






import dataclasses
import json
import sys
import types
from argparse import ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter, ArgumentParser, ArgumentTypeError
from copy import copy
from enum import Enum
from inspect import isclass
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Literal, NewType, Optional, Tuple, Union, get_type_hints

import yaml


A__			:    Optional[Any]         =				NewType('DataClass', Any)
A__			:    List[Any]         =				NewType('DataClassType', Any)






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				if isinstance(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       ):
								return v
				if v.lower() in ("yes", "true", "t", "y", "1"):
								return True
				elif v.lower() in ("no", "false", "f", "n", "0"):
								return False
				else:
								raise ArgumentTypeError(
								    F"""Truthy value expected: got {v} but expected one of yes/no, true/false, t/f, y/n, 1/0 (case insensitive)."""       )






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    {str(lowerCamelCase_       ): choice for choice in choices}
				return lambda lowerCamelCase_       : str_to_choice.get(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       )






def 						a    (		*,
    lowerCamelCase_ = None	,     lowerCamelCase_ = None	,     lowerCamelCase_ = dataclasses.MISSING	,     lowerCamelCase_ = dataclasses.MISSING	,     lowerCamelCase_ = None	,     **lowerCamelCase_	,     ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				if metadata is None:
								# Important, don't use as default param in function signature because dict is mutable and shared across function calls
								lowercase__     				=    {}
				if aliases is not None:
								lowercase__     				=    aliases
				if help is not None:
								lowercase__     				=    help

				return dataclasses.field(metadata=lowerCamelCase_	,     default=lowerCamelCase_	,     default_factory=lowerCamelCase_	,     **lowerCamelCase_       )




class    _UpperCAmelCase      ( A__			):

				"""simple docstring"""




				lowercase__       							= 42




				def __init__(  self		:					List[Any],						lowerCamelCase		:					Union[DataClassType, Iterable[DataClassType]],						**lowerCamelCase		:					str						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								# To make the default appear when using --help
								if "formatter_class" not in kwargs:
												lowercase__     				=    ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
								super().__init__(**lowerCamelCase						)
								if dataclasses.is_dataclass(lowerCamelCase						):
												lowercase__     				=    [dataclass_types]
								lowercase__     				=    list(lowerCamelCase						)
								for dtype in self.dataclass_types:
												self._add_dataclass_arguments(lowerCamelCase						)




				@staticmethod
				def        lowercase__     (  lowerCamelCase		:					ArgumentParser,						lowerCamelCase		:					dataclasses.Field						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								lowercase__     				=    F"""--{field.name}"""
								lowercase__     				=    field.metadata.copy()
								# field.metadata is not used at all by Data Classes,
								# it is provided as a third-party extension mechanism.
								if isinstance(field.type,						lowerCamelCase						):
												raise RuntimeError(
												    '''Unresolved type detected, which should have been done with the help of '''
												    '''`typing.get_type_hints` method by default'''						)

								lowercase__     				=    kwargs.pop('''aliases''',						[]						)
								if isinstance(lowerCamelCase,						lowerCamelCase						):
												lowercase__     				=    [aliases]

								lowercase__     				=    getattr(field.type,						'''__origin__''',						field.type						)
								if origin_type is Union or (hasattr(lowerCamelCase,						'''UnionType'''						) and isinstance(lowerCamelCase,						types.UnionType						)):
												if str not in field.type.__args__ and (
												    len(field.type.__args__						) != 2 or type(lowerCamelCase						) not in field.type.__args__
												):
																raise ValueError(
																    '''Only `Union[X, NoneType]` (i.e., `Optional[X]`) is allowed for `Union` because'''
																    ''' the argument parser only supports one type per argument.'''
																    F""" Problem encountered in field '{field.name}'."""						)
												if type(lowerCamelCase						) not in field.type.__args__:
																# filter `str` in Union
																lowercase__     				=    field.type.__args__[0] if field.type.__args__[1] == str else field.type.__args__[1]
																lowercase__     				=    getattr(field.type,						'''__origin__''',						field.type						)
												elif bool not in field.type.__args__:
																# filter `NoneType` in Union (except for `Union[bool, NoneType]`)
																lowercase__     				=    (
																    field.type.__args__[0] if isinstance(lowerCamelCase,						field.type.__args__[1]						) else field.type.__args__[1]
																)
																lowercase__     				=    getattr(field.type,						'''__origin__''',						field.type						)

        # A variable to store kwargs for a boolean field, if needed
        # so that we can init a `no_*` complement argument (see below)
								lowercase__     				=    {}
								if origin_type is Literal or (isinstance(field.type,						lowerCamelCase						) and issubclass(field.type,						lowerCamelCase						)):
												if origin_type is Literal:
																lowercase__     				=    field.type.__args__
												else:
																lowercase__     				=    [x.value for x in field.type]

												lowercase__     				=    make_choice_type_function(kwargs['''choices''']						)

												if field.default is not dataclasses.MISSING:
																lowercase__     				=    field.default
												else:
																lowercase__     				=    True
								elif field.type is bool or field.type == Optional[bool]:
												# Copy the currect kwargs to use to instantiate a `no_*` complement argument below.
												# We do not initialize it here because the `no_*` alternative must be instantiated after the real argument
												lowercase__     				=    copy(lowerCamelCase						)

												# Hack because type=bool in argparse does not behave as we want.
												lowercase__     				=    string_to_bool
												if field.type is bool or (field.default is not None and field.default is not dataclasses.MISSING):
																# Default value is False if we have no default when of type bool.
																lowercase__     				=    False if field.default is dataclasses.MISSING else field.default
																# This is the value that will get picked if we don't include --field_name in any way
																lowercase__     				=    default
																# This tells argparse we accept 0 or 1 value after --field_name
																lowercase__     				=    '''?'''
																# This is the value that will get picked if we do --field_name (without value)
																lowercase__     				=    True
								elif isclass(lowerCamelCase						) and issubclass(lowerCamelCase,						lowerCamelCase						):
												lowercase__     				=    field.type.__args__[0]
												lowercase__     				=    '''+'''
												if field.default_factory is not dataclasses.MISSING:
																lowercase__     				=    field.default_factory()
												elif field.default is dataclasses.MISSING:
																lowercase__     				=    True
								else:
												lowercase__     				=    field.type
												if field.default is not dataclasses.MISSING:
																lowercase__     				=    field.default
												elif field.default_factory is not dataclasses.MISSING:
																lowercase__     				=    field.default_factory()
												else:
																lowercase__     				=    True
								parser.add_argument(lowerCamelCase,						*lowerCamelCase,						**lowerCamelCase						)

								# Add a complement `no_*` argument for a boolean field AFTER the initial field has already been added.
								# Order is important for arguments with the same destination!
								# We use a copy of earlier kwargs because the original kwargs have changed a lot before reaching down
								# here and we do not need those changes/additional keys.
								if field.default is True and (field.type is bool or field.type == Optional[bool]):
												lowercase__     				=    False
												parser.add_argument(F"""--no_{field.name}""",						action='''store_false''',						dest=field.name,						**lowerCamelCase						)




				def        lowercase__     (  self		:					str,						lowerCamelCase		:					DataClassType						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								if hasattr(lowerCamelCase,						'''_argument_group_name'''						):
												lowercase__     				=    self.add_argument_group(dtype._argument_group_name						)
								else:
												lowercase__     				=    self

								try:
												lowercase__     				=    get_type_hints(lowerCamelCase						)
								except NameError:
												raise RuntimeError(
												    F"""Type resolution failed for {dtype}. Try declaring the class in global scope or """
												    '''removing line of `from __future__ import annotations` which opts in Postponed '''
												    '''Evaluation of Annotations (PEP 563)'''						)
								except TypeError as ex:
												# Remove this block when we drop Python 3.9 support
												if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 10) and "unsupported operand type(s) for |" in str(lowerCamelCase						):
																lowercase__     				=    '''.'''.join(map(lowerCamelCase,						sys.version_info[:3]						)						)
																raise RuntimeError(
																    F"""Type resolution failed for {dtype} on Python {python_version}. Try removing """
																    '''line of `from __future__ import annotations` which opts in union types as '''
																    '''`X | Y` (PEP 604) via Postponed Evaluation of Annotations (PEP 563). To '''
																    '''support Python versions that lower than 3.10, you need to use '''
																    '''`typing.Union[X, Y]` instead of `X | Y` and `typing.Optional[X]` instead of '''
																    '''`X | None`.'''						) from ex
												raise

								for field in dataclasses.fields(lowerCamelCase						):
												if not field.init:
																continue
												lowercase__     				=    type_hints[field.name]
												self._parse_dataclass_field(lowerCamelCase,						lowerCamelCase						)




				def        lowercase__     (  self		:					Tuple,						lowerCamelCase		:					List[str]=None,						lowerCamelCase		:					Tuple=False,						lowerCamelCase		:					List[str]=True,						lowerCamelCase		:					Dict=None,						lowerCamelCase		:					Union[str, Any]=None,						):

								'''simple docstring'''

								if args_file_flag or args_filename or (look_for_args_file and len(sys.argv						)):
												lowercase__     				=    []

												if args_filename:
																args_files.append(Path(lowerCamelCase						)						)
												elif look_for_args_file and len(sys.argv						):
																args_files.append(Path(sys.argv[0]						).with_suffix('''.args'''						)						)

												# args files specified via command line flag should overwrite default args files so we add them last
												if args_file_flag:
																# Create special parser just to extract the args_file_flag values
																lowercase__     				=    ArgumentParser()
																args_file_parser.add_argument(lowerCamelCase,						type=lowerCamelCase,						action='''append'''						)

																# Use only remaining args for further parsing (remove the args_file_flag)
																lowercase__				,		lowercase__     				=    args_file_parser.parse_known_args(args=lowerCamelCase						)
																lowercase__     				=    vars(lowerCamelCase						).get(args_file_flag.lstrip('''-'''						),						lowerCamelCase						)

																if cmd_args_file_paths:
																				args_files.extend([Path(lowerCamelCase						) for p in cmd_args_file_paths]						)

												lowercase__     				=    []
												for args_file in args_files:
																if args_file.exists():
																				file_args += args_file.read_text().split()

            # in case of duplicate arguments the last one has precedence
            # args specified via the command line should overwrite args from files, so we add them last
												lowercase__     				=    file_args + args if args is not None else file_args + sys.argv[1:]
								lowercase__				,		lowercase__     				=    self.parse_known_args(args=lowerCamelCase						)
								lowercase__     				=    []
								for dtype in self.dataclass_types:
												lowercase__     				=    {f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(lowerCamelCase						) if f.init}
												lowercase__     				=    {k: v for k, v in vars(lowerCamelCase						).items() if k in keys}
												for k in keys:
																delattr(lowerCamelCase,						lowerCamelCase						)
												lowercase__     				=    dtype(**lowerCamelCase						)
												outputs.append(lowerCamelCase						)
								if len(namespace.__dict__						) > 0:
												# additional namespace.
												outputs.append(lowerCamelCase						)
								if return_remaining_strings:
												return (*outputs, remaining_args)
								else:
												if remaining_args:
																raise ValueError(F"""Some specified arguments are not used by the HfArgumentParser: {remaining_args}"""						)

												return (*outputs,)




				def        lowercase__     (  self		:					List[Any],						lowerCamelCase		:					Dict[str, Any],						lowerCamelCase		:					bool = False						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								lowercase__     				=    set(args.keys()						)
								lowercase__     				=    []
								for dtype in self.dataclass_types:
												lowercase__     				=    {f.name for f in dataclasses.fields(lowerCamelCase						) if f.init}
												lowercase__     				=    {k: v for k, v in args.items() if k in keys}
												unused_keys.difference_update(inputs.keys()						)
												lowercase__     				=    dtype(**lowerCamelCase						)
												outputs.append(lowerCamelCase						)
								if not allow_extra_keys and unused_keys:
												raise ValueError(F"""Some keys are not used by the HfArgumentParser: {sorted(lowerCamelCase						)}"""						)
								return tuple(lowerCamelCase						)




				def        lowercase__     (  self		:					Optional[Any],						lowerCamelCase		:					str,						lowerCamelCase		:					bool = False						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								with open(Path(lowerCamelCase						),						encoding='''utf-8'''						) as open_json_file:
												lowercase__     				=    json.loads(open_json_file.read()						)
								lowercase__     				=    self.parse_dict(lowerCamelCase,						allow_extra_keys=lowerCamelCase						)
								return tuple(lowerCamelCase						)




				def        lowercase__     (  self		:					Optional[int],						lowerCamelCase		:					str,						lowerCamelCase		:					bool = False						):

								'''simple docstring'''
								lowercase__     				=    self.parse_dict(yaml.safe_load(Path(lowerCamelCase						).read_text()						),						allow_extra_keys=lowerCamelCase						)
								return tuple(lowerCamelCase						)












from __future__ import annotations

from collections import deque
from collections.abc import Sequence
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Any
@dataclass
class    _UpperCAmelCase      :

				"""simple docstring"""




				lowercase__       							= 42
				lowercase__       							= None
				lowercase__       							= None






def 						a    (		):






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    Node(1       )
				lowercase__     				=    Node(2       )
				lowercase__     				=    Node(3       )
				lowercase__     				=    Node(4       )
				lowercase__     				=    Node(5       )
				return tree






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				return [root.data, *preorder(root.left       ), *preorder(root.right       )] if root else []






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				return postorder(root.left       ) + postorder(root.right       ) + [root.data] if root else []






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				return [*inorder(root.left       ), root.data, *inorder(root.right       )] if root else []






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				return (max(height(root.left       )	,     height(root.right       )       ) + 1) if root else 0






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    []

				if root is None:
								return output

				lowercase__     				=    deque([root]       )

				while process_queue:
								lowercase__     				=    process_queue.popleft()
								output.append(node.data       )

								if node.left:
												process_queue.append(node.left       )
								if node.right:
												process_queue.append(node.right       )
				return output






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    []

				def populate_output(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       ) -> None:
								if not root:
												return
								if level == 1:
												output.append(root.data       )
								elif level > 1:
												populate_output(root.left	,     level - 1       )
												populate_output(root.right	,     level - 1       )

				populate_output(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       )
				return output






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    []

				def populate_output(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       ) -> None:
								if root is None:
												return
								if level == 1:
												output.append(root.data       )
								elif level > 1:
												populate_output(root.right	,     level - 1       )
												populate_output(root.left	,     level - 1       )

				populate_output(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       )
				return output






def 						a    (		lowerCamelCase_       ):






				'''simple docstring'''
				if root is None:
								return []

				lowercase__     				=    []

				lowercase__     				=    0
				lowercase__     				=    height(lowerCamelCase_       )

				for h in range(1	,     height_tree + 1       ):
								if not flag:
												output.append(get_nodes_from_left_to_right(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       )       )
												lowercase__     				=    1
								else:
												output.append(get_nodes_from_right_to_left(lowerCamelCase_	,     lowerCamelCase_       )       )
												lowercase__     				=    0

				return output






def 						a    (		):  # Main function for testing.






				'''simple docstring'''
				lowercase__     				=    make_tree()
				print(F"""In-order Traversal: {inorder(lowerCamelCase_       )}"""       )
				print(F"""Pre-order Traversal: {preorder(lowerCamelCase_       )}"""       )
				print(F"""Post-order Traversal: {postorder(lowerCamelCase_       )}"""	,     '''\n'''       )

				print(F"""Height of Tree: {height(lowerCamelCase_       )}"""	,     '''\n'''       )

				print('''Complete Level Order Traversal: '''       )
				print(level_order(lowerCamelCase_       )	,     '''\n'''       )

				print('''Level-wise order Traversal: '''       )

				for level in range(1	,     height(lowerCamelCase_       ) + 1       ):
								print(F"""Level {level}:"""	,     get_nodes_from_left_to_right(lowerCamelCase_	,     level=lowerCamelCase_       )       )

				print('''\nZigZag order Traversal: '''       )
				print(zigzag(lowerCamelCase_       )       )


if __name__ == "__main__":
							import doctest

							doctest.testmod()
							main()




