which was reported as being stolen.

Or

Look! That's the car that was reported as being stolen!

Thanks


texts: Is there a special word for the numbers 11 to 19?

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In my language (Ukrainian), there are special words describing amounts between 11 and 19. They are constructed in a similar way as the numerals, but do not specify the numeral itself:

  Це коштує надцять тисяч ("this costs over-teen thousand" — meaning, "too expensive")
  Я вдома вже кільканадцять хвилин ("I'm at home a few-over-teen minutes already");

Is there a special name for amount between 11 and 19 in English?  The reason why I'm asking is that I'm thinking in these categories, and I don't want to use less-specific words if there's a better term for it.

I know that a person of that age is called a teenager. But I haven't heard the word teens to describe amount. I've also heard a dozen, which literally means 12, but I have the impression that it is sometimes used to say about 12.

Am I right, and are there other words describing such amount?


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Can you share some feedback of the word Silly, what Silly means, expressions that you use in real life, the only thing that I know about this word it's like something dump or stupid, there's another meaning or usage of this word.

Thank you.


texts: Is there any difference in meaning: "Outside the wall was a ditch"

texts: Is there any difference in meaning between: "Outside the wall was a ditch" and  "Outside the wall there was a ditch"


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What is the meaning of "Is she thinking what I think she is thinking? " ? (Source: PHONICS PC COMICS Volume 5 ISSUE 1)

Dose it mean "Is she thinking a thing that I think. I think a thing that she is thinking" ?


texts: How can I translate "Cátedra" from Spanish?

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In my university there were courses called Cátedra insert-topic-here. The world Cátedra was used in this context following one of the meanings of the word in Spanish, according to the RAE:

  f. Facultad o materia particular que enseña un catedrático.

Which roughly translate to:

  Particular subject taught by a chair professor.

I can't find any particular word that keep the same meaning in order to translate the name of the courses.

How could I translate "cátedra"?


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Can anyone help me with this question about Error Identification.

  As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the United States comes from  the films abroad.

The key is "As many as". Explanation for this is that "As much as" should be used here because "income" is an uncountable noun. Am I right?


texts: Are there cases when we can use the past simple before "since" in a past context?

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I've learnt that we should use the present perfect or the past perfect with "since," as in:

  I haven't been to England since I was a child.

And in the past:

  I had worked there since I (had) left school.

My question is: in spite of this rule, are there cases where we can use simply the past simple? I am wondering about a sentence like this:

  She had looked liked a boy since she (had) cut her hair.

For the second part, my grammar books explain that the simple past is possible (cut/had cut) but for the first part (had looked like a boy), I am under the impression that "she looked like a boy since she (had)cut her" is possible?


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What's the difference between "take a guess" and "make a guess"? Seems like they're both grammatically correct.
For example:

I don't know how old she is, I can only make/take a guess.


texts: Any difference between "don't forget it" and "don’t you forget it!"?

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Sometimes it gets confusing whether we should include "you" when we want to tell someone not to do something.

For insantance, normally if we want someone not to do something, we would say "Do not do it". But it is quite often that I often see sentences like "Do not you do it". That makes me confused.

For instance look at this sentence: "I’m the boss around here, and don’t you forget it!"

What would change if the speaker did not include "you", such as "I’m the boss around here, and don’t forget it!"

So, my question is basically, is there any difference between;
- "Don't do it!"
- "Don't you do it!"

Regards,


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Societies are based on laws.In past, before laws took hold in the human communities, there was no society.

Furthermore can we say :

In past, before laws take hold in the human communities, there was no society.