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test · 801 rows

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0	If my future wife has the same first name as the 15th first lady of the United States' mother and her surname is the same as the second assassinated president's mother's maiden name, what is my future wife's name?	Jane Ballou	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States", "text": "President of the United States\nThe president of the United States (POTUS)[b] is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.\nThe power of the presidency has grown[12] since the first president, George Washington, took office in 1789.[6] While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasing role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with some expansions during the presidencies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and George W. Bush.[13][14] In the 21st century, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures and the leader of the world's only remaining superpower.[15][16][17] As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power. For much of the 20th century, especially during the Cold War, the U.S. president was often called \"the leader of the free world\".[18]\nArticle II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's most expensive military, which has the second-largest nuclear arsenal.\nThe president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of separation of powers, Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president.[19] Over time, presidents have also made increasing use of executive orders, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy.\nThe president is elected through the Electoral College to a four-year term, along with the vice president. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[c] In all, 45 individuals have served 47 presidencies spanning 60 four-year terms.[d] Donald Trump is the 47th and current president since January 20, 2025.[21]\nHistory and development\nOrigins\nIn July 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, represented at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, unanimously adopted the United States Declaration of Independence in which the colonies declared themselves to be independent sovereign states and no longer under British rule.[22] The affirmation was made in the Declaration of Independence, which was written predominantly by Thomas Jefferson and adopted unanimously on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress. Recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British,[23] the Continental Congress simultaneously began the process of drafting a constitution that would bind the states together. There were long debates on a number of issues, including representation and voting, and the exact powers to be given the central government.[24] Congress finished work on the Articles of Confederation to establish a ...", "title": "President of the United States - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan", "text": "James Buchanan\nJames Buchanan Jr. (/bjuːˈkænən/ ⓘ bew-KAN-ən;[3] April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He also served as the 17th United States secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Buchanan was an advocate for states' rights, particularly regarding slavery, and minimized the role of the federal government preceding the American Civil War.\nBuchanan was a lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to the state's House of Representatives as a member of the Federalist Party. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1820 and retained that post for five terms, aligning with Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. Buchanan served as Jackson's minister to Russia in 1832. He was elected a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania in 1834 and served for 11 years. He was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk's secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later was named as President Franklin Pierce's minister to the United Kingdom.\nBeginning in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He was nominated and won the 1856 presidential election. As President, Buchanan intervened to assure the Supreme Court's majority ruling in the pro-slavery decision in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. He acceded to Southern attempts to engineer the Kansas Territory's entry into the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution, and angered not only Republicans, but also Northern Democrats. Buchanan honored his pledge to serve only one term and supported his Vice President John C. Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election. He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic Party amid the grudge against Stephen A. Douglas, leading to the election of Republican and former Congressman Abraham Lincoln.\nBuchanan's leadership during his lame duck period, before the American Civil War, has been widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession and the South by not yielding to their demands. Buchanan supported the Corwin Amendment in an effort to reconcile the country. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter, but otherwise refrained from preparing the military. His failure to forestall the American Civil War has been described as incompetence, and he spent his last years defending his reputation. Historians and scholars rank him as among the worst presidents in American history.\nEarly life\n[edit]Childhood and education\n[edit]James Buchanan Jr. was born into a Scotch-Irish family on April 23, 1791, in a log cabin on a farm called Stony Batter, near Cove Gap in the Allegheny Mountains of southern Pennsylvania.[4] He was the second of eleven children with six sisters and four brothers, and the eldest son of James Buchanan Sr. and Elizabeth Speer.[5] James Buchanan Sr. was an Ulster-Scot from just outside Ramelton, a small town in County Donegal, Ireland, who emigrated to the newly formed United States in 1783.[6][7] He belonged to the Clan Buchanan, whose members had emigrated in large numbers from the Scottish Highlands to Ulster during the Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century and, later, largely because of poverty and persecution by the Crown due to their Presbyterian faith, had further emigrated in large numbers to America from the early eighteenth century onwards. Shortly after Buchanan's birth, the family relocated to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and later settled in the town in 1794. His father became the area's wealthiest resident, working as a merchant, farmer, and real estate investor. Buchanan attributed his early education primarily to his mother, whereas his father had a greater influence on his character. His mother had discussed politics with him as a child and had an interest in poetry, quoting John Milton and William Shakespeare to Buchanan.[5]\nBuchanan att...", "title": "James Buchanan - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane", "text": "Harriet Lane\nHarriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903) acted as first lady of the United States during the administration of her uncle, president James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. She has been described as the first of the modern first ladies, being a diplomatic hostess, whose dress-styles were copied, and who promoted deserving causes. In her will, she left funds for a new school on the grounds of Washington National Cathedral. Several ships have been named in her honor, including the cutter USCGC Harriet Lane, still in service.\nStatus\n[edit]Lane is the only person to have served as First Lady to a bachelor president, Buchanan being the only U.S. president never to have married. She is among 11 women who have served as First Lady, but were not married to the president, with most of the other women being relatives of widowed presidents.[citation needed]\nEarly life\n[edit]Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was nine; when her father's death two years later made her an orphan, she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed as her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charles Town, Virginia (later for two years at the Georgetown Visitation Monastery in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.). By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and, as he had promised, he introduced her to fashionable and political circles.\nIn 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. James's. Queen Victoria gave \"dear Miss Lane\" the rank of ambassador's wife; admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. In appearance, \"Hal\" Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. She had eyes that were described as \"violet colored\".[1]\nActing First Lady of the United States\n[edit]The capital welcomed its new \"Democratic Queen\" to the White House in 1857. Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles (especially when she lowered the neckline on her inaugural gown by 2.5 inches), parents named their daughters for her, and a popular song (\"Listen to the Mockingbird\") was dedicated to her. While in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her advocacy work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies, and her popularity at the time is compared to that of Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1960s.[2] The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named after her, one of which remains in service.\nAs sectional tensions increased, she worked out seating arrangements for her weekly formal dinner parties with special care, to give dignitaries their proper precedence and still keep political foes apart. Her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncle's. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania.\nIn the 1982 Siena College Research Institute survey asking historians to assess American first ladies, Lane and several other \"acting\" first ladies were included. The first ladies survey, which has been conducted periodically since, ranks first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. In the 1982 survey, out of 42 first ladies and acting first ladies, Lane was assessed a...", "title": "Harriet Lane - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office", "text": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office\nSince the office was established in 1789, 45 individuals have served as president of the United States.[a] Of these, eight have died in office,[1] of whom four were assassinated and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is now governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, \"the Vice President shall become President\" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns.[2] The initial authorization for this practice was provided by Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, of the U.S. Constitution.[b][2]\nThe first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia.[3] The second U.S. president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis.[4] Abraham Lincoln was the third U.S. president to die in office, and was the first to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning.[5] Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for 79 days before dying on September 19, 1881.[6]\nOn September 14, 1901, William McKinley died, eight days after being shot by Leon Czolgosz.[7] Next, Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[8] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had just begun his fourth term in office) collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[9] The most recent U.S. president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[10]\n1841: William Henry Harrison\n[edit]On March 26, 1841, William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold after being caught in a torrential downpour without cover. His symptoms grew progressively worse over the ensuing two days, at which time a team of doctors was called in to treat him.[11] After making a diagnosis of right lower lobe pneumonia, they proceeded to place heated suction cups on his bare torso and to administer a series of bloodlettings, to supposedly draw out the disease.[12] When those procedures failed to bring about improvement, the doctors treated him with ipecac, Castor oil, calomel, and finally with a boiled mixture of crude petroleum and Virginia snakeroot. All this only weakened Harrison further.[11]\nInitially, no official announcement was made concerning Harrison's illness, which, the longer he remained out of public view, fueled public speculation and concern. By the end of the month large crowds were gathering outside the White House, holding vigil while awaiting any news about the president's condition.[11] On the evening of April 4, 1841, nine days after becoming ill,[13] and exactly one month after his inauguration, Harrison died at age 68.[12] His last words were to his attending doctor, though assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler:\nSir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more.[14]\nA 30-day period of mourning commenced following the president's death. Various public ceremonies, modeled after European royal funeral practices, were held. An invitation-only funeral service was also held, on April 7, in the East Room of the White House, after which Harrison's coffin was brought to Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., where it was placed in a temporary receiving vault.[15]\nThat June, Harrison's body was transported by train and river barge to North Bend, Ohio. Then, on July 7, 1841, the nation's 9th president was buried in a family tomb at the summit of Mt. Nebo, overlooking the Ohio River – the William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial.[16]\nHarrison's death sparked a brief constitutio...", "title": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield", "text": "James A. Garfield\nJames Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his death in September that year after being shot in July. A preacher, lawyer, and Civil War general, Garfield served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives and is the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before running for the presidency, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly, declining the position upon becoming president-elect.\nGarfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in northeast Ohio. After graduating from Williams College in 1856, he studied law and became an attorney. Garfield was a preacher in the Restoration Movement and president of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, affiliated with the Disciples.[a] He was elected as a Republican member of the Ohio State Senate in 1859, serving until 1861. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th district. Throughout his congressional service, Garfield firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed with Radical Republican views on Reconstruction but later favored a Moderate Republican–aligned approach to civil rights enforcement for freedmen. Garfield's aptitude for mathematics extended to his own proof of the Pythagorean theorem, published in 1876, and his advocacy of using statistics to inform government policy.\nAt the 1880 Republican National Convention, delegates chose Garfield, who had not sought the White House, as a compromise presidential nominee on the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, he conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield's accomplishments as president included his assertion of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments, a purge of corruption in the Post Office, and his appointment of a Supreme Court justice. He advocated for agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reforms, which were passed by Congress in 1883 as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur. Garfield was a member of the intraparty \"Half-Breed\" faction that used the powers of the presidency to defy the powerful \"Stalwart\" Senator Roscoe Conkling from New York. He did this by appointing Blaine faction leader William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York. The ensuing political battle resulted in Robertson's confirmation and the resignations of Conkling and Thomas C. Platt from the Senate.\nOn July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a deluded office seeker. He died on September 19 from infections related to the wounds and was succeeded by Vice President Chester A. Arthur. Due to Garfield's brief term in office and lack of major changes during his tenure, historians tend to rank him as a below-average president or omit his name entirely from rankings, though some view Garfield's potential favorably, praising him for anti-corruption and pro-civil rights stances.[2]\nChildhood and early life\n[edit]James Abram Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, which later became Moreland Hills, Ohio.[b] Garfield's ancestor Edward Garfield migrated from Hillmorton, Warwickshire, England, to Massachusetts around 1630. James's father Abraham was born in Worcester, New York, and came to Ohio to woo his childhood sweetheart, Mehitabel Ballou, only to find her married. He instead wed her sister Eliza, who was born in New Hampshire. James was named after an earlier ...", "title": "James A. Garfield - Wikipedia" } ]	4,390
1	Imagine there is a building called Bronte tower whose height in feet is the same number as the dewey decimal classification for the Charlotte Bronte book that was published in 1847. Where would this building rank among tallest buildings in New York City, as of August 2024?	37th	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB", "text": "Charlotte Brontë\nCharlotte Nicholls (née Brontë; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855), commonly known by her maiden name Charlotte Brontë (/ˈʃɑːrlət ˈbrɒnti/, commonly /-teɪ/),[1] was an English novelist and poet, and was the elder sister of Emily, Anne and Branwell Brontë. She is best known for her novel Jane Eyre, which was first published under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Jane Eyre was a great success on publication, and has since become known as a classic of English literature.\nCharlotte was the third of six siblings born to Maria Branwell, the daughter of a Cornish merchant, and Patrick Brontë, an Irish clergyman. Maria died when Charlotte was only five years old, and three years later, Charlotte was sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire, along with her three sisters, Maria, Elizabeth and Emily. Conditions at the school were appalling, with frequent outbreaks of disease. Charlotte's two elder sisters fell ill there and died shortly afterwards at home; Charlotte attributed her own lifelong ill-health to her time at Cowan Bridge, and later used it as the model for Lowood School in Jane Eyre.\nIn 1831, Charlotte became a pupil at Roe Head School in Mirfield, but left the following year in order to teach her sisters, Emily and Anne, at home. In 1835, Charlotte returned to Roe Head as a teacher. In 1839, she accepted a job as governess to a local family, but left after a few months.\nIn 1842, Charlotte joined the Heger Pensionnat, a girls' boarding school in Brussels, as a student, then later as a teacher, in the hope of acquiring the skills required to open a school of her own. However, she was obliged to leave after falling in love with the school's director, Constantin Heger, a married man, who inspired both the character of Rochester in Jane Eyre, and Charlotte's first novel, The Professor.\nCharlotte, Emily and Anne then attempted to open a school in Haworth, but failed to attract pupils. In 1846 the sisters published a collection of poems under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Although Charlotte's first novel, The Professor, was rejected by publishers, her second novel, Jane Eyre, was published in 1847, attracting both praise and controversy. The sisters' true identities were revealed in 1848, and by the following year Charlotte was known in London literary circles.\nIn 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate. She became pregnant shortly after her wedding in June 1854, but died on 31 March 1855, possibly of tuberculosis, although there is evidence that she may have died from hyperemesis gravidarum, a complication of pregnancy.\nEarly years and education\n[edit]Charlotte Brontë was born on 21 April 1816, the third of six children born to Maria Branwell, the daughter of an affluent grocer and tea merchant from Cornwall,[2] and Patrick Brontë (born Brunty) an Anglican curate.[3] Patrick Brontë was one of ten children born to a poor Irish family, and, having shown both ambition and an aptitude for learning, had been educated in Latin and Greek by a local clergyman before earning a place at St John's College, Cambridge.[4] Maria Branwell was from a more prosperous background, and her letters to Patrick remain the primary source of information about her.[5] The couple were married at St Oswald's Church in Guiseley in December 1812. In 1815 Patrick took a new position in the Yorkshire village of Thornton, near Bradford,[6] where Charlotte and her siblings were born.[7]\nHaworth\n[edit]In 1820, Maria and Patrick moved with their six young children, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Branwell, Emily and Anne, to the village of Haworth, on the edge of the Yorkshire moors, where Patrick had been offered the position of perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. His salary was modest, but the post came with the use of a parsonage overlooking the churchyard and the moors.[8] Patrick, as an Irish immigrant, struggled to be accepted in Haworth, and his children, who at first sha...", "title": "Charlotte Brontë - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre", "text": "Jane Eyre\nJane Eyre (/ɛər/ AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published under her pen name \"Currer Bell\" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published in January 1848 by Harper & Brothers of New York.[2] Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman that follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.[3]\nThe novel revolutionised prose fiction, being the first to focus on the moral and spiritual development of its protagonist through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity. Charlotte Brontë has been called[by whom?] the \"first historian of the private consciousness\" and the literary ancestor of writers such as Marcel Proust and James Joyce.[4]\nThe book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many[who?] to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion and feminism.[5][6] Jane Eyre, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels.[7] It is considered one of the greatest novels in the English language,[8] and in 2003 was ranked as the tenth best-loved book in Britain by the BBC in The Big Read poll.\nPlot\n[edit]Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters. It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, consisting of chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38.\nThe second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray.\nThe novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character. Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820).[a] It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. Throughout these sections it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo.\nThe five stages of Jane's life are as follows:\nGateshead Hall\n[edit]Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish. Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus. Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane. Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden. Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane. As a result Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement. The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly. Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood. One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost. The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the \"ambiguous relationship between parents and children\" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel.[9] She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary, Mr Lloyd, to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall. He recommends to Mrs Reed that Ja...", "title": "Jane Eyre - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City", "text": "List of tallest buildings in New York City\nAppearance\nNew York City is the most populous city in the United States, with a metropolitan area population of over 19 million as of 2025. Its skyline is one of the largest in the world, and the largest in the United States, in North America, and in the Western Hemisphere. Throughout the 20th century, New York City's skyline was by far the largest in the world. New York City is home to more than 7,000 completed high-rise buildings of at least 115 feet (35 m),[5] of which at least 106 are taller than 650 feet (198 m). The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises 1,776 feet (541 m).[6][7][8] The 104-story[B] skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest building in the world.[6][7]\nThe city is home to many of the earliest skyscrapers, which began to appear towards the end of the 19th century. A major construction surge in the 1920s saw the completion of some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world at the time, including the Chrysler Building in 1930 and the Empire State Building in 1931 in Midtown Manhattan. At 1,250 feet (381 m) and 102-stories, the Empire State Building stood as the tallest building in the world for almost four decades; it remains among the city's most recognizable skyscrapers today.[9] Following a lull in skyscraper development during the 1930s to 1950s, construction steadily returned. The Empire State Building was dethroned as the world's tallest building in 1970, when the 1,368-foot (417 m) North Tower of the original World Trade Center surpassed it.[10] The North Tower, along with its twin the South Tower, held this title only briefly as they were both surpassed by the Willis Tower (then Sears Tower) in Chicago in 1973. The Twin Towers remained the tallest buildings in New York City until they were destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001.[11][12]\nStarting from the mid-2000s, New York City would undergo an unprecedented skyscraper boom. The new One World Trade Center, part of the redevelopment of the World Trade Center, began construction in 2006 and was completed in 2014. It surpassed the Empire State Building as the city's tallest, and overtook the Willis Tower to become the tallest building in the United States.[7][13] In Midtown Manhattan, a luxury residential boom led to the completion of Central Park Tower, the second-tallest building in the city at 1,550 feet (472 m), with the highest roof of any building outside Asia; 111 West 57th Street, the city's third-tallest building and the world's most slender skyscraper at 1,428 feet (435 m), and 432 Park Avenue, the city's fifth-tallest building at 1,397 feet (426 m). The tallest office skyscraper in Midtown, One Vanderbilt, is the fourth-tallest building in the city at 1,401 feet (427 m). The second tallest, 270 Park Avenue, opened in 2025 as the headquarters of JPMorgan Chase. The Hudson Yards redevelopment added over fifteen skyscrapers to Manhattan's West Side.\nThe majority of skyscrapers in New York City are concentrated in its two primary business districts, Midtown Manhattan and Lower Manhattan, with Midtown having more skyscrapers, including 15 of the city's 18 supertall skyscrapers when Hudson Yards is included. New York City has the third-most supertall skyscrapers in the world. Other neighborhoods of Manhattan and the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx are also home to a substantial number of high-rises. A popular misconception holds that the relative lack of skyscrapers between Lower and Midtown Manhattan is due to the depth of the bedrock beneath the two areas.[14][15] Since the 2010s, an increasing number of skyscrapers have been built in Downtown Brooklyn and Long Island City, as well as along the East River in Brooklyn and Queens.\nHistory\n[edit]Early skyscrapers\n[edit]The history of skyscrapers in New York City began with the construction of the Equitable Life, W...", "title": "List of tallest buildings in New York City - Wikipedia" } ]	2,892
2	How many years earlier would Punxsutawney Phil have to be canonically alive to have made a Groundhog Day prediction in the same state as the US capitol?	87	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil", "text": "Punxsutawney Phil\nPunxsutawney Phil (/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is a groundhog residing in Young Township near Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annual Groundhog Day celebration.\nFolklore\n[edit]On February 2 each year,[1] Punxsutawney holds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks of winter-like weather.[1] If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"early spring.\"[2] Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further.[3]\nThe event is based upon a communal light-hearted suspension of disbelief which extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making predictions since the 19th century.\nThe event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by their top hats and tuxedos – who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",[3] whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancient acacia wood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world.[4]\nOutside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobbler's Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their father's position.[5]\nPunxsutawney Phil traditions\n[edit]The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other weather-predicting groundhogs are impostors.[6] It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.[6]\nAccording to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all.[6]\nThe Groundhog Day celebration is rooted in Germanic tradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration of Candlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.[7] When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region hold similar Groundhog Day events.\nPhil first rec...", "title": "Punxsutawney Phil - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol", "text": "United States Capitol\nThe United States Capitol, often called the Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Although no longer at the geographic center of the national capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well as its four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a neoclassical style and has a white exterior.\nCentral sections of the present building were completed in 1800, when the 6th U.S. Congress convened there on November 17, 1800, moving the national capital from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.. The building was partly destroyed in the 1814 Burning of Washington by the British, then was fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged during the 19th century, by extending the wings for the chambers for the bicameral legislature as more states were admitted to the union, with the House of Representatives housed in the south wing and the Senate housed in the north wing. The massive dome was completed around 1866 just after the American Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building's Visitors Center was opened in the early 21st century.\nBoth its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by the architect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surrounding Capitol Complex.\nHistory\n[edit]18th century\n[edit]Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors met at Independence Hall and Congress Hall in Philadelphia; Federal Hall in New York City, and five additional locations: York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey; and Trenton, New Jersey.[3] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.\nAfter adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,[4] and met in Annapolis, Maryland, and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.\nThe U.S. Congress was established upon ratification of the U.S. Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,[5] when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready.[6]\nPierre L'Enfant was charged with creating the city plan for the new capital city and the major public buildings.[7] ...", "title": "United States Capitol - Wikipedia" } ]	1,766
3	As of August 1, 2024, which country were holders of the FIFA World Cup the last time the UEFA Champions League was won by a club from London?	France	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup", "text": "FIFA World Cup\nThe FIFA World Cup, often called the World Cup, is an international association football competition among the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 due to the Second World War. The reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 World Cup by defeating France.[1]\nThe contest starts with the qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over the course of about a month. The host nation(s) automatically qualify for the group stage of the tournament. The competition is scheduled to expand to 48 teams, starting with the 2026 World Cup.\nAs of the 2022 World Cup, 22 final tournaments have been held since the event's inception in 1930, and a total of 80 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. With five wins, Brazil is the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, with three titles; France and inaugural winner Uruguay, each with two titles; and England and Spain, with one title each.\nThe World Cup is globally regarded as the most prestigious association football competition, as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world.[2][3] The viewership of the 2018 World Cup was estimated to be 3.57 billion, close to half of the global population,[4][5] while the engagement with the 2022 World Cup was estimated to be 5 billion, with about 1.5 billion people watching the final match.[6]\nEighteen countries have hosted the World Cup, most recently Qatar, who hosted the 2022 event. The 2026 tournament will be jointly hosted by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to host games in three World Cups.\nHistory\nPrevious international competitions\nThe world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England.[7] The first international tournament for nations, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884 and included games between England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.[8] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics; however, the International Olympic Committee has retroactively upgraded their status to official events, as well as the 1906 Intercalated Games.[9]\nAfter FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been unsuccessful.[10]\nAt the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official Olympic sport. Planned by the Football Association (the FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.[11]\nWith the Olympic event continuing to be a contest between amateur teams only, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[12] and featured the most ...", "title": "FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London", "text": "London\nLondon[c] is the capital and largest city[d] of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 9.1 million people in 2024.[2] Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 15.1 million.[4] London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) tidal estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years.[7] Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries.[e][8] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century[9] the name \"London\" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire,[10] which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[f][11]\nAs one of the world's major global cities,[12][13] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce, finance, education, healthcare, media, science, technology, tourism, transport and communications.[14][15] London is Europe's largest city economy[16] and one of the world's major financial centres.[17] London hosts Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[18] comprising over 50 universities and colleges and enrolling more than 500,000 students in 2023.[19] It is home to several of the world's leading academic institutions; Imperial College London, internationally recognised for its excellence in natural and applied sciences, and University College London (UCL), a comprehensive research-intensive university, consistently rank among the top ten globally.[20][21] Other notable institutions include King's College London (KCL), highly regarded in law, humanities and health sciences; the London School of Economics (LSE), globally prominent in social sciences and economics; and specialised institutions such as the Royal College of Art (RCA), Royal Academy of Music (RAM), the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and London Business School (LBS).[22] It is the most-visited city in Europe and has the world's busiest city airport system.[23] The London Underground is the world's oldest rapid transit system.[24]\nLondon's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[25] The 2025 population of Greater London of just over 9.8 million made it Europe's third-most populous city, accounting for 13.1 per cent of the United Kingdom's population and 15.5 per cent of England's population.[26] The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants as of 2011.[3][27] The London metropolitan area is the third-most-populous in Europe, with about 15 million inhabitants as of 2025, making London a megacity.[g][28][29]\nFour World Heritage Sites are located in London: Kew Gardens; the Tower of London; the site featuring the Palace of Westminster, the Church of St Margaret, and Westminster Abbey; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[30] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge and Trafalgar Square. The city has the most museums, art galleries, libraries and cultural venues in the UK, including the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, the British Library and numerous West End theatres.[31] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships and the London Marathon. It became the first city to host three Summer Oly...", "title": "London - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League", "text": "UEFA Champions League\nThe UEFA Champions League (UCL), usually known simply as the Champions League, is an annual club association football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) that is contested by top-division European clubs. The competition begins with a round robin league phase to qualify for the double-legged knockout rounds, and a single-leg final. It is the most-watched club competition in the world and the third most-watched football competition overall, behind only the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. It is one of the most prestigious football tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of their national associations.\nIntroduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup (French: Coupe des Clubs Champions Européens), and commonly known as the European Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champions of Europe's domestic leagues, with its winner reckoned as the European club champion. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage in 1991 and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries since the 1997–98 season.[1] While only the winners of many of Europe's national leagues can enter the competition, the top 5 leagues by coefficient provide four teams each by default,[2] with a possibility for additional spots based on performance during the previous season.[3][4] Clubs that finish below the qualifying spots are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition, and since 2021, for the third-tier UEFA Conference League.[5]\nIn its present format, the Champions League begins in early July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The seven surviving teams enter the league phase, joining 29 teams qualified in advance. The 36 teams each play eight opponents, four home and four away. The 24 highest-ranked teams proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June.[6] The winner of the Champions League automatically qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup, the FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[7][8]\nSpanish clubs have the most victories (20 wins), followed by England (15 wins), Italy (12 wins), Germany (8 wins), Netherlands (6 wins) and Portugal (4 wins).[9] England has the most winning teams, with six clubs having won the title. The competition has been won by 24 clubs and 13 of them have won it more than once.[10] Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, only two top-tier football clubs outside the Big Five European nations (Spain, England, Italy, Germany and France) have also reached the final: Porto (2003–04) and Ajax (1994–95 and 1995–96).\nReal Madrid is the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 15 times.[11] Madrid is the only club to have won it five times in a row (the first five editions).[11] Only one club has won all of their matches in a single tournament en route to the tournament victory: Bayern Munich in the 2019–20 season.[12] Paris Saint-Germain are the current European champions, having beaten Inter Milan 5–0 in the 2025 final for their first ever title.[13]\nHistory\nThe first time the champions of two European leagues met was in what was nicknamed the 1895 World Championship, when English champions Sunderland beat Scottish champions Heart of Midlothian 5–3.[14] The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] Three years later, in 1900, the champions of Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland, which were the only existing leagues in continental Europe at the time, participated in the Coupe Van der Straeten Ponthoz, thus being dubbed as the \"club championship of the continent\" by the local newspapers.[16][1...", "title": "UEFA Champions League - Wikipedia" } ]	2,685
4	What is the name of the vocalist from the first band to make it in the top 200 under the record label that produced the third studio album for Dismal Euphony?	Jens Kidman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony", "text": "Dismal Euphony\nDismal Euphony was a Norwegian dark metal band that mixed styles including gothic metal, black metal, death metal, melodic metal, and classical music.\nHistory\n[edit]The history of Dismal Euphony began in 1992 in Stavanger, Norway by bassist Ole K. Helgesen and drummer Kristoffer Vold Austrheim under the name The Headless Children,[1] a cover band of Slayer and Kreator. A year later, singer Erik Borgen and guitarist Kenneth Bergsagel joined the group.\nThey changed the name to Carnal Tomb, then Borgen left the band and Helgesen became the singer/bassist with the female voice of Linn Achre Tveit (Keltziva). Elin Overskott joined the band as a keyboard player.\nThis was the first lineup of Dismal Euphony, officially formed in 1995. In the same year, the group composed the demo Spellbound. After this publication, they were signed by Napalm Records. Here they produced other albums like Soria Moria slott, Autumn Leaves: The Rebellion of Tides and the Lady Ablaze EP (which already features Anja Natasha as female singer).\nLater, Dismal Euphony joined Nuclear Blast and released All Little Devils, with the new female singer Anja Natasha.\nTheir last album is Python Zero. After this release, the band split up.\nBand members\n[edit]Last known lineup\n[edit]- Ole Helgesen – bass, vocals\n- Kristoffer Vold (a.k.a. Kristoffer Austrheim) – drums; also occasional guitars, bass and electronics\n- Frode Clausen – guitars\n- Svenn-Aksel Henriksen – keyboards\n- Anja Natasha – vocals\nFormer members\n[edit]- Dag Achre Tveit – bass\n- Kenneth Bergsagel – guitars\n- Elin Overskott – keyboards (1994–1998; died 2004)\n- Erik Borgen – vocals (1994)\n- Linn Achre Tveit – vocals (1994–1998)\nDiscography\n[edit]- Spellbound (demo, 1995)\n- Dismal Euphony (EP, 1996)\n- Soria Moria slott (1996)\n- Autumn Leaves: The Rebellion of Tides (1997)\n- All Little Devils (1999)\n- Lady Ablaze (EP, 2000)\n- Lady Ablaze (video/VHS, 2000)\n- Python Zero (2001)[2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Dismal Euphony Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 December 2025.\n- ^ \"Dismal Euphony – Python Zero\". MetalReviews.com. Retrieved 12 November 2025.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Dismal Euphony at AllMusic\n- Dismal Euphony discography at Discogs", "title": "Dismal Euphony - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils", "text": "All Little Devils\nAppearance\nAll Little Devils is the third studio album by the Norwegian gothic metal band Dismal Euphony. It was released in 1999, and was the band's first album with Nuclear Blast.\nTrack listing\n[edit]- \"Days of Sodom\" (5:22)\n- \"Rage of Fire\" (3:44)\n- \"Victory\" (4:31)\n- \"All Little Devils\" (4:12)\n- \"Lunatic\" (4:19)\n- \"Psycho Path\" (4:03)\n- \"Shine for Me, Misery\" (6:20)\n- \"Scenario\" (4:12)\n- \"Dead Words\" (2:17)\nProduction\n[edit]- Recorded and mixed at Woodhouse Studios\n- Produced by Waldemar Sorychta\n- Engineered by Siggi Bemm & Waldemar Sorychta\n- Mastered by Siggi Bemm\n- Logo by Vibeke Tveiten\n- Cover and layout by Thomas Ewerhard\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ Huey, Steve allmusic ((( All Little Devils > Overview ))) Allmusic. Retrieved 4 June 2010", "title": "All Little Devils - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast", "text": "Nuclear Blast Records\nNuclear Blast Records is a German record label with subsidiaries in Germany, the United States and Brazil. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Donzdorf. Originally releasing hardcore punk records, the label moved on to releasing albums by thrash metal, melodic death metal, grindcore, industrial metal, power metal and black metal bands, as well as tribute albums. It also distributes and promotes post-hardcore/metalcore labels SharpTone Records. Another post-hardcore/metalcore label, Arising Empire, was in Nuclear Blast's portfolio until its acquisition by Kontor New Media in 2020.\nIn October 2018, French independent label Believe Digital acquired a majority stake in Nuclear Blast.[1]\nHistory\n[edit]Nuclear Blast was formed in 1987 after founder Markus Staiger traveled throughout the United States for four weeks and saw a gig of his favorite band BL'AST!. The label's first release was a vinyl compilation called Senseless Death (NB 001) featuring US hardcore bands like Attitude, Sacred Denial, Impulse Manslaughter and others.\nSwedish band Meshuggah became the first band in the history of Nuclear Blast Records to crack the Billboard 200, landing at number 165 with their 2002 album, Nothing. Meshuggah also became the first Nuclear Blast band to be reviewed in Rolling Stone magazine.[2]\nIn 2004, Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish released Once on Nuclear Blast, which rocketed to the top of the charts in multiple countries, including Finland, Germany, Norway, Greece, Sweden, Austria, and more. It became the first release in the company's history to reach number 1 on the German charts. It was at this time that Nuclear Blast began releasing its compilation series of DVDs with Nuclear Blast: Monsters of Metal Vol. 1.\nDuring the 2000s and 2010s, Nuclear Blast signed many veteran thrash metal bands including Slayer,[3] Exodus,[4] Testament,[5] Anthrax,[6] Kreator,[7] Overkill,[8] Sepultura,[9] Destruction,[10] Tankard,[11] Death Angel,[12] and Heathen.[13]\nSlayer released the album Repentless in 2015, which went to number 4 on the Billboard 200, making it the highest charting Nuclear Blast release in the United States.[14][15]\nIn 2021, Nuclear Blast founder Markus Staiger launched a new record company called Atomic Fire GmbH.[16]\nIn June 2022, Nuclear Blast unveiled a new logo. The logo caused some controversy when the canned water company Liquid Death jokingly noted its similarities with their logo (which also features a melting skull), inadvertedly leading to its designer, Justin Moll, receiving hate mail.[17] Liquid Death quickly apologized for the joke, saying that it was not targeted at Moll but at Nuclear Blast, whose personnel had reportedly raised concerns over the new logo's similarities with Liquid Death's before it was implemented.[17]\nOn 23 August 2022, the video game Saints Row was released, which features an in-game radio station that includes Nuclear Blast artists.[18]\nBlood Blast Distribution\n[edit]Blood Blast Distribution is a subsidiary of Nuclear Blast that solely focuses on the distribution of extreme music. The company was founded in 2020 by Bryce Lucien, Jerome Riera, Denis Ladegaillerie and Myriam Silberstein.[19]\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ \"Believe buys majority stake in rock and metal label Nuclear Blast\". Music Business Worldwide. 10 October 2018.\n- ^ \"Meshuggah Breaking New Ground With 'Nothing'\". Blabbermouth.net. 8 September 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n- ^ Grow, Kory (24 April 2014). \"Slayer Debut New Song 'Implode' During Surprise Golden Gods Appearance\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"EXODUS Sign With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 28 August 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"TESTAMENT Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"ANTHRAX – Nuclear Blast\". www.nuclearblast.de. Retrieved 23 September 2020.\n- ^ \"KREATOR Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 9 Febr...", "title": "Nuclear Blast Records - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah", "text": "Meshuggah\nMeshuggah (/məˈʃʊɡə/)[1] is a Swedish extreme metal band formed in Umeå in 1987. Since 2004, the band's lineup consists of founding members Jens Kidman (lead vocals) and Fredrik Thordendal (lead guitar), alongside rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström, drummer Tomas Haake and bassist Dick Lövgren. Since its formation, the band has released nine studio albums, six EPs and eight music videos. Their latest studio album, Immutable, was released in April 2022 via Atomic Fire Records.\nMeshuggah has become known for their innovative musical style and their complex, polymetered song structures and polyrhythms. They rose to fame as a significant act in extreme underground music, became an influence for modern metal bands, and gained a cult following. The band was labelled as one of the ten most important hard rock and heavy metal bands by Rolling Stone and as the most important band in metal by Alternative Press. In the late 2000s, the band was an inspiration for the djent subgenre.\nIn 2006 and 2009, Meshuggah was nominated for two Swedish Grammis Awards for their albums Catch Thirtythree and obZen, respectively. In 2018, the band was nominated for a Grammy Award for their song \"Clockworks\" under the \"Best Metal Performance\" category.[2] The band has performed in various international festivals, including Ozzfest and Download, and embarked on the obZen world tour from 2008 to 2010, and also the \"Ophidian Trek\".\nHistory\n[edit]Formation and Contradictions Collapse (1987–1994)\n[edit]In 1985, guitarist Fredrik Thordendal formed a band in Umeå,[3] a university town in northern Sweden with a population of 105,000.[4] The band, originally named Metallien, recorded a number of demo tapes, after which it disbanded. Thordendal, however, continued playing under a different name with new band members.[3]\nMeshuggah was formed in 1987[5][6] by lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Jens Kidman,[3] and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for \"crazy\"[7] (ultimately derived from the Hebrew word מְשֻׁגָּע). Kidman found the word in an American street slang dictionary.[8] The band recorded several demos before Kidman left, which prompted the remaining members to disband. Kidman then formed a new band, Calipash, with guitarist Thordendal, bassist Peter Nordin and drummer Niklas Lundgren.[3] Kidman, who also played guitar,[5] and Thordendal decided to restore the name Meshuggah for the new band.[3]\nIn 1989, Meshuggah released the self-titled, three-song EP Meshuggah,[3] which is commonly known as Psykisk Testbild[9][10] (a title that could be translated as \"Psychological Test-Picture\").[5] This 12\" vinyl EP had only 1,000 copies released, sold by local record store Garageland.[9][10] The EP's back cover features the band members with cheese doodles on their faces.[10]\nAfter replacing drummer Niklas Lundgren with Tomas Haake in 1990, Meshuggah signed a contract with German heavy metal record label Nuclear Blast and recorded its debut full-length album, Contradictions Collapse.[11] The LP, originally entitled (All this because of) Greed,[12] was released in 1991.[3] The album received positive reviews, but was not a commercial success.[9] Soon after, Kidman decided to concentrate on vocals,[4] and guitarist Mårten Hagström,[3] who had already played in a band with Haake when they were in sixth grade, was recruited.[5] The new lineup recorded the EP None at Tonteknik Recordings in Umeå in 1994 for release later that year.[13][14] A Japanese version was also released, including lyrics printed in Japanese.[15]\nDuring this period, Thordendal, who was working as a carpenter, severed the tip of his left middle finger, while Haake injured his hand in a router accident.[3][13] As a result, the band was unable to perform for several months. Thordendal's fingertip was later reattached, and he went on to make a full recovery.[5] The Selfcaged EP was recorded in April and May 1994, but its release was delayed to later in 1995 due to the accidents.[3][5]\nDestr...", "title": "Meshuggah - Wikipedia" } ]	3,031
5	According to the 2000 United States census, what was the 2000 population of the birth city of the only 21st-century mayor of Austin, Texas who also served as mayor in the 1990s? Round your answer to the nearest thousand.	506000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin", "text": "The mayor of Austin is the official head of the city of Austin in the U.S. state of Texas. The office was established in 1840 after Austin incorporated as a city in 1839. The mayor of Austin is elected to a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms.[2]\nKirk Watson took office as mayor on January 6, 2023, for a third term and was re-elected to a fourth term in 2024, having served as mayor from 1997 to 2001.[3]\nAustin has a council–manager form of government which means day-to-day operations of the city are run by the city manager. The mayor is the head of city government ceremonially. The mayor is technically a member of the city council and is required to preside at all meetings. The mayor is also allowed to vote on all matters that come before the city council, but has no veto powers.[4]\nAs of fiscal year 2022–2023, the salary for the mayor is set at $134,191.\nThe mayor is elected in a citywide election. Currently, elections occur every four years during even-numbered years. Elections are non-partisan and by majority, but if no candidate receives a majority a run-off election is called between the top two candidates who received the most votes.[5]\nPer city code of ordinances, if the mayor is absent or disabled, the Mayor Pro Tem is to act as mayor until the mayor returns or an election is held to fill the vacancy.[6]\nThe mayor is subject to recall by registered voters if a petition is signed and filed that contains the signatures of 10 percent of the qualified voters. If the petition is verified, a recall election is called at the earliest convenient available date. If the recall passes, the mayor immediately vacates office. There are two limitations to the recall process. First, no recall petition can be filed until the mayor has been in office for at least six months. Second, the mayor will not be subject to more than one recall.[7]", "title": "Mayor of Austin - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson", "text": "Kirk Watson\nKirk Preston Watson (born March 18, 1958)[1] is an American attorney and politician who has served as the 59th mayor of Austin since 2023, previously holding the office as the 54th mayor from 1997 to 2001.[2] A member of the Democratic Party, he ran unsuccessfully for Texas attorney general in the 2002 election, where he was defeated by Republican Greg Abbott, later governor of Texas. In 2006, Watson was elected to the Texas Senate from District 14.\nIn 2011, Watson was chosen by his Democratic colleagues to chair the Senate Democratic Caucus and served until 2015.[3] On the first day of the 86th Texas Legislature, he was chosen by his colleagues—Democrats and Republicans—to serve as president pro tempore. The position typically goes to the most senior member, regardless of party, who has not yet served as president pro tem, and is second in line of succession to the Governor.[4]\nIt was announced by the Austin American-Statesman that Watson had planned to resign from the Texas Senate to become the first dean of the University of Houston's Hobby School of Public Affairs.[5] His resignation was effective April 30, 2020.[6] With incumbent Mayor Steve Adler not seeking another term, Watson entered the race to become Austin mayor for a second time. He was elected for his second stint as mayor in the 2022 Austin mayoral election runoff with 50.4% of the vote. Watson was reelected in 2024, narrowly avoiding a runoff by 13 votes.[7]\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Watson was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Saginaw, Texas, a suburb of Fort Worth, where he attended Boswell High School.[8] He received a bachelor's degree in political science in 1980 and a Juris Doctor in 1981 from Baylor University in Waco, Texas.[9] At Baylor Law School, Watson was editor-in-chief of the Baylor Law Review and graduated first in his class.[10] He subsequently clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.[9]\nEarly political career\n[edit]Watson was elected president of the Texas Young Lawyers Association in 1990[11] and served on the executive committee of the State Bar of Texas. Watson was an active Democrat throughout the 1990s and served as the chairman of the Travis County Democratic Party.\nIn 1991, Watson was appointed by Governor Ann Richards to serve as chairman of the Texas Air Control Board, the state agency that was charged with protecting air quality in Texas. During his tenure, he worked to merge the agency with the Texas Air Control Board and the Texas Water Commission to form the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission, and oversaw implementation of the 1991 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act.\nIn 1994, he was named the Outstanding Young Lawyer of Texas.[10] In 1997, Watson co-founded the Austin law firm of Watson Bishop London & Galow, creating a broad law practice that represented families, doctors, small businesses, and some of the state's major universities.[citation needed]\nFirst term as Mayor of Austin (1997–2001)\n[edit]In 1997, after Watson moved from Rollingwood to Austin, he was elected as the 54th mayor of Austin, a nonpartisan position. He ran on a pledge to build consensus in a city that was then dominated by political battles between environmentalists and developers. He campaigned to raise more than $78 million for land preservation and $300 million for transportation improvements. Watson's signature accomplishments as mayor included the transformation of Downtown Austin into a \"24-hour downtown\" by encouraging development of housing and retail in place of vacant warehouses and parking lots, partially through tax incentives and the city's Smart Growth initiatives.[12]\nIn 1999, Watson spearheaded a redevelopment project along several blocks of waterfront property in Downtown Austin, in an effort to create a new public-private \"digital district\" in place of dilapidated warehouses and businesses including the former Liberty Lunch, which were demolished.[13] Watson, along with architect Larry ...", "title": "Kirk Watson - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City", "text": "Oklahoma City\nOklahoma City (/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə -/ ⓘ OH-klə-HOH-mə -), often shortened to OKC, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the 20th-most populous U.S. city and 8th largest in the Southern United States, with a population of 681,054 at the 2020 census.[10] The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, with an estimated 1.49 million residents, is the largest metropolitan area in the state and 42nd-most populous in the country.[11] It is the county seat of Oklahoma County,[12] with the city limits extending into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties; however, areas beyond Oklahoma County primarily consist of suburban developments or areas designated rural and watershed zones. Oklahoma City ranks as the tenth-largest city by area in the United States when including consolidated city-counties, and second-largest when such consolidations are excluded. It is also the second-largest state capital by area, after Juneau, Alaska.\nOklahoma City has one of the world's largest livestock markets.[13] Oil, natural gas, petroleum products, and related industries are its economy's largest sector. The city is in the middle of an active oil field, and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs a large number of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (which house offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).\nOklahoma City is on the I-35 and I-40 corridors, one of the primary travel corridors south into Texas and New Mexico, north towards Wichita and Kansas City, west towards Albuquerque, and east towards Little Rock and Memphis. Located in the state's Frontier Country region, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889 and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. It was the site of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died.[14]\nSince weather records have been kept beginning in 1890, Oklahoma City has been struck by 13 violent tornadoes, 11 of which were rated F4 or EF4 on the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, and two which were rated F5 or EF5.[15]\nHistory\n[edit]Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889,[18] when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\".[19] On April 26 of that year, its first mayor was elected, William Couch. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled in the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900.[20] Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton H. Classen, John Wilford Shartel, Henry Overholser, Oscar Ameringer, Jack C. Walton, Angelo C. Scott, and James W. Maney.\nBy the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the new state's population center and commercial hub. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City.[21] Oklahoma City was a significant stop on U.S. Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" made famous by artist Nat King Cole.\nBefore World War II, Oklahoma City developed significant stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production.[22] Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40, and I-44. It was also aided by the federal development of Tinker Air Force Base after successful lobbying efforts by the director of the...", "title": "Oklahoma City - Wikipedia" } ]	2,331
6	I have an element in mind and would like you to identify the person it was named after. Here's a clue: The element's atomic number is 9 higher than that of an element discovered by the scientist who discovered Zirconium in the same year.	Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium", "text": "Zirconium\nZirconium is a chemical element; it has symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyish-white color that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. It is solid at room temperature, ductile, malleable and corrosion-resistant. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian zargun (zircon; zar-gun, \"gold-like\" or \"as gold\").[11] Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including baddeleyite and eudialyte; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and tin.\nZirconium forms a variety of inorganic compounds, such as zirconium dioxide, and organometallic compounds, such as zirconocene dichloride. Five isotopes occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a refractory and opacifier; zirconium alloys are used to clad nuclear fuel rods due to their low neutron absorption and strong resistance to corrosion, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in flashbulbs, biomedical applications such as dental implants and prosthetics, deodorant, and water purification systems.\nZirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes.\nCharacteristics\n[edit]Zirconium is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and brittle at lesser purities.[12] In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water, and other agents.[13] However, it will dissolve in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, especially when fluorine is present.[14] Alloys with zinc are magnetic at less than 35 K.[13]\nThe melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4409 °C (7968 °F).[13] Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after hafnium, yttrium, and lutetium.[15]\nAt room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close-packed crystal structure, α-Zr, which changes to β-Zr, a body-centered cubic crystal structure, at 863 °C. Zirconium exists in the β-phase until the melting point.[16]\nIsotopes\n[edit]Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr, 94Zr, and 96Zr. The first four are stable, while 96 is observed to decay with a half-life of 2.34×1019 years by double beta emission; this is theoretically possible also for 94Zr. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium, and 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80%.[10]\nThe artificial radioisotopes of zirconium known range from 77Zr to 114Zr, and 13 nuclear isomers are also listed.[10][17] The most stable among them is 93Zr, a long-lived fission product, with a half-life of 1.61 million years. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by electron emission resulting in niobium isotopes, whereas those at or below 89 decay by positron emission or electron capture, resulting in yttrium isotopes.[10]\nOccurrence\n[edit]Zirconium has a concentration of about 130 mg/kg within the Earth's crust and about 0.026 μg/L in sea water. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.[18] It is not found in nature as a native metal, reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is z...", "title": "Zirconium - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth", "text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth\nMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist.[1] He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe.[2]\nKlaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry,[3] and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis.[4][5] His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus. He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements.[4] Klaproth discovered uranium (1789)[6] and zirconium (1789). He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium (1795), strontium (1793), cerium (1803), and chromium (1797) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium (1798) and beryllium (1798).[7][8]\nKlaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.[2] He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London,[9] the Institut de France, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[10]\nCareer\n[edit]Klaproth was born in Wernigerode.[1] He was the son of a tailor, and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years.[2]\nFor much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary. In 1759, when he was 16 years old, he apprenticed at Quedlinburg. In 1764, he became a journeyman. He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg (1759–1766); Hanover (1766–1768, with August Hermann Brande); Berlin (1768); and Danzig (1770).[2]\nIn 1771, Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business. Following Rose's death, Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager. Following his marriage in 1780, he was able to buy his own establishment, the Apotheke zum Baren. Between 1782 and 1800, Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apotheke's laboratory. His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time.[2]\nBeginning in 1782, he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum. In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery.[11][7][2]\nIn 1788, Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1800, he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy, where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory. Upon completion in 1802, Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building.[2] When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry.[11]\nHe died in Berlin on New Year's Day in 1817.[1]\nContributions\n[edit]An exact and conscientious worker, Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy. His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France.[11][4]\nKlaproth was the first to discover uranium, identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende.[4][8] On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin.[12][13] He also discovered zirconium in 1789,[14][8] separating it in the form of its \"earth\" zirconia, oxide ZrO2.[15] Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called \"hyacinth\" from Ceylon. He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name \"zargun\", gold-colored.[16]: 515\nKlaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements, though he was unable to isolate them.[8]\nKlaproth independently discovered cerium (1803), a rare earth element, around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, in the wint...", "title": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium", "text": "Uranium\nUranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium radioactively decays, usually by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[9]\nMany contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons because it is the only naturally occurring element with a fissile isotope – uranium-235 – present in non-trace amounts. However, because of the low abundance of uranium-235 in natural uranium (which is overwhelmingly uranium-238), uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. The primary civilian use for uranium harnesses the heat energy to produce electricity. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.[10]\nThe 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal, and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses a significant health threat and environmental impact.\nCharacteristics\nUranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and roughly equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[11][12] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[13] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[14] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[15][16]\nUranium metal reacts with almost all non-metallic elements (except noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity...", "title": "Uranium - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium", "text": "Mendelevium\nMendelevium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranium element in the actinide series, it is the first element by atomic number that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities by neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the thirteenth actinide, the ninth transuranic element, and the first transfermium; it is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, the father of the periodic table.\nLike all the transfermiums, it can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. The element was first produced in 1955 by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles, the method still used today. Using commonly-available microgram quantities of einsteinium-253, over a million mendelevium atoms may be made each hour. The chemistry of mendelevium is typical for the late actinides, with a dominant +3 oxidation state but also a +2 oxidation state accessible in solution. All known isotopes of mendelevium have short half-lives; there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research, and only small amounts are produced.\nDiscovery\n[edit]Mendelevium was the ninth transuranic element to be synthesized. It was first synthesized by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory Robert Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and team leader Stanley G. Thompson in early 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. The team produced 256Md (half-life 77.7 minutes[4]) when they bombarded an 253Es target consisting of only a billion (109) einsteinium atoms with alpha particles (helium nuclei) in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron, thus increasing the target's atomic number by two. 256Md thus became the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time. In total, seventeen mendelevium atoms were detected.[5] This discovery was part of a program, begun in 1952, that irradiated plutonium with neutrons to transmute it into heavier actinides.[6] This method was necessary because of a lack of known beta decaying isotopes of fermium that might allow production by neutron capture; it is now known that such production is impossible at any possible reactor flux due to the very short half-life to spontaneous fission of 258Fm[4] and subsequent isotopes, which still do not beta decay - the fermium gap that, as far as we know, sets a hard limit to the success of neutron capture processes.\nTo predict if the production of mendelevium would be possible, the team made use of a rough calculation. The number of atoms that would be produced would be approximately equal to the product of the number of atoms of target material, the target's cross section, the ion beam intensity, and the time of bombardment; this last factor was related to the half-life of the product when bombarding for a time on the order of its half-life. This gave one atom per experiment. Thus under optimum conditions, the preparation of only one atom of element 101 per experiment could be expected. This calculation demonstrated that it was feasible to go ahead with the experiment.[5] The target material, einsteinium-253, could be produced readily from irradiating plutonium: one year of irradiation would give a billion atoms, and its three-week half-life meant that the element 101 experiments could be conducted in one week after the produced einsteinium was separated and purified to make the target. However, it was necessary to upgrade the cyclotron to obtain the needed intensity of 1014 alpha particles per second; Seaborg applied for the necessary funds.[6]\nWhile Seaborg applied for funding, Harvey worked on the einsteinium target, while Thomson and Choppin focused on methods for chemical isolation. Choppin suggested using α-hydroxyisobutyric acid to separate the mendelevium atoms from those of the lighter actinides.[6] The initial separation was done by a recoil technique suggested by Albert Ghiorso: the einsteinium was placed on the o...", "title": "Mendelevium - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table", "text": "Periodic table\nThe periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows (\"periods\") and columns (\"groups\"). An icon of chemistry, the periodic table is widely used in physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the periodic law, which states that when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers an approximate recurrence of their properties is evident. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks. Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics.\nVertical, horizontal and diagonal trends characterize the periodic table. Metallic character increases going down a group and from right to left across a period. Nonmetallic character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic table to the top right.\nThe first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869; he formulated the periodic law as a dependence of chemical properties on atomic mass. As not all elements were then known, there were gaps in his periodic table, and Mendeleev successfully used the periodic law to predict some properties of some of the missing elements. The periodic law was recognized as a fundamental discovery in the late 19th century. It was explained early in the 20th century, with the discovery of atomic numbers and associated pioneering work in quantum mechanics, both ideas serving to illuminate the internal structure of the atom. A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with Glenn T. Seaborg's discovery that the actinides were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements. The periodic table and law have become a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry.\nThe periodic table continues to evolve with the progress of science. In nature, only elements up to atomic number 94 exist;[a] to go further, it was necessary to synthesize new elements in the laboratory. By 2010, the first 118 elements were known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table;[1] however, chemical characterization is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their properties match their positions. New discoveries will extend the table beyond these seven rows, though it is not yet known how many more elements are possible; moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that this unknown region will not follow the patterns of the known part of the table. Some scientific discussion also continues regarding whether some elements are correctly positioned in the table. Many alternative representations of the periodic law exist, and there is some discussion as to whether there is an optimal form of the periodic table.\nStructure\nPrimordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element\n- Ca: 40.078 — Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)[3]\n- Po: [209] — mass number of the most stable isotope\nEach chemical element has a unique atomic number (Z— for \"Zahl\", German for \"number\") representing the number of protons in its nucleus.[4] Each distinct atomic number therefore corresponds to a class of atom: these classes are called the chemical elements.[5] The chemical elements are what the periodic table classifies and organizes. Hydrogen is the element with atomic number 1; helium, atomic number 2; lithium, atomic number 3; and so on. Each of these names can be further abbreviated by a one- or two-letter chemical symbol; those for hydrogen, helium, and lithium are respectively H, He, and Li.[6] Neutrons do not affect the atom's chemical identity, but do affect its weight. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of the same chemical element.[6] Naturally occurring elements usually occur as mixes of different isotopes; since each isotope usually occurs with a characteristic abundance, naturally occurring elements have well-defined atomic weights, defined as the average mass of a natura...", "title": "Periodic table - Wikipedia" } ]	4,828
7	As of Aug 3, 2024, the artist who released the album "Father of Asahd" went to the same high school as an Olympic diver. How many Olympic teams did this diver participate on?	2	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd", "text": "Father of Asahd\nFather of Asahd is the eleventh studio album by American disc jockey and record producer DJ Khaled. It was released on May 17, 2019, by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records.[2] It features the singles \"Top Off\" and \"No Brainer.\"[3][4] On May 16, DJ Khaled revealed the track listing and features, as well as that the music videos for \"Higher\", \"Just Us\", \"Celebrate\", \"Jealous\" and \"Holy Mountain\" would be released throughout the day of May 17, followed by the video for \"You Stay\" on May 18, and \"Wish Wish\" and \"Weather the Storm\" on May 20.[5] DJ Khaled scored his third career Grammy nomination with \"Higher\" which won the Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 62nd Grammy Awards.[6] The album also features guest appearances from Buju Banton, Sizzla, Mavado, 070 Shake, Cardi B, 21 Savage, Chris Brown, Lil Wayne, Big Sean, SZA, Meek Mill, J Balvin, Lil Baby, Jeremih, Travis Scott, Post Malone, Nipsey Hussle, John Legend, Nas, CeeLo Green, Jeezy, Rick Ross, Gunna, Jay-Z, Future, Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper, and Quavo.\nBackground\n[edit]In March 2018, DJ Khaled announced the title, upon releasing the lead single, called \"Top Off\".[7] He named the album after his eldest child, Asahd Tuck Khaled. In March 2019, he announced the release date, while in the meantime, promoting the album extensively on his social media accounts.[8] He also posted a trailer for the album.[2] DJ Khaled has also teased numerous collaborations on his social media, which, along with Future, Jay-Z and Beyoncé on \"Top Off\", and Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper and Quavo on \"No Brainer\", include J Balvin, Cardi B, Meek Mill, Post Malone, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, Bryson Tiller, Sizzla, and 2 Chainz.[2] In April 2019, TMZ reported that \"Higher\" featuring Nipsey Hussle and John Legend would appear on the album. DJ Khaled, Nipsey Hussle, and John Legend shot the music video before Nipsey's death on March 31, 2019.[9]\nCritical reception\n[edit]Father of Asahd received mixed reviews among critics. On Metacritic which assigns a rating of up to 100, the album received an average of 59, indicating \"Mixed or average reviews\" based on 7 critics.[17]\nAndy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and also noted in his review on the album by saying \"Although instant, maximum commercial impact is no doubt the primary objective, the album does come across as more considered than the average Khaled LP.\"[11]\nCommercial performance\n[edit]Father of Asahd debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 136,000 album-equivalent units, with 34,000 copies as pure album sales in its first week.[18] In the second week, the album remained at number two on the chart, earning an additional 58,000 album-equivalent units.[19] In its third week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning 39,000 more units.[20] In its fourth week, the album dropped to number eight on the chart, earning 31,000 more units, bringing its four-week total to 264,000 album-equivalent units.[21] On May 17, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 1,000,000 units in the United States.[22]\nControversy\n[edit]On June 5, 2019, sources reported DJ Khaled was fuming at his label after Father of Asahd failed to debut at the top of the Billboard 200. Father of Asahd debuted behind American rapper and record producer Tyler, the Creator's sixth studio album, Igor.\nOn June 6, DJ Khaled posted a now-deleted video on his Instagram page that many believe was aimed at Tyler, the Creator after his album beat out Father of Asahd for the number one spot on the Billboard charts. In the video, Khaled stated, \"Here's the thing, I make albums so people can play it. And you actually hear it. You know, driving your car you hear another car playing it. Go to the barber shop, you hear them playing it. You know, turn the radio on, and you hear them playing it. It's playing everywhere - ...", "title": "Father of Asahd - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled", "text": "DJ Khaled\nKhaled Mohammed Khaled (/ˈkælɪd/; Arabic: خالد محمد خالد, romanized: Khālid Muḥammad Khālid; born November 26, 1975),[3] known professionally as DJ Khaled, is an American DJ and record producer. Originally a Miami-based radio personality, Khaled has since become known for enlisting high-profile music industry artists to perform on singles and albums, for which he often serves as producer and hype man. Known as the \"Anthem King\", his distinctions are his booming voice presence, \"motivational\" abstractions, maximalist production style and numerous catchphrases.[4]\nKhaled was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Palestinian immigrant parents. He first gained recognition as a radio host in the 1990s for the radio station 99 Jamz, and translated his popularity by working with Fat Joe's hip hop collective, Terror Squad, as a DJ for their live performances and as a producer for the group. Following his production credits on the group's material,[5] Khaled enlisted several hip hop artists associated with the group and his native Miami to perform on his debut studio album, Listennn... the Album (2006). His second album, We the Best (2007), spawned the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" (featuring T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Rick Ross and Plies). His two subsequent releases—We Global (2008) and Victory (2010)—both peaked within the top ten of the Billboard 200; the latter was supported by the single \"All I Do Is Win\" (featuring T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross), which received triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).\nHis fifth studio album and major label debut, We the Best Forever (2011), saw continued commercial success and brought Khaled to mainstream prominence by spawning his first Billboard Hot 100-top ten single, \"I'm on One\" (featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne). His following three albums—Kiss the Ring (2012), Suffering from Success (2013), and I Changed a Lot (2015)—were released to moderate critical and commercial reception.[6] Throughout 2015 and 2016, Khaled gained wider recognition as a public figure due to his social media activity. This, along with several Internet memes, foresaw the release of his ninth studio album, Major Key (2016), which was met with further critical and commercial success as it debuted atop the Billboard 200 and was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.\nHis tenth album, Grateful (2017), became his second consecutive number-one album and was preceded by the singles \"I'm the One\" (featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne) and \"Wild Thoughts\" (featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller), which peaked at numbers one and two on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. His eleventh album, Father of Asahd (2019), contained the song \"Higher\" (featuring Nipsey Hussle and John Legend), which won Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards—Khaled's first Grammy Award win. His eponymous twelfth album (2021) and thirteenth album, God Did (2022), both debuted atop the Billboard 200. The latter's title track (featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne, Jay-Z, John Legend and Fridayy) earned three nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance. Khaled is scheduled to release his fourteenth studio album, Aalam of God, in 2025.\nOutside of music, Khaled has gained success as a writer, with his book The Keys featuring on the New York Times Best Seller list. He has also performed as an actor for the films Bad Boys for Life (2020) and its sequel Bad Boys: Ride or Die (2024), and had a voice role in the animated film Spies in Disguise (2019). His record label, We the Best Music Group has distributed his releases since its formation in 2008, though Khaled signed other artists to the imprint including Ace Hood, Kent Jones, Mavado, Flipp Dinero, and Vado, among others.\nEarly life\nKhaled Mohammed Khaled was born on November 26, 1975, in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Palestinian paren...", "title": "DJ Khaled - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School", "text": "Dr. Phillips High School\nDr. Phillips High School is a public high school in Dr. Phillips, Florida, United States, near Orlando.\nIt serves[2] the Dr. Phillips census-designated place (CDP),[3] the Bay Hill CDP,[4] and the residential portion of Lake Buena Vista.[5]\nHistory\n[edit]Dr. Phillips High School opened in fall of 1987 and was built for about 2,500 students in the Dr. Phillips area of southwest Orange County, Florida.\nThe campus sits on 55 acres (220,000 m2) in the Orlando city limits and unincorporated Orange County, opposite Universal Orlando. The school serves as a Visual and Performing Arts Magnet and Center for International Studies magnet for Orange County Public Schools.\nThe school's first principal, Bill Spoone, went on to be elected to the Orange County School Board. The football stadium is named after him. The school's gymnasium is named after its second principal, Larry Payne, and is nicknamed \"The House of Payne.\"[6]\nThe school opened with enrollment above capacity and began using portable classrooms on the North Campus, formerly known as the 9th Grade Center. Due to overflow from main campus, many non-freshman classes were moved into additional portable classrooms at the 9th Grade Center, which was renamed North Campus, with the main campus renamed the South Campus. Portable classrooms are still used on the North Campus and are primarily for freshman-level classes.[citation needed]\nSince the 2022-2023 school year, most of the portables have been shut down, due to the aging conditions and the possibility of a future renovation. In October 2024, construction workers began to destroy or transport the portables, and most of the area is now rubble and construction sand. As of December 2024, only around eight portables currently remain, awaiting to be destroyed or transported.[citation needed]\nAs of the 2014–15 school year the school had 3,641 students, of whom 35% were white, 32% African American, 24% Hispanic, 7% Asian, and 2% multiracial.[7]\nThe school underwent a series of renovations which finished in 2015. A new building has been added, along with new VPA classrooms on the South Campus.\nAthletics\n[edit]The mascot for Dr. Phillips is the Panther; specifically, the Florida panther. They have many sports including lacrosse, football, baseball, golf, basketball and swimming. The Panthers have won FHSAA state championships in the following sports:\n- Football (2017)\n- Baseball (1996)[8]\n- Men's Basketball (2021)[9]\n- Women's Basketball (1992, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2022, 2023, 2024)[10]\n- Men's Golf (1990, 1991, 1997, 1999)[11]\n- Women's Golf (1993, 1994)[12]\n- Men's Swimming & Diving (1995)[13]\n- Women's Swimming & Diving (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[14]\n- Competitive Cheerleading (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2020)[15]\n- Women's Flag Football (2011)[16]\nAthletic program accomplishments:\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 2012-13\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 2010-11[17]\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 1998-99[citation needed]\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 1995-96[citation needed]\nNotable alumni\n[edit]Listed chronologically:\n- Dan Miceli (1988), MLB pitcher[18]\n- Wayne Brady (1989), actor[19]\n- Robert Damron (1990), professional golfer[20]\n- Brian Barber (1991), MLB player\n- Johnny Damon (1992), MLB outfielder,[21] Dancing with the Stars contestant\n- Rene Plasencia (1992), Member of the Florida House of Representatives, R-50[22]\n- Braniff Bonaventure (1993), Arena Football League player\n- DJ Khaled (1993), producer, DJ\n- Sean O'Neal (1993), actor on Clarissa Explains It All\n- JC Chasez (1994), singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, producer, and member of NSYNC[23]\n- A. J. Pierzynski (1994), MLB catcher[24]\n- Ike Charlton (1995), CFL player[25]\n- Joey Fatone (1995), actor, television host, singer, dancer, and member of NSYNC\n- Luis Fonsi (1995), singer, Grammy award winner\n- Bobby Olszewski (1995), former member of the Florida House of Representatives, R-44\n- Mark Ruiz (1997), member of US Olympic diving team a...", "title": "Dr. Phillips High School - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz", "text": "Mark Ruiz\nMark Ruiz (born April 9, 1979 in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico), is an Olympic diver from Puerto Rico. Ruiz represented the United States in the 2000 Olympic Games and the 2004 Olympic Games.\nChildhood\n[edit]Ruiz took up diving at the age of 9. Upon a coach's suggestion, he moved to the U.S. at 12 to take advantage of the better training system.[1] During the spring nationals in 1999, he swept all three events (10-meter platform, 3-meter springboard and the non-Olympic event of 1-meter springboard), becoming the first diver since Greg Louganis in 1988 to accomplish this feat.[2] Ruiz is a graduate of Dr. Phillips High School[3] in Orlando, Florida. He was a member of the swimming and diving team and was the individual state champion for diving all four years he competed.\nCompetition\n[edit]Mark's first attempt at the Olympics happened at the 1996 Trials.[4] Ruiz also competes in synchronized diving (springboard and platform), which will have medal events for the first time in Sydney. Ruiz, a four-time national champion in the platform, has already qualified in the platform and 3-meter springboard. He and partner Rio Ramirez finished fourth in the 3-meter springboard at the 2000 World Cup. Mark retired (temporarily)[5] after the 2004 Olympics in Greece.[6]\nCareer\n[edit]After his temporary retirement from competition, Ruiz taught diving clinics at the YMCA Aquatic Center. In 2010 Mark's former team, Team Orlando Diving (TOD) affiliated with the YMCA of Central Florida and became YCF Diving. Mark Ruiz was named head coach and continues in this position today.[7]\nAchievements\n[edit]Source:[8]\n- 1997 World Cup, platform, 5th\n- 1998 Goodwill Games, 3-meter springboard, 10th; platform, 6th\n- 1998 Summer National Championships, platform, 1-meter springboard, 1st; 3-meter springboard, 2nd\n- 1998 Summer National Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st\n- 1999 Spring National Championships, platform, 3- and 1-meter springboard, 1st\n- 1999 Spring National Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st; 3-meter springboard, 3rd\n- 1999 World Cup, platform, 3rd\n- 1999 Pan American Games, 3-meter springboard, 1st, platform, 5th\n- 1999 Summer National Championships, platform, 3- and 1-meter springboard, 1st\n- 1999 Summer National Championships, synchronized, 3-meter springboard, 1st, platform, 2nd\n- 2000 World Cup, platform, 5th; 3-meter springboard, 7th\n- 2000 National Indoor Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st\n- 2000 National Indoor Championships, platform, 3-meter springboard, 1st\n- 2000 Olympic Team Trials, platform, 3-meter springboard, 1st\n- 2000 Olympic Team\n- 2004 Olympic Team\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Mark Ruiz\". Retrieved June 29, 2011.\n- ^ Orlando's Ruiz Sweeps Men's Titles\n- ^ Shot at 3rd Olympics lures Mark Ruiz back to diving board\n- ^ From the Athlete[permanent dead link]\n- ^ \"Look who's back: Diver Mark Ruiz comes out of retirement\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2010.\n- ^ Ruiz retires without Olympic medal\n- ^ YCF Diving - The Program Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ USA Diving Record\nExternal links\n[edit]- 1979 births\n- Living people\n- Olympic divers for the United States\n- Puerto Rican male swimmers\n- Puerto Rican male divers\n- Sportspeople from Río Piedras, Puerto Rico\n- Divers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\n- Divers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\n- American male divers\n- Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games\n- Dr. Phillips High School alumni\n- Divers at the 1999 Pan American Games\n- Divers at the 2003 Pan American Games\n- Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games\n- Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games\n- Pan American Games gold medalists in diving\n- Pan American Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico\n- Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States in diving\n- 21st-century American sportsmen\n- 20th-century American sportsmen", "title": "Mark Ruiz - Wikipedia" } ]	4,444
8	A general motors vehicle is named after the largest ward in the country of Monaco. How many people had walked on the moon as of the first model year of the vehicle? Note: the model year is not the same as the year the model was first produced.	4	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco", "text": "Monaco\nMonaco,[a] officially the Principality of Monaco,[b] is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe. Situated on the French Riviera, it is a semi-enclave bordered by France to the north, east, and west, with the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Italian region of Liguria is about 15 km (9.3 mi) east.[10] With a population of 38,423 living in an area of 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi), Monaco is the second smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City, as well as the most densely populated. It also has the world's shortest national coastline of any non-landlocked nation, at 3.83 km (2.38 mi).[11] Fewer than 10,000 of its residents are Monégasque nationals.[12] Although French is the official language of Monaco, Italian and Monégasque are also widely spoken and understood.[c]\nMonaco is governed under a form of semi-constitutional monarchy, with Prince Albert II as head of state, who holds substantial political powers. The prime minister, who is the head of government, can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the Government of France before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates.[13] The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297.[14] The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, with Monaco becoming a full United Nations voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, notwithstanding two small military units.\nMonaco is recognised as one of the wealthiest and most expensive places in the world.[15][16] Its economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and a rail connection to Paris.[17] The country's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the wealthy. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. Monaco is a tax haven; it has no personal income tax (except for French citizens) and low business taxes. Over 30% of residents are millionaires,[18] with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of money laundering, and in June 2024 the Financial Action Task Force placed Monaco under increased monitoring to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.[19][20]\nMonaco is among the 46 Member States which constitute the Council of Europe. It is not part of the European Union (EU), but participates in certain EU policies, including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the Monaco Grand Prix, one of the original Grands Prix of Formula One. The local motorsports association gives its name to the Monte Carlo Rally, hosted in January in the French Alps. The principality has a club football team, AS Monaco, which competes in French Ligue 1 and has been French champions on multiple occasions, as well as a basketball team, which plays in the EuroLeague. Monaco is a centre of marine conservation and research, being home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats,[21] an Oceanographic Museum, and the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratory in the UN system.[22][23]\nHistory\nMonaco was first mentioned by the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, who referred to it as \"Monoikos, a Ligurian town\".[24][25] Strabo referred to it as Monoikon limen, explaining that Monoikos (Greek for \"the solitary one\") was another name for Heracles, who had a temple here;[26] it is possible, however, that it is an alteration o...", "title": "Monaco - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles", "text": "List of Chevrolet vehicles\nAppearance\nChevrolet is a division of the manufacturer General Motors (GM), which produces vehicles since 1911 worldwide.\nCurrent production vehicles\n[edit]- Keys\nVehicles currently not sold in the United States and Canada\nCurrently produced under license\n[edit]- Chevrolet Cobalt (Uzbekistan)\n- Chevrolet T-Series (Egypt)\nNotes\n- ^ 4500HD-6500HD.\nFormer production vehicles\n[edit]United States\n[edit]Models originally designed and manufactured in the United States (rebadged models are included in another separate list):\nNotes\n- ^ Only in the US. In Canada, it had 8 generations.\nGlobal\n[edit]Chevrolet cars marketed and/or produced outside the United States:\nNotes\n- ^ Separate nameplate from Chevelle, reintroduced 1996\n- ^ Produced locally by General Motors de Argentina.\n- ^ a b Produced locally by GM Colmotores.\n- ^ a b c Produced locally by General Motors do Brasil.\n- ^ Produced locally by GM Uzbekistan.\n- ^ Original model from General Motors do Brasil.\n- ^ Also named \"Daewoo Matiz\" in Korea.\n- ^ Original model from General Motors Korea.\n- ^ a b Produced locally by GM Colmotores.\nOther past vehicles\n[edit]Notes\n- ^ Original model.\nConcept cars\n[edit]Chevrolet concept cars\n- Chevrolet Aero 2003A (1987)\n- Aerovette (1976)\n- Astro I (1967)\n- Astro II (1968)\n- Astro III (1969)\n- Astrovette (1968)\n- Aveo RS (2010)\n- Beat (concept) (2007)\n- Bel Air Concept (2002)\n- Biscayne (concept) (1955)\n- Blazer XT-1 (1987)\n- Bolt (2015)\n- Borrego (2001)\n- California IROC Camaro (1989)\n- Camaro Black Concept (2008)\n- Camaro Chroma Concept (2009)\n- Camaro Concept (2006)\n- Camaro Convertible Concept (2007)\n- Camaro Convertible Concept (2010)\n- Camaro Dale Earnhardt Jr. Concept (2008)\n- Camaro Dusk Concept (2009)\n- Camaro GS Racecar Concept (2008)\n- Camaro LS7 Concept (2008)\n- Camaro LT5 (1988)\n- Camaro SS (concept) (2003)\n- Camaro SSX (2010)\n- Camaro z/28 (2012)\n- Camaro ZL1 (concept) (2011)\n- Caprice PPV (Concept) (2010)\n- Cheyenne (concept) (2003)\n- Citation IV (1984)\n- Cobalt (concept) (2011)\n- Code 130R (2012)\n- Colorado Concept (2011)\n- CERV (1960, 1964, 1990, 1992)\n- Corvair (concept) (1954)\n- Corvair (concept) (1960)\n- Corvair Coupe Speciale (1960, 1962, 1963)\n- Corvair Monza GT (1962)\n- Corvair Monza SS (1962)\n- Corvair Sebring Spyder (1961)\n- Corvair Super Spyder (1962)\n- Chevrolet Testudo (1963)\n- Corvette (concept) (1953)\n- Corvette C2 (concept) (1962)\n- Corvette Indy (1986)\n- Corvette Nivola (1990)\n- Corvette Stingray (concept) (1959)\n- Corvette Stingray (concept) (2009)\n- Corvette XP-700 (1958)\n- Corvette XP-819 Rear Engine (1964)\n- Corvette Z03 (2008)\n- Corvette Z06X (2010)\n- Corvette ZR1 (concept) (2008)\n- Corvette ZR2 (1989)\n- Cruze (concept) (2010)\n- Cruze Eco (concept) (2011)\n- Cruze RS (concept) (2011)\n- GPiX (2008)\n- Equinox Xtreme (2003)\n- E-Spark (2010)\n- Express (1987)\n- FNR (2015)\n- FNR-XE (2022)\n- Groove (2007)\n- Highlander (1993)\n- HHR (2005)\n- Impala (concept) (1956)\n- Jay Leno Camaro (2009)\n- M3X (2004)\n- Mako Shark (1961)\n- Mako Shark II (1965)\n- Malibu (concept) (2011)\n- Malibu Maxx (2003)\n- Miray (2012)\n- Manta Ray (1969)\n- Mulsanne (1974)\n- Nomad (concept) (1954, 1999, 2004)\n- Orlando (concept) (2008)\n- Colorado Rally (2011)\n- Q-Corvette (1957)\n- Ramarro (1984)\n- Rondine (1963)\n- S3X (2004)\n- Scirocco (1970)\n- Sequel (2005)\n- Silverado 427 Concept (2007)\n- Silverado Orange County Choppers Hauler (2007)\n- Silverado ZR2 (2010)\n- Sonic (concept) (2010)\n- Sonic Z-Spec (2011)\n- SR-2 (1957)\n- SS (2003)\n- Suburban 75th Anniversary Diamond Edition (2010)\n- Super Carry (van)\n- Synergy Camaro concept (2009)\n- T2X (2005)\n- Tandem 2000 (1999)\n- Trailblazer SS Concept (2002)\n- Trax (2007)\n- Triax (2000)\n- Tru 140S (2012)[3][4][5]\n- Venture (1988)\n- Volt (concept) (2007)\n- Volt MPV5 EV (2010)\n- Wedge Corvette (1963)\n- WTCC Ultra (2006)\n- XP-882 Four Rotor (1973)\n- XP-895 Reynolds (1973)\n- XP-897GT Two-Rotor (1973)\n- XP-898 (1973)\n- XT-2 (1989)\n- YGM1 (1999)\nExperimental cars\n[edit]Prototypes\n[edit]- Corvet...", "title": "List of Chevrolet vehicles - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo", "text": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo\nThe Chevrolet Monte Carlo is a two-door coupe that was manufactured and marketed by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. Deriving its name from the city in Monaco, the Monte Carlo was marketed as the first personal luxury car of the Chevrolet brand. Introduced for the 1970 model year, the model line was produced across six generations through the 2007 model year, with a hiatus from 1989 until 1994. The Monte Carlo was a variant of the Pontiac Grand Prix throughout its production.\nFrom 1970 until 1972, the Monte Carlo rode on the unique \"A-Special\" platform with the Grand Prix, shifting to the standard A-body intermediate chassis from the 1973 through 1977 model years. For 1978, the Monte Carlo line underwent downsizing, but was still considered a midsized coupe. The rear-wheel drive A-body platform of this generation of Monte Carlo was redesignated as the G-body when GM's front-wheel drive A-body cars were introduced for the 1982 model year. After an abbreviated 1988 model year, the Monte Carlo was replaced by the two-door Chevrolet Lumina.\nFor the 1995 model year, the Monte Carlo was revived, replacing the two-door Lumina. It shared the front-wheel drive W-platform with the two-door Grand Prix, and was the largest coupe in the Chevrolet lineup. After the 2002 model year, the Grand Prix coupe was discontinued, the Monte Carlo became the largest two-door model produced by an American auto manufacturer.\nIn response to declining sales of the model line, Chevrolet discontinued the Monte Carlo after the 2007 model year.[2] During much of its production, the Monte Carlo represented the Chevrolet brand in stock car racing. During the 1980s, the Monte Carlo SS was introduced, featuring aerodynamically enhanced styling; as part of its revival, the Monte Carlo again represented Chevrolet in stock car racing from 1995 through its discontinuation.\nDevelopment\n[edit]For the 1968 model year, GM instituted a split-wheelbase policy for its A-platform intermediate-sized cars. Two-door models would have a 112 in (2,845 mm) wheelbase, 116 in (2,946 mm) for sedans, and 121 in (3,073 mm) for station wagons. In 1969, GM introduced the Pontiac Grand Prix, a two-door that used the A-platform layout that was stretched ahead of the firewall to make it 210.2-inch (5,339 mm) long. This gave the design an unusually long hood design, helping the new Grand Prix to outsell its larger B-body predecessor despite higher prices. The new layout was first known as the A-body Special, but would evolve into its own class known as the G-platform.[3]\nThe Monte Carlo began as Chevrolet's version of the Pontiac Grand Prix, as conceived by Elliot M. (Pete) Estes, general manager of Chevrolet, and Chevrolet's chief stylist, David Holls, giving Chevrolet and Pontiac an alternative to the E-body Buick Riviera and Oldsmobile Toronado. They modeled the styling on the contemporary Cadillac Eldorado. However, much of the body and structure were shared with the Chevrolet Chevelle (firewall, windshield, decklid, and rear window were the same). New exterior \"coke bottle styling\" featured concealed windshield wipers. A fiber-optic exterior light monitoring system was optional.[4]\nA mid-1990s article in the magazine Chevrolet High Performance stated that the first generation Monte Carlo was known to Chevrolet management under the working name Concours. The usual practice at the time was that all Chevrolet model development names started with a \"C\". At one point, the proposal called for a formal coupe, sedan, and convertible. It has been noted that the sedan resembled a full-size Oldsmobile 98 before the use of the GM G platform, with at least one photograph showing the pull-up door handles that would be introduced on the 1970 Camaro and then on 1971 Vegas and full-sized Chevys. Monte Carlos received this design on the 1973 second-generation model. The 1970 Monte Carlo was available only as a two-door hardtop.\nThe Monte Carlo was developed at Chevrolet unde...", "title": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon", "text": "Moon\nThe Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. It orbits around Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometres (238,854 mi),[f] a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes an orbit (lunar month) in relation to Earth and the Sun (synodically) every 29.5 days. The Moon and Earth are bound by gravitational attraction, which is stronger on the sides facing each other. The resulting tidal forces are the main driver of Earth's tides, and have pulled the Moon to always face Earth with the same near side. This tidal locking effectively synchronizes the Moon's rotation period (lunar day) to its orbital period (lunar month).\nIn geophysical terms, the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the contiguous United States). Within the Solar System, it is larger and more massive than any known dwarf planet, and the fifth-largest and fifth-most massive moon, as well as the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet.[18] Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the second-highest among all moons in the Solar System after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with only a minuscule hydrosphere, atmosphere, and magnetic field. The lunar surface is covered in regolith dust, which mainly consists of the fine material ejected from the lunar crust by impact events. The lunar crust is marked by impact craters, with some younger ones featuring bright ray-like streaks. The Moon was volcanically active until 1.2 billion years ago, surfacing lava mostly on the thinner near side of the Moon, filling ancient craters, which through cooling formed the today prominently visible dark plains of basalt called maria ('seas'). The origin of the Moon is not clear, although it has been hypothesized to have formed out of material from Earth, ejected by a giant impact into Earth of a Mars-sized body named Theia 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation.\nFrom a distance, the day and night phases of the lunar day are visible as the lunar phases, and when the Moon passes through Earth's shadow a lunar eclipse is observable. The Moon's apparent size in Earth's sky is about the same as that of the Sun, which causes it to cover the Sun completely during a total solar eclipse. The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky because of its large apparent size, while the reflectance (albedo) of its surface is comparable to that of asphalt. About 59% of the surface of the Moon is visible from Earth owing to the different angles at which the Moon can appear in Earth's sky (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.\nThe Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge in human history, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science and spaceflight. The first spaceflights to an extraterrestrial body were to the Moon, starting in 1959 with the flyby of Luna 1 (sent by the Soviet Union), and the intentional impact of Luna 2, followed in 1966 by the first soft landing (by Luna 9) and orbital insertion (by Luna 10). Humans first arrived in orbit on December 24, 1968, with Apollo 8 (sent by the United States), and then on the surface on July 20, 1969, with Apollo 11. By 1972, six Apollo missions had landed twelve humans on the Moon and stayed up to three days. Renewed robotic exploration of the Moon, in particular to confirm the presence of water on the Moon, has fueled plans to return humans to the Moon, starting with the Artemis program scheduled for the late 2020s.\nNames and etymology\nThe English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is typically written as Moon, with a capital M.[19][20] The noun moon is derived from Old English mōna, which stems from Proto-Germanic *mēnōn,[21] which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-Europ...", "title": "Moon - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program", "text": "Apollo program\nThe Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. Apollo was conceived during Project Mercury and executed after Project Gemini. It was conceived in 1960 as a three-person spacecraft during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to the U.S. Congress on May 25, 1961.\nKennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission, when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last, Apollo 17, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve people walked on the Moon.\nApollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first crewed flight in 1968. It encountered a major setback in 1967 when the Apollo 1 cabin fire killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first Moon landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved landings; but the Apollo 13 landing had to be aborted after an oxygen tank exploded en route to the Moon, crippling the CSM. The crew barely managed a safe return to Earth by using the Lunar Module as a \"lifeboat\" on the return journey. Apollo used the Saturn family of rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three crewed missions in 1973–1974, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint United States-Soviet Union low Earth orbit mission in 1975.\nApollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, and Apollo 11 was the first crewed spacecraft to land humans on one.\nOverall, the Apollo program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's subsequent human spaceflight capability and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and human spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.\nName\n[edit]The program was named after the Greek god Apollo by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said, \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\"[2] Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt \"Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program\".[3]\nThe context of this was that the program focused at its beginning mainly on developing an advanced crewed spacecraft, the Apollo command and service module, succeeding the Mercury program. A lunar landing became the focus of the program only in 1961.[4] Thereafter Project Gemini instead followed the Mercury program to test and study advanced crewed spaceflight technology.\nBackground\n[edit]Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies\n[edit]The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could support only one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual crewed lunar landings...", "title": "Apollo program - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions", "text": "List of Apollo missions\nThe Apollo program was a United States human spaceflight program carried out from 1961 to 1972 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which landed the first astronauts on the Moon.[1] The program used the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles to lift the Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecraft into space, and the Little Joe II rocket to test a launch escape system which was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.[2] Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission.\nApollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on the Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their LM Eagle in the Sea of Tranquility and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the CSM Columbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.[3] Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 with 12 men having walked on the Moon[4] and 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil samples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history.[5]\nTwo Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entire Apollo 1 crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;[6] and the third landing attempt on Apollo 13 was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSM Odyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LM Aquarius as a \"lifeboat\" for these functions.[7]\nUncrewed test flights\n[edit]From 1961 through 1967, Saturn launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft components were tested in uncrewed flights.\nSaturn I\n[edit]The Saturn I launch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights into low Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweight retrorocket module for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped in favor of using the uprated Saturn IB to launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSM boilerplate testing, and three Pegasus micrometeoroid satellite missions in support of Apollo.\nThere was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS) or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed to Apollo 1 posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renaming AS-201, AS-202, and AS-203 as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered.[6]\nSaturn IB\n[edit]The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designated Saturn IB, by replacing the S-IV second stage with the S-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module.\nTwo suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one L...", "title": "List of Apollo missions - Wikipedia" } ]	6,272
9	The Pope born Pietro Barbo ended a long-running war two years after his papacy began, which famous conflict, immortalized in tapestry took place 400 years earlier?	The Battle of Hastings.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II", "text": "Pope Paul II\nPope Paul II (Latin: Paulus II; Italian: Paolo II; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471),[1] born Pietro Barbo, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 August 1464 to his death in 1471. When his maternal uncle became Pope Eugene IV, Barbo switched from training to be a merchant to religious studies. His rise in the Church was relatively rapid. Elected pope in 1464, Paul amassed a great collection of art and antiquities.\nEarly life\n[edit]Pietro Barbo was born in Venice, the son of Niccolò Barbo and wife Polissena Condulmer.[2] His mother was the sister of Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447). Through his father he was a member of the noble Barbo family. His adoption of the spiritual career, after having been trained as a merchant, was prompted by his uncle's election as pope. His consequent promotion was rapid. He became Archdeacon of Bologna, and Bishop of Cervia and of Vicenza, and in 1440 became a cardinal-deacon.[3] While he was in Rome, Vicenza was administered by his brother, Paolo Barbo.[4] Barbo gained popularity through his generosity. He might have boasted that if elected pope he would buy each cardinal a villa to escape the summer heat.[5][page needed]\nAfter having been lay abbot of Santa Maria in Sylvis since 1441, in 1445 he succeeded Giuliano Cesarini as archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. Barbo was very influential under Eugene IV, Nicholas V, and Calixtus III, but less so under Pius II.[3] Barbo had a marked propensity to enjoy dressing up in sumptuous ecclesiastical finery.\nElection\n[edit]Barbo was elected to succeed Pope Pius II by the accessus in the first ballot of the papal conclave of 30 August 1464[6] with a majority of fourteen of the nineteen cardinals present. He owed his election in part to the dissatisfaction of some of the cardinals with the policy of his predecessor.[3]\nUpon taking office, Paul II was to convene an ecumenical council within three years. But these terms of subscription were modified by Paul II at his own discretion, and this action lost him the confidence of the College of Cardinals. The justification for setting aside the capitulations, seen to be under way by the Duke of Milan's ambassador as early as 21 September, lay in connecting any abridgement of the Pope's absolute monarchy in the Papal States with a consequent abridgement of his sole authority in spiritual matters.[7] Almost from his coronation, Paul withdrew and became inaccessible: audiences were only granted at night and even good friends waited a fortnight to see him. His suspiciousness was widely attested.\nPaul wore rouge in public.[5][page needed] The story of Cardinal Ammanati that he meant to take the name Formosus II (meaning \"handsome\"), after Pope Formosus,[8] but was persuaded not to, is more often repeated than the story that he was dissuaded from Marcus, being Venetian and the Cardinal of San Marco, because it was also the war-cry of Venice.[9] He had a papal tiara made for his own use studded with \"diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, topaz, large pearls, and every kind of precious gem\".[5][page needed] He built the Palazzo San Marco (now the Palazzo Venezia) and lived there even as pope, amassing a great collection of art and antiquities.[10][page needed]\nConflict\n[edit]A sore point was his abuse of the practice of creating cardinals in pectore, without publishing their names. Eager to raise new cardinals to increase the number who were devoted to his interests, but restricted by the terms of the capitulation, which gave the college a voice in the creation of new members, in the winter of 1464–65 Paul created two secret cardinals both of whom died before their names could be published. In his fourth year as Pope, he created eight new cardinals on 18 September 1467. Five were candidates pressed by kings, placating respectively James II of Cyprus, Edward IV of England, Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Ferdinand I of Naples; one was the able administrator of the Francis...", "title": "Pope Paul II - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)", "text": "Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)\nThe Thirteen Years' War (Polish: wojna trzynastoletnia; German: Dreizehnjähriger Krieg), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.\nAfter the defeat suffered by the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410 and the ensuing political, military and economic problems, the state was rife with internal conflict between the ruling Order and the local Prussian nobility. Eventually, this tension led to an uprising by the Prussian Confederation representing the Prussian nobility and cities, who sought the protection of the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon. Once the King granted his assent, war broke out between the Prussian Confederation, supported by Poland, and the proponents of Teutonic Knight rule.\nThe Thirteen Years' War ended in the victory of the Prussian Confederation and Poland and in the Second Peace of Thorn. The Teutonic Order became a Polish fief and its Grand Masters had to commit to homage to the Polish King within 6 months of acquiring power. This was honored for approximately the next two centuries with tensions rising seldomly during this period. The Teutonic Order also returned Pomerelia to Poland after nearly 150 years and ceded the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, which together formed Royal Prussia, as both lands fell under direct rule of the Polish King. Tension quickly flared up afterward, and this was soon followed by the War of the Priests (1467–1479), a drawn-out dispute over the independence of Warmia, in which the Knights sought revision of the Peace.\nBackground\n[edit]Reasons for war\n[edit]A dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over control of Eastern Pomerania had lasted since the 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk), when the territory was contested and annexed by the Teutonic Order. This event resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the towns of Prussia rapidly grew economically. However, this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. The rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as more and more anachronistic – taxes (customs) and the system of grain licenses (every trader had to pay large fees for the privilege of trading grain) were hindering economic development in the province. At the same time the nobility wanted a larger say in the running of the country and were looking enviously at neighbouring Poland, where the Polish nobility enjoyed wider privileges. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Craftsmen were discontented because of competition from so-called partacze, or artisans settled by the Knights near their castles. Kashubians, Poles, Germans, and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation, and as national differences disappeared, the common goals of all the ethnic and social groups of Prussia became more prominent, and the Prussian estates leaned increasingly towards Poland.\nIn 1397 Prussian knights had founded a secret organisation called the Eidechsenbund (English translation: Lizard Union), more or less against the Teutonic Knights, but that organization had failed as it was not supported by the urban population. After the victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at Grunwald during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1409–1411), the Prussian estates eagerly pledged allegiance to King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) of Poland. But they quickly returned to the order's rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Marienburg (Malbork). A clause in the peace treaty stated that it was guaranteed by the Prussian states, which would gain the right to defy the Teutonic Order if it broke the treaty. In the succeeding wars the Prussian estates opposed any conflict, and pushed the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights to make peace.\nOn 21 Februar...", "title": "Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry", "text": "Bayeux Tapestry\nThe Bayeux Tapestry[a] is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres (230 feet) long and 50 centimetres (20 inches) tall[1] that depicts the events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, led by William, Duke of Normandy, challenging Harold II, King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. It is thought to date to the 11th century, within a few years of the battle. Now widely accepted to have been made in England, perhaps as a gift for William, it tells the story from the point of view of the conquering Normans and for centuries has been preserved in Normandy.\nAccording to Sylvette Lemagnen, conservator of the tapestry, in her 2005 book La Tapisserie de Bayeux:\nThe Bayeux tapestry is one of the supreme achievements of the Norman Romanesque .... Its survival almost intact over nine centuries is little short of miraculous ... Its exceptional length, the harmony and freshness of its colours, its exquisite workmanship, and the genius of its guiding spirit combine to make it endlessly fascinating.[2]\nThe cloth consists of 58 scenes,[note 1] many with Latin tituli, embroidered on linen with coloured woollen yarns. It is likely that it was commissioned by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, William's maternal half-brother, and made for him in England in the 1070s. In 1729, the hanging was rediscovered by scholars at a time when it was being displayed annually in Bayeux Cathedral. The tapestry is now exhibited at the Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux in Bayeux, Normandy, France. It will return to England for the first time in 900 years, on loan from France for display at the British Museum from September 2026 to July 2027.[5]\nThe designs on the Bayeux Tapestry are embroidered rather than in a tapestry weave, so it does not meet narrower definitions of a tapestry.[6] It can be seen as a rare example of secular Romanesque art. Tapestries adorned both churches and wealthy houses in medieval Western Europe, though at 0.5 by 68.38 m (1 ft 8 in by 224 ft 4 in), the Bayeux Tapestry is exceptionally large. The background is not embroidered, providing a large, clear field of cloth which allows the figures and decorative elements to stand out very clearly.\nHistory\n[edit]Origins\n[edit]The earliest known written reference to the tapestry is a 1476 inventory of Bayeux Cathedral,[7] but its origins have been the subject of much speculation and controversy.\nFrench legend maintained the tapestry was commissioned and created by Queen Matilda, William the Conqueror's wife, and her ladies-in-waiting. Indeed, in France, it is occasionally known as La Tapisserie de la Reine Mathilde (\"The Tapestry of Queen Matilda\"). However, scholarly analysis in the 20th century concluded it was probably commissioned by William's half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux,[8] who, after the Conquest, also became Earl of Kent and, when William was absent in Normandy, regent of England.\nThe reasons for the Odo commission theory include:\n- three of the bishop's followers mentioned in the Domesday Book appear on the tapestry;\n- it was found in Bayeux Cathedral, built by Odo;\n- it may have been commissioned at the same time as the cathedral's construction in the 1070s, possibly completed by 1077 in time for display on the cathedral's dedication.\nAssuming Odo commissioned the tapestry, it was probably designed and constructed in England by Anglo-Saxon artists (Odo's main power base being by then in Kent); the Latin text contains hints of Anglo-Saxon; other embroideries originate from England at this time; and the vegetable dyes can be found in cloth traditionally woven there.[9][10][11] Howard B. Clarke has proposed that the designer of the tapestry (i.e., the individual responsible for its overall narrative and political argument) was Scolland, the abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, because of his previous position as head of the scriptorium at Mont-Saint-Michel (famed for its illumination), his travels to Trajan's Column in Rome, and his connection...", "title": "Bayeux Tapestry - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings", "text": "Battle of Hastings\nThe Battle of Hastings[a] was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 mi (11 km) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.\nThe background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066. They were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.\nThe numbers present at the battle are unknown as even modern estimates vary considerably. The composition of the forces is clearer: the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect. Therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.\nThere continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are difficult to assess, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.\nBackground\nIn 911, the Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo.[1] Their settlement proved successful,[2][b] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity,[3] and intermarrying with the local population.[4] Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west.[5] In 1002, King Æthelred II married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[6] Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy and succeeded to the English throne in 1042.[7] This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.[8]\nSuccession crisis in England\nKing Edward's death on 5 January 1066[9][c] left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England.[11] Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful ...", "title": "Battle of Hastings - Wikipedia" } ]	3,761
10	An Australian artist, born the same year as artist Janet Cumbrae Stewart and fellow member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, had her painting featured on the cover of Women's World Magazine in 1923. What is the name of the painting?	Reve d'Or	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart", "text": "Janet Cumbrae Stewart\nJanet Agnes Cumbrae Stewart (23 December 1883 – 8 September 1960) was an Australian painter. She spent the 1920s and 1930s painting in Britain, France and Italy.[2]\nBiography\n[edit]Cumbrae Stewart was born on 23 December 1883 in Brighton, Victoria, Australia.[3] She was born Janet Agnes Stewart, the youngest of ten children born to Francis Edward Stewart (1833–1904) and Agnes Park (1843–1927). Janet's eldest brother, Francis William Sutton Stewart, became convinced of a family connection to the Stuarts of Bute and despite never proving the link, adopted \"Cumbrae\" to his name, and his siblings followed suit.[4] This addition to the name would later serve a greater purpose for Janet, who quickly abandoned the hyphen and identified herself professionally as simply Cumbrae Stewart, and so avoided, to a certain extent, the limitations and scrutiny attached to her sex.\nThe Stewarts lived a very traditional upper middle class existence, with the boys studying at private school and the three girls receiving their early education at home under the supervision of a governess.[5] As well as her lessons, Cumbrae Stewart also received instruction in several suitable 'past-times' including dancing, piano and drawing; this latter she was instructed by Zena Beatrice Selwyn, who would later marry Cumbrae Stewart's brother Francis in 1906. During her late teens, Cumbrae Stewart joined landscape painter, John Mather, and his students, on outdoor sketching exhibitions.[6]\nFrom 1903 though 1908 Cumbrae Stewart studied at the Melbourne National Gallery School, where she was taught by Lindsay Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin.[7] During this time she won a slew of awards: first prize for Drawing from Antique in 1904, Still Life Painting in 1905, Second place for Half Nude Painting and Life Drawing in 1906, and third prize for Drawing a Head from Life in 1903 and third place in the coveted Travelling Scholarship prize in 1908 for The Old Gown in 1908 (first and second places were both awarded to Constance Jenkins).\nFollowing her art education, Cumbrae Stewart rented premises in Melbourne and commenced exhibiting. She participated in the first Exhibition of Women's Work held in Melbourne in 1907, and exhibited with the Victorian Artists Society from 1908 to 1920. She also exhibited with the Queensland Art Society, the Australian Artists Association and the South Australian Society of Arts, as well as the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors. She held her first solo exhibition at the Coles Book Arcade gallery in Collins Street in 1911, from which Bernard Hall purchased a pastel of a head, and Rupert Bunny purchased a landscape.[8] Other solo exhibitions were regularly held at the Athenaeum Hall in Melbourne, Gayfield Shaw's Salon in Sydney and Preece's Gallery in South Australia, under the management of Gayfield Shaw.\nIn 1922 Cumbrae Stewart travelled to England with her sister, Beatrice Peverill, on board the Aeneas, arriving in Liverpool on 21 July.[9] In an interview with the Brisbane Telegraph, Beatrice reports on a journey during which her sister was kept extremely busy with commissions from fellow passengers, working from a small studio space created by the ship's captain, below the bridge.[10] The journey apparently concluded with a small exhibition of portraits and travel sketches held in the music room.\nPrior to embarking on the journey, Janet had organised for a ship to carry over a selection of works with which she intended to commence immediate exhibition. Upon its arrival however, she was devastated to find that the vast majority had been destroyed in transit and she had to quickly set about replacing them, and so finding a studio became an immediate priority.[11] She held her first solo exhibition in February 1923 at Walkers Galleries in London.[a] This was a tremendous success financially and socially. Several prominent London society ladies turned out to view the works and Cumbrae Stewart was kept im...", "title": "Janet Cumbrae Stewart - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors", "text": "Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors\nThe Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, established in Melbourne, Victoria in 1902, is the oldest surviving women's art group in Australia.\nHistory\n[edit]The Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (MSWPS) began in 1902 as a monthly gathering of eight former students of Frederick McCubbin from the National Gallery School which members called the Students' Art Club. It is known that among these founders were Daisy Stone, Tina Gowdie, Annie Gates, Kate Allan, Ella Thorn, Henrietta Maria Gulliver and a Miss Stock (otherwise unidentified, who died in 1906).[1] In 1905 they added the indigenous word \"Woomballano\" (meaning either 'everlasting beauty' or 'search for beauty') to identify their Art Club, changing its title to The Women's Art Club in 1913 then to the Melbourne Society of Women Painters in 1930. The present designation was adopted in 1954.[1]\nMany of its early members were plein air painters and identified with the Heidelberg School, which was regarded widely as a male group but which involved many women. The interest in the decorative arts at the opening of the twentieth century attracted other members who were significant craftspeople. By the 1920s, the Society was assimilating the generation of professional women artists emerging from the Melbourne National Gallery School, with significant women artists, representatives of both the Meldrum tonal school and modernism, being invited to join. The Society was less overtly feminist than its Sydney counterpart The Society of Women Painters (later named Women’s Industrial Arts Society) which was founded in 1910 in reaction to the discrimination of male-dominated juries of art institutions and societies.[2] During the Second World War the MSWPS opened volunteer headquarters at Grosvenor Chambers (9 Collins Street, Melbourne) where they made and sold handcrafts and art to raise money for the war effort.[3]\nMSWPS has met at heritage-listed Ola Cohn House 41-43 Gipps Street, East Melbourne since the sculptor's death in 1964. She was President of the Society from 1948 to 1964.\nNotable members\n[edit]Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors members included:\n- Cristina Asquith Baker, painter, print-maker (1868–1960)[4]\n- Alice Marian Ellen Bale (1875–1955),[5] Studied at National Gallery School 1895–1904, from 1917 to 1955 a consistent exhibitor with the Women’s Art Club[6]\n- Margaret Francis Ellen Baskerville sculptor (1861–1930)[7]\n- Clarice Beckett (1887–1935) participated in Women’s Art Club shows until the early 1930s.\n- Lina Bryans (1909–2000), exhibited 1940–1965 and prominent in the 1960s, resigned 1966, rejoined 1991—. A Modernist associated with William Frater[8]\n- Ethel Carrick (1872–1952), exhibited with the society in the 1940s and 1950s[9]\n- Ola Cohn (President of the Society from 1948 to her death in 1964[10])\n- Amalie Sara Colquhoun painter (1894–1974)\n- Valeria Helen Correll, sculptor, ceramicist (1886–1973)[11]\n- Sybil Craig (a foundation member)[12][13]\n- Peggie Crombie\n- Janet Cumbrae Stewart\n- Maude Edith Victoria Fleay (1869–1965), Women’s Art Club member from 1929, exhibited with it regularly and was elected a life member in 1964.[14]\n- Frances Margot Freeman (1895–1977) exhibited with the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1923–26, then again in 1938, and regularly showed work in their annual exhibitions until 1971[15]\n- May Butler George (1881–1973), painter and sculptor, joined the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors 1913 and exhibited with it in 1923[16]\n- Gwendolyn Muriel Grant (1877–1968)[17]\n- Henrietta Maria Gulliver (1866 – 1945)\n- Norah Gurdon (1882 - 1974)\n- Margaret Gurney\n- Pat Hillcoat (1935 – 2022)\n- Polly Hurry\n- Marguerite Henriette Mahood, ceramicist (1901–1989)[18]\n- Maidie McGowan (1906–1998)[19]\n- Leopoldine Mimovich OAM (1920–2019)[20]\n- Anne Montgomery\n- Hilda Rix Nicholas\n- Helen Elizabeth Ogilvie (1902–1992)\n- Esther Pat...", "title": "Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson", "text": "Dora Wilson\nDora Lynnell Wilson (31 August 1883 – 21 November 1946) was a British-born Australian artist, best known in her adopted country of Australia for her etchings and street scenes.\nEarly life\n[edit]Dora Lynnell Wilson was born on 31 August 1883 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Her parents were James Wilson, agent, and Annie Maria, née Green.[1] The family emigrated to the state of Victoria in Australia in 1884, when Dora was a year old.\nEducation\n[edit]Wilson was educated at Somerset School and Methodist Ladies' College in Melbourne. From 1901–1906 she studied at the National Gallery under Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin, forming friendships with fellow artists Ruth Hollick,[2] Gwendolyn Grant, Norah Gurdon, and her partner Pegg Clarke.[3] She also took lessons from John Mather with Jessie Traill and Janie Wilkinson Whyte.[1]\nArtistic career\n[edit]Wilson was best known for her etchings, pastels and oils of still lifes and nudes. Her work was praised for her 'strong sense of colour' but also critiqued for demonstrating a 'chocolate box prettiness'.[4] Her work was included in a number of notable exhibitions, including the five week Australian Exhibition of Women's Work in Melbourne, a Royal Academy exhibition of Australian art in London.[5] In 1923 her work, 'Reve d'Or', was reproduced on the cover of Women's World[1] and exhibited at the Société des Artistes Français in Paris.[1]\nHer studio at Collins Street West was the meeting place of ex–Gallery School students who exhibited in 1913–14 as 'The Twelve Melbourne Painters.'[1] This group included Jessie Traill, Janet Cumbrae Stewart, Norah Gurdon, Penleigh Boyd, and Lindsay Bernard Hall.[6] Wilson was also a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors.[7]\nFrom the 1920s onwards she concentrated largely on street scenes, and in 1923 she was commissioned by Sir Baldwin Spencer to undertake a series of paintings of European landmarks, which saw her travelling around Europe for over two years, accompanied by the photographer Pegg Clarke.[1] In 1928 these works were exhibited at the Beaux Arts Gallery, London,[8] and the following year at Australia House. In the early 1930s she focused on historical scenes from Melbourne's history, with an exhibition entitled 'Milestones of Melbourne' held at the Fine Art Society Gallery in March 1935.[9] Her work was received favorably by Arthur Streeton for being \"fresh in colour and treatment and free from the depressing appearance of black paint.\"[10] In 1937 she joined and exhibited with Robert Menzies' Australian Academy of Art.[11]\n-\nExterior view of single story house with steep gabled roof, [between 1900 and 1910]\n-\nUnidentified light house on a cliff, [between 1900 and 1910]\n-\nShips at anchor, [between 1900 and 1910]\nDeath\n[edit]Wilson died of cancer on 21 November 1946 and was cremated at Springvale Cemetery, Melbourne.[12] She made a bequest to the National Gallery trustees in the amount of £1100 as it was her wish to help Australian artists to travel abroad.[13]\nExhibitions\n[edit]- 1943, from 1 December; Inclusion in a group show of ninety-one paintings and etchings with Arnold Shore, Max Meldrum, John Rowell, Jas. Quinn, John Farmer, Mary Hurry, Dora Serle, Margaret Pestell, Allan Jordan, Isabel Tweddle, Aileen Dent, Murray Griffin, Geo. Colville, and Victor Cog. Hawthorn Library.[14]\nFurther reading\n[edit]Notebooks of Dora L Wilson (ca. 1900–1960) [manuscript], State Library Victoria\nDora L. Wilson [Australian art and artists file], State Library Victoria\nMcCaul, Dermot. Chance encounters with Australian art (State Library Victoria)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Lee, Mary Alice. \"Wilson, Dora Lynnell (1883–1946)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 6 February 2018.\n- ^ Van Wyk, Susan (2011). \"Ruth Hollick b. 17 March 1883\". Design & Art Australia Online. Archived from the o...", "title": "Dora Wilson - Wikipedia" } ]	3,229
11	As of July 1, 2024, what is the parent company of the current record label of the singer of Edge of Seventeen?	Warner Music Group	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Seventeen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Records_(1980)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Records	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Seventeen', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Records_(1980)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Records']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Seventeen", "text": "Edge of Seventeen\n\"Edge of Seventeen\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Stevie Nicks from her debut solo studio album Bella Donna (1981), released as the third single from the album on February 4, 1982.[2] The lyrics were written by Nicks to express the grief resulting from the death of her uncle Jonathan and the murder of John Lennon during the same week of December 1980. The song features a distinctive, chugging 16th-note guitar riff, drum beat and a simple chord structure typical of Nicks' songs. The song's title for the single release was \"Edge of Seventeen (Just Like the White Winged Dove)\".\nIn the United States, \"Edge of Seventeen\" just missed the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 11. It became one of Nicks' most enduring and recognizable songs and has been covered by several artists. In 2021, it was ranked No. 217 on Rolling Stone's list of the \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[3]\nBackground and inspiration\n[edit]According to Nicks, the title came from a conversation she had with Tom Petty's first wife, Jane, about the couple's first meeting. Jane said they met \"at the age of seventeen\", but Jane's strong Southern accent made it sound like \"edge of seventeen\" to Nicks. She liked the sound of the phrase so much that she told Jane she would write a song for it and give her credit for the inspiration.[4]\nAlthough Nicks had originally planned to use the title for a song about Tom and Jane Petty,[5] the death of her uncle Jonathan and the murder of John Lennon during the same week of December 1980 inspired a new song for which Nicks used the title.[6] Nicks' producer and lover Jimmy Iovine was a close friend of Lennon, and Nicks felt helpless to comfort him. Soon after, Nicks flew home to Phoenix, Arizona, to be with her uncle Jonathan, who was dying of cancer. She remained with her uncle and his family until his death.[7]\nNicks had never actually heard a dove's call before, as she revealed in 2020 when she had only just heard it recently.[8] The opening lyrics were inspired by a menu she was reading at a Phoenix restaurant in 1980, which said, \"The white wing dove sings a song that sounds like she’s singing ooh, ooh, ooh. She makes her home here in the great Saguaro cactus that provides shelter and protection for her…\".[8]\nComposition and lyrics\n[edit]As is typical of Nicks' songs, the lyrics are highly symbolic. Nicks has said that the white-winged dove represents the spirit leaving the body on death, and some of the verses capture her experience of the days leading up to her uncle Jonathan's death.[9] During the recording session for \"Edge of Seventeen\", someone from Nicks' backing band recommended that they emulate the guitar riff The Police's \"Bring On the Night\", although guitarist Waddy Wachtel was unfamiliar with the song.[10]\n\"I had never heard \"Bring On the Night,\" and at that session they told me they were going to do this song based on this feel. I had heard something about the Police, but I didn't know what they were talking about. Then about two years ago, I had the radio on, and on comes what sounds like \"Edge of Seventeen\" – and all of a sudden, there's Sting's voice! I thought, 'We ripped them off completely!' I called Stevie that night and said, 'Listen to me, don't ever do that again!'\"[10]\nReception\n[edit]Record World praised the song for its \"powerful lyrics, a percolating rhythm section and Stevie's throaty vocal.\"[11] Author Zoë Howe, who wrote the Stevie Nicks – Visions, Dreams and Rumours biography, has described the song as being about \"transforming and elevating the feelings of grief and soaring above them with strength\" and having \"a perfect combination of tough rock 'n' roll grit, raw emotion and full-beam, strut-about-in-platform-boots rock queen glamour.\"[12]\nChart performance\n[edit]\"Edge of Seventeen\" peaked at No. 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks in April 1982.[13] The live version on the B-side reached No. 26 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart. The original ...", "title": "Edge of Seventeen - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Nicks", "text": "Stevie Nicks\nStephanie Lynn Nicks (born May 26, 1948)[1] is an American singer-songwriter, known for her work with the band Fleetwood Mac and as a solo artist.\nAfter starting her career as a duo with her then-boyfriend Lindsey Buckingham, releasing the album Buckingham Nicks to little success, the pair joined Fleetwood Mac in 1975, helping the band to become one of the best-selling music acts of all time with over 120 million records sold worldwide. Rumours, the band's second album with Nicks, became one of the best-selling albums worldwide, being certified 21× platinum in the US.[2] In 1981, while remaining a member of Fleetwood Mac, Nicks began her solo career, releasing the studio album Bella Donna, which topped the Billboard 200 and has reached multiplatinum status.[3] She has released eight studio albums as a solo artist and seven with Fleetwood Mac, selling a certified total of 65 million copies in the US alone.[2]\nAfter the release of her first solo album, Rolling Stone named her the \"Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll\".[4] Nicks was named one of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time[5] and one of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time[6] by Rolling Stone. Her Fleetwood Mac songs \"Landslide\", \"Rhiannon\", and \"Dreams\", with the last being the band's only number one hit in the U.S., together with her solo hit \"Edge of Seventeen\", have all been included in Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[7] Nicks is the first woman to have been inducted twice into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; she was inducted as a member of Fleetwood Mac in 1998 and was inducted as a solo artist in 2019.[8]\nNicks has garnered eight Grammy Award[9] nominations and two American Music Award nominations as a solo artist. She has won numerous awards with Fleetwood Mac, including a Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 1978 for Rumours. The albums Fleetwood Mac, Rumours, and Bella Donna have been included in the \"Greatest of All Time Billboard 200 Albums\" chart by Billboard.[10] Rumours was also rated the seventh-greatest album of all time in Rolling Stone's list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\",[11] as well as the fourth-greatest album by female acts.[12]\nLife and career\n[edit]1948–1971: Early life and career beginnings\n[edit]Stephanie Lynn \"Stevie\" Nicks was born at Good Samaritan Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona to Jess and Barbara Nicks. Nicks is of German, English, Welsh, and Irish ancestry.\nNicks's grandfather, Aaron Jess \"A.J.\" Nicks Sr., taught Nicks to sing duets with him by the time she was four years old. Nicks's mother was protective, keeping her at home \"more than most people\" and fostered in her daughter a love of fairy tales.[13]\nAs a toddler, Stephanie could only pronounce her name as \"tee-dee\", which led to her nickname of \"Stevie\".[14]\nI listened to lots of Top 40 R&B radio. I loved the Shirelles and Martha Reeves and the Vandellas; stuff like \"Remember (Walking in the Sand)\" by The Shangri-Las... [My grandfather] bought me a truckload of records when I was in the fifth grade. There must have been 150 singles: country, rockabilly, some Everly Brothers, a song called \"Party Doll\" that went, \"Come along and be my party doll/And I'll make love to you.\"\n— Stevie Nicks[15]\nHer father's frequent relocation as a vice president of Greyhound had the family living in Phoenix, Albuquerque, El Paso, Salt Lake City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. With the Goya guitar that she received for her 16th birthday, Nicks wrote her first song, titled \"I've Loved and I've Lost, and I'm Sad but Not Blue\". She spent her adolescence playing records constantly and lived in her \"own little musical world\".[16][17][18]\nWhile attending Arcadia High School in Arcadia, California,[19] she joined her first band, the Changing Times, a folk rock band focused on vocal harmonies.[20]\nNicks met her future musical and romantic partner, Lindsey Buckingham, during her senior year at Menlo-Atherton High School in Atherton, California.[21] When she saw B...", "title": "Stevie Nicks - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records", "text": "Reprise Records\nReprise Records is an American record label founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Records, one of its flagship labels.[1]\nArtists currently signed to Reprise Records include Green Day, Enya, Michael Bublé, Eric Clapton, Stevie Nicks, Neil Young,[a] Deftones, Lindsey Buckingham, Josh Groban, Disturbed, Idina Menzel, My Chemical Romance, Gerard Way, Dwight Yoakam, Never Shout Never, and Billy Strings.\nCompany history\n[edit]Beginnings\n[edit]Reprise Records was formed in 1960[1] by Frank Sinatra in order to allow more artistic freedom for his own recordings, because of dissatisfaction with Capitol Records, and after trying to buy Norman Granz's Verve Records.[2] The first album Sinatra released on Reprise was Ring-a -Ding-Ding! Soon thereafter, he garnered the nickname \"The Chairman of the Board\".[3] As CEO of Reprise, Sinatra recruited several artists for the fledgling label, such as fellow Rat Pack members Dean Martin and Sammy Davis Jr. The original roster from 1961 to 1963 included Bing Crosby, Jo Stafford, Rosemary Clooney, Duke Ellington, Nancy Sinatra, Esquivel, and stand-up comedian Redd Foxx. The original Reprise LP label had four different logos, depending on the genre: a riverboat for Pop records (pictured), a cherub for Jazz records, an owl for Spoken Word/Comedy records, and a picture of Sinatra for his records.\nOne of the label's founding principles under Sinatra's leadership was that each artist would have full creative freedom, and at some point complete ownership of their work, including publishing rights. This is the reason why recordings of early Reprise artists (Dean Martin, Jimi Hendrix, the Kinks, etc.) are (in most cases) currently distributed through other labels. In Martin's case, his Reprise recordings were out of print for nearly 20 years before a deal was struck with Capitol Records. Reprise continued to reissue the Sinatra catalog until 2013 when it was sold to Capitol.\nSale to Warner Bros.\n[edit]In August 1963, as part of a film deal, Warner Bros. purchased Reprise (which had been losing money) from Frank Sinatra, who nonetheless retained a 1/3 interest in the label.[2] Many of the older artists on the label were dropped by Warner Bros. Records. Reprise president Mo Ostin was retained as the head of the label and he went on to play a very significant role in the history of the Warner group of labels over the next four decades. Warner-Reprise executives began targeting younger acts, beginning by securing the American distribution rights to the Pye Records recordings by the Kinks in 1964. Reprise soon added teen-oriented pop acts like Dino, Desi & Billy to the roster. As well, Sinatra's own daughter Nancy (who began recording for the label in 1961) was retained by Ostin, becoming a major pop star from late 1965. The label moved almost exclusively to rock-oriented music in the late 1960s, although Frank Sinatra continued to record for the label until the 1980s.\nThrough direct signings or distribution deals, by the 1970s the Reprise roster grew to include Lee Hazlewood, Jill Jackson, Jimi Hendrix, the early Joni Mitchell recordings, Neil Young, the Electric Prunes, Donna Loren, Arlo Guthrie, Norman Greenbaum, Tom Lehrer, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition, Tiny Tim, Ry Cooder, Captain Beefheart, John Sebastian, Family, the early 1970s recordings by Frank Zappa and the Mothers, Gram Parsons, Emmylou Harris, Nico's Desertshore, the Fugs, Jethro Tull, Pentangle, T. Rex, the Meters, John Cale, Gordon Lightfoot, Michael Franks, Richard Pryor, Al Jarreau, Fleetwood Mac, Fanny, and the Beach Boys.\nDormancy\n[edit]In 1976, the Reprise label was deactivated by Warner Bros. and all of its roster (except Frank Sinatra and Neil Young) was moved to the main Warner Bros. label.[2] Although older catalog albums continued to be manufactured with the Reprise logo, and albums by the Beach Boys on Brother Records were issued in the Reprise catalog num...", "title": "Reprise Records - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records", "text": "Atlantic Records\nAtlantic Recording Corporation is an American record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson. Over the course of its first two decades, starting from the release of its first recordings in January 1948,[3] Atlantic earned a reputation as one of the most important American labels, specializing in jazz, R&B, and soul by Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Wilson Pickett, Sam and Dave, Ruth Brown and Otis Redding. Its position was greatly improved by its distribution deal with Stax. In 1967, Atlantic became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, now the Warner Music Group, and expanded into rock and pop music with releases by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Led Zeppelin, and Yes.\nIn 2004, Atlantic and its sister label Elektra were merged into the Atlantic Music Group.[2] Craig Kallman is the chairman of Atlantic. Ahmet Ertegun served as founding chairman until his death on December 14, 2006, at age 83.[4]\nHistory\nFounding and early history\nIn 1944, when their mother and sister returned to Turkey after the death of their father Munir Ertegun, Turkey's first ambassador to the U.S., brothers Nesuhi and Ahmet Ertegun remained in the United States. The brothers were fans of jazz and rhythm & blues, amassing a collection of over 15,000 78 RPM records.[5] Ahmet stayed in Washington to undertake post-graduate music studies at Georgetown University, and immersed himself in the Washington music scene. He entered the record business, which was enjoying a resurgence after wartime restrictions on the shellac used in manufacture had been lifted.[6] He convinced the family dentist, Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and hired Herb Abramson, a dentistry student.\nHerb had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for Al Green at the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee in 1946 but had no interest in its most successful musicians. In September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2,500 in Atlantic.\nAtlantic was incorporated in October 1947 and was run by Herb (president) and Ertegun (vice-president in charge of A&R, production, and promotion). Herb's wife Miriam Abramson ran the label's publishing company, Progressive Music. She did most office duties until 1949, when Atlantic hired its first employee, bookkeeper Francine Wakschal, who remained with the label for the next 49 years.[7] Miriam gained a reputation for toughness. Staff engineer Tom Dowd recalled, \"Tokyo Rose was the kindest name some people had for her\"[8] and Doc Pomus described her as \"an extraordinarily vitriolic woman\".[9] When interviewed in 2009, she attributed her reputation to the company's chronic cash-flow shortage: \"... most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us ... we were undercapitalized for a long time\".[7] The label's office in the Ritz Hotel in Manhattan proved too expensive, so they moved to a room in the Hotel Jefferson.[10][11][12] In the early fifties, Atlantic moved from the Hotel Jefferson to offices at 301 West 54th St and then to 356 West 56th St.\nAtlantic's first recordings were issued in late January 1948 and included \"That Old Black Magic\" by Tiny Grimes and \"The Spider\" by Joe Morris.[13] In its early years, Atlantic concentrated on modern jazz,[11][14][3] although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. Herb also produced \"Magic Records\", children's records with four grooves on each side. Each groove contained a different story, so the story played would be determined by the groove in which the stylus happened to land.[15]\nIn late 1947, James Petrillo, head of the American Federation of Musicians, announced an indefinite ban on all recording activities by union musicians. This came into effect on January 1, 1948. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last throug...", "title": "Atlantic Records - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Records_(1980)", "text": "Modern Records (1980)\nAppearance\nModern Records was a record label founded in 1980 by Stevie Nicks, Danny Goldberg, and Paul Fishkin.[1] Its logo clearly stated the founding year to avoid confusion with the earlier Modern Records. The label had a distribution deal with Atlantic Records in the United States (also had international distribution with WEA and EMI) and Nicks was the biggest artist on the label, with other artists such as Joey Wilson, Venice, Sandy Stewart, Poe, and Natalie Cole also having records released on the label. Modern Records folded in 1999.[2][3] The record label was born out of necessity due to Warner Brothers refusing to sign Nicks as a solo act.\nNotable signed artists\n[edit]- Stevie Nicks\n- Rick Vito\n- Sandy Stewart\n- Joey Wilson\n- Jah Malla\n- Poe\n- Natalie Cole\n- Venice\nReferences\n[edit]External links\n[edit]\nCategories:\n- 1980 establishments in California\n- American record labels\n- Atlantic Records\n- Companies based in Los Angeles\n- Companies established in 1980\n- Entertainment companies based in California\n- Record labels established in 1980\n- Record labels disestablished in 1999\n- Stevie Nicks\n- Vanity record labels\n- United States record label stubs", "title": "Modern Records (1980) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group", "text": "Warner Music Group\nWarner Music Group Corp.,[6] commonly abbreviated as WMG, is an American multinational entertainment and record label conglomerate headquartered in New York City. It is one of the \"Big Three\" recording companies and the third-largest in the global music industry, after Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment.\nFormerly owned by Time Warner, the company sold WMG in 2004 to a group of private investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr., in a move to alleviate Time Warner's debt load related to its merger with AOL. WMG was publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange from 2005 until 2011, when it announced its privatization and sale to Access Industries.[7] It later had its second IPO on Nasdaq in 2020, once again becoming a public company.[8] As of 2025, Access Industries remains the company's largest shareholder, owning 72% of the equity and controlling 98% of the voting power.[citation needed] With a multibillion-dollar annual turnover, WMG employs more than 4,500 people and has operations in more than 50 countries throughout the world.[9] The company owns and operates some of the largest and most successful labels in the world, including Elektra Records, Reprise Records, Warner Records, Parlophone Records (formerly owned by EMI), and Atlantic Records. WMG also owns Warner Chappell Music, one of the world's largest music publishers.\nHistory\n[edit]1950s and 1960s\n[edit]The film studio Warner Bros. had no record label division at the time one of its contracted actors, Tab Hunter, scored a No. 1 hit song in 1957 for Dot Records, a division of rival Paramount Pictures. In order to prevent any repetition of its actors recording for rival companies, and to also capitalize on the music business, Warner Bros. Records was created in 1958; its original office was located above the film studio's machine shop on 3701 Warner Boulevard in Burbank, California.[10][11][12] In 1963, Warner purchased Reprise Records, which had been founded by Frank Sinatra three years earlier so that he could have more creative control over his recordings.[13] With the Reprise acquisition, Warner gained the services of Mo Ostin, who was mainly responsible for the success of Warner/Reprise.[14]\nAfter Warner Bros. was sold to Seven Arts Productions in 1967 (forming Warner Bros.-Seven Arts), it purchased Atlantic Records, founded in 1947 and WMG's oldest label (until WMG completed its acquisition of Parlophone in 2013), as well as its subsidiary Atco Records. This acquisition brought Neil Young into the company fold, initially as a member of Buffalo Springfield. Young became one of Warner's longest-established artists, recording both as a solo artist and with groups under the Warner-owned Atlantic, Atco, and Reprise labels. Young also recorded five albums for Geffen Records during that label's period of Warner distribution. The Geffen catalogue, now owned by Universal Music Group, represents Young's only major recordings not under WMG ownership.\nAtlantic, its subsidiary Atco Records, and its affiliate Stax Records paved the way for Warner's rise to industry prominence. The purchase brought in Atlantic's lucrative back catalogue, which included classic recordings by Ray Charles, the Drifters, the Coasters, and many more. In the mid-1960s, Atlantic/Stax released a string of landmark soul music recordings by artists including Booker T & the MGs, Sam & Dave, Wilson Pickett, Otis Redding, Ben E. King, and Aretha Franklin. Ultimately, the sale led to Stax leaving Atlantic because Seven Arts Productions insisted on keeping the rights to Stax recordings. Atlantic moved decisively into rock and pop in the late 1960s and 1970s, signing major British and American acts including Led Zeppelin, Cream, Crosby Stills & Nash, Yes, Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Genesis, Average White Band, Dr. John, King Crimson, Bette Midler, Roxy Music, and Foreigner.\nAn earlier attempt by Warner Bros. Records to create an in-house distribution arm in 1958 did not materialize. So...", "title": "Warner Music Group - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Records", "text": "Warner Records\nWarner Records Inc. (also known as Warner Bros. Records Inc. until 2019) is an American record label. A subsidiary of Warner Music Group, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California.[1] It was founded on March 19, 1958, as the recorded music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. Pictures.[2]\nHistory\n[edit]Founding\n[edit]At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros. Pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. In 1928, the studio acquired several smaller music publishing firms which included M. Witmark & Sons, Harms Inc., and a partial interest in New World Music Corp., and merged them to form the Music Publishers Holding Company. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, and the new division was soon earning solid profits of up to US$2 million every year.[3]\nIn 1930, Music Publishers Holding Company (MPHC) paid US$28 million to acquire Brunswick Records (which included Vocalion), whose roster included Duke Ellington, Red Nichols, Nick Lucas, Al Jolson, Earl Burtnett, Ethel Waters, Abe Lyman, Leroy Carr, Tampa Red and Memphis Minnie, and soon after the sale to Warner Bros., the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. Unfortunately for Warner Bros., the dual impact of the Great Depression and the introduction of broadcast radio greatly harmed the recording industry—sales crashed, dropping by around 90% from more than 100 million records in 1927 to fewer than 10 million by 1932[4][5] and major companies were forced to halve the price of records from 75 to 35 cents.[6]\nIn December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation (ARC) for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswick's pressing plants. Technically, Warner maintained actual ownership of Brunswick, which with the sale of ARC to CBS in 1939 and their decision to discontinue Brunswick in favor of reviving the Columbia label, reverted to Warner Bros. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time (along with Brunswick's back catalog up to 1931) in 1941, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records (which formed its American operations in 1934) in exchange for a financial interest in Decca.[7] The heavy loss it incurred in the Brunswick deal kept the studio out of the record business for almost 20 years, and during this period it licensed its film music to other companies for release as soundtrack albums.[4]\n1958–1963: Formation and early years\n[edit]Warner Bros. returned to the record business on March 19, 1958, with the establishment of its own recording division, Warner Bros. Records. By this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance—the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a major impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s and, beginning in 1949, anti-trust suits brought by the U.S. government forced the five major studios to divest their cinema chains.\nIn 1956, Harry Warner and Albert Warner sold their interest in the studio and the board was joined by new members who favored a renewed expansion into the music business—Charles Allen of the investment bank Charles Allen & Company, Serge Semenenko of the First National Bank of Boston and investor David Baird. Semenenko in particular had a strong professional interest in the entertainment business and he began to push Jack Warner on the issue of setting up an 'in-house' record label. With the record business booming – sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 – Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros. to make deals with other companies to release its soundtracks when, for less than ...", "title": "Warner Records - Wikipedia" } ]	6,075
12	The Basibasy mine is located in Madagascar. This mine is abundant in a specific chemical element that was discovered for the first time in 1791. The person who discovered this element was born on what is now known as a major US holiday - what holiday is this?	Christmas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basibasy_mine	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gregor	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basibasy_mine', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gregor', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basibasy_mine", "text": "Basibasy mine\nAppearance\nThe Basibasy mine is one of the largest titanium mines in Madagascar.[1] The mine is located in Basibasy, Atsimo-Andrefana.[1] The mine has reserves amounting to 446 million tonnes of ore grading 5.5% titanium.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c \"Basibasy mine\". worldtitaniumresources.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-28.", "title": "Basibasy mine - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium", "text": "Titanium\nTitanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength that is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.\nTitanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth after the Titans of Greek mythology. The element occurs within a number of minerals, principally rutile and ilmenite, which are widely distributed in the Earth's crust and lithosphere; it is found in almost all living things, as well as bodies of water, rocks, and soils.[12] The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll and Hunter processes.[13] The most common compound, titanium dioxide (TiO2), is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments.[14] Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), a component of smoke screens and catalysts; and titanium trichloride (TiCl3), which is used as a catalyst in the production of polypropylene.[12]\nTitanium can be alloyed with iron, aluminium, vanadium, and molybdenum, among other elements. The resulting titanium alloys are strong, lightweight, and versatile, with applications including aerospace (jet engines, missiles, and spacecraft), military, industrial processes (chemicals and petrochemicals, desalination plants, pulp, and paper), automotive, agriculture (farming), sporting goods, jewelry, and consumer electronics.[12] Titanium is also considered one of the most biocompatible metals, leading to a range of medical applications including prostheses, orthopedic implants, dental implants, and surgical instruments.[15]\nThe two most useful properties of the metal are its corrosion resistance and tensile-strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element,[16] although resistance to tensile stress does not mean it has the highest ratio for other stresses: bulk compression, shear, and pressure wave. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as tensile-strong as some steels, but less dense.[17] There are two allotropic forms[18] and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant (73.8%).[19]\nCharacteristics\nPhysical properties\nAs a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio.[18] It is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile (especially in an oxygen-free environment),[12] lustrous, and metallic-white in color.[20] Due to its relatively high melting point (1,668 °C or 3,034 °F) it has sometimes been described as a refractory metal, but this is not the case.[21] It is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals.[12] Titanium is superconducting when cooled below its critical temperature of 0.49 K.[22][23]\nCommercially pure (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa (63,000 psi), equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, but are less dense. Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong[17] as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys (e.g., Beta C) achieve tensile strengths of over 1,400 MPa (200,000 psi).[24] However, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C (806 °F).[25]\nTitanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel; it is non-magnetic and a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Machining requires precautions, because the material can gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a fatigue limit that guarantees longevity in some applications.[20]\nThe metal is a dimorphic allotrope of a hexagonal close packed α form that changes into a body-centered cubic (lattice) β form at 882 °C (1,620 °F).[25][26] The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition tempe...", "title": "Titanium - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gregor", "text": "William Gregor\nWilliam Gregor (25 December 1761 – 11 June 1817) was a British clergyman and mineralogist who discovered the elemental metal Titanium.\nEarly years\n[edit]He was born at the Trewarthenick Estate in Cornwall, the son of Francis Gregor and Mary Copley[1] and the brother of Francis Gregor, MP for Cornwall.[2] He was educated at Bristol Grammar School, where he became interested in chemistry, then after two years with a private tutor entered St John's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1784 and MA in 1787.[3] He was ordained in the Church of England. He became vicar of St Mary's Church Diptford[1][4] near Totnes, Devon. He married Charlotte Anne Gwatkin in 1790 and they had one daughter, Charlotte-Anne Gregor.[5]\nDiscovery of titanium\n[edit]After a brief interval at Bratton Clovelly, in 1793 William and his family moved permanently to the rectory of Creed in Cornwall. Here he continued his remarkably accurate chemical analysis of minerals, most of which came from Cornwall, such as the zeolites found in gabbro on The Lizard. He also analysed wavellite, tourmaline, and the uranium minerals torbernite and autunite, the arsenate scorodite, the lead mineral mimetite and the nickel mineral niccolite,[5] and others. But he is best known for one of his earliest discoveries: in 1791, while analysing the minerals in a black sand he had discovered in the Manaccan valley, he isolated the calx of an unknown metal which he named manaccanite.[1] Later in 1791, Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovered what is now known as the transition metal, titanium in the mineral rutile. Believing this to be a new discovery, Klaproth named it titanium after the Titans of Greek Mythology, but eventually it was clarified that Gregor made the discovery first. Gregor was credited with the discovery, but the element kept the name chosen by Klaproth. Gregor later found titanium in corundum from Tibet, and in a tourmaline from a local tin mine.\nDeath and legacy\n[edit]Gregor was made an honorary member of the Geological Society of London on its inception in 1807, and was a founding member of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall in 1814.[1] His friends and correspondents included John Hawkins, Philip Rashleigh and John Ayrton Paris. Never letting his scientific work interfere with his pastoral duties, he was also a distinguished landscape painter, etcher and musician. He died of tuberculosis on 11 June 1817 and was buried at nearby Cornelly church.[6]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d Boase, G. C.; McConnell, Anita (October 2005). \"Gregor, William (1761–1817), mineralogist and Church of England clergyman\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11451. Retrieved 21 May 2008. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)\n- ^ Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry 1847. on Googlebooks, (Accessed 20 March 2008)\n- ^ \"Gregor, William (GRGR780W)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. cf. The Times, Monday, 18 June 1787; pg. 3; Issue 776; col C\n- ^ Diptford on Genuki website and Devon Libraries Local History page on Diptford(no mention of Gregor)\n- ^ a b Russell, Arthur (June 1955). \"The Rev. William Gregor (1761-1817), discoverer of titanium\" (PDF). The Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. Vol. XXX, no. 229. pp. 617–624. doi:10.1180/minmag.1955.030.229.01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2007.\n- ^ \"Burial, William Gregor, Cornelly Parish\". www.cornwall-opc-database.org. Retrieved 15 October 2022.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Works by or about William Gregor at Wikisource\n- Boase, George Clement. . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 23. pp. 89–90.\n- 1761 births\n- 1817 deaths\n- People from Tregony\n- Geologists from Cornwall\n- People educated at Bristol Grammar School\n- Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge\n- 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis\n- Discoverers of chem...", "title": "William Gregor - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas", "text": "Christmas\nChristmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25[a] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A liturgical feast central to Christianity, Christmas preparation begins on the First Sunday of Advent. This is followed by Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many countries and is observed by a majority of Christians; it is also celebrated culturally by many non-Christians and forms an integral part of the annual holiday season.\nThe traditional Christmas narrative recounted in the New Testament, known as the Nativity of Jesus, says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room, and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds, who then spread the word.\nThere are different hypotheses regarding the date of the birth of Jesus. In the early fourth century, the church fixed the date as December 25, the date of the winter solstice in the Roman Empire. It is nine months after Annunciation on March 25, also the Roman date of the spring equinox. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, celebrating that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity is more important than knowing Jesus Christ's exact birth date.\nThe customs associated with Christmas in various countries have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Popular holiday traditions include gift-giving; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas music and carolling; watching Christmas films; viewing a Nativity play; an exchange of Christmas cards; attending church services; a special meal; and displaying various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, poinsettias, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. Additionally, several related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, Christmas has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. Over the past few centuries, Christmas has had a steadily growing economic effect in many regions of the world.\nEtymology\nThe English word Christmas is a shortened form of 'Christ's Mass'.[5] The word is recorded as Crīstesmæsse in 1038 and Cristes-messe in 1131.[6] Crīst (genitive Crīstes) is from the Greek Χριστός (Khrīstos, 'Christ'), a translation of the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Māšîaḥ, 'Messiah'), meaning 'anointed';[7][8] and mæsse is from the Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist.[9]\nThe form Christenmas was also used during some periods, but is now considered archaic.[10] The term derives from Middle English Cristenmasse.[11] Xmas is an abbreviation of Christmas, particularly in print, based on the initial letter chi (Χ) in the Greek Χριστός (Christ), although some style guides discourage its use.[12] This abbreviation has a precedent in Middle English Χρ̄es masse (where Χρ̄ is another abbreviation of the Greek word).[11]\nOther names\nThe Anglo-Saxons referred to Christmas as midwinter.[13][14] The period corresponding to December and January was called Gēola ('Yule'), and this term was eventually equated with Christmastide;[15...", "title": "Christmas - Wikipedia" } ]	3,106
13	One of Barbara Kingsolver's best known novels is about an American missionary family which moves to Africa. At the time, the country they move to was a Belgian colony. Which year did it become independent?	1960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poisonwood_Bible	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poisonwood_Bible', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver", "text": "Barbara Kingsolver\nBarbara Ellen Kingsolver (born April 8, 1955) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, essayist, and poet. Her widely known works include The Poisonwood Bible, the tale of a missionary family in the Congo, and Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, a nonfiction account of her family's attempts to eat locally. In 2023, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for the novel Demon Copperhead.[1][2] Her work often focuses on topics such as social justice, biodiversity, and the interaction between humans and their communities and environments.\nKingsolver has received numerous awards, including the Dayton Literary Peace Prize's Richard C. Holbrooke Distinguished Achievement Award in 2011 and the National Humanities Medal. After winning for The Lacuna in 2010 and Demon Copperhead in 2023, Kingsolver became the first author to win the Women's Prize for Fiction twice.[3][4] Since 1993, each one of her book titles have been on the New York Times Best Seller list.[5]\nKingsolver was raised in rural Kentucky, lived briefly in the Congo in her early childhood, and currently lives in Virginia, in the Appalachia region.[2][6] Kingsolver earned degrees in biology, ecology, and evolutionary biology at DePauw University and the University of Arizona, and worked as a freelance writer before she began writing novels. In 2000, the politically progressive Kingsolver established the Bellwether Prize to support \"literature of social change\".\nBiography\n[edit]Kingsolver was born in 1955 in Annapolis, Maryland, the daughter of Wendell Roy Kingsolver and Virginia Lee (née Henry) Kingsolver, but grew up in Carlisle, Kentucky.[7][8] When Kingsolver was seven, her father, a physician, took the family to Léopoldville, Congo (now Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo).[7][9]\nAfter graduating from high school, Kingsolver attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, on a music scholarship, studying classical piano. She changed her major to biology after realizing that \"classical pianists compete for six job openings a year, and the rest of [them] get to play 'Blue Moon' in a hotel lobby\".[8][2]\nKingsolver was involved in activism on her campus, and took part in protests against the Vietnam War.[7] In 1977, Kingsolver graduated Phi Beta Kappa[10] with a Bachelor of Science, and moved to France for a year. In 1980, she enrolled in graduate school at the University of Arizona,[8] where she earned a master's degree in ecology and evolutionary biology.[11][12]\nIn 1985, Kingsolver married Joseph Hoffmann, and gave birth to their daughter Camille in 1987.[13][14] During the first First Gulf War, she moved with her daughter to Tenerife in the Canary Islands for a year, mostly due to her frustration over America's military involvement.[15] After returning to the United States in 1992, she separated from her husband.[14]\nIn 1994, Kingsolver was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters from her alma mater, DePauw University.[16] That same year, she married Steven Lee Hopp, an ornithologist, and their daughter Lily was born in 1996. In 2004, Kingsolver moved with her family to a farm in Washington County, Virginia.[7] In 2008, she received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Duke University, where she delivered a commencement address entitled \"How to Be Hopeful\".[17]\nIn the late 1990s, Kingsolver was a founding member of the Rock Bottom Remainders, a rock-and-roll band made up of published writers. Other band members included Amy Tan, Matt Groening, Dave Barry, and Stephen King, and they played for one week during the year. Kingsolver played the keyboard, but is no longer an active member of the band.[18]\nIn a 2010 interview with The Guardian, Kingsolver said, \"I never wanted to be famous, and still don't… the universe rewarded me with what I dreaded most\". She said she created her own website just to compete with a plethora of fake ones \"as a defense to protect my family from misinformation\".[19]\nKingsolver lives in the Appalachia a...", "title": "Barbara Kingsolver - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poisonwood_Bible", "text": "The Poisonwood Bible\nThe Poisonwood Bible is a 1998 novel by Barbara Kingsolver, which tells the story of a missionary family, the Prices, who in 1959 move from the U.S. state of Georgia to the village of Kilanga in the Belgian Congo, close to the Kwilu River.\nThe novel's title refers to Bible errata. The father of the family creates his own \"misprint\" of the Bible. He concludes his sermons with the Kikongo expression \"Tata Jesus is bängala\" with the intent of saying \"Jesus is most precious\". In his hurried mispronunciation, he actually says \"Jesus is poisonwood\".\nPlot\n[edit]Orleanna Price, the mother of the family, narrates the introductory chapter in five of the novel's seven sections. The narrative then alternates among the four daughters. The four girls increasingly mature and develop differently as each adapts to African village life and the political turmoil that overtakes the Belgian Congo in the 1960s.\nThe Price family packs up their belongings for their flight to the Congo, where they are going to spend a year as the family of a missionary. However, shortly before leaving, they are informed that they are limited to 44 pounds of luggage per person. The Southern Baptist Mission League suggests they solve this problem by leaving for the airport wearing many layers of clothing, hiding household items among the layers of clothes to lighten their luggage.\nThe Price daughters – Rachel, Leah, Adah and Ruth May – and their mother, Orleanna, and father, Nathan, attend their first church service in the village of Kilanga, and they realize how different their culture is from that of the Congo. For example, 14-year-old Leah helps her father plant a \"demonstration garden\"; it immediately receives criticism from Mama Tataba, whom the family has engaged as a live-in maid, and the garden does poorly due to the inappropriate climate. Nathan tries to hold an impromptu Easter celebration in hopes of baptizing numerous people, but he is unable to carry this out, as the river along the village, where he plans to hold the baptism, is infested with crocodiles.\nLeah and her twin Adah begin to spy on Eeben Axelroot, the pilot who conveyed the family to Kilanga, and Nathan tries to convince Congolese men, one by one, to convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, five-year-old Ruth May befriends the village children. She finds out about Axelroot's business with the diamonds after breaking her arm.\nAfter Mama Tataba departs, an orphan boy named Nelson becomes the family servant. Nathan and Leah go to Leopoldville (present day Kinshasa) to witness what is going on with the independence in the Congo. Methuselah (a parrot the Prices adopted from the previous missionary) dies, and Adah finds his feathers. Ruth May becomes very sick and lies in bed for the majority of the day. Leah begins to spend a lot of time with Anatole, Kilanga's teacher, discussing topics such as justice and the Congo. Leah wants to participate in the hunt, which upsets the village elders, as it would go against their custom, but she eventually is allowed to participate and even hunts an antelope.\nThe girls all gather together in the morning to check out the chicken coop. Inside they find footprints and a green mamba snake. A scream and gasp is heard from Ruth May, who has been bitten by the snake. The girls watch her turn cold and blue before she dies. Orleanna becomes filled with guilt over Ruth May's death, and takes the other children away, leaving her arrogant husband to fend for himself. With Anatole's help, they eventually reach safety.[1]\nThe remaining Price sisters go through many different life changes: Adah dedicates herself to getting a scientific education back home (she is hemiplegic and wants to learn more about the condition); Leah marries Anatole and they start a family together; Rachel remains perceptive but vain and distrustful of men, goes through a string of marriages, and starts a business; and Nathan dies in his unsuccessful mission: killed by a mob of Kilanga's ...", "title": "The Poisonwood Bible - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo", "text": "Belgian Congo\nThe Belgian Congo (French: Congo belge, pronounced [kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]; Dutch: Belgisch-Congo)[a] was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. It is today the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).\nColonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of the Belgians attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexploited Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold establishing a colony himself. With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition of the Congo Free State in 1885.[7] By the end of the 19th century, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did by creating the Belgian Congo in 1908.[8]\nBelgian rule in the Congo was based on the \"colonial trinity\" (trinité coloniale) of state, missionary and private-company interests.[9] The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised. On many occasions, the interests of the government and of private enterprise became closely linked, and the state helped companies to break strikes and to remove other barriers raised by the indigenous population.[9] The colony was divided into hierarchically organised administrative subdivisions and run uniformly according to a set \"native policy\" (politique indigène). This differed from the practice of British and French colonial policy, which generally favoured systems of indirect rule, retaining traditional leaders in positions of authority under colonial oversight.[clarification needed]\nDuring the 1940s and 1950s, the Belgian Congo experienced extensive urbanisation and the colonial administration began various development programs aimed at making the territory into a \"model colony\".[10] One result saw the development of a new middle-class of Europeanised African \"évolués\" in the cities.[10] By the 1950s, the Congo had a wage labour force twice as large as that in any other African colony.[11]\nIn 1960, as the result of a widespread and increasingly radical pro-independence movement, the Belgian Congo achieved independence, becoming the Republic of the Congo under Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and President Joseph Kasa-Vubu. Poor relations between political factions within the Congo, the continued involvement of Belgium in Congolese affairs, and the intervention by major parties (mainly the United States and the Soviet Union) during the Cold War led to a five-year-long period of war and political instability, known as the Congo Crisis, from 1960 to 1965. This ended with the seizure of power by Joseph-Désiré Mobutu in November 1964.\nCongo Free State\n[edit]Until the later part of the 19th century, few Europeans had ventured into the Congo Basin. The rainforest, swamps and accompanying malaria and other tropical diseases, such as sleeping sickness, made it a difficult environment for European exploration and exploitation. In 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium organized the International African Association with the cooperation of the leading African explorers and the support of several European governments for the promotion of the exploration and colonization of Africa. After Henry Morton Stanley had explored the region in a journey that ended in 1878, Leopold courted the explorer and hired him to help his interests in the region.[12]\nLeopold II had been keen to acquire a colony for Belgium even before he ascended to the throne in 1865. The Belgian civil government showed little interest in its monarch's dreams of empire-building. Ambitious and stubborn, Leopold decided to pursue the matter on his own account.\nEuropean rivalry in Central Africa led to diplomatic tensions, in particular with regard to the Congo Basin, ...", "title": "Belgian Congo - Wikipedia" } ]	2,710
14	Which football player got 15 or more assists in La Liga during the 2010-2011 season and also played for Arsenal at one point in his career?	This was Mesut Ozil.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–11_La_Liga	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_Özil	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Alves	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–11_La_Liga', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_Özil', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Alves', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–11_La_Liga", "text": "2010–11 La Liga\nThe 2010–11 La Liga (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 80th season of La Liga since its establishment. The campaign began on 28 August 2010, and concluded on 21 May 2011. A total of 20 teams contested the league, 17 of which already partook in the 2009–10 season, and three of which were promoted from the Segunda División. In addition, a new match ball – the Nike Total 90 Tracer – served as the official ball for all matches.[6]\nDefending champions Barcelona secured a third consecutive and overall 21st La Liga title following a 1–1 draw with Levante on 11 May 2011.[7][8] The result gave Barcelona a six-point lead with two matches remaining which, combined with their superior head-to-head record against Real Madrid, ensured that they would finish top of the table.[9] Barcelona led the table since defeating Real Madrid 5–0 on 23 November 2010. From that point onwards, they lost only one match en route to winning the title.[10] Barcelona's Lionel Messi won La Liga's Award for Best Player for a third straight year.\nThe season was again dominated by Barcelona and Real Madrid, with second-place Madrid 21 points ahead of third-place Valencia.[11] Having also faced off in the Champions League semi-finals and the Copa del Rey final, the top two rivals met four times over seventeen days, for a total of five meetings this season.[12]\nTeams\n[edit]Real Valladolid, CD Tenerife and Xerez CD were relegated to the Segunda División after finishing the 2009–10 season in the bottom three places. Tenerife and Xerez made their immediate return to the second level after just one year in the Spanish top flight, while Valladolid ended a three-year tenure in La Liga.\nThe relegated teams were replaced by 2009–10 Segunda División champions Real Sociedad from San Sebastián, runners-up Hércules CF from Alicante and Levante UD from Valencia. Hércules returned to the highest Spanish football league for the first time after 13 years, while Real Sociedad and Levante terminated their second-level status after three and two years, respectively.\nStadia and locations\n[edit]Personnel and sponsorship\n[edit]^ Barcelona makes a donation to UNICEF in order to display the charity's logo on the club's kit.\nManagerial changes\n[edit]League table\n[edit]Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th head-to-head goals scored; 5th goal difference; 6th number of goals scored; 7th Fair-play points\n(C) Champions; (R) Relegated\nNotes:\n- ^ a b c SEV: 7 pts; ATH: 6 pts; ATM: 4 pts\n- ^ The 2010–11 Copa del Rey champions (Real Madrid) and runners-up (Barcelona) qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, thus the 7th-placed team qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League.\n- ^ a b OSA 1–1 SPG; SPG 1–1 OSA\n- ^ a b MLG 4–1 RAC; RAC 1–2 MLG\n- ^ a b c ZAR: 9 pts; LEV: 4 pts → LEV 2–1 RSO; RSO: 4 pts → RSO 1–1 LEV\n- ^ a b GET 3–0 MLL; MLL 2–0 GET\nResults\n[edit]Awards\n[edit]La Liga Awards\n[edit]La Liga's governing body, the Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional, honoured the competition's best players and coach with Awards.[33]\nTop goalscorers\n[edit]Top assists\n[edit]- Source: ESPN Soccernet Archived 26 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine\nZamora Trophy\n[edit]The Ricardo Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper Marca to the goalkeeper with the lowest ratio of goals conceded to matches played. A goalkeeper had to play at least 28 matches of 60 or more minutes to be eligible for the trophy.[35]\n- Source: futbol.sportec\nFair Play award\n[edit]This award was given annually since 1999 to the team with the best fair play during the season. This ranking took into account aspects[36] such as cards, suspension of matches, audience behaviour and other penalties. This section not only aims to know this aspect, but also serves to break the tie in teams that are tied in all the other rules: points, head-to-head, goal difference and goals scored.\n- Source: 2010–11 Fair Play Rankings Season.[37]\nSources of cards and ...", "title": "2010–11 La Liga - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesut_Özil", "text": "Mesut Özil\nMesut Özil (German pronunciation: [ˈmeːzut ˈøːzil], Turkish: [meˈsut œˈzil]; born 15 October 1988) is a German former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. Known for his ball control, technical skills, creativity, passing skills, and vision, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest midfielders and playmakers of his generation.[3][4][5] He could also play as a wide midfielder.\nBorn and raised in Gelsenkirchen, Özil began his senior club career playing for hometown club Schalke 04, before signing with Werder Bremen in 2008, aged 19. After winning the DFB-Pokal in his first season, his individual performances led to a move to Real Madrid in 2010.[6] There, he helped the club win a La Liga title, and ranked first in league assists for three straight seasons.[7] In 2013, Özil signed for Arsenal in a transfer worth up to £42.5 million (€50 million), becoming the most expensive German player ever at the time. It was also a club-record transfer fee for Arsenal until 2017.[8] In England, he won four FA Cups and helped end Arsenal's nine-year trophy drought, while recording the second most assists ever (19) in a Premier League season. In 2021, Özil joined Fenerbahçe on a free transfer; after his contract with the club was terminated in 2022, he signed with İstanbul Başakşehir, before retiring in 2023.\nA German international for over nine years,[9] Özil holds the record for the most German National Team Player of the Year awards (five). He made his senior debut for the Germany national team in 2009 at age 20, and appeared in five major tournaments. He was the top assist provider at the 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012, where he helped Germany twice reach the semi-final. Özil helped Germany win the 2014 FIFA World Cup, but retired from international competition in 2018, alleging what he saw as discrimination and disrespect by the German Football Association (DFB) and German media.\nEarly life\nÖzil[10] was born on 15 October 1988,[11] in Gelsenkirchen, North Rhine-Westphalia, as a son of Turkish immigrants.[12] His grandfather moved as a Gastarbeiter from Zonguldak, Turkey to West Germany.[13] He played, at youth level, for various clubs in Gelsenkirchen between 1995 and 2000, before a five-year stint with Rot-Weiss Essen.[citation needed]\nClub career\nSchalke 04\nIn 2005, Özil moved to the youth system of Schalke 04. He was deployed a midfielder and wore 17 as his squad number, after starting as a playmaker and central attacking midfielder in the place of the suspended Lincoln in DFL-Ligapokal matches against Bayer Leverkusen and Bayern Munich.[14] Upon making the first team at Schalke, he was described in the German press as \"the next big thing\". However, soon after declining an offer from Schalke 04, claiming that a yearly salary of €1.5 million would not be enough, he eventually fell out with club management and moved on to Werder Bremen in January 2008.[15] This led to Mirko Slomka, the then-Schalke manager, claiming that Özil would not play another match for Schalke.[16]\nWerder Bremen\nOn 31 January 2008, Özil moved to Werder Bremen for a reported fee of €5 million, signing a contract with the German club until 30 June 2011. Other than Werder Bremen, Hannover 96 and VfB Stuttgart were reportedly interested as well in binding Özil to their respective clubs, however did not want to pay such a high transfer fee.[17] After transferring to Werder Bremen, Özil got the jersey number 11. On 26 April 2008 (30th match day) Özil scored the go-ahead goal in the 33rd minute against Karlsruher SC, to put his team up 2–1, this was Özil's first Bundesliga goal. He played in twelve games throughout the second half of the season, six times playing in the starting formation, becoming second with Werder Bremen in the Bundesliga at the end of the 2007–08 season.[citation needed]\nAlthough Bremen failed to get going in their 2008–09 Bundesliga season, eventually finishing a disappointing tenth, Özil made 3 goals an...", "title": "Mesut Özil - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Alves", "text": "Dani Alves\nDaniel Alves da Silva (Portuguese: [dɐniˈɛw ˈawviz dɐ ˈsiwvɐ]; born 6 May 1983) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a right-back. Widely regarded as one of the best full-backs of all time, he is also one of the most decorated players with 43 trophies.\nStarting his career at Bahia in 2001, Alves went on to have a successful six-year spell with Sevilla, winning two UEFA Cups and the Copa del Rey. He joined Barcelona for €32.5 million,[3] becoming the third-most expensive defender of all-time at the time. He won the treble in his first season with the club and in the next season, won the Supercopa de España, UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup. Additionally, he helped the club to clinch another two Supercopa de España, five La Liga titles and two UEFA Champions League titles in the years that followed.\nIn 2016, Juventus signed Alves on a free transfer.[4] He won the 2016–17 Serie A title and 2016–17 Coppa Italia in his only season with the side, also reaching the Champions League Final.[5] In 2017, Alves joined French side Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer, winning a domestic treble in his first season, followed by another league title the following season.[6] In 2019, he returned to his home country, joining São Paulo, and winning the 2021 Campeonato Paulista with them. He returned to Barcelona in 2021 for one season, and joined Mexican club UNAM in 2022. UNAM terminated his contract in 2023 after he was charged with sexual assault.\nA full international for Brazil from 2006 to 2022, Alves is the nation's third most-capped player of all time. He was included in their squads for three FIFA World Cups and five Copa América tournaments, winning the 2007 and 2019 editions of the latter competition, as well as the 2009 and 2013 FIFA Confederations Cups. At the Summer Olympics in 2020, he won a gold medal. Individually, Alves was named in the IFFHS CONMEBOL Team of the Decade (2011–2020), FIFA Confederations Cup Team of the Tournament (2013), the Copa América Team of the Tournament (2019), and was awarded the Copa América Best Player (2019).\nEarly life\nAlves was born in Juazeiro, a city in the Brazilian state of Bahia, to father Domingos Alves da Silva, a farmer. He played football with the neighboring kids. Alves' father had a passion for football as well, and eventually managed to organize his own football team. Alves, at age 6, started as a winger, but because of the lack of goals he scored, his father re-positioned him as a right back, a position he still plays up to this day. Alves worked as a farmer and a trader in his youth.[7][8]\nClub career\nBahia\nAlves made his professional debut for Bahia in a match against Paraná Clube for the 2001 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. Bahia won 3–0, with Alves providing two assists and winning a penalty for the other goal. Head coach Evaristo de Macedo thereafter gave him a starting place in the team. In Bahia, he won the 2002 Copa do Nordeste. His consistently good performances landed him a transfer, at first on loan, to Spanish side Sevilla, midway through 2002.[9]\nSevilla\nAfter 2002–03, on loan to Sevilla from Bahia, Alves travelled to play in the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship, where he impressed as Brazil won the tournament. He was named the third-best player of the tournament and, after this, the Sevilla move was made permanent.\nIn June 2006, Sevilla agreed to sell Alves to Liverpool, but Liverpool were unable to match Sevilla's asking price of around £8 million.[10] In December 2006, he signed a new contract with Sevilla, tying him to the club until 2012.[11] He had a successful 2006–07 season, making 47 appearances and scoring 5 goals. He played in every one of Sevilla's UEFA Cup matches, in a competition which the club went on to win.\nFrom his years in Spain, Alves acquired Spanish citizenship, thus allowing him to bypass any non-EU quota restrictions and exempting him from needing a work permit to play in any EU countries.[12]\nOn 1 Augus...", "title": "Dani Alves - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi", "text": "Lionel Messi\nLionel Andrés \"Leo\" Messi[note 1] (born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in history, Messi has set numerous records for individual accolades won throughout his professional footballing career, including eight Ballon d'Ors, six European Golden Shoes, and eight times being named the world's best player by FIFA.[note 2] In 2025, he was named the All Time Men's World Best Player by the IFFHS. He is the most decorated player in the history of professional football having won 46 team trophies.[note 3] Messi's records include most goals in a calendar year (91), most goals for a single club (672 for Barcelona), most goals in La Liga (474), most assists in international football (61), most goal contributions in the FIFA World Cup (21), and most goal contributions in the Copa América (32). A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi has scored over 890 senior career goals and provided over 400 assists for club and country—the most of any player—resulting in over 1,300 goal contributions, the highest total in the sport's history.[25]\nMessi made his competitive debut for Barcelona at age 17 in October 2004. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and during his first uninterrupted season at age 22 in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football. This resulted in Messi winning the first of four consecutive Ballon d'Ors, and by the 2011–12 season he set the European record for most goals in a season and established himself as Barcelona's all-time top scorer. During the 2014–15 campaign, where he became the all-time top scorer in La Liga, he led Barcelona to a historic second treble, leading to a fifth Ballon d'Or in 2015. He assumed Barcelona's captaincy in 2018 and won a record sixth Ballon d'Or in 2019. At Barcelona, Messi won a club-record 34 trophies, including ten La Liga titles and four Champions Leagues, among others. Financial difficulties at Barcelona led to Messi signing with French club Paris Saint-Germain in August 2021, where he won the Ligue 1 title during both of his seasons there. He joined MLS club Inter Miami in July 2023, leading the club to win their first MLS Cup in 2025, whilst also winning back-to-back league MVP awards in 2024 and 2025.\nAn Argentine international, Messi is the national team's all-time leading goalscorer and most-capped player. Several years after his senior debut in 2005, he won the gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Assuming captaincy in 2011, he led Argentina to three consecutive finals in the 2014 World Cup, the 2015 Copa América and the Copa América Centenario, all of which they lost. After initially announcing his international retirement in 2016, he returned to help his country narrowly qualify for the 2018 World Cup. Messi was central to ending Argentina's 28-year trophy drought by winning the 2021 Copa América, which helped him secure his seventh Ballon d'Or that year. In the following year, he led Argentina to winning the 2022 World Cup, the country's first in 36 years. This followed with a record-extending eighth Ballon d'Or in 2023. Messi was victorious at the 2024 Copa América, his third major international title.\nMessi has endorsed sportswear company Adidas since 2006. According to France Football, he was the world's highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world's highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2019 and 2022. Messi was among Time's 100 most influential people in the world in 2011, 2012, and 2023. In 2020 and 2023, he was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, the first team-sport athlete to win it. In 2020, Messi was named to the Ballon d'Or Dream Team and became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1 billion in career earnings. Following...", "title": "Lionel Messi - Wikipedia" } ]	4,282
15	In Slovakia there is a well known Film Festival called the Bratistlava International Film Festival. What city/ town was the film editor for the Grand Prix winner of 2003 born in?	Roudnice nad Labem	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava_International_Film_Festival", "text": "Bratislava International Film Festival\nAppearance\nThe Bratislava International Film Festival (also known as Bratislava IFF) is an international film festival held annually in Bratislava, Slovakia.[1] It was established in 1999.[2]\nApart from the international competition programme, it also regularly features renowned authors' film retrospectives, a European film program, independent film programmes and various theme programmes.\nAwards\n[edit]Awards are presented in the following categories:\n- Grand Prix for best film in the international competition\n- Best Director\n- Best Actress\n- Best Actor\n- FIPRESCI Award for best film, as determined by a jury of film critics\nAward winners\n[edit]Grand Prix\n[edit]2003 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – Bored in Brno (directed by Vladimír Morávek, Czech Republic)\n- Best Director – Li Yang (Blind Shaft, China)\n- Best Actress – Kateřina Holánová (Bored in Brno, Czech Republic)\n- Best Actor – Maruf Pulodzoda (Angel on the Right, Tajikistan)\n- FIPRESCI Award – The Island (directed by Constanza Quatriglio, Italy)\n2004 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – Or (My Treasure) (directed by Keren Yedaya, Israel)\n- Best Director – Atiq Rahimi (Earth and Ashes, Afghanistan)\n- Best Actress – Lindsay Duncan and Paula Sage (AfterLife, United Kingdom)\n- Best Actor – Pietro Sibille (Days of Santiago, Peru)\n- FIPRESCI Award – Private Madness (directed by Joachim Lafosse, Belgium)\n2005 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – The Cave of the Yellow Dog (directed by Byambasuren Davaa, Mongolia)\n- Best Director – George Clooney (Good Night, and Good Luck., United States)\n- Best Actress – Stephanie James (A Way of Life, United Kingdom)\n- Best Actor – Pavel Liška (Something Like Happiness, Czech Republic)\n- FIPRESCI Award – Everything Is Illuminated (directed by Liev Schreiber, United States)\n2006 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – 4:30 (directed by Royston Tan, Singapore)\n- Best Director – Amat Escalante (Blood, Mexico)\n- Best Actress – Hermila Guedes (Suely in the Sky, Brazil)\n- Best Actor – Antoni Pawlicki (Retrieval, Poland)\n- FIPRESCI Award – Retrieval (directed by Slawomir Fabicki, Poland)\n2007 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – Blind Mountain (directed by Li Yang, China)\n- Best Director – Veiko Õunpuu (The Autumn Ball, Estonia)\n- Best Actress – Julie Kolbeck (The Art of Crying, Denmark)\n- Best Actor – Sam Riley (Control, United Kingdom)\n- FIPRESCI Award – Tricks (directed by Andrzej Jakimowski, Poland)\n2008 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – Mid–August Lunch (directed by Gianni Di Gregorio, Italy)\n- Best Director – Amat Escalante (The Bastards, Mexico, France, United States)\n- Best Actress – Nada Abou Farhat (Under the Bombs, Lebanon, France, United Kingdom, Belgium)\n- Best Actor – Zsolt Anger (The Investigator, Hungary, Sweden, Ireland)\n- FIPRESCI Award – Under the Bombs (directed by Philippe Aractingi, Lebanon, France, United Kingdom, Belgium)\n2009 IFF Bratislava\n[edit]- Grand Prix – The Day God Walked Away (directed by Philippe Van Leeuw, Belgium, France)\n- Best Director – Kamen Kalev (Eastern Plays, Bulgaria, Sweden)\n- Best Actress – Ruth Nirere (The Day God Walked Away, France, Belgium)\n- Best Actor – Christo Christov (Eastern Plays, Bulgaria, Sweden)– Ex-aequo / Post-mortem\n- Best Actor – Harold Torres (Northless, Mexico, Spain)– Ex-aequo\n- FIPRESCI Award – Northless (directed by Rigoberto Perezcano, Mexico, Spain)\n- Special mention – Northless (directed by Rigoberto Perezcano, Mexico, Spain)\n- Ecumenical Jury Award – Kamen Kalev (Eastern Plays, Bulgaria, Sweden)\n- Ecumenical Jury Award special mention – Optical Illusions (directed by Cristian Jiménez, Chile, France)\n- Student Jury Award – Whisper With the Wind (directed by Shahram Alidi, Iraq)\n- Best Documentary Film – Petition (directed by Zhao Liang, France, China)\n- Best Short Film – Rita (directed by Zhao Liang, Italy)\n- Shorts Jury special mention – A Man Overboard (directed by Fabien Gorgeart, France)\n- Shorts Jury special mention – Party (directed ...", "title": "Bratislava International Film Festival - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom_in_Brno", "text": "Boredom in Brno\nBoredom in Brno (Czech: Nuda v Brně) is a Czech comedy film directed by Vladimír Morávek, based on the story \"Standa's Debut\" by Pavel Bedura. It was released in 2003, and won five Czech Lion awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Morávek), Best Script (Morávek and Jan Budař), Best Male Actor in a Leading Role (Budař) and Best Editing (Jiří Brožek).\nCast\n[edit]- Kateřina Holánová as Olga Simáková\n- Jan Budař as Stanislav Pichlík\n- Miroslav Donutil as Miroslav Norbacher\n- Martin Pechlát as Jaroslav Pichlík\n- Jaroslava Pokorná as Miriam Simáková\n- Pavla Tomicová as PhDr. Vlasta Kulková - Jará\n- Ivana Hloužková as Marie Norbacherová\n- Marek Daniel as Richard Klech\n- Ivana Uhlířová as Jaroslava Pleváková\n- Pavel Liška as Jan Bedura\n- Filip Rajmont as Pavel Velicka\n- Simona Peková as Jitka Spácilová\n- Zuzana Valchárová-Poulová as Zorka V.\n- Nadezda Chroboková as Simona P.\n- Martina Nováková-Hamadáková as Martina N.\nPlot\n[edit]The film follows several couples over one night in Brno. The focus is on a 20-something couple with unspecified learning difficulties, Olinka (Kateřina Holánová) and Standa (Jan Budař), who are preparing to have sex for the first time. Standa has been receiving advice from his brother Jarda (Martin Pechlát), while Olinka has been given tips and guidance by her friends, the women who live in her apartment block. Standa and Jarda travel to Brno from Brundal for the occasion.\nMeanwhile, in a nearby pub, depressed actor Mirek (Miroslav Donutil) is with psychologist Vlasta (Pavla Tomicová), complaining about his life, and the two presently return to Vlasta's flat together where they have sex, and Vlasta counsels Mirek about the state of his marriage. In the same pub are Jaroslava (Ivana Uhlířová), a young woman who habitually attracts unpleasant men, and her current partner Richard (Marek Daniel), a pretentious and self-absorbed man who is tempted by sexual experimentation and submission. This couple return to Richard's flat in the same apartment block where Richard persuades an unwilling Jaroslava to spank him, alongside other requests. Also in the pub are life-long friends Honza (Pavel Liška) and Pavel (Filip Rajmont). While Honza rambles drunkenly about his desire for various women, Pavel has an undeclared love for Honza.\nAt the house, Olinka is horrified to see her controlling mother return unexpectedly to the flat. Panicking, she administers rohypnol into her mother's coffee, and locks her unconscious in a storage cupboard. Standa arrives and they visit Olinka's friends so Standa can be vetted for their approval. Back down in Olinka's flat, Standa and Olinka share an awkward meal, and then proceed to the bedroom and are extremely nervous, but eventually Olinka manages to initiate sex. Despite Jarda's training, Standa is unable to put on the condom, so they do not use one. Meanwhile Jarda arrives at Olinka's friends' party upstairs to drink with them.\nMeanwhile, Mirek leaves Vlasta's house to go home, but on the way has a drunken argument with his wife on the phone, and ends up walking home to Líšeň in a drunken depression. Honza and Pavel also head home to Pavel's house, and Pavel is perturbed when Honza kisses his cheek while he sleeps. After having sex, Olinka excitedly tells her friends what happened, but at the same time her mother wakes up and sees Standa dancing in his underwear through the keyhole. When Olinka returns to the flat, the two women argue, and Standa flees the flat in panic.\nPavel and Honza leave Pavel's place very early to deliver rohlík to Líšeň, but on the way Pavel takes his eyes off the road and hits Mirek, killing him. Comforting Pavel, Honza confides that his love is returned. Meanwhile, Olinka releases her mother from the pantry, but then locks her in again when Standa returns to her. A voice over confirms that Olinka is pregnant.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Nuda v Brně at IMDb", "title": "Boredom in Brno - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Bro%C5%BEek", "text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nCzech film editor\nJiří Brožek (born 11 March 1947) is a Czech film editor.\nDuring 1967‒1973 he attended Editing and Directing at FAMU .[ 1] Then he started to work in Barrandov Movie Studios , from 1976 Brožek is self-employed. During the career he edited more than 100 feature films, variety of the TV production and many TV series.\nHe cooperated with Ladislav Smoljak (Ball Lightning , Waiter, Scarper! , Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping ) Karel Kachyňa (Love Between the Raindrops , Forbidden Dreams ), Jiří Menzel (Cutting It Short , The Snowdrop Festival , My Sweet Little Village ), Věra Chytilová (Calamity , Wolf's Hole ) or Václav Havel (Leaving ) .\nJiří Brožek was awarded nine Czech Lions for films Krvavý román (1993), Sekal Has to Die (1998), Anděl Exit (2000), Boredom in Brno (2003), The City of the Sun (2005), Pleasant Moments (2006), ...a bude hůř (2007), Leaving (2011) and Filthy (2017), twice he gained Slovak film award Slnko v sieti for The City of the Sun (2006) and Gypsy (2012). He is a member of Czech Film and Television Academy (ČFTA)[ 2] and honourable member of Slovak Film and Television Academy (SFTA).[ 3]\nHe has three children.\nYear\nFilm\nDirected by\nNotes\n1970\nKonečná\nJaroslav Soukup\nstudent film\n1971\nTemná brána noci\nJaroslav Soukup\nstudent film\n1973\nTvrdohlavý Lot\nHussein Moussa\nstudentský film\n1976\nKeď poviem Kyjev...\nViera Polakovičová\nshort documentary\nKonečně si rozumíme\nJaroslav Papoušek\nNedobrovoľný kúpeľ\nViera Polakovičová\nTri šťastné čerešne\nVladimír Kavčiak\nTV film\nV znamení Merkúra\nViera Polakovičová\nshort documentary\n1977\nMalér\nMiroslav Dolejší\nstudent film\nŘeknem si to příští léto\nJúlius Matula\nSázka na třináctku\nDušan Klein\nTichý Američan v Praze (Quiet American in Prague)\nJosef Mach ,Štěpán Skalský\n1978\nBáječní muži s klikou (Those Wonderful Movie Cranks)\nJiří Menzel\nKulový blesk (Ball Lightning)\nLadislav Smoljak\nPast na kachnu\nKarel Kovář\nStřepy pro Evu\nRudolf Adler\n1979\nDrsná Planina\nJaroslav Soukup\nKam nikdo nesmí\nDušan Klein\nLásky mezi kapkami deště (Love Between the Raindrops)\nKarel Kachyňa\nPanelstory aneb jak se rodí sídliště (Prefab Story)\nVěra Chytilová\nZlatí úhoři\nKarel Kachyňa\nŽena pro tři muže\nJaroslav Papoušek\n1980\nCukrová bouda (The Little Sugar House)\nKarel Kachyňa\nKalamita (Calamity)\nVěra Chytilová\nKrkonošské pohádky (Fairy-tale at Krkonose Mountains)\nVěra Jordánová\nTV series; season 2\nNevěsta k zulíbání\nJúlius Matula\nPostřižiny (Cutting It Short)\nJiří Menzel\nRomaneto\nJaroslav Soukup\nVrchní, prchni! (Waiter, Scarper!)\nLadislav Smoljak\n1981\nDostih\nJaroslav Soukup\nChytilová versus Forman\nVěra Chytilová\nTV documentary (Belgium)\nJako zajíci (Like Rabbits)\nKarel Smyczek\nPozor, vizita!\nKarel Kachyňa\nZakázaný výlet\nŠtěpán Skalský\n1982\nBrehy nehy\nFero Fenič\nTV film\nDahome\nMagdalena Příhodová\nstudent film\nJak svět přichází o básníky (How the World Is Losing Poets)\nDušan Klein\nKdyž rozvod, tak rozvod\nŠtěpán Skalský\nPlaché příběhy\nDobroslav Zborník ,Tomáš Tintěra\nPoslední vlak\nJúlius Matula\nSlaná růže\nJanusz Majewski\nSněženky a machři\nKarel Smyczek\nVítr v kapse\nJaroslav Soukup\n1983\nFandy, ó Fandy\nKarel Kachyňa\nJára Cimrman ležící, spící (Jára Cimrman Lying, Sleeping)\nLadislav Smoljak\nLekár umierajúceho času\nMiloslav Luther\nTV series\nRadikální řez\nDušan Klein\nSestřičky (Nurses)\nKarel Kachyňa\nSlavnosti sněženek (The Snowdrop Festival)\nJiří Menzel\nZáchvěv strachu\nJaroslav Soukup\n1984\n1984 – Rok Orwella\nJiří Sozanský\nshort experiment\nCesta kolem mé hlavy\nJaroslav Papoušek\nDžusový román\nFero Fenič\nJak básníci přicházejí o iluze (How Poets Are Losing Their Illusions)\nDušan Klein\nKrkonošské pohádky (Fairy-tale at Krkonose Mountains)\nVěra Jordánová\nTV series; season 3\nLáska z pasáže\nJaroslav Soukup\nRozpuštěný a vypuštěný (Dissolved and Effused)\nLadislav Smoljak\nSanitka (The Ambulance)\nJiří Adamec\nTV series\nVšechno nebo nic\nŠtěpán Skalský\nVšichni mají talent\nZdeněk Flídr\n1985\nBalada o snu\nEva Marie Bergerová\nballet\nDuhová kulička\nKarel Kachyňa\nTV film\nTísňové volání...", "title": "Jiří Brožek - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem", "text": "Roudnice nad Labem\nRoudnice nad Labem (Czech pronunciation: [ˈroudɲɪtsɛ ˈnad labɛm]; German: Raudnitz an der Elbe) is a town in Litoměřice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 13,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.\nA steel road bridge dating from the early 20th century spans the Elbe in Roudnice nad Labem. Its medieval predecessor was the third oldest stone bridge in Bohemia (after Prague and Písek) and the first bridge to connect both banks of the river. Roudnice nad Labem features a castle of late Romanesque origin, now reconstructed in Baroque style.\nAdministrative division\n[edit]Roudnice nad Labem consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):[2]\n- Roudnice nad Labem (11,446)\n- Podlusky (926)\nEtymology\n[edit]The initial names Rúdnik and Rúdnica probably come from the iron water of a nearby spring (ruda = 'ore').[3]\nGeography\n[edit]Roudnice nad Labem is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) southeast of Litoměřice and 37 km (23 mi) north of Prague. It lies in the Lower Ohře Table, in the Polabí lowlands. The highest point is on the hill Hostěraz at 265 m (869 ft) above sea level. The town is situated on the left bank of the Elbe River, which forms the northern municipal border.\nHistory\n[edit]Roudnice nad Labem is one of the oldest Czech towns. The first written mentions of Roudnice are from 1167 and 1176,[4] but archeological excavations in the area confirm existence of a prehistoric settlement. The market settlement quickly became economically important due to its location on the Lusatian road, and in the 13th century, it received town status.[3]\nIn the 12th century, a Romanesque castle was built, used as the summer residence of archbishops and bishops.[5]\nIn 1333, Bishop John IV of Dražice ordered that a bridge be built over the Elbe. It was the first stone bridge over the Elbe and the third stone bridge in Bohemia.[6][7] The bridge was completed in 1340.[8]\nAt the end of the 14th century, the New Town of Roudnice nad Labem (encompassing today's Jan of Dražice Square and Hus Square) was built and, along with the Old Town of Roudnice nad Labem, surrounded by walls. In 1421, during the Hussite Wars, Roudnice nad Labem was conquered by Jan Žižka. During the Hussite invasions, the local monastery was destroyed and would never be rebuilt. After the Hussite Wars, the town was sold several times, which did not benefit its development. In 1603, it was acquired by the Lobkowicz family and it remained under their control until 1945. During their rule, the town was rebuilt and expanded. During the Thirty Years' War, Roudnice nad Labem was burned down and demolished by the Swedish army.[3]\nIn the 19th century, Roudnice nad Labem became the industrial and economical centre of the Podřipský region, due to several new factories and the railway from Prague to Dresden.[3] Until 1918, the town was part of Austria-Hungary, in the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[9]\nThe first football match in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in the Czech lands took place on the islet in the middle of the Elbe, located within the town limits, in 1887 (in 1892, according to some sources).[10] In 1910, the old stone bridge was rebuilt into a new steel road bridge.[6]\nDemographics\n[edit]Transport\n[edit]The D8 motorway from Prague to Ústí nad Labem runs along the western municipal border.\nRoudnice nad Labem is located on the intraregional railway line Prague–Děčín. It is also the starting point of a local line to Bříza with four stops within the town.[13]\nEducation\n[edit]There are four high schools in Roudnice nad Labem: Gymnasium Roudnice nad Labem, Vocational School and Training Centre, Podřipská Private Vocational School and Training Centre, and Higher Vocational School and Secondary Vocational School, which also offers higher education.[14] There are also five primary ...", "title": "Roudnice nad Labem - Wikipedia" } ]	4,941
16	On March 7th, 2012, the director James Cameron explored a very deep underseas trench. As of August 3, 2024, how many times would the tallest building in San Francisco fit end to end from the bottom of the New Britain Trench to the surface of the ocean? The answer should be a rounded-off whole number.	28	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Sea#Deepest_point	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_San_Francisco	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Post processing \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Sea#Deepest_point', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_San_Francisco']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron", "text": "James Cameron\nJames Francis Cameron (born August 16, 1954) is a Canadian filmmaker and deep-sea explorer. A major figure in the post-New Hollywood era, his films combine cutting-edge film technology with classical filmmaking techniques and have grossed over $10 billion worldwide, making him the second-highest-grossing film director of all time. Cameron has received numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards, as well as nominations for six British Academy Film Awards.\nBorn and raised in Ontario, Cameron moved to California aged 17 and enrolled at Fullerton Community College. Beginning his career with the short film Xenogenesis (1978), he first gained recognition for writing and directing the science fiction action film The Terminator (1984). He had further success with Aliens (1986), The Abyss (1989), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), and True Lies (1994), as well as the Avatar franchise (2009–present). He directed, wrote, co-produced, and co-edited the historical romance epic Titanic (1997), winning Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Film Editing.\nThree of Cameron's films—Avatar (2009), Avatar: The Way of Water (2022) and Titanic—are currently amongst the top four highest-grossing films of all time,[2] with Avatar and Titanic amongst the three highest adjusting for inflation (Avatar being the highest and second highest grossing film worldwide respectively).[3] He directed the first film to gross over $1 billion, the first two films to gross over $2 billion each, is the only director to have had three films gross over $2 billion each, and is the first director to have four consecutive feature films gross over $1 billion each.[4][5][6][7] The Terminator, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and Titanic have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Cameron also co-founded the production companies Lightstorm Entertainment, Digital Domain, and Earthship Productions. In 2010, Time named Cameron one of the 100 most influential people in the world.\nIn addition to filmmaking, he is a National Geographic explorer-in-residence and has produced many documentaries on deep-ocean exploration, including Ghosts of the Abyss (2003) and Aliens of the Deep (2005). Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies, and helped create the new digital 3D Fusion Camera System. In 2012, he became the first person to complete a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of Earth's ocean, in the Deepsea Challenger submersible. He is also an environmentalist and runs several sustainability businesses.\nEarly life\n[edit]James Francis Cameron[8] was born on August 16, 1954, in Kapuskasing, Ontario, to Philip Cameron, an electrical engineer, and Shirley (née Lowe), an artist and nurse.[9] He is the first of five children, with two brothers and two sisters.[9] His paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825.[9] Cameron spent summers on his grandfather's farm in southern Ontario.[10] He attended Stamford Collegiate in Niagara Falls. At age 17, Cameron and his family moved from Chippawa to Brea, California.[11] He attended Sonora High School and then moved to Brea Olinda High School. Classmates recalled that he was not a sportsman but instead enjoyed building things that \"either went up into the air or into the deep\".[12]\nAfter high school, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a community college, in 1973 to study physics. He switched subjects to English, but left the college at the end of 1974.[13] Cameron worked odd jobs, including as a truck driver and a high school janitor. He drank beer, frequently consumed cannabis and LSD, and wrote in his free time.[14][15] During this period, he learned about special effects by reading other students' work on \"optical printing, or front screen projection, or dye transfers, anything that related to...", "title": "James Cameron - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Sea#Deepest_point", "text": "Solomon Sea\nThe Solomon Sea is a sea located within the Pacific Ocean. It lies between Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II.\nExtent\n[edit]The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Solomon Sea as follows:[1]\nOn the Northwest. By the Southeast limit of Bismarck Sea [A line from the Southern point of New Ireland along the parallel of 4°50' South to the coast of New Britain, along its Northern coast and thence a line from its Western extreme through the Northern point of Umboi Island to Teliata Point, New Guinea (5°55′S 147°24′E / 5.917°S 147.400°E)].\nOn the Northeast. By a line from the Southern point of New Ireland to the North point of Buka Island, through this island to the Northwest point of Bougainville Island, along the Southern coasts of Bougainville, Choisel [Choiseul], Ysabel [Santa Isabel], Malaita and San Cristobal [Makira] Islands.\nOn the South. The Northern limit of the Coral Sea between San Cristobal Island, the Solomon Islands, and Gado-Gadoa Island, off the Southeast extreme of New Guinea [Gado-Gadoa Island near its Southeastern extreme (10°38′S 150°34′E / 10.633°S 150.567°E), down this meridian to the 100-fathom [600 ft; 183 m] line and thence along the Southern edges of Uluma (Suckling) Reef and those extending to the Eastward as far as the Southeast point of Lawik Reef (11°43.5′S 153°56.5′E / 11.7250°S 153.9417°E) off Tagula Island [Vanatinai], thence a line to the Southern extreme of Rennell Island and from its Eastern point to Cape Surville, the Eastern extreme of San Cristobal Island].\nOn the Southwest. By the coast of New Guinea and a line from its Southeasternmost point through the Louisiade Archipelago to Rossel Island.\nEtymology\n[edit]The Solomon Sea is named after the Solomon Islands. These islands received their name \"Islas Salomón\" from the legend of the biblical land of Ophir — fabled as the source of King Solomon's wealth which was hoped to be discovered, in the first 1568 voyage by their discoverer Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira. They were so named after his voyage when it was mapped.[2]\nDeepest point\n[edit]The Solomon Sea roughly corresponds with the Solomon Sea Plate, a tectonic feature,[3] and includes the New Britain Trench, in the New Britain subduction zone, which reaches its maximum depth at 29,988 feet (9,140 m) below sea level in the Planet Deep.[4]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition\" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved 28 December 2020.\n- ^ \"Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira, 1542?–1595 / Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, d. 1615\". Retrieved 28 August 2024.\n- ^ Benyshek, E. K.; Taylor, B. (2021). \"Tectonics of the Papua-Woodlark region\". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 22 (e2020GC009209). Bibcode:2021GGG....2209209B. doi:10.1029/2020GC009209.\n- ^ \"Solomon Sea\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 23 March 2021.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Map of the Solomon Sea. at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-10-21)", "title": "Solomon Sea - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_San_Francisco", "text": "List of tallest buildings in San Francisco\nAppearance\nSan Francisco, a major city in the U.S state of California, has over 480 high-rises,[1] 124 of which are at least 300 feet (91 m) tall as of 2026. The tallest building in the city is Salesforce Tower, the city's sole supertall skyscraper. Headquarters of software company Salesforce, it was completed in 2018 at a height of 1,070 ft (326.1 m). It is the 18th-tallest building in the United States and the second tallest in California. San Francisco has one of the largest skylines in the Western United States. It has the second most skyscrapers taller than 492 ft (150 m) in California, with 26, after Los Angeles. When ranked by buildings that reach 300 ft (91 m), San Francisco has more skyscrapers than Los Angeles, and is tied with Atlanta as having the fifth-most in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Miami, and Houston.\nThe history of skyscrapers in San Francisco began with the 218-foot (66 m), ten-story Chronicle Building, which was completed in 1890. During the 1920s, San Francisco underwent one of the largest pre-war skyscraper booms in the United States, constructing ten structures greater than 300 ft (91 m), including the Telephone Building and the Russ Building. The Great Depression and World War II halted skyscraper development for two decades until the 1950s. Many of San Francisco's tallest buildings, particularly its office skyscrapers, were built in a major construction boom between the 1960s and the late 1980s. This included the iconic Transamerica Pyramid in 1972, which rises to 853 feet (260 m).\nAfter a pause in the 1990s, high-rise construction resumed from the 2000s onward, with an increased share of residential buildings. The rate of development increased in the second half of the 2010s. New additions expanded the skyline towards the south and southeast, particularly in the neighborhoods of SoMa and Rincon Hill. The Transbay development resulted in the completion of the Salesforce Tower and the city's third-tallest building, 181 Fremont. The COVID-19 pandemic of the early 2020s heavily curtailed high-rise construction in the city, while commercial real estate in existing skyscrapers was heavily affected.[2] A number of planned projects could extend the skyline significantly in the future, such as the redevelopment of the Caltrain railyards and the ongoing Treasure Island Development.[3]\nThe large majority of tall buildings in San Francisco are concentrated in the city's Financial District, located in the northeastern corner of the San Francisco Peninsula. There is also a notable high-rise cluster at the intersection of Market Street and Van Ness Avenue. Shorter high-rises are spread more sparsely in nearby neighborhoods, such as in Russina Hill, Nob Hill, Pacific Heights, and in Mission Bay, where the Mission Rock project is under development.[4] The western half of the city, including the Richmond and Sunset districts that surround Golden Gate Park, is almost entirely devoid of high-rises. San Francisco's skyline is a common photography subject, with a popular viewpoint being that from the Twin Peaks[5] as well as the Marin Headlands, where it can be viewed alongside the Golden Gate Bridge.\nHistory\n[edit]California's first skyscraper was the 218-foot (66 m) Chronicle Building in San Francisco, which was completed in 1890. M. H. de Young, owner of the San Francisco Chronicle, commissioned Burnham and Root to design a signature tower to convey the power of his newspaper.[6] Not to be outdone, de Young's rival, industrialist Claus Spreckels, purchased the San Francisco Call in 1895 and commissioned a tower of his own that would dwarf the Chronicle Building.[7] The 315-foot (96 m) Call Building was completed in 1898 and stood across Market Street from the Chronicle Building. The Call Building (later named the Spreckels Building, and Central Tower today) would remain the city's tallest for nearly a quarter century.\nBoth steel-framed structures survived...", "title": "List of tallest buildings in San Francisco - Wikipedia" } ]	2,810
17	In August of 2024, what is the first name of the mayor of the U.S. state capital city who attended the same university as at least one U.S. president and whose city is home to an outgoing or former full member of the Big 12 Conference	Leirion	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirion_Gaylor_Baird	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirion_Gaylor_Baird', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference", "text": "Big 12 Conference\nThe Big 12 Conference (stylized XII) is a collegiate athletic conference in the United States. It consists of 16 full-member universities (3 private universities and 13 public universities) in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and West Virginia. It is headquartered in Irving, Texas.[2]\nThe Big 12 is a member of the Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for all sports. Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly Division I-A), the higher of two levels of NCAA Division I football competition.\nThe Big 12 is one of the Power Four conferences, the four highest-earning and most historically successful FBS football conferences. Power Four conferences are guaranteed at least one bid to a New Year's Six bowl game and have been granted exemptions from certain NCAA rules.\nThe Big 12 is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.[3] Brett Yormark became the commissioner on August 1, 2022.\nThe Big 12 was founded in February 1994. All eight members of the former Big Eight Conference joined with half the members of the former Southwest Conference (Baylor, Texas, Texas A&M, and Texas Tech) to form the conference, with play beginning in 1996.[4]\nIn 2011, Colorado and Nebraska left the conference to join the Pac-12 and Big Ten, respectively. One year later, Missouri and Texas A&M departed for the Southeastern Conference, and TCU and West Virginia joined.\nBYU, Cincinnati, Houston, and UCF joined the conference for the 2023–2024 season.[5] The next season Arizona, Arizona State, and Utah joined the conference, Colorado rejoined, and Texas and Oklahoma left as part of a more extensive NCAA conference realignment.[6]\nMember universities\n[edit]Full members\n[edit]- Notes\n- ^ Represents the calendar year when fall sports competition begins.\n- ^ Tempe hosts the main campus and university administration. ASU has three other physical campuses in the Phoenix area.\n- ^ Total on-campus enrollment is reported. Enrollment at the main Tempe campus is 57,144, and total enrollment including online students is 145,655.[9]\n- ^ The UCF campus has an Orlando mailing address but is entirely located in unincorporated Orange County, Florida\n- ^ Colorado was a founding member of the Big 12 in 1996. In 2011, they left to join the Pac-12 Conference and rejoined the Big 12 as a full member in 2024\nMembership map\n[edit]Affiliate members\n[edit]- Notes\n- ^ Reflects the calendar year in which the school joined, which for spring sports is the year before the first season of competition.\n- ^ Virtually all of the Air Force Academy grounds, including the cadet area and all athletic facilities, are outside the city limits of Colorado Springs. The US Postal Service considers the Academy to be its own entity, and the US Census Bureau considers it to be the census-designated place of Air Force Academy, Colorado.\n- ^ Missouri was a full Big 12 member from the conference's formation in 1996 until leaving for the SEC in 2012.\n- ^ Oklahoma was a full Big 12 member from the conference's formation in 1996 until leaving for the SEC in 2024.\n- ^ Old Dominion was previously a women's rowing affiliate of the Big 12 from 2014 until 2018.\n- On July 29, 2015, the Big 12 announced it would add the six former members of the Western Wrestling Conference—Air Force, Northern Colorado, North Dakota State, South Dakota State, Utah Valley, and Wyoming—as affiliate members for wrestling, plus Denver as an affiliate member for women's gymnastics, all effective with the 2015–16 academic year.[13]\n- On July 5, 2017, the Big 12 added Fresno State and Northern Iowa as wrestling affiliates.[14]\n- On May 2, 2019, the Big 12 added Fresno State as an equestrian affiliate.[15] Fresno State would drop wrestling in 2021, but remains an equestrian affiliate.[16]\n- In 2021, the Big 12 added former full member Missouri as a wrestling affiliate.[17]\nFormer full members\n[edit]- Notes\n- ^ Represents the ca...", "title": "Big 12 Conference - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska", "text": "Lincoln, Nebraska\nLincoln is the capital city of the U.S. state of Nebraska. The city covers 103.9 square miles (269.1 km2) and had a population of 291,082 as of the 2020 census (300,619 estimated in 2024). It is the second-most populous city in Nebraska and the 72nd-most populous in the United States. The county seat of Lancaster County, Lincoln is the economic and cultural anchor of the Lincoln, Nebraska metropolitan area, home to approximately 345,000 people.\nLincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster on the wild salt marshes and arroyos of what became Lancaster County. Renamed after President Abraham Lincoln, it became Nebraska's state capital in 1869. The Bertram G. Goodhue–designed state capitol building was completed in 1932, and is the nation's second-tallest capitol. As the city is the seat of government for the state of Nebraska, the state and the U.S. government are major employers. The University of Nebraska was founded in Lincoln in 1869. The university is Nebraska's largest, with 23,954 students enrolled, and the city's third-largest employer. Other primary employers fall into the service and manufacturing industries, including a growing high-tech sector. The region makes up a part of what is known as the Midwest Silicon Prairie.\nDesignated as a \"refugee-friendly\" city by the U.S. Department of State in the 1970s, the city was the 12th-largest resettlement site per capita in the country by 2000. Refugee Vietnamese, Karen (Burmese ethnic minority), Sudanese and Yazidi (Iraqi ethnic minority) people, as well as refugees from Iraq, the Middle East and Afghanistan, have resettled in the city. During the 2025–26 school year, Lincoln Public Schools provided support for about 3,500 students who spoke 67 different languages.\nHistory\n[edit]Natives\n[edit]Before the expansion westward of settlers, the prairie was covered with buffalo grass. Plains Indians, descendants of indigenous peoples who occupied the area for thousands of years, lived in and hunted along Salt Creek. The Pawnee, which included four tribes, lived in villages along the Platte River. The Great Sioux Nation, including the Ihanktonwan-Ihanktonwan and the Lakota, to the north and west, used Nebraska as a hunting and skirmish ground, but did not have any long-term settlements in the state. An occasional buffalo could still be seen in the plat of Lincoln in the 1860s.[11]\nFounding\n[edit]Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster and became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859.[12] The village was sited on the east bank of Salt Creek.[13] The first settlers were attracted to the area due to the abundance of salt. Once J. Sterling Morton developed his salt mines in Kansas, salt in the village was no longer a viable commodity.[14] Captain W. T. Donovan, a former steamer captain, and his family settled on Salt Creek in 1856. In 1859, the village settlers met to form a county. A caucus was formed and the committee, which included Donovan, selected Lancaster as the county seat. The county was named Lancaster. After the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act, homesteaders began to inhabit the area. The first plat was dated August 6, 1864.[11]\nBy the end of 1868, Lancaster had a population of approximately 500.[15] The township of Lancaster was renamed Lincoln, with the incorporation of the city of Lincoln on April 1, 1869. In 1869, the University of Nebraska was established in Lincoln by the state with a land grant of about 130,000 acres. Construction of University Hall, the first building, began the same year.[16]\nState capital\n[edit]Nebraska was granted statehood on March 1, 1867. The capital of the Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the creation of the territory in 1854. Most of its population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte was considered annexation to Kansas, the territorial legislature voted to place the capital south of the river and as far west as possible.[17]...", "title": "Lincoln, Nebraska - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirion_Gaylor_Baird", "text": "Leirion Gaylor Baird\nLeirion Gaylor Baird (born June 18, 1971)[1] is an American politician who has served as the 52nd mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska, since 2019.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Gaylor Baird grew up in Portland, Oregon; her parents were public school teachers. She completed a Bachelor of Arts in history from Yale College in 1993. She earned a Master of Science in comparative social policy from University of Oxford in 1997.[2]\nCareer\n[edit]Baird began her career as a management consultant, working also as a city budget and policy analyst. She was the director of an after-school and summer program in San Francisco. Upon moving to Lincoln, Nebraska, she was appointed to the Lincoln/Lancaster County Planning Commission and helped develop its 2040 Comprehensive Plan. She was elected to the Lincoln City Council as a city-wide representative in May 2013 and was, at the time, its only female member. She won reelection in 2017.\nFollowing the ratification of a term limit amendment by referendum, Baird announced her intention to succeed incumbent three-term Mayor Chris Beutler.[3] Affiliated with the Democratic Party, she officially ran as a nonpartisan candidate due to municipal election law.[4] She won the election for mayor on May 7, 2019, against Republican-affiliated Cyndi Lamm.[5][2] She was sworn in on May 20, 2019, alongside the new city council.\nPolitical positions and mayoralty\n[edit]During her campaign for the mayoralty, Baird campaigned on additional road funding for the city,[6] environmental preservation,[7][8] and community land trusts for housing.[9] During her time as a city councilwoman, she introduced legislation to ban bump stocks in the city.[10]\nA recall against Baird was organized in October 2020. LNK Recall objected to the suspension of city charter rules that allowed Pat Lopez to be designated as health director. Organizers needed at least 21,652 signatures by December 23, 2020, to trigger a recall election; they were unable to do so. Baird responded by saying she continued to work as mayor.[11][12][13]\nBaird was reelected in the 2023 mayoral election. Her two opponents in the primary were Republican state senator Suzanne Geist and Republican Stan Parker.[14]\nElection results\n[edit]2019\n[edit]2023\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ \"Mayors of Lincoln, Nebraska\" (PDF). Lincoln City Libraries. February 5, 2024. p. 1. Retrieved August 27, 2025.\n- ^ a b \"Leirion Gaylor Baird\". JournalStar.com. Retrieved 2019-05-21.\n- ^ Hicks, Nancy. \"City Councilwoman Leirion Gaylor Baird will run for mayor\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 20 May 2019.\n- ^ Shawver, Bryan. \"Race for Lincoln Mayor: Leirion Gaylor Baird\". www.1011now.com. 10 11 News. Retrieved 20 May 2019.\n- ^ Johnson, Riley. \"Democrat Leirion Gaylor Baird elected Lincoln's new mayor\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 20 May 2019.\n- ^ Johnson, Riley. \"Lamm vows to cut wheel tax if elected Lincoln mayor\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 20 May 2019.\n- ^ Hicks, Nancy. \"Two women, Gaylor Baird and Lamm, will face off in mayor's race\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star.\n- ^ Hicks, Nancy. \"Gaylor Baird would reduce emissions from city fleet if elected mayor\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star.\n- ^ Johnson, Riley. \"Affordable housing, 5G internet, dedicated music district discussed at Lincoln mayoral debate\". JournalStar.com. Lincoln Journal Star.\n- ^ \"Lincoln City Council bans bump stocks\". AP NEWS. Associated Press. 27 March 2018.\n- ^ Petersen, Abbie. \"Affidavits filed in effort to recall Lincoln Mayor, four council members\". www.1011now.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29.\n- ^ \"Recall Petitions Are Filed\". LNK Recall. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-04-29.\n- ^ Johnson, Riley. \"Recall organizers come up short, say focus will shift to city election\". JournalStar.com. Retrieved 2021-04-29.\n- ^ \"Lincoln Mayor Leirion Gaylor Baird announces bid for re-election\". 1011 Now. November 21, 2022. Retrieved ...", "title": "Leirion Gaylor Baird - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education", "text": "List of presidents of the United States by education\nMost presidents of the United States received a college education, even most of the earliest. Of the first seven presidents, five were college graduates. College degrees have set the presidents apart from the general population, and presidents have held degrees even though it was quite rare and unnecessary for practicing most occupations, including law. Of the 45 individuals to have been the president, 24 graduated from a private undergraduate college, 9 graduated from a public undergraduate college, and 12 held no degree. Every president since 1953 has had a bachelor's degree, reflecting the increasing importance of higher education in the United States. 16 presidents received a Bachelor's or advanced degree from colleges in the Ivy League.\nList by university attended\n[edit]Did not graduate from college\n[edit]- George Washington (The death of Washington's father ended his formal schooling. The College of William & Mary issued surveying licenses in Virginia, and Washington received his license from the College in 1749 — surveyors did not attend classes at the school. Washington believed strongly in formal education, and his will left money and/or stocks to support three educational institutions, including George Washington University and Washington and Lee University)[1]\n- James Monroe (attended the College of William & Mary, but dropped out to fight in the Revolutionary War)\n- Andrew Jackson (qualified as a lawyer in the age before law schools, where a kind of apprenticeship system was used)\n- Martin Van Buren (read for the law, like Jackson)\n- William Henry Harrison (attended Hampden–Sydney College for three years but did not graduate and then attended University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine but never received a degree)[2][3][4]\n- Zachary Taylor (received an Army commission without any formal training)\n- Millard Fillmore (read for the law; founded the University at Buffalo)\n- Abraham Lincoln (had only about a year of formal schooling of any kind)\n- Andrew Johnson (no formal schooling of any kind)\n- Grover Cleveland (read for the law)\n- William McKinley (attended Allegheny College, but did not graduate; also attended Albany Law School, but also did not graduate)\n- Harry S. Truman (went to business college and law school, but did not graduate)\nUndergraduate\n[edit]- ^ Kennedy enrolled, but did not attend.\n- ^ Known during McKinley's attendance as Mount Union College.\n- ^ Known during Johnson's attendance as Southwest Texas State Teachers College.\n- ^ Known as the University of North Carolina until 1963. Since 1972, the \"University of North Carolina\" name has applied to the state's public university system.\nAdditional undergraduate information\n[edit]Some presidents attended more than one institution. George Washington never attended college, though the College of William & Mary did issue him a surveyor's certificate.[8] One president attended a foreign college at the undergraduate level: John Quincy Adams at Leiden University (John F. Kennedy intended to study at the London School of Economics, but failed to attend as he fell ill before classes began.) Bill Clinton won a Rhodes Scholarship, enrolling at the University of Oxford in Fall 1968, where he read for a BPhil in politics. He left Oxford without earning a degree in order to enroll at Yale Law School.\nThree presidents have attended the United States service academies: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, while Jimmy Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. No presidents have graduated from the United States Coast Guard Academy or the much newer United States Air Force Academy. Eisenhower also graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College, Army Industrial College, and Army War College. These were not degree-granting institutions when Eisenhower attended, but were part of his professional education a...", "title": "List of presidents of the United States by education - Wikipedia" } ]	3,921
18	How many years after the founding of the 50th most populous US city, based on 2023 estimate population data, did Frank Fox receive UK Patent (1344259)?	98 Years (Arlington, TX & Rubik's Cube)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population", "text": "List of United States cities by population\nThis is a list of the most populous municipal corporations of the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place includes cities, towns, villages, boroughs, and municipalities.[a] A few exceptional census-designated places (CDPs) are also included in the Census Bureau's listing of incorporated places.[b] Consolidated city-counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county, or county equivalent. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include multiple incorporated places. This list presents only the portion of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place.\nThis list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits; the populations of other municipalities considered suburbs of a central city are listed separately, and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included. Therefore, a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. urban areas or metropolitan areas.\n50 states and Washington, D.C.\nThis table lists the 346 incorporated places in the United States, excluding the U.S. territories, with a population of at least 100,000 as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Five states have no cities with populations exceeding 100,000: Delaware, Maine, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming.\nThe table displays:\n- The municipality rank by population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[1]\n- The municipality name[1]\n- The name of the state in which the municipality lies[1]\n- The municipality population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[1]\n- The municipality population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census[1]\n- The municipality percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024\n- The municipality land area as of January 1, 2020[2]\n- The municipality population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per unit of land area)[2]\n- The municipality latitude and longitude coordinates[2]\nDistribution\nThe total 2020 enumerated population of all incorporated municipalities over 100,000 is 96,598,047, representing 29.14% of the United States population (excluding territories) and covering a total land area of 29,588 square miles (76,630 km2). The mean municipality population is 301,765, and the mean density is 4,151 inhabitants per square mile (1,603/km2).\nGallery\n-\n13. Austin, Texas\n-\n15. Columbus, Ohio\n-\n19. Denver, Colorado\n-\n23. El Paso, Texas\n-\n28. Portland, Oregon\n-\n33. Tucson, Arizona\n-\n36. Atlanta, Georgia\n-\n37. Mesa, Arizona\n-\n41. Omaha, Nebraska\n-\n42. Miami, Florida\n-\n48. Tulsa, Oklahoma\n-\n49. Tampa, Florida\n-\n50. Arlington, Texas\nPuerto Rico\nThe following table lists the five municipalities (municipios) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. If Puerto Rican cities were included among the broader U.S. list, San Juan would rank as the 58th largest city in the country.[citation needed]\nThe table below contains the following information:\n- The municipality rank by population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau\n- The municipality[3]\n- The municipality population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[3]\n- The municipality population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census[3]\n- The municipality percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024\n- The municipality land area as of January 1, 2020[2]\n- The municipality population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per land area)[2]\n- The municipality latitude and longitude coordinates\nOther U.S. territories\nThe other U.S. territories — American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands — have no cities with at least 100,000 people.[4]\nCensus-designate...", "title": "List of United States cities by population - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas", "text": "Arlington, Texas\nArlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Mid-Cities region of the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan statistical area, and is a principal city of the metropolis and region. The city had a population of 394,266 in 2020,[6] making it the second-largest city in the county after Fort Worth and the third-largest city in the metropolitan area, after Dallas and Fort Worth. Arlington is the 50th-most populous city in the United States, the seventh-most populous city in the state of Texas,[9] and the largest city in the state that is not a county seat.\nArlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington, a major urban research university, the Arlington Assembly plant used by General Motors, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV, Texas Health Resources, Mensa International, and D. R. Horton. Additionally, Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Field, the Dallas Cowboys at AT&T Stadium, the Dallas Wings at College Park Center, the International Bowling Campus (which houses the United States Bowling Congress and the International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame), and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas (the original Six Flags) and Hurricane Harbor.\nHistory\n[edit]European settlement in the Arlington area dates back at least to the 1840s. After the May 24, 1841 battle between Texas General Edward H. Tarrant and Native Americans of the Village Creek settlement, a trading post was established at Marrow Bone Spring in present-day Arlington (historical marker at 32°42.136′N 97°6.772′W / 32.702267°N 97.112867°W).[10] The rich soil of the area attracted farmers, and several agriculture-related businesses were well established by the late nineteenth century.\nArlington was founded in 1876 along the Texas and Pacific Railway.[11] Named after General Robert E. Lee's Arlington House in Arlington County, Virginia.,[12] Arlington grew as a cotton-ginning and farming center, and incorporated on April 21, 1884.[13] The city could boast of water, electricity, natural gas, and telephone services by 1910, along with a non-federal public school system.\nFrom 1892 until 1951, a mineral well drilled exactly in the middle of downtown Arlington, Texas, was a key reason to visit the town.[11] The well has been paved over and is now the site of a public memorial plaza.[14]\nIn the 1920s and 1930s, life in Arlington was bustling with controversy and entertainment. In the early 1920s, a tea room known as \"Top O' Hill Terrace\" opened up along the now-defunct Bankhead Highway to serve dinner and tea to guests traveling through Dallas and Fort Worth.[15] Ownership changed in the late 1920s and shortly thereafter the facilities were secretly converted into casinos and a speakeasy. Known by historians as \"Vegas before Vegas\", escape tunnels and secret rooms were constructed to hide the illegal gambling during police raids. However, the restaurant portion of the facility still existed as a legitimate business and a front.[15] The nearby Triangle Inn also operated as an illegal speakeasy and gambling house.[16]\nBy 1925 the city's population was estimated at 3,031—well under the population of Dallas and Fort Worth at the time.[17] In 1929, a horse-racing track called Arlington Downs was constructed by W.T. Waggoner and Brian Nyantika close by to the speakeasy. Gambling was still illegal, but people were making bets regardless. Waggoner and his sons campaigned to make parimutuel betting legal, and in 1933 the state issued its first legal gambling permit to Arlington Downs. The track was immensely profitable at that point, making a daily average of $113,000 before inflation with a daily attendance average of 6,700 people. At the end of the 1937 season, the state legislature repealed their parimutuel gambling laws, and the Downs were sold to commercial developers.[18]\nIn the 1940s, the Arlington Downs was used as a rodeo and event venue. Top O' Hill Terrace evaded the police until 1947, when famous...", "title": "Arlington, Texas - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube", "text": "Rubik's Cube\nThe Rubik's Cube is a 3D combination puzzle invented in 1974[2][3] by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture Ernő Rubik. Originally called the Magic Cube,[4] the puzzle was licensed by Rubik to be sold by Pentangle Puzzles in the UK in 1978,[5] and then by Ideal Toy Corp in 1980[6] via businessman Tibor Laczi and Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer.[7] The cube was released internationally in 1980 and became one of the most recognised icons in popular culture. It won the 1980 German Game of the Year special award for Best Puzzle. As of January 2024[update], around 500 million cubes had been sold worldwide,[8][9][10] making it the world's bestselling puzzle game[11][12] and bestselling toy.[13] The Rubik's Cube was inducted into the US National Toy Hall of Fame in 2014.[14]\nOn the original, classic Rubik's Cube, each of the six faces was covered by nine stickers, with each face in one of six solid colours: white, red, blue, orange, green and yellow. Some later versions of the cube have been updated to use coloured plastic panels instead. Since 1988, the arrangement of colours has been standardised, with white opposite yellow, blue opposite green and orange opposite red, and with the red, white and blue arranged clockwise, in that order.[15] On early cubes, the position of the colours varied from cube to cube.[16]\nAn internal pivot mechanism enables each layer to turn independently, thus mixing up the colours. For the puzzle to be solved, each face must be returned to having only one colour. The cube has inspired other designers to create a number of similar puzzles with various numbers of sides, dimensions and mechanisms.\nAlthough the Rubik's Cube reached the height of its mainstream popularity in the 1980s, it is still widely known and used. Many speedcubers continue to practise it and similar puzzles, competing for the fastest times in various categories. Since 2003, the World Cube Association (WCA), the international governing body of the Rubik's Cube, has organised competitions worldwide and has recognised world records.\nHistory\nPrecursors\nIn March 1970, Larry D. Nichols invented a 2x2x2 \"Puzzle with Pieces Rotatable in Groups\" and filed a Canadian patent application for it. Nichols's cube was held together by magnets. Nichols was granted U.S. patent 3,655,201 on 11 April 1972, two years before Rubik invented his Cube.\nOn 9 April 1970, Frank Fox applied to patent an \"amusement device\", a type of sliding puzzle on a spherical surface with \"at least two 3×3 arrays\" intended to be used for the game of noughts and crosses. He received his UK patent (1344259) on 16 January 1974.[17]\nRubik's invention\nIn the mid-1970s, Ernő Rubik worked at the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest.[18] Although it is widely reported that the Cube was built as a teaching tool to help his students understand 3D objects, his actual purpose was solving the structural problem of moving the parts independently without the entire mechanism falling apart. He did not realise that he had created a puzzle until the first time he scrambled his new Cube and then tried to restore it, which took him about a month to solve himself.[19] Rubik applied for a patent in Hungary for his \"Magic Cube\" (Hungarian: bűvös kocka) on 30 January 1975,[4] and HU170062 was granted later that year. He wrote his experience in his book, Cubed: The Book of Us All.[20]\nThe first test batches of the Magic Cube were produced in late 1977 and released in toy shops in Budapest. Magic Cube was held together with interlocking plastic pieces that prevented the puzzle from being easily pulled apart, unlike the magnets in Nichols's design. With Ernő Rubik's permission, businessman Tibor Laczi took a Cube to Germany's Nuremberg Toy Fair in February 1979 in an attempt to popularise it.[21] It was noticed by Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer, and they signed a deal with Ideal Toys in September 1979 to release the Magic Cube worldwide....", "title": "Rubik's Cube - Wikipedia" } ]	3,017
19	As of August 4, 2024, in what state was the first secretary of the latest United States federal executive department born?	Pennsylvania	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments#Former_departments	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ridge	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments#Former_departments', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ridge']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments#Former_departments", "text": "United States federal executive departments\nThe United States federal executive departments are the principal units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. The executive departments are the administrative arms of the president of the United States. They are analogous to ministries common in parliamentary or semi-presidential systems but (the United States being a presidential system) they are led by a head of government who is also the head of state. There are currently 15 executive departments.[1]\nOverview\n[edit]Structure\n[edit]Each department is headed by a secretary whose title echoes the title of their respective department, with the exception of the Department of Justice, whose head is known as the attorney general. The heads of the executive departments are appointed by the president and take office after confirmation by the United States Senate, and serve at the pleasure of the president. The heads of departments are members of the Cabinet of the United States, an executive organ that normally acts as an advisory body to the president. In the Opinion Clause (Article II, section 2, clause 1) of the U.S. Constitution, heads of executive departments are referred to as \"principal Officer in each of the executive Departments\".\nThe heads of executive departments are included in the line of succession to the president, in the event of a vacancy in the presidency, after the vice president, the speaker of the House, and the president pro tempore of the Senate. They are included in order of their respective department's formation, with the exception of the secretary of defense, whose position in the line of succession is based on when the Department of War was formed.\nSeparation of powers\n[edit]To enforce a strong separation of powers, the federal Constitution's Ineligibility Clause expressly prohibits executive branch employees (including heads of executive departments) from simultaneously serving in Congress, and vice versa. Accordingly, in sharp contrast to parliamentary systems where ministers are often selected to form a government from members of parliament,[2] U.S. legislators who are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate to serve as heads of executive departments must resign from Congress before assuming their new positions.[3] If the emoluments for a new appointee's executive branch position were increased while the appointee was previously serving in Congress (e.g., cost of living adjustments), the president must implement a Saxbe fix.[4]\nContracting and grantmaking roles\n[edit]The chart below shows that several executive departments (Education, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation) have disproportionately small employee headcounts in contrast to the size of their budgets. This is because many of their employees merely supervise contracts with private independent contractors or grants (especially categorical grants) to state or local government agencies who are primarily responsible for providing services directly to the general public. In the 20th century, when the federal government began to provide funding and supervision for matters which were historically seen as the domain of state governments (i.e., education, health and welfare services, housing, and transportation), Congress frequently authorized only funding for grants which were voluntary, in the sense that state or local government agencies could choose to apply for such grants (and accept conditions attached by Congress) or they could decline to apply.[5] In the case of HHS's Medicare program, Congress chose to contract with private health insurers because they \"already possessed the requisite expertise for administering complex health insurance programs\", and because American hospitals preferred to continue dealing with private insurers instead of a new federal bureaucracy.[6]\nCurrent departments\n[edit]Former departments\n[edit]Proposed departments\n[edit]- Department of...", "title": "United States federal executive departments - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security", "text": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security\nThe United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the federal department tasked with ensuring public safety in the United States. The secretary is a member of the Cabinet of the United States. The position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.\nThe new department consisted primarily of components transferred from other Cabinet departments because of their role in homeland security, such as the Coast Guard, the Federal Protective Service, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (which includes the United States Border Patrol), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (which includes Homeland Security Investigations), the United States Secret Service, the Transportation Security Administration and the Federal Emergency Management Agency.\nThe incumbent Secretary of Homeland Security since January 25, 2025 is Kristi Noem.\nList of secretaries of homeland security\n[edit]Prior to the establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, there existed an assistant to the president for the Office of Homeland Security, which was created following the September 11 attacks in 2001.\n- Parties\nRepublican (7) Democratic (4) Independent (5)\n- Status\nDenotes acting homeland security secretary\na. ^ James Loy served as acting secretary in his capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.\nb. ^ Rand Beers served as acting secretary in his capacity as confirmed Undersecretary of Homeland Security for National Protection and Programs and Acting Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security; Beers was the highest ranking Senate-approved presidential appointee at the Department of Homeland Security.\nc. ^ Elaine Duke served as acting secretary in her capacity as Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.\nd. ^ Kevin McAleenan served as acting secretary in his capacity as Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection. His tenure was ruled unlawful.\ne. ^ Chad Wolf served as acting secretary in his capacity as Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Strategy, Policy, and Plans. His tenure was ruled unlawful.\nf. ^ Peter Gaynor served as acting secretary in his capacity as Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator.\ng. ^ David Pekoske served as acting secretary in his capacity as Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration\nh. ^ Benjamine Huffman served as acting secretary in his capacity as Director of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers.\nOrder of succession\n[edit]While appointment of acting officials is generally governed by the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998 (FVRA), the Homeland Security Act of 2002 creates exceptions to FVRA, mandating that the under secretary of homeland security for management is third in the line of succession for Secretary of Homeland Security,[2] and establishes an alternate process by which the secretary can directly establish a line of succession outside the provisions of the FVRA.[3]\nAs of November 8, 2019, the order of succession is as follows.[4] However, the legality of this update was challenged.[3][5][6]\n- Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security\n- Under Secretary for Management\n- Commissioner of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection\n- Under Secretary for Strategy, Policy, and Plans\n- Administrator and Assistant Secretary of the Transportation Security Administration\n- Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency\nFormerly, an April 10, 2019 update to the DHS Orders of Succession, made pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, provided a different order in the case of unavailability to act during a disaster or catastrophic emergency:[4]\n- Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security\n- Under Secretary for Management\n- Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection\n- Administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency\n- Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency\n- Under Secretary for Science and...", "title": "United States Secretary of Homeland Security - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ridge", "text": "Tom Ridge\nThomas Joseph Ridge (born August 26, 1945) is an American politician and author who served in the George W. Bush administration as the assistant to the president for homeland security from 2001 to 2003 and as the United States secretary of homeland security from 2003 to 2005. He was the first person to hold either office. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1995 and as the 43rd governor of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2001.\nRidge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania, and raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Harvard University with honors, he served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War where he was awarded the Bronze Star. He then returned to Pennsylvania and completed his Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree at the Dickinson School of Law, graduating in 1972, and entered private practice.\nAs assistant district attorney in Erie, Ridge ran for Congress in his district, where he served six terms. He then ran for governor in 1994, despite being little-known outside of northwest Pennsylvania. He won the election, and was reelected in 1998 with the most votes for a Republican governor in Pennsylvania (where Democrats outnumbered Republicans by almost 500,000) in more than half a century.[1] As Governor of Pennsylvania, he is credited for statewide advances in economic development, education, health care and the environment. As of 2026, he is the last Republican to win reelection as Pennsylvania's governor.\nFollowing the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, U.S. President George W. Bush named Ridge the first director of the newly created Office of Homeland Security. In January 2003, the Office of Homeland Security became an official Cabinet-level department, the Department of Homeland Security, and Ridge became the first Secretary of Homeland Security. He served in these roles for Bush's first term as president, then retired and returned to the private sector.\nSince reentering the private sector, Ridge has served on the boards of the Home Depot, the Hershey Company and Exelon Corporation and as a senior advisor to Deloitte & Touche and TechRadium. He is also the founder and chairman of Ridge Global, a Washington, D.C.–based security consulting firm. He spent time campaigning with Senator John McCain during his 2008 presidential bid and was believed by some to have been on the short list of potential running mates.[2][3]\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Ridge was born in Munhall, Pennsylvania, in Pittsburgh's Steel Valley, the eldest of three children. His parents were Laura (née Sudimack) and Thomas Regis Ridge, who was a traveling salesman and Navy veteran. Ridge's maternal grandparents were Rusyn immigrants[4] from the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia), and his paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Great Britain.[5] He was raised in veterans' public housing in Erie, Pennsylvania. He was educated at St. Andrews Elementary School and Cathedral Preparatory School and did well both academically and in sports. He attended Harvard College, where he paid his way through with construction work, played intramural baseball and football,[5] and graduated with honors in 1967. In 1968, after his first year at the Dickinson School of Law, he was drafted into the United States Army.\nMilitary service in Vietnam\n[edit]Ridge waived an opportunity for officer training school because it would have required a longer service commitment.[6] In November 1969, Ridge arrived as a sergeant in South Vietnam where he would serve for six months as a staff sergeant with Bravo Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry, 11th Infantry Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division (Americal Division)[7] during the Vietnam War.\nIn May 1970, a ruptured appendix cut short his tour of duty in Vietnam and he was sent home; his service also aggravated a childhood ear infection which caused him afterwards to have a hearing aid in his left ear.[8]\nFor his service in Vi...", "title": "Tom Ridge - Wikipedia" } ]	2,418
20	As of August 1 2024, what is the most recently described genus of Colosteidae?	Deltaherpeton, first described in 2010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaherpeton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greererpeton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidogaster	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaherpeton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greererpeton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidogaster']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosteidae", "text": "Colosteidae\nColosteidae is a family of stegocephalians (stem-group tetrapods) that lived in the Carboniferous period.[1] They possessed a variety of characteristics from different tetrapod or stem-tetrapod groups, which made them historically difficult to classify. They are now considered to be part of a lineage intermediate between the earliest Devonian terrestrial vertebrates (such as Ichthyostega), and the different groups ancestral to all modern tetrapods, such as temnospondyls (probably ancestral to modern amphibians) and reptiliomorphs (ancestral to amniotes such as mammals, reptiles, and birds).\nDescription\n[edit]Colosteids had elongated bodies, with an estimated 40 vertebrae, not including the tail. The skull is relatively flat and composed of many separate bones, like that of other stegocephalians. Colosteids lacked otic notches at the back of the head, unlike temnospondyls and other \"labyrinthodonts\". However, they did possess large mandibular and palatal fangs (on the lower jaw and the roof of the mouth), in addition to smaller marginal teeth (at the edge of the mouth), like \"labyrinthodonts\". The skull was overlaid with wide sensory grooves known as lateral lines, which extended from rear edge of the skull to the tip of the snout. Most aquatic stegocephalians have their lateral lines dip, unbroken, under the nostrils once they reach the tip of the snout, or alternately disconnect into separate grooves separated by the nostrils. However, colosteids evolved a unique alternative; their lateral lines droop below the nostrils so far that they contact the marginal teeth, so that the edge of the skull is responsible for subdividing the grooves, rather than the nostrils.[1]\nThe mandibular fangs were larger than the palatal ones, though those on the palate were still large. Colosteids were unique compared to most stegocephalians in the fact that a pair of palatal fangs were present on the premaxillary bones at the tip of the snout. In conjunction with the forward position of these fangs, the dentary bones of the lower jaw developed a notch on either side near the symphysis (chin). The symphysis itself is formed by a rough area of bone on the left and right dentaries. This rough patch is formed by a complex system of ridges, which have been described as \"brassicate\" (textured like a cauliflower).[2] Only Megalocephalus is known to share this brassicate patch with colosteids. The mandibles were also unique in the fact that they possessed a single elongated hole along their inner surface, known as an exomeckelian foramen (or a meckelian fenestra). Earlier stegocephalians like Ichthyostega possessed a subtle slit in the mandible, while most later groups had a series of smaller, well-defined holes.[1]\nRelationships\n[edit]The analysis below was conducted by Swartz in 2012, showing the relationship of colosteids with other tetrapodomorphs.[3]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c John R. Bolt & R. Eric Lombard (2010). \"Deltaherpeton hiemstrae, a New Colosteid Tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa\". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1135–1151. doi:10.1666/10-020.1. S2CID 83774501.\n- ^ Lombard, R. Eric; Bolt, John R. (September 2001). \"The mandible of the primitive tetrapod Greererpeton, and the early evolution of the tetrapod lower jaw\". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (5): 1016–1042. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039913. ISSN 1937-2337. JSTOR 1307064. S2CID 232347256.\n- ^ Swartz, B. (2012). \"A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America\". PLOS ONE. 7 (3) e33683. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.\nExternal links\n[edit]- \"Tetrapoda: Carboniferous Forms. Colosteidae\". Palaeos. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022.\n- \"Museum of Geology & Natural History: Selected Fossils\". West Virginia: Geological & Economic Survey. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023.", "title": "Colosteidae - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaherpeton", "text": "Deltaherpeton\nDeltaherpeton is an extinct genus of colosteid from middle Mississippian (late Viséan age) deposits of Delta, Iowa, United States.[1] It was first named by John R. Bolt and R. Eric Lombard in 2010 and the type species is Deltaherpeton hiemstrae.[1]\nDeltaherpeton can be differentiated from other colosteids due to possessing several unique bones along the midline of the skull, separating paired skull bones which typically contact each other along the midline. These include an internasal, an oval-shaped bone which lies at the intersection of the paired premaxillae and nasal bones at the top of the snout. Internasals are known from several of the earliest four-limbed vertebrates, such as Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, and baphetids. Further back, what seems to be a pair of lozenge-shape bones lie at the intersection of the nasal bones and frontal bones. These bones may be interfrontonasals, which have been found in some eryopoids and microsaurs.[1]\nIn addition, Deltaherpeton has a single postparietal (rather than a pair), which separates the left and right supratemporal and tabular bones at the rear edge of the skull. Lone postparietals are rare among non-amniote tetrapods and tetrapod relatives; only Ichthyostega and diadectomorphs are known to possess them. The discovery of Deltaherpeton prompted a review and re-augmentation of the defining characteristics for the family Colosteidae, though it did not help to clarify the relationship between colosteids and other early tetrapods.[1]\nThough it is believed that Deltaherpeton is more derived, the species is thought to have shared its environment with other early four-limbed vertebrates such as Whatcheeria, approximately 339.4 to 336 million years ago.[2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d John R. Bolt & R. Eric Lombard (2010). \"Deltaherpeton hiemstrae, a New Colosteid Tetrapod from the Mississippian of Iowa\". Journal of Paleontology. 84 (6): 1135–1151. Bibcode:2010JPal...84.1135B. doi:10.1666/10-020.1. S2CID 83774501.\n- ^ Lombard, R.E.; Bolt, J.R. (1995). \"A new primitive tetrapod, Whatcheeria deltae, from the Lower Carboniferous of Iowa\" (PDF). Palaeontology. 38 (3): 471–495.", "title": "Deltaherpeton - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greererpeton", "text": "Greererpeton\nGreererpeton burkemorani (\"crawler from Greer, West Virginia\") is an extinct genus of colosteid stem-tetrapods from the Early Carboniferous period (late Viséan) of North America. Greererpeton was first described by famed vertebrate paleontologist Alfred S. Romer in 1969, based on a skull and partial skeleton from the Bluefield Formation.[1] The skull was redescribed by Timothy R. Smithson in 1982,[2] while postcranial remains were redescribed by Stephen J. Godfrey in 1989.[3]\nGreererpeton were probably aquatic, with an elongated body adapted for swimming. Adults have overall length of 1.0–1.4 metres (3.3–4.6 ft)[3] or 1.5 metres (4.9 ft),[4] similar in size to modern Asian giant salamanders (Andrias). The body was elongated, with about 40 vertebrae, while the flattened skull reached about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long in adult specimens. The most complete adult specimen only preserved 12 tail vertebrae, only about a third the length of the body as in Andrias. However, smaller specimens have been found preserving over 30 vertebrae, so it is not inconceivable that a complete tail was approximately as long as the body.[3] The limbs were short, though not vestigial; the fingers were still well-developed. Greererpeton were carnivores which probably lived in rivers and swamps.[5]\nPaleobiology\n[edit]There is a large amount of evidence that Greererpeton and other colosteids were completely aquatic animals.[4] Grooves on the side of the skull indicate that Greererpeton had lateral lines, sensory organs commonly found only in fish and aquatic stem-tetrapods. The stapes bone at the rear of the skull is massive, probably used as a support for the skull. This contrasts with the stapes of terrestrial animals such as frogs, mammals, and lizards. In these groups the bone is thin and sensitive to vibration, so it is used for sensitive hearing. The thick stapes of Greererpeton is an indication that did not have good hearing like terrestrial animals.[2] Greererpeton retains a postbranchial lamina on its shoulder blade, which may have been indicative of internal gills like those of fish. However, the erratic distribution of postbranchial laminae in aquatic and terrestrial fish and amphibians makes this conclusion questionable.[6]\nGodfrey (1989) considered Greererpeton to be biologically similar to the modern Asian giant salamanders (Andrias), the largest living amphibians. Preserved Greererpeton skeletons have their bodies lay completely flat, with their tails twisted over to lay flat perpendicular to the body. These preservational quirks may indicate that the body was flattened dorsoventrally (from top-to-bottom), while the tail was flattened mediolaterally (from side-to-side) into a fin-like structure used for swimming. Young Andrias congregate in shallow water while older individuals were bottom-dwelling predators preferring deeper rivers. Given that small Greererpeton skeletons have been found in groups while larger ones are solitary, it is presumable that Greererpeton behaved similarly.[3]\nFootnotes\n[edit]- ^ Romer, Alfred S. (14 March 1969). \"A temnospondylous labyrinthodont from the Lower Carboniferous\". Kirtlandia. 6: 1–20.\n- ^ a b Smithson, T. R. (1 September 1982). \"The cranial morphology of Greererpeton burkemorani Romer (Amphibia: Temnospondyli)\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 76 (1): 29–90. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01955.x. ISSN 0024-4082.\n- ^ a b c d Godfrey, S.J. (2 February 1989). \"The postcranial skeletal anatomy of the carboniferous tetrapod Greererpeton burkemorani Romer, 1969\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 323 (1213): 75–133. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0002. JSTOR 2396758.\n- ^ a b Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84028-152-1.\n- ^ M. Alan Kazlev (1998) The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic Era: 299 to 359 million years ago Archi...", "title": "Greererpeton - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidogaster", "text": "Pholidogaster\nPholidogaster ('scaly stomach') is an extinct genus of stem-tetrapod that lived during the Middle Carboniferous period (late Viséan to early Serpukhovian). Pholidogaster is known from only two specimens found in Gilmerton, Scotland. Historically it was one of the first to show science the evolutionary link between fish and amphibians.\nThis animal had a very long and slender body, with small and feeble limbs. The shoulder structure is further back than is usual. Belly scales are present (hence its name), suggesting that in life it did not just swim, but scrawled over hard surfaces as well. The structure of the jaw is not clear, since the jaw bones on both specimens are not well preserved. However, there are large fangs in the front of the mouth, presumably used in hunting. It was a small to medium-sized animal around 1 m in length.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 53. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.\nExternal links\n[edit]- \"Pholidogaster\". Palaeos.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023.", "title": "Pholidogaster - Wikipedia" } ]	3,125
21	Małgorzata Rożniecka is a model who won the title of Miss International. What is the difference in title years from when she won and the pageant winner who was murdered by her stalker?	10 years	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Ro%C5%BCniecka", "text": "Małgorzata Rożniecka\nAppearance\nMałgorzata Rożniecka (born 1978, in Szczecin) is a Polish model and beauty queen who won Miss International 2001.\nHer 2001 victory broke the four-year monopoly of Latin American countries of the crown. She is 1.78 m tall.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Pageant Almanac\". Archived from the original on July 11, 2006. Retrieved on 11 Apr 2008.", "title": "Małgorzata Rożniecka - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International", "text": "Miss International\nMiss International (Miss International Beauty or The International Beauty Pageant) is a Japan-based international major beauty pageant organized by the International Culture Association. First held in 1960,[1][2] it is the fourth largest pageant in the world in terms of the number of national winners participating in the international contest.[3][4][5]\nAlong with Miss World, Miss Universe, and Miss Earth, the pageant is one of the Big Four beauty pageants.[6] The Miss International Organization and the brand are currently owned (since 1968), along with Miss International Japan, by the International Cultural Association and Miss Paris Group.[citation needed] The pageant crown used by the organization is supplied and patented by the Mikimoto pearl company.\nIn 2020 and again in 2021, the pageant was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[7]\nThe current Miss International is Catalina Duque of Colombia, who was crowned on 27 November 2025 in Tokyo, Japan.\nHistory\nThe pageant was created in Long Beach, California, United States in 1960,[8] after the departure of the Miss Universe pageant to Miami Beach.[9] Hosted in Long Beach until 1967,[10] the pageant moved to Japan from 1968 to 1970, being hosted each year in the same city as the Expo '70. For 1971, it was held in Long Beach again, but since that time it had been held annually in Japan until 2003. Since 2004, it is held in China or Japan.[11] The first winner of the pageant in 1960 was Stella Araneta of Colombia.\nSince then, Japan became the host country and the pageant has mostly been held in Japan, around autumn season either in October or November. The pageant is also called \"Miss International Beauty\".[12] The pageant advocacy is to achieve a world where women can live with positivity, inner strength and individuality.[13][non-primary source needed] The slogan of Miss International is to \"correct understanding of Japan in the international community\" and \"the realization of world peace through mutual understanding\". It has also recently adapted the slogan \"Cheer All Women\".[14][11]\nThe winner of Miss International 2012, Ikumi Yoshimatsu of Japan, was not able to crown her successor due to conflict with a talent agency that threatened her safety and the pageant night itself;[15][16][17] instead Miss International 2008, Alejandra Andreu, crowned Bea Santiago of the Philippines as Miss International 2013.[15][16][18][19] The organization was criticized for allegedly asking Yoshimatsu to skip the succession ceremony and \"play sick and shut up\" in order to avoid a scandal with a Japanese production company whose president was allegedly harassing her.[2][20] In 2017, Kevin Lilliana Junaedy of Indonesia became the first Muslim woman to win Miss International.[21][22][23] 2020 and 2021 edition was the second and third times the pageant has been cancelled since 1966 edition, because of the COVID-19 pandemic and Japanese government banned International events, following the 2020 Summer Olympics postponement.[24]\nRecent titleholders\nGallery of winners\nCrowns\nGallery of Miss International crowns\n-\nThe Couple of Horses Tiara, as worn by Miss International 2013, Bea Santiago of The Philippines.\n-\nThe Long Beach Pearl Crown, as worn by Miss International 2022, Jasmin Selberg of Germany.\n- The Long Beach Pearl Crown (2022–present) – This crown was designed by Mrs. Bùi Thị Mỹ Cảnh - founder of Long Beach Pearl, the official crown sponsor of the Miss International Organization. The crown was used from 2022. The crown of Miss International 2022 (Miss International) with the theme of Cherry Blossoms welcoming the spring sun, inspired by the beauty of the cherries blooming under the spring sunshine, is the departure of spring. color, bringing the beauty of faith and positivity. The cherry blossom is a symbol of Japan, representing the spirit, strength, culture and people of Japan. Not only that, the cherry blossoms are also a symbol of intense vitality, a symbol of humility, t...", "title": "Miss International - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Kotlarska", "text": "Agnieszka Kotlarska\nAppearance\nAgnieszka Kotlarska may refer to:\n- Agnieszka Kotlarska (model) (1972–1996), the first Polish winner of the Miss International beauty pageant\n- Agnieszka Kotlarska (actress) (1971–2015), Polish film and stage actress\nAgnieszka Kotlarska may refer to:", "title": "Agnieszka Kotlarska - Wikipedia" } ]	1,190
22	According to the 1990 United States census, what was the total population of the cities in Oklahoma that had at least 100,000 residents according to the 2020 United States census?	950135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population", "text": "List of United States cities by population\nThis is a list of the most populous municipal corporations of the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place includes cities, towns, villages, boroughs, and municipalities.[a] A few exceptional census-designated places (CDPs) are also included in the Census Bureau's listing of incorporated places.[b] Consolidated city-counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county, or county equivalent. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include multiple incorporated places. This list presents only the portion of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place.\nThis list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits; the populations of other municipalities considered suburbs of a central city are listed separately, and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included. Therefore, a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. urban areas or metropolitan areas.\n50 states and Washington, D.C.\nThis table lists the 346 incorporated places in the United States, excluding the U.S. territories, with a population of at least 100,000 as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Five states have no cities with populations exceeding 100,000: Delaware, Maine, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming.\nThe table displays:\n- The municipality rank by population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[1]\n- The municipality name[1]\n- The name of the state in which the municipality lies[1]\n- The municipality population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[1]\n- The municipality population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census[1]\n- The municipality percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024\n- The municipality land area as of January 1, 2020[2]\n- The municipality population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per unit of land area)[2]\n- The municipality latitude and longitude coordinates[2]\nDistribution\nThe total 2020 enumerated population of all incorporated municipalities over 100,000 is 96,598,047, representing 29.14% of the United States population (excluding territories) and covering a total land area of 29,588 square miles (76,630 km2). The mean municipality population is 301,765, and the mean density is 4,151 inhabitants per square mile (1,603/km2).\nGallery\n-\n13. Austin, Texas\n-\n15. Columbus, Ohio\n-\n19. Denver, Colorado\n-\n23. El Paso, Texas\n-\n28. Portland, Oregon\n-\n33. Tucson, Arizona\n-\n36. Atlanta, Georgia\n-\n37. Mesa, Arizona\n-\n41. Omaha, Nebraska\n-\n42. Miami, Florida\n-\n48. Tulsa, Oklahoma\n-\n49. Tampa, Florida\n-\n50. Arlington, Texas\nPuerto Rico\nThe following table lists the five municipalities (municipios) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. If Puerto Rican cities were included among the broader U.S. list, San Juan would rank as the 58th largest city in the country.[citation needed]\nThe table below contains the following information:\n- The municipality rank by population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau\n- The municipality[3]\n- The municipality population as of July 1, 2024, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau[3]\n- The municipality population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census[3]\n- The municipality percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2024\n- The municipality land area as of January 1, 2020[2]\n- The municipality population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per land area)[2]\n- The municipality latitude and longitude coordinates\nOther U.S. territories\nThe other U.S. territories — American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands — have no cities with at least 100,000 people.[4]\nCensus-designate...", "title": "List of United States cities by population - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City", "text": "Oklahoma City\nOklahoma City (/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə -/ ⓘ OH-klə-HOH-mə -), often shortened to OKC, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the 20th-most populous U.S. city and 8th largest in the Southern United States, with a population of 681,054 at the 2020 census.[10] The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, with an estimated 1.49 million residents, is the largest metropolitan area in the state and 42nd-most populous in the country.[11] It is the county seat of Oklahoma County,[12] with the city limits extending into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties; however, areas beyond Oklahoma County primarily consist of suburban developments or areas designated rural and watershed zones. Oklahoma City ranks as the tenth-largest city by area in the United States when including consolidated city-counties, and second-largest when such consolidations are excluded. It is also the second-largest state capital by area, after Juneau, Alaska.\nOklahoma City has one of the world's largest livestock markets.[13] Oil, natural gas, petroleum products, and related industries are its economy's largest sector. The city is in the middle of an active oil field, and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs a large number of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (which house offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).\nOklahoma City is on the I-35 and I-40 corridors, one of the primary travel corridors south into Texas and New Mexico, north towards Wichita and Kansas City, west towards Albuquerque, and east towards Little Rock and Memphis. Located in the state's Frontier Country region, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889 and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. It was the site of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died.[14]\nSince weather records have been kept beginning in 1890, Oklahoma City has been struck by 13 violent tornadoes, 11 of which were rated F4 or EF4 on the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, and two which were rated F5 or EF5.[15]\nHistory\n[edit]Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889,[18] when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\".[19] On April 26 of that year, its first mayor was elected, William Couch. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled in the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900.[20] Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton H. Classen, John Wilford Shartel, Henry Overholser, Oscar Ameringer, Jack C. Walton, Angelo C. Scott, and James W. Maney.\nBy the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the new state's population center and commercial hub. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City.[21] Oklahoma City was a significant stop on U.S. Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" made famous by artist Nat King Cole.\nBefore World War II, Oklahoma City developed significant stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production.[22] Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40, and I-44. It was also aided by the federal development of Tinker Air Force Base after successful lobbying efforts by the director of the...", "title": "Oklahoma City - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma", "text": "Tulsa, Oklahoma\nTulsa (/ˈtʌlsə/ ⓘ TUL-sə) is the second-most-populous city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma and the 48th-most populous city in the United States. The population was 413,066 as of the 2020 census.[5] It is the principal municipality of the Tulsa metropolitan area, a region with 1.06 million residents. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma,[6] with urban development extending into Osage, Rogers and Wagoner counties.[7]\nTulsa was settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka band of Creek Native Americans, and was formally incorporated in 1898. Most of Tulsa is still part of the territory of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation. Northwest Tulsa lies in the Osage Nation whereas North Tulsa is within the Cherokee Nation.[8][a][9]\nHistorically, a robust energy sector fueled Tulsa's economy; however, today the city has diversified and leading sectors include finance, aviation, telecommunications, and technology.[10] Two institutions of higher education within the city have sports teams at the NCAA Division I level: the University of Tulsa and Oral Roberts University. In addition, the University of Oklahoma has a secondary campus at the Tulsa Schusterman Center, and Oklahoma State University has a secondary campus located in downtown Tulsa. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname \"Oil Capital of the World\" and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry.[11]\nIt is situated on the Arkansas River in the western foothills of the Ozark Mountains, south of the Osage Hills (which extend into Northwest Tulsa[12][13]) in northeast Oklahoma, a region of the state known as \"Green Country\".[14] Considered the cultural and arts center of Oklahoma,[15] Tulsa houses two accredited art museums, full-time professional opera and ballet companies, and one of the nation's largest concentrations of art deco architecture.[16]\nHistory\n[edit]The area where Tulsa now exists is considered Indian Territory, on the land of the Kiikaapoi (Kickapoo), Wahzhazhe Ma zha (Osage), Muscogee (Creek), and Caddo tribes, among others.[17][18] It was initially named after a Muscogee settlement in the southeastern United States called Tvlahasse with the short form Tallasi in the Muscogee language, which became Tullahassee or Tallise in Spanish. Etvlwv ahassee means \"old town\" in the Muscogean language.[19] In 1540, Hernando de Soto became the first European to visit and document the original Tulsa in the southeast.[20][21] Tvlahasse was a member of the Creek Confederacy and had a strong relationship with the town of Locvpokv[b] and members of the two towns largely settled together after Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears in modern-day Tulsa.[22]\nMuscogee founding\n[edit]On March 28, 1836, Opothleyahola and the Muscogee (Creek) Nation established a small settlement called Lochapoka (\"place of turtles\" in Creek) under the Creek Council Oak Tree at the present-day intersection of Cheyenne Avenue and 18th Street.[23][24][25] The area around Tulsa was also settled by members of the other so-called \"Five Civilized Tribes\" who had been relocated to Oklahoma from the Southern United States.[26][27] Most of modern Tulsa is located in the Creek Nation, with parts located in the Cherokee and Osage Nations.[8][9]\nAlthough Oklahoma was not yet a state during the Civil War, Indian Territory saw its share of fighting.[28] The Battle of Chusto-Talasah took place on Bird Creek, and several battles and skirmishes took place in nearby counties.[29] After the War, the tribes signed Reconstruction treaties with the federal government that in some cases required substantial land concessions.[30] In the years after the Civil War and around the turn of the century, the area along the Arkansas River that is now Tulsa was periodically home to or visited by a series of colorful outlaws, including the legendary Wild Bunch and the Dalton Gang.[31]\nIncorporation and \"Oil Capital\" pr...", "title": "Tulsa, Oklahoma - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma", "text": "Broken Arrow, Oklahoma\nBroken Arrow (/ˈbroʊkənˈæroʊ/) is a city in Tulsa and Wagoner counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the largest suburb of Tulsa. According to the 2020 census, Broken Arrow has a population of 113,540 residents and is the 4th most populous city in the state.[3] The city is part of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, which has a population of 1,023,988 residents.\nThe Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad sold lots for the town site in 1902 and company secretary William S. Fears named it Broken Arrow.[4] The city was named for a community settled by Creek Native Americans who had been forced to relocate from Alabama to Oklahoma along the Trail of Tears.\nAlthough Broken Arrow was originally an agricultural community, its current economy is diverse. The city has the third-largest concentration of manufacturers in the state.[5]\nHistory\n[edit]The city's name comes from an old Creek community in Alabama.[6] Members of that community were expelled from Alabama by the United States government, along the Trail of Tears in the 1830s. The Creek founded a new community in the Indian Territory and named it after their old settlement in Alabama. The town's name in the Muscogee language was Rekackv (pronounced [ɬiˌkaːtʃkə]), meaning \"broken arrow\". The new Creek settlement was located several miles south of present-day downtown Broken Arrow.\nThe community of Elam, located in present-day Broken Arrow near 145th East Avenue and 111th Street, began around 1901. It consisted of a cluster of stores, a cotton gin, and a few homes.[7]\nIn 1902 the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad planned a railroad through the area and was granted town site privileges along the route.[4] They sold three of the as-yet-unnamed sites to the Arkansas Valley Town Site Company. William S. Fears, secretary of that company, was allowed to choose and name one of the locations. He selected a site about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Tulsa and about five miles north of the thlee-Kawtch-kuh settlement and named the new townsite Broken Arrow, after the Indian community.[7] The MKT railroad, which was completed in 1903, ran through the middle of the city. It still exists today and is now owned by Union Pacific which currently uses it for freight.\nFor the first decades of Broken Arrow's history, the town's economy was based mainly on agriculture.[8] The coal industry also played an important role, with several strip coal mines located near the city in the early 20th century. The city's newspaper, the Broken Arrow Ledger, started within a couple of years of the city's founding. Broken Arrow's first school was built in 1904.[8] The city did not grow much during the first half of the 1900s. During this time Broken Arrow's main commercial center was along Main Street. Most of the city's churches were also located on or near Main Street as well. A 1907 government census listed Broken Arrow's population at 1,383.[9]\nThe Haskell State School of Agriculture opened in the Broken Arrow, Oklahoma Opera House on November 15, 1909. The school closed in 1917 for lack of funding, and the building was then used as Broken Arrow High School. The building was razed in 1987.[10] Only a marker remains at 808 East College Street in Broken Arrow. The front of cornerstone reads, \"Haskell State School / Of Agriculture / J. H. Esslinger Supt. / W. A. Etherton Archt. / Bucy & Walker Contr.\" The side of cornerstone reads \"Laid by the Masonic Fraternity / May 25, A. D. 1910, A. L. 5810. / George Huddell G. M. / Erected by The State Board of Agriculture / J. P. Conners Pres. / B. C. Pittuck Dean.\". The school is commemorated on the National Register of Historic Places.\nIn the 1960s, Broken Arrow began to grow from a small town into a suburban city. The Broken Arrow Expressway (Oklahoma State Highway 51) was constructed in the mid-1960s and connected the city with downtown Tulsa, fueling growth in Broken Arrow. The population swelled from a little above 11,000 in 1970 to more than 50,000 in 1990, an...", "title": "Broken Arrow, Oklahoma - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma", "text": "Norman, Oklahoma\nNorman (/ˈnɔːrmən/) is the third-most populous city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, with a population of 128,026 as of the 2020 census.[5] It is the most populous city in and the county seat of Cleveland County and the second-most populous city in the Oklahoma City Metro Area after the state capital, Oklahoma City, 20 miles (32 kilometers) north of Norman.\nThe city was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement. It was named in honor of Abner Norman, the area's initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on May 13, 1891. Norman has prominent higher education and related research industries, as it is home to the University of Oklahoma, the largest university in the state, with nearly 32,000 students. The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname \"Sooners\", with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games. The university is home to several museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.\nNorman's National Weather Center houses a unique collection of university, state, federal, and private-sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth's atmosphere. Norman lies within Tornado Alley, a geographic region colloquially known for frequent and intense tornadic activity. The Storm Prediction Center, a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that delivers forecasts for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, and other high-impact hazardous weather in the contiguous United States, is located at the National Weather Center. Additionally, research is conducted at the co-located National Severe Storms Laboratory, which operates various experimental weather radars and develops innovative tools, applications, and techniques aimed at improving forecasts and warnings of severe weather.\nHistory\n[edit]The Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Before the American Civil War, the U.S. government began relocating the Five Civilized Tribes—the five Native American tribes that the United States officially recognized via treaty—to Oklahoma. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area known today as Norman to the Creek Nation.[6]\nAfter the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy; as a result they ceded the region back to the United States in 1866.[6] In the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project.[6] Norman's work crew set up camp near what is today the corner of Classen Boulevard and Lindsey Street; it was there that the men, perhaps jokingly, carved a sign on an elm tree that read \"Norman's Camp,\" in honor of their young boss.[6][7] In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area,[6] which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889;[6][8] early settlers decided to keep the name \"Norman.\"[6][7]\nOn April 22, 1889, that first Land Run in what would become the state of Oklahoma saw the founding of Norman, with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites,[6] and by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed.[6] Almost immediately two prominent Norman businessmen, former Purcell railroad freight agent Delbert Larsh and railroad station chief cashier Thomas Waggoner, began lobbying for the territorial government to locate its first university in Norman.[6] The two were interested in growing the city and had reasoned that, rather than try to influence territorial lawmakers to locate the heavily contested territory capital in Norman, it made sense to attempt to secure the...", "title": "Norman, Oklahoma - Wikipedia" } ]	4,872
23	What was the political party of the person who advocated for the type of government used in Chikhali, Latur district to become the foundation of India's political system?	Indian National Congress	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikhali,_Latur_district	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikhali,_Latur_district', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikhali,_Latur_district", "text": "Chikhali, Latur district\nAppearance\nChikhali is a village in Ahmedpur taluka of Latur district, Maharashtra.[1][2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Census of India 2011 - Maharashtra - Series 28 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Latur\". Census of India. Retrieved 4 December 2022.\n- ^ \"Census of India 2011 - Maharashtra - Series 28 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Latur\". Census of India. Retrieved 4 December 2022.", "title": "Chikhali, Latur district - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchayati_raj", "text": "Panchayati raj\nThe Panchayat raj is a political system originating from the Indian subcontinent, primarily found in India and neighboring countries Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.[1] It is one of the oldest systems of local government in the Indian subcontinent, with historical mentions dating back to around 250 CE.[2] The word 'raj' means 'rule,' and panchayat' means 'assembly' (ayat) of 'five' (panch). Traditionally, panchayats consisted of wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. These assemblies resolved disputes between individuals and villages. However, there were various forms of such assemblies.\nThe leader of the panchayat was often called the president, mukhiya, sarpanch, or pradhan, which was an elected or generally acknowledged position. The modern panchayati raj system of India and its gram panchayats should not be confused with the traditional system or the extra-constitutional khap panchayats (or caste panchayats) found in parts of northern India.[3]\nMahatma Gandhi advocated for panchayat raj as the foundation of India's political system. It was envisioned as a decentralized form of government, where each village would be responsible for its own affairs.[4][5] This vision was termed Gram Swaraj (\"village self-governance\"). While India developed a highly centralized system of government,[6] this has been moderated by delegating several administrative functions to the local level, thereby empowering elected gram panchayats.[7]\nJawaharlal Nehru inaugurated the panchayati raj system at Nagaur on 2 October 1959. The date was chosen to coincide with Mahatma Gandhi's birthday. Gandhi envisioned Gram Swaraj through the panchayati raj system.[8][9] The system was later modified in 1992.[10]\nIn the Indian subcontinent\n[edit]Early history\n[edit]The Hindu text Rigveda (1700 BCE) provides evidence suggesting that self-governing village bodies called sabhas existed.[11] Over time, these bodies evolved into panchayats (five-person councils). Panchayats were functional institutions of grassroots governance in almost every village. The village panchayat or elected council had significant powers, both executive and judicial. It distributed land, collected taxes from the produce, and paid the government's share on behalf of the village. Above these village councils, a larger panchayat or council existed to supervise and intervene if necessary.[12] However, casteism and the feudalistic system of governance under Mughal rule during the medieval period gradually eroded self-government in villages. A new class of feudal chiefs and revenue collectors (zamindars) emerged between the ruler and the people, leading to the stagnation and decline of self-government in villages.\nA detailed account of how a medieval South Indian village council functioned is carved into a temple wall in Uthiramerur, a village in Tamil Nadu, approximately 85 kilometers (53 miles) west of Chennai. Thirty council members were chosen by lot, a form of sortition. Males were eligible for selection if they were of good character and met certain requirements based on landholdings and knowledge of Hindu scriptures. They were then assigned to various committees responsible for irrigation works, gardens, and other matters.[13]\nDuring British rule\n[edit]The British were generally not concerned with local administration, leaving it to the local rulers. They did not interfere with existing panchayati systems or encourage rulers to consider more democratic institutions at the local level.[14] The rulers were interested in creating 'controlled' local bodies that could assist in their trading interests by collecting taxes on their behalf. When the colonial administration faced severe financial pressure after the 1857 uprising, decentralization was pursued by transferring responsibility for road and public works to local bodies. However, this 'compelled' decentralization primarily focused on municipal administration.\nThe panchayat was dis...", "title": "Panchayati raj - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi", "text": "Mahatma Gandhi\nMohandas Karamchand Gandhi[c] (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)[2] was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. He inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (from Sanskrit, meaning great-souled, or venerable), first applied to him in South Africa in 1914, is used worldwide.[3]\nBorn and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat, Gandhi was trained in the law at the Inner Temple in London and was called to the bar at the age of 22. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in South Africa for the next 21 years. Here, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land tax.\nAssuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, and, above all, achieving swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi adopted the short dhoti woven with hand-spun yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a self-sufficient residential community, to eat simple food, and undertake long fasts as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930 and in calling for the British to quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India.\nGandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s by a Muslim nationalism which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within British India. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Abstaining from the official celebration of independence, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress. In the months following, he undertook several hunger strikes to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January 1948, when Gandhi was 78. The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and Indian Muslims spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was Nathuram Godse, a militant Hindu nationalist from Pune, western India, who assassinated Gandhi by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January 1948.\nGandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence. Gandhi is considered to be the Father of the Nation in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapu, an endearment roughly meaning \"father\".\nEarly life and background\nParents\nGandhi's father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), served as the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar state.[4][5] His family originated from the then village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State.[6] Although Karamchand only had been a clerk in the state administration and had an elementary education, he proved a capable chief minister.[6]\nDuring his tenure, Karamchand married four times. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and ...", "title": "Mahatma Gandhi - Wikipedia" } ]	1,896
24	Giorgio Rognoni was an Italian professional footballer who played as a midfielder. 10 years after his death who was the midfielder who played in Milan that was born in Besana in Brianza,?	Demetrio Albertini	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Rognoni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_AC_Milan_season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Albertini	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Rognoni', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_AC_Milan_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Albertini']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Rognoni", "text": "Giorgio Rognoni\nAppearance\nGiorgio Rognoni (26 October 1946 in Modena, Italy on 20 March 1986 in Pistoia from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) was an Italian professional footballer who played as a midfielder.\nCareer\n[edit]Born in Modena, Rognoni began playing football with local side Modena. In 1967, he signed with Milan, where he would make his Serie A debut against Mantova on 11 February 1968.[1] He played for 9 seasons (193 games, 13 goals) in the Serie A for A.C. Milan, U.S. Foggia, A.C. Cesena and A.C. Pistoiese.\nHonours\n[edit]- Milan\n- Serie A champion: 1967–68.\n- European Cup winner: 1968–69.\n- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winner: 1967–68.\n- Intercontinental Cup winner: 1969.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Almanacco illustrato del calico 1979. Panini. 1979. p. 60.\nCategories:\n- 1946 births\n- 1986 deaths\n- Neurological disease deaths in Tuscany\n- Deaths from motor neuron disease in Italy\n- Italian men's footballers\n- Serie A players\n- Serie B players\n- Modena FC 2018 players\n- AC Milan players\n- Calcio Foggia 1920 players\n- AC Cesena players\n- FC Pistoiese SSD players\n- Men's association football midfielders\n- Footballers from Modena\n- 20th-century Italian sportsmen\n- UEFA Champions League–winning players\n- Italian football midfielder stubs", "title": "Giorgio Rognoni - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_AC_Milan_season", "text": "1996–97 AC Milan season\nDuring the 1996–97 season Milan Associazione Calcio competed in Serie A, Coppa Italia, UEFA Champions League and Supercoppa.\nSummary\n[edit]Milan Associazione Calcio fell into pieces once Fabio Capello left his job to join Real Madrid.[3] The new organisation with Óscar Tabárez as technical director completely miscued its signings, with neither Jesper Blomqvist, Edgar Davids, Christophe Dugarry or Michael Reiziger being successful. After a Supercoppa Italiana defeat against Fiorentina at home at the San Siro, a 2–3 loss at Piacenza for the league cost the Uruguayan his position. Tabarez was replaced by former championship winning coach Arrigo Sacchi, the change did not happen and days later due to a 2–1 defeat to Rosenborg at home in the Champions League the team was not qualified to Quarterfinals. The Rossoneri eventually finished 11th managed to save the reigning champions' contract in Serie A by just six points.\nThe miserable season also prompted captain Franco Baresi to end his active career, with Milan retiring the #6 shirt in his honour.[4]\nSquad\n[edit]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\nTransfers\n[edit]Winter\n[edit]Kits\n[edit]Results\n[edit]Pre-season and friendlies\n[edit]Friendlies\n[edit]Costantino Rozzi Memorial\n[edit](4–3 p)\nAttendance: 10 000\nReferee: Ciccoianni\n(7–6 p)\nAttendance: 10 000\nReferee: Verrucci\nTrofeo de Navarra\n[edit]Savićević 27'\nBoban 32'\nYanguas 44' (o.g.)\nAttendance: 12 000\nReferee: Perez Izquierdo\nOpel Master Cup\n[edit]Roche 33'\nAttendance: 45 000\nReferee: Frohlich\nSimone 45'\nAttendance: 45 000\nReferee: Fleiske\nAmsterdam Arena Cup\n[edit]Simone 49'\nAlbertini 87' (pen.)\nAttendance: 52 000\nReferee: van der Ende\nLuigi Berlusconi Trophy\n[edit]Attendance: 67 963\nReferee: Ciccoianni\nCompetitions\n[edit]Serie A\n[edit]League table\n[edit]Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Draw. (Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played).[8]\nNotes:\n- ^ Roma finished ahead of Napoli on Goal difference: Roma -1, Napoli -7.\nResults summary\n[edit]Last updated: 26 May 2019.\nSource: Competitive matches\nResults by round\n[edit]A = Away; H = Home; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; P = Postponed; = Leader, 1997–98 UEFA Champions League Group stage; = 1997–98 UEFA Champions League Second Qualifying round; = 1997–98 UEFA Cup First round\nMatches\n[edit]Weah 85',\nBaggio 90'\nMaldini\nBinotto\nOrlandini\nColucci\nAttendance: 54 128\nReferee: Rodomonti\nMancini 76'\nBalleri\nLaigle\nIacopino\nVierchowod\nBoban\nAttendance: 27 166\nReferee: Treossi\nMagoni\nMarocchi\nWeah 71'\nSavićević 84'\nDavids 86'\nAlbertini\nAttendance: 36 693\nReferee: Braschi\nBaggio 78'\nBoban 67'\nPanucci\nEranio\nGiunti\nAttendance: 50 994\nReferee: Farina\nCappioli 19'\nBalbo 90'\nTrotta\nDi Biagio\nEranio , 58'\nAttendance: 63 217\nReferee: Pairetto\nBaggio 77',\nBaldini\nAyala\nTurrini\nAttendance: 58 078\nReferee: Ceccarini\nFiricano 85'\nSchwarz\nBatistuta\nDesailly\nBoban\nAttendance: 48 986\nReferee: Trentalange\nCostacurta\nBaggio '87\nCarbone\nHerrera\nAttendance: 53 821\nReferee: Bettin\nZidane\nJugović\nDavids\nAmbrosini\nAttendance: 54 985\nReferee: Pierluigi Collina\nMaldini\nDesailly\nDavids\nGalante\nInce\nFresi\nAttendance: 80 742\nReferee: Braschi\nDi Francesco 44'\nLuiso 71',\nPolonia\nTramezzani\nCoco\nRossi\nAttendance: 13 515\nReferee: Messina\nEranio 66'\nCostacurta 83'\nMaldini\nWeah\nBia\nAttendance: 49 087\nReferee: Beschin\nBeiersdorfer\nSchenardi\nAttendance: 14 500\nReferee: De Santis\nCostacurta 62'\nAmbrosini 85'\nMaldini 90'\nAttendance: 51 223\nReferee: Bazzoli\nCasiraghi 45'\nGrandoni 65'\nBaronio\nNedvěd\nDesailly\nAttendance: 35 580\nReferee: Treossi\nDesailly 61'\nBelotti\nAttendance: 55 439\nReferee: Rodomonti\nBettarini\nDario Silva\nDugarry 65'\nAmbrosini 90'\nReiziger\nAlbertini\nEranio\nAttendance: 21 713\nReferee: Ceccarini\nBacci 38'\nO...", "title": "1996–97 AC Milan season - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrio_Albertini", "text": "Demetrio Albertini\nDemetrio Albertini Ufficiale OMRI (born 23 August 1971) is an Italian football administrator and former player who is the sporting director of Parma. He was preciously the vice-president of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC).\nAs a player, he is widely considered one of the legends of the AC Milan side of the 1990s,[3] and a fundamental player for the Italy national team of the same period. He spent most of his career with Milan of Italy's Serie A, winning many trophies, including five Serie A titles and two UEFA Champions League titles with the club. He also played his final season for Barcelona, winning the Spanish League before retiring that year.\nA vital member of the Italy national team, Albertini was part of the squads that competed at the World Cups of 1994 and 1998, as well as the 1996 and 2000 European Championships, reaching the finals of the 1994 World Cup and Euro 2000.\nClub career\n[edit]Albertini, born in Besana in Brianza, province of Monza e Brianza near Milan, emerged as a product of AC Milan's youth system, and went on to spend 14 highly successful years with the senior club after debuting in Serie A as a 17-year-old during the 1988–89 season under Arrigo Sacchi, on 15 January 1989, in a 4–0 home win over Como. He spent part of the 1990–91 season on loan at Padova Calcio in Serie B, collecting 28 appearances and 5 goals, in order to gain experience, and was subsequently awarded a prize by Diadora as one of the most promising young Italian stars.[4] After a successful season with Padova, he soon established himself in the starting lineup of the AC Milan senior side during the 1991–92 season under Fabio Capello, wearing the number 4 shirt, and helping Milan to win the title undefeated that season; he would go on to make almost 300 Serie A appearances for the club (293 in total, scoring 21 goals), and 406 total career appearances for Milan, scoring 28 goals in all competitions.[5][6]\nAlbertini won many titles during his years at Milan, and claimed three successive Serie A titles in 1992, 1993 and 1994, and he also managed to capture two further scudetti in 1996 and 1999. In addition, he made 41 Champions League appearances, helping the Rossoneri to reach three consecutive finals between 1993 and 1995, lifting the trophy in 1994. He also won two UEFA Super Cups, three Italian Super Cups, and an Intercontinental Cup during his time at the club. Albertini remained at Milan until 2002, when his manager and former mentor Carlo Ancelotti preferred to play the emerging Andrea Pirlo in his position. During his time at the club, he managed 28 goals in 406 appearances; he also scored a personal record of 8 goals during the 1996–97 season.[5][6]\nAfter leaving Milan, Albertini bounced around different teams. He spent the 2002–03 season on loan to Atlético Madrid, scoring 2 goals in 28 caps for the Spanish club. He was eventually traded to Lazio in exchange for Giuseppe Pancaro during the 2003–04 season, with great bitterness,[7] where he finally won the Coppa Italia which had eluded him at Milan, scoring 2 goals in 23 appearances for the club.[8] He started the 2004–05 season with Atalanta, playing 14 matches and scoring a goal on his debut,[9] before transferring to FC Barcelona in January, where he joined his former midfield mentor, now manager Frank Rijkaard, and was able to capture La Liga during the final season of his career, with five appearances.[6][10]\nInternational career\n[edit]For the Italy national team, Albertini has been capped 79 times between 1991 and 2002, scoring 3 goals. He made his debut on 21 December 1991, at the age of 20, in a 2–0 win against Cyprus in Foggia. In 1992, he competed with the national squad at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, and he won the 1992 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with the Italian Under-21 side. He played for his country at the 1994 and 1998 World Cups, Euro 96, and Euro 2000. Although he was still an Italy regular at the time, he was unable t...", "title": "Demetrio Albertini - Wikipedia" } ]	2,962
25	What was the age difference between Mike Tyson and Tyson Fury on the respective days on which they lost their first ever fights? Represent the figure in years only.	12 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson_vs._Buster_Douglas	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury_vs_Oleksandr_Usyk	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson_vs._Buster_Douglas', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury_vs_Oleksandr_Usyk']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury", "text": "Tyson Fury\nTyson Luke Fury (born 12 August 1988)[3] is a British professional boxer. He held multiple world heavyweight championships, including unified[b] titles from 2015 to 2016, the Ring magazine title twice between 2015 and 2022, and the World Boxing Council (WBC) title from 2020 to 2024. He also held the International Boxing Organization (IBO) title during his first reign as champion.\nAt regional level, he held multiple heavyweight championships, including the British title twice between 2011 and 2015; the European title from 2014 to 2015; and the Commonwealth title from 2011 to 2012. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at the 2006 World Junior Championships; gold at the 2007 EU Junior Championships; silver at the 2007 European Junior Championships; and won the ABA super-heavyweight title in 2008.\nIn 2015, his victorious fight against Wladimir Klitschko was named Upset of the Year and earned him Fighter of the Year by The Ring. In 2018, his drawn fight against Deontay Wilder was named Round of the Year and earned him Comeback of the Year by The Ring. In 2020, his rematch defeat of Deontay Wilder earned him Fighter of the Year for a second time, and Fury became the third heavyweight, after Floyd Patterson and Muhammad Ali, to hold The Ring magazine title twice. In 2021, his trilogy fight against Wilder was named Fight of the Year by The Ring. Fury was widely considered by media outlets to be the lineal heavyweight champion.[4][5][6][7]\nIn February 2025, Sportico ranked Fury at No. 3 among the highest-paid athletes of 2024, with an estimated income of $147 million.[8][9][10] In May 2025, Forbes put him at No. 3 in its ranking of the highest-paid athletes in the world, with his earnings being estimated at $146 million.[11] As of November 2025, Fury is ranked as the world's sixth-best active heavyweight by BoxRec,[12] while The Ring ranks Fury as the best heavyweight after their champion, Oleksandr Usyk.[13]\nEarly life\nTyson Luke Fury[14][15] was born in the Wythenshawe area of Manchester on 12 August 1988, the son of Irish Traveller parents Amber and John Fury.[16][17] He was born three months premature and weighed just 1 pound (450 g).[18] His father named him after Mike Tyson, who was the reigning undisputed heavyweight world champion,[19] and later explained, \"The doctors told me there was not much chance of him living. I had lost two daughters in the same way who had been born prematurely.\" He decided on the name \"Tyson\" as Fury was \"a fighter\" and survived the premature birth.[18]\nFury grew up in Styal, Cheshire, and later often mentioned his love for both Styal and his birthplace of Manchester.[20] His paternal grandfather was from Tuam, which is also the birthplace of his father.[21] The Furys are of Irish origin, deriving their present surname from Ó Fiodhabhra.[22] His maternal grandmother is from County Tipperary and his mother was born in Belfast.[23][24][25] Despite strongly identifying with his Irish heritage,[26][27] Fury has had problems in gaining dual citizenship because his father's birth in County Galway was not recorded civilly in the 1960s, as Irish Travellers at the time only recorded births through baptism with the church rather than officially with the state.[28] After defeating Wladimir Klitschko, Fury would quip that \"becoming the heavyweight champion of the world is not as hard a fight as proving [his] Irishness\".[29]\nFury left school when he was 11, and joined his father and three brothers tarmacking roads. His mother Amber had 14 pregnancies but only four of the children survived. A daughter, Ramona, was born in December 1997 but died within days. This experience has stayed with Fury, who was nine years old at the time. Fury began boxing at the age of 10.[16] His father, John, trained him until 2011, when he was jailed for gouging out the eye of another Traveller due to a long-standing feud.[30] Fury's uncle Hughie Fury trained him until he died in 2014, after which Fury's other uncle Peter Fur...", "title": "Tyson Fury - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson", "text": "Mike Tyson\nMichael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1985 and 2024. Nicknamed \"Iron Mike\"[5] and \"Kid Dynamite\" in his early career, and later known as \"the Baddest Man on the Planet\",[6] Tyson is regarded as one of the greatest heavyweight boxers of all time.[7] He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion from 1987 to 1990.\nTyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout, 12 of them in the first round. Claiming his first belt at the age of 20, Tyson holds the record as the youngest boxer ever to win a heavyweight title.[8] He was the first heavyweight boxer to simultaneously hold the World Boxing Association (WBA), World Boxing Council (WBC), and International Boxing Federation (IBF) titles, as well as the only heavyweight to unify them in succession. The following year, Tyson became the lineal champion when he knocked out Michael Spinks in 91 seconds of the first round.[9] In 1990, Tyson lost the undisputed heavyweight championship when he was knocked out by underdog Buster Douglas, making it one of the biggest upsets in boxing history.[10]\nIn 1992, he was convicted of rape and sentenced to six years in prison. He was released on parole after three years.[11] After his release in 1995, he engaged in a series of comeback fights, regaining the WBA and WBC titles in 1996 to join Floyd Patterson, Muhammad Ali, Tim Witherspoon, Evander Holyfield and George Foreman as the only men in boxing history to have regained a heavyweight championship after losing it. After being stripped of the WBC title in the same year, Tyson lost the WBA title to Evander Holyfield by an eleventh round stoppage. Their 1997 rematch ended when Tyson was disqualified for biting Holyfield's ears. In 2002, Tyson fought for the world heavyweight title, losing by knockout to Lennox Lewis. In November 2024, his bout against Jake Paul, which he lost via unanimous decision, became the biggest boxing gate in US history outside of Las Vegas.[12][13]\nTyson was known for his ferocious and intimidating boxing style as well as his controversial behavior inside and outside the ring, which he explained was inspired by Sonny Liston, a boxer who is widely regarded as the most intimidating man in the history of boxing.[14][15] With a knockout-to-win percentage of 88%,[16] he was ranked 16th on The Ring magazine's list of 100 greatest punchers of all time,[17] and first on ESPN's list of \"The Hardest Hitters in Heavyweight History\".[18] Sky Sports described him as \"perhaps the most ferocious fighter to step into a professional ring\".[19] He has been inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and the World Boxing Hall of Fame.\nOutside his boxing career, Tyson has appeared in various popular media. He appeared in the well-received movies Rocky Balboa (2006) and The Hangover (2009).\nEarly life\nMichael Gerard Tyson was born on June 30, 1966, at Cumberland Hospital in Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York City.[20][21] He has an older brother named Rodney (born c. 1961)[22] and had an older sister named Denise, who died of a heart attack at age 24 in February 1990.[23] Tyson's mother, born in Charlottesville, Virginia,[24] was described as a promiscuous woman who might have been a prostitute.[25] Tyson's biological father is listed as \"Purcell Tyson\", a \"humble cab driver\" (who was from Jamaica) on his birth certificate,[26][27] but the man Tyson had known as his father was a pimp named Jimmy Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick was from Grier Town, North Carolina (a predominantly black neighborhood that was annexed by the city of Charlotte),[28] where he was one of the neighborhood's top baseball players. Kirkpatrick married and had a son, Tyson's half-brother Jimmie Lee Kirkpatrick, who would help to integrate Charlotte high school football in 1965. In 1959, Jimmy Kirkpatrick left his family and moved to Brooklyn, where he met Tyson's mother, Lorna Mae (Smith) Tyson. Kirkpatrick frequented pool halls, gamble...", "title": "Mike Tyson - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson_vs._Buster_Douglas", "text": "Mike Tyson vs. Buster Douglas\nMike Tyson vs. Buster Douglas, billed as Tyson is Back!, was a professional boxing match that occurred at the Tokyo Dome on Sunday, February 11, 1990.[1] The then-undefeated, undisputed heavyweight champion Tyson lost by knockout to the 42-1 underdog Douglas. The fight is widely regarded as the biggest upset in boxing history and one of the biggest in sports history.[2][3]\nBackground\n[edit]Going into the fight, Mike Tyson was the undefeated and undisputed heavyweight champion of the world and was very popular at the time. He held the WBC, WBA, and IBF titles. Despite several controversies that marred Tyson's profile at the time, such as his allegedly abusive relationship with Robin Givens, contractual battles between longtime manager Bill Cayton and promoter Don King, and Tyson's departure from longtime trainer Kevin Rooney,[4] Tyson was still dominant in the ring. He scored a 93-second knockout against Carl \"The Truth\" Williams in his previous fight. Most considered this fight to be a warm-up bout for Tyson before meeting up with then-undefeated number-one heavyweight contender Evander Holyfield (who was ringside for the fight).[4][5] Tyson was viewed as such a dominant champion that he was often considered the number-one fighter in the world pound-for-pound (including by Ring Magazine), a rarity for heavyweights.\nBuster Douglas was ranked as the #7 heavyweight contender by Ring Magazine and had met with mixed success in his professional career up to that point. His previous title fight was against Tony Tucker in 1987, in which he was TKO'd in the 10th round. However, six consecutive wins since the Tucker fight—including victories over former world champion Trevor Berbick and future world champion Oliver McCall—gave him the opportunity to fight Tyson. In the time leading up to the fight, Douglas faced a number of personal setbacks, including the death of his mother, Lula Pearl, 23 days before the fight.[6][7] Additionally, the mother of his son had a severe kidney ailment, and he had contracted the flu on the day before the fight.[7]\nHBO boxing analysts Larry Merchant and Jim Lampley expected to see \"another 90-second annihilation.\" (When asked by a Japanese customs official how long he expected to be working in Japan, Ed Schuyler of the Associated Press replied, \"Oh, about ninety seconds.\") Instead of discussing Douglas's chances against Tyson, Merchant and Lampley compared their pets: Tyson had a white pitbull named \"Duran\" (after his idol Roberto Durán) while Douglas had a beagle named \"Shakespeare.\" Merchant, after saying that \"this fight is over before it begins or soon thereafter\" and describing Douglas as \"just another frozen tuna\" from the Tokyo fish market, opined that \"any prizefighter with a dog named Shakespeare can't be all-bad.\" In an interview given to HBO prior to the fight, Douglas told reporters that his favorite Shakespeare play was the romantic tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Lampley suggested that if Tyson were asked the same question (assuming he had read Shakespeare), he would choose something more bloody and violent, such as Henry the Fifth or Macbeth.[8]\nSinger Bobby Brown wrote in his autobiography that he met with Tyson in Tokyo and the two partied extensively the night before the fight. Brown claims Tyson refused to go to sleep early for the fight, deeming Douglas \"an amateur\" he could beat \"if I didn't sleep for five weeks\".[9]\nFight\n[edit]From the beginning of the fight, it was apparent that Douglas was not afraid. Douglas displayed a lot of spring in his body movement and was not cautious in letting his punches fly whenever he saw the opportunity to attack Tyson. He used his quick and accurate jab to prevent Tyson from getting inside, where Tyson was most dangerous. When Tyson tried to get inside, Douglas tied him up, moved away, or would immediately hit Tyson with multiple punches as Tyson came within Douglas' range. Early on, Douglas was more agile than Tyson and outlan...", "title": "Mike Tyson vs. Buster Douglas - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Fury_vs_Oleksandr_Usyk", "text": "Tyson Fury vs. Oleksandr Usyk\nTyson Fury vs. Oleksandr Usyk, billed as Ring of Fire, was a professional boxing match contested on 18 May 2024, for the WBA (Super), WBC, IBF, WBO, IBO and The Ring undisputed heavyweight championship.\nIt was scheduled to take place on 17 February 2024 at Kingdom Arena in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, then postponed due to a facial injury sustained by Fury in training. It was rescheduled the next day and took place on 18 May 2024 at the same venue. Usyk won by split decision.[1]\nThe rematch between Fury and Usyk was held on 21 December 2024, also at the Kingdom Arena. Usyk would win by unanimous decision.[2] It would be the final fight of Fury's professional boxing career, as he retired (for the second time) on 13 January 2025.[3]\nBackground and buildup\nThe fight crowned the first undisputed heavyweight champion in the modern era since Lennox Lewis in 2000, as well as the first in the four-belt era. In addition to the four sanctioned belts, special commemorative belts were made specifically for the fight on 18 May 2024. Queensbury Promotions made a special edition belt for the undisputed heavyweight. Then, the WBC also made the Fury-Usyk belt, which was blessed by Pope Francis, the head of the Roman Catholic Church.[4][5]\nOn 25 October 2023, Fury and Usyk took to social media to announce that they had signed for a bout, with a date of 23 December being reported but not officially announced. It was also reported that Anthony Joshua vs. Deontay Wilder would serve as the co-feature.[6][7] Then, on 28 October, after Fury defeated former UFC Heavyweight Champion Francis Ngannou, he demanded that the bout with Usyk must be postponed because of injuries he sustained in the fight, despite Usyk stating that they were contracted for 23 December 2023.[8] On 29 October, it was announced that the bout would take place in early 2024.[9]\nOn 16 November, the bout was officially announced to take place on 17 February 2024 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with a launch press conference in London.[10] Again, the fight was officially postponed on 2 February 2024, with the idea of rescheduling for 2024 once a doctor could determine the recovery time for a cut sustained by Tyson Fury in training. Fury's promoter Queensberry Promotions confirmed the injury.[11] The whole card was rescheduled for 18 May 2024; the decision was made quickly by the event's organizer in Saudi Arabia, Turki Alalshikh.[12]\nIn addition to being the first bout for the undisputed heavyweight championship since Evander Holyfield vs. Lennox Lewis II in November 1999, it was also the first time two undefeated heavyweights had fought for the undisputed title since Evander Holyfield vs. Riddick Bowe in November 1993.\nPay Per View\nThe bout was covered by DAZN PPV globally. Viewers in Middle East and North African countries could watch the event via Webook. Also, in the UK and Ireland, the fight was aired live on both PPV's Sky and TNT Sports Box Office channels. And, in Ukraine, the fight was streamed live on MEGOGO. Then, in the US, the fight was streamed live via ESPN+ PPV.[13]\nThe fight\nFury was described by BBC Sport as showboating during the first round, during which Usyk landed a left hook.[14] The three judges all agreed that the first round was 10–9 in favour of Usyk.[15] In the second and third round, Usyk was moving forward, while Fury was moving backwards, in a somewhat even bout.[15] Fury established momentum in the fourth round, with multiple uppercuts.[16][17] In the fifth round, Fury started moving forward and focused on punches to Usyk's body.[15] In the sixth round, Fury uppercutted Usyk's body and nose.[17] In the seventh round, Fury started dominant, but Usyk began to throw better punches to the head.[15] The three judges all agreed that the fifth, sixth, and seventh rounds were 10–9 in Fury's favour.[15]\nIn the eighth round, Usyk landed a right punch that caused for Fury to touch his nose, then another Usyk right punch hurt Fury's right eye; Fury ...", "title": "Tyson Fury vs. Oleksandr Usyk - Wikipedia" } ]	3,942
26	Using the Pruett rule, out of all of the blue moons that occurred between the beginning of World War I and the end of World War II, how many of them occurred on the 31st of the month?	9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_moon#Blue_moon_dates	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_moon#Blue_moon_dates', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_moon#Blue_moon_dates", "text": "Blue moon\nA blue moon refers either to the presence of a second full moon in a calendar month, to the third full moon in a season containing four, or to a moon that appears blue due to atmospheric effects.[1]\nThe calendrical meaning of \"blue moon\" is unconnected to the other meanings. It is often referred to as \"traditional\",[2][3] but since no occurrences are known prior to 1937 it is better described as an invented tradition or \"modern American folklore\".[4] The practice of designating the second full moon in a month as \"blue\" originated with amateur astronomer James Hugh Pruett in 1946.[5] It does not come from Native American lunar tradition, as is sometimes supposed.[6][7]\nThe moon—not necessarily full—can sometimes appear blue due to atmospheric emissions from large forest fires or volcanoes, though the phenomenon is rare and unpredictable (hence the saying \"once in a blue moon\").[8][9][10] A calendrical blue moon (by Pruett's definition) is predictable and relatively common, happening 7 times in every 19 years (i.e. once every 2 or 3 years).[1] Calendrical blue moons occur because the time between successive full moons (approximately 29.5 days) is shorter than the average calendar month.[11] They are of no astronomical or historical significance, and are not a product of actual lunisolar timekeeping or intercalation.\nPhrase origin\n[edit]A 1528 satire, Rede Me and Be Nott Wrothe, contained the lines, \"Yf they saye the mone is belewe / We must beleve that it is true.\"[12] The intended sense was of an absurd belief, like the moon being made of cheese. There is nothing to connect it with the later metaphorical or calendrical meanings of \"blue moon\". However, a confusion of belewe (Middle English, \"blue\")[13] with belǽwan (Old English \"to betray\")[14]) led to a false etymology for the calendrical term that remains widely circulated, despite its originator having acknowledged it as groundless.[15][16][17]\nPercy Bysshe Shelley's poem \"Alastor\" (1816) [18] mentioned an erupting volcano[18]: 7 and a \"blue moon / Low in the west.\" [18]: 14 It was written at a time when the eruption of Mount Tambora was causing global climate effects, and not long before the first recorded instances of \"blue moon\" as a metaphor.\nThe OED cites Pierce Egan's Real Life in London (1821) as the earliest known occurrence of \"blue moon\" in the metaphorical sense of a long time. (\"How's Harry and Ben?—haven't seen you this blue moon.\")[19] An 1823 revision of Francis Grose's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, edited by Egan, included the definition: \"Blue moon. In allusion to a long time before such a circumstance happens. 'O yes, in a blue moon'.\"[20] An earlier (1811) version of the same dictionary had not included the phrase, so it was likely coined some time in the 1810s.[21] \"Once in a blue moon\" is recorded from 1833.[1]\nThe use of blue moon to mean a specific calendrical event dates from 1937, when the Maine Farmers' Almanac used the term in a slightly different sense from the one now in common use. According to the OED, \"Earlier occurrences of the sense given in the Maine Farmers' Almanac have not been traced, either in editions of the Almanac prior to 1937, or elsewhere; the source of this application of the term (if it is not a coinage by the editor, H. P. Trefethen) is unclear.\"[1] The conjecture of editorial invention is further supported by the spurious explanation the almanac gave:\nThe Moon usually comes full twelve times in a year, three times in each season... However, occasionally the moon comes full thirteen times in a year. This was considered a very unfortunate circumstance, especially by the monks who had charge of the calendar. It became necessary for them to make a calendar of thirteen months, and it upset the regular arrangement of church festivals. For this reason thirteen came to be considered an unlucky number. Also, this extra moon had a way of coming in each of the seasons so that it could not be given a name appropria...", "title": "Blue moon - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I#", "text": "World War I\nWorld War I,[d] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Major areas of conflict included Europe and the Middle East, as well as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific. The war saw important developments in weaponry including tanks, aircraft, artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, it resulted in an estimated 30 million military casualties, and 8 million civilian deaths from war-related causes and genocide. The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the deadly Spanish flu pandemic.\nThe causes of World War I included the rise of the German Empire and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, the exacerbation of imperial rivalries, and an arms race between the great powers. Growing tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, and declared war on 28 July. After Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, Germany declared war on Russia and France, who had an alliance. The United Kingdom entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium, and the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France before transferring its forces to the east, but its advance was halted in September, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a near-continuous line of trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others entered the war from 1915 onward.\nMajor battles, including those at Verdun, the Somme, and Passchendaele, failed to break the stalemate on the Western Front. In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in the October Revolution; Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched a spring offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused a collapse of the German front line. Following the Vardar Offensive, Bulgaria signed an armistice in late September. By early November, the Allies had signed armistices with the Ottomans and with Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.\nThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires led to new national boundaries and the creation of new independent states including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.\nNames\nBefore World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were commonly referred to as the Great War or simply the World War.[3] In August 1914, The Independent stated, \"This is the Great War. It names itself.\"[4] That same year, Maclean's noted, \"Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War.\"[5] In the decade after its end, many hoped it would be \"the war to end all wars,\" because of its unprecedented destructiveness and death toll.[6] T...", "title": "World War I - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II", "text": "World War II\nWorld War II[b] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks and aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes.\nThe causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I, the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan. Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania, while Germany conquered Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire/British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, and Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic. By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies.\nIn December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific, including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia, but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway. In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime, and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy, the Soviet Union advanced into central Europe, and the US crippled Japan's navy and captured key Pacific islands.\nThe war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion, the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945.\nWorld War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council. The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpow...", "title": "World War II - Wikipedia" } ]	2,749
27	What number would Tommy Lawton have worn playing for Chelsea FC?	9	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lawton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lawton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Lawton", "text": "Tommy Lawton\nThomas Lawton (6 October 1919 – 6 November 1996) was an English football player and manager.\nBorn in Farnworth and raised in Bolton, he played amateur football at Rossendale United, before he turned professional at Burnley on his 17th birthday. He also played cricket for Burnley Cricket Club before his potential as a footballer won him a £6,500 move to Everton in January 1937. He went on to finish as the First Division's top-scorer in 1938 and 1939, helping Everton to finish as champions of the Football League in the latter campaign. League football was then suspended for seven full seasons due to the outbreak of war in Europe, during which time he scored 24 goals in 23 appearances for England whilst guesting for Everton and some other clubs. In November 1945, he moved to Chelsea for £14,000 and scored a club-record 26 goals in 34 league games in the 1946–47 season.\nIn November 1947, he made a surprise move to Third Division South club Notts County for a British record transfer fee of £20,000. He helped the club to win promotion as champions in 1949–50 before he moved on to Brentford in March 1952 for a club record £16,000. In January 1953, Brentford appointed him player-manager, though he would only remain in charge for nine months. He joined Arsenal as a player in November 1953 for £10,000, where he saw out the remainder of his playing career. Despite losing much of his best years to World War II, he scored 260 goals in 433 league and cup competitions in 14 full seasons in the Football League.\nHe had a promising start to his managerial career by leading Kettering Town to the Southern League title in 1956–57, but then only had two more seasons as manager, getting relegated with Notts County in 1957–58 and then relegated with Kettering Town in 1963–64. During the 1970s, he struggled with debt and related legal problems, which were reported in the media as an example of a celebrated person falling from grace.\nHe scored 22 goals in his 23 England appearances over a ten-year international career from 1938 to 1948, including four against Portugal in May 1947. He helped England to win two British Home Championship titles outright (1946–47 and 1947–48) and to share the Championship in 1938–39. He fell out of international contention at the age of 28 due to his contempt for manager Walter Winterbottom, his decision to drop out of the First Division, and the emergence of Jackie Milburn and Nat Lofthouse. In addition to his England caps, he also represented The Football League XI and played in a special Great Britain game against Europe in 1947. He married twice and had two children and one step-child. His ashes are held in the National Football Museum, and he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2003.\nEarly life\n[edit]Thomas Lawton was born on 6 October 1919 to Elizabeth Riley and Thomas Lawton Senior in Farnworth, Lancashire.[3] His father was a railway signalman, and his mother worked as a weaver at Harrowby Mill.[3] His father left the family 18 months after Lawton was born, and Elizabeth moved back into her parents' home in Bolton.[3] Elizabeth's father, James Hugh \"Jim\" Riley, became Lawton's surrogate father.[3] Lawton's natural footballing ability earned him a place on the Bolton Town Schools team in 1930.[4] Lancashire Schools picked him at the age of 13.[5] Despite scoring a hat-trick in a trial game for England Schoolboys, he never earned a full England Schoolboy cap.[6] At the age of 14, he began playing for Hayes Athletic in the Bolton Senior League and went on to score 570 goals in three seasons.[7]\nThe FA's rules meant he was unable to turn professional at a club until he was 17, and Lawton's grandfather rejected Bolton Wanderers's offer for Lawton to work as a delivery driver for two years before turning professional at the club.[8] Lawton instead played as an amateur for Rossendale United in the Lancashire Combination, scoring a hat-trick on his debut against Bacup.[9] He took up temporar...", "title": "Tommy Lawton - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number_(association_football)", "text": "Squad number (association football)\nSquad numbers are used in association football to identify and distinguish players who are on the field. Numbers very soon became a way to also indicate position, with starting players being assigned numbers 1–11. However, there is no fixed rule; numbers may be assigned to indicate position, alphabetically by name, according to a player's whim, randomly, or in any other way. In the modern game they are often influenced by the players' favourite numbers and other less technical reasons, as well as using \"surrogates\" for a number that is already in use. However, numbers 1–11 are often still worn by players of the previously associated position.[1]\nAs national leagues adopted squad numbers and game tactics evolved over the decades, numbering systems evolved separately in each football scene, and so different countries have different conventions. Still, there are some numbers that are universally agreed upon being used for a particular position, because they are quintessentially associated with that role.[1]\nFor instance, \"1\" is frequently used by the starting goalkeeper, as the goalkeeper is the first player in a line-up.[1] \"9\" is usually worn by strikers, also known as centre-forwards, who hold the most advanced offensive position on the pitch, and are often the highest scorers in the team.[1] \"10\" is one of the most emblematic squad numbers in football,[2] due to the sheer number of football legends that have worn the number 10 shirt; playmakers, second strikers, and attacking midfielders have worn this number.[1]\nHistory\n[edit]First use of numbers\n[edit]The first record of numbered jerseys in football date back to 1911, with Australian teams Sydney Leichardt and HMS Powerful being the first to use squad numbers on their backs.[3] One year later, numbering in football would be ruled as mandatory in New South Wales.[4]\nThe next recorded use was on 23 March 1914 when the English Wanderers, a team of amateur players from Football League clubs, played Corinthians at Stamford Bridge, London. This was Corinthians' first match after their FA ban for joining the Amateur Football Association was rescinded. Wanderers won 4–2.[5]\nIn South America, Argentina was the first country with numbered shirts. It was during the Scottish team Third Lanark tour to South America of 1923, they played a friendly match v a local combined team (\"Zona Norte\") on 10 June. Both squads were numbered from 1–11.[2]\nOn 30 March 1924, saw the first football match in the United States with squad numbers, when the Fall River F.C. played St. Louis Vesper Buick during the 1923–24 National Challenge Cup, although only the local team wore numbered shirts.[6][7]\nThe next recorded use in association football in Europe was on 25 August 1928 when The Wednesday played Arsenal[8] and Chelsea hosted Swansea Town at Stamford Bridge. Numbers were assigned by field location:\n- Goalkeeper\n- Right full back (right side centre back)\n- Left full back (left side centre back)\n- Right half back (right side defensive midfield)\n- Centre half back (centre defensive midfield)\n- Left half back (left side defensive midfield)\n- Outside right (right winger)\n- Inside right (attacking midfield)\n- Centre forward\n- Inside left (attacking midfield)\n- Outside left (left winger)\nIn the first game at Stamford Bridge, only the outfield players wore numbers (2–11). The Daily Express (p. 13, 27 August 1928) reported, \"The 35,000 spectators were able to give credit for each bit of good work to the correct individual, because the team were numbered, and the large figures in black on white squares enabled each man to be identified without trouble.\" The Daily Mirror (\"Numbered Jerseys A Success\", p. 29, 27 August 1928) also covered the match: \"I fancy the scheme has come to stay. All that was required was a lead and London has supplied it.\" When Chelsea toured Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil at the end of the season in the summer of 1929, they also wore numbered shirts, ear...", "title": "Squad number (association football) - Wikipedia" } ]	1,947
28	If you subtract the year that William McCrary "Billy" Ray II was born from the year Obama was first sworn in as President to the United States and multiply it by the number of administrative regions in France as of January 1, 2024, what number would you get?	828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ray_II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ray_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Ray_II", "text": "William M. Ray II\nWilliam McCrary \"Billy\" Ray II (born May 3, 1963) is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia. He was previously a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals and a member of the Georgia State Senate for District 48.\nBiography\n[edit]Ray was born in Macon, Georgia in 1963.[3] He received his Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business in 1985, magna cum laude, his Master of Business Administration from the Terry College of Business in 1986, and his Juris Doctor, cum laude, from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1990. Upon graduation he joined the law firm of Andersen, Davidson & Tate, P.C. in Gwinnett County, Georgia.[4] He ran for the Georgia State Senate in 1996 and spent six years representing the 48th District. He served on the Judiciary, Special Judiciary, Rules, Appropriations, Natural Resources, and Transportation Committees.[3] On January 14, 2002, he took the oath of office to be a Superior Court Judge on the Gwinnett Judicial Circuit,[3] a position in which he served for ten years.[4] On July 30, 2012, Governor Nathan Deal appointed Ray to serve as the 76th Judge of the Court of Appeals of Georgia, where he succeeded Keith R. Blackwell, who was elevated to the state Supreme Court.[3][5][6] He served in that capacity until his appointment as a federal judge.\nFederal judicial service\n[edit]On July 13, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Ray to serve as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, to the seat vacated by Judge Harold Lloyd Murphy, who assumed senior status on March 31, 2017.[7] On September 20, 2017, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee.[8] On October 19, 2017, his nomination was reported out of committee by an 11–9 vote.[9]\nOn January 3, 2018, his nomination was returned to the President under Rule XXXI, Paragraph 6 of the United States Senate.[10] On January 5, 2018, President Donald Trump announced his intent to renominate Ray to a federal judgeship.[11] On January 8, 2018, his renomination was sent to the Senate.[12] On January 18, 2018, his nomination was reported out of committee by an 11–10 vote.[13] On October 11, 2018, his nomination was confirmed by a 54–41 vote.[14] He received his judicial commission on October 25, 2018.[15]\nNotable cases\n[edit]During the 2020 Georgia elections, to protect voting rights during the COVID-19 pandemic, the secretary of state of Georgia Brad Raffensperger directed the mailing of absentee (mail-in) ballot applications to all of Georgia's 6.9 million active registered voters for the state's June 2020 primary. The Georgia Association of Latino Elected Officials and other civil rights groups sued the Office of the Secretary of State of Georgia, and the Gwinnett County elections board in Federal District Court, arguing that the mailing of mail-in ballot applications for the 2020 general election (which were only in English) should also have been sent in the Spanish language in Gwinnett County, which has a significant Spanish-speaking population. Judge Ray dismissed the suit in October 2020, ruling that the plaintiffs lacked standing and the English-only mailings did not violate the Voting Rights Act.[16]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Ray has been married since 1989 to Dr. Kelle Chandler Ray, who is a clinical psychologist who practices in Lawrenceville, Georgia. They have three sons and reside in Norcross, Georgia.[3]\nOne of Ray's uncles was Richard Ray, a Democratic United States Congressman from Perry, Georgia and served as Senator Sam Nunn's Chief of Staff in Washington, D.C. for 12 years, and another uncle was Robert Ray of Fort Valley who served in the Georgia House of Representatives for 24 years.[2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Our Campaigns - GA State Senate 48 Race - Nov 05, 1996\".\n- ^ a b \"Q&A with Judge William Ray, Superior Court of Gwinnett ...", "title": "William M. Ray II - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama", "text": "Barack Obama\nBarack Hussein Obama II[a] (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.\nBorn in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate, a position he held until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the 2008 presidential election, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and defeated Republican nominee John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin.\nObama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy, a decision which drew both criticism and praise. During his first term, his administration responded to the 2008 financial crisis with measures including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to address the Great Recession; a partial extension of the Bush tax cuts; legislation to reform health care; and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a major financial regulation reform bill. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Obama also oversaw the end of the Iraq War and ordered Operation Neptune Spear, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 attacks. He downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model by expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. Obama also ordered the 2011 military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.\nObama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney and his running mate Paul Ryan in the 2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama advocated for gun control in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. He took steps to combat climate change by signing the Paris Agreement on climate change and an executive order to limit carbon emissions, and presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term. Obama initiated sanctions against Russia following its invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. He also ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL following the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (a nuclear agreement with Iran), and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage.\nObama left office in 2017 with high approval ratings both within the United States and among foreign advisories. He continues to reside in Washington, D.C.,[2] and remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including in Biden's successful presidential bid in the 2020 presidential election. Outside politics, Obama has published three books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised...", "title": "Barack Obama - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France", "text": "Regions of France\nFrance is divided into eighteen administrative regions (French: régions, singular région [ʁeʒjɔ̃]), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status).[1]\nAll of the thirteen metropolitan administrative regions (including Corsica as of 2019[update]) are further subdivided into two to thirteen administrative departments, with the prefect of each region's administrative centre's department also acting as the regional prefect. The overseas regions administratively consist of only one department each and hence also have the status of overseas departments.\nMost administrative regions also have the status of regional territorial collectivities, which comes with a local government, with departmental and communal collectivities below the regional level. The exceptions are Corsica, French Guiana, Mayotte and Martinique, where region and department functions are managed by single local governments having consolidated jurisdiction and which are known as single territorial collectivities.\nHistory\n[edit]1982–2015\n[edit]The term région was officially created by the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982), which also gave regions their legal status. The first direct elections for regional representatives took place on 16 March 1986.[2]\nBetween 1982 and 2015, there were 22 regions in Metropolitan France. Before 2011, there were four overseas regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion); in 2011 Mayotte became the fifth.\nReform and mergers of regions\n[edit]In 2014, the French parliament passed a law reducing the number of metropolitan regions from 22 to 13 effective 1 January 2016.[5]\nThe law gave interim names for most of the new regions by combining the names of the former regions, e.g. the region composed of Aquitaine, Poitou-Charentes and Limousin was temporarily called Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes. However, the combined region of Upper and Lower Normandy was simply called \"Normandy\" (Normandie). Permanent names were proposed by the new regional councils by 1 July 2016 and new names confirmed by the Conseil d'État by 30 September 2016.[6][7] The legislation defining the new regions also allowed the Centre region to officially change its name to \"Centre-Val de Loire\" with effect from January 2015.[8] Two regions, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, opted to retain their interim names.[9][10]\n-\nÉdouard Balladur's proposal\n-\nManuel Valls's proposal A\n-\nManuel Valls's proposal B\n-\nPresident François Hollande's proposal\n-\nRegions as instituted by the National Assembly in 2014\nGiven below is a table of former regions and which new region they became part of.\nList of administrative regions\n[edit]Role\n[edit]Regions lack separate legislative authority and therefore cannot write their own statutory law. They levy their own taxes and, in return, receive a decreasing[clarification needed] part of their budget from the central government, which gives them a portion of the taxes it levies. They also have considerable budgets managed by a regional council (conseil régional) made up of representatives voted into office in regional elections.\nA region's primary responsibility is to build and furnish high schools. In March 2004, the French central government unveiled a controversial plan to transfer regulation of certain categories of non-teaching school staff to the regional authorities. Critics of this plan contended that tax revenue was insufficient to pay for the resulting costs, and that such measures would increase regional inequalities.\nIn addition, regions have considerable discretionary power over infrastructural spending, e.g., education, public transit, universities and research, and assistance to business owners. This has meant that the heads of wealthy regions such as Île-de-France or Rhône-Alpes can be high-profile positions.\nProposals to give r...", "title": "Regions of France - Wikipedia" } ]	2,761
29	If Princess Diana had been born three years earlier, who would have been Prime Minister when she was ten?	Harold Wilson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales", "text": "Diana, Princess of Wales\nDiana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity.\nDiana was born into the British nobility and grew up close to the royal family, living at Park House on their Sandringham estate. In 1981, while working as a nursery teacher's assistant, she became engaged to Charles, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. Their wedding took place at St Paul's Cathedral in July 1981 and made her Princess of Wales, a role in which she was enthusiastically received by the public. The couple had two sons, William and Harry, who were then respectively second and third in the line of succession to the British throne. Diana's marriage to Charles suffered due to their incompatibility and extramarital affairs. They separated in 1992, soon after the breakdown of their relationship became public knowledge. Their marital difficulties were widely publicised, and the couple divorced in 1996.\nAs Princess of Wales, Diana undertook royal duties on behalf of the Queen and represented her at functions across the Commonwealth realms. She was celebrated in the media for her beauty, style, charm, and later, her unconventional approach to charity work. Her patronages were initially centred on children and the elderly, but she later became known for her involvement in two particular campaigns: one involved the social attitudes towards and the acceptance of AIDS patients, and the other for the removal of landmines, promoted through the International Red Cross. She also raised awareness and advocated for ways to help people affected by cancer and mental illness. Diana was initially noted for her shyness, but her charisma and friendliness endeared her to the public and helped her reputation survive the public collapse of her marriage. Considered photogenic, she was regarded as a fashion icon.\nIn August 1997, Diana died after a car crash in Paris; the incident led to extensive public mourning and global media attention. An inquest returned a verdict of unlawful killing due to gross negligence by a driver and the paparazzi pursuing her as found in Operation Paget, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police. Her legacy has had a significant impact on the royal family and British society.\nEarly life\nDiana Frances Spencer was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk,[1] the fourth of five children of John Spencer, Viscount Althorp (1924–1992), and Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (née Roche; 1936–2004).[2] The Spencer family had been closely connected with the British royal family for several generations;[3] her grandmothers, Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer, and Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy, had served as ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.[4] Her parents were hoping for a boy to carry on the family line, and no name was chosen for a week until they settled on Diana Frances after her mother and Lady Diana Spencer, a many-times-great-aunt who was also a prospective Princess of Wales as a potential bride for Frederick, Prince of Wales.[5] Within the family, she was also known informally as \"Duch\", a reference to her duchess-like attitude in childhood.[6]\nDiana was baptised on 30 August at St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham.[7][5] She grew up with three siblings: Sarah, Jane, and Charles.[8] Her infant brother, John, died shortly after his birth one year before Diana was born.[9] The desire for an heir added strain to her parents' marriage, and Lady Althorp was sent to Harley Street clinics in London to determine the cause of the \"problem\".[5] The experience was described as \"humiliating\" by Diana's younger brother, Charles: \"It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it\"....", "title": "Diana, Princess of Wales - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom", "text": "List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom\nThe prime minister of the United Kingdom is the principal minister of the crown of His Majesty's Government, and the head of the British Cabinet.\nThere is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over time through a merger of duties.[1] The term was regularly, if informally, used by Robert Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s,[4] although did not become the official title until 1905, when Henry Campbell-Bannerman was prime minister.\nHistorians generally consider Robert Walpole, who led the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[5] to be the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[6] The first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger at its creation on 1 January 1801.[7] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli who signed the 1878 Treaty of Berlin as \"Prime Minister of Her Britannic Majesty\".[8]\nIn 1905, the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence,[9] with the incumbent Henry Campbell-Bannerman the first officially referred to as \"prime minister\". The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland upon its creation in 1922 (when 26 Irish counties seceded and created the Irish Free State) was Andrew Bonar Law,[10] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[11]\nThe current prime minister is Keir Starmer, who assumed the office on 5 July 2024.\nBefore the Kingdom of Great Britain\n[edit]Before the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, the Treasury of England was led by the Lord High Treasurer.[12] By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[12] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (lord high treasurer, 1547–1549),[13] served as lord protector to his young nephew King Edward VI;[13] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (lord high treasurer, 1572–1598),[14] was the dominant minister to Queen Elizabeth I;[14] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as Chief Minister to Elizabeth (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by King James I as lord high treasurer (1608–1612).[15]\nBy the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the lord high treasurer) but by a commission of lords of the Treasury,[16] led by the first lord of the Treasury. The last lords high treasurer, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1702–1710) and Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (1711–1714),[17] ran the government of Queen Anne.[18]\nFrom 1707 to 1721\n[edit]Following the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single lord high treasurer) became permanent.[19] For the next three years, the government was headed by Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[20] Subsequently, Lords Stanhope and Sunderland ran the government jointly,[21] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[21] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[21] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[22] From that point, the holder of the office of first lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[23] The prime minister still holds the office of first lord by constitutional convention,[24] the only exceptions being th...", "title": "List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom - Wikipedia" } ]	1,894
30	As of August 1, 2024, what is the population of the writer of the "Culdcept Saga"'s birthplace? Write the answer to the nearest million, in characters.	Two million.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culdcept_Saga	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Ubukata	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culdcept_Saga', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Ubukata', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culdcept_Saga", "text": "Culdcept Saga\nCuldcept Saga (カルドセプトサーガ, Karudoseputo Sāga) is a video game in the Culdcept series developed exclusively for the Xbox 360 video game console. It is the first entry for a Microsoft console in the franchise.\nA demo of the title was made available to Xbox Live users on December 4, 2007. The demo includes two different pre-made card decks and supports both single player gameplay and local multiplayer for up to four players.[1] Initially released in Japan in 2006, the full game wasn't released in North America until more than a year later, in February 2008, but has never been released in Europe or Australia.\nStory\n[edit]As the game begins, the player-nameable \"Boy\" protagonist sells himself into slavery to help his struggling village. While departing the village with his new owner, the two encounter a mysterious woman carrying a deck of magical cards which respond powerfully to the young man's presence. As the woman, Princess Faustina, pleads with the slaver to release the boy (whom she refers to as \"the savior\"), all three are set upon by Rilara, a traveling bandit. It is here that the young man, controlled by the player, learns that he is actually a Cepter, a powerful individual who can control magical cards. Using cards borrowed from Faustina, he defeats Rilara and begins his journey towards becoming a master Cepter.\nThe protagonist is sold by the slaver to an arena, and must fight other Cepters to earn his freedom. When he finally does, Faustina takes him to her home, the Advatarian Empire. Her father tells her to go to the four neighboring elementally-themed lands and negotiate for peace. However, after they finish doing this, it is revealed that the king only did it as a ploy to launch an all-out attack. The protagonist must flee along with Faustina to avoid execution. Soon after, Faustina is kidnapped by High Priest Sapphius, one of the world's most powerful Cepters, who seeks to destroy the Empire and the world.\nToo weak to resist the High Priest, the protagonist is forced to undergo the Trials, an ancient proving grounds for Cepters overseen by Diarna, a former Imperial knight who became a hermit. He passes them, despite the interference of Rilara, and becomes a true Cepter, learning that a Cepter's purpose is to reassemble the cards into Culdcept, the book of creation. Meanwhile, the High Priest attacks and destroys the Empire. The protagonist can choose to travel to the Northern or Southern Continent to face the High Priest, but, each time, Faustina perishes, either by the hand of the High Priest or his own. Both times, he reassembles Culdcept, and is granted the power of a god by the world's goddess Zeromn, but he chooses to return to the past, as he finds creating a world pointless without Faustina alive.\nFinally, the protagonist is able to choose a third option, going to the island between the continents. There, aided by Rilara, who has now become a true Cepter herself, the protagonist convinces Faustina, who had joined the High Priest, to rejoin him, and fights Sapphius. It is revealed that Sapphius was being manipulated by Baltias, an evil god who cast a curse on Culdcept. The protagonist defeats Baltias, and both he and Faustina become gods together, finally creating a new world.\nGameplay\n[edit]As in Monopoly, players in Culdcept Saga roll dice and move around a game board, attempting to claim spaces and assess fees against other Cepters who land there. Unlike Monopoly, squares are claimed by summoning creatures to guard them, and players who land on them can opt to challenge this creature with one of their own rather than pay the toll. If successful, the challenger claims ownership of the square. The winner of the game is the first player to return to the starting location after amassing a sufficient quantity of magic/mana.\nCards\n[edit]Creatures are summoned from customized decks (\"books\") of cards which players design ahead of time from their available pool of cards. Other cards in these decks bes...", "title": "Culdcept Saga - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tow_Ubukata", "text": "Tow Ubukata\nMineo Fujino (Japanese: 藤野峰男, Hepburn: Fujino Mineo; born February 14, 1977, in Gifu Prefecture), known by his pen name Tow Ubukata (冲方丁, Ubukata Tō), is a Japanese novelist and screenwriter. He primarily writes fantasy and science fiction. His major works include Mardock Scramble, Le Chevalier D'Eon and Heroic Age. He also did series composition for the Fafner in the Azure series, Ghost in the Shell: Arise, Psycho-Pass 2 and Psycho-Pass 3.\nEarly life\n[edit]Ubukata was raised in Singapore and Nepal.\nCareer\n[edit]In high school, Ubukata received several writer's awards.[1] In 1996, he debuted as a writer of short stories and won the Kadokawa Sneaker Award with his story Black Season.[2] In 2009, he won the Eiji Yoshikawa Award for New Writers with his story Tenchi Meisatsu.[2] In 2012, he won the Fūtarō Yamada Award for his story Mitsukuni-den.[2]\nUbukata writes for the Japanese visual culture magazine Newtype. His serialized segments, called \"A Gambler's Life\", are comedic, often-satiric expository pieces. They chronicle his day-to-day experiences and interactions with people, such as his wife. In these segments, he dubs himself \"The Kamikazi Wordsmith\". These segments were also published in the American counterpart, Newtype USA, which is now discontinued.[3]\nUbukata won the 24th Nihon SF Taisho Award in 2003. Ubukata has written the novelization and the script for the manga version of Le Chevalier D'Eon, and has contributed to the screenplay and the overall story plot of the animated version.[4]\nPersonal life\n[edit]On August 21, 2015, Ubukata allegedly hit his then-wife in her jaw and mouth area at their home in Aoyama, Minato Ward of Tokyo,[2] breaking her front tooth.[5] She reported the incident to the police the next day, leading to his arrest on August 24, 2015.[2] Ubukata admitted they had an argument but denied hitting her.[2] On August 26, 2015, Mito City mayor Yasushi Takahashi decided to put NHK's offer to film a live-action taiga drama adaptation of Ubukuta's novel, Mitsukuni-den, in the city itself on hold.[6] Ubukata was released on September 1, 2015 without indictment.[6] The Public Prosecutors Office dropped charges against him in October 2015, with one reason being that his wife did not want to press charges.[5] Following the incident, Ubukata announced that he planned on writing a memoir based on his experiences in jail, titled 9 Days Trapped.[7] In 2016, one year after his arrest and release, Ubukata revealed that he and his wife had divorced, with his wife taking custody of their children.[8]\nBibliography\n[edit]- Tenchi Meisatsu, 2009 (ISBN 9784048740135)\n- Mitsukuni-den, 2012 (ISBN 9784041102749)\n- 12 Suicidal Teens, 2016 (ISBN 9784163905419)\n- Ikusa no Kuni, 2017 (ISBN 9784062208048)\n- Kirinji, 2018 (ISBN 9784041072141)\n- Moonrise, 2018 (ASIN B07M8Z676B) English Ebook prologue\n- Tsuki to Hi no Kisaki, 2021 (ISBN 9784569850092)\n- SGU Metropolitan Police Department Special Gun Unit, 2023 (ISBN 9784866997957)\n- 11 Rebels, 2024 (ISBN 9784065357088)\n- Moonrise, 2025 (ISBN 9784867944905\n{{isbn}}\n: ignored ISBN errors (link)) Trilogy\nFilmography\n[edit]Anime series\n[edit]Anime films\n[edit]Live action\n[edit]Video games\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ Ubukata, Tow. \"Taking on a TV interview\". Newtype USA. 6 (7) p. 30. July 2007. ISSN 1541-4817.\n- ^ a b c d e f g Hodgkins, Crystalyn (2015-08-24). \"Ghost in the Shell Arise Writer Tow Ubukata Arrested on Charges of Domestic Violence\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-24.\n- ^ Newtype USA. ISSN 1541-4817.\n- ^ Miya, Shotaro et al. \"Le Chevalier D'Eon\". Newtype USA. 6 (1) pp. 52-53. January 2007. ISSN 1541-4817.\n- ^ a b c Loo, Egan (2015-10-16). \"Domestic Violence Charges Dropped Against Writer Tow Ubukata\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on 2022-03-25. Retrieved 2022-03-24.\n- ^ a b Ressler, Karen (2015-09-01). \"Tow Ubukata Released Without Indictment on Domestic Violence Charges\". Anime News Network. ...", "title": "Tow Ubukata - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture", "text": "Gifu Prefecture\nGifu Prefecture (岐阜県, Gifu-ken; Japanese pronunciation: [ɡʲi.ɸɯ, ɡʲi.ɸɯ̥ꜜ.keɴ][2]) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu.[3]: 246 [4]: 126 Gifu Prefecture has a population of 2,040,000 (as of April 1, 2025[update])[5] and has a geographic area of 10,621 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi). Gifu Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to the north; Ishikawa Prefecture to the northwest, Fukui Prefecture and Shiga Prefecture to the west, Mie Prefecture to the southwest, Aichi Prefecture to the south, and Nagano Prefecture to the east.\nGifu is the capital and largest city of Gifu Prefecture, with other major cities including Ōgaki, Kakamigahara, and Tajimi.[6]: 246\nGifu Prefecture is located in the center of Japan, one of only eight landlocked prefectures, and features the country's center of population. Gifu Prefecture has served as the historic crossroads of Japan with routes connecting the east to the west, including the Nakasendō, one of the Five Routes of the Edo period. Gifu Prefecture was a long-term residence of Oda Nobunaga and Saitō Dōsan, two influential figures of Japanese history in the Sengoku period, spawning the popular phrase \"control Gifu and you control Japan\" in the late Medieval era.[7] Gifu Prefecture is known for its traditional Washi paper industry, including Gifu lanterns and Gifu umbrellas, and as a center for the Japanese swordsmithing and cutlery industries. Gifu Prefecture is home to Gifu Castle, the 1,300-year-old tradition of cormorant fishing on the Nagara River, and the site of the Battle of Sekigahara.\nHistory\n[edit]The land area that makes up modern-day Gifu became part of the Yamato Court around the middle of the fourth century. Because it is in the middle of the island of Honshu, it has been the site of many decisive battles throughout Japan's history, the oldest major one being the Jinshin War in 672, which led to the establishment of Emperor Tenmu as the 40th emperor of Japan.\nThe area of Gifu Prefecture consists of the old provinces of Hida and Mino, as well as smaller parts of Echizen and Shinano.[8] The name of the prefecture derives from its capital city, Gifu, which was named by Oda Nobunaga during his campaign to unify all of Japan in 1567.[9] The first character used comes from Qishan (岐山), a legendary mountain from which most of China was unified, whereas the second character comes from Qufu (曲阜), the birthplace of Confucius.[10] Nobunaga chose those characters because he wanted to unify all of Japan and he wanted to be viewed as a great mind.\nHistorically, the prefecture served as the center of swordmaking for the whole of Japan, with Seki being known for making the best swords in Japan. More recently, its strengths have been in fashion (primarily in the city of Gifu) and aerospace engineering (Kakamigahara).\nOn October 28, 1891, the present-day city of Motosu was the epicenter for the Mino–Owari earthquake, the second largest earthquake to ever hit Japan.[11] The earthquake, estimated at 8.0 (surface-wave magnitude), left a fault scarp that can still be seen today.\nGeography\n[edit]One of the few landlocked prefectures in Japan, Gifu shares borders with seven other prefectures: Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Shiga, Mie, Aichi, and Nagano. Japan's postal codes all start with a three-digit number, ranging from 001 to 999. Part of Gifu has the 500 prefix, reflecting its location in the center of Japan. The center of Japanese population is currently located in Seki City, Gifu Prefecture. The center of population is a hypothetical point at which a country is perfectly balanced assuming each person has a uniform weight. The spot was calculated using the 2005 census.\nAs of 31 March 2019,[update] 18 percent of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Hakusan and Chūbu-Sangaku National Parks, Hida-Kisogawa and Ibi-Sekigahara-Yōrō Quasi-National Parks, and fifteen Prefectural Natural Parks.[12]\nRegions\n[edit]Gifu has five uno...", "title": "Gifu Prefecture - Wikipedia" } ]	3,341
31	What is the middle name of the U.S. president who died on the same day of the year as Virginia Woolf?	David	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf", "text": "Virginia Woolf\nAdeline Virginia Woolf (/wʊlf/;[2] née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer and one of the most influential 20th-century modernist authors. She helped to pioneer the use of stream of consciousness narration as a literary device.\nVirginia Woolf was born in South Kensington, London, into an affluent and intellectual family as the seventh child of Julia Prinsep Jackson and Leslie Stephen. She grew up in a blended household of eight children, including her sister, the painter Vanessa Bell. Educated at home in English classics and Victorian literature, Woolf later attended King’s College London, where she studied classics and history and encountered early advocates for women’s rights and education.\nAfter the death of her father in 1904, Woolf and her family moved to the bohemian Bloomsbury district, where she became a founding member of the influential Bloomsbury Group. She married Leonard Woolf in 1912, and together they established the Hogarth Press in 1917, which published much of her work. They eventually settled in Sussex in 1940, maintaining their involvement in literary circles throughout their lives.\nWoolf began publishing professionally in 1900 and rose to prominence during the interwar period with novels like Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), as well as the feminist essay A Room of One’s Own (1929). Her work became central to 1970s feminist criticism and remains influential worldwide, having been translated into over 50 languages. Woolf’s legacy endures extensive scholarship, cultural portrayals, and tributes such as memorials, societies, and university buildings bearing her name.\nLife\n[edit]Early life\n[edit]Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882, in South Kensington, London,[3] to Julia (née Jackson) and Sir Leslie Stephen. Her father was a writer, historian, essayist, biographer, and mountaineer, while her mother was a noted philanthropist.[3][4] Woolf's maternal relatives include Julia Margaret Cameron, a celebrated photographer, and Lady Henry Somerset, a campaigner for women's rights.[4] Originally named after her aunt Adeline, Woolf did not use her first name due to her aunt's recent death.[5] Virginia's great-nephew, the historian William Dalrymple, has claimed that Virginia was part Bengali through her maternal grandmother, Maria Theodosia Pattle.[6]\nBoth Virginia's parents had children from previous marriages. Julia's first marriage, to barrister Herbert Duckworth, produced three children: George, Stella, and Gerald.[4] Leslie's first marriage, to Minny Thackeray, daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, resulted in one daughter, Laura.[3] Leslie and Julia Stephen had four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia, and Adrian.[3]\nVirginia showed an early affinity for writing. By the age of five, she was writing letters, and her fascination with books helped form a bond with her father.[3] From the age of 10, she began an illustrated family newspaper, the Hyde Park Gate News, chronicling life and events within the Stephen family,[7] and modelled on the popular magazine Tit-Bits.[8] Virginia would run the Hyde Park Gate News until 1895.[9] In 1897, Virginia began her first diary,[10] which she kept for the next twelve years.[11]\nTalland House\n[edit]In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white house in St Ives, Cornwall.[12][3] The family spent three months each summer there for the first 13 years of Virginia's life.[13] Despite its limited amenities, the house's main attraction was the view of Porthminster Bay overlooking the Godrevy Lighthouse.[3] The happy summers spent at Talland House would later influence Woolf's novels Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.[14]\nAt both Talland House and her family home, the family engaged with many literary and artistic figures. Frequent guests included literary figures such as Henry James, George Meredith, and James Russell Lowell.[citation needed] The fami...", "title": "Virginia Woolf - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_date_of_death", "text": "List of presidents of the United States by date of death\nThe following is a list of presidents of the United States by date of death, plus additional lists of presidential death related statistics. Of the 45 people who have served as President of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789,[a] 40 have died – eight of them while in office.[b]\nThe oldest president at the time of death was Jimmy Carter, who died at 100 years, 89 days. John F. Kennedy, assassinated at the age of 46 years, 177 days, was the youngest to have died in office; the youngest to have died by natural causes was James K. Polk, who died of cholera at the age of 53 years, 225 days.\nPresidents in order of death\n[edit]Died same day, date, year, age\n[edit]Same day\n[edit]- July 4, 1826: Thomas Jefferson at 12:50 p.m.,[13] and John Adams at 6:20 p.m.[13]\nSame date\n[edit]- March 8: Millard Fillmore in 1874 and William Howard Taft in 1930\n- July 4: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in 1826, and James Monroe in 1831[14]\n- December 26: Harry S. Truman in 1972 and Gerald Ford in 2006\nSame calendar year\n[edit]- 1826: Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, both on July 4\n- 1862: John Tyler and Martin Van Buren, on January 18 and July 24, respectively\n- 1901: Benjamin Harrison and William McKinley, on March 13 and September 14, respectively\nSame age (rounded down to nearest year)\n[edit]- 93: Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan\n- 90: John Adams and Herbert Hoover\n- 78: Andrew Jackson and Dwight D. Eisenhower\n- 71: John Tyler and Grover Cleveland\n- 67: George Washington, Benjamin Harrison, and Woodrow Wilson\n- 64: Franklin Pierce and Lyndon B. Johnson\n- 63: Ulysses S. Grant and Franklin D. Roosevelt\n- 60: Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge\n- 57: Chester A. Arthur and Warren G. Harding\nDied before multiple predecessors\n[edit]9th president William Henry Harrison (died April 4, 1841)\n- 4 years, 65 days before 7th president Andrew Jackson (died June 8, 1845)\n- 6 years, 325 days before 6th president John Quincy Adams (died February 23, 1848)\n- 21 years, 111 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)\n11th president James K. Polk (died June 15, 1849)\n- 12 years, 217 days before 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)\n- 13 years, 39 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)\n12th president Zachary Taylor (died July 9, 1850)\n- 11 years, 193 days before 10th president John Tyler (died January 18, 1862)\n- 12 years, 15 days before 8th president Martin Van Buren (died July 24, 1862)\n15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)\n- 1 year, 129 days before 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)\n- 5 years, 280 days before 13th president Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874)\n16th president Abraham Lincoln (died April 15, 1865)\n- 3 years, 47 days before 15th president James Buchanan (died June 1, 1868)\n- 4 years, 176 days before 14th president Franklin Pierce (died October 8, 1869)\n- 8 years, 327 days before 13th president Millard Fillmore (died March 8, 1874)\n20th president James A. Garfield (died September 19, 1881)\n- 3 years, 307 days before 18th president Ulysses S. Grant (died July 23, 1885)\n- 11 years, 120 days before 19th president Rutherford B. Hayes (died January 17, 1893)\n29th president Warren Harding (died August 2, 1923)\n- 185 days before 28th president Woodrow Wilson (died February 3, 1924)\n- 6 years, 218 days before 27th president William Howard Taft (died March 8, 1930)\n35th president John F. Kennedy (died November 22, 1963)\n- 333 days before 31st president Herbert Hoover (died October 20, 1964)\n- 5 years, 126 days before 34th president Dwight D. Eisenhower (died March 28, 1969)\n- 9 years, 34 days before 33rd president Harry S. Truman (died December 26, 1972)\n40th president Ronald Reagan (died June 5, 2004)\n- 2 years, 204 days before 38th president Gerald Ford (died December 26, 2006)\n- 20 years, 207 days before 39th president Jimmy Carter (died December 29, 2024)\nDied after multiple successors\n[edi...", "title": "List of presidents of the United States by date of death - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower\nDwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower[a] (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944.\nEisenhower was born in Denison, Texas, and raised in Abilene, Kansas. His family had a strong religious background, and his mother became a Jehovah's Witness. Eisenhower, however, belonged to no organized church until 1952. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, with whom he had two sons. During World War I, he was denied a request to serve in Europe and instead commanded a unit that trained tank crews. Between the wars he served in staff positions in the US and the Philippines, reaching the rank of brigadier general shortly before the entry of the US into World War II in 1941. After further promotion Eisenhower oversaw the Allied invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany. After the war ended in Europe, he served as military governor of the American-occupied zone of Germany (1945), Army Chief of Staff (1945–1948), president of Columbia University (1948–1953), and as the first supreme commander of NATO (1951–1952).\nIn 1952, Eisenhower entered the presidential race as a Republican to block the extremist policies of Senator Robert A. Taft, who opposed NATO and sought to undo the New Deal. Eisenhower won that year's election and the 1956 election in landslides, both times defeating Adlai Stevenson II. Eisenhower's main goals in office were to contain the spread of communism and reduce federal deficits. In 1953, he considered using nuclear weapons to end the Korean War and may have threatened China with nuclear attack if an armistice was not reached quickly. China did agree and an armistice resulted, which remains in effect. His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized \"inexpensive\" nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions. He continued Harry S. Truman's policy of recognizing Taiwan as the legitimate government of China, and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution. His administration provided aid to help the French try to fight Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War. After the French left, he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam.\nHe supported regime-changing military coups in Iran and Guatemala orchestrated by his own administration. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw. He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, a summit meeting with the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev was cancelled when a US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. Eisenhower approved the Bay of Pigs Invasion, which was left to John F. Kennedy to carry out.\nEisenhower continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege. He signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders which integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. His administration undertook the development and construction of the Interstate Highway System, which remains the largest construction of roadways in American history. In 1957, following the Soviet launch of Sputnik, Eisenhower led the American response which included the creation of NASA and the establishment of a stronger, science-based education via the National ...", "title": "Dwight D. Eisenhower - Wikipedia" } ]	3,266
32	As of 2010, if you added the number of times Brazil had won the World Cup to the amount of times the Chicago Bulls had won the NBA Championship and multiplied this number by the amount of times the Dallas Cowboys had won the Super Bowl, what number are you left with?	55	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup", "text": "FIFA World Cup\nThe FIFA World Cup, often called the World Cup, is an international association football competition among the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 due to the Second World War. The reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 World Cup by defeating France.[1]\nThe contest starts with the qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over the course of about a month. The host nation(s) automatically qualify for the group stage of the tournament. The competition is scheduled to expand to 48 teams, starting with the 2026 World Cup.\nAs of the 2022 World Cup, 22 final tournaments have been held since the event's inception in 1930, and a total of 80 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. With five wins, Brazil is the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, with three titles; France and inaugural winner Uruguay, each with two titles; and England and Spain, with one title each.\nThe World Cup is globally regarded as the most prestigious association football competition, as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world.[2][3] The viewership of the 2018 World Cup was estimated to be 3.57 billion, close to half of the global population,[4][5] while the engagement with the 2022 World Cup was estimated to be 5 billion, with about 1.5 billion people watching the final match.[6]\nEighteen countries have hosted the World Cup, most recently Qatar, who hosted the 2022 event. The 2026 tournament will be jointly hosted by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to host games in three World Cups.\nHistory\nPrevious international competitions\nThe world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England.[7] The first international tournament for nations, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884 and included games between England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.[8] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics; however, the International Olympic Committee has retroactively upgraded their status to official events, as well as the 1906 Intercalated Games.[9]\nAfter FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been unsuccessful.[10]\nAt the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official Olympic sport. Planned by the Football Association (the FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.[11]\nWith the Olympic event continuing to be a contest between amateur teams only, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[12] and featured the most ...", "title": "FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bulls", "text": "Chicago Bulls\nThe Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago. The Bulls compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Central Division of the Eastern Conference. The team was founded on January 16, 1966, and played its first game during the 1966–67 NBA season.[10] The Bulls play their home games in the same arena as the National Hockey League's Chicago Blackhawks; both teams play at the United Center which replaced the former Chicago Stadium.\nThe Bulls saw their greatest success during the 1990s when they played a major part in popularizing the NBA worldwide. They are known for having one of the NBA's greatest dynasties, winning six NBA championships between 1991 and 1998 with two separate three-peats. All six of their championship teams were led by Hall of Famers Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen and coach Phil Jackson. The Bulls are the only NBA team to win multiple championships while never losing an NBA Finals series in their history.[11] The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995–96 season, setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015–16 season. The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season, and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015–16 Warriors.[12]\nSince 1998, the Bulls have failed to regain their former success. The franchise struggled throughout the 2000s but showed promise in the early 2010s led by Derrick Rose and Joakim Noah, culminating in back-to-back seasons above .732 in 2010–11 and 2011–12. An ACL tear suffered by Rose and subsequent trades of key players triggered a rebuild, culminating in different lineups throughout the late 2010s and early 2020s. Jordan and Rose won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award while playing for the Bulls, for a total of six MVP awards. The Bulls share rivalries with the Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons, and the New York Knicks.\nHistory\n[edit]1966–1975: Team creation and early success\n[edit]The Chicago Bulls were granted an NBA franchise on January 16, 1966, making them the third NBA team in Chicago's history, following the Chicago Stags (1946–1950) and the Chicago Packers/Zephyrs (1961–1963).[note 1] The franchise was founded by Dick Klein, the only owner in Bulls history to have played professional basketball, having previously played for the Chicago American Gears. Klein served as the team’s general manager and president during its formative years.\nAfter the 1966 NBA expansion draft, the Bulls (coached by Chicagoan and former NBA All-Star Johnny \"Red\" Kerr) were allowed to acquire players from established teams. In their inaugural 1966–67 season, the Bulls played their first game on October 15, securing an upset victory over the St. Louis Hawks.[13] They finished the season with a 33–48 record, the best by any expansion team in NBA history at the time, and became the first (and only) expansion team to qualify for the playoffs.[13] Guard Guy Rodgers, who led the league in assists, and forward Jerry Sloan were named All-Stars, and Kerr earned Coach of the Year honors.[13]\nThe Bulls initially played their home games at the International Amphitheatre before moving to Chicago Stadium.[14] Despite their early success, fan interest waned over the next few seasons, with attendance dropping significantly. One Bulls game in the 1967–68 season had an official attendance of 891[15] while some Bulls games were being played in Kansas City.[note 2][16] In 1969, Klein resigned as general manager and hired Pat Williams, who had gained prominence with the Philadelphia 76ers for his promotional efforts. Williams revitalized the franchise, making key roster changes and introducing the team's first mascot, Benny the Bull, which helped increase attendance and visibility.\nUnder Williams and head coach Dick Motta, the Bulls made the playoffs for four consecutive seasons, including setting a franchise record of 57 wins in 1972. During this period, the t...", "title": "Chicago Bulls - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys", "text": "Dallas Cowboys\nThe Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. The Cowboys compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The team is headquartered in Frisco, Texas, and has played its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, since its opening in 2009. The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season, following the team's decision to sell the stadium's naming rights to telecommunications company AT&T.[6][7]\nThe Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960.[8] The team's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs. The Cowboys' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games (home and away) began in 2002.[9] The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times, tying it with the Pittsburgh Steelers, Denver Broncos, and San Francisco 49ers for second-most Super Bowl appearances in history behind the New England Patriots' record 11 appearances. Their eight NFC championships are tied for most in the conference's history. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (from 1966 to 1985) during which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984).[10]\nIn 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to Forbes.[11] In 2016, the Cowboys also became the most valuable sports team at $4 billion, a record they have held since by also being the first sports team to reach a worth of $10 billion dollars. As of late 2025, the Cowboys are valued at about $13 billion. The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team.[11] In 2018, they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion[12] and making Forbes' list as the most valued NFL team for the 12th straight year.[13]\nHistory\nOrigins\nPrior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys, there had not been an NFL team south of Washington, D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 after only one season. Two businessmen had tried and failed to get Dallas a team in the NFL: Lamar Hunt responded by forming the American Football League with a group of owners, which would spur the NFL to expand beyond twelve teams. Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. persisted with his intent to bring a team to Dallas, but George Preston Marshall, owner of the Washington Redskins, had a monopoly in the South (after the addition of Dallas, the South would see three further teams - NFL teams in Atlanta and New Orleans, and an AFL team in Miami - added in the next six years).[14]\nMurchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins (now Commanders) from Marshall in 1958 with the intent of moving them to Dallas. An agreement was struck, but as the deal was about to be finalized, Marshall called for a change in terms, which infuriated Murchison, and he called off the deal.[15] Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas. Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time, Marshall's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league.\nMarshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin, who had written the music to the Redskins fight song \"Hail to the Redskins\", and Marshall's wife had penned the lyrics. Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison's plight to get an NFL franchise. Angry with Marshall, Breeskin approached Murchison's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959: Murchison subsequently purchased \"Hail to the Redskins\" for $2,500.[16]\nBefore the vote to award franchises in 1959, Murchison revealed to Marshall that he now owned the song, and barred Marshall from playing it during games. After Marshall launched an expletive-laced tirade, Murchison sold the rights to \"Hail to the Redskins\" back to Marshall in exc...", "title": "Dallas Cowboys - Wikipedia" } ]	2,795
33	How old would the founder of the publishing company of the magazine that serialized the manga series Raw Hero have been the year the magazine ended publication?	145	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Hero	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_(magazine)	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Noma	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Hero', 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_(magazine)', 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha', 'https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Noma']	[ { "source": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Hero", "text": "Raw Hero\nAppearance\nRaw Hero (stylized in all caps) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akira Hiramoto. It was serialized in Kodansha's Evening from September 2018 to August 2020, with its chapters collected in six tankōbon volumes. In North America, the manga is licensed for English release by Yen Press.\nPublication\n[edit]Raw Hero is written and illustrated by Akira Hiramoto. It was serialized in Kodansha's Evening from September 25, 2018,[2][3] to August 11, 2020.[4][5] Kodansha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from February 22, 2019,[6] to September 23, 2020.[7]\nIn North America, the series is licensed for English release by Yen Press.[8]\nVolumes\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ a b c \"RaW Hero, Vol. 1\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on May 15, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\n- ^ Ressler, Karen (September 11, 2018). \"Prison School's Akira Hiramoto Launches New Manga on September 25\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ 「監獄学園」平本アキラの新作「RaW HERO」がイブニングで連載開始. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. September 25, 2018. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ Pineda, Rafael Antonio (July 15, 2020). \"Prison School's Akira Hiramoto Ends RaW Hero Manga\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ “撃墜王”菅野直の活躍を描く本格戦記、イブニング新連載「紫電改343」. Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. August 11, 2020. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ a b ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（１） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ a b ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（６） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ Sherman, Jennifer (July 4, 2019). \"Yen Press Adds The Hero Is Overpowered but Overly Cautious, 13 More Manga/Novels (Updated)\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on September 22, 2023. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（２） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ \"RaW Hero, Vol. 2\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on December 29, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\n- ^ ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（３） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ \"RaW Hero, Vol. 3\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\n- ^ ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（４） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ \"RaW Hero, Vol. 4\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\n- ^ ＲａＷＨＥＲＯ（５） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.\n- ^ \"RaW Hero, Vol. 5\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\n- ^ \"RaW Hero, Vol. 6\". Yen Press. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2023.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Official website at Evening (in Japanese)\n- Raw Hero at Anime News Network's encyclopedia", "title": "Raw Hero - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_(magazine)", "text": "Evening (magazine)\nAppearance\nEvening (Japanese: イブニング, Hepburn: Ibuningu) was a bi-weekly Japanese seinen manga magazine published by Kodansha[1] from 2001 to 2023. Circulation was reported by the Japan Magazine Publishers Association at 115,617 copies in 2015.\nThe magazine ended publication on February 28, 2023, and some titles being serialized in the magazine were moved to Kodansha's Comic Days website.[4]\nList of serialized manga\n[edit]2000s\n[edit]- Koi Kaze by Motoi Yoshida (2001–2004)\n- Sakuran by Moyoco Anno (2001–2003)\n- Scout Seishirō by Norifusa Mita (2001–2003)\n- Mister Ajikko II by Daisuke Terasawa (2003–2012)\n- Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture by Masayuki Ishikawa (2004–2013, moved to Monthly Morning Two )\n- Shamo by Izo Hashimoto (story) and Akio Tanaka (art) (2004–2015, moved from Manga Action)\n- Yugo the Negotiator by Shinji Makari (story) and Shuu Akana (art) (2004–2015)\n- Blood Alone by Masayuki Takano (2005–2014)\n- Garōden by Baku Yumemakura (story) and Keisuke Itagaki (art) (2005–2010, moved from Young Magazine Uppers)\n- Yama Onna Kabe Onna by Atsuko Takakura (2005–2010)\n- You're Being Summoned, Azazel by Kubo Yasuhisa (2007–2018)\n- All-Rounder Meguru by Hiroki Endo (2008–2016)\n- Moteki by Mitsurō Kubo (2008–2010)\n- Captain Alice by Yuzo Takada (2009–2013)\n- Noririn by Mohiro Kitoh (2009–2015)\n- Tōmei Axle by Norifusa Mita (2009–2010)\n2010s\n[edit]- Ōgari by Sachiko Aoki (2010–2011)\n- Yoiko no Mokushiroku by Kei Aoyama (2010–2011)\n- Aventurier by Takashi Morita (2011–2013)\n- Battle Angel Alita: Last Order by Yukito Kishiro (2011–2014, moved from Ultra Jump)\n- Boys Be… Adult Season by Masahiro Itabashi (story) and Hiroyuki Tamakoshi (art) (2011–2013)\n- Hitsuji no Ki by Tatsuhiko Yamagami (story) and Mikio Igarashi (art) (2011–2014)\n- Lovely Muco by Takayuki Mizushina (2011–2020)\n- Sanzoku Diary by Kentarō Okamoto (2011–2016)[5]\n- Narihirabashi Denki Shōten by Hisae Iwaoka (2012–2013)\n- Sayonara, Tama-chan by Kazuyoshi Takeda (2012–2013)\n- Kasane by Daruma Matsuura (2013–2018)\n- Shōta no Sushi 2: World Stage by Daisuke Teraasawa (2013–2015)\n- Inuyashiki by Hiroya Oku (2014–2017)\n- Deathtopia by Yoshinobu Yamada (2014–2016)\n- Gunnm: Mars Chronicle (銃夢火星戦記, Ganmu Kasei Senki) by Yukito Kishiro (2014–2022)\n- Kaizoku to yobareta otoko by Naoki Hyakuta (story) and Souichi Moto (2014–2017)\n- Kami-sama no Joker by Michiharu Kusunoki (story) and Mizu Sahara (art) (2015–2016)\n- Gereksiz by Minoru Furuya (2016–2017)\n- Op: Yoake Itaru no Iro no Nai Hibi (Op -オプ- 夜明至の色のない日々) by Kou Yoneda (2016–2023)\n- Kannō-sensei (官能先生) by Motoi Yoshida (2016–2023)\n- Sanzoku Diary SS by Kentarō Okamoto (2016–2017)\n- Riū wo Machinagara by Ao Akato (2017–2018)\n- Hayabusa Chan mo Tondemasu (隼ちゃんもとんでます) by Mohiro Kitoh (2017–2023)\n- Sōsei no Taiga (創世のタイガ) by Kouji Mori (2017–2023)\n- Crusher Joe Rebirth (ラッシャージョウ REBIRTH) by Haruka Takachiho (story) and Yu Harii (art) (2017–2023)\n- Kindaichi 37-sai no Jikenbo (金田一37歳の事件簿) by Shin Kibayashi (story) and Fumiya Satou (art) (2018–2023)\n- In Hand by Ao Akato (2018–2020)\n- Raw Hero by Akira Hiramoto (2018–2020)\n- Futari Solo Camp (ふたりソロキャンプ, Futari Soro Kyanpu) by Yudai Debata (2018–2023)\n- Island in a Puddle by Kei Sanbe (2019–2021)\n2020s\n[edit]- Gurazeni: Natsunosuke no Seishun by Yūji Moritaka (story) and Yōsuke Uzumaki (art) (2020–2022)\n- Legal Egg by Homura Kawamoto (story) and Yasoko Momen (art) (2020–2021)\n- A-bout! Surf by Masa Ishikawa (2021–2022)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b Erica Friedman (18 December 2011). \"Magazine no Mori in the Evening\". Manga Bookshelf. Retrieved 26 July 2016.\n- ^ a b \"Men's Manga\" (in Japanese). Japanese Magazine Publishers Association. September 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2016.\n- ^ イブニング - 読者資料 (in Japanese). Kodansha. Archived from the original on April 9, 2003. Retrieved January 15, 2023.\n- ^ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (December 26, 2022). \"Kodansha's Evening Magazine Ends Publication in February After 22 Years\". Anime News Network. Retrieved December 26, 2022.\n- ^ \"San...", "title": "Evening (magazine) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha", "text": "Kodansha\nKodansha Ltd. (Japanese: 株式会社講談社, Hepburn: Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha) is a Japanese privately held publishing and music company headquartered in Bunkyō, Tokyo.[2] Kodansha publishes manga magazines which include Nakayoshi, Morning, Afternoon, Evening, Weekly Young Magazine, Weekly Shōnen Magazine, and Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine, as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō, Shūkan Gendai, and the Japanese dictionary, Nihongo Daijiten. Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909, and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation.\nHistory\n[edit]Seiji Noma founded Kodansha in 1909 as a spin-off of the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai (大日本雄辯會, \"Greater Japan Oratorical Society\") and produced the literary magazine, Yūben, (雄辯) as its first publication.[3] The name Kodansha (taken from Kōdan Club (講談倶楽部), a now-defunct magazine published by the company) originated in 1911 when the publisher formally merged with the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai. The company has used its current legal name since 1958. It uses the motto \"omoshirokute, tame ni naru\" (面白くて、ためになる; \"To be interesting and beneficial\").\nKodansha Limited owns the Otowa Group, which manages subsidiary companies such as King Records (official name: King Record Co., Ltd.) and Kobunsha, and publishes Nikkan Gendai, a daily tabloid. It also has close ties with Disney and officially sponsors Tokyo Disneyland.\nKodansha is the largest publisher in Japan.[citation needed] Revenues dropped due to the 2002 recession in Japan and an accompanying downturn in the publishing industry: the company posted a loss in the 2002 financial year for the first time since the end of World War II. (The second-largest publisher, Shogakukan, has done relatively better. In the 2003 financial year, Kodansha had revenues of ¥167 billion compared to ¥150 billion for Shogakukan. Kodansha, at its peak, led Shogakukan by over ¥50 billion in revenue.)[citation needed]\nKodansha sponsors the Kodansha Manga Award which has run since 1977 (and since 1960 under other names).[citation needed]\nKodansha's headquarters in Tokyo once housed Noma Dōjō, a kendo practice-hall established by Seiji Noma in 1925. However, the hall was demolished in November 2007 and replaced with a dōjō in a new building nearby.\nThe company announced that it was closing its English-language publishing house, Kodansha International, at the end of April 2011.[4] Their American publishing house, Kodansha USA, will remain in operation.\nKodansha USA began issuing new publications under the head administrator of the international branch, Kentaro Tsugumi, starting in September 2012 with a hardcover release of The Spirit of Aikido.[5] Many of Kodansha USA's older titles have been reprinted. According to Daniel Mani of Kodansha USA, Inc., \"Though we did stopped [sic] publishing new books for about a year starting from late 2011, we did continue to sell most of our older title throughout that period (so Kodansha USA never actually closed).\"[citation needed]\nIn October 2016, Kodansha acquired publisher Ichijinsha and turned the company into its wholly owned subsidiary.[6]\nOn November 30, 2022, Kodansha announced an extended partnership with Disney to release anime originals based on its manga exclusively on video streaming service Disney+ starting with the second season of Tokyo Revengers.[7]\nOn May 24, 2024, Kodansha announced that they acquired publisher Wani Books and turned it into a wholly owned subsidiary.[8]\nK Manga\n[edit]On March 21, 2023, Kodansha announced a manga distribution service called K Manga which was initially launched exclusively in the United States on May 10, 2023. It started approximately with 400 titles, of which 70 were simultaneous publications of ongoing series.[9] On October 21, 2024, it was announced that the service became available in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore;[10] on February 4, 2025, it was announced that the service had expanded to the Philippines, Thailand, Vietn...", "title": "Kodansha - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiji_Noma", "text": "Seiji Noma\nSeiji Noma (野間清治; 1878–1938) was a Japanese writer and publisher who was the founder of Kodansha, a leading publishing company, which his family still wholly own today. He was the founder and publisher of many well-known newspapers and magazines.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Noma was born in 1878.[1][2] His father hailed from a samurai family and was himself a samurai.[3]\nNoma was educated as a teacher.[1]\nCareer\n[edit]Following his graduation Noma worked as a teacher in the Luchu Islands.[1] Later he served as a schoolmaster.[3] Then he began to work as an administrative official at the Imperial University's law department in Tokyo.[3]\nNoma established a publishing company, Dainippon Yūbenkai (Japanese: the Great Japanese Oratorical Society), in 1910.[1] The company would be later renamed as Dainippon Yūbenkai-Kodansha, which later be shortened as simply Kodansha.[4] The first publication of the company was Yūben, a monthly magazine on public speech.[3][4]\nThe nine magazines Noma started enjoyed high levels of circulations and were very influential on the popular culture of Japan.[5] His goal in starting these titles was to modernize, entertain and educate Japanese society.[3] On the other hand, they comprised the 75% of the total circulation of all Japanese publications.[6] These publications included Kōdan Club (from which Kodansha is named for), Shōnen Club, Omoshiro Club, Gendai (Japanese: Present Generation), Fujin Club, Shōjo Club and Kingu.[1] The latter was his flagship magazine which was identified with the company.[7] In 1930 he established Hochi Shimbun (Japanese: Intelligence Newspaper) which also became an influential publication.[1]\nPersonal life and death\n[edit]Noma's wife was a teacher.[2] He died of heart attack in Tokyo on 18 October 1938.[8]\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ a b c d e f \"Books: Clubby Magazines\". Time. 10 September 1934. Retrieved 26 May 2022.\n- ^ a b \"Vox Populi: Bank of Japan is overstepping with new climate change program\". The Asahi Shimbun. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2022.\n- ^ a b c d e Catherine Yoonah Bae (2008). All the girl's a stage: Representations of femininity and adolescence in Japanese girls' magazines, 1930s–1960s (PhD thesis). Stanford University. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-549-62286-4. ProQuest 304468205.\n- ^ a b Junya Morooka (2014). \"Historical Inquiry Into Debate Education In Early 20th Century Japan: The Case of Intercollegiate Debates In Yūben\". Rozenberg Quarterly.\n- ^ Joy Poulson (2019). \"Women in Media\". In Joyce C Lebra; et al. (eds.). Women In Changing Japan. New York; Abingdon: Routledge. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-000-01107-4.\n- ^ S. Takahashi (1946). \"The Magazines of Japan\" (PDF). EVols. 13 (1): 55.\n- ^ Amy Bliss Marshall (2019). Magazines and the Making of Mass Culture in Japan. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4875-0286-7.\n- ^ \"Seiji Noma, Writer, Japanese Publisher; Owner of Newspaper Hochi Also Developed Magazines\". The New York Times. 18 October 1938. Retrieved 26 May 2022.", "title": "Seiji Noma - Wikipedia" } ]	4,842
34	The oldest extant football team in Italy plays in a stadium. The stadium is named after a person. Who was the emperor of China when that person was 5 years old?	Guangxu	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_CFC	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Luigi_Ferraris	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ferraris_(footballer)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_CFC', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Luigi_Ferraris', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ferraris_(footballer)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_football_clubs", "text": "Oldest football clubs\nThe oldest football clubs trace their origins to the mid-19th century, a period when football evolved from being a casual pastime to an organised mainstream sport.\nThe identity of the oldest football clubs in the world, or even in a particular country, is often disputed or claimed by several clubs, across several codes of football. The Foot-Ball Club of Edinburgh is thought to be the earliest recorded football club in the world, with records going back to 1824. Rugby clubs also referred to themselves, or continue to refer to themselves, as simply a \"football club\", or as a \"rugby football club\". \"Club\" has always meant an independent entity and, during the historical period in question, very few high school or university teams were independent of the educational institutions concerned. Consequently, school and university football teams were seldom referred to as \"clubs\". That has always been the case, for example, in American football, which has always had ties to college sport in general. Conversely, however, the oldest still-existing \"football club\" with a well-documented, continuous history is Dublin University Football Club, a rugby union club founded in 1854 at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. There exists some record of Guy's Hospital Football Club being founded in London in 1843, through an 1883 fixture card referring to Guy's 40th season.[1]\nThe world's oldest extant professional football club of any code of football is the Melbourne Football Club, founded in 1858. Melbourne play Australian Rules Football (Aussie Rules) in the Australian Football League (AFL) and were premiers as recently as 2021 after defeating the Western Bulldogs in the 2021 AFL Grand Final.\nBritain and Ireland\n[edit]Defunct clubs\n[edit]While the first clubs emerged in Britain, possibly as early as the fifteenth century, these are poorly-documented and defunct. For example, the records of the Brewers' Company of London between 1421 and 1423 mention the hiring out of their hall by the \"football players\" for \"20 pence\", under the heading \"Trades and Fraternities\".[2] The listing of football players as a \"fraternity\" or a group of players meeting socially under this identity is the earliest allusion to what might be considered a football club.[3] Other early sporting bodies dedicated to playing football include \"The Gymnastic Society\" of London which met regularly during the second half of the eighteenth century to pursue two sports: football and wrestling.[4] The club played its matches – for example between London-based natives of Cumberland and Westmorland – at the Kennington Common from well before 1789 until about 1800.\nThe Foot-Ball Club (active 1824–41) of Edinburgh, Scotland, is the first documented club dedicated to football, and the first to describe itself as a football club.[5] The only surviving club rules forbade tripping, but allowed pushing and holding and the picking up of the ball.[6] Other documents describe a game involving 39 players and \"such kicking of shins and such tumbling\".\nOther early clubs include the Great Leicestershire Cricket and Football Club present in 1840.[7]\nOn Christmas Day 1841, an early documented match between two self-described \"football clubs\" took place. The Body-guard Club (of Rochdale) lost to the Fear-nought Club after using an ineligible player as a substitute.[8][9][10] The complete rules used in this game are unknown, but they specified twelve players on each side,[9] with each team providing its own umpire, and the game being started by the firing of a pistol.[10]\nA club for playing \"cricket, quoits and football\" was established in Newcastle on Tyne in or before 1848.[11] The Surrey Football Club was established in 1849 and published the first non-school football list of rules (which were probably based upon the eighteenth century Gymnastic Society cited above[12]). Windsor Home Park F.C. was in existence as early as 1854,[13] and would go on to compete in early editions of the ...", "title": "Oldest football clubs - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_CFC", "text": "Genoa CFC\nGenoa Cricket and Football Club (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒeːnoa]) is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa, Liguria. The team competes in the Serie A, the top division of the Italian football league system.\nEstablished in 1893, Genoa is Italy's oldest existing football team.[4] The club has won the Italian Championship nine times, with their first being Italy's inaugural national championship in 1898, and their most recent coming after the 1923–24 season. They have also won one Coppa Italia title. Overall, Genoa are the fourth most successful Italian club in terms of championships won.[5] Il Grifone have played their home games at the Stadio Luigi Ferraris[6] since 1911, sharing with local rivals Sampdoria. The fixture between the two teams, known as the Derby della Lanterna, was first played in 1946.\nIn 2011, Genoa was included in the \"International Bureau of Cultural Capitals\" (a sort of historical sporting heritage of humanity, in line with that of UNESCO) at the request of President Xavier Tudela. The club was admitted to the \"Club of Pioneers\", an association comprising the world's oldest football clubs, in 2013; other members include Sheffield F.C. and Recreativo de Huelva.\nHistory\n[edit]The club was founded on 7 September 1893[2] as Genoa Cricket & Athletic Club. In its earliest years, it principally competed in athletics and cricket. Association football was only a secondary concern.[7] Since the club was set up to represent England abroad, the original shirts worn by the organisation were white, the same colour as the England national team shirt.[2] At first Italians were not permitted to join as it was a British sporting club abroad.[2] Genoa's activities took place in the north-west of the city in the Campasso area, at the Piazza d'Armi. The men who initially handled the management of the club were;[2]\nOn 10 April 1897,[8] the footballing section of the club, already in existence since 1893, became predominant thanks to James Richardson Spensley.[7] It was among the oldest in Italian football at the time, only four other clubs (all in Turin.[4]) had been founded. Italians were allowed to join and found a new ground in the form of Ponte Carrega. The first friendly match took place at home, against a mixed team of Internazionale Torino and F.B.C. Torinese; Genoa lost 1–0.[2] Not long after, Genoa recorded its first victory away against UPS Alessandria winning 2–0. Friendly games also took place against various British sailors such as those from HMS Revenge.[2]\nChampionship dominance\n[edit]Football in Italy stepped up a level with the creation of the Italian Football Federation and the Italian Football Championship.[8] Genoa competed in the first Italian Championship in 1898 at Velodrome Humbert I in Turin.[8] They defeated Ginnastica Torino 2–1 in their first official game on 8 May, before winning the first championship later that day by beating Internazionale Torino 3–1 after extra-time.[9]\nGenoa returned for the following season, this time with a few changes; the name of the club was altered to Genoa Cricket & Football Club, dropping the Athletic from its name. A change in shirt colour was also in order, as they changed to white and blue vertical stripes; known in Italy as biancoblù. Genoa won their second title in a one-day tournament which took place on 16 April 1899, by beating Internazionale Torino 3–1 for the second time. On their way to winning their third consecutive title in 1900 they also beat local rivals Sampierdarenese 7–0; a winning margin which would not be bettered by any team in the league until 1910. The final was secured with a 3–1 win over F.B.C. Torinese.[9]\nThe club strip was changed again in 1901, Genoa adopted its famous red-navy halves and therefore became known as the rossoblù; these are the colours used even to this day as with many other Italian clubs, such as Cagliari, Bologna, Crotone, Cosenza and an endless list of minor clubs. After a season of finishing runn...", "title": "Genoa CFC - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio_Luigi_Ferraris", "text": "Stadio Luigi Ferraris\n44°24′59″N 8°57′9″E / 44.41639°N 8.95250°E\nThe Stadio Luigi Ferraris, also known as the Marassi from the name of the neighbourhood where it is located, is a multi-use stadium in Genoa, Italy. The home of Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria football clubs, it opened in 1911 and is the oldest stadium still in use for football and other sports in Italy. Aside from football, the stadium has hosted meetings of rugby in the Italian national rugby team and, more rarely, some concerts.\nThe stadium is named after Luigi Ferraris (1887–1915), an Italian footballer, engineer and soldier who died during WWI.[2]\nNotable matches\n[edit]The stadium was inaugurated on 22 January 1911 with a football match between Genoa and Internazionale, and had a capacity of 20,000. On 22 December 1912, it hosted its first international, in which Italy lost 3–1 to Austria in a friendly.[1]\nIt also hosted the 1934 World Cup round-of-16 match between Spain and Brazil,[1] and by then its capacity had been expanded to 30,000.[citation needed]\nThe stadium was dismantled and rebuilt before the 1990 FIFA World Cup, for which it hosted three Group C matches (between Costa Rica, Scotland and Sweden) and a round-of-16 match between the Republic of Ireland and Romania.[3]\nThe highest attendance at the Luigi Ferraris was 60,000 on 27 February 1949, for a match between Italy and Portugal.[citation needed]\nOn 12 October 2010, a Euro 2012 qualifier between Italy and Serbia was abandoned after Serbia fans continued to throw flares onto the pitch and light fireworks. When the game finally began, more flares and fireworks were thrown onto the field and the referee stopped the match after only six minutes of play.[4]\nOn 29 February 2012, the United States defeated Italy 1–0 in a friendly played at the stadium. It was the first time in almost 100 years that Italy had been defeated in Genoa after 22 December 1912 defeat against Austria, and the first time that the US had ever defeated Italy.[5]\nOn 14 November 2014, it hosted Italy's end-of-year rugby union international against Argentina who won 20–18.[citation needed]\nAverage attendances\n[edit]1990 FIFA World Cup\n[edit]The stadium was one of the venues of the 1990 FIFA World Cup, and held the following matches:\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c \"Stadio Comunale Luigi Ferraris (Marassi), Genoa – football venue\". eu-football.info.\n- ^ \"ferraris\". www.cimeetrincee.it.\n- ^ Ryan, Padraic (26 June 2015). \"Italia '90: Chronicling a nation gone loo-lah\". www.rte.ie. RTE. Retrieved 27 September 2021.\n- ^ \"Italy-Serbia Euro 2012 tie abandoned after fan trouble\". BBC Sport. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2010.\n- ^ \"U.S. MNT Garners First Victory Against Four-Time World Cup Champion Italy on Wednesday – U.S. Soccer\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Stadio Luigi Ferraris on Russian Sampdoria website\n- Article at stadiumguide.com", "title": "Stadio Luigi Ferraris - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Ferraris_(footballer)", "text": "Luigi Ferraris (footballer)\nLuigi Ferraris (18 November 1887 – 23 August 1915) was an Italian footballer, engineer and soldier who died during World War I.\nBiography\n[edit]Ferraris was born Florence, while his family hailed from Saluzzo, Piedmont. He joined Genoa in 1902,[1] and played there his entire career,[2] where he won the reserve championship (it) 4–0 against Juventus in 1904.[3]\nHe studied engineering at the Polytechnic University of Milan from 1906 to 1911. Afterwards, he worked at the Officine Elettriche Genovesi (OEG) in San Fruttuoso, then at Pirelli in Milan.\nDuring the World War I, Ferraris served as a volunteer then reached the rank of lieutenant. On 23 August 1915, he died due to a 152mm shrapnel artillery shell which killed him instantly, during a mission in Val Posina, a minor valley of the Val d'Astico at the municipality of Posina, and was buried by his comrades in arms at Monte Maggio .[4][5]\nIn 1933, the stadium, Stadio Luigi Ferraris, was named after him.[4][6] His Silver Medal of Military Valor was then buried under the \"Gradinata Nord\" of the stadium, home of the Genoa ultras.[5]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Nel 1902 la Società del Genoa è la prima a fondare una sezione giovanile - Genoa - TuttoMercatoWeb.com\". 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015.\n- ^ \"1907 VS. 1911 Transizione « Genoa Cfc – Official Website\". 16 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015.\n- ^ \"Fondazione Genoa - Fondazione Genoa 1893\". Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2020.\n- ^ a b Roberto Bobbio. \"Luigi Ferraris 1887–1915\". www.cimeetrincee.it.\n- ^ a b \"Cartastràccia, Luigi Ferraris: la Grande Guerra nel nome del Genoa\" (in Italian). Il Primato Nazionale. 6 May 2021.\n- ^ \"Genoa Cricket and Football Club – Official Website – Il Club più antico d'Italia\".\n- 1887 births\n- 1915 deaths\n- Footballers from Florence\n- Polytechnic University of Milan alumni\n- Genoa CFC players\n- Engineers from Florence\n- Italian military personnel killed in World War I\n- Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor\n- 20th-century Italian engineers\n- Italian men's footballers\n- Men's association football midfielders\n- 20th-century Italian sportsmen\n- Italian football midfielder stubs", "title": "Luigi Ferraris (footballer) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs", "text": "List of Chinese monarchs\nThe Chinese monarchs were the rulers of China during Ancient and Imperial periods.[a] The earliest rulers in traditional Chinese historiography are of mythological origin, and followed by the Xia dynasty of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent Shang (c. 1600–1046 BCE) and Zhou (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as Wang 王, meaning king.[4] China was fully united for the first time by Qin Shi Huang (r. 259–210 BCE), who established the first Imperial dynasty, adopting the title Huangdi (皇帝), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's fall in 1912.[4]\nAt no point during Ancient or Imperial China was there a formalized means to confer legitimate succession between rulers.[5] From the Zhou dynasty onwards, monarchs justified their reigns by claiming the Mandate of Heaven (天命; Tiānmìng).[6][b] The mandate held that a ruler and their successors had permission from the heavens to rule as long as they did so effectively.[6] It also declared a ruler the Son of Heaven (天子; Tiānzǐ), giving them the right to rule \"all under heaven\" (天下; Tiānxià).[10] Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession.[6] This ranged from military enforcement, political patronage, establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and historical revisionism to legitimize the dissolution of previous dynasties and their own succession.[11] For most of Imperial China, the wuxing (五行; \"Five Elements\") philosophical scheme was also central to justify dynastic succession.[12]\nMost Chinese monarchs had many names. They were given a personal name (名字; Míngzi) at birth, but later referred to by a posthumous name (謚號; Shìhào)—which memorialized their accomplishments or character—due to a cultural naming taboo.[13] Most emperors of the Imperial period also received a temple name (廟號; Miàohào), used to venerate them in ancestor worship.[14] From the rule of Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BCE) onwards,[c] emperors also adopted one or several era names (年號; Niánhào), or \"reign mottos\",[17] to divide their rule by important events or accomplishments.[18] Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) rulers are referred to solely by their era names, of which they only had one.[19]\nApart from ethnic Han rulers, China was also ruled by various non-Han monarchs, including Jurchen, Khitan, Manchu, Mongol and Tangut and many others.[20] To justify their reign, non-Han rulers sometimes aligned themselves with the Confucian sages or the Chakravarti of Chinese Buddhism.[5] There are numerous lengthy periods where many competing kingdoms claimed the throne, many of whose legitimacy are still debated by scholars.[20]\nAncient China\n[edit]Mythological rulers\n[edit]In traditional Chinese historiography, various models of mythological founding rulers exist.[21] The relevancy of these figures to the earliest Chinese people is unknown, since most accounts of them were written from the Warring States period (c. 475–221 BCE) onwards.[22] The sinologist Kwang-chih Chang has generalized the typical stages: \"the first period was populated by gods, the second by demigods/culture hero, and the third by the legendary kings.\"[23] The primordial god Pangu is given by many texts as the earliest figure and is credited with forming the world by separating heaven and earth.[24] Other gods include Nüwa, who repaired heaven; Hou Yi, a mythical archer; and Gonggong, a serpent-like water deity.[25]\nDemigod and hero rulers from hero myths—the largest group Chinese myths—are attributed the invention of specific items, practices or traditions.[26] Among the more important of them are Fuxi, the inventor of hunting; Suiren, who invented fire; and Shennong, who invented both agriculture and medicine.[27] The subsequent legendary kings began with the Yellow Emperor (黃帝), known as Huangdi, a major culture hero of Chinese civilization whose reign was cons...", "title": "List of Chinese monarchs - Wikipedia" } ]	4,397
35	Of the four main characters on Seinfeld, which actor is the oldest?	Michael Richards	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Richards	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Richards']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld", "text": "Seinfeld\nSeinfeld (/ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld) is an American television sitcom created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, with a total of nine seasons consisting of 180 episodes. Its ensemble cast stars Seinfeld as a fictionalized version of himself and focuses on his personal life with three of his friends: best friend George Costanza (Jason Alexander), former girlfriend Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus), and eccentric neighbor from across the hall Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards).\nSeinfeld is set mostly in and around the titular character's apartment in Manhattan's Upper West Side in New York City. It has been described as \"a show about nothing\", often focusing on the minutiae of daily life.[1] Interspersed in all episodes of the first seven seasons are moments of stand-up comedy from the fictional Jerry Seinfeld, frequently related to the episode's events.\nAs a rising comedian in the late 1980s, Jerry Seinfeld was presented with an opportunity to create a show with NBC. He asked Larry David, a fellow comedian and friend, to help create a premise for a sitcom.[2] The series was produced by West/Shapiro Productions and Castle Rock Entertainment and is distributed in syndication by Sony Pictures Television.[nb 1] It was largely written by David and Seinfeld along with scriptwriters. A favorite among critics, the series led the Nielsen ratings in Seasons 6 and 9 and finished among the top two (along with ER of the same network) every year from 1994 to 1998. Only two other shows—I Love Lucy and The Andy Griffith Show—finished their runs at the top of the ratings.[3]\nSeinfeld is universally regarded as one of the greatest and most influential American shows of all time.[4][5][6][7][8] Its most renowned episodes include \"The Chinese Restaurant\", \"The Soup Nazi\", \"The Parking Garage\",[9] \"The Marine Biologist\", \"The Contest\",[10] and \"The Strike\", which introduced the December 23rd holiday of Festivus. E! named the series the \"Number 1 reason [why] the '90s ruled\".[11] Quotes from numerous episodes have become catchphrases in popular culture.\nProduction\n[edit]Conception\n[edit]Seinfeld began as a 23-minute pilot titled \"The Seinfeld Chronicles\". Created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, developed by NBC executive Rick Ludwin, and produced by Castle Rock Entertainment, it was a mix of Seinfeld's stand-up comedy routines and idiosyncratic, conversational scenes focusing on mundane aspects of everyday life like laundry, the buttoning of the top button on one's shirt, and the effort by men to interpret the intent of women spending the night in Seinfeld's apartment.[12]\nThe pilot was filmed at Stage 8 of Desilu Cahuenga studios, the same studio where The Dick Van Dyke Show was filmed (seen by the crew as a good omen),[13] and was recorded at Ren-Mar Studios in Hollywood.[14] The pilot was first screened to a group of two dozen NBC executives in Burbank, California, in early 1989. This one, however, did not yield the explosion of laughter garnered by the pilots for the decade's previous NBC successes like The Cosby Show and The Golden Girls. Brandon Tartikoff was not convinced the show would work. A Jewish man from New York himself, Tartikoff characterized it as \"Too New York, too Jewish\".[15] Test audiences were even harsher. NBC's practice at the time was to recruit 400 households by phone to ask them to evaluate pilots it aired on an unused channel on its cable system. An NBC research department memo summarized the pilot's performance among the respondents as \"weak\", which Warren Littlefield, then second-in-command in NBC's entertainment division, called \"a dagger to the heart\".[12] Comments included, \"You can't get too excited about two guys going to the laundromat\", \"Jerry's loser friend George isn't a forceful character\", \"Jerry needs a stronger supporting cast\", and \"Why are they interrupting the stand-up for these stupid stories?\"[14] Seinfeld and David did not see the m...", "title": "Seinfeld - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld", "text": "Jerry Seinfeld\nJerome Allen Seinfeld (/ˈsaɪnfɛld/ SYNE-feld; born April 29, 1954) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, filmmaker, and television producer specializing in observational comedy. Seinfeld gained stardom playing a fictionalized version of himself in the NBC sitcom Seinfeld (1989–1998), which he co-created and wrote with Larry David. Seinfeld earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy in 1995. The show is one of the most acclaimed and popular sitcoms of all time.[1][2][3] He has since created and produced the reality series The Marriage Ref (2010–2011), and created and hosted the web series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee (2012–2019), the latter of which earned him three Webby Awards. He also co-produced, co-wrote, and starred in the DreamWorks animated film Bee Movie (2007) and the Netflix comedy Unfrosted (2024).\nHe has released four standup specials, his first being Stand-Up Confidential (1987), followed by I'm Telling You for the Last Time (1998), Jerry Before Seinfeld (2017) and 23 Hours to Kill (2020).\nSeinfeld has received numerous accolades including a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards as well as nominations for four Grammy Awards. In 2004, Comedy Central named him the 12th-greatest stand-up comedian of all time.[4] In 2017, Rolling Stone named him the 7th-greatest stand-up comedian of all time.[5]\nSeinfeld has also written three books starting with SeinLanguage (1993), followed by the children's book Halloween (2002), and the comedic compilation book Is This Anything? (2020). He is a fan of coffee and automobiles. He practices transcendental meditation. He is married to author and philanthropist Jessica Seinfeld, with whom he has three children.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Jerome Allen Seinfeld was born on April 29, 1954,[6] to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York City.[7] His father, Kalmen Seinfeld,[8] a sign painter, was from Hungary and collected jokes that he heard while serving in World War II.[7] His mother, Betty (née Hosni)[9][10] and her parents, Selim and Salha Hosni,[11] were Syrian Jews from Aleppo. Their nationality was stated as Turkish when they immigrated in 1917, as Syria was under the Ottoman Empire.[12][13] Seinfeld has an older sister, Carolyn.[14] Salha's mother, Garez Dayan, Seinfeld's great-grandmother, was a member of the Dayan rabbinic family, who claim ancestry back to the Medieval Exilarchs, and from the Exilarchs back to the Biblical King David.[15] Seinfeld's second cousin is alternative metal musician and actor Evan Seinfeld.[16]\nSeinfeld grew up in Massapequa, on Long Island, in Nassau County and attended Massapequa High School.[17][18] At 16, he spent time volunteering in Kibbutz Sa'ar in Israel.[19] He attended the State University of New York at Oswego, and transferred after his second year to Queens College of the City University of New York in Flushing, from which he graduated in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications and theater.[20][21]\nCareer\n[edit]1976–1987: Rise to prominence\n[edit]Seinfeld developed an interest in stand-up comedy after brief stints in college productions. He appeared on open-mic nights at Budd Friedman's Improv Club while attending Queens College.[22] After graduation in 1976, he tried out at an open-mic night at New York City's Catch a Rising Star, which led to an appearance in a Rodney Dangerfield HBO special.[23] In 1980, he had a small recurring role on the sitcom Benson, playing Frankie, a mail-delivery boy who had comedy routines that no one wanted to hear. Seinfeld was abruptly fired from the show due to creative differences.[23] Seinfeld said that he was not told he had been fired until he arrived for a read-through session and found that there was no script for him.[24] In January 1981, he performed stand-up on An Evening at the Improv.[25] In May, Seinfeld made an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, impre...", "title": "Jerry Seinfeld - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander", "text": "Jason Alexander\nJay Scott Greenspan[1][2][3] (born September 23, 1959),[2] known professionally as Jason Alexander, is an American actor and comedian. Over the course of his career, he has received an Emmy Award and a Tony Award as well as nominations for four Golden Globe Awards. He gained stardom for his role as George Costanza in the NBC sitcom Seinfeld (1989–1998), for which he won a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series and was nominated for seven consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series and four Golden Globe Awards for Best Supporting Actor in Television.\nAlexander made his Broadway debut originating the role of Joe in Stephen Sondheim's Merrily We Roll Along in 1981. He remained active on Broadway acting in the musicals The Rink in 1984 and the Neil Simon play Broadway Bound in 1986. He then starred in Jerome Robbins' Broadway in 1989, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. His subsequent theatre roles include the touring production of The Producers from 2003 to 2004 and replacing Larry David in the original 2015 Broadway production of Fish in the Dark. He has also directed several plays such as the original 2023 Broadway production of The Cottage.\nHis film roles include Pretty Woman (1990), Jacob's Ladder (1990), Coneheads (1993), The Paper (1994), Dunston Checks In (1996), Shallow Hal (2001), and Hachi: A Dog's Tale (2009). He voiced the gargoyle Hugo in the Disney film The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) and the titular role in Duckman (1994–1997). He was the narrator for the documentary film Sideshow: Alive on the Inside (1999). For his role in Dream On (1994) he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Greenspan was born on September 23, 1959, in Newark, New Jersey to a Jewish family, the son of Ruth Minnie (née Simon), a nurse and health care administrator, and Alexander B. Greenspan, an accounting manager. Greenspan later borrowed his father's first name to create his stage name, Jason Alexander.[1]\nAlexander grew up in Maplewood and Livingston, New Jersey, and is a 1977 graduate of Livingston High School.[4] Interested in magic from an early age, he initially hoped to be a magician, but while attending a magic camp was told that his hands were too small for card magic. He became interested in theater, eventually realizing, \"Wait a minute—the whole thing's an illusion. Nothing up there is real\" and that theater itself was \"a magic trick\". He then decided to pursue a theater career.[5]\nAfter high school, he studied theater at Boston University. He wanted to pursue classical acting, but a professor redirected him toward comedy after noticing his physique, remarking, \"I know your heart and soul are Hamlet, but you will never play Hamlet.\"[6][7] Alexander left Boston University without a degree after his third year to take a full-time acting job in New York City. The university awarded him an honorary degree in 1995.[8]\nCareer\n[edit]1980–1999: Broadway debut and Seinfeld\n[edit]Alexander began his acting career on the New York stage and is an accomplished singer and dancer. Alexander made his film debut in 1981 in the summer camp slasher film The Burning. On Broadway he appeared in Stephen Sondheim's Merrily We Roll Along in 1981, Kander & Ebb's The Rink in 1984, Neil Simon's Broadway Bound in 1986, Accomplice in 1990, and Jerome Robbins' Broadway in 1989, for which he garnered the 1989 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. Frank Rich of The New York Times wrote of his performance \"Jason Alexander, the evening's delightful narrator, accomplishes the seemingly impossible: he banishes the memory of Zero Mostel from the role of Pseudolus in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum\".[9]\nIn addition to his roles as an insensitive, money-hungry lawyer in Pretty Woman in 1990, Alexander has appeared in Jacob's Ladder in 1990...", "title": "Jason Alexander - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus", "text": "Julia Louis-Dreyfus\nJulia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus (/ˌluːi ˈdraɪfəs/ LOO-ee DRY-fəs; born January 13, 1961) is an American actress, comedian, and producer. She is known for her roles in a string of successful comedy series and several comedy films. She has received numerous accolades including 11 Primetime Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards.\nThe daughter of French billionaire Gérard Louis-Dreyfus, she entered comedy as a performer with the Practical Theatre Company and was a cast member on the sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1982 to 1985. Her breakthrough came playing Elaine Benes on the NBC sitcom Seinfeld (1990–1998), one of the most successful sitcoms in television history. She earned further acclaim for her roles as Christine Campbell on The New Adventures of Old Christine (2006–2010) and Selina Meyer on Veep (2012–2019), and has guest starred on shows such as Arrested Development, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and 30 Rock.\nLouis-Dreyfus has had leading film roles in the comedy-dramas Enough Said (2013), Downhill (2020), You Hurt My Feelings (2023), and Tuesday (2023), with supporting film roles in comedy films such as Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), Deconstructing Harry (1997), and You People (2023). Her voice acting work includes roles in the Disney animated films A Bug's Life (1998), Planes (2013), and Onward (2020). She has played Valentina Allegra de Fontaine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe since 2021.\nLouis-Dreyfus is one of the most awarded actors in television history, winning more Emmy and Screen Actors Guild Awards than any other performer.[1] She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2010 and was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2014. She was named as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2016.[2] She also received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2018 and the National Medal of Arts in 2021.[3][4]\nEarly life\n[edit]Julia Scarlett Elizabeth Louis-Dreyfus[5] was born in New York City on January 13, 1961.[6] Her mother, Judith (née LeFever), is an American writer and special needs educator.[5] Her father, Gérard Louis-Dreyfus (1932–2016), was a French billionaire who served as chairman of the Louis Dreyfus Company. Her paternal grandfather, Pierre Louis-Dreyfus (1908–2011), was president of the Louis Dreyfus Group commodities and shipping conglomerate.[7] He came from a family of Alsatian Jews,[8][9] and served as a cavalry officer and member of the French Resistance during World War II.[10] Louis-Dreyfus is the great-great-granddaughter of French businessman Léopold Louis-Dreyfus (1833–1915), founder of the Louis Dreyfus Group, which members of her family still control.[11] She is the fifth cousin four times removed of Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935) of the infamous Dreyfus affair.[12][13][14] Robert Louis-Dreyfus (1946–2009), her father's second cousin, was the CEO of Adidas and owner of the soccer team Olympique de Marseille.[15] Julia's paternal grandmother was the American-born daughter of a Brazilian father and a Mexican mother.[16]\nIn 1962, a year after her birth, Louis-Dreyfus's parents divorced. She has said that she first noticed her penchant for comedy after sticking raisins up her nose at the age of three, which first made her mother laugh but then led to an emergency hospital visit.[17] After moving to Washington, D.C., when Louis-Dreyfus was four, her mother married L. Thompson Bowles, dean of the George Washington University Medical School;[5][18] Louis-Dreyfus gained a half-sister, Lauren Bowles, also an actress. Due to her stepfather's work with Project HOPE, she spent her childhood in several U.S. states and countries such as Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Tunisia.[19][20] In 1979, she graduated from the all-girls Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland.[21] She later said of the school, \"There were things I did in school that, had there been bo...", "title": "Julia Louis-Dreyfus - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Richards", "text": "Michael Richards\nMichael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor and comedian. He achieved global recognition for starring as Cosmo Kramer on the NBC television sitcom Seinfeld from 1989 to 1998. He began his career as a stand-up comedian, first entering the national spotlight when he was featured on Billy Crystal's first cable TV special, and went on to become a series regular on ABC's Fridays.\nFrom 1989 to 1998, he played Cosmo Kramer on Seinfeld, three times receiving the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. During the run of Seinfeld, he made a guest appearance in Mad About You, reprising his role as Kramer. Richards also made numerous guest appearances on a variety of television shows, such as Cheers. His film credits include So I Married an Axe Murderer, Airheads, Young Doctors in Love, Problem Child, Coneheads, UHF, and Trial and Error, one of his few starring roles. In 2000, he starred in his own sitcom, The Michael Richards Show, which was canceled after only two months.\nIn 2006, Richards was filmed going on a racist tirade against hecklers while performing at the Laugh Factory in California. After the tape was obtained and released by TMZ,[5] significant backlash and media coverage led to Richards retiring from stand-up in early 2007. In 2009, he appeared as himself in the seventh season of Curb Your Enthusiasm alongside his fellow Seinfeld cast members for the first time since the show’s finale. In 2013, he portrayed Frank in the sitcom Kirstie, which was canceled after one season.[6] He most recently played Daddy Hogwood in the 2019 romantic comedy Faith, Hope & Love.\nEarly life\n[edit]Richards was born in Culver City, California, to a Catholic family.[7] He is the son of Phyllis (née Nardozzi), a medical records librarian. As a child, Richards was told his father was William Richards, an electrical engineer,[8] who died in a car crash when Michael was two.[9] He later learned his mother's pregnancy was the result of a sexual assault and that she considered abortion and adoption before deciding to raise him as a single mother. Richards was also raised by a grandmother who suffered from schizophrenia.[10][11]\nRichards graduated from Thousand Oaks High School. In 1968, he appeared as a contestant on The Dating Game but was not chosen for a date. He was drafted into the United States Army in 1970. He trained as a medic and was stationed in West Germany, where he was a member of a theatrical group called The Training Road Show.[12] He became interested in performing after taking a theatrical class in seventh grade.[13]\nAfter being honorably discharged, Richards used the benefits of the G.I. Bill to enroll in the California Institute of the Arts and earned a Bachelor of Arts in drama from the Evergreen State College in 1975.[14] He also had a short-lived improv act with Ed Begley Jr. During this period, he enrolled at Los Angeles Valley College and continued to appear in student productions.[15]\nCareer\n[edit]1979–1989: Early career\n[edit]Richards got his big TV break in 1979, appearing in Billy Crystal's first cable TV special. In 1980, he began as one of the cast members on ABC's Fridays television show, where Larry David was a fellow cast member and writer. It included a famous instance in which Andy Kaufman refused to deliver his scripted lines, leading Richards to bring the cue cards on screen to Kaufman, who responded by throwing his drink into Richards's face, causing a small riot (Richards later claimed he was in on the joke).[16] The film Man on the Moon featured a re-enactment of the Andy Kaufman incident where Richards was portrayed by actor Norm Macdonald.[17][18]\nIn 1981, he appeared in the It's a Living episode \"Desperate Hours\".[19] In 1986, Richards had a minor role in the cult satirical TV miniseries Fresno, playing one of a pair of inept criminal henchmen. That same year he auditioned to play Al Bundy in the TV series Married... with Children, but h...", "title": "Michael Richards - Wikipedia" } ]	5,028
36	How old was Harvard University, when the person whom the longest river in British Columbia is named after, was born? The river in question only flows within the confines of British Columbia and does not enter any other province or territory.	140 years old.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Canada', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University", "text": "Harvard University\nHarvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 as New College, and later named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[11]\nHarvard was founded and authorized by the Massachusetts General Court, the governing legislature of colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony.[12] While never formally affiliated with any Protestant denomination, Harvard trained Congregational clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.[13][14] Following the American Civil War, under Harvard president Charles William Eliot's long tenure from 1869 to 1909, Harvard developed multiple professional schools, which transformed it into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.[15] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.\nThe university has ten academic faculties and a faculty attached to Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines, and other faculties offer graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three campuses:[16] the main campus, a 209-acre (85 ha) in Cambridge centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[17] Harvard's endowment, valued at $53.2 billion, makes it the wealthiest academic institution in the world.[18][19] Harvard Library, with more than 20 million volumes, is the world's largest academic library.\nHarvard alumni, faculty, and researchers include 188 living billionaires, 8 U.S. presidents, 24 heads of state and 31 heads of government, founders of notable companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Recipients, Pulitzer Prize recipients, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard University ranks among the top universities in the world in each of these categories.[Notes 1] Harvard students and alumni have also collectively won 10 Academy Awards and 110 Olympic medals, including 46 gold medals.\nHistory\nColonial era\nHarvard was founded in 1636 by a vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired English North America's first known printing press.[20][21] The same year, on his deathbed, John Harvard, a Puritan clergyman who had emigrated to the colony from England, bequeathed the emerging college £780 and his library of some 320 volumes;[22] the following year, it was named Harvard College.\nIn 1643, a Harvard publication defined the college's purpose: \"[to] advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust.\"[23]\nIn its early years, the college trained many Puritan Congregational ministers[24] and offered a classical curriculum based on the English university model exemplified by the University of Cambridge, where many colonial Massachusetts leaders had studied prior to emigrating to the colony. Harvard College never formally affiliated with any particular Protestant denomination, but its curriculum conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.[25] In 1650, the charter for Harvard Corporation, the college's governing body, was granted.\nFrom 1681 to 1701, Increase Mather, a Puritan clergyman, served as Harva...", "title": "Harvard University - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_rivers_of_Canada", "text": "List of longest rivers of Canada\nAmong the longest rivers of Canada are 47 streams of at least 600 km (370 mi). In the case of some rivers such as the Columbia, the length listed in the table below is solely that of the main stem. In the case of others such as the Mackenzie, it is the combined lengths of the main stem and one or more upstream tributaries, as noted. Excluded from the list are rivers such as the Dauphin, a short connecting link between lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg, with main stems of 100 km (62 mi) or less. Also excluded are rivers such as the Mississippi, the main stems of which do not enter Canada even though some of their tributaries do.\nNine rivers in this list cross international boundaries or form them. Four—the Yukon, Columbia, Porcupine, and Kootenay—begin in Canada and flow into the United States. Five—the Milk, Pend d'Oreille, Saint Lawrence, Red, and Saint John—begin in the United States and flow into Canada. Of these, the Milk and the Kootenay cross the international border twice, the Milk leaving and then re-entering the United States, the Kootenay leaving and then re-entering Canada.[1] The drainage basins of these nine rivers extend into both countries; in addition, the drainage basins of six others—the Fraser, Assiniboine, South Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Nelson, and Winnipeg—extend into the United States even though their main stems flow entirely within Canada.\nSources report hydrological quantities with varied precision. Biologist and author Ruth Patrick, describing a table of high-discharge rivers, wrote that data on discharge, drainage area, and length varied widely among authors whose works she consulted. \"It seems\", she said, \"that the wisest course is to regard data tables such as the present one as showing the general ranks of rivers, and not to place too much importance on minor (10–20%) differences in figures.\"[2]\nTable\n[edit]The primary source for data in the table below is The Atlas of Canada; other sources are as noted. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth except as noted. U.S. states appear in italics. Abbreviations are as follows: \"km\" for \"kilometre\", \"mi\" for \"mile\", \"s\" for \"second\", \"m\" for \"metre\", and \"ft\" for \"foot\".\nSee also\n[edit]Notes and references\n[edit]- Notes\n- ^ Except as noted, source coordinates were derived via a topographic map search engine embedded in The Atlas of Canada.[4]\n- ^ To the head of the Finlay River.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Nisutlin River. Of the total length of 3,185 km (1,979 mi), 1,149 km (714 mi) (about 36 percent) are in Canada.[7]\n- ^ Split between 323,800 km2 (125,000 mi2), about 39 percent, in Canada and 515,400 km2 (199,000 mi2), about 61 percent, in the United States.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Saint Louis River in Minnesota.[7]\n- ^ Split between 839,200 km2 (324,000 mi2) (about 62 percent) in Canada and 505,000 km2 (195,000 mi2) (about 38 percent) in the United States.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Bow River.[7]\n- ^ Split between 690,900 square kilometres (266,800 mi2), about 77 percent, in Canada and 201,400 square kilometres (77,800 mi2), about 23 percent, in the United States. The totals for the two countries were derived by adding the U.S. watershed subtotals for the Assiniboine, Red, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan rivers, which feed into the Nelson.[7]\n- ^ Derived by adding the length of the Peace River (measured from its mouth to the headwaters of the Finlay River) to the length of the main stem of the Slave River.[7]\n- ^ About 801 km (498 mi), 40 percent of the total, are in Canada.[7]\n- ^ Split between 102,800 km2 (39,700 mi2) (about 15 percent) in Canada and 568,500 km2 (219,500 mi2) (about 85 percent) in the United States.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Bow River.[7]\n- ^ Split between 334,100 km2 (129,000 mi2) (about 99.5 percent) in Canada and 1,800 km2 (690 mi2) (about 0.5 percent) in the United States.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Finlay River.[7]\n- ^ To the head of Churchill Lake.[7]\n- ^ To the head of the Bow River.[7]\n- ^ Split betwe...", "title": "List of longest rivers of Canada - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River", "text": "Fraser River\nThe Fraser River (/ˈfreɪzər/) is the longest river within British Columbia, Canada, rising at Fraser Pass near Blackrock Mountain in the Rocky Mountains and flowing for 1,375 kilometres (854 mi), into the Strait of Georgia just south of the City of Vancouver.[5][9] The river's annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres (27 mi3) or 3,550 cubic metres per second (125,000 cu ft/s), and each year, it discharges about 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean.[10]\nNaming\n[edit]The river is named after Simon Fraser, who led an expedition in 1808 on behalf of the North West Company from the site of present-day Prince George almost to the mouth of the river. The river's name in the Halqemeylem (Upriver Halkomelem) language is Sto:lo, often seen archaically as Staulo, and has been adopted by the Halkomelem-speaking peoples of the Lower Mainland as their collective name, Sto:lo. The river's name in the Dakelh language is Lhtakoh.[11] The Tsilhqot'in name for the river, not dissimilar to the Dakelh name, is ʔElhdaqox, meaning Sturgeon (ʔElhda-chugh) River (Yeqox).\nCourse\n[edit]The Fraser drains a 220,000-square-kilometre (85,000 mi2) area. Its source is a dripping spring at Fraser Pass in the Canadian Rocky Mountains near the border with Alberta. The river then flows north to the Yellowhead Highway and west past Mount Robson to the Rocky Mountain Trench and the Robson Valley near Valemount. After running northwest past 54° north, it makes a sharp turn to the south at Giscome Portage, meeting the Nechako River at the city of Prince George, then continues south, progressively cutting deeper into the Fraser Plateau to form the Fraser Canyon from roughly the confluence of the Chilcotin River, near the city of Williams Lake, southwards. It is joined by the Bridge and Seton Rivers at the town of Lillooet, then by the Thompson River at Lytton, where it proceeds south until it is approximately 64 kilometres (40 mi) north of the 49th parallel, which is Canada's border with the United States.\nFrom Lytton southwards it runs through a progressively deeper canyon between the Lillooet Ranges of the Coast Mountains on its west and the Cascade Range on its east. Hell's Gate, located immediately downstream of the town of Boston Bar, is a famous portion of the canyon where the walls narrow dramatically, forcing the entire volume of the river through a gap only 35 metres (115 feet) wide. An aerial tramway takes visitors out over the river. Hells Gate is visible from Trans-Canada Highway 1 about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) south of the tramway. Simon Fraser was forced to portage the gorge on his trip through the canyon in June 1808.\nAt Yale, at the head of navigation on the river, the canyon opens up and the river widens, though without much adjoining lowland until Hope, where the river then turns west and southwest into the Fraser Valley, a lush lowland valley, and runs past Chilliwack and the confluence of the Harrison and Sumas Rivers, bending northwest at Abbotsford and Mission.\nThe Fraser then flows past Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows, Port Coquitlam, and north Surrey. It turns southwest again just east of New Westminster, where it splits into the North Arm,[12] which is the southern boundary of the City of Vancouver, and the South Arm, which divides the City of Richmond from the City of Delta to the south. Richmond is on the largest island in the Fraser, Lulu Island and also on Sea Island, which is the location of Vancouver International Airport, where the Middle Arm branches off to the south from the North Arm. The far eastern end of Lulu Island is named Queensborough and is part of the City of New Westminster. Also in the lowermost Fraser, among other smaller islands, is Annacis Island, an important industrial and port area, which lies to the southeast of the eastern end of Lulu Island. Other notable islands in the lower Fraser are Barnston Island, Matsqui Island, Nicomen Island and Sea Bird Island. Other islands lie on the outer side ...", "title": "Fraser River - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Fraser_(explorer)", "text": "Simon Fraser (explorer)\nSimon Fraser (20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a Canadian explorer and fur trader who charted much of what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia. He also built the first European settlement in British Columbia.\nEmployed by the Montreal-based North West Company, he had been by 1805 put in charge of all of the company's operations west of the Rocky Mountains. He was responsible for building that area's first trading posts, and in 1808, he explored what is now known as the Fraser River, which bears his name. Fraser's exploratory efforts were partly responsible for Canada's boundary later being established at the 49th parallel (after the War of 1812) since he, as a British subject, was the first European to establish permanent settlements in the area. According to the historian Alexander Begg, Fraser \"was offered a knighthood but declined the title due to his limited wealth.\"[1]\nEarly life\n[edit]Fraser was born on 20 May 1776 in the village of Mapletown, Hoosick, New York.[2] He was the eighth and youngest child of Captain Simon Fraser (d.1779), of the 84th Highland Regiment, and Isabella Grant, daughter of the Laird of Daldregan. Captain Simon Fraser grew up at his family's seat, Guisachan (Scottish Gaelic: 'Giùthsachan'), as the second son of William Fraser (d.1755), 8th Laird of Guisachan and 3rd Laird of Culbokie, by his wife, Catherine, daughter of John McDonell, 4th Laird of Ardnabie.[3] The Frasers of Guisachan and Culbokie were descended from a younger brother of the 10th Chief of the Frasers of Lovat.[4]\nSimon's father came with his regiment to North America in 1773 and died in prison after being captured during the Battle of Bennington (1777).[2] After the war ended, Simon's mother was assisted by her brother-in-law, Captain John Fraser, who had been appointed Chief Justice of the Montreal district.\nFur trade\n[edit]In 1789 at the age of 14, Fraser moved to Montreal for additional schooling, where two of his uncles were active in the fur trade, in which his kinsman, Simon McTavish, was the undisputed leading figure. In 1790, he was apprenticed to the North West Company.\nExploration west of the Rockies\n[edit]In 1789, the North West Company had commissioned Alexander Mackenzie to find a navigable river route to the Pacific Ocean. The route he discovered in 1793 — ascending the West Road River and descending the Bella Coola River — opened up new sources of fur but proved to be too difficult to be practicable as a trading route to the Pacific. Fraser was given responsibility for extending operations to the country west of the Rockies in 1805. Mackenzie’s expeditions had been primarily reconnaissance trips, while Fraser’s assignment, by contrast, reflected a definite decision to build trading posts and take possession of the country, as well as to explore travel routes.\nAscending the Peace River and establishing posts\n[edit]In the autumn of 1805, Fraser began ascending the Peace River, establishing the trading post of Rocky Mountain Portage House (present-day Hudson's Hope) just east of the Peace River Canyon of the Rocky Mountains. That winter Fraser and his crew pushed through the mountains and ascended the Parsnip and Pack Rivers, establishing Trout Lake Fort (later renamed Fort McLeod) at present-day McLeod Lake. This was the first permanent European settlement west of the Rockies in present-day Canada. The name given by Fraser to this territory was New Caledonia in honor of his ancestral homeland of Scotland. Further explorations by Fraser's assistant James McDougall resulted in the discovery of Carrier Lake, now known as Stuart Lake. In the heart of territory inhabited by the aboriginal Carrier or Dakelh nation, this area proved to be a lucrative locale for fur trading and so a post, Fort St. James, was built on its shore in 1806. From here, Fraser sent another assistant, John Stuart, west to Fraser Lake. Later, the two men would build another post there which is now known as Fort Fras...", "title": "Simon Fraser (explorer) - Wikipedia" } ]	3,956
37	On the same day that the The Mercedes-Benz W222 arrived at dealerships, a star of the sit-com Modern Family was wed. Who did the star marry?	Justin Mikita	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W222)", "text": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)\nThe Mercedes-Benz W222 is the sixth generation of the Mercedes Benz S-Class; it was produced from 2013 to 2020, serving as the successor to the W221 S-Class and predecessor to the W223 S-Class. The W222 was designed in 2009 by Korean designer Il-hun Yoon, who drew inspiration from the Mercedes-Benz F700 concept car.[6] The exterior design was developed by a team under the direction of the Slovenian car designer Robert Lešnik.[7] The W222 has a design theme similar to the C-Class (W205) and E-Class (W213).\nIn Europe, sales of the S400 Hybrid, S350 BlueTEC, S350 BlueTEC Hybrid, and S500 began in September 2013; and sales of the S550 in the United States also began on that same month. The four-wheel drive (4Matic) model went on sale in November, and additional models, including V12 models and those from AMG, were released in 2014.[5][8]\nThe W222 S-Class debuted on 15 May 2013, in Hamburg, Germany, and entered production in Sindelfingen, Germany, in June 2013.[9][10]\nProduction of the W222 ended in September 2020 with the introduction of its successor, the S-Class (W223).\nSuspension\n[edit]Mercedes' hydropneumatic, active suspension, known as Active Body Control, was updated with a system dubbed Magic Body Control (MBC), which is fitted with a road-sensing system (\"road surface scan\") that pre-scans the road for uneven surfaces, potholes, and bumps. Using a stereo camera, the system scans the road surface up to 15 meters ahead of the vehicle at speeds up to 130 km/h (81 mph), and it adjusts the shock damping at each wheel to account for imperfections in the road. As of 2017, MBC was not available on any of the 4Matic models.[8][11]\nModels\n[edit]The vehicle was unveiled at Airbus in Hamburg-Finkenwerder,[12] followed by Shanghai's Mercedes-Benz Arena,[13] and the 2013 Osaka Motor Show (S 400 HYBRID).[14] The new S-Class became available to order in May 2013, with official arrival at Mercedes-Benz dealers on 20 July 2013.\nEarly models included S 400 Hybrid, S 500, S 350 BlueTEC, followed by the S 300 BlueTEC Hybrid in early 2014.[15][16]\nUS models went on sale for the 2014 model year; the lineup initially included only the long-wheelbase (LWB) \"S550\" (S500 in Europe) in September 2013, and the long-wheelbase S 550 4Matic, which arrived in November 2013.[5] Auto Bild measured the LWB as the quietest among cars such as the Rolls-Royce Ghost and the Bentley Flying Spur in 2014.[17]\nEuropean models went on sale at the end of July 2013, followed by China at the end of September 2013, and the US in October 2013.[18]\nDelivery in Japan began in November 2013. Early models include the S 400 Hybrid (right-hand-drive), S 400 Hybrid Exclusive (right steering), S 550 LWB (left/right steering), S 63 AMG LWB (right steering), S 63 AMG 4Matic LWB (left-hand-drive).[19][20] The S 300 BlueTEC HYBRID, S 350 BlueTEC 4MATIC, S 600, and S 65 AMG Saloon arrived at dealer showrooms in March 2014.\nThere is also the \"S500 Intelligent Drive\", which is a self-driving version of the S 500 sedan, using sensors that are also available in the production version of the S-Class. The car uses the sensors to capture the massive amounts of data in traffic.[21][22] The vehicle was officially unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show.[23]\nS 63 AMG, S 63 AMG 4MATIC (2013–2020)\n[edit]Available in short (S 63 AMG only) and long wheelbases, the S 63 AMG is a version of the S-Class saloon with the twin turbocharged M157 V8 engine rated at 430 kW; 577 hp (585 PS) at 5,500 rpm and 900 N⋅m (664 lb⋅ft) at 2,250-3,750 rpm. It features an AMG SpeedShift MCT 7-speed sports transmission, ESP Curve Dynamic Assist, 2 suspension types (AMG RIDE CONTROL sports suspension, AIRMATIC with the Adaptive Damping System ADS PLUS in S 63 AMG 4Matic; \"Magic Body Control\" with Crosswind stabilization in S 63 AMG with rear-wheel drive), a weight-optimised AMG high-performance composite brake system, AMG sports exhaust system, and a lightweight 78 Ah lithium-ion battery (...", "title": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Family", "text": "Modern Family\nModern Family is an American television sitcom created by Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd for ABC. It aired for 11 seasons from September 23, 2009, to April 8, 2020. The series follows the lives of three diverse but interrelated family set-ups living in suburban Los Angeles.\nLloyd and Levitan conceived the series while sharing stories of their own \"modern families.\" Modern Family employs an ensemble cast and is presented in a mockumentary style, with the characters frequently speaking directly to the camera in confessional interview segments.\nModern Family was highly acclaimed by critics throughout its first few seasons. Its critical reception became more mixed as it progressed. The final season received positive reviews, and the finale episode had 7.37 million first-run viewers.[2] The retrospective documentary that aired before the final episode had 6.72 million first-run viewers. The series won a total of 22 Emmy Awards, including five Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series, four Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (twice each for Eric Stonestreet and Ty Burrell), and two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (both for Julie Bowen). It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy in 2011.\nThe broadcast syndication rights to the series were sold to NBCUniversal's USA Network, the stations of Fox Television Stations, and various other local stations in other markets for a fall 2013 premiere. The success of the series led to it being the 10th-highest revenue-generating show for 2012, earning $2.13 million an episode.[3]\nPremise\n[edit]Modern Family revolves around three different types of families (nuclear, blended, and same-sex) living in suburban Los Angeles, who are interrelated through their patriarch, Jay Pritchett, and his two adult children, Claire and Mitchell.\nJay remarried a much younger woman, Gloria Delgado (née Ramirez), a passionate Colombian immigrant[4] with whom he has a young son, Fulgencio \"Joe\" Joseph (born in the middle of the fourth season), and a stepson from Gloria's previous marriage,[5] Manuel \"Manny\" Delgado. Jay and Gloria's respective former spouses, DeDe and Javier, both also make occasional appearances in the show. They also adopt a dog, Stella, in the second season.\nClaire was a homemaker, though returned to the business world in the fifth season, eventually becoming the chief executive officer of her father's business, Pritchett's Closets and Blinds. Claire is married to Phil Dunphy, a realtor and a self-professed \"cool dad\" originally from Key West, Florida. Claire and Phil have three children: Haley, a stereotypically ditzy wild teenaged girl;[6] Alex, the middle child who is highly intelligent, gifted, and introverted;[7] and Luke, the offbeat only son, known for his playful, immature, and sometimes dim-witted nature.[8] Haley's on-and-off boyfriend, Dylan, is a permanent fixture on the show, with the two eventually marrying and having twins, Poppy and George, in the tenth season.\nMitchell is a lawyer who is in a same-sex relationship with Cameron Tucker. Cam, from a farm in Missouri, is a former music teacher and later works as a football coach and Vice Principal. The couple have adopted a baby daughter, Lily, of Vietnamese origin. Cam is a stay-at-home dad in the first couple seasons when Lily is young. Mitchell and Cameron are legally married in the fifth season, following the Californian legalization of gay marriage. At the end of the series, they adopt another child, a son, Rexford, and move to Missouri.\nAs the title suggests, it depicts a modern-day tight-knit extended family; many episodes are comically based on situations that many families encounter in real life.\nCast and characters\n[edit]Main\n[edit]- Ed O'Neill as Jason Francis \"Jay\" Pritchett: the wealthy patriarch of the family; Gloria's husband; Claire, Mitchell and Joe's father; Manny's stepfather. He is the CEO of Pri...", "title": "Modern Family - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Tyler_Ferguson", "text": "Jesse Tyler Ferguson\nJesse Tyler Ferguson (born October 22, 1975)[1][2] is an American actor. From 2009 to 2020, he portrayed Mitchell Pritchett on the sitcom Modern Family, for which he earned five consecutive nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.\nHe is also known for his theatrical work, winning a Tony Award in 2022 for Best Featured Actor in a Play for Take Me Out, and originating the role of Leaf Coneybear in the original Broadway cast of The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee in 2006.\nFerguson made his Broadway debut in On the Town (1998), He has appeared in numerous productions of Shakespeare in the Park, acting in A Midsummer Night's Dream (2007), A Winter's Tale (2010), The Merchant of Venice (2010), The Tempest (2015), and Twelfth Night; or What You Will (2025).\nIn 2016, he starred on Broadway in Fully Committed, for which he won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance.\nEarly life\n[edit]Jesse Tyler Ferguson was born in Missoula, Montana,[2] to Anne Ferguson (née Doyle; 1948–2024) and Robert \"Bob\" Ferguson (born 1946).[3][4][5] He was named after his paternal grandmother, Jessie Uppercue Ferguson,[6] to whom he was very close growing up.[7] He was also named after his paternal great-grandfather, Jesse.[8] He has a brother, Benjamin Ferguson, and a sister, Kelly Ferguson.[5]\nHis family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, where he was raised.[9] At age eight, Ferguson decided to become an actor, and joined the Albuquerque Children's Theater, where he was a member for six years.[10] While attending St. Pius X High School, Ferguson acted in the plays Bye Bye Birdie and Li'l Abner. He participated on the speech and debate team and graduated in 1994.[11] He worked as a dancer/singer at Cliff's Amusement Park.[10] Ferguson was 18 years old when his parents divorced. After high school, Ferguson attended The American Musical and Dramatic Academy (AMDA) in New York City.[12]\nCareer\n[edit]Theater\n[edit]In New York City, Ferguson worked mainly in Off-Broadway and Broadway theatre, including the Tony Award-winning The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee, where he originated the role of Leaf Coneybear.[13] Ferguson starred in the Public Theater's 2007 Shakespeare in the Park production of A Midsummer Night's Dream and 2015 production of The Tempest. In the summer of 2015, he played Sir Robin in the Hollywood Bowl production of Monty Python's Spamalot.\nIn March 2012, Ferguson was featured as Dr. Ilan Meyer in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play 8, a staged reenactment of Perry v. Brown, the federal trial that overturned California's Proposition 8 ban on same-sex marriage.[14] The production was held at the Wilshire Ebell Theatre and broadcast on YouTube to raise money for the American Foundation for Equal Rights, a non-profit organization funding the plaintiffs' legal team and sponsoring the play.[15][16] He appeared in the 2022 Broadway revival of Take Me Out, for which he won a Tony Award.\nTelevision and film\n[edit]On television, Ferguson was among the large ensemble cast on the short-lived CBS sitcom The Class, playing Richie Velch. Ferguson also played a role in the 2008 thriller Untraceable.\nFrom 2009 to 2020, he played the role of Mitchell Pritchett, the openly gay lawyer on the ABC sitcom Modern Family. For his performance, Ferguson received five consecutive Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He also appeared as a judge on So You Think You Can Dance and opposed actress Chrissy Metz in a 2017 episode of TBS's Drop the Mic. In 2020, he co-hosted HGTV's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition replacing Ty Pennington.\nOther works\n[edit]In 2018, Ferguson was one of the actors who voiced the audiobook A Day in the Life of Marlon Bundo.[17]\nIn 2019, Ferguson appeared in Taylor Swift's music video for \"You Need to Calm Down\".[18]\nPhilanthropy\n[edit]In September 2012, Ferguson and his lawyer husband, Justin Mikita, started ...", "title": "Jesse Tyler Ferguson - Wikipedia" } ]	3,172
38	Which species from the genus mulona are both found in the same country?	Mulona barnesi and mulona schausi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_barnesi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_grisea	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_lapidaria	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_manni	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_piperita	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_schausi	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_barnesi', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_grisea', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_lapidaria', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_manni', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_piperita', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_schausi']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona", "text": "Mulona\nAppearance\nMulona is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Francis Walker in 1866.[1][2]\nSpecies\n[edit]- Mulona barnesi Field, 1952\n- Mulona grisea Hampson, 1900\n- Mulona lapidaria Walker, 1866\n- Mulona manni Field, 1952\n- Mulona phelina (Druce, 1885)\n- Mulona piperita Reich, 1933\n- Mulona schausi Field, 1952\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Savela, Markku (June 27, 2015). \"Mulona Walker, 1866\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.\n- ^ \"MULONA - Butterflies and Moths of the World\". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-02-24.\n- Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. \"Search results Family: Arctiidae\". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.", "title": "Mulona - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_barnesi", "text": "Mulona barnesi\nAppearance\nMulona barnesi is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by William Dewitt Field in 1952.[1] It is found on Cuba.[2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Savela, Markku (June 27, 2015). \"Mulona barnesi Field, 1952\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.\n- ^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). \"Mulona barnesi\". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 11, 2018.", "title": "Mulona barnesi - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_grisea", "text": "Mulona grisea\nAppearance\nMulona grisea is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found on Jamaica.[1][2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Moths of Jamaica\n- ^ Savela, Markku (June 25, 2015). \"Mulona grisea Hampson, 1900\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.", "title": "Mulona grisea - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_lapidaria", "text": "Mulona lapidaria\nAppearance\nMulona lapidaria is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found on Haiti.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Savela, Markku. \"Mulona lapidaria Walker, 1866\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved February 7, 2018.\n- Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. \"Search results Family: Arctiidae\". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.", "title": "Mulona lapidaria - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_manni", "text": "Mulona manni\nAppearance\nMulona manni is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by William Dewitt Field in 1952. It is found on the Bahamas.[1][2]\nReferences\n[edit]Wikispecies has information related to Mulona manni.\n- ^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). \"Mulona manni\". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\n- ^ Savela, Markku (June 27, 2015). \"Mulona manni Field, 1952\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.", "title": "Mulona manni - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_piperita", "text": "Mulona piperita\nAppearance\nMulona piperita is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Reich in 1933. It is found in Brazil.[1][2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). \"Mulona piperita\". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\n- ^ Savela, Markku (June 27, 2015). \"Mulona piperita Reich, 1933\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.", "title": "Mulona piperita - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulona_schausi", "text": "Mulona schausi\nAppearance\nMulona schausi is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by William Dewitt Field in 1952. It is found on Cuba.[1][2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). \"Mulona schausi\". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\n- ^ Savela, Markku (June 27, 2015). \"Mulona schausi Field, 1952\". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved October 23, 2019.", "title": "Mulona schausi - Wikipedia" } ]	1,310
39	As of July 1, 2024, if I wanted to give my daughter the middle name of the American woman who is the most decorated female in the history of American gymnastics as her first name and the full first name of the American woman who holds the world record in the 800-meter freestyle as her middle name, what would I name my daughter?	Arianne Kathleen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ledecky	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ledecky']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles", "text": "Simone Biles\nSimone Arianne Biles Owens (née Biles; born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Her 11 Olympic medals and 30 World Championship medals make her the most decorated gymnast in history.[4] She is widely regarded as one of the greatest gymnasts of all time[5] and one of the greatest female athletes in history.[6] With 11 Olympic medals, she is tied with Věra Čáslavská as the second-most decorated female Olympic gymnast behind Larisa Latynina, and has the most Olympic medals earned by a U.S. gymnast.[7]\nAt the Olympic Games, Biles is a two-time gold medalist in the individual all-around (2016, 2024). She is also a two-time champion on vault (2016, 2024), the 2016 champion and 2024 silver medalist on floor exercise, and a two-time bronze medalist on balance beam (2016, 2020). Biles led the gold medal-winning United States teams in 2016, dubbed the \"Final Five,\" and in 2024, dubbed the \"Golden Girls\".[8] At the 2020 Summer Olympics, where she was favored to win at least four of the six available gold medals, she withdrew from most of the competition after the qualification round due to \"the twisties\", a temporary loss of air awareness while performing twisting elements. She won a silver medal with the United States team nicknamed the \"Fighting Four\".[9]\nAt the World Championships, she is the most decorated - male or female - artistic gymnast of all time with 30 total medals in which 23 of them are Gold. Biles is a six-time individual all-around champion (2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019 and 2023), six-time floor exercise champion (2013–2015, 2018–2019, 2023), and four-time balance beam champion (2014–2015, 2019, 2023), all record-high totals. She is also a two-time vault champion (2018–2019) and a member of a record-high five gold medal-winning United States teams (2014–2015, 2018–2019, 2023). She is also a four-time World silver medalist (2013–2014 and 2023 on vault, 2018 on uneven bars), a three-time World bronze medalist (2015 on vault, 2013 and 2018 on balance beam).\nDomestically, Biles has won a record-high nine United States national all-around championships (2013–2016, 2018–2019, 2021, 2023–2024); her win in 2024 made her the oldest female gymnast to ever win the title. She is also a seven-time champion on vault, balance beam, and floor exercise, a two-time uneven bars champion, and the only woman to win all five gold medals in a single championships twice (2018, 2024).\nBiles is the sixth woman to win an individual all-around title at both the Olympics and the World Championships and the first since Lilia Podkopayeva in 1996 to hold both titles simultaneously. She is the tenth female gymnast and first American female gymnast to win a World medal on every event, and the first female gymnast since Daniela Silivaș in 1988 to win a medal on every event at a single Olympics or World Championships. Biles is the originator of the most difficult skill on women's vault, balance beam, and floor exercise and the only gymnast to attempt each skill to date.\nIn 2022, President Joe Biden awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[10] In 2023, she won her eighth U.S. Gymnastics title, breaking the 90-year-old U.S. Gymnastics title record previously held by Alfred Jochim.[11][12] Biles has won the Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year four times (2017, 2019, 2020, 2025)[13][14] and Comeback of the Year once (2024).[13]\nEarly life and education\nBiles was born on March 14, 1997, in Columbus, Ohio,[15][16] the third of four siblings.[17] Her birth mother, Shanon Biles, was unable to care for Simone or her other children. All four went in and out of foster care.[17][18]\nIn 2000, Biles's maternal grandfather, Ron Biles, and his second wife, Nellie Cayetano Biles,[19] began caring temporarily for Shanon's children in the north Houston suburb of Spring, Texas, after learning his grandchildren were in foster care. In 2003, the couple formally adopted Simone and her younger sister Adria. Ron's sister, Shanon's aunt Harriet, ad...", "title": "Simone Biles - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ledecky", "text": "Katie Ledecky\nKathleen Genevieve Ledecky (/ləˈdɛki/ ⓘ lə-DEK-ee; born March 17, 1997)[7] is an American competitive swimmer. She is the most decorated female swimmer in history and the most decorated American woman in Olympic history, with a total of 14 Olympic medals, including nine golds.[8] She shares the record for the most Olympic gold medals won by a woman with Larisa Latynina and ranks as the fifth-most decorated Olympian of all time. She is regarded as the greatest female swimmer of all time.\nLedecky has won a record 18 individual gold medals at the World Aquatics Championships, and is the world record holder in the women's 800- and 1500-meter freestyle long course and 1500-meter freestyle short course, as well as the former world record holder in the women's 400-meter freestyle (long course) and 800-meter freestyle (short course).[9] In her international debut at the 2012 London Olympic Games as a 15-year-old, Ledecky unexpectedly won the gold medal in the women's 800-metre freestyle. Four years later, she left Rio de Janeiro as the most decorated female athlete of the 2016 Olympic Games, with four gold medals, one silver medal, and two world records.\nAt the 2020 Olympic Games, Ledecky emerged as the most decorated U.S. female athlete and became the first American female swimmer to win an individual event in three straight Olympiads.[10] In 2025, she won gold in the 800 meter World Championship, becoming the first swimmer—male or female—to win seven World Championship gold medals in the same event.[11] In total, she has won 54 medals (40 golds, 11 silvers, and 3 bronzes) in major international competitions, spanning the Summer Olympics, World Championships, and Pan Pacific Championships. During her career, she has broken 17 world records.\nLedecky's success has earned her Swimming World's Female World Swimmer of the Year a record five times. Ledecky was also named Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year in 2017 and 2022, international female Champion of Champions by L'Équipe in 2014 and 2017, United States Olympic Committee Female Athlete of the Year in 2013, 2016 and 2017, Sportswoman of the Year by the Women's Sports Foundation in 2017, and the ESPY Best Female Athlete in 2022.[12] In 2024, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.[13][14]\nEarly life, swimming, and education\n[edit]Ledecky was born in Washington, D.C.[6] and raised in the suburb of Bethesda, Maryland,[15] the daughter of Mary Gen (née Hagan) and David Ledecky. Her Czech-born paternal grandfather Jaromír Ledecky arrived in New York City on September 8, 1947, as a student.[16] He later became an economist and married an Ashkenazi Jewish woman named Berta Ruth Greenwald in Brooklyn, New York, on December 30, 1956. Through her paternal grandmother, Ledecky has relatives who were murdered in the Holocaust.[17][18][19][20] Ledecky's mother is of Irish descent.[21] She was raised Catholic and continues to practice the faith, often praying the Hail Mary before her races.[22][23] Her uncle Jon Ledecky is a businessman and a co-owner of the NHL team New York Islanders.[4]\nLedecky began swimming at the age of six under the influence of her older brother, Michael, and her mother, who swam for the University of New Mexico. In Bethesda, she attended Little Flower School through eighth grade and graduated from Stone Ridge School of the Sacred Heart in 2015.[24] During her high-school swimming career, Ledecky twice set the American and US Open record in the 500-yard freestyle, and she twice set the national high-school record in the 200-yard freestyle.\nDuring the summers prior to 2012, she swam for Palisades Swim Team in Cabin John, Maryland. During the summer of 2012, she trained with the Nation's Capital Swim Club (formerly the Curl Burke Swim Club) under coach Yuri Suguiyama. Following Suguiyama's departure to coach for the University of California, Berkeley, she continued to train with the Nation's Capital Swim Club under coach...", "title": "Katie Ledecky - Wikipedia" } ]	2,259
40	I am thinking of a Ancient Roman City. The city was destroyed by volcanic eruption. The eruption occurred in the year 79 AD. The volcano was a stratovolcano. Where was the session held where it was decided that the city would be named a UNESCO world heritage site?	Naples	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano", "text": "Stratovolcano\nA stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a typically conical volcano built up by many alternating layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra.[1] Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and explosive eruptions.[2] Some have collapsed summit craters called calderas.[3] The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and solidifies before spreading far, due to high viscosity. The magma forming this lava is often felsic, having high to intermediate levels of silica (as in rhyolite, dacite, or andesite), with lesser amounts of less viscous mafic magma.[4] Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon, but can travel as far as 8 kilometres (5 miles).[5]\nThe term composite volcano is used because strata are usually mixed and uneven instead of neat layers.[6] They are among the most common types of volcanoes;[7] more than 700 stratovolcanoes have erupted lava during the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years),[8] and many older, now extinct, stratovolcanoes erupted lava as far back as Archean times.[9][10] Stratovolcanoes are typically found in subduction zones but they also occur in other geological settings. Two examples of stratovolcanoes famous for catastrophic eruptions are Krakatoa in Indonesia (which erupted in 1883 claiming 36,000 lives)[11] and Mount Vesuvius in Italy (which erupted in 79 A.D killing an estimated 2,000 people).[12] In modern times, Mount St. Helens (1980) in Washington State, US, and Mount Pinatubo (1991) in the Philippines have erupted catastrophically, but with fewer deaths.[7]\nThe existence of stratovolcanoes on other bodies of the Solar System has not been conclusively demonstrated.[13] Zephyria Tholus is one of two mountains in the Aeolis region of Mars that have been proposed as possible stratovolcanoes.[14]\nDistribution\n[edit]Stratovolcanoes are common at subduction zones, forming chains and clusters along plate tectonic boundaries where an oceanic crust plate is drawn under a continental crust plate (continental arc volcanism, e.g. Cascade Range, Andes, Campania) or another oceanic crust plate (island arc volcanism, e.g. Japan, Philippines, Aleutian Islands).[15]\nStratovolcanoes also occur in some other geological settings, for example as a result of intraplate volcanism on oceanic islands far from plate boundaries. Examples are Teide in the Canary Islands,[16] and Pico do Fogo in Cape Verde.[17] Stratovolcanoes have formed in continental rifts. Examples in the East African Rift are Ol Doinyo Lengai in Tanzania,[18] and Longonot in Kenya.[19]\nFormation\n[edit]Subduction zone volcanoes form when hydrous minerals are pulled down into the mantle on the slab. These hydrous minerals, such as chlorite and serpentine, release their water into the mantle which decreases its melting point by 60 to 100 °C (110 to 180 °F). The release of water from hydrated minerals is termed \"dewatering\", and occurs at specific pressures and temperatures for each mineral, as the plate descends to greater depths.[20] This allows the mantle to partially melt and generate magma. This is called flux melting. The magma then rises through the crust, incorporating silica-rich crustal rock, leading to a final intermediate composition. When the magma nears the top surface, it pools in a magma chamber within the crust below the stratovolcano.[21]\nThe processes that trigger the final eruption remain a question for further research. Possible mechanisms include:[22]\n- Magma differentiation, in which the lightest, most silica-rich magma and volatiles such as water, halogens, and sulfur dioxide accumulate in the uppermost part of the magma chamber. This can dramatically increase pressures.[23]\n- Fractional crystallization of the magma. When anhydrous minerals such as feldspar crystallize out of the magma, this concentrates volatiles in the remaining liquid, which can lead to a second boiling that causes a gas phase (carbon dioxide or water) to separate from...", "title": "Stratovolcano - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD", "text": "Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD\nIn 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano located in the modern-day region of Campania, erupted, causing one of the deadliest eruptions in history.[2][3][4] Vesuvius violently ejected a cloud of super-heated tephra and gases to a height of 33 km (21 mi), ejecting molten rock, pulverized pumice and hot ash at 1.5 million tons per second, ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[5][6] The event gives its name to the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption, characterised by columns of hot gases and ash reaching the stratosphere, although the event also included pyroclastic flows associated with Peléan eruptions.\nThe event destroyed several Roman towns and settlements in the area. Pompeii and Herculaneum, obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits, are the most famous examples.[4][5] Archaeological excavations have revealed much of the towns and the lives of the inhabitants, leading to the area becoming Vesuvius National Park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\nThe total population of both cities was over 20,000.[7][8] The remains of over 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum. The total death toll from the eruption remains unknown.\nA detailed firsthand account of the eruption is preserved in two letters of Pliny the Younger, who personally witnessed the event from the town of Misenum.\nPrecursor earthquakes\n[edit]A major earthquake[9] caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples, particularly to Pompeii, on February 5, 62 AD.[10] Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted in 79 AD.[11]\nAnother smaller earthquake took place in 64 AD; it was recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero,[12] and by Tacitus in Annales because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theater.[13] Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song, while Tacitus wrote that the theater collapsed shortly after being evacuated.\nMinor earthquakes were reported in the four days before the 79 AD eruption, but the warnings were not recognized. The inhabitants of the area surrounding Mount Vesuvius had been accustomed to minor tremors in the region; Pliny the Younger wrote that they \"were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania\".[14]\nNature of the eruption\n[edit]Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features. The eruption lasted for two days.[15][16] Pliny the Younger, author of the only surviving written testimony, described the morning before the eruption as normal; however, he was staying at Misenum, 29 kilometres (18 mi) from the volcano across the Bay of Naples. The first day of the eruption had little effect on Misenum.[15] Pompeii is never mentioned in Pliny the Younger's letter.[17]\nAround 1:00 p.m., Mount Vesuvius erupted violently, spewing up a high-altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall, blanketing the area.[15] Rescues and escapes occurred over the next few hours.[15] At some time in the night or early the next day, pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began; lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires, and people as far away as Misenum fled for their lives.[15] The flows were rapid-moving, dense, and very hot, wholly or partly knocking down all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population.[15] These were accompanied by additional tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples.[15] One or more earthquakes at this time were strong enough to cause buildings to collapse at least in Pompeii killing the occupants.[18] By the evening of the second day, the eruption stopped affecting Misenum, with only haze in the atmosphere, screening sunlight.[15] Pliny the Younger wrote:\nbroad flames shone out in severa...", "title": "Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii", "text": "Pompeii\nPompeii (/pɒmˈpeɪ(i)/ ⓘ pom-PAY(-ee); Latin: [pɔmˈpei̯.iː]) was a city in what is now the municipality of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy. Along with Herculaneum, Stabiae, and many surrounding villas, the city was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.\nLargely preserved under the ash, Pompeii offers a unique snapshot of Roman life, frozen at the moment it was buried,[1] as well as insight into ancient urban planning.[2][3] It was a wealthy town of 10,000 to 20,000 residents at the time it was destroyed.[4] It hosted many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and artworks, which were the main attractions for early excavators; subsequent excavations have found hundreds of private homes and businesses reflecting various architectural styles and social classes, as well as numerous public buildings. Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were interred in the ash; their eventual decay allowed archaeologists to create moulds of figures in their final moments of life. The numerous graffiti carved on outside walls and inside rooms provide a wealth of examples of the largely lost Vulgar Latin spoken colloquially at the time, contrasting with the formal language of classical writers.\nFollowing its destruction, Pompeii remained largely undisturbed until its rediscovery in the late 16th century. Major excavations did not begin until the mid-18th century, which marked the emergence of modern archaeology;[5] initial efforts to unearth the city were haphazard or marred by looting, resulting in many items or sites being damaged or destroyed.[6] By 1960, most of Pompeii had been uncovered but left in decay;[7] further major excavations were banned or limited to targeted, prioritised areas. Since 2018, these efforts have led to new discoveries in some previously unexplored areas of the city.[8][9][10][11]\nPompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, owing to its status as \"the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city.\"[12] It is among the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.[13][14]\nName\nPompeii in Latin is a second declension masculine nominative plural noun (Pompeiī, -ōrum). According to Theodor Kraus, \"The root of the word Pompeii would appear to be the Oscan word for the number five, pompe, which suggests that either the community consisted of five hamlets or perhaps it was settled by a family group (gens Pompeia).\"[15]\nGeography\nPompeii was built approximately 40 m (130 ft) above sea level on a coastal lava plateau created by earlier eruptions of Mount Vesuvius (8 km or 5 mi distant). The plateau fell steeply to the south and partly to the west into the sea. Three layers of sediment from large landslides lie on top of the lava, perhaps triggered by extended rainfall.[16] The city, once by the shoreline, is today circa 700 m (2,300 ft) inland. The mouth of the navigable Sarno River, adjacent to the city, was protected by lagoons and served early Greek and Phoenician sailors as a haven port, later developed by the Romans.\nPompeii covered a total of 64 to 67 hectares (160 to 170 acres) and was home to 11,000 to 11,500 people, based on household counts.[4]\nHistory\nAlthough best known for its Roman remains visible today, dating from AD 79, it was built upon a substantial city dating from much earlier times. Expansion of the city from an early nucleus (the old town) accelerated after 450 BC under the Greeks following the Battle of Cumae.[17]\nEarly history\nThe first stable settlements on the site date to the 8th century BC when the Oscans,[18] a population of central Italy, founded five villages in the area.\nWith the arrival of the Greeks in Campania from around 740 BC, Pompeii entered the orbit of the Hellenic people. The most important building of this period is the Doric Tem...", "title": "Pompeii - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee", "text": "World Heritage Committee\nThe World Heritage Committee is a committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties.[1] It comprises representatives from 21 state parties[2][1] that are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term.[3] These parties vote on decisions and proposals related to the World Heritage Convention and World Heritage List.\nAccording to the World Heritage Convention, a committee member's term of office is six years. However many States Parties choose to voluntarily limit their term to four years, in order to give other States Parties an opportunity to serve.[3] All members elected at the 15th General Assembly (2005) voluntarily chose to reduce their term of office from six to four years.[3]\nDeliberations of the World Heritage Committee are aided by three advisory bodies, the IUCN, ICOMOS and ICCROM.[4][5]\nSessions\n[edit]The World Heritage Committee meets once a year for an ordinary session to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and accept nominations by countries.[3] Extraordinary meetings can be convened at the request of two-thirds of the state members.[6] Meetings are held within the territory of state members of the World Heritage Committee at their invitation. Rotation between regions and cultures is a consideration for selection and the location for the next session is chosen by the committee at the end of each session.[6]\nBureau\n[edit]At the end of each ordinary session, the committee elects a chairperson, five vice-chairpersons and a Rapporteur from those members whose term will continue through the next session.[6] These are known as the Bureau, and their representatives are responsible for coordinating the work of the World Heritage Committee, including fixing dates, hours and the order of business meetings.[1]\nVoting\n[edit]Each state member of the World Heritage Committee has one vote. Decisions require a simple majority with abstentions counted as not voting. Votes are delivered by a show of hands unless a secret ballot is requested by either the chairperson or two or more states members.[6]\nMembers\n[edit]Criticism\n[edit]Increasing politicization of World Heritage Committee decisions to the detriment of conservation aims has been alleged, particularly with regard to new nominations for the World Heritage List, but also with the consideration of sites for the List of World Heritage in Danger.[12][13] In 2010, states parties including Hungary, Switzerland and Zimbabwe submitted an official protest against such politicization.[5]\nAn external audit requested by the World Heritage Committee for its Global Strategy of the World Heritage List concluded in 2011 that political considerations were indeed influencing decisions.[5] It observed that the composition of committee representatives had shifted from experts to diplomats in spite of World Heritage Convention Article 9 and found that opinions from advisory bodies often diverged from World Heritage Committee decisions.[5]\nIn 2016, Israel recalled its UNESCO ambassador after the World Heritage Committee adopted a resolution in a secret ballot that referred to one of Jerusalem's holiest sites, the Temple Mount, only as a \"Muslim holy site of worship\", not mentioning that Jews and Christians venerate the site.[14][15]\nThe committee has also been criticized with alleged racism, colorism, and geographic bias for favoring the inscription of sites in Western and industrialized countries over sites belonging to so-called \"third-world\" countries. A large proportion of the world heritage sites are located in Europe, Eastern Asia, and North America, where populations notably have lighter skin.[16][17][18][19]\nSee also\n[edit]- Lists of Wor...", "title": "World Heritage Committee - Wikipedia" } ]	3,694
41	What Formula One car was driven in 1994 by the nephew of a racing driver from Italy who drove a Ferrari 312T and shares a last name with a common cocktail drink?	Minardi M194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minardi_M194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Martini	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Martini	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocktails	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minardi_M194', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Martini', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Martini', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocktails']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minardi_M194", "text": "Minardi M194\nThe Minardi M194 was a Formula One car designed by Aldo Costa and Gustav Brunner and built by Minardi for the 1994 season. It was introduced at that year's Canadian Grand Prix to replace the Minardi M193B. The car was again powered by the Ford HBD V8 engine.\nMinardi team drivers during 1994 were Pierluigi Martini and former Grand Prix winner Michele Alboreto. The team's test driver was Luca Badoer.\nThe M194 would only score two points during its 11 races, both when Martini finished in 5th place at the car's second race, the French Grand Prix. The team in fact scored more points in 1994 (3 points) using the M193B than with the M194. The combined 5 point total saw Minardi only finish tenth in the Constructors' Championship.\nThe M194 was replaced for the 1995 season by the Minardi M195. Alboreto retired and was replaced by test driver Badoer.\nLivery\n[edit]The M194 had a blue, orange and white livery, with main sponsorship from Lucchini and Beta Tools.\nDuring the British Grand Prix, the car ran with the words \"Italia IN - Ireland OUT\", in response to the elimination of Ireland from the 1994 FIFA World Cup and the provocation from Eddie Jordan in the previous race.\nRace results\n[edit](key)\n* 3 points scored using Minardi M193B\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Minardi - Models • STATS F1\". Statsf1.com. Retrieved 2012-08-13.", "title": "Minardi M194 - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Martini", "text": "Pierluigi Martini\nPierluigi Martini (Italian pronunciation: [ˌpjɛrluˈiːdʒi marˈtiːni]; born 23 April 1961) is an Italian former racing driver, who competed in Formula One from 1984 to 1985 and from 1988 to 1995. In endurance racing, Martini won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1999 with BMW.\nBorn in Lugo, Emilia-Romagna, Martini is the nephew of Formula Two driver Giancarlo Martini and the older brother of Oliver. He finished runner-up to Ivan Capelli in the 1986 International Formula 3000 Championship. Martini contested 124 Formula One Grands Prix between 1984 and 1995 for Toleman, Minardi, and Scuderia Italia, achieving 18 championship points.\nEarly life\n[edit]Martini's uncle, Giancarlo Martini, raced during the 1970s, including some non-championship races in a Ferrari 312T entered by Scuderia Everest, a team owned by Giancarlo Minardi. Pierluigi's younger brother, Oliver, is also a racing driver.[1] In 1983 Martini competed in Formula 3 with Luigi Pavesi racing. He won four races and secured both the Italian Formula 3 and European Formula 3 titles the same year.[2]\nFormula One\n[edit]Martini participated in 124 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1984, driving for Toleman in place of suspended Ayrton Senna at the 1984 Italian Grand Prix. He scored a total of 18 championship points and was synonymous with the Minardi team (run by the same Giancarlo Minardi who had previously owned Scuderia Everest).\nIndeed, aside from a single outing with Toleman and a one-season dalliance with Scuderia Italia in 1992, Martini's entire Formula One career was spent with the Italian outfit. He raced with the minnow team in three different stints, drove for them on their debut in 1985, scored their first point in the 1988 Detroit Grand Prix, and their only front-row start at the 1990 United States Grand Prix (where unexpected rain on Saturday meant that the grid was decided entirely by times from Friday's session. Pirelli's soft qualifying tyres caught Goodyear off guard, and the Italian manufacturer put five of its teams in the top ten positions). Both Martini and Minardi led a race for a single lap at the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, and their joint-best finish was 4th at the 1991 San Marino Grand Prix and 1991 Portuguese Grand Prix, the latter being Martini's single finish on the lead lap.[3] Initially out of a drive for 1993, he was recalled back to the little Italian team midway through the season in place of Fabrizio Barbazza, Martini impressed by outpacing his young teammate Christian Fittipaldi.\nMartini was also one of the drivers with a reputation for ignoring blue flags. Examples given are the 1991 Monaco Grand Prix when he held up Emanuele Pirro in the Dallara, Stefano Modena in the Tyrrell, and Riccardo Patrese in the Williams for several laps despite running towards the back of the field, and the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix where he blocked Gerhard Berger in the Ferrari when the Austrian tried to lap him. On both occasions, Martini was called in for a ten-second stop-and-go penalty for ignoring blue flags.\nQuizzed about this attitude on the occasion of the 1995 San Marino Grand Prix, where he held up winner Damon Hill, Martini replied: 'What should I exactly apologise for? My trajectories are always clean. Should I just park the car on the grass? I'm here to do my race like anybody else. I've always been correct. Those who complain about my conduct should explain why they cannot overtake me when their car has at least 150 hp more than mine'.[4]\nSportscars\n[edit]Prior to commencing his Formula One career, Martini drove a Lancia LC2 in the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans. After leaving Formula One, he began a successful career in sportscar racing. He contested the 1996 24 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche run by Joest Racing. 1997 brought a fourth-place finish in a Porsche 911 GT1 which he also raced in the FIA GT Championship that year. In 1998, he joined the brand-new Le Mans program of BMW Motorsports.\nIn 1999, Martini, Yannick Dalmas and ...", "title": "Pierluigi Martini - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Martini", "text": "Giancarlo Martini\nAppearance\nGiancarlo Martini (16 August 1947 – 26 March 2013)[1] was a racing driver from Italy. He participated in two non-championship Formula One Grands Prix driving a Ferrari 312T for Giancarlo Minardi. He was the uncle of the racing drivers Pierluigi Martini and Oliver Martini.\nRacing record\n[edit]Complete European Formula Two Championship results\n[edit](key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)\nComplete Formula One results\n[edit](Note: races in bold denote pole position.)\nNon-championship results\n[edit]References\n[edit]- Formula 2 Register\n- Nyberg, Rainer; Diepraam, Mattijs. \"Minardi's F1 debut was with a Ferrari!\". 8W. autosport.com. Retrieved 27 March 2013.\n- ^ \"Minardi co-founder Martini dies\". Inautonews. S.C.Pixelmedia SRL. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2013.", "title": "Giancarlo Martini - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cocktails", "text": "List of cocktails\nA cocktail is a mixed drink typically made with a distilled liquor (such as arrack, brandy, cachaça, gin, rum, tequila, vodka, or whiskey) as its base ingredient that is then mixed with other ingredients or garnishments. Sweetened liqueurs, wine, or beer may also serve as the base or be added. If beer is one of the ingredients, the drink is called a beer cocktail.\nCocktails often also contain various types of juice, fruit, honey, milk or cream, spices, or other flavorings. Cocktails may vary in their ingredients from bartender to bartender, and from region to region. Two creations may have the same name but taste very different because of differences in how the drinks are prepared.\nThis article is organized by the primary type of alcohol (by volume) contained in the beverage. Cocktails marked with \"IBA\" are designated as IBA official cocktails by the International Bartenders Association, and are some of the most popular cocktails worldwide.\nAbsinthe\n[edit]-\nReservoir glass with naturally coloured verte absinthe and an absinthe spoon\nBeer\n[edit]Cocktails made with beer are classified as beer cocktails.\nBrandy\n[edit]- Angel face\n- Between the sheets\n- Blow my skull\n- Brandy Alexander\n- Brandy crusta\n- Brandy old fashioned\n- Brandy Manhattan\n- Brandy sour\n- Chicago cocktail\n- Curaçao punch\n- Diki-diki\n- Four score\n- French Connection\n- Hennchata\n- Hoppel poppel\n- Horse's neck\n- Incredible Hulk\n- Jack Rose\n- Paradise\n- Pisco sour\n- Porto flip\n- Savoy affair\n- Savoy corpse reviver\n- Sazerac\n- Sidecar\n- Singapore sling\n- Stinger\n- The Blenheim\n- Tom and Jerry\nCachaça\n[edit]Gin\n[edit]- 20th century\n- Angel face\n- Aviation\n- Bee's knees\n- Bijou\n- Blackthorn\n- Bloody Margaret\n- Boston\n- Bramble\n- Breakfast martini\n- Bronx\n- Casino\n- Cloister\n- Clover Club cocktail\n- Cooperstown cocktail\n- Corpse reviver #2\n- Damn the weather\n- Derby\n- Fluffy duck\n- French 75\n- Gibson\n- Gimlet\n- Gin and tonic\n- Gin Basil Smash\n- Gin fizz\n- Gin pahit\n- Gin sour\n- Greyhound\n- Hanky panky\n- John Collins\n- Last word\n- Lime Rickey\n- Long Island iced tea\n- Lorraine\n- Martinez\n- Martini\n- Monkey gland\n- Moon River\n- My Fair Lady\n- Negroni\n- Old Etonian\n- Paradise\n- Pegu club\n- Pimm's cup\n- Pink gin\n- Pink lady\n- Queens\n- Ramos gin fizz\n- Royal arrival\n- Salty dog\n- Singapore sling\n- Suffering bastard\n- Takumi's aviation\n- Tom Collins\n- Tuxedo\n- Vesper\n- White lady or Delilah\n- Wolfram\n-\nA martini is a classic gin-based cocktail.\nMezcal\n[edit]- Division bell\n- Illegal\n- Medicina Latina\n- Mezcal last word\n- Mezcal Negroni\n- Naked and famous\n- Oaxaca old fashioned\n- Tia mia\nRum\n[edit]- Ancient Mariner\n- Airmail\n- Bacardi\n- Barracuda\n- Between the sheets\n- Blow my skull\n- Blue Hawaii\n- Blue Hawaiian\n- Bumbo\n- Bushwacker\n- Cobra's fang\n- Cojito\n- Cremat\n- Cuban sunset\n- Daiquiri\n- Dark 'n' stormy\n- El Presidente\n- Fish house punch\n- Flaming Doctor Pepper\n- Flaming volcano\n- Fluffy duck\n- Grog\n- Gunfire\n- Hoppel poppel\n- Hot buttered rum\n- Hurricane\n- IBA Tiki\n- Jagertee\n- Jungle Bird\n- Long Island iced tea\n- Macuá\n- Mai Tai\n- Mary Pickford\n- Mojito\n- Mr. Bali Hai\n- Painkiller\n- Piña colada\n- Planter's punch\n- Q.B. Cooler\n- Royal Bermuda\n- Rum and Coke (a.k.a. Cuba libre)\n- Rum swizzle\n- Suffering bastard (Trader Vic version)\n- Sumatra Kula\n- Test pilot\n- Ti' punch\n- Tom and Jerry\n- Trumptini\n- Tschunk\n- Yellow bird\n- Zombie\n-\nThis fruity, blended piña colada is typical of many rum-based cocktails.\n-\nA mojito served in Slovakia\nSake\n[edit]Tequila\n[edit]- Boston tea party\n- Batanga\n- Bloody Maria\n- Cantarito\n- Chimayó cocktail\n- Death Flip\n- Harlem mugger\n- Juan Collins\n- Long Island iced tea\n- Margarita\n- Matador\n- Mexican firing squad\n- Mexican martini\n- Mojito blanco\n- Paloma\n- Sangrita\n- Señor Rootbeer\n- Tequila & Tonic (TNT)\n- Tequila slammer\n- Tequila sour\n- Tequila sunrise\n- Tommy's margarita\n- Vampiro\n-\nA paloma\nVodka\n[edit]- Apple martini (a.k.a. appletini)\n- Astro pop\n- Batida (a variation, traditionally made with cachaça)\n- Bay breeze\n- B...", "title": "List of cocktails - Wikipedia" } ]	2,912
42	As of August 1, 2024, who is the president of the team that inspired the original name of the Washington Commanders?	Derek Schiller	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders", "text": "Washington Commanders\nThe Washington Commanders are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area. The Commanders compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) East division. The franchise was founded by George Preston Marshall as the Boston Braves in 1932, were renamed the Boston Redskins the following year, and became the Washington Redskins upon moving to Washington, D.C., in 1937. The Redskins name and logo drew criticism for decades before they were retired in 2020 as part of a wave of name changes during a period of racial unrest in the United States. The team played as the Washington Football Team for two seasons before rebranding as the Commanders in 2022.\nThe Commanders play their home games at Northwest Stadium in Landover, Maryland, and have a headquarters and training facility in Ashburn, Virginia. The Commanders have played more than 1,300 games and have won more than 600. Washington was among the first NFL franchises with an original fight song, \"Hail to the Commanders\", which has been played by their marching band after home game touchdowns since 1937. The franchise won NFL championships in 1937 and 1942 and Super Bowls XVII (1982), XXII (1987), and XXVI (1991). The Commanders have finished a season as league runner-up six times, losing the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 title games and Super Bowls VII (1972) and XVIII (1983). Washington has 14 division titles and 26 total playoff appearances.\nAll of Washington's championships were attained during two 10-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the team went to the NFL Championship six times, winning two of them under general manager Jack Espey and head coach Ray Flaherty. Washington appeared in four Super Bowls and won three under owner Jack Kent Cooke, general managers Bobby Beathard and Charley Casserly, and head coach Joe Gibbs from 1982 to 1991. From 1946 to 1970, Washington posted just four winning seasons and never reached the playoffs. They went without a single winning season from 1956 to 1968 and achieved their worst regular-season record, 1–12–1, in 1961. From their 1991 Super Bowl victory through 2024, the team notched just four NFC East division titles and three playoff wins.\nHistory\nGeorge Preston Marshall era (1932–1965)\nThe city of Boston was awarded a National Football League (NFL) franchise on July 9, 1932, under the ownership of American businessman George Preston Marshall.[1][2] The team was named after the Boston Braves baseball team, with whom they shared Braves Field, with the inaugural season coached by Lud Wray. The team saw several changes in 1933, including a name change to the \"Redskins\" and playing their home games at Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox. Wray was also replaced at head coach by Lone Star Dietz.[3][4][5]\nThe situation faced by Marshall in Boston was difficult. In 1935, Joe F. Carr opined: \"To the casual observer bred in the knowledge of New England's place in football's sun, because its cradle and nursery were there, the success of a Boston team in the professional ranks would be a foregone conclusion. Nothing could have been more erroneous. Boston finished the most forbidding ground for professional football of any large city in the country. The history of the game in Boston and New England was entirely associated with college, preparatory, and high school playing. Its eminence as an institution of sport grew in a hallowed atmosphere as an almost sacrosanct element of education which was to be kept ever free from commercial pollution.\"[6] The Redskins appeared in the 1936 NFL Championship Game, their first championship appearance, but lost to the Green Bay Packers 21–6.\nAfter five years in Boston, which Marshall said showed a lack of interest in the team, the Redskins moved to Washington, D.C., in 1937.[7] The team arranged to share Griffith Stadium with the Washington Senators, an American League baseball team.[8] In their first game in D.C...", "title": "Washington Commanders - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves", "text": "Boston Braves\nThe Boston Braves were a Major League Baseball club named in honor of Chief Tamanend[2][3][4][5] that originated in Boston, and played from 1871 to 1952. Afterwards they moved to Milwaukee (and became the Milwaukee Braves). Then in 1966 they were moved to Atlanta, where they were renamed the Atlanta Braves.[6]\nDuring its 82-year stay in Massachusetts, the franchise was known by various nicknames, including the Red Stockings, Red Caps, Beaneaters, Rustlers, Bees, and \"Braves\". While in Boston, the team won 10 National League pennants and a World Series championship in 1914 that came after a season in which the Braves were in last place as late as July 15—a turnaround that led to the nickname \"Miracle Braves\". In 1948, the Braves reached the World Series largely as a result of their two dominant pitchers, Warren Spahn and Johnny Sain, who inspired the Boston Post slogan \"Spahn and Sain and pray for rain.\" The Braves posted a losing record in all but 12 of the 38 seasons after their World Series win. The franchise moved to Milwaukee in 1953.[7][8]\nThe Boston franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952. Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University. The franchise, from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta, is the oldest continuously operating professional baseball franchise.[9]\nThe Boston Braves had an overall win–loss record of 5,118–5,598–138 (.478) during their 77-year major-league tenure in Boston. Six former Boston Braves players were elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.\nHistory\n[edit]Early history\n[edit]The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, voted to dissolve after the 1870 season. Player-manager Harry Wright then went to Boston, Massachusetts—at the invitation of Boston businessman Ivers Whitney Adams—with brother George Wright and two other Cincinnati players joined the Boston Red Stockings, a charter member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. This team and its successors are the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports.[10] (The only other team that has been organized as long, the Chicago Cubs, did not play for the two years after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.) Two players hired from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, were pitcher Al Spalding (founder of Spalding sporting goods) and second baseman Ross Barnes.\nLed by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings won four of the National Association's five championships. The team became one of the National League's charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the \"Red Caps\" (as a new Cincinnati Red Stockings club was another charter member). Boston came to be called the Beaneaters by sportswriters in 1883, while retaining red as the team color.\nBoston won the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps/Beaneaters won eight pennants during the 19th century. Their manager was Frank Selee, the first manager not to double as a player as well. The 1898 team finished 102–47, a club record for wins that would stand for almost a century.\nIn 1894 the Braves became the first major league baseball team to wear letterforms on their uniform caps when they added a monogram-style device to their front.[11]\nIn 1897, the Beaneaters, as runner-up in the National League, took part in the 1897 Temple Cup championship series against the Baltimore Orioles, losing in five games.\nThey only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, and lost 100 or more games six times. In 1907, the renamed Doves (temporarily) eliminated the red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected (as noted in The Sporting News Baseball Guide during the 1940s when each team's entry had a history of its nickname(s). See details in History of baseball team nicknames). The American League club's owner, Charles Taylor, changed his team's name to the Red Sox in...", "title": "Boston Braves - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves", "text": "Atlanta Braves\nThe Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The Braves compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) East Division. The club was founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871 as the Boston Red Stockings. The Braves are one of two remaining National League charter franchises that debuted in 1876 and are the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in North America.[6][7] The franchise was known by various names until it adopted the Boston Braves name in 1912.\nAfter 81 seasons and one World Series title in Boston, the club moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1953. With a roster of star players such as Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, and Warren Spahn, the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series in 1957. Despite the team's success, fan attendance declined. The club's owners moved the team to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1966.\nThe Braves did not find much success in Atlanta until 1991. From 1991 to 2005, the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball, winning an unprecedented 14 consecutive division titles,[8][9][10] making an MLB record eight consecutive National League Championship Series appearances, and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball including Hall of Famers Greg Maddux, John Smoltz, and Tom Glavine.[11]\nThe club has won an MLB record 23 divisional titles, 18 National League pennants, and four World Series championships. The Braves are the only Major League Baseball franchise to have won the World Series in three different home cities.[12][13] At the end of the 2025 season, the Braves' overall win–loss record is 11,190–11,035–154 (.503). Since moving to Atlanta in 1966, the Braves have an overall win–loss record of 4,926–4,547–8 (.520) through the end of 2025.[14]\nHistory\n[edit]Boston (1871–1952)\n[edit]1871–1913\n[edit]The Cincinnati Red Stockings, formed in 1869, were the first openly all-professional baseball team but disbanded after the 1870 season.[15] Manager Harry Wright and players moved to Boston, forming the Boston Red Stockings, a charter team in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (NAPBBP).[16] Led by the Wright brothers, Ross Barnes, and Al Spalding, they dominated the National Association, winning four of five championships.[7] The original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing franchise in American professional sports.[6][15]\nThe club was known as the Boston Red Caps when they played the first National League game in 1876, winning against the Philadelphia Athletics.[17][18][19] Despite a weaker roster in the league's first year, they rebounded to secure the 1877 and 1878 pennants.[20] Managed by Frank Selee, they were a dominant force in the 19th century, winning eight pennants.[16][21] By 1898, the team was known as the Beaneaters and they won 102 games that season, with stars like Hugh Duffy, Tommy McCarthy, and \"Slidin'\" Billy Hamilton.[22][16][21][23]\nIn 1901, the American League was introduced, causing many Beaneaters players including stars Duffy and Jimmy Collins to leave for clubs of the rival league.[24] The team struggled, having only one winning season from 1900 to 1913. In 1907, they temporarily dropped the red color from their stockings due to infection concerns.[25][26]\nThe club underwent various nickname changes until becoming the Braves before the 1912 season.[25] The president of the club, John M. Ward named the club after the owner, James Gaffney.[25] Gaffney was called one of the \"braves\" of New York City's political machine, Tammany Hall, which used a Native American chief as their symbol.[25][27]\n1914: Miracle\n[edit]In 1914, the Boston Braves experienced a remarkable turnaround in what would become one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history.[28][29] Starting with a dismal 4–18 record, the Braves found themselves in last place, trailing...", "title": "Atlanta Braves - Wikipedia" } ]	2,982
43	As of 2023, how many more employees does the company alphabetically first by ticker symbol in the S&P500 have than the company alphabetically 2nd to last by ticker symbol in the S&P500?	8,350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Technologies	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Technologies']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies", "text": "List of S&P 500 companies\nThe S&P 500 is a stock market index maintained by S&P Dow Jones Indices. It comprises 503 common stocks which are issued by 500 large-cap companies traded on the American stock exchanges (including the 30 companies that compose the Dow Jones Industrial Average). The index includes about 80 percent of the American market by capitalization. It is weighted by free-float market capitalization, so more valuable companies account for relatively more weight in the index. The index constituents and the constituent weights are updated regularly using rules published by S&P Dow Jones Indices. Although called the S&P 500, the index contains 503 stocks because it includes two share classes of stock from three of its component companies (Alphabet, Fox Corporation and News Corp).[1][2]\nS&P 500 component stocks\n[edit]Selected changes to the list of S&P 500 components\n[edit]S&P Dow Jones Indices updates the components of the S&P 500 periodically, typically in response to acquisitions, or to keep the index up to date as various companies grow or shrink in value.[5] Between January 1, 1963, and December 31, 2014, 1,186 index components were replaced by other components.\nSee also\n[edit]- Dow Jones Industrial Average § Components\n- List of S&P 400 companies\n- Nasdaq-100 § Current components\n- List of public corporations by market capitalization\n- List of largest companies by revenue\n- List of largest United States–based employers globally\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"The S&P 500 is becoming the S&P 502\". USA Today. 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2014-12-02.\n- ^ a b \"S&P U.S. Indices Methodology Update\" (PDF). www.spice-indices.com. 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2015-03-13.\n- ^ \"Contact Us\". Northrop Grumman. Retrieved 2025-10-15.\nGlobal Headquarters Northrop Grumman Corporation 2980 Fairview Park Drive Falls Church, VA 22042\n- Even though the postal address says \"Falls Church, VA\", the place is physically in the West Falls Church, Virginia census-designated place in Fairfax County. See map here. - ^ \"Privacy Policy\". Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings. Retrieved 2025-10-25.\nNorwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. Legal Department: Privacy Team 7665 Corporate Center Drive Miami, Florida 33126\n- The office location is outside of the Miami city limits: Miami-Dade County census map page 31/154. - ^ \"S&P 500 Changes\". sandp500changes.whw1.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-23. Retrieved 2015-03-10.\n- ^ a b c \"CRH, Carvana and Comfort Systems USA Set to Join S&P 500; Others to Join S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. Retrieved 2025-12-05.\n- ^ \"Ares Management Set to Join S&P 500; Sezzle and Vital Farms to Join S&P SmallCap 600\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. 2025-12-10.\n- ^ \"Sandisk Set to Join S&P 500; Upwork, First Interstate BancSystem, PTC Therapeutics to Join S&P SmallCap 600\". News Release Archive. Retrieved 2025-11-25.\n- ^ \"Sandisk Corp. To Replace Interpublic Group of Companies In S&P 500\". NASDAQ.\n- ^ a b c d \"Solstice Advance Materials and Qnity Electronics Set to Join S&P 500; Others to Join S&P SmallCap 600\". News Release Archive. Retrieved 2025-10-31.\n- ^ a b c \"AppLovin, Robinhood Markets and Emcor Group Set to Join S&P 500; Others to Join S&P 100, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600\" (PDF). S&P Global. September 5, 2025.\n- ^ \"Interactive Brokers Group Set to Join S&P 500\". S&P Global. August 25, 2025.\n- ^ \"Block Set to Join S&P 500\" (PDF). S&P Global. July 18, 2025.\n- ^ \"The Trade Desk Set to Join S&P 500\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. July 14, 2025. Retrieved July 17, 2025.\n- ^ \"Datadog Set to Join S&P 500\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. July 2, 2025. Retrieved July 10, 2025.\n- ^ \"Coinbase Global Set to Join S&P 500\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. May 12, 2025. Retrieved May 16, 2025.\n- ^ a b c d \"DoorDash, TKO Group Holdings, Williams-Sonoma and Expand Energy Set to Join S&P 500; Others to Join S&P 100, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600\" (PDF). S&P Dow Jones Indices. March 7, 2025. Retrieved March 24, 20...", "title": "List of S&P 500 companies - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies", "text": "Agilent Technologies\nAgilent Technologies, Inc. is an American global company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, that provides instruments, software, services, and consumables for laboratories. Agilent was established in 1999 as a spin-off from Hewlett-Packard. The resulting IPO of Agilent stock was the largest in the history of Silicon Valley at the time.[2][3] From 1999 to 2014, the company produced optics (LED, laser), semiconductors, EDA software and test and measurement equipment for electronics; that division was spun off to form Keysight.[4] Since then, the company has continued to expand into pharmaceutical, diagnostics & clinical, and academia & government (research) markets.[5]\nHistory\n[edit]In 1965, Hewlett-Packard branched out into scientific equipment by acquiring F&M Scientific, maker of gas chromatographs. Agilent Technologies was created in 1999 as a spin-off of several business units of Hewlett-Packard[6] including test & measurement, optics, instrumentation and chemical analysis, electronic components, and medical equipment product lines.[7][note 1] The split was predicated on the difficulty of growing HP's revenue stream and on the competitive vigor of smaller, more agile competitors.[8] The company's launch slogan was \"Innovating the HP Way\", which capitalized on the strong HP corporate culture called The HP Way.[8] The starburst logo was selected to reflect \"a burst of insight\" (or \"spark of insight\")[9] and the name \"Agilent\" aimed to invoke the notion of agility as a trait of the new firm.[8] The Agilent spin-off was accompanied by an initial public offering which raised $2.1 billion, setting a record at the time.[2]\n2000–2009\n[edit]In the early 2000s, \"economic uncertainty\" depressed demand for Agilent's products,[10] including slow sales of health care products to hospitals in the United States, which accounted for 60% of the company's revenue at the time.[6] The downturn also struck sales in the communications and semiconductor markets, where orders amounting to $500 million were canceled by buyers.[11] These poor economic conditions prompted large reductions in force with 18,500 positions cut in 2003.[10] In 2001, in midst of this downsizing, Agilent sold its health care and medical products organization to Philips Medical Systems,[12] and was noted as having a valuation of about $11 billion.[13] HP Medical Products had been the second oldest part of Hewlett-Packard, acquired in the 1950s.[citation needed]\nIn August 2005, Agilent announced the sale of its business which produced semiconductor integrated circuits (known as \"chips\") for consumer and industrial uses to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Silver Lake Partners for $2.66 billion.[2] This move would involve termination of about 1,300 of the company's 28,000 employees.[2] The group operated as a private company, Avago Technologies, until August 2009, when it was brought public in an IPO. After purchasing Broadcom Corporation in 2016, Avago changed its name to Broadcom Limited.\nAlso in August 2005, Agilent sold its 47% stake in the light-emitting diode manufacturer Lumileds to Philips for $1 billion.[2] Lumileds originally started as Hewlett-Packard's optoelectronics division.\nAlso in August 2005, Agilent announced a plan to divest its semiconductor test business, composed of both the system-on-chip and memory test market areas.[2] Agilent listed the new company as Verigy on the Nasdaq in mid-2006.\n2010 onwards\n[edit]In 2009, Agilent announced the closure of a subsection of its Test & Measurement division. The product lines affected included the automated optical inspection, solder paste inspection, and automated X-ray products [5DX] in 2004. In 2011, the company, along with the University of California, Davis, announced that it would be establishing the \"Davis Millimeter Wave Research Center\".[14] Agilent announced it would increase its life sciences engagement through the acquisition of Halo Genomics, based in Uppsala, Sweden, which was invo...", "title": "Agilent Technologies - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Technologies", "text": "Zebra Technologies\nZebra Technologies Corporation is an American multinational technology company, specializing in smart data capture systems.[2] The company manufactures and sells marking, tracking, and computer printing technologies. Its products include mobile computers and tablets, software, thermal barcode label and receipt printers, RFID smart label printers/encoders/fixed & handheld readers/antennas, autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) & machine vision (MV), and fixed industrial scanning hardware & software.\nHistory\n[edit]Zebra was incorporated in 1969 as Data Specialties Incorporated, a manufacturer of high-speed electromechanical products. The company changed its focus to specialty on-demand labeling and ticketing systems in 1982 and became Zebra Technologies Corporation in 1986. Zebra became a publicly traded company in 1991.\nIn 1986, Zebra (then Data Specialties Incorporated) acquired Qwint Systems (formerly Martin Research), an early microcomputer pioneer which had restructured as a teletypewriter manufacturer at the beginning of the 1980s.[3][4]\nIn 1998, Zebra Technologies merged with Eltron International, Inc.[5] In 2000, Comtec Information Systems was acquired by Zebra Technologies,[6] followed in 2003 by the acquisition of Atlantek, Inc., which was a manufacturer of photo ID printers.[7]\nIn 2004, the company expanded into RFID smart label manufacturing.[8][9] In the following years, Zebra also acquired Swecoin, WhereNet Corp,[10] Proveo AG,[11] and Navis Holdings (later divested in 2011).[12]\nThe company bought the Enterprise Solutions Group (ESG) in 2008 and renamed the group Zebra Enterprise Solutions in 2009. In the same year, Multispectral Solutions, Inc. was acquired.[13] In 2012, the companies LaserBand,[14] and StepOne Systems were purchased with a cash price of $1.5 million.[15]\nIn 2013, the company acquired Hart Systems for $94 million in cash from the private equity firm Topspin Partners LBO.[16]\nIn 2014, Zebra acquired Motorola Solutions' Enterprise Division in a $3.45 billion transaction, providing mobile computing and advanced data capture communications technologies and services. Zebra's acquisition of the Enterprise Division included the Symbol Technologies and Psion product lines.[16][17] Also in 2014, Zebra provided its real-time location system (RTLS) in NFL stadiums to track players and officials and provide location-based data for the NFL's Next Gen Stats program.[18][19] Zebra’s partnership with the NFL extends through the 2025 football season.[20]\nIn 2018, the company acquired Xplore Technologies, a maker of ruggedized tablets and other hard-wearing hardware.[21]\nIn 2019, Zebra acquired Temptime Corporation, a provider of temperature monitoring devices to the healthcare industry.[22] That same year, Zebra also acquired Profitect, a retail software company that developed a product line used for tracking and identifying inventory losses.[23][24]\nIn 2020, Zebra acquired Reflexis Systems, a provider of workforce scheduling and task management software to the retail, food service, hospitality, and banking industries[25] for $575 Million.[26]\nIn 2021, Zebra acquired Adaptive Vision (provider of graphical Machine Vision software), Fetch Robotics (manufacturer of autonomous mobile robots) and Antuit.ai (provider of AI-powered SaaS solutions specific to forecasting and merchandising for the retail and CPG industries).[27][28][29]\nIn 2022, Zebra acquired Matrox Imaging, a developer of machine vision components and systems.[30]\nIn December 2023, Zebra partnered with Verizon Business to create a software package that will allow for a faster private 5G network. Zebra tablets and computers will work on Verizon's private network, allowing for more network capacity and fast communication.[31][32]\nIn 2023, Zebra unveiled Zebra Workcloud - its purpose-built suite of enterprise software applications, primarily serving in retail, banking and healthcare industries.[33] Zebra also introduced the WS50 powered by Wor...", "title": "Zebra Technologies - Wikipedia" } ]	3,208
44	I am moving to the G40 postcode area - what train stations are nearby, as of 2024?	Bridgeton Railway Station and Dalmarnock Railway Station.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_postcode_area	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton,_Glasgow	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_railway_station	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton,_Glasgow	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmarnock	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_postcode_area', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton,_Glasgow', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_railway_station', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton,_Glasgow ', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmarnock']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postcode_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom", "text": "List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom\nThis is a list of postcode areas, used by Royal Mail for the purposes of directing mail within the United Kingdom. The postcode area is the largest geographical unit used and forms the initial characters of the alphanumeric UK postcode.[1] There are currently 121 geographic postcode areas in use in the UK and a further three often combined with these covering the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey and Isle of Man.\nSubdivision\n[edit]Each postcode area is further divided into post towns and postcode districts.[1] There are on average 20 postcode districts to a postcode area,[1] with ZE having the lowest (3) and BT the highest (81). The London post town is instead divided into several postcode areas.[2]\nScope\n[edit]The single or pair of letters chosen for postcode areas are generally intended as a mnemonic for the places served.[1] Postcode areas, post towns and postcode districts do not follow political or local authority administrative boundaries and usually serve much larger areas than the place names with which they are associated. Many post towns are former \"county towns\" but postcode areas rarely align with the county (or successor authority) area. For example, within the PA postcode area the PA1 and PA78 postcode districts are 140 miles (225 km) apart, and cover 5 local authority areas; and the eight postcode areas of the London post town cover only 40% of Greater London.[2] The remainder of its area is covered by sections of twelve adjoining postcode areas: EN, IG, RM, DA, BR, TN, CR, SM, KT, TW, HA and UB.[2]\nUnited Kingdom postcode areas\n[edit]Crown dependencies\n[edit]The Crown dependencies (which are not part of the United Kingdom) did not introduce postcodes until later, but use a similar coding scheme. They are separate postal authorities.[1]\nDefunct postcode areas\n[edit]London NE and S\n[edit]Glasgow\n[edit]Glasgow, like London, was divided into compass districts: C, W, NW, N, E, SE, S, SW. When postcodes were introduced, these were mapped into the new G postcode: C1 became G1, W1 became G11, N1 became G21, E1 became G31, S1 became G41, SW1 became G51, and so on. As NW and SE had never been subdivided they became G20 and G40 respectively.\nNorwich and Croydon\n[edit]Norwich and Croydon were used for a postcode experiment in the late 1960s, which was replaced by the current system. The format was of the form NOR or CRO followed by two numbers and a letter, e.g. NOR 07A. They were later changed to CR0 (digit '0') and NR1.\nDublin, Ireland\n[edit]When Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland a postal district system was introduced in 1917 by the UK government. The letter D was assigned to Dublin. Upon the establishment of the Irish Free State and later, the Republic of Ireland, the Irish government retained the designation and today it forms part of the Eircode system, a postcode format slightly different from the UK format and identifying individual addresses. Since Irish independence, D has never been reassigned as a postcode area in the UK.\nNon-geographic postcodes\n[edit]Types\n[edit]Some postcode areas do not correspond to geographical areas. They can be - (a) postcode areas with no geographic link (for use by Large Volume Receivers (\"bulk mail\", with delivery options determined between the LVR and Royal Mail) and these can for general mail or specific functions (e.g. parcel returns; centralised scanning of mail); (b) non-geographic postcode districts or sectors contained within geographic postcode areas (for LVRs or PO Boxes); and (c) specific purpose postcodes.\nNumbering of non-geographic postcode districts\n[edit]For those within geographic postcode areas, the first two numbers can be any number though they are generally larger than the numbers allocated to geographic districts. Some fall within the range 91 to 99 (e.g. S98 for payments to MNBA Ltd; NE98 for Department for Work and Pensions, Central Office, Newcastle-upon-Tyne). However, there...", "title": "List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_postcode_area", "text": "The G postcode area, also known as the Glasgow postcode area,[2] is a group of postcode districts in central Scotland, within six post towns. These districts are primarily centered on Glasgow itself, and West Dunbartonshire (including Dumbarton, Clydebank and Alexandria), plus parts of the council areas of Argyll and Bute (including Arrochar and Helensburgh), East Dunbartonshire, North Lanarkshire, South Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire and Stirling.\nMail for the G postcode area is processed at Glasgow Mail Centre, along with mail for the PA, ML, KA and ZE postcode areas.\nFrom 1923 until the introduction of the national postcode system in the late 1960s, Glasgow was divided into (mostly) numbered postal districts for its central and surrounding parts identified by compass-point letters: C1–C5 (corresponding to current postcode districts G1–G5), W1–W5 (G11–G15), NW (G20), N1–N3 (G21–G23), E1–E4 (G31–G34), SE (G40), S1–S6 (G41–G46) and SW1–SW3 (G51–G53).[3][4]\nThe approximate coverage of the postcode districts:", "title": "G postcode area - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton,_Glasgow", "text": "Bridgeton, Glasgow\nBridgeton (Scots: Brigtoun, Scottish Gaelic: Baile na Drochaid) is a district to the east of Glasgow city centre. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is bounded by Glasgow Green to the west, Dalmarnock to the east and south, Calton to the north-west at Abercromby Street/London Road and Broad street to the north-east.\nHistory\n[edit]It started as a small weaving village in 1705, when the third John Walkinshaw marked out a portion of his Goosefauld estate for rent.[1] However, not much interest was shown until 1776 when Rutherglen Bridge was built over the River Clyde and the area became known as Bridge Town (or Brig Toun in Scots).[2] The area was incorporated into the city of Glasgow officially in 1846.[3] A major employer was carpet manufacturer James Templeton & Co. Bridgeton used to be bounded by a village named Mile-End to the north, however this district seems to have vanished over the years, resulting in Bridgeton's boundary moving north to Crownpoint Road.\nBridgeton Cross\n[edit]Bridgeton Cross, also known as 'The Toll' is a major junction, the meeting point of London Road (A74 towards Celtic Park), Dalmarnock Road (A749), Main Street, James Street (leading to Glasgow Green), Olympia Street and Orr Street.\nThe intersection is notable for the Bridgeton Umbrella , a Victorian (1875) cast iron bandstand covering the centre of the Cross.[2][4] The Category A listed landmark structure and surrounds was renovated in the early 21st century, resulting in improved public realm areas and the complete refurbishment of the Umbrella.\nBridgeton Cross is the location for Bridgeton railway station (opened in 1895, closed in 1964, reopened in 1979) which is on the Argyle Line connecting the area to central Glasgow. The Category B listed building[5] which previously housed Bridgeton Central railway station (1892-1979) is a short distance away. A number of local buses also pass along London Road and Dalmarnock Road.\nThe Cross is also the location for the Olympia Theatre (built 1911), which after lying abandoned for many years has undergone rebuilding and reopened in 2012 as a library and community facility for the people of Bridgeton.[6] There are several public houses in the vicinity, with most themed around Rangers F.C.\nIn 1893 William Millard started Millers Linoleum Stores, renting sheds in Charles Street (now Olympia Street) from the North British Railway Company. On 26 June 1913 planning permission was granted to build a two-storey warehouse on this land, which had now been purchased by Millard. Under the directorship of William's great-grandson David Millard, the building was sympathetically renovated in 2013. Believed to be the only surviving family business from the 1800s in the area, Millers 1893 continues to operate.[7][8]\nPoints of interest\n[edit]Bridgeton has one of Glasgow's original Carnegie libraries, designed by the Invernesian architect, James Robert Rhind.[9] Since 2014, the library has been in use by the Glasgow Women's Library, holding a lending library, archive and museum collection, who have made significant renovations both inside and out.\nAfter the 2014 Commonwealth Games was held in Glasgow, Bridgeton now has international-class sporting facilities within walking distance: the Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome are located in nearby Dalmarnock, with the Crownpoint Sports Complex, a modern outdoor athletics track, also located in the area adjacent to St Mungo's Academy.[10]\nBridgeton has been the centre of the Orange Order in Scotland. Their marches are a fairly common sight in Glasgow during the summer months but reach a peak around the Twelfth of July when the parades commemorating the Battle of the Boyne are in full flow. In 2019, the Sunday Times reported that concerns over an incident during the 2018 Apprentice Boys of Derry (Bridgeton) march had led to suggestions that Glasgow council reroute the march to avoid passing near two Catholic churches.[11]\nThe Glasgow Vintage Vehicle ...", "title": "Bridgeton, Glasgow - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgeton_railway_station", "text": "Bridgeton railway station\nBridgeton railway station serves the Bridgeton district of Glasgow, Scotland and is a station on the Argyle Line, 1+3⁄4 miles (2.8 km) south east of Glasgow Central. The station is operated by ScotRail who also provide all train services.\nHistory\n[edit]Called Bridgeton Cross Station,[2] it opened on 1 November 1895 when the line between Glasgow Green and Rutherglen was opened by the Glasgow Central Railway. The station became a junction with the opening of the line to Carmyle and Kirkhill on 1 February 1897. Westbound services ran to Stobcross, from where they could proceed to Possil via Maryhill Central, Partickhill and points north via the connection to the Stobcross Railway or on to the Lanarkshire and Dunbartonshire Railway to Dumbarton and Balloch Central via Partick Central & Dalmuir Riverside.\nIn 1956 the line was re-signalled with colour light signals controlled from the re-equipped signal boxes at Bridgeton Cross Junction and Stobcross Junction. However, the station was closed along with both lines on 5 October 1964 as a result of the Beeching Axe. The tracks were subsequently lifted, but the station and tunnels were left intact.\nAs part of the Argyle Line project, the Rutherglen line platforms reopened as Bridgeton Station[3] on 5 November 1979, as offering regular commuter services into Central Station (low level) and on towards the western suburbs.\nIn preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games, the station underwent substantial renovations in 2010.[4]\nAccidents and incidents\n[edit]- On 2 February 1929, a passenger train was diverted into the bay platform due to a signalman's error. Several people were injured when the train crashed through the buffers.[5]\nServices\n[edit]1979\n[edit]When the Argyle Line was opened in 1979, there were six trains an hour to the Hamilton Circle, from Dalmuir, with two services an hour going as far west as Dumbarton Central. The hourly service between Lanark and Milngavie ran non-stop through Bridgeton station.[citation needed]\n2008\n[edit]Four trains per hour daily head westbound towards Glasgow Central and beyond (Milngavie and Dalmuir) and eastbound towards Motherwell (with services onward to Lanark).[citation needed]\n2015\n[edit]The basic four trains per hour frequency remains unchanged, but since the December 2014 timetable recast southbound trains now run to either Motherwell via Hamilton Central or via Whifflet (though alternate services on that route terminate at Whifflet). On Sundays, southbound trains also serve Larkhall every hour and Balloch every 30 minutes.[6]\nRoutes\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ Brailsford, Martyn, ed. (December 2017) [1987]. \"Gaelic/English Station Index\". Railway Track Diagrams 1: Scotland & Isle of Man (6th ed.). Frome: Trackmaps. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.\n- ^ \"Glasgow map, 1895–96\". www.maps.nls.uk. to \"Glasgow map, 1947\". www.maps.nls.uk.\n- ^ \"Bridgeton Railway Station\". www.geograph.org.uk.\n- ^ \"Bridgeton Cross Improvements, July 2010\" (PDF). www.clydegateway.com.\n- ^ Earnshaw, Alan (1989). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 5. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 23. ISBN 0-906899-35-4.\n- ^ Table 225 National Rail timetable, May 2016\n- Sources\n- Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.\n- Jowett, Alan (March 1989). Jowett's Railway Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland: From Pre-Grouping to the Present Day (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-086-0. OCLC 22311137.\n- Railway stations in Glasgow\n- Former Caledonian Railway stations\n- Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1895\n- Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964\n- Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1979\n- Reopened railway stations in Great Britain\n- SPT railway stations\n- Railway stations served by ScotRail\n- Beeching closures in Sc...", "title": "Bridgeton railway station - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calton,_Glasgow ", "text": "Calton, Glasgow\nCalton (Scottish Gaelic: A' Challtainn, lit. 'the hazel wood', Scots: Caltoun), known locally as The Calton, is a district in Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde, and just to the east of the city centre. Calton's most famous landmark is the Barras street market and the Barrowland Ballroom, one of Glasgow's principal musical venues.\nNo official definition of Calton's boundaries exist, notionally it can be thought of as the roughly trapezoidal area bounded by the River Clyde to the south, Abercromby Street to the east (where it borders both Camlachie and Bridgeton), and the City Union Line railway to the north and High Street/Saltmarket to the west.\nHistory\n[edit]The area was a Burgh of Barony from 1817 to 1846, when it was annexed to Glasgow.[1]\nThe lands of Blackfaulds, on which Calton now stands, originally formed part of the lands of the Archbishopric of Glasgow, but were annexed to The Crown in 1587. In 1705 the owner, John Walkinshaw, began to feu the lands of Blackfaulds (part of the Barrowfield estate) on which the old village of Calton was built, and in 1817 a charter was granted, erecting Calton into a Burgh. During the area's time as an independent burgh, there were four Provosts of Calton:\n- Robert Struthers (1817–1818)\n- Nathaniel Stevenson (1818–1839)\n- Robert Bartholomew (1839–1843)\n- William Bankier (1843–1846)\nThe Calton martyrs\n[edit]The area became known for its weaving industry. On 30 June 1787, a meeting of Calton weavers was held on Glasgow Green. Their wages had dropped because of the increased importation of cheaper foreign textiles. Most of the workers decided to take strike action, although some accepted lower wages and carried on working. The dispute came to a head on 3 September 1787: when violence erupted after some striking weavers tried to seize materials from weavers who had carried on working.[2]\nThe military were called in and a detachment of the 39th Regiment of Foot opened fire on the demonstrators. Six of the men killed at the scene were locally called 'martyrs' and some of them were buried in the Calton Cemetery off the main London Road. The families of the men could not afford a headstone although, a century later, a memorial was raised to commemorate their actions.[2]\nSocial problems\n[edit]Comedian Janey Godley, in her 2005 autobiography Handstands in the Dark,[3] wrote about the 14 years she spent running a Calton pub, the Weavers Inn (formerly the Nationalist Bar, now the Calton Bar). Her book details life there in the 1980s and 1990s, a time when the area became notorious for heroin abuse and when urban renewal began.\nCalton is an area of considerable poverty and multiple deprivation regarding; \"current income, employment, health, education, skills and training, housing, geographic access and crime.\"[4] In January 2006, a report into poverty in The Scotsman newspaper[5] stated that \"a child born in Calton... is three times as likely to suffer heart disease, four times as likely to be hospitalised and ten times as likely to grow up in a workless household than a child in the city's prosperous western suburbs\". Calton has the lowest male life expectancy in Scotland. A BBC Scotland news report on 13 February 2006 pointed out that, partially due to poor diet, crime, alcohol and drug abuse, life expectancy in Calton is lower than in some areas of Iraq or the Gaza Strip. A news report in the 21 January 2006 edition of The Guardian newspaper[6] gave the average lifespan of a person living in the Calton area as 53.9 years against a city average of 69 years and the Scottish average of 78. A 2008 World Health Organization report contrasted Calton's male life expectancy, reported as standing at 54, with that of nearby Lenzie, East Dunbartonshire, at 82.[7][8] Most of the affordable housing is owned by Housing Associations with a high percentage of tenants on housing benefit (For example, Thenue Housing Association has approximately 75% of tenants on housing benefit). T...", "title": "Calton, Glasgow - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmarnock", "text": "Dalmarnock\nDalmarnock (/dælˈmɑːrnək/, Scottish Gaelic: Dail Mheàrnaig[1]) is a district in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated east of the city centre, directly north of the River Clyde opposite the town of Rutherglen. It is also bounded by the Glasgow neighbourhoods of Parkhead to the north-east and Bridgeton to the north-west.\nHistory\n[edit]The area was once heavily industrialised.[2] Sir William Arrol & Co. had its extensive engineering works at Dunn Street and Baltic Street from 1873. From its beginnings in boiler making, the firm later became renowned for its achievements in the field of structural engineering. Amongst the many bridges constructed throughout Britain were the Forth Railway Bridge, the Forth Road Bridge, the Humber Bridge and London's Tower Bridge. The company was eventually taken over by Clarke Chapman in 1969 and the Dalmarnock Works closed in 1986. There was also a large coal-fired power station located near Dalmarnock Bridge. It was built by Glasgow Corporation in two stages, with phase one opening in 1920 and phase two in 1926. It was closed in 1977 by the South of Scotland Electricity Board.[3][4][5]\nThe east side of Allan Street was bombed during the Second World War. Most of the Victorian red sandstone tenements on Dalmarnock Road and Springfield Road[2] were demolished in the 1960s and early-1970s, although some were renovated as part of the Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) scheme in the late 1970s. In the 1960s, a new housing scheme was built, consisting of four twenty-two storey tower blocks and \"H-block\" maisonettes. Two of the towers, 40 & 50 Millerfield Road, were demolished on 3 February 2002.[6] One other tower was demolished on 1 July 2007, and the final one on 9 September 2007. This physical transformation featured in Chris Leslie's 'Disappearing Glasgow' book.[7]\nDalmarnock was the location chosen for the athletes' village when Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games,[8][9] and by August 2011, there was no remaining housing on Ardenlea Street/Sunnybank Street side of the area,[10][11] due to the preparations and land need for the construction in the area pertaining to the Games and City Legacy.\nFrom 19 May to 2 June 2014, BBC One Scotland aired a documentary entitled \"Commonwealth City\", narrated by actor Martin Compston, which showed how the people and community in Dalmarnock had been affected since the games were announced in November 2007.[12] The documentary featured local resident Margaret Jaconelli (evicted to make way for the Games),[11] David Stewart (youth and community campaigner)[13][12] Darren Faulds (local entrepreneur) and local councillors George Redmond & Yvonne Kucuk.\nThe Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome, constructed for the Games, is located at the intersection of Springfield Road, London Road and the Glasgow East End Regeneration Route, opposite Celtic Park football stadium which denotes the district's boundary with Parkhead. A triangular piece of land to the east of the arena was the proposed location of a modern skyscraper, East One; however as of 2020 this site was still undeveloped. To the south of this is the 'Legacy Hub' building, a multi-function community facility belatedly installed to replace the previous hall at Lily Street. It opened in 2015[14][15] but by January 2019 had closed suddenly amid financial problems at the People's Development Trust charity which ran its operations;[16][17] the council purchased the building to secure its future,[18][19] while an investigation found funds had been embezzled by charity leaders including former councillor Yvonne Kucuk.[20]\nClyde Gateway is a large-scale regeneration programme which includes Dalmarnock. It is a partnership between Glasgow City Council, South Lanarkshire Council and Scottish Enterprise, backed by funding and direct support from the Scottish Government.[21] Residential developments in the area following the Commonwealth Games include Riverside,[22][23][24] a project on the site of the former la...", "title": "Dalmarnock - Wikipedia" } ]	5,317
45	How old was Stephen Baldwin when Hailey and Justin got married?	52	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber", "text": "Hailey Bieber\nHailey Rhode Bieber (née Baldwin; born November 22, 1996) is an American model, socialite, creative director, and businesswoman.[3] She is the founder and chief creative officer (CCO) of skin care brand Rhode, which was acquired by e.l.f. in a $1 billion deal.[4] Bieber has also featured in campaigns for Guess, Ralph Lauren, and Tommy Hilfiger.[5]\nEarly life and family\nBieber was born in Tucson, Arizona, United States on November 22, 1996.[6] Her mother is Kennya Deodato, a Brazilian graphic designer, while her father is actor Stephen Baldwin, the youngest of the Baldwin brothers. Bieber's maternal grandfather is a Brazilian musician Eumir Deodato.[7] She was named after Halley's Comet.[8]\nCareer\nModeling\nThe first modeling agency Bieber signed with was Ford Models,[9][10] appearing in magazines such as Tatler,, LOVE, V and i-D.[11] Her first commercial campaign was for the clothing brand French Connection in the winter of 2014.[12] In October 2014, Bieber made her runway debut walking for Topshop[13] and French fashion designer Sonia Rykiel.[14] In December 2014, she was involved in a photo session for Love magazine, which also produced a short movie shot by photographer Daniel Jackson and released on the magazine's official YouTube channel.[15]\nIn January 2015, Bieber was photographed for American Vogue[16] and in March for Teen Vogue.[17] In April, she shot her first magazine cover for Jalouse magazine alongside male model Lucky Blue Smith.[18] In the same month she was involved in two further cover-shoots, for the Dutch edition of L'Officiel[19] and the American edition of Wonderland magazine[20] and was also pictured in editorials for Miss Vogue[21] and W[22] magazines. In July 2015, she was featured in Ralph Lauren advertising alongside Australian singer Cody Simpson, and in October returned to the runway for Tommy Hilfiger and Philipp Plein.[23]\nIn January 2016, Bieber appeared in a Ralph Lauren campaign and shot an editorial for the Korean edition of Vogue.[24] After walking again for Tommy Hilfiger in February, Bieber featured in spring/summer campaigns for Philipp Plein and Tommy Hilfiger.[25] In the same period she was also shot for Self magazine[26] and filmed for a commercial of clothing brand H&M, which was released in the Coachella Music Festival period in April.[27] In March 2016, Bieber signed a contract with high-profile New York modeling agency IMG Models[28] and in May appeared on the cover of Marie Claire, who described her as a \"fresh face\".[29] The American cover was also released as the July cover of the Dutch edition of Marie Claire.[30] In June, Bieber walked for Moschino alongside high-profile supermodels such as Miranda Kerr, Alessandra Ambrosio, Jourdan Dunn and Chanel Iman[31] and in the same month she also made her debut in advertising for Guess.[32]\nDuring the summer of 2016, Bieber was photographed and filmed for an UGG footwear campaign, alongside supermodel Rosie Huntington-Whiteley.[33] Along with Joan Smalls, Bieber was also the face of Karl Lagerfeld's limited-edition North American clothing line entitled \"Love from Paris\".[34] Bieber also appeared in editorials for Glamour Magazine and Italian Vogue.[35] In September, she took part in New York Fashion Week, walking for Tommy Hilfiger,[36] Prabal Gurung,[37] Jeremy Scott,[38] Tory Burch[39] and Matty Bovan.[40] In London she made a personal appearance at a pre-London Fashion Week party at Stradivarius[41] where she provided social media presence via selfies and tweets. She then walked for Julien Macdonald in LFW.[42] During Milan Fashion Week Bieber walked for Dolce & Gabbana[43] and in Paris Fashion Week she walked for Elie Saab.[44] Bieber also appeared in advertising for Prabal Gurung Sport.[45] Later that year she featured in campaigns for Guess' holiday collection[46] and Australian label Sass & Bide.[47] In November 2016, Bieber was on the cover of the Australian edition of Harper's Bazaar, and featured in a French Elle...", "title": "Hailey Bieber - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Baldwin", "text": "Stephen Baldwin\nStephen Andrew Baldwin (born May 12, 1966)[1] is an American actor. He has appeared in the films Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Posse (1993), 8 Seconds (1994), Threesome (1994), The Usual Suspects (1995), Bio-Dome (1996) and The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000). Baldwin also starred in the television series The Young Riders (1989–1992) and as himself in the reality shows Celebrity Big Brother 7, in which he placed 9th in the United Kingdom, and The Celebrity Apprentice. In 2004, he directed Livin' It, a Christian-themed skateboarding DVD. He is the youngest of the four Baldwin brothers.\nEarly life\n[edit]Baldwin was born in Massapequa, New York, the youngest son of Carol Newcomb (née Martineau; December 15, 1929 – May 26, 2022), founder of The Baldwin Fund, and Alexander Rae Baldwin Jr. (October 26, 1927 – April 15, 1983), a high school social studies teacher and football coach.[2] Baldwin's elder brothers are actors Alec, Daniel and William, they are collectively known as the \"Baldwin brothers\". He was raised in the Catholic faith.[3] In high school, Baldwin participated on the varsity wrestling team, along with William.[4] Baldwin has two elder sisters, Elizabeth (née Baldwin) Keuchler and Jane (née Baldwin) Sasso.[5] Baldwin attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.[6]\nCareer\n[edit]Baldwin began acting on television and made his film debut in The Beast. He starred in the western television series The Young Riders and in Threesome (1994).[7] Baldwin landed a breakthrough role in The Usual Suspects (1995) and played Barney Rubble in The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas (2000). He participated in Celebrity Mole Hawaii, the first celebrity edition of The Mole in 2002. ABC broadcast the program in early 2003. Later that year, he returned for Celebrity Mole Yucatán, which ABC aired in early 2004. In 2006, Baldwin played a villainous thug in the television film Jesse Stone: Night Passage. In August 2007, Baldwin returned to television, when CMT cast him in Ty Murray's Celebrity Bull Riding Challenge, one of nine celebrities cast.[8] In the first episode, Baldwin was injured in a bad fall from a wooden pontoon, breaking his shoulder blade and cracking a rib. Under doctor's orders, he left the show in the second episode. From January to March 2008, Baldwin appeared on Donald Trump's Celebrity Apprentice on NBC. He finished fifth out of the 14 celebrity contestants. He and Trace Adkins became friends while competing on the show. In October 2008, Baldwin appeared in Adkins's music video, \"Muddy Water\". In March 2013, Baldwin returned to compete in All-Star Celebrity Apprentice. He was a contestant on the 2009 NBC reality show I'm a Celebrity…Get Me out of Here!.[9] Baldwin quit the show mid-season. On the second episode, he baptized The Hills actor Spencer Pratt. In 2019, Baldwin starred in a Filipino film, Kaibigan.[10]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Baldwin resides in the village of Nyack, New York, with his wife, the Brazilian graphic designer Kennya Baldwin (née Deodato), whom he met in 1987 and married in 1990. They have two daughters, Alaia Baldwin and Hailey Bieber; both are models. His father-in-law is Brazilian composer Eumir Deodato, and Canadian singer Justin Bieber is his son-in-law through marriage to his daughter Hailey. Through his daughters, Baldwin has two grandchildren.[11][12]\nIn 2006, Baldwin launched a campaign to prevent an adult bookstore from opening in Nyack.[13] He has a tattoo on his left shoulder of the initials \"HM\" for Hannah Montana. He got the tattoo after making a pact with Miley Cyrus that he would be allowed to cameo on the show if he had the initials tattooed on him. He revealed the tattoo to Cyrus at a book signing in Nashville on November 10, 2008.[14] He was never given the opportunity to appear on the show and has since said that he regrets getting the tattoo.[15]\nIn June 2009, Baldwin's foreclosed $515,000, 1.4-acre home in Rockland County, New York was publicly auctioned after...", "title": "Stephen Baldwin - Wikipedia" } ]	2,052
46	As of August 1, 2024, what is the largest city of the 9th largest country by land area in Europe?	The largest city of the 9th largest country in Europe is Warsaw.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area", "text": "List of European countries by area\nBelow is a list of European countries and dependencies by area in Europe.[1] As a continent, Europe's total geographical area is about 10 million square kilometres.[2] Transcontinental countries are ranked according to the size of their European part only. Inland water is included in area numbers.\nRelative sizes\n[edit]European countries vary in area over many orders of magnitude, ranging from Russia which covers almost 4000000 km2 of territory within Europe according to \"Definition\" below, to Vatican City, which has a total area of less than 1 km2:\nList of European countries and dependencies by area\n[edit]Figures are from the United Nations unless otherwise specified.[1]\nDefinition\n[edit]Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other; thus, the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined, and often follows historical, political, and cultural definitions, rather than geographical.\nMap of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[ae]\nLegend:\nBlue = Contiguous transcontinental countries\nGreen = Sometimes considered European but geographically outside Europe's boundaries\nSee also\n[edit]- Area and population of European countries\n- List of countries and dependencies by area\n- List of European countries by population\n- European microstates\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ Figure given is for European Russia. Excludes annexations that are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Total area is 17,035,650 km2 when including Siberia or North Asia (13,083,100 km2).[3]\n- ^ Includes Crimea (26,945 km2) and other territory annexed by Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.[4] 115,440 km2 or 19% occupied by the Russian Federation as of 22 July 2025[5]\n- ^ Figure given is for Metropolitan France, which includes mainland France and Corsica. Total area is 632,702 km2 when including overseas France and excluding Terre Adelie.[6]\n- ^ Excludes Ceuta (19 km2), Melilla (12 km2), and the Canary Islands (7,493 km2). Total area is 506,009 km2.[7]\n- ^ Excludes Aland.\n- ^ Excludes Svalbard.\n- ^ Excludes the African islands of Pantelleria (25 km2) and Lampedusa e Linosa (85 km2). Total area including these is 302,068 km2.[8][9]\n- ^ Areas of constituent countries are 130,462 km2 (England), 14,333 km2 (Northern Ireland), 78,803 km2 (Scotland) and 20,782 km2 (Wales). Figures may not include coastal water.[10]\n- ^ European portion is about 5% of total area, with the rest in Central Asia. Nine districts are entirely in Europe, but the Ural river runs through the middle of four districts (Akzhaik, Inder, Makhambet, and Atyrau). Value given is a point estimate between entirely excluding (122,176 km2) or including (174,814 km2) these four districts. Overall area is 2,724,902 km2.[11]\n- ^ Includes the islands just off the coast of Asia Minor, such as Rhodes, Kos, Samos, Chios, Lesbos, Kastellorizo, Strongyli Megistis, and Ro.\n- ^ Excludes Madeira (801 km2). Total area is 92,225 km2.[12]\n- ^ Area is from official figures, but excludes Kosovo.[13]\n- ^ Excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland\n- ^ Area is 41,865 km2 when including the Caribbean Netherlands (322 km2).[14]\n- ^ European Turkey or East Thrace comprises the entire provinces of Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and Edirne, as well as the portion of Istanbul Province west of the Bosporus Strait and the portion of Çanakkale Province north of the Dardanelles Strait.[15] Total area is 769,734 km2 when including Asia Minor or Anatolia (745,978 km2).\n- ^ A partially recognized state also claimed by Serbia. Area is from official figures.[16]\n- ^ The Guba-Khachmaz Economic Region comprises Azerbaijan's land north of the Caucasus. Some definitions of the Europe-Asia border place more of Azerbaijan in Europe. Total area is 86,600 km2.[17]\n- ^ De facto state with limited recognition. Internationally recognized as part of Moldova.[18]\n- ^ The historically defined regions of Khevi, Khevsureti and Tusheti comprise Georgia's area north of the Greater Caucasus....", "title": "List of European countries by area - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland", "text": "Poland\nPoland,[c] officially the Republic of Poland,[d] is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, and borders Lithuania and Russia[e] to the northeast; Belarus and Ukraine to the east; Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south; and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the fifth largest EU country by land area, covering 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.\nPrehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the West Slavic tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing statehood coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity in 966 under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with an elective monarchy and a uniquely liberal political system, which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.\nWith the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. At the end of World War I in 1918, Poland regained its independence with the founding of the Second Polish Republic, which emerged victorious in various conflicts of the interbellum period. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the 1980 emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, which initiated the fall of the Iron Curtain, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a liberal democracy in 1989, as the first of its neighbours.\nPoland is a semi-presidential republic with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. Considered a middle power, it is a developed market and high-income economy that is the sixth largest in the EU by nominal GDP and the fifth largest by PPP-adjusted GDP. Poland enjoys a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and universal health care. It has 17 UNESCO-administered World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations and a member of the Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area).\nEtymology\nThe native Polish name for Poland is Polska.[14] It is believed that the name derives from the Polans, a West Slavic tribe who inhabited the Warta River basin of present-day Greater Poland region (6th–8th century CE).[15] The tribe's name stems from the Proto-Slavic noun pole meaning field, which itself originates from the Proto-Indo-European word *pleh₂- indicating flatland.[16] The etymology alludes to the topography of the region and the flat landscape of Greater Poland.[17][18] During the Middle Ages, the Latin form Polonia was widely used throughout Europe.[19]\nThe country's alternative archaic name is Lechia and its root syllable remains in official use in several languages, notably Hungarian, Lithuanian, and Persian.[20] The exonym possibly derives from either Lech, a legendary ruler of the Lechites, or from the Lendian...", "title": "Poland - Wikipedia" } ]	1,978
47	What was the running time of the first cartoon in the series that inspired the name of the Looney Tunes franchise?	5 minutes and 31 seconds	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphony	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphony']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes", "text": "Looney Tunes\nLooney Tunes is an American media franchise owned by Warner Bros. Entertainment. The franchise began as a series of animated short films that originally ran from 1930 to 1969, alongside its spin-off series Merrie Melodies, during the golden age of American animation.[1][2] Following a revival in the late 1970s, new shorts were released theatrically as recently as 2014. The two series introduced a large cast of characters, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Elmer Fudd and Porky Pig. The term Looney Tunes has since been expanded to also refer to the characters themselves.\nLooney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were initially produced by Leon Schlesinger and animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising from 1930 to 1933.[3] Schlesinger assumed full production from 1933 until he sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, after which it was renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons.[3] The Looney Tunes title was inspired by that of Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies.[3] The shorts initially showcased musical compositions owned by Warner's music publishing interests through the adventures of such characters as Bosko and Buddy.[3] However, the shorts gained a higher profile upon the debuts of directors Tex Avery, Friz Freleng, Chuck Jones, Bob Clampett, and Robert McKimson, and voice actor Mel Blanc later in the decade.[3] Porky Pig and Daffy Duck became the featured Looney Tunes characters, while Merrie Melodies featured one-shot cartoons and minor recurring characters.[3]\nAfter Bugs Bunny became popular in the Merrie Melodies shorts of the early 1940s, Looney Tunes moved from black-and-white to color production between 1942 and 1943 (Merrie Melodies having already been in color since 1934).[3] The two series gradually lost their distinctions, and shorts were assigned to each series arbitrarily.[3] From 1942 to 1964, Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were the most popular animated shorts in movie theaters.[4]\nLooney Tunes has become one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time, spawning several television series, feature films, comic books, music albums, video games, and amusement park rides. Many of the characters have made and continue to make cameo appearances in television shows, films, and other media. Bugs Bunny, in particular, is regarded as a cultural icon as well as the mascot of Warner Bros. Pictures, and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[5] Many Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies films are ranked among the greatest animated cartoons of all time, and five of them have won Academy Awards.[6] In 2013, TV Guide counted Looney Tunes as the third greatest television cartoon series of all time, behind The Simpsons and The Flintstones, the latter of which also featured the voice talents of Mel Blanc and Bea Benaderet.[7]\nHistory\n[edit]Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were so named as a reference to Disney's Silly Symphonies and were initially developed to showcase tracks from Warner Bros.' extensive music library; the title of the first Looney Tunes short, Sinkin' in the Bathtub (1930), is a pun on Singin' in the Bathtub.[9] Between 1934 and 1943, Merrie Melodies were produced in color and Looney Tunes in black-and-white.[3] After 1943, both series were produced in color and became virtually indistinguishable, varying only in their opening theme music and titles.[3] Both series made use of the various Warner Bros. characters. By 1937, the theme music for Looney Tunes was \"The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down\" by Cliff Friend and Dave Franklin, and the theme music for Merrie Melodies was an adaptation of \"Merrily We Roll Along\" by Charles Tobias, Murray Mencher and Eddie Cantor.\n1930–1933: Harman and Ising era\n[edit]In 1929, to compete against Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse short cartoons, Warner Bros. became interested in developing a series of animated shorts to promote their music. They had recently acquired Brunswick Records along with four music publishers for US$28 million (equivalent to $527 million in 2024) and were eager to promote t...", "title": "Looney Tunes - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphony", "text": "Silly Symphony\nSilly Symphony (also known as Silly Symphonies) is an American animated series of 75 musical short films produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939. As the series name implies, the Silly Symphonies were originally intended as whimsical accompaniments to pieces of music.[1] As such, the films usually did not feature continuing characters, unlike the Mickey Mouse shorts produced by Disney at the same time (exceptions to this include Three Little Pigs, The Tortoise and the Hare, and Three Orphan Kittens, which all had sequels). The series is notable for its innovation with Technicolor and the multiplane motion picture camera, as well as its introduction of the character Donald Duck, who made his first appearance in the Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen in 1934. Seven shorts won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[1]\nMany of the shorts were adapted into print mediums. Starting in 1932, a Silly Symphony newspaper comic strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate, as well as a Dell comic book series and numerous children's books.\nThe Silly Symphonies returned to theaters with its re-issues and re-releases, and tied with Joseph Barbera and William Hanna's Tom and Jerry's record for most Oscar wins for a cartoon series in the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film category.\nThe first five Silly Symphony shorts entered the public domain on January 1, 2025 with another 10 on January 1, 2026.[2] The same will happen to subsequent shorts from 1931, 1932, and 1933 in 2027, 2028, and 2029 respectively.\nProduction\n[edit]While Walt Disney and Carl Stalling, a theatre organist from Kansas City, were in New York to add sound to the Mickey Mouse shorts The Gallopin' Gaucho, The Barn Dance and Plane Crazy, Stalling suggested the idea of making a series of musical animated shorts that combined the latest sound technology with storytelling. At first Walt did not seem interested, but when they returned to New York in February to record the sound for a fifth Mickey Mouse cartoon, The Opry House, they also recorded the soundtrack for The Skeleton Dance, the type of short that Stalling had suggested and the first Silly Symphony cartoon.[3]\nWithin the animation industry, the series is known for its use by Walt Disney as a platform for experimenting with processes, techniques, characters, and stories in order to further the art of animation. It also provided a venue to try out techniques and technologies, such as Technicolor, special effects animation, and dramatic storytelling in animation, that would be crucial to Disney's plans to eventually begin making feature-length animated films.[1]\nShortly after the switch to United Artists, the series became even more popular. Walt Disney had seen some of Dr. Herbert Kalmus' tests for a new three-strip, full-color Technicolor process, which would replace the previous two-tone Technicolor process. Disney signed a contract with Technicolor which gave the Disney studio exclusive rights to the new three-strip process through the end of 1935, and had a 60% complete Symphony, Flowers and Trees, scrapped and redone in full color.[citation needed] Flowers and Trees was the first animated film to use the three-strip Technicolor process,[4] and was a phenomenal success. Within a year, the now-in-Technicolor Silly Symphonies series had popularity and success that matched (and later surpassed) that of the Mickey Mouse cartoons. The contract Disney had with Technicolor would also later be extended another five years as well.[5]\nThe success of Silly Symphonies would be tremendously boosted after Three Little Pigs was released in 1933 and became a box office sensation; the film was featured in movie theaters for several months and also featured the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf\".[6] Several Silly Symphonies entries, including Three Little Pigs (1933), The Grasshopper and the Ants (1934), The Tortoise and the Ha...", "title": "Silly Symphony - Wikipedia" } ]	1,875
48	The state, whose motto was adopted March 26, 1928, has 0.94% of the population in 2024 speaking a language that is native to which country?	Philippines	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos", "text": "List of U.S. state and territory mottos\nAll of the United States' 50 states have a state motto, as do the District of Columbia and 3 of its territories. A motto is a phrase intended to formally describe the general motivation or intention of an organization. State mottos can sometimes be found on state seals or state flags. Some states have officially designated a state motto by an act of the state legislature, whereas other states have the motto only as an element of their seals. The motto of the United States itself is In God We Trust, proclaimed by Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[1] The motto \"E pluribus unum\" (Latin for 'out of many, one') was approved for use on the Great Seal of the United States in 1782, but was never adopted as the national motto through legislative action.\nSouth Carolina has two official mottos, both which are in Latin.[2] Kentucky, North Dakota, and Vermont also have two mottos, one in Latin and the other in English.[3][4] All other states and territories have only one motto, except for Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, which do not have any mottos.[5] English and Latin are the most-used languages for state mottos, each used by 25 states and territories. Seven states and territories use another language, of which each language is only used once. Eight states and two territories have their mottos on their state quarter; thirty-eight states and four territories have their mottos on their state seals.\nThe dates given are, where possible, the earliest date that the motto was used in an official sense. Some state mottos are not official but are on the official state seal; in these cases the adoption date of the seal is given. The earliest use of a current motto is that of Puerto Rico, Joannes est nomen ejus, granted to the island by the Spanish in 1511.[6]\nState, federal district and territory mottos\n[edit]See also\n[edit]- List of national mottos\n- List of U.S. state nicknames\n- List of U.S. state tourism slogans\n- United States national motto\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ The motto was originally designated as Regnant populi in 1864. It was changed to Regnat populus in 1907.[12]\n- ^ Eureka first appeared on the state seal in 1849. It was designated the official motto in 1963.[13]\n- ^ \"In God We Trust\" first appeared on the state seal in 1868. It was designated the official motto in 2006.[18]\n- ^ Georgia never officially adopted a state motto; the words wisdom, justice, and moderation come from its state seal.[19]\n- ^ The motto of Hawaiʻi was first used by King Kamehameha III in 1843, after his restoration. In May 1845 it first appeared on the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. It was made the official motto of the State of Hawaiʻi on May 1, 1959.[22]\n- ^ The unofficial motto of the Minnesota Territory was Quae sursum volo videre, I long to see what is beyond, chosen in 1849.[37]\n- ^ The unofficial motto of the Nevada Territory was Volens et potens, 'willing and able', which was on the territorial seal approved on November 29, 1861. This was changed to the current motto after statehood.[42]\n- ^ Crescit eundo was added to the territorial seal in 1882. This change was officially adopted by the legislature in 1887.[45]\n- ^ From 1866 to 1868, the motto Imperium in Imperio (Latin for 'Empire within an Empire') appeared on the state seal.[51]\n- ^ Labor omnia vincit was on the territorial seal of 1893.[53]\n- ^ It was specified as a feature of the seal in the 1907 State Constitution.[54]\n- ^ The motto of Oregon was \"The Union\" from 1957 until 1987, when the original 1854 motto of Alis volat propriis was restored. \"The Union\" is still present on the official state seal and flag.[56]\n- ^ The Spanish Crown gave Puerto Rico its coat of arms in 1511. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico officially adopted it on March 9, 1905.[6]\n- ^ The words agriculture and commerce appeared on the first state seal of 1802. \"Agriculture and Commerce\" was made the official state motto in 1987.[6...", "title": "List of U.S. state and territory mottos - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey", "text": "New Jersey\nNew Jersey is a state located in both the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the heavily urbanized Northeast megalopolis, it is bordered to the northwest, north, and northeast by New York State; on its east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on its west by the Delaware River and Pennsylvania; and on its southwest by Delaware Bay and Delaware. At 7,354 square miles (19,050 km2), New Jersey is the fifth-smallest state in land area. According to a 2024 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, it is the 11th-most populous state, with over 9.5 million residents, its highest estimated count ever. The state capital is Trenton, and the state's most populous city is Newark. New Jersey is the only U.S. state in which every county is deemed urban by the U.S. Census Bureau. It is the most densely populated U.S. state.\nNew Jersey was first inhabited by Paleo-Indians as early as 13,000 BC. The Lenape were the dominant Indigenous group when Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, and they were subdivided into dialectal groups such as the Munsee, in the north, and the Unami and the Unalachtigo, elsewhere.[9][10] Dutch and Swedish colonists founded the first European settlements in the state,[11] with the British later seizing control of the region and establishing the Province of New Jersey, named after the Channel Island of Jersey.[12][13] The colony's fertile lands and relative religious tolerance drew a large and diverse population. New Jersey was among the Thirteen Colonies that supported the American Revolution, hosting several pivotal battles and military commands in the American Revolutionary War earning the title, \"Crossroads of the American Revolution.\"[14] New Jersey remained in the Union during the American Civil War and provided troops, resources, and military leaders in support of the Union Army. After the war, the state emerged as a major manufacturing center and a leading destination for immigrants, helping drive the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. New Jersey was the site of many industrial, technological, and commercial innovations.[15] Many prominent Americans associated with New Jersey have proven influential nationally and globally, including in academia, advocacy, business, entertainment, government, military, non-profit leadership, and other fields.\nNew Jersey's central location in the Northeast megalopolis helped fuel its rapid growth and suburbanization in the second half of the 20th century. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the state's economy has become highly diversified, with major sectors, including New Jersey's role as the world's largest pharmaceutical industry hub—[16] as well as biotechnology, information technology, finance, digital media, filmmaking, and tourism, and it has become an Atlantic seaboard epicenter for logistics and distribution. New Jersey is a major destination for immigrants and is home to one of the world's most multicultural populations.[17][18] Echoing historical trends, the state has increasingly re-urbanized, with growth in cities outpacing suburbs since 2008.[19]\nNew Jersey is one of the most affluent, educated, diverse, healthy, and highly developed states in the U.S., ranking high among states in several quality of life metrics.[20] New Jersey had a median household income of $99,781 as of 2023, the second-highest of any U.S. state behind Massachusetts.[21] Almost one-tenth of all households in the state, or over 323,000, are millionaires, the highest representation of millionaires among all states.[22] New Jersey's public school system consistently ranks at or among the top of all U.S. states.[23][24][25][26] As of 2024, a quarter of the state population is foreign born, the second most after California.[27] In 2025, New Jersey was ranked as having the healthiest state population overall.[28] The state ranks near the top on both the American Human Development Index and the standard Human Development Inde...", "title": "New Jersey - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language", "text": "Tagalog language\nTagalog (/təˈɡɑːlɒɡ/ tə-GAH-log,[5] native pronunciation: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ] ⓘ; Baybayin: ) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by the ethnic Tagalog people, who make up a quarter of the population of the Philippines, and as a second language by the majority. Its de facto standardized and codified form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of the nation's two official languages, alongside English.\nTagalog is closely related to other Philippine languages, such as the Bikol languages, the Bisaya languages, Ilocano, Kapampangan, and Pangasinan, and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan, Indonesian, Malay, Hawaiian, Māori, Malagasy, and many more.\nClassification\n[edit]Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan).[6] It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Waray-Waray, Hiligaynon and Cebuano.[6]\nTagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel ə. In most Bikol and Visayan languages, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan and Bikol dukót.\nProto-Philippine r, j, and z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine ŋajan (name) and hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Adjacent to an affix, however, it becomes /r/ instead: bayád (paid) → bayaran (to pay).\nProto-Philippine R merged with /ɡ/. tubiR (water) and zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.\nHistory\n[edit]The word Tagalog is possibly derived from the endonym taga-ilog (\"river dweller\"), composed of tagá- (\"native of\" or \"from\") and ilog (\"river\"), or alternatively, taga-alog deriving from alog (\"pool of water in the lowlands\"; \"rice or vegetable plantation\"). Linguists such as David Zorc and Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[7][8]\nPossible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription from the tenth century, which is largely written in Old Malay.[9] The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language.\nThroughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Pila, Laguna.\nThe first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[10] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la lengua tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[11] reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[12]\nAmong others, Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early st...", "title": "Tagalog language - Wikipedia" } ]	2,997
49	As of 2024, at the time of his birth, what was the middle name of the U.S. president who won Alaska, graduated from Yale University, and had a son named Michael?	Lynch	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska", "text": "United States presidential elections in Alaska\nAppearance\nSince Alaska's admission to the Union in January 3, 1959,[1][2] it has participated in 17 United States presidential elections, always having 3 electoral votes. In the 1960 presidential election, Alaska was narrowly won by the Republican Party's candidate and incumbent vice president Richard Nixon, defeating the Democratic Party's candidate John F. Kennedy by a margin of just 1.88% (1,144 votes).[3][4] In the 1964 presidential election, the Democratic Party's candidate Lyndon B. Johnson won Alaska in a national Democratic landslide victory.[5][6] Since the 1964 election, Alaska has been won by the Republican Party in every presidential election.[7] However, no Republican candidate has gotten 55% of the statewide vote since 2008. Donald Trump received 54.5% in 2024.\nRonald Reagan, the Republican candidate in the 1984 presidential election, won Alaska by 36.78%,[8] which remains the largest margin of victory in the state's history. Ross Perot, the independent candidate in the 1992 presidential election, received the highest vote share (28.43%)[9] ever won by a third-party candidate in Alaska. Various news organizations have characterized Alaska as a safe Republican state.[10][11][12] No Republican has won the presidency without carrying Alaska since its statehood in 1959 due to Lyndon B. Johnson being the only Democratic candidate to ever carry the state. Alaska is tied with Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma for the longest Republican voting streak for any state in recent political history, from 1968 to present.\nPresidential elections\n[edit]Graph\n[edit]The following graph shows the margin of victory of the winner over the runner-up in the 16 presidential elections Alaska participated.\nView source data.\nSee also\n[edit]Notes\n[edit]- ^ For purposes of this list, other candidates are defined as those who were in third place in Alaska.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Mooney, Richard E. (January 4, 1959). \"Alaska Becomes the 49th State\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n- ^ \"Alaska Statehood\". Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n- ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 789.\n- ^ Slotnick, Herman E. (1961). \"The 1960 Election in Alaska\". The Western Political Quarterly. 14 (1). University of Utah Press: 300–304. doi:10.2307/443850. JSTOR 443850.\n- ^ Slotnick, Herman E. (1965). \"The 1964 Election in Alaska\". The Western Political Quarterly. 18 (2). University of Utah Press: 439–442. doi:10.2307/445288. JSTOR 445288. S2CID 187243432.\n- ^ \"The Johnson Landslide\". The New York Times. November 4, 1964. Archived from the original on September 26, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n- ^ Leip, David. \"Presidential General Election Graph Comparison – Alaska\". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n- ^ a b Leip, David. \"1984 Presidential General Election Results – Alaska\". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 30, 2021.\n- ^ a b Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 797.\n- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (February 14, 2015). \"Massachusetts, Maryland Most Democratic States\". Gallup Polls. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved September 26, 2021.\n- ^ \"Alaska Presidential Result\". CNN. December 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n- ^ Weigel, David (September 22, 2020). \"The 50 political states of America\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2021.\n- ^ Leip, David. \"1960 Presidential General Election Results – Alaska\". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved August 30, 2021.\n- ^ Presidential elections 1997, p. 118.\n- ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 790.\n- ^ Leip, David. \"1964 Presidential General E...", "title": "United States presidential elections in Alaska - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford", "text": "Gerald Ford\nGerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party, Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, under whom he had served as the 40th vice president from 1973 to 1974 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew. Prior to that, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973.\nFord was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He attended the University of Michigan, where he played for the university football team, before eventually attending Yale Law School. Afterward, he served in the U.S. Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1946. Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, serving in this capacity for nearly 25 years, the final nine of them as the House minority leader. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Vice President Agnew, Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. After President Nixon resigned in August 1974, Ford immediately assumed the presidency.\nDomestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession.[1] In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. Foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president.[2] Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam eight months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War essentially ended. In the 1976 Republican presidential primary, he narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic candidate, Jimmy Carter. Ford remains the only person to serve as president without winning an election for president or vice president.\nFollowing his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party, but his moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. He also set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died in Rancho Mirage, California, in 2006. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked Ford as a below-average president,[3][4][5] though retrospective public polls on his time in office were more positive.[6][7]\nEarly life\nFord was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the only child of Dorothy Ayer Gardner and Leslie Lynch King Sr., a wool trader. His paternal grandfather was banker and businessman Charles Henry King, and his maternal grandfather was Illinois politician and businessman Levi Addison Gardner. Ford's parents separated just sixteen days after his birth and his mother took the infant Ford with her to Oak Park, Illinois, where her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law Clarence Haskins James lived at 410 N. Humphrey Ave.[8] From there, she moved to the home of her parents in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Gardner and King divorced in December 1913, and she gained full custody of their son. Ford's paternal grandfather paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930.[9]\nFord later said that his biological father had a history of hitting his mother.[10] In a biography of Ford, James M. Cannon wrote that the separation and divorce of Ford's parents was sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King took a butcher knife and threatened to ...", "title": "Gerald Ford - Wikipedia" } ]	2,101
50	The first white man to visit the indigenous people who were forced on a reserve during the Klondike Gold Rush, worked for a company who officially stopped selling what in 2023?	Animal Fur Products	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush", "text": "Klondike Gold Rush\nThe Klondike Gold Rush[n 1] was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of Yukon in northwestern Canada, between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896; when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectors. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. It has been immortalized in films, literature, and photographs.\nTo reach the gold fields, most prospectors took the route through the ports of Dyea and Skagway in southeast Alaska. Here, the \"Klondikers\" could follow either the Chilkoot or White Pass trail to the Yukon River and sail down to the Klondike. The Canadian authorities required each person to bring a year's supply of food in order to prevent starvation. In all, the Klondikers' equipment weighed close to a ton, which most carried themselves in stages. Performing this task and contending with the mountainous terrain and cold climate meant that most of those who persisted did not arrive until the summer of 1898. Once there, they found few opportunities, and many left disappointed.\nTo accommodate the prospectors, boom towns sprang up along the routes. At their terminus, Dawson City was founded at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers. From a population of 500 in 1896, the town grew to house approximately 17,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated, and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices, and epidemics. Despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly, gambling and drinking in the saloons. The indigenous Hän, on the other hand, suffered from the rush; they were forcibly moved into a reserve to make way for the Klondikers, and many died.\nBeginning in 1898, the newspapers that had encouraged so many to travel to the Klondike lost interest in it. In the summer of 1899, gold was discovered around Nome in west Alaska, and many prospectors left the Klondike for the new goldfields, marking the end of the Klondike Rush. The boom towns declined, and the population of Dawson City fell. Gold mining production in the Klondike peaked in 1903 after heavier equipment was brought in. Since then, the Klondike has been mined on and off, and its legacy continues to draw tourists to the region and contribute to its prosperity.[n 2]\nBackground\n[edit]The indigenous peoples in north-west America had traded in copper nuggets prior to European expansion. Most of the tribes were aware that gold existed in the region, but the metal was not valued by them.[2][3][4] The Russians and the Hudson's Bay Company had both explored the Yukon in the first half of the 19th century, but ignored the rumours of gold in favour of fur trading, which offered more immediate profits.[2][n 3]\nIn the second half of the 19th century, American prospectors began to spread into the area.[6] Making deals with the Native Tlingit and Tagish tribes, the early prospectors opened the important routes of Chilkoot and White Pass and reached the Yukon valley between 1870 and 1890.[7] Here, they encountered the Hän people, semi-nomadic hunters and fishermen who lived along the Yukon and Klondike Rivers.[8] The Hän did not appear to know about the extent of the gold deposits in the region.[n 4]\nIn 1883, Ed Schieffelin identified gold deposits along the Yukon River, and an expedition up the Fortymile River in 1886 discovered considerable amounts of it and founded Fortymile City.[9][10] The same year gold had been found on the banks of the Klondike River, but in small amounts and with no claims being made.[5] By late 1886, several hundred miners were working their way along the Yukon valley, living in small mining camps and trading with the Hän.[11][12][13] On the Alaskan side of the border, Circle City, a logtown, was established in 1893 on the Yukon River. In three years it grew to become \"the Paris of Alaska\", with about 1,200 inhabitants, saloons, opera houses, schools, and libraries. In 1896, ...", "title": "Klondike Gold Rush - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4n", "text": "Hän\nThe Hän, Han or Hwëch'in / Han Hwech’in (meaning \"People of the River, i.e. Yukon River\", in English also Hankutchin) are a First Nations people of Canada and an Alaska Native Athabaskan people of the United States; they are part of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group. Their traditional lands centered on a heavily forested area around the Upper Yukon River (Chu Kon'Dëk), Klondike River (Tr'on'Dëk), Bonanza Creek (Gàh Dëk) and Sixtymile River (Khel Dëk) and straddling what is now the Alaska-Yukon Territory border. In later times, the Han population became centered in Dawson City, Yukon and Eagle, Alaska[citation needed].\nEtymology\n[edit]The name Hän or Han is a shortening of their own name as Hwëch'in / Han Hwech’in, and of the Gwich’in word Hangʷičʼin for the Hän, both literally meaning \"People of the River, i.e. the Yukon River\". This word has been spelled variously as Hankutchin, Han-Kootchin, Hun-koo-chin, Hong-Kutchin, An Kutchin, Han Kutchin, Han-Kutchín, Hăn-Kŭtchin´, Hän Hwëch'in, and Hungwitchin.\nThe Hän were often mistaken for just another Gwich'in (Kutchin) band, especially as part of the Dagoo Gwich'in / Tukudh Gwich'in and Teetł'it Gwich'in / Teetl'it Zheh Gwich'in. The French traders called the Hän Gens du fou, Gens de Fou, Gens de Foux, Gens des Foux, or Gens-de-fine. The name Gens de Foux (and variants) has also been used to refer to the Northern Tutchone (Dan or Huč’an). The Hankutchin were then known as Gens de Bois or Gens des Bois, in association with their forested territory.\nHistory of the Hän\n[edit]The Hän were one of the last Northern Athabascan groups to have contact with European peoples. In 1851 Robert Campbell from the Hudson's Bay Company became the first white man known to have entered Han territory, when he traveled from Fort Selkirk to Fort Yukon. It was not until 1873 and 1874 (after the United States purchase of Alaska), that two trading posts were set up. One was established by Moses Mercier, a former employee of the Hudson's Bay Company, in Belle Isle across the Eagle River. The other, Fort Reliance, was established on the Yukon, just below the mouth of the Klondike River, near Dawson, by two Alaska Commercial Company traders, Leroy N. McQuesten and Frank Bonifield. Gradually trading with whites resulted in the Han shifting from their traditional fishing-hunting economy to a fur-trapping economy, as they grew increasingly reliant on such European goods as guns, clothing, and canvas from 1887 to 1895.\nBishop William Bompas established the first Anglican Church mission in Hän territory, and gradually the people shifted away from traditional religion. They also combined it with Christianity in a syncretic fashion. The Han suffered high mortality during several epidemics of new infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity.\nCulture\n[edit]Food\n[edit]Historically, fish, especially salmon, comprised the main part of the Hän diet. King salmon was caught along the Yukon River in June and chum salmon in August. Fishing tools included weirs, traps, gill nets, dip nets, spears, and harpoons. Salmon was dried and stored for winter consumption.\nBetween the salmon runs from June–September, the river camps were abandoned. The Han men sought other fish, moose, caribou, birds, bears, and small game. Men hunted game (once after the salmon run and later for caribou in February and March) while women fished (for fish other than salmon). The women traditionally cooked by boiling food with water heated by stones that been placed in a fire and then dropped in woven spruce-root baskets.\nHousing\n[edit]A square half-recessed house was made of wooden poles and moss insulation (called a moss house). This served as the main type of housing.\nThe people erected temporary domed houses made of skin stretched over tied branches when they were traveling.\nLanguage\n[edit]The Hän language is most similar to Gwich’in (Kutchin). It is more distantly related to Upper Tanana and Northern Tutchone. The language was u...", "title": "Hän - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company", "text": "Hudson's Bay Company\nThe Hudson's Bay Company[a] (abbreviated HBC and colloquially Hudson's Bay[b]) is a Canadian holding company of department stores and commercial property. It is the oldest corporation in North America, founded in 1670 and liquidated in 2025. It was headquartered at the Simpson Tower in Toronto.\nThe founding royal charter, issued by King Charles II, granted the company the right of \"sole trade and commerce\" over the Rupert's Land territory, the borders of which were based on the Hudson Bay drainage basin. It controlled the fur trade throughout English and later British North America, and was its de facto government until it relinquished control of the land to Canada in 1869. The company then diversifed with the ownership and operation of several retail businesses throughout the latter country. It established its namesake department stores in 1881, the Home Outfitters home furnishings stores in 1999, and acquired the Zellers and Fields discount stores in 1978. It also owned several regional department stores that were eventually converted to The Bay, including Morgan's, Simpsons, and Woodward's. Expansions beyond Canada included the United States, where it owned department stores including Lord & Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue, and Saks Off 5th in the 2010s; and the Netherlands, where it sold its remaining stores in 2019.[5][6][7]\nThe Thomson family was the majority stockholder of HBC from 1979 to 1992 and sold its last shares in the company in 1997. HBC was bought by American businessman Jerry Zucker in 2006 and became privately held. Following Zucker’s death, HBC was acquired by NRDC Equity Partners in 2008 and was operated by the latter's holding company Hudson's Bay Trading Company until 2012. HBC went public again from 2012 to 2020 on the Toronto Stock Exchange, with NRDC as the main shareholder.\nHBC spun-off its American assets into the holding company Saks Global in November 2024, and filed for creditor protection in March 2025. By this time, its business consisted only of Hudson's Bay stores and the Canadian locations of Saks. Following the closure of its remaining stores by June 2025 and the subsequent sale of its intellectual property to Canadian Tire, the Hudson's Bay Company was renamed 1242939 B.C. Unlimited Liability Co. in August 2025.[8][9] By December 2025, the liquidation of the company was essentially over, with the royal charter and art collection having been auctioned off, and the former store leases either sold to other parties or returned to landlords.[10][11]\n17th century history\n[edit]For much of the 17th century, the French colonists in North America, based in New France, operated a de facto monopoly in the North American fur trade. Two French traders, Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers (Médard de Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers), Radisson's brother-in-law, learned from the Cree that the best fur country lay north and west of Lake Superior, and that there was a \"frozen sea\" still further north.[12] Assuming this was Hudson Bay, they sought French backing for a plan to set up a trading post on the Bay in order to reduce the cost of moving furs overland. According to Peter C. Newman, \"concerned that exploration of the Hudson Bay route might shift the focus of the fur trade away from the St. Lawrence River, the French governor\", Marquis d'Argenson (in office 1658–61), \"refused to grant the coureurs des bois permission to scout the distant territory\".[12] Despite this refusal, in 1659 Radisson and Groseilliers set out for the upper Great Lakes basin. A year later they returned to Montreal with premium furs, evidence of the potential of the Hudson Bay region. Subsequently, they were arrested by French authorities for trading without a licence and fined, and their furs were confiscated by the government.[13]\nDetermined to establish trade in the Hudson Bay area, Radisson and Groseilliers approached a group of English colonial merchants in Boston to help finance their exploration...", "title": "Hudson's Bay Company - Wikipedia" } ]	2,957
51	What state is the home of the losing team of the World Series three years before "Old Shufflefoot" managed his team to victory?	Illinois	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau", "text": "Lou Boudreau\nLouis Boudreau (July 17, 1917 – August 10, 2001), nicknamed \"Old Shufflefoot\", \"Handsome Lou\", and \"the Good Kid\", was an American professional baseball player and manager.[1] He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 15 seasons, primarily as a shortstop on the Cleveland Indians, and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as a player-manager. He was also a radio announcer for the Chicago Cubs and in college was a dual-sport athlete in baseball and basketball, earning All-American honors in basketball for the University of Illinois.\nBoudreau was an All-Star for seven seasons.[a] In 1948, Boudreau won the American League Most Valuable Player Award and managed the Cleveland Indians to the World Series title. He won the 1944 American League (AL) batting title (.327), and led the league in doubles in 1941, 1944, and 1947. He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times. Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game (four), set on July 14, 1946. He had the most hits (1,578) for all players in the 1940s.[2]\nIn 1970, Boudreau was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and his No. 5 was retired by the Indians that same year.\nEarly life\n[edit]Boudreau was born in Harvey, Illinois, the son of Birdie (Henry) and Louis Boudreau.[3] His father was of French-Canadian ancestry, his mother was Jewish, and both of his maternal grandparents were observant Orthodox Jews with whom when he was young he celebrated Passover seders.[4] He was raised Catholic by his father after his parents divorced.[5][4][6][7] He graduated from Thornton Township High School in Harvey, Illinois, where he led the \"Flying Clouds\" to three straight Illinois high school championship games, winning in 1933 and finishing as runner up in 1934 and 1935.[8]\nCollege baseball and basketball\n[edit]Boudreau attended the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and captain of the basketball and baseball teams. During the 1936–37 basketball and baseball seasons, Boudreau led each Fighting Illini team to a Big Ten Conference championship.[9] During the 1937–38 basketball season, Boudreau was named an NCAA Men's Basketball All-American.[9]\nWhile Boudreau was still at Illinois, Cleveland Indians general manager Cy Slapnicka paid him an undisclosed sum in return for agreeing to play baseball for the Indians after he graduated. Due to this agreement, Boudreau was ruled ineligible for collegiate sports by the Big Ten Conference officials.[10][11] During his senior year at Illinois, he played professional basketball with the Hammond Ciesar All-Americans of the National Basketball League.\nDespite playing professional baseball with Cleveland, Boudreau earned his Bachelor of Science in education from Illinois in 1940 and worked as the Illinois freshman basketball coach for the 1939 and 1940 teams. Boudreau stayed on as an assistant coach for the 1941–42 Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team and he was instrumental in recruiting future Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Inductee Andy Phillip to play for Illinois.[9]\nProfessional baseball career\n[edit]Cleveland Indians\n[edit]Boudreau made his major league debut on September 9, 1938, for the Cleveland Indians at 21 as a third baseman in his first game. In 1939, Indian manager Ossie Vitt told him that he would have to move from his normal third base position to shortstop since established slugger Ken Keltner already had the regular third base job.[12]\nIn 1940, his first full year as a starter, he batted .295 with 46 doubles and 101 RBI, and was selected for the All-Star Game for the first of five consecutive seasons (MLB cancelled the 1945 game due to war-time travel restrictions and did not name All-Stars).[13]\nBoudreau helped make history in 1941 as a key figure in stopping the 56-game hitting streak by Joe DiMaggio. After two sparkling stops by Keltner at third base on hard ground balls earlier in ...", "title": "Lou Boudreau - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions", "text": "List of World Series champions\nThe World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) and concludes the MLB postseason. First played in 1903,[1] the World Series championship is a best-of-seven playoff and is a contest between the champions of baseball's National League (NL) and American League (AL).[2] Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",[3] the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in 1904, when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans; and in 1994, when the series was canceled due to the players' strike.[1][2][4][5] The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in 1903, 1919, 1920, 1921, when the winner was determined through a best-of-nine playoff.[1][2] Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded the Commissioner's Trophy.[6] Players, coaches and others associated with the team are generally given World Series rings to commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such as pocket watches and medallions in the past.[7]\nA total of 121 World Series have been contested through 2025, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 53. The New York Yankees of the AL have played in 41 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any MLB team. The Dodgers and the Yankees are tied for the most losses with 14 each. The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 championships, the most among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees.[3] The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 23 appearances. The Seattle Mariners are the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; the Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, Tampa Bay Rays, and Colorado Rockies have all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. The Los Angeles Angels and Washington Nationals are the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and the Miami Marlins are the only team with multiple World Series appearances and no losses with two. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. The Houston Astros are the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: the Black Sox Scandal and the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are the Los Angeles Dodgers.\nThe last team to repeat as champions were the Dodgers in 2025. Two World Series matchups (in 1982 and 2005) have no current possibility of a rematch due to one of the contending teams switching to the opposing league – the Milwaukee Brewers moved to the NL in 1998, and the Houston Astros moved to the AL in 2013.\nResults\n[edit]Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows:\n- Winning team and Losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective team's World Series record to date.\n- Legend\n- ^ Agreement between the two clubs rather than the two leagues\n- ^ There was no formal arrangement in place between the two leagues regarding the staging of the World Series, so the Giants owner John T. Brush refused to play against a team from what he considered an inferior league.\n- ^ Had the series been played, it would have been the Boston Americans (AL) vs the New York Giants (NL)\n- ^ Formal agreement established between the two leagues to make the World Series into an annual event\n- ^ The 1967 series marked the first time that the Commissioner's ...", "title": "List of World Series champions - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago", "text": "Chicago\nChicago[a] is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. Located on the western shore of Lake Michigan, it is the third-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 2.74 million at the 2020 census.[9] The Chicago metropolitan area has 9.41 million residents and is the third-largest metropolitan area in the country. Chicago is the seat of Cook County, the second-most populous county in the U.S.\nChicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.[10][11] In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[12] but Chicago's population continued to grow.[11] Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and architecture, such as the Chicago School, the development of the City Beautiful movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper.[13][14]\nChicago is an international hub for finance, culture, commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It has the largest and most diverse finance derivatives market in the world, generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone.[15] O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked among the world's top ten busiest airports by passenger traffic,[16] and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.[17] The Chicago area has one of the highest gross domestic products (GDP) of any urban region in the world, ranking sixth globally, generating over $919 billion in 2024.[18] Chicago's economy is diverse, with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.[15]\nChicago is a major destination for tourism, with 55 million visitors in 2024 to its cultural institutions, Lake Michigan beaches, restaurants, and more.[19][20] Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts, literature, film, theater, comedy (especially improvisational comedy), food, dance, and music (particularly jazz, blues, soul, hip-hop, gospel,[21] industrial, and electronic dance music, especially house music). Chicago is home to the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Lyric Opera of Chicago, while the Art Institute of Chicago provides an influential visual arts museum and art school. The Chicago area also hosts the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois Chicago, among other institutions of learning. Professional sports in Chicago include all major professional leagues, including two Major League Baseball teams. The city also hosts the Chicago Marathon, one of the World Marathon Majors.\nEtymology and nicknames\nThe name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami–Illinois name Šikaakonki, the locative form of the word šikaakwa which can mean both \"skunk\" and \"ramps\", a wild relative of onion and garlic known to botanists as Allium tricoccum.[22][page needed] The first known reference to the site of the city of Chicago as \"Checagou\" was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir.[23] Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew profusely in the area.[24] According to his diary of late September 1687:\n... when we arrived at the said place called \"Chicagou\" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.[24]\nThe city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.[25]\nHistory\nBeginnings\nIn the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, an indigenous tribe who had succeeded the Miami, Sauk and Meskwaki peoples in this region.[26]\nThe first known permanent settler in Chicago was a trader, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African descent, perhaps born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), and he established the settlement i...", "title": "Chicago - Wikipedia" } ]	2,873
52	Was the person who served as president of the Scottish National Party from 1987 to 2005 alive when the party was founded?	Yes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Ewing	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Ewing']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party", "text": "Scottish National Party\nThe Scottish National Party (SNP; Scottish Gaelic: Pàrtaidh Nàiseanta na h-Alba [ˈpʰaːrˠtʰi ˈn̪ˠaːʃən̪ˠt̪ə nə ˈhal̪ˠapə]) is a Scottish nationalist and social democratic political party in Scotland. The party holds 60 of the 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament, and holds 9 out of the 57 Scottish seats in the United Kingdom House of Commons. It is represented by 414 of the 1,226 local councillors across Scotland. The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for Scotland's membership in the European Union,[20][21][22] with a platform based on progressive social policies and civic nationalism.[23][24] Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election.[25] In the February 1974 election it scored 22% of the vote and 30% in the October election of the same year, but only notched 7 seats in the former and 11 in the latter of 72 Scottish seats up for election.[26]\nWith the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the SNP became the second-largest party, serving two terms as the opposition to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition.[27] The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election with 45% of the vote, forming a minority government, before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election, after which it formed Holyrood's first majority government.[28] After Scotland voted against independence in the 2014 referendum, Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Nicola Sturgeon. In the run up to the 2015 election, the SNP trebled its membership to 110,000[29] .The SNP achieved a record number of 56 seats in Westminster after the 2015 general election to become the third largest party[30] but in Holyrood it was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election. In the 2021 election, the SNP gained one seat and entered a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens. In March 2023 Sturgeon resigned and was replaced by Humza Yousaf.\nIn April 2024, Yousaf collapsed the power-sharing deal with the Greens and resigned the following week due to the resulting fallout of the decision. The incumbent John Swinney was elected leader in May 2024. In the 2024 general election, the SNP lost 38 seats, reducing it to the second-largest party in Scotland and the fourth-largest party in the Westminster Parliament. The party does not have any members of the House of Lords on the principle that it opposes the upper house of Parliament and calls for it to be scrapped.[31] The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance (EFA).\nHistory\n[edit]Foundation and early breakthroughs (1934–1970)\n[edit]The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party, with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first joint presidents.[32] Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman.[33]\nThe party was divided on its approach to the Second World War. Professor Douglas Young, who was SNP leader from 1942 to 1945, campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers. Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted. The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942, owing to his failure to change the party's policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that year's conference in Glasgow. McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association, a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly.\nHowever, wartime conditions also enabled the SNP's first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945, but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later. The 1950s were cha...", "title": "Scottish National Party - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_Ewing", "text": "Winnie Ewing\nWinifred Margaret Ewing FRSA (née Woodburn; 10 July 1929 – 21 June 2023) was a Scottish lawyer and politician who figured prominently in the Scottish National Party.\nBorn and raised in Glasgow, Ewing studied law at the University of Glasgow, where she joined the university's Scottish Nationalist Association. After graduating, she worked as a lawyer, serving as secretary of the Glasgow Bar Association from 1962 to 1967. Ewing was elected to the House of Commons in the 1967 Hamilton by-election and her presence at Westminster led to a rise in membership for the SNP. Although she lost her seat in the 1970 election, she was re-elected in February 1974, this time for the Moray and Nairn constituency. Ewing lost her seat in the 1979 election and, after making numerous attempts to seek re-election, failed to do so.[1]\nEwing was elected to the European Parliament in the 1979 elections, representing the Highlands and Islands. In Europe, she acquired the nickname Madame Écosse because of her advocacy of Scottish interests. In 1987, she became the president of the Scottish National Party. She served as vice president of the European Radical Alliance and by 1995 had become Britain's longest serving MEP. In the first elections to the Scottish Parliament, she was elected to represent the Highlands and Islands. As the oldest qualified member, it was her duty to preside over the opening of the Scottish Parliament.\nEarly life\n[edit]Ewing was born Winifred Margaret Woodburn on 10 July 1929 in Glasgow, to Christina Bell Anderson and George Woodburn, a small business owner.[2][3][4] She was educated at Battlefield School and Queen's Park Secondary School. In 1946 she matriculated at the University of Glasgow where she graduated with an MA and LLB.[2] Although relatively inactive in politics at that time, she joined the Student Nationalists.[5] Following her graduation, she qualified and practised as a solicitor and notary public. She was Secretary of the Glasgow Bar Association from 1962 to 1967.[6]\nPolitical career\n[edit]Election to Westminister\n[edit]Ewing became active in campaigning for Scottish independence through her membership of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association, and won the 1967 Hamilton by-election as the Scottish National Party (SNP) candidate.[7][8] She was elected with the help of a team including her election agent, John McAteer. On 16 November, she made her first appearance at Westminster, with her husband and children accompanying her on the journey.[9] She arrived at the parliament in a Scottish-built Hillman Imp and was greeted by a crowd and a pipe band.[10]\nEwing said at the time \"stop the world, Scotland wants to get on\", and her presence at Westminster led to a rise in membership for the SNP.[5] It was speculated that Ewing's electoral gain led to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission by the Labour government of Harold Wilson to look into the viability of a devolved Scottish Assembly. In hindsight it could be said to mark the start of modern politics in Scotland, according to Professor Richard Finlay of Strathclyde University, bringing young people and women from non-political backgrounds into politics for the first time, whilst Labour and Tory party organisation and branch numbers were declining.[11]\nDespite her high profile, Ewing was unsuccessful in retaining the Hamilton seat at the 1970 general election.[12] At the following February 1974 election she stood for Moray and Nairn and was returned to Westminster, although another election followed in October of the same year when her already marginal majority declined. Following the October election she was announced as the SNP's spokesperson on external affairs and the EEC.[13]\nEuropean Parliament\n[edit]She first became an MEP in 1975, at a time when the European Parliament was still composed of representative delegations from national parliaments.[11] She lost her Westminster seat at the May 1979 election, but within weeks had ...", "title": "Winnie Ewing - Wikipedia" } ]	1,888
53	In series six of Downton Abbey, Lord Merton is diagnosed with a terminal condition. A deficiency in which vitamin causes this condition?	Vitamin B12	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downton_Abbey", "text": "Downton Abbey\nDownton Abbey is a British historical drama television series set in the early 20th century, created and co-written by Julian Fellowes. It first aired in the United Kingdom on ITV on 26 September 2010 and in the United States on PBS, which supported its production as part of its Masterpiece Classic anthology, on 9 January 2011. The show ran for fifty-two episodes across six series, including five Christmas specials.\nThe series, set on the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey between 16 April 1912 and New Year's Eve 1925, depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic servants in the post-Edwardian era, and the effects the great events of the time have on their lives and on the British social hierarchy. These events include news of the sinking of the Titanic (first series); the outbreak of the First World War, the Spanish influenza pandemic and the Marconi scandal (second series); the Irish War of Independence leading to the formation of the Irish Free State (third series); the Teapot Dome scandal (fourth series); and the British general election of 1923 and the Beer Hall Putsch (fifth series). The sixth and final series introduces the rise of the working class during the interwar period and hints at the eventual decline of the British aristocracy.\nDownton Abbey has been praised by television critics and received numerous accolades, including a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie. It was recognised by Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed English-language television series of 2011. It earned 27 Primetime Emmy Award nominations after its first two series, the most for any international television series in the awards' history.[1] It was the most watched television series on both ITV and PBS, and became the most successful British costume drama since the 1981 television serial of Brideshead Revisited.[2]\nOn 26 March 2015, Carnival Films and ITV announced that the sixth series would be the last; it aired on ITV between 20 September 2015 and 8 November 2015. The final episode, the annual Christmas special, was broadcast on 25 December 2015. A film adaptation, a continuation of the series, was confirmed on 13 July 2018 and released in the United Kingdom on 13 September 2019, and in the United States on 20 September 2019. A second feature film, Downton Abbey: A New Era, was released in the United Kingdom on 29 April 2022 by Universal Pictures, and in the United States and Canada on 20 May 2022 by Focus Features.[3] A third and final film set to conclude the series, Downton Abbey: The Grand Finale, was released in the UK on 12 September 2025.[4]\nPlot overview\n[edit]Series 1 (2010)\n[edit]The first series, comprising seven episodes, explores the lives of the fictional Crawley family, the hereditary Earl of Grantham, and their domestic servants at the family estate in Yorkshire region. The storyline centres on the fee tail, or \"entail\", governing the titled elite, which endows title and estate exclusively to male heirs. Common recovery had been developed in the fifteenth century as a means of ending an entail. This did not stop the practice and in the seventeenth century lawyers developed strict settlement as a means of enforcing entail.[6] The Settled Land Acts 1882 to 1890 finally allowed strict settlements to be broken by agreement with the next heir, except where he was a minor.\nAs part of the backstory, the main character, Robert Crawley, Earl of Grantham, had resolved his father's past financial difficulties by marrying Cora Levinson, an American heiress. Her considerable dowry is now contractually incorporated into the committal entail in perpetuity; however, Robert and Cora have three daughters and no son.\nAs the eldest daughter, Lady Mary Crawley had agreed to marry her second cousin Patrick, the son of the then-heir presumptive James Crawley. The series begins the day after...", "title": "Downton Abbey - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia", "text": "Pernicious anemia\nPernicious anemia is a disease where not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12.[5] Those affected often have a gradual onset.[5] The most common initial symptoms are feeling tired and weak.[4] Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, feeling faint, a smooth red tongue, pale skin, chest pain, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn, numbness in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory loss, muscle weakness, poor reflexes, blurred vision, clumsiness, depression, and confusion.[4] Without treatment, some of these problems may become permanent.[5]\nPernicious anemia refers to a type of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia that results from lack of intrinsic factor.[5] Lack of intrinsic factor is most commonly due to an autoimmune attack on the cells that create it in the stomach.[9] It can also occur following the surgical removal of all or part of the stomach or small intestine; from an inherited disorder or illnesses that damage the stomach lining.[9] When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood tests initially a complete blood count, and occasionally, bone marrow tests.[6] Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B12, and antibodies to intrinsic factor.[6] Diagnosis is not always straightforward and can be challenging.[10]\nBecause pernicious anemia is due to a lack of intrinsic factor, it is not preventable.[11] Pernicious anemia can be treated with injections of vitamin B12.[7] If the symptoms are serious, frequent injections are typically recommended initially.[7] There are not enough studies that pills are effective in improving or eliminating symptoms.[12] Often, treatment may be needed for life.[13]\nPernicious anemia is the most common cause of clinically evident vitamin B12 deficiency worldwide.[14] Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people in the US. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition.[8] It more commonly affects people of northern European descent.[2] Women are more commonly affected than men.[15] With proper treatment, most people live normal lives.[5] Due to a higher risk of stomach cancer, those with pernicious anemia should be checked regularly for this.[13] The first clear description was by Thomas Addison in 1849.[16][17] The term \"pernicious\" means \"deadly\", and this term came into use because, before the availability of treatment, the disease was often fatal.[5][18]\nSigns and symptoms\n[edit]Pernicious anemia often presents slowly, and can cause harm insidiously and unnoticeably. Untreated, it can lead to neurological complications, and in serious cases, death.[19] The onset may be vague and slow and the condition can be confused with other conditions, and there may be few to many symptoms without anemia.[20] Pernicious anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms at first, over time, feeling tired and weak, lightheadedness, dizziness, headaches, rapid or irregular heartbeat, breathlessness, glossitis (a sore red tongue), poor ability to exercise, low blood pressure, cold hands and feet, pale or yellow skin, easy bruising and bleeding, low-grade fevers, tremor, cold sensitivity, chest pain, upset stomach, nausea, loss of appetite, heartburn, weight loss, diarrhea, constipation, severe joint pain, feeling abnormal sensations including tingling or numbness to the fingers and toes (pins and needles), and tinnitus, may occur.[21][22][23][24][25] Anemia may present with a number of further common symptoms,[21][26] including hair thinning and loss, early greying of the hair, mouth ulcers, bleeding gums,[22] angular cheilitis, a look of exhaustion with pale and dehydrated or cracked lips and dark circles around the eyes, as well as brittle nails.[23]\nIn more severe or prolonged cases of pernicious anemia, nerve cell damage may occur. This is may result in sense loss, difficulty in proprioception, neuropathi...", "title": "Pernicious anemia - Wikipedia" } ]	1,841
54	How many letters long is the title of the first movie composed by the composer of the first American Godzilla movie?	17	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)", "text": "Godzilla (franchise)\nGodzilla (Japanese: ゴジラ, Hepburn: Gojira) is a Japanese giant monster, or kaiju, franchise centering on the titular character, a prehistoric reptilian monster awakened and powered by nuclear radiation. The films series are recognized by the Guinness World Records as the \"longest continuously running film series\", having been in ongoing production since 1954, with several hiatuses of varying lengths.[9] There are 38 Godzilla films: 33 Japanese films produced and distributed by Toho Co., Ltd., and five American films; one by TriStar Pictures and four films (part of the Monsterverse franchise) by Legendary Pictures.\nThe original film, Godzilla, was directed by and co-written by Ishirō Honda and released by Toho in 1954.[10] It became an influential classic of the genre. It featured political and social undertones relevant to Japan at the time. The 1954 film and its special effects director Eiji Tsuburaya are largely credited for establishing the template for tokusatsu, a technique of practical special effects filmmaking that would become essential in Japan's film industry since the release of Godzilla (1954).[11] For its North American release, the film was localized in 1956 as Godzilla, King of the Monsters! and featured new footage with Raymond Burr edited together with the original Japanese footage.\nThe popularity of the films has led to the film series expanding to other media, such as television, music, literature and video games. Godzilla has become one of the most recognizable symbols in Japanese pop culture worldwide and a well-known facet of Japanese cinema. It is also considered one of the first examples of the popular kaiju and tokusatsu subgenres in Japanese entertainment.\nGodzilla films vary in the complexity of themes and targeted audience. Several of the films have political themes, dark tones, and complex internal mythology, while others are simple action films featuring aliens or other monsters or have simpler themes accessible to children.[12] Godzilla's role varies from purely a destructive force to an anti-hero, ally of humans, a symbolic protector or destroyer of Japanese values, or a hero to children.\nThe name Godzilla is a romanization of the original Japanese name Gojira (ゴジラ)—which is a combination of two Japanese words: gorira (ゴリラ), \"gorilla\", and kujira (クジラ), \"whale\". The word alludes to the size, power and aquatic origin of Godzilla. As developed by Toho, the monster is an offshoot of the combination of radioactivity and ancient dinosaur-like creatures, indestructible and possessing special powers (see Godzilla characteristics).\nHistory\n[edit]The Godzilla film series is broken into several different eras reflecting a characteristic style and corresponding to the same eras used to classify all kaiju eiga (monster movies) in Japan. The first, second, and fourth eras refer to the Japanese emperor during production: the Shōwa era, the Heisei era, and the Reiwa era. The third is called the Millennium era, as the emperor (Heisei) is the same, but these films are considered to have a different style and storyline than the Heisei era.\nOver the series' history, the films have reflected the social and political climate in Japan.[13] In the original film, Godzilla was an allegory for the effects of the atomic bomb, and the consequences that such weapons might have on Earth.[14][15][16][17] The radioactive contamination of the Japanese fishing boat Lucky Dragon No. 5 through the United States' Castle Bravo thermonuclear device test at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954, led to much press coverage in Japan preceding the release of the first film in 1954.[18] The Heisei and Millennium series have largely continued this concept. Toho was inspired to make the original Godzilla film after the commercial success of the 1952 re-release of King Kong and the success of The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953), the first live-action film to feature a giant monster awakened following an atomic bomb detonation.[...", "title": "Godzilla (franchise) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)", "text": "Godzilla (1998 film)\nGodzilla is a 1998 American monster film directed by Roland Emmerich, who co-wrote the screenplay with Dean Devlin. It is a reboot of Toho Co., Ltd.'s Godzilla franchise[8] and the 23rd film in the franchise, being the first Godzilla film to be completely produced by an American studio.[a] The film stars Matthew Broderick, Jean Reno, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn, Michael Lerner, and Harry Shearer. The film is dedicated to Tomoyuki Tanaka, the co-creator and producer of various Godzilla films, who died in April 1997. In the film, authorities investigate and battle a giant monster, known as Godzilla, who migrates to New York City to nest its young.\nIn October 1992, TriStar Pictures announced plans to produce a trilogy of Godzilla films. In May 1993, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were hired to write the script. In July 1994, Jan de Bont was announced as the director but left the project that December due to budget disputes. Emmerich was hired in May 1996 to direct and co-write a new script with producer Dean Devlin. Principal photography began in May 1997 and ended in September 1997.\nGodzilla premiered at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York on May 18, 1998, and was released in the United States on May 20 by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $379 million worldwide against a production budget between $130–150 million and marketing costs of $80 million, becoming the third highest-grossing film of 1998. Despite turning a profit, it was considered a box office disappointment.[12][13] Planned sequels were cancelled, but an animated series was produced instead. TriStar let their remake/sequel rights expire on May 20, 2003.\nIn 2004, a new iteration of TriStar's Godzilla was featured in Toho's 2004 film Godzilla: Final Wars as \"Zilla\". That version has since appeared in various media under the \"Zilla\" trademark, but with the variants from the 1998 film and its animated sequel retaining the Godzilla copyright and trademark.[14][15]\nPlot\n[edit]An iguana nest is exposed to the fallout of a military nuclear test in French Polynesia.\nYears later, a Japanese cannery vessel in the South Pacific is suddenly attacked by a giant creature, with only one fisherman surviving. While confined in a hospital in Tahiti, the traumatized survivor is visited by a mysterious Frenchman, who questions him over what he witnessed. The survivor repeatedly replies \"Gojira\".\nNRC scientist Dr. Niko \"Nick\" Tatopoulos is researching the effects of radiation on wildlife in the Chernobyl exclusion zone when he is interrupted by an official from the U.S. State Department who has come to pick him up for a special assignment. Nick is sent to Panama to observe a trail of destruction and footprints left by an unknown creature including Jamaica to examine the damaged ship with massive claw marks on it. Nick identifies skin samples he discovered in the shipwreck as belonging to an unknown species. He dismisses the military's theory of the creature being a living dinosaur, instead deducing that it is a mutant created by nuclear testing in French Polynesia, close to where it was last spotted.\nThe creature drowns several fishing trawlers in the Eastern American Seaboard, and travels to New York City, leaving a path of destruction. The U.S. military orders an evacuation of the city. On Nick's advice, a plan is set to lure the creature into revealing itself with a large pile of fish. However, their attempt to kill it fails, causing further damage to the city before it escapes. Nick collects a blood sample and, by performing a pregnancy test, discovers the creature reproduces asexually and is about to lay eggs. Nick also meets up with his ex-girlfriend Audrey Timmonds, a young aspiring news reporter. Unnoticed by Nick, she uncovers a classified tape in his provisional military tent concerning the monster's origins and turns it over to the media. She hopes to have her report put on TV to launc...", "title": "Godzilla (1998 film) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Arnold", "text": "David Arnold\nDavid Arnold (born 23 January 1962) is an English film composer whose credits include scoring five James Bond films (1997–2008), as well as Stargate (1994), Independence Day (1996), Godzilla (1998), Shaft (2000), 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003), Four Brothers (2005), Hot Fuzz (2007), and the television series Little Britain and Sherlock. For Independence Day, he received a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television, and for Sherlock, he and co-composer Michael Price won a Creative Arts Emmy[1] for the score of \"His Last Vow\", the final episode in the third series. Arnold scored the BBC / Amazon Prime series Good Omens (2019) adapted by Neil Gaiman from his book Good Omens, written with Terry Pratchett.[2] Arnold is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors.\nCareer\n[edit]While attending a Sixth Form College in Luton, Arnold became friends with director Danny Cannon.[3] Cannon initially created short films for which Arnold was asked to write the music. The two made their respective major film debuts with The Young Americans. \"Play Dead\", a song from the film with singer Björk, charted No. 12 in the UK. The following year he scored Stargate and Last of the Dogmen, with excerpts from the former ranking third in the most commonly used soundtrack cues for film trailers.[4]\nArnold then composed music for Stargate director Roland Emmerich's next two movies, Independence Day and Godzilla, as well as four movies for director John Singleton. In addition, he has scored various comedies, dramas, and nineteenth-century period pieces, as well as providing music for several British television shows including the 2000 remake of Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) and Little Britain. During film production, his compositions are conducted by Nicholas Dodd. In 2010, he composed the music for Come Fly With Me, a British television series from the producers of Little Britain.\nHe is a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA).[5] On Thursday 29 November 2012, Arnold received an honorary degree from University of West London.[6] Now a university honorary, he will work closely with the University in particular London College of Music, a faculty within the institute. In 2014, he appeared as himself in The Life of Rock with Brian Pern.\nFilm music concerts\n[edit]Arnold performed his debut orchestral concert, showcasing his film and television music, on Sunday 6 July 2014 at London's Royal Festival Hall.[7] The line-up featured Nicholas Dodd conducting, David McAlmont as surprise guest vocalist (\"My secret weapon!\" said Arnold) and the Urban Voices Collective choir, plus Mark Gatiss and Amanda Abbington introducing the suite of Sherlock music, for which Arnold's collaborator on the project, Michael Price, replaced Dodd.[8]\nHe performed his music in a series of orchestral concerts in 2015: Dublin[9]) in January (with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra); Manchester[10] (with the Manchester Camerata) in April; and London[11] (with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra), Birmingham[12] and Nottingham[13] (with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO)) in June 2015. He was also the special guest at 'The music of David Arnold[14]', a concert in Lucerne in October 2015, with Ludwig Wicki conducting the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. On 5 June 2016 Film Music Prague performed a concert of his work, with Arnold in attendance (and performing) as special guest.[15] In February 2016 the Royal Albert Hall announced[16] the premiere of Independence Day Live on 22 September 2016. This celebrated the 20th anniversary of the film's release with a live orchestral performance. David Arnold gave a pre-show talk about his work and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra and Maida Vale Singers (conducted by Gavin Greenaway) performed the original music while the film screened. The Upcoming magazine gave the event a five star review noting that \"with unrivall...", "title": "David Arnold - Wikipedia" } ]	2,784
55	The author of the book "A Good Woman"'s author was married to a man in 2008, who resigned from the board of HP due to the actions taken by the board's chair. What types of cancer did the chair survive?	Breast and skin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(novel)", "text": "A Good Woman (novel)\nA Good Woman is a novel by Danielle Steel, published by Delacorte Press in October 2008.[1][2][3]\nPlot summary\n[edit]Annabelle Worthington was born into a life of privilege in the glamorous New York society set up on Fifth Avenue and in Newport, Rhode Island. In April 1912, everything changed when the Titanic sank, changing her world forever. Annabelle then pours herself into volunteer work, nursing the poor, igniting a passion for medicine that would shape the course of her life.\nMore grief is around the corner with her first love and marriage to Josiah Millbank, a family friend. Betrayed by a scandal undeserved, Annabelle flees New York for war-ravaged France, to lose herself in a world of helping others in the First World War field hospital run by women. After the war, Annabelle becomes a Parisian doctor and a mother, living happily until a coincidental meeting reminds her of her former life, to which she returns stronger and braver than before, a new woman to fight against the overwhelming odds thrown against her in life.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"A Good Woman\". Kirkus Reviews. September 15, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2024.\n- ^ \"A Good Woman\". Booklist. September 1, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2024.\n- ^ \"A Good Woman by Danielle Steel\". Publishers Weekly. August 11, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2024.\nExternal links\n[edit]", "title": "A Good Woman (novel) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Steel", "text": "Danielle Steel\nDanielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel (born August 14, 1947) is an American writer best known for her romance novels. She is the bestselling living author and the fourth-best-selling fiction author of all time, with over 800 million copies sold.[3] As of 2024, she has written 210 books, including over 182[4] novels.\nBased in California for most of her career, Steel has produced several books a year, often juggling up to five projects at once. All her novels have been bestsellers, including those issued in hardback, despite \"a resounding lack of critical acclaim\" (Publishers Weekly).[5] Her books often involve rich families facing a crisis, threatened by dark elements such as prison, fraud, blackmail, and suicide. Steel has also published children's fiction and poetry, as well as creating a foundation that funds mental-illness-related organizations.[6] Her books have been translated into 43 languages,[7] with 22 adapted for television, including two that have received Golden Globe nominations.\nEarly life\n[edit]Steel was born Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel in New York City to a German father and a Portuguese mother. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was a German-Jewish immigrant and a descendant of owners of Löwenbräu beer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was the daughter of a Portuguese diplomat.[8][9][10][11] She spent much of her childhood in France,[12] where from an early age she was included in her parents' dinner parties, giving her an opportunity to observe the habits and lives of the wealthy and famous.[10] Her parents divorced when she was eight, and she was raised primarily by her father, rarely seeing her mother.[8]\nSteel started writing stories as a child, and by her late teens had begun writing poetry.[13] Raised Catholic, she thought of becoming a nun during her early years.[14] A 1965 graduate of the Lycée Français de New York,[15] she studied literature design and fashion design,[13] first at Parsons School of Design and then at New York University.[16]\nCareer\n[edit]1965–1971: Career beginnings\n[edit]While still attending New York University, Steel began writing, completing her first manuscript at 19.[13] Steel worked for a public-relations agency in New York called Supergirls. A client, Ladies' Home Journal editor John Mack Carter, encouraged her to focus on writing,[11] having been impressed with her freelance articles. He suggested she write a book, which she did. She later moved to San Francisco and worked as a copywriter for Grey Advertising.\n1972–1981: First novels and growing success\n[edit]Her first novel, Going Home, was published in 1973. The novel contained many of the themes that her writing would become well known for, including a focus on family issues and human relationships. Her relationship with her second husband influenced Passion's Promise and Now and Forever, the two novels that launched her career.[11] With the success of her fourth book, The Promise, she became a participant in San Francisco high society.[11]\n1981–1996: Fame and expansion to new genres\n[edit]Beginning in 1991, Steel had become a near-permanent fixture on The New York Times hardcover and paperback bestsellers lists. In 1999, she was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for having a book on the New York Times Bestseller List for the most consecutive weeks of any author—456 consecutive weeks at that time.[17] Steel is a prolific author, often releasing several books per year.[17] Each book takes 2½ years to complete,[13] so Steel has developed an ability to juggle up to five projects at once, researching one book while outlining another, then writing and editing additional books.[17] Since her first book was published, every one of her novels has hit bestseller lists in paperback, and each one released in hardback has also been a hardback bestseller.[8]\nDuring this time, Steel also expanded to non-fiction work. Having a Baby was published in 1984 and featured a chapter by...", "title": "Danielle Steel - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)", "text": "Thomas Perkins (businessman)\nThomas James Perkins (January 7, 1932 – June 7, 2016) was an American businessman and venture capitalist who was one of the founders of the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins.\nBiography\n[edit]Perkins received a B.S. in electrical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1953. He earned an MBA from Harvard University in 1957.[2] While attending MIT, Perkins joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. Perkins was mentored by Georges Doriot.\nCareer\n[edit]In 1963, he was invited by Bill Hewlett and David Packard to become the administrative head of the research department at Hewlett-Packard. He was the first general manager of HP's computer divisions, credited with helping shepherd HP's entry into the minicomputer business. During the 1960s, he also started University Laboratories, which was later merged into Spectra-Physics. At University Laboratories he was the co-developer of the first low-cost He-Ne laser, having had the idea of how to directly integrate the laser cavity mirrors inside the plasma tube.\nIn 1973, with Eugene Kleiner, he founded Kleiner Perkins, one of the first Sand Hill Road venture capital firms. Later, Frank J. Caufield and Brook Byers joined the firm, eventually becoming named partners. Perkins was a director at Applied Materials, Compaq, Corning Glass, Genentech, Hewlett-Packard, and Philips Electronics.[3] He was chairman of Tandem Computers, from its founding in 1974 until its 1997 merger with Compaq. Perkins was also chairman of Genentech from 1976 until 1990, when it merged with Roche Holding Ltd.[4]\nDuring the HP/Compaq merger fight in 2001, Perkins was a member of the Compaq board and an outspoken supporter of the merger.[5] He joined the HP board of directors in the merger, retired, and officially rejoined the HP board days before Carly Fiorina was forced to resign from her posts as chairman and chief executive officer of HP. Perkins led efforts to force Fiorina out.\nResignation from HP Board\n[edit]Perkins resigned from HP's board on May 18, 2006, over the actions taken by the board's chair, Patricia C. Dunn, to ferret out the board-level source of media leaks using methods Perkins considered unethical and possibly illegal.[6] HP gave no cause in the SEC-required 8-K filing, and according to Perkins refused to amend the filing to indicate his reasons for resigning.[7] In response, Perkins disclosed his reasons publicly, triggering an SEC investigation and significant media interest into HP's leak-finding activities.[8][9]\nPerkins's residential phone records were obtained through a method known as pretexting. AT&T confirmed that someone pretended to be Perkins, using his phone number and his Social Security Number.[10] HP confirmed that the investigative firm they hired used pretexting to obtain information on the call records of the directors.[11] HP's investigation found that Dr. George Keyworth was the source of several leaks. At the May 18, 2006 board meeting, Keyworth admitted to leaking information but refused to resign after the board passed a resolution calling for his resignation. HP's board decided on August 31, 2006, to not renominate Keyworth for another term as director.\nThe Securities and Exchange Commission and the State of California began inquiries into the methods used by HP to investigate its directors.\nNews Corp. board\n[edit]Perkins sat on the board of directors of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation along with Viet D. Dinh. Dinh represented Perkins in the HP board affair. In July, 2011, Dinh and fellow News Corp. board member Joel Klein took over the investigation of the News of the World phone hacking affair and related Corporation issues.[12] One business commentator, noting Perkins' prior experience with phone-hacking in the HP scandal, speculated that Perkins \"may be [was the] best hope\" as News Corp. sought to work out of its phone-hacking scandal.[13] Perkins did not stand for reelection to the News Corp board for the fiscal year ...", "title": "Thomas Perkins (businessman) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_C._Dunn", "text": "Patricia C. Dunn\nPatricia C. Dunn (March 27, 1953 – December 4, 2011)[1] was the non-executive chairman of the board of Hewlett-Packard (HP) from February 2005 until September 22, 2006, when she resigned her position.\nOn October 4, 2006, Bill Lockyer, the California attorney general, charged Dunn with four felonies for her role in the HP spying scandal. Some members of the press reported that Dunn had been scapegoated.[2] On March 14, 2007, California Superior Court Judge Ray Cunningham dismissed the charges against her.\nEarly life\n[edit]Born in Burbank, California, Dunn grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada, where both her parents were involved in the casino industry. Her father was the entertainment manager for the Dunes and Tropicana hotel-casinos, and her mother was a model and entertainer.[3] When Dunn was only eleven, her father died.[4] Her mother subsequently moved the family to California.[5]\nEducation\n[edit]After graduating from Terra Linda High School in 1970, Dunn entered the University of Oregon,[6] but dropped out to support her mother by working as a housecleaner.[7] She resumed college and graduated from UC Berkeley in 1975 with a B.A. in Journalism.[8]\nCareer\n[edit]After college Dunn began working as a temporary secretary at Wells Fargo & Co.[9] She eventually became CEO at Barclays Global Investors,[10] the company that acquired the asset management division of Wells Fargo. In 1998 she joined the HP Board of Directors.[10] In 2001 the Financial Women of San Francisco named Dunn the \"Financial Woman of the Year\".\nDunn became non-executive chair of the HP board in February 2005 when Carly Fiorina, the CEO and chair of the HP board, left the company.[11] Dunn was also non-executive Vice Chairman of Barclays Global Investors from 2002 to October 2006. Additionally, she was Director and Executive Committee member of Larkin Street Youth Services in San Francisco, on the board of the Conference Board's Global Corporate Governance Research Center, and an advisory board member of UC Berkeley Haas School of Business.[8]\nScandal\n[edit]Dunn was at the center of the 2006 HP Spying Scandal because she directed investigations of board-level leaks of information to reporters in 2005–2006.[12] HP hired companies which, while investigating the leaks, obtained the personal telephone records of HP board members and reporters who covered HP through a practice called pretexting.[13] It is illegal under California law to use deceit and trickery to obtain private records of individuals. [citation needed]\nHP announced on September 12, 2006, that Mark Hurd (the company's CEO) would replace Dunn as Chairman in January but she would continue as a board member. Ten days later, however, Dunn resigned (effective immediately) both from her position as chairman and from the board. In an official statement, Dunn noted \"I accepted the responsibility to identify the sources of those leaks, but I did not propose the specific methods of the investigation ... Unfortunately, the people HP relied upon to conduct this type of investigation let me and the company down. I continue to have the best interests of HP at heart and thus I have accepted the board's request to resign.\"[14]\nOn October 4, 2006, Dunn and four others were charged by California attorney general Bill Lockyer with four felony counts: fraudulent use of wire, radio or television transmissions; taking, copying, and using computer data without authorization; identity theft; and conspiracy. Lockyer issued arrest warrants for all five of those so charged.[15] Dunn was scheduled to have been arraigned on November 17, 2006.\nOn March 14, 2007, the judge in the case dropped all criminal charges against her in the \"interests of justice\".[16] The dropping of the criminal charges by Judge Cunningham came after Dunn refused to take a plea of one misdemeanor in exchange for four felonies before the preliminary hearing.[17]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Dunn married William Jahnke, a former head of Wells Fargo Investm...", "title": "Patricia C. Dunn - Wikipedia" } ]	3,152
56	Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was commissioned to sculpt a series of life-size dinosaurs between 1852-54. In this location, one species only had its head and back built with the rest of its body submerged underwater because they didn't know what it looked like then. Where is this display located in 2024, which dinosaur species was this, and what did the rest of its body look like after all?	Crystal Palace Park. The dinosaur is Mosasaurus, it had a streamlined body, an elongated tail ending with a downturn supporting a two-lobed fin, and two pairs of flippers.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins", "text": "Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins\nBenjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (8 February 1807 – 27 January 1894) was an English sculptor and natural history artist renowned for his work on the life-size models of dinosaurs in the Crystal Palace Park in south London. The models, accurately made using the latest scientific knowledge, created a sensation at the time. Hawkins was also a noted lecturer on zoological topics.\nEducation and early career\n[edit]Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was born in Bloomsbury, London on 8 February 1807, the son of Thomas Hawkins, an artist, and Louisa Anne Waterhouse, the daughter of a Jamaica plantation family of apparent Catholic sympathies. He studied at St. Aloysius College, and learned sculpture from William Behnes. At the age of 20, he began to study natural history and later geology. He contributed illustrations to The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle.\nDuring the 1840s, he produced studies of living animals in Knowsley Park, near Liverpool for Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby. The park was one of the largest private menageries in Victorian England and Hawkins' work was later published with John Edward Gray's text as \"Gleanings from the Menagerie at Knowsley\" . Over the same period Hawkins exhibited four sculptures at the Royal Academy between 1847 and 1849, and was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1846 and a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1847. Fellowship of the Geological Society of London followed in 1854.\nGreat Exhibition\n[edit]Meanwhile, possibly due to Derby's connections, Hawkins was appointed assistant superintendent of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. The following year, he was appointed by the Crystal Palace company to create 33 life-size concrete models of extinct dinosaurs to be placed in the south London park to which the great glass exhibition hall was to be relocated. In this work, which took some three years, he collaborated with Sir Richard Owen and other leading scientific figures of the time: Owen estimated the size and overall shape of the animals, leaving Hawkins to sculpt the models according to Owen's directions.[2][3]\nA dinner was held inside the mould used to make the Iguanodon. The dinner party, hosted by Owen on 31 December 1853, garnered attention in the press. Most of the sculptures are still on display in Crystal Palace Park.[4]\nUnited States\n[edit]In 1868, he traveled to the United States to deliver a series of lectures. Working with the scientist Joseph Leidy, Hawkins designed and cast an almost complete skeleton of Hadrosaurus foulkii which was then displayed at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Supported on an iron framework in a lifelike pose, this was the world's first mounted dinosaur skeleton.\nHawkins was later commissioned to produce models for New York City's Central Park museum similar to these he had created in Sydenham. He established a studio on the original site of the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan, and planned to create a Paleozoic Museum. During his ten years in America (1868–1878), Hawkins designed exhibit halls for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and began to create an enormous paleontological museum for New York City. The museum was to have been in Central Park. His work was all destroyed in 1871 by Henry Hilton, the corrupt and bizarre-acting Treasurer and VP of Central Park, but was for many decades thought to have been the work of Hilton's employer, William \"Boss\" Tweed, a corrupt politician who wasn't adequately compensated for his patronage. However, Tweed himself was fighting scandals regarding his corrupt dealings at the time, and was later proved innocent of the destruction of Hawkins' models in 2023, when the real culprit was revealed through reexamination of historical records and annual reports and minutes. Hilton's motivations towards the vandalism are largely unknown, but may have been personal, with Hilton being purported to have told Hawkins that he \"should not bother with \"dead ...", "title": "Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_Dinosaurs", "text": "Crystal Palace Dinosaurs\n51°25′3″N 0°4′2″W / 51.41750°N 0.06722°W\nThe Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of sculptures of dinosaurs and other extinct animals in the London borough of Bromley's Crystal Palace Park. Commissioned in 1852 to accompany the Crystal Palace after its move from the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, they were unveiled in 1854 as the first dinosaur sculptures in the world. The models, inaccurate by modern standards, were designed and sculpted by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins under the scientific direction of Sir Richard Owen, representing the latest scientific knowledge at the time. The models, also known as the Geological Court or Dinosaur Court, were classed as Grade II listed buildings from 1973, extensively restored in 2002, and upgraded to Grade I listed in 2007.\nThe models represent 15 genera of extinct animals, only three of which are true dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs mainly from the Mesozoic era, and some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era. Today, the models are notable for representing the scientific inaccuracies of early palaeontology, the result of improperly reconstructed fossils and the nascent nature of the science in the 19th century,[1][2] with the Iguanodon and Megalosaurus models being particularly singled out.[3]\nHistory\n[edit]Following the closure of the Great Exhibition in October 1851, Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was bought and moved to Penge Place atop Sydenham Hill, South London, by the newly formed Crystal Palace Company.[a] The grounds that surrounded it were then extensively renovated and turned into a public park with ornamental gardens, replicas of statues and two new man-made lakes. As part of this renovation, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was commissioned to build the first-ever life-sized models of extinct animals.[5] He had originally planned to just re-create extinct mammals before deciding on building dinosaurs as well, which he did with advice from Sir Richard Owen, a celebrated anatomist and palaeontologist of the time who coined the word Dinosauria (meaning \"Terrible Reptile\" or \"Fearfully Great Reptile\").[6][7][8]\nHawkins set up a workshop on site at the park and built the models there. The dinosaurs were built full-size in clay, from which a mould was taken allowing cement sections to be cast. The larger sculptures are hollow with a brickwork interior.[9] There was also a limestone cliff to illustrate different geological strata.[10] The sculptures and the geological displays were originally called \"the Geological Court\", an extension of the set of exhibits made for the park that reconstructed historic art, including the Renaissance, Assyrian, and Egyptian Courts.[11][12]\nThe models were displayed on three islands acting as a rough timeline, the first island for the Palaeozoic era, a second for the Mesozoic, and a third for the Cenozoic. The models were given more realism by making the water level in the lake rise and fall, revealing different amounts of the dinosaurs.[13] To mark the launch of the models, Hawkins held a dinner on New Year's Eve 1853 inside the mould of one of the Iguanodon models.[14][15]\nHawkins benefited greatly from the public's reaction to the dinosaurs, which was so strong it allowed for the sale of sets of small versions of the dinosaur models, priced at £30 for educational use. But the building of the models was costly (having cost around £13,729) and in 1855, the Crystal Palace Company cut Hawkins's funding.[16] Several planned models were never made, while those half finished were scrapped, despite protest from sources including the Sunday newspaper, The Observer.[17]\nHawkins later worked on a \"Palaeozoic Museum\" in New York's Central Park, an American equivalent to the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. In May 1871 many of the exhibits in Hawkins' workshop were destroyed by vandals and their fragments buried, possibly including elements of the original El...", "title": "Crystal Palace Dinosaurs - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurus", "text": "Mosasaurus\nMosasaurus (/ˌmoʊzəˈsɔːrəs/; \"lizard of the Meuse River\") is the type genus (defining example) of the Mosasauridae, an extinct group of aquatic squamate reptiles. It lived from about 82 to 66 million years ago during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous. The genus was one of the first Mesozoic marine reptiles known to science—the first fossils of Mosasaurus were found as skulls in a chalk quarry near the Dutch city of Maastricht in the late 18th century, and were initially thought to be crocodiles or whales. One skull discovered around 1780 was famously nicknamed the \"great animal of Maastricht\". In 1808, naturalist Georges Cuvier concluded that it belonged to a giant marine lizard with similarities to monitor lizards but otherwise unlike any known living animal. This concept was revolutionary at the time and helped support the then-developing ideas of extinction. Cuvier did not designate a scientific name for the animal; this was done by William Daniel Conybeare in 1822 when he named it Mosasaurus in reference to its origin in fossil deposits near the Meuse River. The exact affinities of Mosasaurus as a squamate remain controversial, and scientists continue to debate whether its closest living relatives are monitor lizards or snakes.\nThe largest species, M. hoffmannii, is estimated to measure up to 12 meters (39 ft) in maximum length, making it one of the largest mosasaurs. The skull of Mosasaurus had robust jaws and strong muscles capable of powerful bites using dozens of large teeth adapted for cutting prey. Its four limbs were shaped into paddles to steer the animal underwater. Its tail was long and ended in a downward bend and a paddle-like fluke. Mosasaurus possessed excellent vision to compensate for its poor sense of smell, and a high metabolic rate suggesting it was endothermic (\"warm-blooded\"), an adaptation in squamates only found in mosasaurs. There is considerable morphological variability across the currently-recognized species in Mosasaurus—from the robustly-built M. hoffmannii to the slender and serpentine M. lemonnieri—but an unclear diagnosis (description of distinguishing features) of the type species M. hoffmannii led to a historically problematic classification. As a result, more than fifty species have been attributed to the genus in the past. A redescription of the type specimen in 2017 helped resolve the taxonomy issue and confirmed at least five species to be within the genus. Another five species still nominally classified within Mosasaurus are planned to be reassessed.\nFossil evidence suggests Mosasaurus inhabited much of the Atlantic Ocean and the adjacent seaways. Mosasaurus fossils have been found in North and South America, Europe, Africa, Western Asia, and Antarctica. This distribution encompassed a wide range of oceanic climates including tropical, subtropical, temperate, and subpolar. Mosasaurus was a common large predator in these oceans and was positioned at the top of the food chain. Paleontologists believe its diet would have included virtually any animal; it likely preyed on bony fish, sharks, cephalopods, birds, and other marine reptiles including sea turtles and other mosasaurs. It likely preferred to hunt in open water near the surface. From an ecological standpoint, Mosasaurus probably had a profound impact on the structuring of marine ecosystems; its arrival in some locations such as the Western Interior Seaway in North America coincides with a complete turnover of faunal assemblages and diversity. Mosasaurus faced competition with other large predatory mosasaurs such as Prognathodon and Tylosaurus—which were known to feed on similar prey—though they were able to coexist in the same ecosystems through niche partitioning. There were still conflicts among them, as an instance of Tylosaurus attacking a Mosasaurus has been documented. Several fossils document deliberate attacks on Mosasaurus individuals by members of the same species. Fighting likely t...", "title": "Mosasaurus - Wikipedia" } ]	2,667
57	The Assistant to the Regional Manager on The Office TV show (US version) has a farm. You can obtain what food colorant from the crop he grows?	Betanin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Schrute	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Schrute', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Office", "text": "The Office\nThe Office is the title of several mockumentary sitcoms based on a British series originally created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant as The Office in 2001. The original series also starred Gervais as manager and primary character David Brent. The two series were broadcast on BBC Two in 2001 and 2002, totalling 12 episodes, with two special episodes concluding the series in 2003.[1] A follow up movie (David Brent: Life on the Road) starring Gervais and featuring his David Brent character was released in 2016.\nVersions of the original were subsequently made in Germany, the United States, and many other countries.[2] The longest-running version of the series, the American adaptation, ran for nine seasons on the NBC Television Network from 2005 to 2013, with a total of 201 episodes. According to Nielsen Ratings as of April 2019, the American version of The Office was the No. 1 streamed show on Netflix in the United States.[3] A follow-up to the American version was announced in 2024 for release on Peacock,[4] and Amazon Prime Video also debuted an Australian version of The Office, featuring the franchise's first female lead character, that same year.[5]\nVersions\n[edit]Spin-offs\n[edit]Unproduced versions\n[edit]Additional versions of the show have been planned but never released. A Russian language version for Channel One with an initial run of 24 episodes was announced in 2008,[12] but had not begun production by 2018.[2] Additionally, Ricky Gervais announced plans to create a Chinese language version of the show in 2010,[13] but the show also had not begun production as of 2018.[2]\nTimeline\n[edit]Counterparts\n[edit]Roles are recorded as of each character's first appearance.\nSelected major awards\n[edit]- British version: 2005 Golden Globes for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy and Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy (Ricky Gervais); 2001, 2002 and 2003 British Academy Television Awards for Situation Comedy and Best Comedy Performance (Ricky Gervais)[14][15][16]\n- American version: 2006 Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy (Steve Carell); 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series; 2007 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series; 2007 Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels); 2009 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Jeffrey Blitz). For other awards and honors see List of awards and nominations received by The Office (American TV series)[citation needed]\n- German version: 2006 Grimme Award for Fiction/Entertainment – Series/Miniseries; 2007 Deutscher Fernsehpreis for Best Sitcom and Best Book; 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2012 Deutscher Comedypreis for Best Actor in a Comedy Series (Christoph Maria Herbst).[citation needed]\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ Unlike the other derivatives, Stromberg, the German version, was not an official adaptation of the original series but merely inspired by it. The BBC threatened legal action against the series, and a compromise was reached that Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant would receive credits in the German version.[2]\n- ^ a b From Mid-Season 6 to the conclusion of Season 8, Dunder Mifflin was a subsidiary of Sabre – a printer company. During this time, Dunder Mifflin also sold Sabre printer and printing supplies\n- ^ Lizze is employed as the Receptionist, but has character traits similar to other \"Assistant Regional Managers\"\n- ^ Greta is employed in Sales, but is in the story role of being the Senior Sale Rep's love interest.\n- ^ In The Office Saudi Arabia, the receptionists' fiancé is replaced with the receptionists' brother to comply with Sharia law.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Morris, Lauren (9 July 2021). \"How The Office changed the face of sitcoms\". Radio Times. Retrieved 31 May 2023.\n- ^ a b c d \"The Office: 10 David Brents from around the world\". 20 February 2018. Archived from the original on 9 ...", "title": "The Office - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Schrute", "text": "Dwight Schrute\nDwight Kurt Schrute III (/ˈʃruːt/) is a character on the American television series The Office and is portrayed by American actor Rainn Wilson. Dwight is a salesman and assistant to Michael Scott,[1] at the fictional paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, before his promotions in later seasons of the show. He also runs a bed and breakfast at Schrute Farms, is a beet plantation owner, and in Season 7, becomes the owner of the business park in which Dunder Mifflin is located.\nThroughout the series, Dwight repeatedly attempts to become regional manager of the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin by serving dutifully under the regional manager character Michael Scott.\nThe character is based on Gareth Keenan from the original British version of the show, who was played by actor Mackenzie Crook. Notably, Dwight is the only character who has both appeared and had dialogue in every episode of the series.\nActor Rainn Wilson received three nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of the character.\nCasting\n[edit]Dwight Schrute is portrayed by American actor Rainn Wilson. Other actors that auditioned for the part were Seth Rogen, Matt Besser, Judah Friedlander and Patton Oswalt.[2][3]\nAll original series characters from the UK version of The Office were adapted for the US version of the show. Wilson watched every episode of the original British series, and was a fan before he auditioned for the U.S. version.[4] Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael Scott, a performance he described as a \"terrible Gervais impersonation\".[4] However, the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much better and hired him for the role. Wilson based Dwight's hairstyle on the style he himself had when at the age of sixteen.[4] In an interview, he said that he went to a barber to get \"the worst haircut possible\".[5]\nCharacter information\n[edit]When the series begins, Dwight Schrute is a competent salesman at the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin. Dwight formally holds the title of \"Assistant to the Regional Manager\"[6] but constantly refers to himself as \"Assistant Regional Manager\", attempting to elevate himself to second-in-command to branch manager Michael Scott. Dwight craves authority over his co-workers and relishes any minor task that Michael or anyone else will give him.[4]\nAlthough Dwight acts superior to many individuals and is often good in crisis, he is shown to actually be quite gullible, ignorant, and naive.[4] For this reason, he is easily tricked and pranked by his coworker Jim Halpert.[7] Dwight often speaks in a halting, intense manner, even in casual conversations.[4] At the office, his most recurring business wear is a mustard-colored, short-sleeved shirt with a dark necktie and a brown suit jacket. He often uses one-upmanship to better himself over his peers, such as boasting about how he trains specific parts of his body. Dwight will sometimes engage in jokes and games in attempts to please Michael, but often fails to do so because of Michael's perception of himself as the jokester of the workplace.\nDwight is a former volunteer sheriff deputy,[8] but had had to step down after breaking his pledge to help his boss, Michael, illegally pass a drug test by giving him his urine in the episode \"Drug Testing.\" He is also a notary public; this creates difficulties when Angela desires to send him a notarized letter regarding their break-up. He lives on his family's beet farm alongside his cousin, Mose (played by producer/writer Michael Schur). Dwight has affinities for paintball, ping pong, survivalism, Goju Ryu karate[9] and weapons.\nDwight also shows affinity for various science fiction and fantasy works; notably Battlestar Galactica, Star Wars, Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter.\nIn an episode commentary on the season 1 DVD, Wilson refers to Dwight as a \"fascist nerd.\" In a feature on the season 3 DVD, Wilson describes Dwight as \"someone who does no...", "title": "Dwight Schrute - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetroot", "text": "Beetroot\nBeetroot or beet[a] is the taproot portion of a Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris plant in the Conditiva Group.[1] The plant is a root vegetable also known as the table beet, garden beet, or dinner beet, or else categorized by color as red beet or golden beet. Its leaves constitute a leaf vegetable called beet greens. It is native to the Azores, Western Europe to the Mediterranean and India.[2] Beetroot can be eaten raw, roasted, steamed, or boiled. Beetroot can also be canned, either whole or cut up, and often are pickled, spiced, or served in a sweet-and-sour sauce.[3]\nIt is one of several cultivated varieties of Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris grown for their edible taproots or leaves, classified as belonging to the Conditiva Group.[4] Other cultivars of the same subspecies include the sugar beet, the leaf vegetable known as spinach beet (Swiss chard), and the fodder crop mangelwurzel.\nEtymology\n[edit]Beta is the ancient Latin name for beetroot,[5] possibly of Celtic origin, becoming bete in Old English.[6] Root derives from the late Old English rōt, itself from Old Norse rót.[7]\nHistory\n[edit]The domestication of beetroot can be traced to the emergence of an allele that enables biennial harvesting of leaves and taproot.[8] Beetroot was domesticated in the ancient Middle East, primarily for their greens, and were grown by the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. By the Roman era, it is thought that they were also cultivated for their roots. From the Middle Ages, beetroot was used to treat various conditions, especially illnesses relating to digestion and the blood. Bartolomeo Platina recommended taking beetroot with garlic to nullify the effects of \"garlic-breath\".[9]\nDuring the middle of the 17th century, wine often was colored with beetroot juice.[10]\nFood shortages in Europe following World War I caused great hardships, including cases of mangelwurzel disease, as relief workers called it. It was symptomatic of eating only beetroot.[11]\nBeetroot was grown in many victory gardens during World War II, in part because the species was seen as an indicator of soil pH with good growth a sign that soil acidity was not too strong.[12]\nCulinary use\n[edit]Usually, the deep purple roots of beetroot are eaten boiled, roasted, or raw, and either alone or combined with any salad vegetable. The green, leafy portion of the beetroot is also edible. The young leaves can be added raw to salads, while the mature leaves are most commonly served boiled or steamed, in which case they have a taste and texture similar to spinach. Beetroot can be roasted, boiled or steamed, peeled, and then eaten warm with or without butter; cooked, pickled, and then eaten cold as a condiment; or peeled, shredded raw, and then eaten as a salad. Pickled beetroot is a traditional food in many countries.[citation needed]\nAustralia and New Zealand\n[edit]In Australia and New Zealand, sliced pickled beetroot is a common ingredient in traditional hamburgers.[13]\nEastern Europe\n[edit]In Eastern Europe, beetroot soup, such as borscht [Ukrainian] and barszcz czerwony [Polish], is common. In Ukraine, a related dish called shpundra is also common; this hearty beetroot stew, often made with pork belly or ribs, is sometimes referred to as a thicker version of borscht. In Poland and Ukraine, beetroot is combined with horseradish to form ćwikła or бурячки (buryachky), which is traditionally eaten with cold cuts and sandwiches, but often also added to a meal consisting of meat and potatoes.\nSimilarly, in Serbia, beetroot (referred to by the local name cvekla) is used as a winter salad, seasoned with salt and vinegar, with meat dishes.\nAs an addition to horseradish, it is also used to produce the \"red\" variety of chrain, a condiment in Ashkenazi Jewish, Hungarian, Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, and Ukrainian cuisine.\nCold beetroot soup called ŝaltibarščiai is often eaten in Lithuania. Traditionally it consists of kefir, boiled beetroot, cucumber, dill, spring onions and can be e...", "title": "Beetroot - Wikipedia" } ]	2,838
58	How many Pokemon World Championships occurred in the contiguous United States during the presidency of Barack Obama?	- Five Pokemon World Championships took place in the contiguous United States during Barack Obama's presidency - The championships tournaments were 2009 (San Diego, California), 2011 (San Diego, California), 2014 (Washington, D.C.), 2015 (Boston, Massachusetts) and 2016 (San Francisco, California)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_World_Championships", "text": "Pokémon World Championships\nThe Pokémon World Championships is an invite-only esports event organized by Play! Pokémon. It is held annually in August and features games from the Pokémon series such as the Pokémon video games, Pokémon Trading Card Game, Pokémon Go, Pokémon Unite and Pokkén Tournament (until its 2022 edition). Players earn invitations to the World Championships based on their performance in qualifiers and other tournaments held throughout the season and compete for scholarship money, prizes and the title of World Champion. With the exception of Asia, invitations to the World Championships are administered by the Play! Pokémon program.\nHistory\n[edit]The Pokémon World Championships first began with the Pokémon Trading Card Game (TCG) in 2004, which was around the time that the franchise was regaining its popularity.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] In 2008, Play! Pokémon began to organize competitive tournaments for the Pokémon video game series alongside the TCG, which is collectively known as the Video Game Championships (VGC). Like the TCG Championships, players compete with other players in their own age divisions (i.e. Junior, Senior and Masters) in different Premier Tournaments, and the season culminates with the best players earning an invitation to play the Pokémon World Championships in August. The tournaments in VGC were played with a different game each year, mainly the latest Pokémon game from its main series, up until 2025. From 2026, all VGC tournaments will be played on Pokémon Champions.[8]\nIn 2016, Play! Pokémon announced that Pokkén Tournament would have its own championship series and would be played at the Pokémon World Championships.[9] From 2018 onward, Pokkén Tournament DX was used to support its qualifiers and competitions.\nIn 2019, it was announced that the 2020 Pokémon World Championships would take place in London, United Kingdom,[10][11] the first time in which the World Championships would be held in a location outside of North America. This is likely due to the setting of Pokémon Sword and Shield, which takes place in a region inspired by the United Kingdom known as the Galar region, and that is the set of games that would be played by the video game division of the World Championships.\nOn March 31, 2020, Play! Pokémon cancelled the 2020 Pokémon World Championships and suspended its 2020 season due to health concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic.[12][13] This came after earlier announcements in March which saw the cancellation of the 2020 European International Championships[14][15] and part of its season between March and June 2020.[16][17] On February 9, 2021, it was announced that the 2021 Pokémon World Championships would postponed till 2022 for the same reasons.[18]\nIn early January 2022, it was confirmed that Pokémon Unite would be played at the World Championships, making it the newest MOBA game to have an official esports tournament, after League of Legends.\nIn May 2022, after six seasons of competitions, Play! Pokémon announced the end of the Pokkén Tournament Championship Series after the 2022 season.\nAt the 2022 edition of the event, it was announced that the 2023 World Championships will take place in Yokohama, Japan (the basis of Vermilion City in the Kanto region). When the 2023 event took place, it was the first World Championships to visit the franchise's country of origin and take place in Asia.\nAt the end of the 2023 event, The Pokémon Company announced that the Pokémon World Championships would return to Hawaii for the first time since the previous World Championships in the state was held back in 2012.[19] The 2025 event was held in Anaheim, California and was the first edition of the tournament to have Championship Sunday held at an arena.\nWorld Championship locations\n[edit]Despite Pokémon being a Japanese product, only one World Championship (2023) was held in Japan. 17 of the 19 remaining events were held in the United States.\nQualification\n[edit]The qualifying process for th...", "title": "Pokémon World Championships - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama", "text": "Barack Obama\nBarack Hussein Obama II[a] (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.\nBorn in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama graduated from Columbia University in 1983 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and later worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. He became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. In 1996, Obama was elected to represent the 13th district in the Illinois Senate, a position he held until 2004, when he successfully ran for the U.S. Senate. In the 2008 presidential election, after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton, he was nominated by the Democratic Party for president. Obama selected Joe Biden as his running mate and defeated Republican nominee John McCain and his running mate Sarah Palin.\nObama was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize for efforts in international diplomacy, a decision which drew both criticism and praise. During his first term, his administration responded to the 2008 financial crisis with measures including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 to address the Great Recession; a partial extension of the Bush tax cuts; legislation to reform health care; and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, a major financial regulation reform bill. Obama also appointed Supreme Court justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, the former being the first Hispanic American on the Supreme Court. Obama also oversaw the end of the Iraq War and ordered Operation Neptune Spear, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for the September 11 attacks. He downplayed Bush's counterinsurgency model by expanding air strikes and making extensive use of special forces, while encouraging greater reliance on host-government militaries. Obama also ordered the 2011 military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, contributing to the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi.\nObama defeated Republican opponent Mitt Romney and his running mate Paul Ryan in the 2012 presidential election. In his second term, Obama advocated for gun control in the wake of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. He took steps to combat climate change by signing the Paris Agreement on climate change and an executive order to limit carbon emissions, and presided over the implementation of the Affordable Care Act and other legislation passed in his first term. Obama initiated sanctions against Russia following its invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections. He also ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL following the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, negotiated the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (a nuclear agreement with Iran), and normalized relations with Cuba. The number of American soldiers in Afghanistan decreased during Obama's second term, though U.S. soldiers remained in the country throughout his presidency. Obama promoted inclusion for LGBT Americans, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to publicly support same-sex marriage.\nObama left office in 2017 with high approval ratings both within the United States and among foreign advisories. He continues to reside in Washington, D.C.,[2] and remains politically active, campaigning for candidates in various American elections, including in Biden's successful presidential bid in the 2020 presidential election. Outside politics, Obama has published three books: Dreams from My Father (1995), The Audacity of Hope (2006), and A Promised...", "title": "Barack Obama - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States", "text": "Contiguous United States\nThe contiguous United States, also known as the U.S. mainland, officially referred to as the conterminous United States, consists of the 48 adjoining U.S. states and the District of Columbia of the United States in central North America.[1][2] The term excludes the only two non-contiguous states and the last two to be admitted to the Union, which are Alaska and Hawaii, and all other offshore insular areas, such as the U.S. territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.[3][4] The colloquial term Lower 48 is also used, especially in relation to Alaska.[5] The term The Mainland is used in Hawaii. The related but distinct term continental United States includes Alaska, which is also in North America, but separated from the 48 states by British Columbia in Canada, but excludes Hawaii and all the insular areas in the Caribbean and the Pacific.[1][6]\nThe greatest distance on a great-circle route entirely within the contiguous U.S. is 2,802 miles (4,509 km), coast-to-coast between Florida and Washington state;[7] the greatest north–south line is 1,650 miles (2,660 km).[8] The contiguous United States occupies an area of 3,119,884.69 square miles (8,080,464.3 km2). Of this area, 2,959,064.44 square miles (7,663,941.7 km2) is actual land, composing 83.65 percent of the country's total land area, and is comparable in size to the area of Australia.[9] Officially, 160,820.25 square miles (416,522.5 km2) of the contiguous United States is water area, composing 62.66 percent of the nation's total water area.\nIf just the contiguous United States were a country, it would be fifth on the list of countries and dependencies by area, behind Russia, Canada, China, and Brazil. However, the total area of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, ranks third or fourth. Brazil is 166,000 square miles (431,000 km2) larger than the contiguous United States, but smaller than the entire United States, including Alaska, Hawaii, and overseas territories. The 2020 U.S. census population of the area was 328,571,074, comprising 99.13 percent of the nation's total population, and a density of 111.04 inhabitants/sq mi (42.872/km2), compared to 93.844/sq mi (36.233/km2) for the nation as a whole.[10]\nOther terms\n[edit]While conterminous U.S. has the precise meaning of contiguous U.S. (both adjectives meaning \"sharing a common boundary\"), other terms commonly used to describe the 48 contiguous states have a greater degree of ambiguity.\nContinental and mainland United States\n[edit]Because Alaska is also a part of North America, the term continental United States also includes that state, so the term is qualified with the explicit inclusion of Alaska to resolve any ambiguity.[3][11][12][13] On May 14, 1959, the United States Board on Geographic Names issued the following definitions based partially on the reference in the Alaska Omnibus Bill, which defined the continental United States as \"the 49 States on the North American Continent and the District of Columbia...\" The Board reaffirmed these definitions on May 13, 1999.[1] However, even before Alaska became a state, it was properly included within the continental U.S. due to being an incorporated territory.[14]\nThe term mainland United States is sometimes used synonymously with continental United States, but technically refers only to those parts of states connected to the landmass of North America, thereby excluding not only Hawaii and overseas insular areas, but also islands which are part of continental states but separated from the mainland, such as the Aleutian Islands (Alaska), San Juan Islands (Washington), the Channel Islands (California), the Keys (Florida), the barrier islands (Gulf and East Coast states), and Long Island (New York).[15]\nCONUS and OCONUS\n[edit]CONUS, a technical term used by the U.S. Department of Defense, General Services Administration, NOAA/National Weather Service, and others, has been defined...", "title": "Contiguous United States - Wikipedia" } ]	2,775
59	Put these historical events in chronological order, starting with the earliest: The Beatles play Ed Sullivan, the fall of the Berlin Wall, The Great Depression, Atlanta Summer Games, World War I.	World War I, The Great Depression, The Beatles play Ed Sullivan, the fall of the Berlin Wall, Atlanta Summer Games.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall#:~:text=The%20fall%20of%20the%20Berlin,restrictions%20were%20overwhelmed%20and%20discarded.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression	null	null	null	null	null	null	Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall#:~:text=The%20fall%20of%20the%20Berlin,restrictions%20were%20overwhelmed%20and%20discarded.', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I", "text": "World War I\nWorld War I,[d] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Major areas of conflict included Europe and the Middle East, as well as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific. The war saw important developments in weaponry including tanks, aircraft, artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons. One of the deadliest conflicts in history, it resulted in an estimated 30 million military casualties, and 8 million civilian deaths from war-related causes and genocide. The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the deadly Spanish flu pandemic.\nThe causes of World War I included the rise of the German Empire and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the long-standing balance of power in Europe, the exacerbation of imperial rivalries, and an arms race between the great powers. Growing tensions in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914 when Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia, and declared war on 28 July. After Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, Germany declared war on Russia and France, who had an alliance. The United Kingdom entered the war after Germany invaded Belgium, and the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in November. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France before transferring its forces to the east, but its advance was halted in September, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a near-continuous line of trenches from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side gained a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others entered the war from 1915 onward.\nMajor battles, including those at Verdun, the Somme, and Passchendaele, failed to break the stalemate on the Western Front. In April 1917, the United States joined the Allies after Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in the October Revolution; Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched a spring offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. The Allied Hundred Days Offensive, beginning in August 1918, caused a collapse of the German front line. Following the Vardar Offensive, Bulgaria signed an armistice in late September. By early November, the Allies had signed armistices with the Ottomans and with Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany isolated. Facing a revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.\nThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman empires led to new national boundaries and the creation of new independent states including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.\nNames\nBefore World War II, the events of 1914–1918 were commonly referred to as the Great War or simply the World War.[3] In August 1914, The Independent stated, \"This is the Great War. It names itself.\"[4] That same year, Maclean's noted, \"Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War.\"[5] In the decade after its end, many hoped it would be \"the war to end all wars,\" because of its unprecedented destructiveness and death toll.[6] T...", "title": "World War I - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics", "text": "1996 Summer Olympics\nThe 1996 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, also known as Atlanta 1996 and commonly referred to as the Centennial Olympic Games)[3][4][5] were an international multi-sport event held from July 19 to August 4, 1996, in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. These were the fourth Summer Olympics to be hosted by the United States, making it the first country to have three different cities host the Summer Olympics.[6] It also marked the 100th anniversary of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, the inaugural edition of the modern Olympic Games. These were also the first Summer Olympics to be held in a different year than the Winter Olympics since the same time practice commenced in 1924, as part of a new IOC practice implemented in 1994 to hold the Summer and Winter Games in alternating, even-numbered years. The 1996 Games were the first of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country, preceding the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia. These were also the last Summer Olympics to be held in North America until 2028, when Los Angeles will host the games for the third time.\n10,318 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees competed in 26 sports, including the Olympic debuts of beach volleyball, mountain biking and softball, as well as the new disciplines of lightweight rowing, women's swimming 4 x 200 freestyle relay, women's fencing, team rhythmic gymnastics, and women's association football. A total of 24 countries made their Summer Olympic debuts in Atlanta, including 11 former Soviet republics participating for the first time as independent nations. With a total of 101 medals, the United States topped both the gold and overall medal count for the first time since 1984 (and for the first time since 1968 in a non-boycotted Summer Olympics), also winning the most gold (44) and silver (32) medals out of all the participating nations. Notable performances during the competition included those of Andre Agassi, whose gold medal in these Games would be followed up with the French Open title in 1999, making him the first men's singles tennis player to complete the Career Golden Slam; Donovan Bailey, who set a new world record of 9.84 for the men's 100 meters; Lilia Podkopayeva, who became the second gymnast to win an individual event gold medal after winning the all-around title in the same Olympics; and the Magnificent Seven, who dramatically won the first ever U.S. gold medal in the women's artistic gymnastics team all-around.[7]\nThe Games were marred by violence on July 27, 1996, when a pipe bomb was detonated at Centennial Olympic Park (which had been built to serve as a public focal point for the festivities), killing two and injuring 111. Years later, Eric Rudolph confessed to the bombing and a series of related terrorist attacks, and was sentenced to life in prison. Nonetheless, the 1996 Olympics turned a profit, helped by record revenue from sponsorship deals and broadcast rights, and a reliance on private funding, among other factors. There were 8.3 million tickets sold for events at this Olympics, a record broken only in 2024. There was some criticism of the perceived over-commercialization of the Games, with other issues raised by European officials, such as the availability of food and transport. The event had a lasting impact on the city; Centennial Olympic Park led a revitalization of Atlanta's downtown area, and has served as a symbol of the legacy of the 1996 Games; the Olympic Village buildings have since been used as residential housing for area universities; and Centennial Olympic Stadium has since been redeveloped twice, first as the Turner Field baseball stadium, then as the Center Parc American football stadium.\nBidding process\n[edit]Atlanta was selected on September 18, 1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. The city entered the competition as a dark horse, b...", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall#:~:text=The%20fall%20of%20the%20Berlin,restrictions%20were%20overwhelmed%20and%20discarded.", "text": "Fall of the Berlin Wall\nThe Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989 during the Peaceful Revolution, marking the beginning of the destruction of the figurative Iron Curtain, as East Berlin transit restrictions were overwhelmed and discarded. Sections of the wall were breached, and planned deconstruction began the following June. It was one of the series of events that started the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. The fall of the inner German border took place shortly afterward. An end to the Cold War was declared at the Malta Summit in early December, and German reunification took place in October the following year.\nBackground\n[edit]Opening of the Iron Curtain\n[edit]The opening of the Iron Curtain between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic on 19 August 1989 set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an East Germany and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by Otto von Habsburg to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary. Erich Honecker dictated to the Daily Mirror for the Pan-European Picnic: \"Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West.\" The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. Thus the bracket of the Eastern Bloc was broken.[2][3][4][5][6][7]\nFollowing the summer of 1989, by early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia or via the West German embassy in Prague. On 30 September, following negotiations with East Germany and the Soviet Union, the West German Foreign Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher went to the Prague embassy to personally inform the thousands of refugees that they were allowed to leave for West Germany. His speech from the embassy's balcony, which included the line, \"Wir sind zu Ihnen gekommen, um Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass heute Ihre Ausreise...\" (\"We came to you, to let you know that today, your departure...\") was met with loud cheers and jubilations. The next day, the first of the embassy refugees left Prague for Bavaria.[8][9]\nThe emigration was initially tolerated because of long-standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government, allowing free travel across their common border. However, this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries. In addition, East Germany was struggling to meet loan payments on foreign borrowings; Egon Krenz sent Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski to unsuccessfully ask West Germany for a short-term loan to make interest payments.[10]: 344\nProtection of the wall\n[edit]The Berlin Wall was made up of two walls. Both walls were 4 metres tall and had a length of 155 kilometres. They were separated by a mined corridor called the death strip. This strip was heavily guarded and included 302 watchtowers (by 1989). Guards had authorization to shoot people who attempted to go through this strip.[11][12]\nPolitical changes in East Germany\n[edit]On 18 October 1989, longtime Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) leader Erich Honecker stepped down in favor of Krenz. Honecker had been seriously ill, and those looking to replace him were initially willing to wait for a \"biological solution\", but by October were convinced that the political and economic situation was too grave.[10]: 339 Honecker approved the choice, naming Krenz in his resignation speech,[13] and the Volkskammer duly elected him. Although Krenz promised reforms in his first public speech,[14] he was considered by the East German public to be following his predecessor's policies, and public protests demanding his resignation continued.[10]: 347 Despite promises of reform...", "title": "Fall of the Berlin Wall - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles", "text": "The Beatles\nThe Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The core lineup of the band comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are widely regarded as the most influential band in popular music and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and the recognition of popular music as an art form.[2][3] Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways. The band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements.[4]\nLed by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the Beatles evolved from Lennon's previous group, the Quarrymen, and built their reputation by playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg, Germany, starting in 1960. The core trio of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, together since 1958, went through a succession of drummers before inviting Starr to join them in 1962. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin developed their recordings, greatly expanding their domestic success after they signed with EMI and achieved their first hit, \"Love Me Do\", in late 1962. As their popularity grew into the intense fan frenzy dubbed \"Beatlemania\", the band acquired the nickname \"the Fab Four\". By early 1964, the Beatles were international stars and had achieved unprecedented levels of critical and commercial success. They became a leading force in Britain's cultural resurgence, ushering in the British Invasion of the United States pop market. They soon made their film debut with A Hard Day's Night (1964).\nA growing desire to refine their studio efforts, coupled with the challenging nature of their concert tours, led to the band's retirement from live performances in 1966. During this time, they produced albums of greater sophistication, including Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). They enjoyed further commercial success with The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). The success of these records heralded the album era, increased public interest in psychedelic drugs and Eastern spirituality, and furthered advancements in electronic music, album art and music videos. In 1968, they founded Apple Corps, a multi-armed multimedia corporation that continues to oversee projects related to the band's legacy. After the group's break-up in 1970, all principal former members enjoyed success as solo artists. While some partial reunions occurred over the next decade, the four members never reunited. Lennon was murdered in 1980 and Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001; McCartney and Starr remain musically active.\nThe Beatles are the best-selling music act of all time, with estimated sales of 600 million units worldwide.[5][6] They are the most successful act in the history of the US Billboard charts,[7] with the most number-one singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart (20), and they hold the record for most number-one albums on the UK Albums Chart (15) and most singles sold in the UK (21.9 million). The band received many accolades, including eight Grammy Awards, four Brit Awards, an Academy Award (for Best Original Song Score for the 1970 documentary film Let It Be) and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in their first year of eligibility, 1988, and each principal member was individually inducted between 1994 and 2015. In 2004 and 2011, the group topped Rolling Stone's lists of the greatest artists in history. Time magazine named them among the 20th century's 100 most important people.\nHistory\n1956–1963: Formation\nThe Quarrymen and name changes\nIn November 1956, sixteen-yea...", "title": "The Beatles - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression", "text": "Great Depression\nThe Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and business failures around the world. The economic contagion began in 1929 in the United States, the largest economy in the world, with the devastating Wall Street crash of 1929 often considered the beginning of the Depression. Among the countries with the most unemployed were the U.S., the United Kingdom, and Germany.\nThe Depression was preceded by a period of industrial growth and social development known as the \"Roaring Twenties\". Much of the profit generated by the boom was invested in speculation, such as on the stock market, contributing to growing wealth inequality. Banks were subject to minimal regulation, resulting in loose lending and widespread debt. By 1929, declining spending had led to reductions in manufacturing output and rising unemployment. Share values continued to rise until the October 1929 crash, after which the slide continued until July 1932, accompanied by a loss of confidence in the financial system. By 1933, the U.S. unemployment rate had risen to 25%, about one-third of farmers had lost their land, and 9,000 of its 25,000 banks had gone out of business. President Herbert Hoover was unwilling to intervene heavily in the economy, and in 1930 he signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, which worsened the Depression. In the 1932 presidential election, Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who from 1933 pursued a set of expansive New Deal programs in order to provide relief and create jobs. In Germany, which depended heavily on U.S. loans, the crisis caused unemployment to rise to nearly 30% and fueled political extremism, paving the way for Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party to rise to power in 1933.\nBetween 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%; in the U.S., the Depression resulted in a 30% contraction in GDP.[1] Recovery varied greatly around the world. Some economies, such as the U.S., Germany and Japan started to recover by the mid-1930s; others, like France, did not return to pre-shock growth rates until later in the decade.[2] The Depression had devastating economic effects on both wealthy and poor countries: all experienced drops in personal income, prices (deflation), tax revenues, and profits. International trade fell by more than 50%, and unemployment in some countries rose as high as 33%.[3] Cities around the world, especially those dependent on heavy industry, were heavily affected. Construction virtually halted in many countries, and farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by up to 60%.[4][5][6] Faced with plummeting demand and few job alternatives, areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most.[7] The outbreak of World War II in 1939 ended the Depression, as it stimulated factory production, providing jobs for women as militaries absorbed large numbers of young, unemployed men.\nThe precise causes for the Great Depression are disputed. One set of historians, for example, focuses on non-monetary economic causes. Among these, some regard the Wall Street crash itself as the main cause; others consider that the crash was a mere symptom of more general economic trends of the time, which had already been underway in the late 1920s.[3][8] A contrasting set of views, which rose to prominence in the later part of the 20th century,[9] ascribes a more prominent role to failures of monetary policy. According to those authors, while general economic trends can explain the emergence of the downturn, they fail to account for its severity and longevity; they argue that these were caused by the lack of an adequate response to the crises of liquidity that followed the initial economic shock of 1929 and the subsequent bank failures accompanied by a general collapse of the financia...", "title": "Great Depression - Wikipedia" } ]	4,500
60	This individual won a Best Director Award at the 33rd Japan Academy Prize ceremony and is known for having directed a film that briefly surpassed the Godfather as the highest-grossing film in Japan for a short time. Which film was longer - The Godfather or his film - and by how many minutes?	The Godfather (1972) was longer than Submersion in Japan (1973) by 32 minutes.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize", "text": "The Japan Academy Film Prize (日本アカデミー賞, Nippon Akademii-shou), often called the Japan Academy Prize, the Japan Academy Awards, and the Japanese Academy Awards, is a series of awards given annually since 1978 by the Japan Academy Film Prize Association (日本アカデミー賞協会, Nippon Akademii-shou Kyoukai) for excellence in Japanese film. Award categories are similar to the Academy Awards.\nSince 1998, the venue is regularly held at the Grand Prince Hotel New Takanawa of Prince Hotels in Takanawa, Minato-ku, Tokyo. Admission tickets for this award ceremony are also sold to regular customers.\nAs of 2015, there is a charge of 40,000 Yen which includes a French cuisine course dinner named after the award ceremony. Spectators are expected to attend in semi-formal attire. Elementary school students and younger are not permitted.[1]\nThe winners are selected from the recipients of the Award for Excellence.[2] The award statue of the winner measures 27 cm × 11 cm × 11 cm (10.7 in × 4.4 in × 4.4 in).[3] The recipients of the Award for Excellence receive a smaller statue.\nTakuya Kimura, “Love and Honor (2006 film)”, declined the Best Actor Award. In addition, “Hula Girl” (production / distribution: Cinekanon) won the Best Film Award since “Zigeunerweisen (film)” (4th) as an independent production and distribution.\nAdditionally, Junichi Okada won the Best Actor in The Eternal Zero and Best Supporting Actor in A Samurai Chronicle.[12]\nFor the first time at the 40th time, an animation work won the Best Screenplay Award.\nDirector Hirokazu Kore-eda of \"The Third Murder\" won the Best Editorial Award, Best Editing Award and Best Screenplay Award at the same time.", "title": "Japan Academy Film Prize - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisaku_Kimura", "text": "Daisaku Kimura\nAppearance\nDaisaku Kimura (木村大作, Kimura Daisaku) is a Japanese film director and cinematographer.\nOverviews\n[edit]He won the award for best director at the 33rd Japan Academy Prize for Mt. Tsurugidake.[1]\nFilmography\n[edit]- Submersion of Japan (1973)\n- Mt. Tsurugidake\n- Climbing to Spring (2014)\n- Samurai's Promise (2018)\nHonours\n[edit]- Person of Cultural Merit (2020)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"第 33 回日本アカデミー賞優秀作品\" (in Japanese). Japan Academy Prize. Retrieved 2010-12-14.\nExternal links\n[edit]", "title": "Daisaku Kimura - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion_of_Japan", "text": "Submersion of Japan\nSubmersion of Japan[1] (日本沈没, Nihon Chinbotsu; lit. \"Japan Sinks\") is a Japanese disaster film directed by Shiro Moritani in 1973.[1] It is based on the 1973 novel Japan Sinks by Sakyo Komatsu.[3][1] The film stars Keiju Kobayashi, Hiroshi Fujioka and Ayumi Ishida.[4]\nPlot\n[edit]Geophysicist Dr. Tadokoro and Onodera Toshio take the submarine Wadatsumi-1 to the Ogasawara Islands, in order to investigate tremors in the seafloor. They discover that the land mass of the Japanese islands is collapsing into the Japan Trench.\nAfterward, Onodera is introduced to Abe Reiko, and the two become lovers. Relaxing on the beach, they witness an eruption of Mount Amagi. A meeting of government officials, including Prime Minister Yamamoto, focuses on assessing the disaster. Tadokoro warns that more eruptions and earthquakes are imminent, but his claims are rejected as alarmist. He later meets with a mysterious wealthy man named Mr. Watari, who agrees to fund the doctor's research expeditions. With this funding, he develops a course of action to address a nationwide earthquake disaster. During a meeting to secure a research submarine from France, Mount Kirishima erupts.\nOnodera leaves his job as a submarine pilot to help Tadokoro full-time. Further research verifies that the Japanese archipelago will be pulled into the ocean. This is immediately followed by a massive earthquake in Tokyo causing immense damage and 3,000,000 deaths.\nThree months later, Tokyo is slowly recovering. Yamamoto, who lost his wife in the earthquake, works closely with Watari and Tadokoro's team. Their assessment is that another even larger earthquake is on the horizon.\nTadokoro and his team meet with Watari at his secluded mountainside home. Tadokoro reveals his two-phase plan: D1-investigating seismic activity in the Japan Trench, and D2-an evacuation of the Japanese islands. Yamamoto negotiates with countries to accept refugees. Watari describes three options for Plan D2. One is the formation of a new country, a second is immigration and integration into other countries, and a third is a non-response that means passive acceptance of Japan's fate. Onodera, drunk and agonizing over the public's ignorance of the impending disaster, meets Reiko for the first time since the Tokyo earthquake.\nThe Japan Meteorological Agency reveals devastating news; the original two-year timeline for Japan's sinking is inaccurate, shrinking to just 10 months. Immigration negotiations are sped up, though countries such as South Korea, China and Taiwan are refusing to participate. Shipping and air transport production are increased, and a full announcement of Japan’s fate is released to the public nationwide. Onodera plans to marry Reiko and meet her in Geneva, but they are separated when a new earthquake triggers an eruption of Mount Fuji.\nA United Nations summit discusses possible locations for Japan's population. In two months, 2.8 million Japanese have successfully evacuated; the low number frustrates Yamamoto. Japan's sinking accelerates, with the Kii Peninsula and Shikoku submerged. The United States, China and the Soviet Union agree to accept large numbers of refugees, but evacuation estimates only increase to eight million per month. The Sanriku coast, Tōhoku region, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Okinawa are submerged. Sixty-three million Japanese remain on the archipelago, 57% of the original population.\nEleven days before Japan is expected to completely sink, Onodera is shown engaged in rescue efforts, while hoping to reunite with Reiko. Yamamoto later announces a cessation of all JSDF rescue operations.\nWatari, on his deathbed, has a final meeting with Tadokoro and Yamamoto. Tadokoro states that he will remain in Japan until the end, and expresses his confidence in Yamamoto's leadership with the Japanese people's uncertain future. Just as a helicopter takes Yamamoto to safety, almost all of Japan has sunk into the ocean. Months later, Reiko is riding in a passenger train...", "title": "Submersion of Japan - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather", "text": "The Godfather\nThe Godfather is a 1972 American epic gangster film[2][3][4] directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who co-wrote the screenplay with Mario Puzo based on Puzo's best-selling 1969 novel. The film features an ensemble cast that includes Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte and Diane Keaton. It is the first installment in The Godfather trilogy, which chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando) and the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.\nParamount Pictures obtained the rights to the novel for $80,000, before it gained popularity.[5][6] Studio executives had trouble finding a director; the first few candidates turned down the position before Coppola signed on to direct the film, but disagreement followed over casting several characters, in particular Vito (Brando) and Michael (Pacino). Filming took place primarily in locations around New York City and Sicily, and it was completed ahead of schedule. The score was composed principally by Nino Rota, with additional pieces by Carmine Coppola.\nThe Godfather premiered at the Loew's State Theatre on March 14, 1972, and was widely released in the United States on March 24, 1972. It was the highest-grossing film of 1972, and was for a time the highest-grossing film ever made, earning between $250 and $291 million at the box office. The film was acclaimed by critics and audiences, who praised its performances—particularly those of Brando and Pacino—direction, screenplay, story, cinematography, editing, score, and portrayal of the mafia. The Godfather launched the successful careers of Coppola, Pacino, and other relative newcomers in the cast and crew. At the 45th Academy Awards, the film won Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), and Best Adapted Screenplay (for Puzo and Coppola). In addition, the seven other Oscar nominations included Pacino, Caan, and Duvall, all for Best Supporting Actor, and Coppola for Best Director.\nThe Godfather is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made, as well as a landmark of the gangster genre.[7] It was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 1990, being deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" and is ranked the second-greatest film in American cinema (behind Citizen Kane) by the American Film Institute. It was followed by sequels The Godfather Part II (1974) and The Godfather Part III (1990).\nPlot\n[edit]Michael is a young World War II veteran and son of Don Vito Corleone, the head of the Corleone mafia family and de facto 'godfather' of the Five Families. Michael has managed to stay out of the family business, run largely by his father, his oldest brother Santino a.k.a. Sonny, and adoptive brother Tom Hagen, who is the family's counselor or consigliere. At his sister Connie's wedding to Carlo Rizzi, Michael introduces his family to his girlfriend, Kay Adams.\nApproaching Christmas, Michael becomes embroiled in family affairs when Vito is gunned down by two assailants. Vito had earlier refused to offer protection to drug baron, Virgil \"The Turk\" Sollozzo, for dealing narcotics in the city. Sollozzo has the support of the Tattaglia family, who also take down notorious Corleone enforcer, Luca Brasi. While Vito survives the attempt and recovers at the hospital, Sonny takes over the family as acting boss. He has Michael live at the house for his protection, as a successful hit on Bruno Tattaglia leads to war between the two gangs. After Sollozzo makes another attempt on Vito's life, Michael offers to take him out permanently. A meeting is arranged at a restaurant to discuss potential business terms, where Michael shoots Sollozzo and an accompanying police officer dead. He flees the scene, seeking refuge in his family's native Sicily, to escape the ire of the NYPD and the other ...", "title": "The Godfather - Wikipedia" } ]	2,460
61	The manga 'Sailor Moon' was authored by a woman. What manga did her husband win the Shogakukan Manga Award for authoring?	YuYu Hakusho	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon", "text": "Sailor Moon\nSailor Moon (Japanese: 美少女戦士セーラームーン, Hepburn: Bishōjo Senshi Sērā Mūn; originally translated as Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon,[1] later Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon[2][3]) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi. It was originally serialized in Kodansha's shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi from 1991 to 1997; the 60 individual chapters (later reorganized into 52) and several side stories were compiled into 18 tankōbon volumes. Set in Tokyo in the 1990s, the series follows the adventures of a schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino as she transforms into the eponymous character to search for a magical artifact, the \"Legendary Silver Crystal\" (「幻の銀水晶」, Maboroshi no Ginsuishō; lit. \"Phantom Silver Crystal\"). She leads a group of comrades, the Sailor Soldiers, called Sailor Guardians in later editions, as they battle against villains to prevent the theft of the Silver Crystal and the destruction of the Solar System.\nThe manga was written in conjunction with the airing of an anime series produced by Toei Animation, which was broadcast in Japan from 1992 to 1997.[4][5] Toei also developed three animated feature films, a television special, and three short films based on the anime. A live-action television adaptation, Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon, aired from 2003 to 2004, and a second anime series, Sailor Moon Crystal, began simulcasting in 2014. The manga series was licensed for an English release by Kodansha Comics in North America, and in Australia and New Zealand by Random House Australia. The entire anime series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English-language release in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand.\nSince its release, Sailor Moon has received critical acclaim, with praise for its art, characterization, and humor. The manga has sold over 46 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series, as well as one of the best-selling shōjo manga series of all time, marking its importance in the history of manga.[6] Additionally, the television series played a major role in popularizing anime in the Western world, particularly in the United States. The Sailor Moon franchise has generated over $2.5 billion in worldwide merchandise sales.\nPlot\n[edit]The series focuses on Usagi Tsukino, a young middle school student in the Azabu-Jūban district of Tokyo in the 1990s, who learns from the talking cat Luna that she is actually a reincarnation of a princess from the Moon Kingdom, Sailor Moon. They are joined by Ami Mizuno, a student who awakens as Sailor Mercury; Rei Hino, a local Shinto shrine maiden who awakens as Sailor Mars; Makoto Kino, a tall and strong transfer student who awakens as Sailor Jupiter; and Minako Aino, a young aspiring idol who had awakened as Sailor Venus a few months earlier, accompanied by her talking feline companion Artemis. As they set out on their adventures, others join the Guardians later in the series, including Mamoru Chiba, a high school student who occasionally assists them as Tuxedo Mask; Chibiusa, Usagi and Mamoru's future daughter who awakens as Sailor Chibi Moon; Haruka Tenoh, a car-racer who can transform into Sailor Uranus; Michiru Kaioh, a violinist who can transform into Sailor Neptune; Setsuna Meioh, a physics student who can transform into Sailor Pluto; Hotaru Tomoe, who awakens as Sailor Saturn; and the Three Lights, pop idols who are really the Sailor Starlights. Together, they encounter extraterrestrials, space travelers, and other Guardians as they protect the Earth and the Moon from destruction by malevolent forces.\nProduction\n[edit]Concept and creation\n[edit]Naoko Takeuchi, after working on the 1991 Nami Akimoto manga Miracle Girls, redeveloped Sailor Moon from her manga one-shot Codename: Sailor V, which was published on August 8, 1991, and featured Sailor Venus as the main protagonist.[7] Takeuchi wanted to create a story with a theme about girls in outer space. While discussing with her editor, Fumio Os...", "title": "Sailor Moon - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Takeuchi", "text": "Naoko Takeuchi\nNaoko Takeuchi (Japanese: 武内直子, Hepburn: Takeuchi Naoko; born March 15, 1967) is a Japanese manga artist. She is best known as the author of Sailor Moon, one of the most popular manga series of all time.[2] She has won several awards, including the 1993 Kodansha Manga Award for Sailor Moon.[3]\nTakeuchi is married to Yoshihiro Togashi, the author of YuYu Hakusho and Hunter × Hunter.\nEarly life\n[edit]Takeuchi was born in Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan to Kenji and Ikuko Takeuchi. She has a younger brother, Shingo. She gave the names of her relatives to the characters she created for Sailor Moon, and mentions this in interviews and in several comic strips she produced, in place of author notes.\nTakeuchi attended Kofu Ichi High School, where she wore a sailor uniform and joined the astronomy and manga clubs.[4][5] These experiences influenced her work for Sailor Moon, in addition to her other pieces, such as Love Call and Rain Kiss. Her formative high school experiences influenced her trajectory to become a manga artist. Takeuchi's father encouraged her to pursue other career paths, in case she wouldn't find success as a professional artist, which is why she attended university to study chemistry.\nTakeuchi graduated from the Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, where she received a degree in chemistry and became a licensed pharmacist. Her senior thesis was called \"Heightened Effects of Thrombolytic Actions Due to Ultrasound\".[6]\nCareer\n[edit]1986–1997: Early work and success\n[edit]After graduating from the Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, at the age of 19, Takeuchi entered the manga industry by submitting her work Love Call to Kodansha; Takeuchi received Nakayoshi's New Artist award for Love Call. She worked steadily on one-shot pieces until writing Maria, which was published in Nakayoshi from early to mid-1990. This work, Takeuchi's first serial comic, was loosely based on Jean Webster's 1912 novel Daddy-Long-Legs and on her friend Marie Koizumi, who helped write it.\nAfter completing Maria, Takeuchi worked on the ice-skating series The Cherry Project, which was serialized in Nakayoshi from late 1990 to 1991. While working on The Cherry Project, Takeuchi wanted to do a manga on outer space and girl fighters. Her editor, Fumio Osano, asked her to put the fighters in sailor suits. This concept would later become a one-shot called Codename: Sailor V, which would later begin serialization in RunRun. When Toei Animation planned to adapt her manga into an anime series, she reworked Sailor V and added four other superheroines.\nIn December 1991, Nakayoshi began serializing Sailor Moon, which became an instant hit. The success encouraged Takeuchi to work on both Sailor Moon and Sailor V from 1991 to 1997. However, RunRun was canceled with the November 1997 issue, and the planned Sailor V anime adaptation was canceled along with it.[7] During that six-year period, she produced 60 chapters, which were collected in 18 volumes. The success of the manga led to a 200-episode anime adaptation, three animated films, numerous video games, and wide-ranging merchandising.\nShe had an interview with Silent Möbius creator, Kia Asamiya.[8]\nAt the series' end, Takeuchi worked on PQ Angels for Nakayoshi. This gained a fair amount of popularity, but was canceled due to Kodansha losing seven pages of her manuscript. Takeuchi said that Toei Animation had the manuscript, therefore it would have been possible to create an anime adaptation of the series.[9]\nTakeuchi's own studio is called \"Princess Naoko Planning\" (PNP). Takeuchi established PNP to manage her properties, mainly Sailor Moon. The studio later encompassed Yoshihiro Togashi's work as well and appeared in the credits for such anime as Level E and Hunter × Hunter. Its name also appears on the musical credits for Shin Kaguya Shima Densetsu and other projects.\n1998–2009\n[edit]Following the loss of seven pages of Takeuchi's PQ Angels manuscript, Osano departed Kodansha and the plans for the Materials Colle...", "title": "Naoko Takeuchi - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihiro_Togashi", "text": "Yoshihiro Togashi\nYoshihiro Togashi (Japanese: 冨樫義博, Hepburn: Togashi Yoshihiro; born April 27, 1966) is a Japanese manga artist. He began drawing manga at an early age, before being recognized for his talent by the publishing company Shueisha while attending college. Togashi has authored several different manga series in different genres over the past three decades. He is best known for writing and illustrating the YuYu Hakusho (1990–1994) and Hunter × Hunter (1998–present) series, which are some of the best-selling manga series of all time. Togashi is married to Naoko Takeuchi, the author of Sailor Moon.\nBiography\n[edit]Early life\n[edit]Born in Shinjō, Yamagata[1][2] to a family that owned a paper shop,[3] Togashi began drawing manga casually in his first to second year of elementary school.[1][2][4] In high school, Togashi joined the fine-arts club; he later enrolled at Yamagata University where he studied education in the hope of becoming a teacher.[1] During college he submitted some of his manga work to Weekly Young Jump, published by Shueisha.[1][2] In 1986, at age 20, he authored a manga titled Buttobi Straight (ぶっとびストレート, Buttobi Sutorēto) for which he received the Tezuka Award, the most prestigious award for new comic artists in Japan.[4][5][6] Another manga by Togashi titled Jura no Mizuki (ジュラのミヅキ) was an honorable mention in Shueisha's first annual Hop Step Award Selection magazine, published in 1988.[7] After having given up his goal of becoming a teacher, Togashi was contacted by an editor of Weekly Shōnen Jump during his senior year of college, who asked him to move to Tokyo.[2]\nCareer\n[edit]Togashi's earliest published works for Shueisha include Ōkami Nante Kowakunai!! (狼なんて怖くない!!; lit. I'm Not Afraid of the Wolf!!), a collection of comedy manga short-stories. Weekly Shōnen Jump published some of the stories prior to a tankōbon release in 1989. Between 1989 and 1990, Togashi authored Ten de Shōwaru Cupid (てんで性悪キューピッド; lit. An Ill-tempered Cupid in Heaven), a four-volume romance manga involving the relationship between a normal, human boy and a beautiful, devil girl.\nIn 1990, Togashi made a name for himself with his next series, YuYu Hakusho (幽☆遊☆白書; lit. Poltergeist Report). Based on his interests in the occult and horror films, the plot features the character Yusuke Urameshi, who is killed and brought back to life as an \"Underworld Detective\". The manga, which lasted 175 chapters over 19 tankōbon from 1990 to 1994, went on to sell over 78 million copies worldwide, earned Togashi a Shogakukan Manga Award in 1994, and received a hit anime adaptation.[8][9] In 1995, he created Level E (レベルE), a science fiction-comedy manga. Comprising three volumes, it was first published in Weekly Shōnen Jump in 1995 and ran until 1997.[10][11][12] Level E was adapted into an anime television series in 2011.[13]\nTogashi's next major manga series, Hunter × Hunter, began serialization in 1998. The story revolves around the protagonist Gon Freecss, a young boy searching for his father, a legendary, elite member of society called a \"Hunter\". This manga also performed very well commercially, with the first 20 volumes selling nearly 55 million copies in Japan as of August 2011.[14] It has 84 million copies in circulation as of July 4, 2022.[15] In 2008, Togashi tied with One Piece author Eiichiro Oda as the fifth favorite manga artist from a poll posted by the marketing research firm Oricon.[16]\nIn 2017, Togashi wrote the two-chapter manga Akuten Wars (悪天ウォーズ). It was illustrated by Hachi Mizuno and published in the September and November issues of Grand Jump Premium.[17]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Togashi is married to Naoko Takeuchi, the creator of Sailor Moon.[1][2][5] The two were introduced at a party hosted by Kazushi Hagiwara in August 1997. The following year, Takeuchi assisted Togashi for a short time by adding screentone to his manga Hunter × Hunter.[18] Togashi and Takeuchi got married on January 6, 1999. In attendance for the c...", "title": "Yoshihiro Togashi - Wikipedia" } ]	3,030
62	Where did the daughter of the winner of the first US presidential election to occur after the official end of WWII attend university?	George Washington University	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II", "text": "World War II\nWorld War II[b] or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising their resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks and aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the deadliest conflict in history, causing the death of over 60 million people. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Germany, Austria, Japan, and Korea were occupied, and German and Japanese leaders were put on trial for war crimes.\nThe causes of World War II included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of World War I, the rise of fascism in Europe and militarism in Japan. Key events preceding the war included Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the Spanish Civil War, the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, and Germany's annexations of Austria and the Sudetenland. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, invaded Poland, after which the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany. Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union in mid-September, and was partitioned between Germany and the Soviet Union under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. In 1940, the Soviet Union annexed the Baltic states and parts of Finland and Romania, while Germany conquered Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. After the fall of France in June 1940, the war continued mainly between Germany, now assisted by Fascist Italy, and the British Empire/British Commonwealth, with fighting in the Balkans, Mediterranean, and Middle East, East Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz, and the naval Battle of the Atlantic. By mid-1941 Yugoslavia and Greece had also been defeated by Axis countries. In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the Eastern Front and initially making large territorial gains along with Axis allies.\nIn December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories in Asia and the Pacific, including Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, leading the United States to enter the war against the Axis. Japan conquered much of coastal China and Southeast Asia, but its advances in the Pacific were halted in June 1942 at the Battle of Midway. In early 1943, Axis forces were defeated in North Africa and at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. An Allied invasion of Italy in July resulted in the fall of its fascist regime, and Allied offensives in the Pacific and the Soviet Union forced the Axis to retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded France at Normandy, the Soviet Union advanced into central Europe, and the US crippled Japan's navy and captured key Pacific islands.\nThe war in Europe concluded with the liberation of German-occupied territories and the invasion of Germany by the Allies which culminated in the fall of Berlin to Soviet troops, and Germany's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. On 6 and 9 August, the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Faced with an imminent Allied invasion, the prospect of further atomic bombings, and a Soviet declaration of war and invasion of Manchuria, Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August, and signed a surrender document on 2 September 1945.\nWorld War II transformed the political, economic, and social structures of the world, and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The United Nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming the permanent members of its security council. The Soviet Union and the US emerged as rival superpow...", "title": "World War II - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election", "text": "United States presidential election\nThe election of the president and vice president of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the fifty U.S. states or in Washington, D.C., cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the Electoral College.[note 1] These electors then cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for the presidential and vice presidential candidate. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes (at least 270 out of 538, since the Twenty-third Amendment granted voting rights to citizens of D.C.) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the House of Representatives elects the president; likewise if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the Senate elects the vice president.\nUnited States presidential elections differ from many other republics around the world (operating under either the presidential system or the semi-presidential system) which use direct elections from the national popular vote ('one person, one vote') of their entire countries to elect their respective presidents. The United States instead uses indirect elections for its president through the Electoral College, and the system is highly decentralized like other elections in the United States.[1] The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4; and the Twelfth Amendment (which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804). Under Clause 2, each state casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress, while (per the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961) Washington, D.C., casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three. Also under Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature, not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly, but over time all switched to using votes cast by state voters to choose the state's members of the electoral college (electors). Beyond the parameters set in the U.S. Constitution, state law, not federal, regulates most aspects of administering the popular vote, including most of the voter eligibility and registration requirements.[1][2]\nAlmost all states require that the winner of the plurality of its constituent statewide popular vote ('one person, one vote') shall receive all of that state's electors (\"winner-takes-all'). A couple - Nebraska and Maine - determine a part of their electors by use of district votes within the respective state. Eighteen states also have specific laws that punish electors who vote in opposition to the plurality, known as \"faithless\" or \"unpledged\" electors.[3] In modern times, faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election, so the results can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote.\nIn addition, most of the time, the winner as determined by the electoral college also has received the largest part of the national popular vote. There have been four exceptions: 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016, in which the Electoral College winner's portion of the popular vote was surpassed by an opponent. Although taking fewer votes, the winner claimed more electoral college seats, due to winning close and narrow pluralities in numerous swing states. In addition, the 1824 election was the only presidential election under the current system decided by a contingent election in Congress that elected a different president than the candidate with a plurality in both the electoral and popular vote. (The 1800 election and the 1824 election were decided in the House. In 1800 the House winner was the candidate who had won a plurality of the popular vote.)[4][5][6][7][8][9]\nPresi...", "title": "United States presidential election - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman", "text": "Harry S. Truman\nHarry S. Truman[b] (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. As the 34th vice president in 1945, he assumed the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. Subsequently, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan in the aftermath of World War II to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. A member of the Democratic Party, he proposed numerous New Deal coalition liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the conservative coalition that dominated the United States Congress.\nBorn in Lamar, Missouri, Truman was raised in Independence, Missouri, and during World War I, he fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he opened a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and was elected as a judge of Jackson County in 1922. Truman was elected to the U.S. Senate for Missouri in 1934. Between 1940 and 1944, he gained national prominence as the chairman of the Truman Committee, which aimed to reduce waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Truman was elected vice president in the 1944 presidential election and became president upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Only then was he told about the ongoing Manhattan Project and the atomic bomb. Truman authorized the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.\nTruman's administration engaged in an internationalist foreign policy by working closely with Britain. Truman staunchly denounced isolationism. He energized the New Deal coalition during the 1948 presidential election, despite a divided Democratic Party, and won a surprise victory against the Republican Party's nominee, Thomas E. Dewey. Truman presided over the onset of the Cold War in 1947. He oversaw the Berlin Airlift and the Marshall Plan in 1948. With America's involvement in the Korean War (1950–1953), South Korea repelled the invasion by North Korea. Domestically, the postwar economic challenges such as strikes and inflation created a mixed reaction over the effectiveness of his administration. In 1948, he proposed that Congress should pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981, which prohibited discrimination in agencies of the federal government and desegregated the United States Armed Forces.\nInvestigations revealed corruption in parts of the Truman administration, and this became a major campaign issue in the 1952 presidential election, although they did not implicate Truman himself. He was eligible for reelection in 1952 but he chose not to run due to poor polling. Subsequently, Truman went into a retirement marked by the founding of his presidential library and the publication of his memoirs. It was long believed that Truman's retirement years were financially difficult, resulting in Congress establishing a pension for former presidents. However, evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth, some of it during his presidency. When Truman left office, his administration was heavily criticized. Despite this controversy, scholars rank Truman in the first quartile of U.S. presidents. In addition, critical reassessments of his presidency have improved his reputation among historians and the general population.[1]\nEarly life, family, and education\nHarry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. He was named for his maternal uncle, Harrison \"Harry\" Young. His middle initial, \"S\", is not an abbreviation of one particular name. Rather, it honors both his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young, a somewhat common practice in the American South at the time.[c][3] A brother, John Vivian, was born soon after Harry, followed by sister Mary Jane.[4] While Truman's ancest...", "title": "Harry S. Truman - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Truman", "text": "Margaret Truman\nMary Margaret Truman Daniel (February 17, 1924 – January 29, 2008) was an American classical soprano, actress, journalist, radio and television personality, writer, and New York socialite. She was the only child of President Harry S. Truman and First Lady Bess Truman. While her father was president during the years 1945 to 1953, Margaret regularly accompanied him on campaign trips, such as the 1948 countrywide whistle-stop campaign lasting several weeks. She also appeared at important White House and political events during those years and was a favorite with the media.[1]\nAfter graduating from George Washington University in 1946, Truman embarked on a career as a coloratura soprano, beginning with a concert appearance with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra in 1947. She appeared in the US in concerts with orchestras and in recitals through 1956. She made recordings for RCA Victor and made television appearances on programs such as What's My Line? and The Bell Telephone Hour.[2]\nIn 1957, one year after her marriage, Truman abandoned her singing career to pursue a career as a journalist and radio personality when she became the cohost of the program Weekday with Mike Wallace. She also wrote articles as an independent journalist for a variety of publications in the 1960s and 1970s. Truman later became the successful author of a series of murder mysteries as well as a number of works on first ladies their families, including well-received biographies of her father.\nTruman was married to journalist Clifton Daniel, managing editor of The New York Times. The couple had four sons and lived in a Park Avenue apartment.[2]\nEarly life\n[edit]Mary Margaret Truman was born at 219 North Delaware Street in Independence, Missouri, on February 17, 1924[3] and was named for her aunt Mary Jane Truman and maternal grandmother Margaret Gates Wallace, but she was called Margaret from early childhood. She took voice and piano lessons as a child (at the encouragement of her father, who famously played piano) and attended public school in Independence until her father's 1934 election to the United States Senate, after which her education was split between public schools in Independence and Gunston Hall School, a private school for girls in Washington, D.C.[4]\nIn 1942, Truman matriculated at George Washington University, where she was a member of Pi Beta Phi,[5] and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and international relations in 1946.[4] In June 1944, she christened the battleship USS Missouri at Brooklyn Navy Yard, and spoke again in 1986 at the ship's recommissioning. She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City.[6]\nOn April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died and his vice president Harry Truman assumed the presidency when Margaret was 21.\nCareer\n[edit]Singing\n[edit]When Truman was 16 years old, she began taking voice lessons in Independence from Mrs. Thomas J. Strickler, a family friend. After classical vocal training, Truman's singing career began with a debut radio recital in March 1947, followed shortly thereafter with her professional concert debut with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. She sang professionally for the next decade, appearing with major American orchestras and embarking on several national concert tours.[2] Some of her credits include concert appearances with the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, the National Symphony Orchestra, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, the Pittsburgh Symphony, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Saint Louis Symphony. While she never performed in staged operas, she did perform opera arias in concert. Her performances were mainly of both sacred and secular art songs, Lieder, and works from the concert soprano repertoire. In 1951 and 1952, RCA Victor issued two albums by Truman, one of classical selections, the other of American art songs.[2] She also made recordings of German Lieder for NBC. A 1951 Time Magazine cover...", "title": "Margaret Truman - Wikipedia" } ]	3,471
63	In the style of wrestling performed by former Greek wrestler Mikhail Theodoropoulos, who won the inaugural olympic medal?	Carl Schuhmann.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Theodoropoulos	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_bantamweight	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_and_Olympic_Champions_in_Greco-Roman_wrestling	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Theodoropoulos', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_bantamweight', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_and_Olympic_Champions_in_Greco-Roman_wrestling']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Theodoropoulos", "text": "Mikhail Theodoropoulos\nAppearance\nMikhail Theodoropoulos (born 1933) is a Greek wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman bantamweight at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Mikhail Theodoropoulos Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019.", "title": "Mikhail Theodoropoulos - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_bantamweight", "text": "Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman bantamweight\nThe men's Greco-Roman bantamweight competition at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome took place from 26 to 31 August at the Basilica of Maxentius. Nations were limited to one competitor.[1] Bantamweight was the second-lightest category, including wrestlers weighing 52 to 57 kilograms (114.6 to 125.7 lb).[2]\nCompetition format\n[edit]This Greco-Roman wrestling competition continued to use the \"bad points\" elimination system introduced at the 1928 Summer Olympics for Greco-Roman and at the 1932 Summer Olympics for freestyle wrestling, though adjusted the point values slightly. Wins by fall continued to be worth 0 points and wins by decision continued to be worth 1 point. Losses by fall, however, were now worth 4 points (up from 3). Losses by decision were worth 3 points (consistent with most prior years, though in some losses by split decision had been worth only 2 points). Ties were now allowed, worth 2 points for each wrestler. The elimination threshold was also increased from 5 points to 6 points. The medal round concept, used in 1952 and 1956 requiring a round-robin amongst the medalists even if one or more finished a round with enough points for elimination, was used only if exactly three wrestlers remained after a round—if two competitors remained, they faced off head-to-head; if only one, he was the gold medalist.[2][1]\nResults\n[edit]Round 1\n[edit]Cañete withdrew after his bout. Schlechter was injured and could not continue.\n- Bouts\n- Points\nRound 2\n[edit]- Bouts\n- Points\nRound 3\n[edit]- Bouts\n- Points\nRound 4\n[edit]The Official Report shows Vesterby (correctly) at 5 points after round 3, following 2 wins by decision and a loss by decision. After round 4, however, Vesterby is shown at 4 points even though his win by fall should have kept him at 5. There is no explanation for a wrestler receiving a reduction in bad points.\n- Bouts\n- Points\nRound 5\n[edit]Vesterby's inexplicably reduced point total put him in a tie with Petrov for the bronze medal at 6 points. This tie was broken on head-to-head results; Petrov had defeated Vesterby in round 3. Vesterby would have finished in 4th place even were it not for the point reduction. Švec and Yılmaz were the ones ultimately affected by it, as they would have finished tied with Vesterby for 4th rather than tied only with each other for 5th.\n- Bouts\n- Points\nRound 6\n[edit]- Bouts\n- Points\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b \"Wrestling at the 1960 Rome Summer Games: Men's Bantamweight, Greco-Roman\". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2019.\n- ^ a b Official Report 1960, p. 470.\nGeneral\n- The Games of the XVII Olympiad, Rome 1960: The Official Report of the Organizing Committee. Vol. 2. 1960. Retrieved 21 August 2024.", "title": "Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman bantamweight - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling", "text": "Greco-Roman wrestling\nGreco-Roman (American English), Graeco-Roman (British English), or classic wrestling (Euro English)[2] is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide. Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been part of every summer Olympic held since 1904.[3] It is one of the two forms of wrestling contested at the Olympics, the other being freestyle wrestling.\nGreco-Roman wrestling forbids holds below the waist, which is the main feature that differentiates it from freestyle wrestling. This restriction results in an emphasis on throws, because a wrestler cannot use trips to bring an opponent to the ground or hook/grab the opponent's leg to avoid being thrown.\nGreco-Roman wrestling is one of several forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced internationally. Other wrestling disciplines sanctioned by United World Wrestling include men's freestyle wrestling, women's freestyle wrestling, grappling (submission wrestling), pankration, Alysh (belt wrestling), Pahlavani wrestling, and beach wrestling.[4]\nHistory\n[edit]The name \"Greco-Roman\" applied to this style of wrestling as a way of purporting it to be similar to the wrestling formerly found in the ancient civilizations surrounding the Mediterranean Sea especially at the ancient Greek Olympics. At that time, the athletes initially wore skintight shorts but later wrestled each other naked.[5][1]\nIt is speculated that many styles of European folk wrestling may have spurred the origins of Greco-Roman wrestling.[6] According to United World Wrestling, a Napoleonic soldier named Jean Exbrayat first developed the style.[1] Exbrayat performed in fairs and called his style of wrestling \"flat hand wrestling\" to distinguish it from other forms of hand-to-hand combat that allowed striking. In 1848, Exbrayat established the rule that no holds below the waist were to be allowed; neither were painful holds or torsions that would hurt the opponent. \"Flat hand wrestling\" or \"French wrestling\" (as the style became known) developed all throughout Europe and became a popular sport. The Italian wrestler Basilio Bartoletti first coined the term \"Greco-Roman\" for the sport to underline the interest in \"ancient values.\"[7] Many others in the 18th and 20th centuries sought to add value to their contemporary athletic practices by finding some connections with ancient counterparts. The 18th century work Gymnastics for Youth by Johann Friedrich Guts Muths described a form of schoolboy wrestling called \"orthopale\" (used by Plato to describe the standing part of wrestling) that did not mention any lower-body holds.[6] Real ancient wrestling was quite different;[8] see Greek wrestling.[7]\nThe British never really enjoyed Greco-Roman wrestling in comparison to its less restrictive counterpart, freestyle wrestling, and neither did the Americans, despite the efforts of William Muldoon (a successful New York barroom freestyle wrestler who served in the Franco-Prussian War and learned the style in France) to promote it in the United States after the Civil War.[citation needed] However, on the continent of Europe, the style was highly promoted. Almost all the continental European capital cities hosted international Greco-Roman tournaments in the 19th century, with much prize money given to the place winners. For example, the Czar of Russia paid 500 francs for wrestlers to train and compete in his tournament, with 5,000 francs awarded as a prize to the tournament winner. Greco-Roman wrestling soon became prestigious in continental Europe.[6] It was the first style registered at the modern Olympic Games, beginning in Athens in 1896 with one heavyweight bout,[9] and grew in popularity during the 20th century. It has always been featured in the Olympic Games, except during the Paris Olympic Games in 1900[7] and the St. Louis Olympic Games of 1904, when freestyle first emerged as an Olympic sport.\nPerhaps the most well-known of Greco-Roman wrestlers in the 1...", "title": "Greco-Roman wrestling - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_and_Olympic_Champions_in_Greco-Roman_wrestling", "text": "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nListed are wrestlers who were World or Olympic Champions in Greco-Roman wrestling . Greco-Roman wrestling competition was held at the first modern Olympics in 1896. The Greco-Roman World Championships was first held in 1904. The World Championships takes place during non Olympic years. At the World Championships team scoring is kept, while no official team statistics are kept for the Olympics.\nWorld Level Champions in Greco-Roman wrestling by year and weight [ edit ]\nOlympic Champions and Olympic competition years in Greco-Roman wrestling are highlighted in gold.\nYear\nTeam\n58 kg\n62 kg\n67.5 kg\n75 kg\n82.5 kg\nUnlimited Weight\n1921\nIkonen, Väinö (1/1)\nAnttila, Kalle (1/3)\nFriman, Oskari (2/3)\nTamminen, Taavi (1/1)\nRosenqvist, Edil (1/2)\nSalila, Johan (1/1)\n1922\nSvensson, Fritiof (1/1)\nAnttila, Kalle (2/3)\nWesterlund, Edvard (1/2)\nWestergren, Carl (2/4)\nRosenqvist, Edil (2/2)\nNilsson, Ernst (2/2)\n1924\nPütsep, Eduard (1/1)\nAnttila, Kalle (3/3)\nFriman, Oskari (3/3)\nWesterlund, Edvard (2/2)\nWestergren, Carl (3/4)\nDeglane, Henri (1/1)\n1928\nLeucht, Kurt (1/1)\nVäli, Voldemar (1/1)\nKeresztes, Lajos (1/1)\nKokkinen, Väinö (1/2)\nMoustafa, Ibrahim (1/1)\nSvensson, Rudolf (1/2)\nYear\nTeam\n56 kg\n61 kg\n66 kg\n72 kg\n79 kg\n87 kg\nUnlimited Weight\n1932\nBrendel, Jakob (1/1)\nGozzi, Giovanni (1/1)\nMalmberg, Eric (1/1)\nJohansson, Ivar (1/2)\nKokkinen, Väinö (2/2)\nSvensson, Rudolf (2/2)\nWestergren, Carl (4/4)\n1936\nLõrincz, Márton (1/1)\nErkan, Yaşar (2/2)\nKoskela, Lauri (1/1)\nSvedberg, Rudolf (1/1)\nJohansson, Ivar (2/2)\nCadier, Axel (1/1)\nPalusalu, Kristjan (1/1)\nYear\nTeam\n52 kg\n57 kg\n62 kg (−1961), 63 kg (1962–1968)\n67 kg (−1961), 70 kg (1962–1968)\n73 kg (−1961), 78 kg (1962–1968)\n79 kg (−1961), 87 kg (1962–1968)\n87 kg (−1961), 97 kg (1962–1968)\nUnlimited Weight\n1948\nLombardi, Pietro (1/1)\nPettersen, Kurt (1/1)\nOktav, Mehmet (1/1)\nFreij, Gustav (1/2)\nAndersson, Gösta (1/1)\nGrönberg, Axel (1/3)\nNilsson, Karl-Erik (1/1)\nKireççi, Ahmet (1/1)\n1949\nN/A\nNo Championships Held\n1950\nJohansson, Bengt (1/1)\nHassan, Ali Mahmoud (1/1)\nAnderberg, Olle (1/2)\nGal, Jozsef (1/1)\nSiimanainen, Matti (1/1)\nGrönberg, Axel (2/3)\nCandas, Muharrem (1/1)\nAntonsson, Bertil (1/2)\n1951\nN/A\nNo Championships Held\n1952\nGurevich, Boris Maksovich (1/3)\nHódos, Imre (1/1)\nPunkin, Yakov (1/1)\nSafin, Shazam (1/1)\nSzilvásy, Miklós (1/1)\nGrönberg, Axel (3/3)\nGröndahl, Kelpo (1/1)\nKotkas, Johannes (1/1)\n1953\nGurevich, Boris Maksovich (2/3)\nTeryan, Artem (1/1)\nAnderberg, Olle (2/2)\nFreij, Gustav (2/2)\nShatvoryan, Gurgen (1/1)\nKartozia, Givi (1/4)\nEnglas, August (1/1)\nAntonsson, Bertil (2/2)\n1954\nN/A\nNo Championships Held\n1955\nFabra, Ignazio (1/1)\nStashkevich, Vladimir (1/1)\nPolyák, Imre (1/4)\nGarmanik, Grigori (1/1)\nManeyev, Vladimir (1/1)\nKartozia, Givi (2/4)\nNikolayev, Valentin (1/2)\nMasur, Aleksandr (1/1)\n1956\nSolovyov, Nikolai (1/1)\nVyrupayev, Konstantin (1/1)\nMäkinen, Rauno (1/1)\nLehtonen, Kyösti (1/1)\nBayrak, Mithat (1/2)\nKartozia, Givi (3/4)\nNikolayev, Valentin (2/2)\nParfenov, Anatoli (1/1)\n1957\nN/A\nNo Championships Held\n1958\nGurevich, Boris Maksovich (3/3)\nKaravayev, Oleg (1/3)\nPolyák, Imre (2/4)\nDoğan, Rıza (1/1)\nAyvaz, Kazim (1/3)\nKartozia, Givi (4/4)\nAbashidze, Rostom (1/3)\nBogdan, Ivan (1/3)\n1959\nN/A\nNo Championships Held\n1960\nPârvulescu, Dumitru (1/1)\nKaravayev, Oleg (2/3)\nSille, Müzahir (1/1)\nKoridze, Avtandil (1/2)\nBayrak, Mithat (2/2)\nDobrev, Dimitar (1/1)\nKis, Tevfik (1/3)\nBogdan, Ivan (2/3)\n1961\nSayadov, Armais (1/1)\nKaravayev, Oleg (3/3)\nMansour, Moustafa Hamid (1/1)\nKoridze, Avtandil (2/2)\nBularca, Valeriu (1/1)\nZenin, Vasili (1/1)\nGurics, György (1/1)\nBogdan, Ivan (3/3)\n1962\nRybalko, Sergey (1/2)\nIchiguchi, Masamitsu (1/2)\nPolyák, Imre (3/4)\nAyvaz, Kazim (2/3)\nKolesov, Anatoly (1/4)\nKis, Tevfik (2/3)\nAbashidze, Rostom (2/3)\nKozma, István (1/5)\n1963\nVukov, Borivoje (1/1)\nVarga, Janos (1/3)\nSapunov, Gennady (1/2)\nHorvat, Stevan (1/2)\nKolesov, Anatoly (2/4)\nKis, Tevfik (3/3)\nAbashidze, Rostom (3/3)\nRoshchin, Anatoly (1/4)\n1964\nHanahara, Tsotumu...", "title": "List of World and Olympic Champions in Greco-Roman wrestling - Wikipedia" } ]	3,703
64	What is the difference in elevation between the respective peaks of Eggstock (Uri Alps) and Eggstock (Schwyzer Alps) in Switzerland? Convert the final figure to centimetres and round up to the nearest 1000.	110,000cm.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Uri_Alps)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Schwyzer_Alps)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Uri_Alps)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Schwyzer_Alps)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Uri_Alps)", "text": "Eggstock (Uri Alps)\nAppearance\nThe Eggstock (3,554 m), is a minor prominence of the Uri Alps, forming the northern pillar of the Dammastock on the border between the cantons of Valais and Uri. The tripoint between the cantons of Bern, Valais and Uri (3,500 m) is located 600 m west of the summit.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps and Google Earth. The key col is located south of the summit at 3,540 metres.\nExternal links\n[edit]", "title": "Eggstock (Uri Alps) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggstock_(Schwyzer_Alps)", "text": "Eggstock (Schwyzer Alps)\nAppearance\nThe Eggstock is a mountain of the Schwyzer Alps, located on the border between the Swiss cantons of Schwyz and Glarus, north of Braunwald. It lies on the range east of the Bös Fulen, between the valley of Bösbächi and the cirque of Braunwald and is composed of three summits: the Hinterer Eggstock (2,455 m [8,054 ft]), the Mittlerer Eggstock (2,436 m [7,992 ft]) and the Vorderer Eggstock (2,449 m [8,035 ft]).\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]External links\n[edit]Media related to Eggstöcke at Wikimedia Commons", "title": "Eggstock (Schwyzer Alps) - Wikipedia" } ]	303
65	How many films had the actress who played Trudi Frazer in "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" acted in before?	3	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Butters	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Butters']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Hollywood", "text": "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\nOnce Upon a Time...in Hollywood[a] is a 2019 period comedy-drama film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Produced by Columbia Pictures in association with Bona Film Group, Heyday Films, and Visiona Romantica, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, it is a co-production between the United States, United Kingdom, and China. It features an ensemble cast led by Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt, and Margot Robbie. Set in 1969 Los Angeles, the film follows a fading actor and his adrenaline junkie stunt double as they navigate the rapidly changing film industry with the threat of the Tate murders looming.\nAnnounced in July 2017, it is Tarantino's first film not to involve Bob and Harvey Weinstein, as he ended his partnership with the brothers following the sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein. After a bidding war, the film was distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing, which met Tarantino's demands, including final cut privilege. Pitt, DiCaprio, Robbie, Zoë Bell, Kurt Russell and others joined the cast between January and June 2018. Principal photography lasted from June through November around Los Angeles. Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is the final film to feature Luke Perry, who died on March 4, 2019, and is dedicated to his memory.\nOnce Upon a Time in Hollywood premiered at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival on May 21, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 26, and in the United Kingdom on August 14. It grossed over $392 million worldwide and received acclaim from critics, although historical inaccuracies and the portrayals of some artists were criticized. The National Board of Review and the American Film Institute named Once Upon a Time in Hollywood as one of the Top-10 films of 2019, and it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. Once Upon a Time in Hollywood was nominated for 10 awards at the 92nd Academy Awards, winning two (Best Supporting Actor for Pitt and Best Production Design), and received numerous other accolades. It has since been considered as one of the greatest films of the 2010s and 21st century.[b] The Writers Guild of America ranked the film's screenplay the 22nd-greatest of the 21st century.[16][17] Tarantino has stated that Once Upon a Time in Hollywood is his favorite film of those he has made.[18][19][20]\nA novelization, written by Tarantino in his debut as an author, was published in 2021. A sequel to the film, The Adventures of Cliff Booth, written by Tarantino and directed by David Fincher, with Pitt in the lead role, is currently in production,[21] and is scheduled to be released in 2026.[22]\nPlot\n[edit]In February 1969, Hollywood actor Rick Dalton, a former Western TV star, copes with a fading career, his most recent roles being guest appearances as TV villains. Agent Marvin Schwarz suggests working in spaghetti Westerns in Italy, which Dalton considers inferior. Dalton's best friend, stunt double, personal assistant, and driver is Cliff Booth, a World War II special ops veteran living in a trailer with his pit bull Brandy. Booth struggles to find stunt work due to a past altercation with Bruce Lee, and rumors that he killed his wife. Although he does not know them personally, Dalton is aware that young actress Sharon Tate and her husband, director Roman Polanski, live next door. Dalton longs to befriend them, thinking it could reignite his career.\nWhile fixing the TV antenna on Dalton's roof, Booth notices a hippie arriving at the Polanski residence. The man, Charles Manson, asks for music producer Terry Melcher, but Tate's friend, Jay Sebring, says Melcher has moved. Later, Tate watches herself in The Wrecking Crew at a local film theater, and Booth gives hitchhiker Pussycat a ride to Spahn Ranch, a former Western film set where Booth did stunt work.\nBooth checks on George Spahn, the ranch's nearly blind owner, seeking to make sure the hippies living there are not exploiting him. Booth physically for...", "title": "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Butters", "text": "Julia Butters\nJulia Butters (born April 15, 2009)[1] is an American actress. She began her career at the age of five, and starred as Trudi Fraser in the film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019), for which she was nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Actor/Actress, and as Reggie Fabelman in The Fabelmans (2022). She rose to prominence for playing Anna-Kat Otto in American Housewife (2016–2020), and for playing Harper Coleman in Freakier Friday (2025).\nEarly life\n[edit]Butters was born in Los Angeles. Her father Darrin Butters is a Disney animator who has worked on films such as Frozen and Ralph Breaks the Internet.[2][3][4]\nCareer\n[edit]Julia Butters began her career doing commercials. Her first speaking role was the role of Gabby in Criminal Minds.[5] In 2016, Butters portrayed the recurring role of Ella in the Amazon Prime Video series Transparent.[6] Later that year, she began starring in the ABC sitcom American Housewife as Anna-Kat Otto.[7] While Quentin Tarantino was writing the script of his ninth film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, he spotted Butters on television, and later cast her in the role of precocious child actress Trudi Fraser.[8] After she received critical acclaim for this role, Butters decided to pursue similar opportunities, leading her to leave American Housewife after four seasons.[9] In December 2020, Butters was cast in Netflix's The Gray Man.[10]\nIn June 2021, it was announced that Butters was cast in The Fabelmans, Steven Spielberg's semi-autobiographical coming-of-age film as Reggie Fabelman, a character based on Spielberg's sister Anne.[11] In August 2022, Butters was cast as Lily in the film Queen of Bones.[12] In 2024, she was cast in Freakier Friday (2025), the sequel to the 2003 film Freaky Friday.[13] She played Harper Coleman, the daughter of Anna Coleman (Lindsay Lohan) and granddaughter of Tess Coleman (Jamie Lee Curtis).[14]\nFilmography\n[edit]Film\n[edit]Television\n[edit]Discography\n[edit]Awards and nominations\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ \"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2025-07-23.\n- ^ \"Guest Speaker Darrin Butters\". www.nyfa.edu.\n- ^ Curto, Justin (July 29, 2019). \"Meet Julia Butters, the 10-Year-Old Once Upon a Time in Hollywood Breakout Star\". People. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2019.\n- ^ Malkin, Marc (July 25, 2019). \"'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood' Actress Julia Butters on Working With Leonardo DiCaprio, Brad Pitt\". Variety. Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2019.\n- ^ White, Ashley (March 8, 2014). \"Butters' daughter gets taste of Hollywood\". Kearney Hub. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n- ^ Vessing, Etan (June 8, 2018). \"James Marsden, Julia Butters Join Quentin Tarantino's 'Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Archived from the original on September 7, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\n- ^ \"Julia Butters \| American Housewife\". ABC. Archived from the original on October 13, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.\n- ^ Desta, Yohana (July 26, 2019). \"Once Upon a Time...in Hollywood: Meet the 10-Year-Old Leo Compared to a Young Meryl Streep\". Vanity Fair. New York City: Condé Nast. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.\n- ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 11, 2020). \"American Housewife' Recasts Anna-Kat Role With Giselle Eisenberg As Julia Butters Exits ABC Comedy\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.\n- ^ Kroll, Justin (December 17, 2020). \"Jessica Henwick, Wagner Moura, Dhanush and Julia Butters Join the Russo Brothers' 'Gray Man' Starring Ryan Gosling\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved August 30, 2022.\n- ^ Mirabel, Marisa (June 15, 2021). \"Steven Spielberg's Movie About His Childhood Casts \"Once Upon a Time ...", "title": "Julia Butters - Wikipedia" } ]	2,101
66	The founder of the production company at which Tim Allsop and Stewart Williams met received a bachelor's degree from a college in the state of New York. In what year was this college's sibling institution founded?	1701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Allsop_&_Stewart_Williams	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Murdoch_(businesswoman)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Allsop_&_Stewart_Williams', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Murdoch_(businesswoman)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Allsop_&_Stewart_Williams", "text": "Tim Allsop & Stewart Williams\nTim Allsop and Stewart Williams are a British writing and directing duo.[1]\nThey met in 2005 working for Elisabeth Murdoch’s production company Shine Limited. Their first joint work was a Comedy Lab for Channel 4 starring Alex Zane which they wrote, produced, and directed. Since then they have written for a variety of comedy and entertainment shows for the BBC, ITV and Channel 4, as well directing music videos and commercials – most recently for the Guitar Hero brand. In 2007 they began working on a pilot for Plus One in the Comedy Showcase strand for Channel 4 which they made with production company Kudos.\nThey have also written episodes for The Amazing World of Gumball and recently and written episodes for Space Chickens in Space, as well as developed the bible for Disney EMEA for the show as well.\nTim Allsop is currently a producer on Who Is America and Stewart Williams recently wrote an episode of Famalam.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Holmwood, Leigh (26 March 2008). \"Channel 4 gets behind new comedy\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 February 2024.", "title": "Tim Allsop & Stewart Williams - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Murdoch_(businesswoman)", "text": "Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman)\nElisabeth Murdoch CBE (born 22 August 1968) is an Australian-born British and American media executive based in the United Kingdom. She was a non-executive chairperson of Shine Group, the UK-based TV programme production company she founded in 2001, until the company's parent 21st Century Fox merged its Shine Group division with Apollo Global Management's Endemol and Core Media production houses, to specialise in reality TV, in 2015. She is the daughter of the media tycoon Rupert Murdoch, and is widely believed to be the inspiration for the character Shiv Roy in the television series Succession.\nAs of September 2024[update], the whole Murdoch family is involved in a court case in the US in which Elisabeth, her brother James, and elder half-sister Prudence are challenging their father's bid to amend the family trust to ensure that his eldest son, Lachlan, retains control of News Corp and Fox Corp, rather than benefiting all of his six children, as is specified in the \"irrevocable\" terms of the trust.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Elisabeth Murdoch was born on 22 August 1968 at King George V Memorial Hospital in Sydney.[1][2] Her father is the media tycoon, Rupert Murdoch, and her mother is his second wife, journalist and author Anna Maria dePeyster (née Torv). Elisabeth Murdoch was named after her grandmother, Dame Elisabeth Murdoch.[3] She is the eldest of three in her birth family, with two younger brothers, Lachlan and James. They all came after their elder half-sister, Prudence MacLeod (born 1958), from Rupert's first marriage to Patricia Booker,[4] but they grew up together in London (after 1968) and then New York (after 1974).[5][6]\nElisabeth Murdoch completed her secondary education at the Brearley School in New York City, and graduated with a bachelor's degree from Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York.[3]\nCareer\n[edit]Murdoch began her career as a manager of programme acquisitions at her father's FX Networks, a cable television unit based in Los Angeles. Operating as EP Communications on 22 September 1994, Murdoch and her then-husband Elkin Kwesi Pianim purchased a pair of NBC-affiliate television stations (KSBW and KSBY) in California on a US$35 million loan, being secured by her father.[7]\nMurdoch moved with her husband to the UK, where her father Rupert Murdoch was running BSkyB (which was struggling financially). After Sam Chisholm joined the company to manage the day-to-day operations and build the subscriber base, Murdoch served as his second-in-command and de facto apprentice. By the time Chisholm left the company, BSkyB was the most profitable company in the UK.[clarification needed] As a managing director, Murdoch oversaw BSkyB's £12 million sponsorship of the troubled Millennium Dome. However, she also faced criticism after brokering her father's failed £623.4 million bid for English Premier League club Manchester United.[8]\nIn 2000 Murdoch resigned from the family business,[4] and in March 2001 founded the television production company Shine Limited, which produced hit shows such as MasterChef. The company expanded under her leadership, acquiring other production companies including Princess Productions and Kudos, which had made Spooks and Broadchurch.[9] In 2011, Shine Group was acquired by News Corporation in a controversial deal that raised questions about nepotism,[10] with Murdoch pocketing a personal profit of around £130m, despite Shine having a large debt bill. After 21st Century Fox merged Shine with Endemol and Core Media in 2014, Murdoch stepped down as chair of the company.[9]\nIn 2018, Murdoch produced a dating reality show called Phone Swap, which was originally aired on Snapchat.[11]\nOn 1 October 2019, Murdoch co-founded, with Jane Featherstone and Stacey Snider,[12] the global TV and film production and development company Sister, which is headquartered in London with offices in Manchester, New York City, and Los Angeles.[13][14] She had formerly been a ma...", "title": "Elisabeth Murdoch (businesswoman) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassar_College", "text": "Vassar College\nVassar College (/ˈvæsər/ VASS-ər) is a private liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, it was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States. The college became coeducational in 1969. The college offers BA degrees in more than fifty majors. Vassar College's varsity sports teams, known as the Brewers, play in the NCAA Division III as members of the Liberty League. As of 2023, there are close to 2,500 students.\nThe college is one of the historic Seven Sisters. The Vassar campus comprises over 1,000 acres (400 ha) and more than 100 buildings. A designated arboretum, the campus features more than 200 species of trees, a native plant preserve, and a 530-acre (210 ha) ecological preserve.\nHistory\n[edit]Vassar was founded as a women's school under the name \"Vassar Female College\" in 1861.[6] Its first president was Milo P. Jewett, who had previously been first president of another women's school, Judson College;[7] he led a staff of ten professors and twenty-one instructors.[8] After one year, its founder, Matthew Vassar, had the word Female removed from the name, prompting some local residents of Poughkeepsie, New York, to quip that its founder believed it might one day admit male students. The college became coeducational in 1969.[6]\nVassar was the second of the Seven Sisters colleges, higher education schools that were strictly for women, and historically sister institutions to the all-male Ivy League colleges. It was chartered by its namesake, brewer Matthew Vassar, in 1861 in the Hudson Valley, about 70 miles (110 km) north of New York City. The first person appointed to the Vassar faculty was astronomer Maria Mitchell, in 1865.\nVassar adopted coeducation in 1969. Immediately following World War II, Vassar accepted a small number of male students on the G.I. Bill.[10] The formal decision to become co-ed came after its trustees declined an offer to merge with Yale University, its sibling institution, in the wave of mergers between the historically all-male colleges of the Ivy League and their Seven Sisters counterparts.[11]\nIn its early years, Vassar was associated with the social elite of the Protestant establishment. E. Digby Baltzell writes that \"upper-class WASP families educated their children at colleges such as Harvard, Princeton, Yale, and Vassar.\"[12] A select and elite few of Vassar's students were allowed entry into the school's secret society Delta Sigma Rho, founded in 1922.[13] Before becoming President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Trustee.[14]\nApproximately 2,450 students attend Vassar, and 98% live on campus.[2] About 60% come from public high schools, and 40% come from private schools (both independent and religious).[2] Vassar is currently 56% women and 44% men, at national average for national liberal arts colleges.[15] Students are taught by more than 336 faculty members, virtually all holding the doctorate degree or its equivalent.[2] The student-faculty ratio is 8:1, average class size, 17.[2]\nIn recent freshman classes, students of color constituted 32–38% of matriculants.[2] International students from over 60 countries make up 8–10% of the student body.[2] In May 2007, Vassar returned to a need-blind admissions policy without regard to a student's financial status.[16][17]\nVassar president Catharine Bond Hill departed in 2016. She was succeeded by Elizabeth Howe Bradley in 2017.[18]\nThe college was listed as a census-designated place (Vassar College CDP) in 2019.[19]\nPresidents\n[edit]The following persons have served as president of Vassar College:[20][21]\nTable notes:\nCampus\n[edit]The campus is in Poughkeepsie Town, adjacent to Poughkeepsie City.[1] The area around the campus appeared as a census-designated place (CDP) in the 2020 U.S. census,[43] with a population of 2,472.[44]\nArchitecture\n[edit]Vassar's campus, also an arboretum,[45] is 1,000 acres (400 ha) and h...", "title": "Vassar College - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University", "text": "Yale University\nYale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, and one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution.[10]\nYale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony. Originally focused on theology and sacred languages, the school's curriculum expanded to include humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century, the college expanded to include graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientific research programs.[11]\nYale is organized into fifteen constituent schools, including the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and Yale Law School.[12] While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, a campus in West Haven, and forests and nature preserves throughout New England. As of 2025[update], Yale's endowment was valued at $44.1 billion, making it the third-largest among all educational institutions and the second-largest among private universities.[4] The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.[13][14] Student athletes compete in intercollegiate sports as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference.\nAs of October 2025, 72 Nobel laureates,[15] 5 Fields medalists, 4 Abel Prize laureates, and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with Yale University. Yale alumni include 5 U.S. presidents, 10 Founding Fathers, 19 U.S. Supreme Court justices, 31 living billionaires, 54 college founders and presidents, as well as numerous heads of state, cabinet members, and governors. The university’s community also includes hundreds of members of Congress, U.S. diplomats, 96 MacArthur Fellows, 263 Rhodes Scholars, 123 Marshall Scholars, 81 Gates Cambridge Scholars, 102 Guggenheim Fellows, and 9 Mitchell Scholars. Current Yale faculty include 73 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 55 members of the National Academy of Medicine, 8 members of the National Academy of Engineering, and 200 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Over 170 Yale alumni have competed in the Olympic games and have won over 110 medals.[16]\nHistory\n[edit]Early history of Yale College\n[edit]Origins\n[edit]Yale traces its beginnings to \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\", a would-be charter passed in New Haven by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701. The Act aimed to establish an institution for the education of ministers and lay leaders. Soon after, a group of ten Congregational ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather (nephew of Increase Mather), Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb, and Timothy Woodbridge, all Harvard alumni, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell, in Branford, to donate books to form the school's library.[17] The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as \"The Founders\".[18]\nKnown from its origin as the \"Collegiate School\", the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, who is considered Yale's first president. Pierson lived in Killingworth. The school moved to Saybrook in 1703, when the first treasurer of Yale, Nathaniel Lynde, donated land and a building. In 1716, it moved to New Haven.\nMeanwhile, there was a rift formin...", "title": "Yale University - Wikipedia" } ]	3,207
67	Which player scored more than 15 goals in Eredevisie during the 21-22 season and had previously played for Auxerre?	Sébastien Haller scored 21 goals that season and previously played for Auxerre.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021–22_Eredivisie	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sébastien_Haller	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loïs_Openda	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis_Pavlidis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_van_Wolfswinkel	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021–22_Eredivisie', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sébastien_Haller', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loïs_Openda', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis_Pavlidis', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_van_Wolfswinkel']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021–22_Eredivisie", "text": "2021–22 Eredivisie\nThe 2021–22 Eredivisie was the 66th season of Eredivisie, the premier football competition in the Netherlands. It began on 14 August 2021 and concluded on 15 May 2022.[1]\nTeams\n[edit]Cambuur[2] (promoted after a five-year absence), Go Ahead Eagles and NEC (both promoted after a four-year absence) were promoted from the 2020–21 Eerste Divisie. ADO Den Haag (relegated after thirteen years in the top flight), VVV-Venlo (relegated after four years in the top flight) and Emmen (relegated after three years in the top flight) have been relegated to 2021–22 Eerste Divisie.\nStadiums and locations\n[edit]Number of teams by province\n[edit]Personnel and kits\n[edit]Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players and managers may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\nManagerial changes\n[edit]Standings\n[edit]League table\n[edit]Rules for classification: Season in progress: 1) Most points won; 2) Less points lost; 3) Goal difference; 4) Goals scored; 5) Alphabetical order; End of season: 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Head-to-head points; 5) Head-to-head goal difference; 6) Head-to-head away goals scored; 7) Play-off if relevant for deciding champion, relegation or participating in a European league, otherwise by draw. 8) Penalty shoot-out (only after a play-off)[11]\n(C) Champions; (O) Play-off winners; (R) Relegated\nNotes:\n- ^ Since the winners of the 2021–22 KNVB Cup, PSV, qualified for the Champions League based on their league position, the Europa League play-off berth awarded to the KNVB Cup winners was transferred to the third-placed team Feyenoord, the highest-placed team not qualified for the Champions League. Feyenoord qualified for the Europa League group stage as their opponent in the 2022 UEFA Europa Conference League final, Roma, qualified to the Europa League group stage through domestic performance by finishing sixth in the Serie A.\nResults\n[edit]Fixtures and results\n[edit]Results by round\n[edit]European play-offs\n[edit]The European play-offs were contested by the four highest ranked teams which were not yet qualified for any European tournament. The matches were played on a home-and-away basis, from 18 to 29 May.[1] The winner received a spot in the second qualifying round of the 2022–23 UEFA Europa Conference League.\nQualified teams\n[edit]Bracket\n[edit]Semi-finals\n[edit]First legs\n[edit]Second legs\n[edit]Final\n[edit]First leg\n[edit]Second leg\n[edit]Promotion/relegation play-offs\n[edit]The seeds were assigned based on the final ranking after the regular season. The best ranked team got the highest seed (lowest number). Eredivisie teams were considered to be better ranked than Eerste Divisie teams.\nIf a match was level at the end of normal playing time, extra time was played (two periods of fifteen minutes each) and followed, if necessary, by a penalty shoot-out to determine the winners.\nSeven teams, six from the Eerste Divisie and one from the Eredivisie, played for a spot in the 2022–23 Eredivisie. The remaining six teams played in the 2022–23 Eerste Divisie. The highest seeded team or the team from the Eredivisie always host the second leg.\nQualified teams\n[edit]Bracket\n[edit]First round\n[edit]First legs\n[edit]Second legs\n[edit]Semi-finals\n[edit]First legs\n[edit]Second legs\n[edit]Final\n[edit]First leg\n[edit]Second leg\n[edit]Statistics\n[edit]Top scorers\n[edit]Hat-tricks\n[edit]Top assists\n[edit]Clean sheets\n[edit]Discipline\n[edit]Player\n[edit]- Most yellow cards: 10\n- Most red cards: 2\nClub\n[edit]Awards\n[edit]Monthly awards\n[edit]Annual awards\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ a b \"Wedstrijdschema 2021/'22 bekend \| Eredivisie\". eredivisie.nl (in Dutch). 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.\n- ^ \"SC Cambuur promoted to Eredivisie after Almere City FC defeat\". Netherlands News Live. 17 April 2021. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.\n- ^ \"Willem II presenteert Grim als nieuwe tr...", "title": "2021–22 Eredivisie - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sébastien_Haller", "text": "Sébastien Haller\nSébastien Romain Teddy Haller (French pronunciation: [sebastjɛ̃ alɛʁ];[citation needed] born 22 June 1994) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Eredivisie club Utrecht. Born in France, he plays for the Ivory Coast national team.\nHaller began his career in France with Auxerre, and moved on loan to Eredivisie side Utrecht in 2015, before signing on a permanent basis. Two years later, he moved to the German club Eintracht Frankfurt, winning the DFB-Pokal in 2018. Premier League side West Ham United signed him a year later for a club-record transfer worth €49.8 million (£45 million). Haller returned to the Netherlands in 2021, signing with Ajax, for a club record fee of €22.5 million (£18.8 million). In his first six months, he won the Eredivisie and the KNVB Cup. He became the first player to score across seven consecutive UEFA Champions League matches during the 2021–22 season, and then transferred to Borussia Dortmund for an initial €31 million.\nHaller represented France at youth level, before switching his allegiance in 2020 to the Ivory Coast. He scored on his international debut against Madagascar, and represented the national team at the Africa Cup of Nations in 2021 and 2023, scoring the winning goal in the final of the latter tournament.\nEarly life\n[edit]Haller was born in Ris-Orangis, Essonne[4] to a French father and an Ivorian mother.[5][6]\nClub career\n[edit]Auxerre\n[edit]During the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup, on 26 June 2011, Haller signed his first professional contract with Auxerre, agreeing to a three-year deal.[7]\nAhead of the 2012–13 season, Haller was promoted to the senior team by manager Jean-Guy Wallemme. His professional debut came on 27 July 2012, in the team's opening league match of the 2012–13 campaign against Nîmes.[8]\nUtrecht\n[edit]On 24 December 2014, it was announced that Haller was sent on loan to Eredivisie club Utrecht until the end of the season.[9] At the end of the season, it was announced that FC Utrecht had signed Haller.[10] The supporters voted for Haller as the winner of the Di Tommaso Trophy 2015, Utrecht's player of the year award.[11]\nEintracht Frankfurt\n[edit]On 15 May 2017, Haller signed with Eintracht Frankfurt on a four-year deal for a reported fee of €7 million.[12] In the 2017–18 DFB-Pokal, he scored four goals for Frankfurt, as the club won the final, marking the first trophy of Haller's career. In the 2018–19 Bundesliga season, he scored 15 league goals in 29 appearances as the club finished seventh.[13] In addition to his goals scored, he also made nine assists, meaning he was involved in 24 goals, a figure only beaten in the 2018–19 season by Robert Lewandowski with 29.[14]\nWest Ham United\n[edit]On 17 July 2019, Haller signed with West Ham United on a five-year deal for a club record fee, that could rise to £45 million.[15][16] He made his debut on 10 August, playing the full 90 minutes of a 5–0 Premier League loss against reigning champions Manchester City.[17] Two weeks later, he scored his first goals in a 3–1 away win against Watford in which the latter was an acrobatic bicycle kick.[18] Haller struggled at West Ham, attributing it to David Moyes replacing Manuel Pellegrini as manager and then preferring Michail Antonio up front, as well as the ill health of his wife and newborn son.[19]\nIn July 2020, Frankfurt reported West Ham to FIFA after they had failed to pay an instalment in May 2020 of £5.4 million as part of the £45 million transfer. West Ham claimed that they had withheld the payment, following a contractual dispute between the two clubs.[20] On 16 December, Haller scored an overhead kick in a 1–1 draw against Crystal Palace that was voted as the Premier League Goal of the Month.[21]\nAjax\n[edit]On 8 January 2021, Haller signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Dutch club Ajax for a club record fee of €22.5 million (£18.8 million), reuniting with his former Utrecht manager Erik ten Hag.[22][23] He made his debut two days later ...", "title": "Sébastien Haller - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loïs_Openda", "text": "Loïs Openda\nIkoma-Loïs Openda (born 16 February 2000) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Juventus, on loan from Bundesliga club RB Leipzig, and the Belgium national team.\nClub career\n[edit]Early career\n[edit]Openda played as a youth for Patro Othee FC and RFC Liège before joining the youth academy of Standard Liège.[3]\nClub Brugge\n[edit]In 2015, he moved to the academy of Club Brugge, where he made his senior debut on 10 August 2018 in the Belgian Pro League against Kortrijk. Openda replaced Jelle Vossen after 80 minutes.[4]\nLoan to Vitesse\n[edit]On 21 July 2020, Openda joined Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse on a season-long loan deal.[5][6][3] He scored his first goal for the club on 3 October, in a 3–0 win over Heracles Almelo.[7] Vitesse reached the final of the KNVB Cup, but lost 2–1 to Ajax. Openda scored the only goal for the Arnhem-based team.[8][9] In June 2021, Openda rejoined Vitesse on loan for another season.[10]\nLens\n[edit]On 6 July 2022, Lens announced the signing of Openda on a five-year deal from Club Brugge.[11] The striker scored his first goal against Inter Milan in a friendly game on 22 July.[12] On 28 October, he scored his first hat-trick for Lens in a 3–0 win over Toulouse.[13] After eight matches without scoring, on 12 March 2023, he scored the fastest hat-trick in Ligue 1 within four minutes and 30 seconds in a 4–0 away win over Clermont, beating the previous record of Matt Moussilou.[14]\nRB Leipzig\n[edit]On 14 July 2023, Openda signed for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig on a five-year contract.[15] The transfer fee reported was in the region of €43 to €46 million, with potential bonuses adding up to €6 million.[16] On 19 August, he scored his first goal on his Bundesliga debut in a 3–2 defeat against Bayer Leverkusen.[17] On 4 October, he netted his first Champions League goal in a 1–3 home defeat against Manchester City.[18] On 28 November, Openda scored twice at the City of Manchester Stadium against Manchester City, although his team lost 3–2.[19] He finished his debut Bundesliga season at the club as their top scorer with 24 goals, only behind Harry Kane and Serhou Guirassy in the league.[20]\nOn 31 August 2024, Openda scored two goals against Bayer Leverkusen in a 3–2 away victory to end their unbeaten Bundesliga streak for the first time in 15 months.[21]\nJuventus\n[edit]On 1 September 2025, Openda signed for Serie A club Juventus on an initial loan deal worth €3.3 million, with an obligation to buy for €40.6 million, depending on certain conditions.[22][23]\nInternational career\n[edit]On 18 May 2022, Openda was named to the squad for the four 2022–23 UEFA Nations League matches on 3, 8, 10 and 13 June 2022 against Netherlands, Poland (twice) and Wales respectively. He played again against Wales in the UEFA Nations League on 13 September 2022.[24]\nOn 10 November 2022, he was named in the final squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.[25]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Openda is of Moroccan, French,[26] and Congolese descent;[27] he holds both Congolese and French citizenship. Openda is a Christian.[28][29][30]\nCareer statistics\n[edit]Club\n[edit]- As of match played 27 December 2025\n- ^ Includes Belgian Cup, KNVB Cup, Coupe de France, DFB-Pokal, Coppa Italia\n- ^ Five appearances in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in UEFA Europa League\n- ^ a b c d Appearances in UEFA Champions League\n- ^ Appearances in UEFA Europa Conference League\n- ^ Appearances in Eredivisie European play-offs\n- ^ Appearance in DFL-Supercup\nInternational\n[edit]- As of match played 18 November 2025[31]\nScores and results list Belgium's goal tally first.[31]\nHonours\n[edit]Club Brugge\nRB Leipzig\nIndividual\n- Eredivisie Player of the Month: May 2022[36]\n- UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: March 2023,[37] April 2023[38]\n- UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2022–23[39]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Squad List: FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: Belgium (BEL)\" (PDF). FIFA. 18 December 2022. p. 3. Retrieved 31 August 2024.\n-...", "title": "Loïs Openda - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangelis_Pavlidis", "text": "Vangelis Pavlidis\nVangelis Pavlidis (Greek: Βαγγέλης Παυλίδης; [vaɲˈɟelis paˈvliðis]; born 21 November 1998) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a centre forward for Primeira Liga club Benfica and the Greece national team.[2][3]\nBorn and raised in Thessaloniki, Greece, Pavlidis started his professional career with VfL Bochum in 2016 and then represented Willem II before signing with AZ Alkmaar in 2021, being crowned the Eredivisie top scorer in 2024. In July 2024, he signed with Benfica for a fee of €18 million.\nPavlidis represented Greece at various youth levels and made his senior debut for Greece in 2019.\nClub career\n[edit]VfL Bochum\n[edit]On 9 April 2016, Pavlidis signed a professional contract until the summer of 2019. On 15 May 2016, he made his debut with the club as a substitute in a 2. Bundesliga 4–2 away win against 1. FC Heidenheim.\nLoan to Borussia Dortmund II\n[edit]On 26 January 2018, Pavlidis joined Borussia Dortmund II on loan for the second half of the season.[4] On 22 June 2018, Pavlidis loan spell was extended until summer 2019.[5]\nWillem II\n[edit]On 17 January 2019, Willem II confirmed the signing Pavlidis on loan from Bochum until the end of the 2018–19 season.[6][7] On 23 January, he scored his first goal with the club after Marios Vrousai's assist in a 3–2 away KNVB Beker win against FC Twente.[8] On 16 February, he scored his first goal in Eredivisie. Over six months, Pavlidis recorded six goals and five assists in seventeen matches.[9]\nOn 29 April, Pavlidis signed a permanent deal with the club.[10][11] Subsequently that year, on 2 August, in the opening game of the 2019–20 Eredivisie, Pavlidis scored twice as Willem II won 3–1 against PEC Zwolle.[12] He started the following season by scoring four goals in his first two Eredivisie matches, before adding seven goals the rest of the campaign. With the season being abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands, Willem II finished fifth place in the Eredivisie, earning a spot in the Europa League second qualifying round.[13]\nOn 16 September 2020, Pavlidis scored twice in the Europa League qualifying match against Progrès Niederkorn, which ended in a 5–0 win. Willem II were eliminated in the next round by Scottish side Rangers, following a 4–0 loss. On the final matchday, Pavlidis scored a stunning solo goal in a 2–1 win against Fortuna Sittard, that kept Willem II in the Eredivisie.\nAZ Alkmaar\n[edit]On 9 July 2021, Pavlidis signed a contract until 2025 at Dutch club AZ Alkmaar. He made his debut for AZ on 14 August as a substitute against RKC Waalwijk and started his first match four days later in a UEFA Europa League qualifier against Celtic. On 29 August, he scored his first goal for AZ against Heerenveen. Later that year, on 1 December, Pavlidis was one of the eleven nominees for the 2021 Puskás Award.[14] He finished the season with 25 goals in 51 matches. He also scored in the final of the European play-offs against Vitesse, helping AZ qualify for the Europa League second qualifying round. In the Eredivisie, he scored sixteen goals, ranking third on the top scorers list behind Sébastien Haller and Loïs Openda.[15]\nIn the 2022–23 season, Pavlidis was sidelined for two months with an ankle injury, but still managed to score eight goals in the thirteen matches he played before the winter break. On 28 January 2023, he netted a hat-trick in a thrilling 5–5 draw against Utrecht, where his compatriot Anastasios Douvikas also scored a hat-trick. On 21 May, he provided an hat-trick of assists in a 3–0 victory against NEC Nijmegen. That season, AZ reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa Conference League, where they were eliminated by West Ham United and finished the season with 22 goals and 14 assists in 40 matches.[16][17]\nThe following season, Pavlidis became the first player in Eredivisie history to score in each of the first nine matchdays.[18] He ended that streak with a hat-trick in a 3–0 victory against Heerenveen, bringing hi...", "title": "Vangelis Pavlidis - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_van_Wolfswinkel", "text": "Ricky van Wolfswinkel\nRicky van Wolfswinkel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɪki vɑɱ ˈʋɔl(ə)fsˌʋɪŋkəl]; born 27 January 1989) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a striker for Eredivisie club Twente. He has played top-flight football in the Netherlands, Portugal, England, France, Spain and Switzerland and has been capped twice by the Netherlands national team.\nClub career\n[edit]Vitesse\n[edit]Van Wolfswinkel started his football career at the D-pupils of Vitesse Arnhem. In the A-juniors, he became top scorer in the national first division, winning a prize awarded by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) for the feat. This prize was presented by Wesley Sneijder in 2007.[2] On 5 April 2008, Van Wolfswinkel made his debut for Vitesse's first team in a match against Sparta Rotterdam, in which he was the substitute in the 85th minute for Santi Kolk. Against De Graafschap, in the 2008–09 season, he was in the starting lineup for the first time. In his third match that season, against Sparta Rotterdam, he scored his first Eredivisie goal.[3]\nUtrecht\n[edit]On 29 May 2009, Van Wolfswinkel announced his departure from Vitesse, subsequently signing a three-year contract with FC Utrecht.[4] He began the 2010–11 league campaign with a goal in a 3–1 loss against Feyenoord. On 22 August 2010, he scored two goals against Willem II resulting in a 3–0 win for Utrecht. On 26 August 2010, Van Wolfswinkel scored a hat-trick against Celtic in the UEFA Europa League; Utrecht went on to win the match 4–0.[5] On 3 October 2010, Van Wolfswinkel scored two penalties against Ajax to gain a 2–1 away win over the Dutch runners-up.\nSporting CP\n[edit]On 3 June 2011, Van Wolfswinkel moved to Sporting CP, signing a five-year contract on a €5.4 million deal;[6] Sporting CP was given financial aid by Sporting Portugal Fund and Quality Sports Investments. He scored his first goal for Sporting on 10 September 2011 against Paços de Ferreira in a 3–2 win. He was the SJPF Player of the Month for September 2011. Overall, he scored a total of 25 goals during the 2011–12 season, including a hat-trick in the final game, a 3–2 win over Braga at the Estádio José Alvalade on 12 May 2012.[7]\nIn his second season in Lisbon, Van Wolfswinkel recorded another 14 league goals in 30 games, although his team missed out on European competition by finishing 7th. He scored a hat-trick, again in a 3–2 win over Braga, on 1 April 2013.[8]\nNorwich City\n[edit]On 22 March 2013, it was announced that Van Wolfswinkel had agreed a deal to join English club Norwich City for the 2013–14 season, a transfer worth €10 million, plus up to €2 million in bonuses.[9][10] He joined the Canaries on 1 July on a four-year deal.[11] He stated that the famous Netherlands player Johan Neeskens had urged him to join Norwich, saying, \"Ricky, you have to go. It's a great club for you. If you have a great feeling, do it.\"[12]\nHe scored on his league debut on 17 August, in a 2–2 home draw for Norwich against Everton.[13] After the match, he said in an interview that Manchester United and Netherlands international Robin van Persie also recommended Norwich to him. Van Persie was reported to have told Van Wolfswinkel that Norwich are \"a difficult team to beat\" and that the \"crowd always get really behind them.\"[14]\nVan Wolfswinkel was involved in controversy in the 0–0 home draw against Cardiff City on 26 October 2013. After teammate Alexander Tettey was injured, Cardiff goalkeeper David Marshall sportingly put the ball out of play. Van Wolfswinkel quickly threw the ball to Leroy Fer, who kicked the ball into the goal. This caused outrage amongst the Cardiff players, who started shoving both Van Wolfswinkel and Fer. The goal was disallowed despite it not technically being a violation of any rules.[15] In February 2014, he was alleged to have been kicked by Manchester City's Yaya Touré, who was investigated, and Van Wolfswinkel welcomed The FA's verdict that Touré had done no wrong.[16]\nVan Wolfswinkel failed...", "title": "Ricky van Wolfswinkel - Wikipedia" } ]	5,784
68	The latest game, as of August 4, 2024, from the creator of Kirby won an award at The Game Awards. What won Game of the Year the following year?	The Last of Us Part II	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_(series)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Sakurai	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_(series)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Sakurai', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby_(series)", "text": "Kirby (series)\nKirby[a] is a platform game series developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. The series centers around the adventures of the titular character as he fights to protect and save his home on the distant Planet Popstar from a variety of threats. The majority of the games in the series are side-scrolling platformers with puzzle-solving and beat 'em up elements. Kirby has the ability to inhale enemies and objects into his mouth, spitting them out as a projectile or eating them. If he inhales certain enemies, he can gain the powers or properties of that enemy manifesting as a new weapon or power-up called a Copy Ability. The series is intended to be easy to pick up and play even for people unfamiliar with action games, while at the same time offering additional challenge and depth for more experienced players to come back to.\nThe Kirby series includes 39 games, and has sold over 50 million units worldwide, making it one of Nintendo's best-selling franchises[1] and making it the 53rd best-selling video game franchise of all time.\nGameplay\n[edit]The main Kirby games are side-scrolling action platforms. As Kirby, the spherical pink protagonist, the player must run, jump, and attack enemies while traversing a number of areas, solving puzzles, and battling bosses along the way. Kirby possesses the ability to inhale objects and enemies, even those larger than himself, which he can spit out as a projectile or swallow. Some of these, when swallowed, will grant Kirby a Copy Ability, which allows him to take on a characteristic of that enemy and use it in combat. For example, upon swallowing an enemy that breathes fire, Kirby becomes able to breathe fire or swallowing an enemy with a sword Kirby can use a sword.[2] Kirby can also take in air to inflate himself and fly. In most games, he can do this for as long as he wants, but his attack options become limited to an air bullet.\nKirby games often contain a number of hidden items that unlock more parts of the game or are simple incentives to collect, and are usually required to reach 100% in-game completion. These special items are usually related to the plot of the game, most often used to create a special weapon needed to defeat the final boss such as the rainbow sword. In some games, the special weapon is optional and can be used regularly in the game after defeating the final boss with it. These elements have remained constant in most series, with each game having its own unique twist to affect gameplay.\nThere are also several spin-off games in the series, which involve a variety of different video game genres such as pinball, puzzle, racing, and motion-sensor-technology-based games.\nPlot\n[edit]Characters\n[edit]The series' main protagonist is Kirby, who resides in the kingdom of Dream Land on a five-point-star-shaped Planet Popstar. Much of Dream Land is peaceful, and its people lead laid-back, carefree lives. However, when the peace in Dream Land is shattered by threats both terrestrial and alien, it is up to Kirby to save his home and those who reside there.\nBesides Kirby, many characters appear throughout the series as both allies and enemies, such as King Dedede, a gluttonous bird-like creature resembling a blue penguin and self-proclaimed ruler of Dream Land. King Dedede debuted in the first game of the series, Kirby's Dream Land, and his selfish nature or greater forces controlling him often lead him to clash with Kirby, but he mostly teams up with Kirby when a greater threat emerges, that isn't controlling him, especially in the more recent games, where he is portrayed more so as a rival to Kirby as opposed to an enemy. King Dedede has appeared in all Kirby games except Kirby & the Amazing Mirror.\nAnother major character in the series is the enigmatic Meta Knight, a chivalrous masked creature similar in size and shape to Kirby who one day wishes to fight the strongest warrior in the galaxy and leads a group of like-minded warriors. Meta Knight has some kind...", "title": "Kirby (series) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Sakurai", "text": "Masahiro Sakurai\nMasahiro Sakurai (桜井政博, Sakurai Masahiro; born August 3, 1970) is a Japanese video game director and game designer best known as the creator of the Kirby and Super Smash Bros. series. Apart from his work on those series, he also led the design of Meteos in 2005 and directed Kid Icarus: Uprising in 2012.\nFormerly an employee of HAL Laboratory, Sakurai left the company in 2003 and in 2005 with his wife Michiko Sakurai (also ex-HAL Laboratory) founded their company Sora Ltd.[a], under which they work on a freelance basis. He was also an author of a weekly column for Famitsu magazine from 2003 to 2021, and has done voice acting work in some of his games, most notably providing the voice of King Dedede in Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards and the Super Smash Bros. series. From 2022 to 2024, Sakurai ran an educational YouTube channel, Masahiro Sakurai on Creating Games, which discussed various topics in game design and his career.\nCareer\nMasahiro Sakurai was born on August 3, 1970, in Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan. One of Sakurai's earliest experiences in the video game industry began when he worked for HAL Laboratory, where he created the character Kirby at age 19 and directed his first title, Kirby's Dream Land.[1]\nSakurai left HAL on August 5, 2003. He explained in an interview with Nintendo Dream that he felt it would be difficult to create new projects while staying at HAL due to the direction of the gaming industry, where the risk of failure was high. While he was not being pressured by HAL to create Kirby sequels, he noted increasing tension within the industry as a whole: \"It was tough for me to see that every time I made a new game, people automatically assumed that a sequel was coming. Even if it's a sequel, lots of people have to give their all to make a game, but some people think the sequel process happens naturally.\"[2][3]\nSoon after, Sakurai began working on a project with Q Entertainment, along with Tetsuya Mizuguchi. This collaboration resulted in Meteos in 2005, a puzzle game for the Nintendo DS. On September 30, 2005, Sakurai announced that he had formed his own company, Sora Ltd.[4] Two games were announced to be in development but no information on the titles had been divulged. As for the future of the Super Smash Bros. series, Nintendo and HAL Laboratory president Satoru Iwata, during Nintendo's E3 2005 press conference, promised an online iteration of the game would come to the Wii.[5]\nIn issue #885 of Famitsu magazine, Sakurai revealed that he would be serving as a director and game designer on Super Smash Bros. Brawl for the Wii. Super Smash Bros. Brawl was released in 2008, after personnel borrowed from 19 different developer studios assisted in development.[6] Sakurai had been updating daily the Super Smash Bros Brawl website called the Smash Bros. Dojo. Starting a year previous the release, he revealed Brawl secrets and gameplay content through the site. The Smash Bros. Dojo had regular updates from May 22, 2007, to April 14, 2008.[7]\nOn the final day of updates, it was revealed that Sakurai provided the voice for King Dedede in Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards as well as Dedede in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. He and his company, Sora Ltd. alongside Nintendo, started a first-party studio, Project Sora, which was 72% owned by Nintendo and 28% owned by Sora Ltd. It was revealed at E3 2010 that Sakurai and Project Sora were working on Kid Icarus: Uprising for the Nintendo 3DS. Project Sora was closed and ended development on June 30, 2012.[8] At E3 2011, Nintendo announced that Sakurai was working on Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Sakurai began development of the title upon the release of Kid Icarus: Uprising in March 2012.[9]\nIn February 2013, Sakurai was diagnosed with calcific tendinitis near his right shoulder, which caused him substantial pain whenever he moved his arm. He mentioned that this could effectively slow down his work, as he does some of his game testing himself.[10]\nSakur...", "title": "Masahiro Sakurai - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros._Ultimate", "text": "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate[a] is a 2018 crossover fighting game developed by Bandai Namco Studios and Sora Ltd. and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch. It is the fifth[b] installment in the Super Smash Bros. series, succeeding Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014). The game follows the series' traditional style of gameplay, in which players control one of the various characters and use attacks to weaken their opponents and knock them out of an arena. It features a wide variety of game modes, including a single-player campaign and multiplayer versus modes. Ultimate features 89 playable fighters, including all characters from previous Super Smash Bros. games as well as newcomers. The roster ranges from Nintendo characters to those from third-party franchises.\nPlanning for the game had begun by December 2015, with full development starting after the completion of 3DS/Wii U's downloadable content (DLC). Series creator and director Masahiro Sakurai returned along with Bandai Namco Studios and Sora, the studios that developed 3DS/Wii U, with their return speeding up the preparation process. Sakurai's goal with Ultimate was to include every character from previous games in the series, despite the various development and licensing challenges this would present. Several well-known video game musicians contributed to the soundtrack, with Hideki Sakamoto writing the main theme \"Lifelight\". Ultimate was first teased in a Nintendo Direct in March 2018, with Nintendo's E3 2018 Direct primarily revealing and featuring it that subsequent June. Ultimate received downloadable content adding new fighters, stages, and other content until October 2021.\nSuper Smash Bros. Ultimate was released on December 7, 2018. The game received acclaim from critics, who lauded its refined gameplay and fine-tuning of the series' best elements as well as its extensive variety of content and characters, while its online mode was negatively received for its technical performance and matchmaking. Ultimate is often considered to be one of the best titles on the Switch and one of the greatest video games ever made, becoming a popular competitive fighting game in esports like its predecessors. It is also the best-selling fighting game in history and one of the best-selling games on the Switch, having sold over 36 million copies as of March 2025.\nGameplay\n[edit]Super Smash Bros. Ultimate is a platform fighter for up to eight players in which characters from Nintendo games and third-party franchises fight to knock each other out of an arena. Each player has a percentage meter that increases as they take damage, representing the amount of knockback they take from attacks; the higher a character's percent, the easier it is to launch them into the air and out of the arena.[2] Standard battles use one of three victory conditions: Timed, where players aim to earn the most KOs within a time limit; Stock, where each player or team has a set number of lives and aims to be the last player standing; and Stamina, in which the percentage meter is replaced with a measure of hit points that opponents try to reduce to zero to win. Players can adjust the rules to their liking and save them as presets for future matches.[3]\nPlayers have the option to enable various items to spawn at random during battle, which can be picked up and used in various ways to grant them an advantage; for instance, Poké Balls and Assist Trophies respectively summon Pokémon and other non-playable characters to assist the user in battle. In Timed matches, certain Assist Trophies can be attacked and defeated to earn points.[4][5][6] Each character also possesses a powerful Final Smash attack, which can be performed either by obtaining a Smash Ball or by filling up a special meter, either of which can be toggled on and off.[4][5][6] The base game features 103 different stages (plus one additional stage added in a free update), with additional stages being bundled ...", "title": "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2020", "text": "The Game Awards 2020\nThe Game Awards 2020 was an award show that honored the best video games of 2020. It was produced and hosted by Geoff Keighley, and took place on December 10, 2020. The preshow ceremony was hosted by Sydnee Goodman. Unlike previous Game Awards, the show was broadcast virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic; Keighley presented at a soundstage in Los Angeles, while musical performances took place virtually at stages in London and Tokyo. The show introduced the award's first Future Class, a list of individuals from the video game industry who best represent the future of video games, Innovation in Accessibility award, an award for games that featured notable accessibility options. The show was live streamed across 45 different platforms. It featured musical performances from the London Philharmonic Orchestra[b] and Eddie Vedder, and presentations from celebrity guests, including Reggie Fils-Aimé, Gal Gadot, Brie Larson, and Keanu Reeves.\nThe Last of Us Part II received eleven nominations and seven wins—the most in the show's history to date[c]—and was awarded Game of the Year. Neil Druckmann and Halley Gross won Best Narrative for their work on the game, while Laura Bailey was awarded Best Performance for her role as Abby. Several new games were announced, including Ark II, Perfect Dark, and an untitled Mass Effect game. The show was the most expensive ceremony to date. It was viewed by over 83 million streams, the most in its history to date,[d] with 8.3 million concurrent viewers at its peak. It received a mixed reception from media publications, with praise directed at new game announcements, and criticism for not allowing developers more time to speak. Some critics and viewers shared concerns over the success of The Last of Us Part II due to its developer's crunch practices.\nBackground\n[edit]As with previous iterations of The Game Awards, the 2020 show was hosted and produced by Canadian games journalist Geoff Keighley. He returned as an executive producer alongside Kimmie Kim, and Richard Preuss and LeRoy Bennett returned as director and creative director, respectively.[5] Sydnee Goodman returned as host of the preshow.[6] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Keighley did not want to host a normal ceremony.[7] Not wanting to take a hiatus and inspired by the success of Summer Game Fest,[8] he considered hosting from his home but his board urged him to attempt a larger show on par with previous years.[9] In case of a significant surge of COVID-19 cases in California, the crew had several back-up plans, including broadcasting from Keighley's house.[2] He worked with his partners to develop a virtual show;[7] he and his team took inspiration from other shows throughout the year, including the Democratic National Convention, in which the \"audience\" was featured on virtual screens,[10] as well as the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, wherein the hosts were isolated on stage and the winners accepted via video call.[9]\nThe presentation used three soundstages in Los Angeles, London, and Tokyo; each had minimal attendees, mostly related to production crew and presenters. Keighley said this allowed them to include additional presentation events as with past shows, as well as explore taking future shows to different venues.[7] The 2020 show—featuring a production of more than 400 people, six of whom are full-time employees—had a budget of under US$10 million[11] and was the most expensive to date, partly due to the COVID-19 tests required for the crew and the worldwide remote camera set-ups.[2] It remained profitable due to revenue from advertisers and sponsors, as well as minor earnings from streaming services.[11] The show's theme was strength and comfort due to the impact of the pandemic. Keighley wanted to implore the theme of unity, given the release of the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S in November 2020; he cited The Game Awards 2018 as an example of this theme, which had led with Nintendo's Reggie Fils-Aimé, Microsoft'...", "title": "The Game Awards 2020 - Wikipedia" } ]	3,584
69	By how many years does the inception of the party to which former Finnish MP Lea Rakel Hiltunen last belonged predate the foundation of the Parliament of Finland itself?	7 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakel_Hiltunen", "text": "Rakel Hiltunen\nAppearance\nLea Rakel Hiltunen (née Lyytikäinen; born 2 July 1940 in Keitele) is a Finnish social worker and politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1999 to 2015, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Retrieved 11 October 2014.\nCategories:\n- 1940 births\n- Living people\n- People from Keitele\n- Social Democratic Party of Finland politicians\n- Members of the Parliament of Finland (1999–2003)\n- Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–2007)\n- Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–2011)\n- Members of the Parliament of Finland (2011–2015)\n- Social Democratic Party of Finland politician stubs", "title": "Rakel Hiltunen - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland", "text": "Parliament of Finland\nThe Parliament of Finland (Finnish: Suomen eduskunta [ˈsuo̯men ˈeduskuntɑ]; Swedish: Finlands riksdag [ˈfinlɑnds ˈriksdɑː(ɡ)]) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906.[2] In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament.[3] The Parliament consists of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years from 13 multi-member districts electing 6 to 37 members using the proportional D'Hondt method. In addition, there is one member from Åland.\nLegislation may be initiated by either the Government or one of the members of Parliament. The Parliament passes legislation, decides on the state budget, approves international treaties, and supervises the activities of the government. It may bring about the resignation of the Finnish Government, override presidential vetoes, and alter the constitution. To make changes to the constitution, amendments must be approved by two successive parliaments, with an election cycle in between. The first parliament requires a 1/2 majority to approve it and the second a 2/3 majority. If the matter is urgent and can not wait for an election, the amendment can be declared urgent by a 5/6 majority. An urgent amendment can then be passed by a 2/3 majority.[4] Most MPs work in parliamentary groups which correspond with the political parties. The Parliament currently comprises nine parliamentary groups. Since the establishment of the Parliament in 1905, the parliamentary majority has been held once by a single party: the Social Democrats in the 1916 election. Thus, for the government to gain a majority in the Parliament, coalition governments are favored. These are generally formed by at least two of the three historically major parties: the Social Democrats, Centre, and National Coalition. Ministers are often but not necessarily MPs. The Parliament meets in the Parliament House (Finnish: Eduskuntatalo, Swedish: Riksdagshuset), which is located in central Helsinki.\nThe most recent parliamentary election took place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election the Orpo Cabinet was formed by the National Coalition, Finns and Swedish People's parties as well as the Christian Democrats.\nName\n[edit]Finnish\n[edit]The Parliament's Finnish name is eduskunta, uncapitalized. The word was created in 1906 when the unicameral Parliament was established, with the approximate meaning of an 'Assembly of Representatives'.[5] This word is used mostly to refer to Finland's legislature but can also be used as a general term for legislatures in any country.[6]\nSwedish\n[edit]In Swedish, the Parliament's name is riksdag, uncapitalized. This is also the general term for the Swedish legislature. Riksdag derives from the genitive of rike ('realm') referring to the independent state of Finland, and dag, meaning diet or conference.[7]\nBefore independence, until the Constitution Act of 1919, the Parliament was known, in Swedish, as lantdagen (cognate of landtag, having the sense of \"subnational assembly\") which was the old term for the Diet of Finland.[8]\nHistory\n[edit]The Parliament of Finland was preceded by the Diet of Finland (Swedish: lantdagen; Finnish: maapäivät, modern Finnish: valtiopäivät), which had succeeded the Riksdag of the Estates in 1809. When the unicameral Parliament of Finland was established by the Parliament Act in 1906, Finland was an autonomous grand duchy and principality under the Imperial Russian Tsar, who ruled as the Grand Duke, rather than as an absolute monarch. Universal suffrage and eligibility was implemented, making Finland the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.[9] Women could both vote and run for office as equals, and this applied also to landless people, with no excluded minorities. The first election to the Parliament was arranged in 1907. The first Parliament had 19 female representatives, an unprecedented number at the time, which grew to 21 by 191...", "title": "Parliament of Finland - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland", "text": "Social Democratic Party of Finland\nThe Social Democratic Party of Finland (Finnish: Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsuo̯men ˈsosiɑ(ː)liˌdemokrɑːtːinen ˈpuo̯lue], SDP, nicknamed: demarit in Finnish; Swedish: Finlands socialdemokratiska parti, SD) is a social democratic[5][6] political party in Finland. It is the third-largest party in the Parliament of Finland with a total of 42 seats.\nFounded in 1899 as the Workers' Party of Finland (Finnish: Suomen työväenpuolue; Swedish: Finlands arbetarparti), the SDP is Finland's oldest active political party and has a close relationship with the Central Organisation of Finnish Trade Unions. It is also a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance and Socialist International.\nFollowing the resignation of Antti Rinne in December 2019, Sanna Marin became the country's 46th prime minister. The SDP formed a new coalition government on the basis of its predecessor, the Rinne Cabinet, in effect continuing its cooperation with the Centre Party, Green League, Left Alliance and Swedish People's Party. Of the nineteen ministerial spots that were decided upon in conjunction, seven of them were designated to the SDP in the Marin Cabinet.[7] In September 2023, Antti Lindtman was elected as leader of the party following Marin's resignation after the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election.[8]\nHistory\n[edit]The party was founded as the Workers' Party of Finland in 1899, with its first meeting being held from 17–20 July in Turku. At the beginning of the 1900s the party presented demands as well as solutions to the tenant farmer question, the managing of employment, improvement of workers' rights, freedom of speech and an 8-hour work day.[9]\nIn its 1903 second party conference in Forssa, the party's name was renamed to the present form: Social Democratic Party of Finland, but the Grand Duchy of Finland's then governor-general Nikolay Bobrikov had outlawed the SDP from using \"social democratic\" in their name before, but this ban was not followed on by the party members when the name was changed. At the same time, the at the time radical Forssa Programme was agreed upon, which served as the official party platform until 1952. The goals of the programme were as follows: an 8-hour workday, a minimum wage, universal compulsory education and prohibition.[10]\nThe Forssa Programme is based on the Erfurt Programme approved by the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1891 and the Social Democratic Party of Austria's programme, respectively. Its immediate demands have been fulfilled, but the most significant and currently unfulfilled requirement is the right to vote directly on laws (direct democracy, as opposed to representative democracy [except for two times, and then just on advisory referendums: once about prohibition in 1931 and another on the 1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum.])[11] The demands on total separation of church and state, abolition of religious education in all schools and the prohibition of alcohol have all since then been abandoned.[12]\nThe SDP was closely associated with the Finnish Trade Union Federation (SAJ), established in 1907, with all of its members also being members of the party.[13] The party remained a chiefly extra-parliamentary movement until universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, after which the SDP's share of the votes reached 47% in the 1916 Finnish parliamentary election, when the party secured a majority in the parliament, the only time in the history of Finland when one party has had such a majority. The party lost its majority in the 1917 Finnish parliamentary election after the Russian Provisional Government had rejected its Valtalaki 1917 proposal and disbanded the Finnish government, starting a rebellion with the broader Finnish labour movement that quickly escalated into the Finnish Civil War in 1918.[citation needed]\nSDP members declared Finland a socialist republic, but they were defeated by the forces ...", "title": "Social Democratic Party of Finland - Wikipedia" } ]	2,076
70	According to the population data in their respective Wikipedia articles in August 2024, what is the difference between the population of Seattle, WA, and Portland, OR, according to the data from 2020?	84,512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle", "text": "Seattle\nSeattle (/siˈætəl/ ⓘ see-AT-əl) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. It is the 18th-most populous city in the United States with a population of 780,995 in 2024,[2] while the Seattle metropolitan area at over 4.15 million residents is the 15th-most populous metropolitan area in the nation.[11] The city is the county seat of King County, the most populous county in Washington. Seattle's growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 made it one of the country's fastest-growing large cities.[12]\nSeattle is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean, and Lake Washington. It is the northernmost major city in the United States, located about 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border. A gateway for trade with the West Pacific, the Port of Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2021[update].[13]\nThe Seattle area has been inhabited by Native Americans (such as the Duwamish, who had at least 17 villages around Elliott Bay) for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers.[14] Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, Oregon, on the schooner Exact at Alki Point on November 13, 1851.[15] The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay in 1852 and named \"Seattle\" in honor of Chief Seattle, a prominent 19th-century leader of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Seattle currently has relatively high populations of Native Americans as well as Americans with strong Asian, African, European, and Scandinavian ancestry, and, as of 2015, hosts the fifth-highest percentage of residents who identify as LGBT among major metropolitan areas in the U.S. (4.8 percent).[16]\nLogging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. The city grew after World War II, partly due to the local company Boeing, which established Seattle as a center for its manufacturing of aircraft. Beginning in the 1980s, the Seattle area developed into a technology center; Microsoft established its headquarters in the region. Alaska Airlines is based at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in SeaTac, Washington. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 in the decade between 1990 and 2000.\nThe culture of Seattle is heavily defined by its significant musical history. Between 1918 and 1951, nearly 24 jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene nurtured the early careers of Ernestine Anderson, Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, and others. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the city also was the origin of several rock artists, including Foo Fighters, Heart, and Jimi Hendrix, and the subgenre of grunge and its pioneering bands, including Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, and others.[17]\nHistory\nArchaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years.[14] By the time the first European settlers arrived, the Duwamish people occupied at least 17 villages in the areas around Elliott Bay.[18][19][20] The name for the modern city of Seattle in Lushootseed, dᶻidᶻəlal̓ič, meaning \"little crossing-over place\", comes from one of these villages, which was located at the present-day King Street Station.[21][22][23]\nIn May 1792, George Vancouver was the first European to visit the Seattle area during his 1791–1795 expedition for the Royal Navy, which sought to chart the Pacific Northwest for the British.[24]\n19th century\nIn 1851, a large party of American pioneers led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Du...", "title": "Seattle - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon", "text": "Portland, Oregon\nPortland (/ˈpɔːrtlənd/ PORT-lənd) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Oregon. Located in the Pacific Northwest at the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers, it is the 28th-most populous city in the United States, sixth most populous on the West Coast, and third most populous in the Pacific Northwest (after Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia) with a population of 652,503 at the 2020 census.[11] The Portland metropolitan area, with over 2.54 million residents, is the 26th-largest metropolitan area in the nation. Almost half of Oregon's population resides within the Portland metro area.[a] It is the county seat of Multnomah County, Oregon's most populous county.\nThe Portland area was shaped by massive ice-age floods. It was inhabited by the Chinookan peoples. European American settlers arrived in the 1840s. Following a coin toss,[12] Portland was named after Portland, Maine, which was itself named after England's Isle of Portland. In the 19th century, Portland became a major port and lumber center and gained a reputation for saloons and crime. The 20th century saw population growth, World War II shipbuilding, Japanese-American internment, organized crime, and a hippie/counterculture movement. Since the 1990s, it has experienced growth in the technology sector and rising housing costs.\nPortland is located near volcanic features such as Mount Tabor and is also close to active faults. The city is divided into six addressing sectors and comprises diverse neighborhoods. Portland has a predominantly White population. The city’s economy is driven by technology, athletic and outdoor brands, shipping, and craft industries. Social issues include homelessness and property crime, although recent trends indicate a low violent crime rate.[13][14][15][16] The city prioritizes urban planning, sustainability, and diverse transportation options, while managing growth with an urban growth boundary. Portland also has numerous schools and universities, media outlets, healthcare facilities, and global sister-city connections.\nThe city operates with a mayor–council government system, guided by a mayor and 12 city councilors, as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States.[17][18] Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the \"City of Roses\" for more than a century.[19] Portland is known for its vibrant music and performing arts scene, extensive parks including Forest Park, and professional sports teams such as the Trail Blazers, Timbers, and Thorns.\nHistory\n[edit]Before European settlement\n[edit]During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula, in what would later become Montana. These massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) of water.[20]\nBefore American settlers began arriving in the 1800s, the land was inhabited for many centuries by two bands of indigenous Chinook people – the Multnomah and the Clackamas.[21] The Chinook people occupying the land were first documented in 1805 by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.[22] Before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast.[22]\nEstablishment\n[edit]Large numbers of pioneer settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1840s via the Oregon Trail with many arriving in nearby Oregon City.[23] A new settlement then emerged ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River,[24] roughly halfway between Oregon City and Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Vancouver. This community was initially referred to as \"Stumptown\" and \"The Clearing\" because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth.[25] In 1843, William Overton saw potentia...", "title": "Portland, Oregon - Wikipedia" } ]	1,882
71	What was the Enhanced Fujita Scale rating of the 2011 tornado that hit the hometown of the band who had a controversial interview with Bryan Odell on June 3, 2012?	EF5- Joplin, Missouri	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BryanStars	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Shout_Never	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BryanStars', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Shout_Never', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BryanStars", "text": "BryanStars\nBryan Odell (born May 22, 1990), better known by his online alias BryanStars, is an American former music interviewer, YouTube personality, musician, and artist manager. He is best known for his BryanStars Interviews series, where he interviews with popular artists in the alternative scene, including Black Veil Brides, Asking Alexandria, and Falling in Reverse.\nEarly life\n[edit]Odell was born on May 22, 1990, in Japan, where he resided until he was eight years old. His family later relocated to Dallas, Texas, and then again to Nebraska when he was a teenager.[citation needed] He attended Lincoln East High School, where he graduated in 2008.[1] In his senior year, his short film Energy Crisis in America, highlighting rising gas prices, won third place in the high school section of the StudentCam competition, hosted by C-SPAN.[2]\nHe attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for two years, majoring in Broadcast Journalism.[3] While in university, he did an internship where he would interview professional bands for a local television station.\nOdell chose to drop out of university to focus his attention on his YouTube channel \"BryanStars\" after winning YouTube NextUp in 2011.[4] Through the NextUp contest, YouTube aimed to foster creators on its platform. Odell and 25 other YouTubers received a $35,000 grant for their channel and a multi-day workshop in New York City with professional online bloggers.[1] At the time, he had about 55,000 subscribers.[5]\nYouTube career\n[edit]Odell is best known for his BryanStars Interviews, series on his YouTube channel, BryanStars. He primarily publishes interviews and music videos from bands of the rock and heavy metal scene.\nDuring his career, Odell interviewed artists including Asking Alexandria, Blood On The Dance Floor, Millionaires, Never Shout Never, Motionless In White, Pierce the Veil, Black Veil Brides, All Time Low, Sleeping with Sirens, The Ready Set, One Ok Rock, Panic! at the Disco, Twenty One Pilots, Avenged Sevenfold, Her Bright Skies, Escape the Fate, Suicide Silence, Disturbed, Creed, Hollywood Undead, Korn, Three Days Grace, Bullet For My Valentine, Cannibal Corpse, Chevelle, and Slipknot, as well as artists like Rob Zombie, Papa Roach, Cody Simpson, G-Eazy, Mitchel Musso and winners of American Idol. Odell has also interviewed record producer Matt Good and YouTube stars Shane Dawson, Michael Buckley and Dave Days. He has published more than 1000 band interviews and music videos to his YouTube Channel.\nIn 2013, BryanStars Interviews was voted by music fans as the \"Best Music Blog\" in the Alternative Press Reader's Choice Poll 2013.[6] BryanStars Interviews was nominated for a Shorty Award for \"Best Web Show\" in 2014 along with Jerry Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.[7] In 2014, retailer Journeys produced \"This Is My Journey\" segment about Odell that played in stores nationwide.\nNever Shout Never incident\n[edit]On June 3, 2012, Never Shout Never was interviewed by Odell in an interview that was being covered by The New York Times. Never Shout Never lead vocalist Christofer Drew Ingle was aware of The New York Times coverage of the interview. About halfway through the interview, Ingle cut Odell off, denouncing his show as \"a joke\" and his questions as \"bullshit\" with bassist Taylor MacFee also taking Odell's interview question papers from him, throwing them on the floor, and finding his questions to be annoying and irrelevant. As a result, the band abruptly ended the interview, leaving Odell in tears.[8]\nAn outpour of support for Odell resulted from the incident. Numerous musicians such as Kellin Quinn of Sleeping with Sirens, Chris Fronzak of Attila, and Andy Biersack of Black Veil Brides came to Odell's defense.[8] In a Stickam broadcast, Ingle expressed remorse for making Odell cry, later admitting that he had taken acid earlier the day of the interview.[9]\nIn 2024, Sergio Pereira of Grunge included the incident in his list of \"Rock Stars Who Ditched Awkw...", "title": "BryanStars - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Shout_Never", "text": "Never Shout Never\nNever Shout Never (originally typeset as nevershoutnever! and NeverShoutNever!) was an American rock band formed in Joplin, Missouri, in 2007. Vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Christofer Drew began the band as a solo project before expanding it to a band, whose best-known lineup included himself, bassist Taylor MacFee, and drummer Hayden Kaiser.[2] The band that accompanied Drew when it was a solo project were originally known as \"The Shout\". Never Shout Never released eight full-length albums and nine EPs.\nHistory\n[edit]2007–2009: Formation and early career\n[edit]Christofer Drew Ingle began making music under the alias nevershoutnever! in 2007,[3] when he was 16 years old in his parents basement.[4] His first exposure came through the internet, where he achieved success on Myspace before issuing the extended play, The Yippee EP on July 29, 2008, and selling 46,000 copies in the US.[4][5] On July 30, 2008, he was featured on TRL, where he performed his debut single \"Big City Dreams\".[6] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Singles Sales chart.[7] To support the EP, he went on tour in the US with Jamestown Story, Owl City, and Handshakes and Highfives during the summer of 2008.[8] He toured with Hellogoodbye and Ace Enders in the fall of 2008.[9]\nNeverShoutNever! released the lead single \"Trouble\" from his third EP, Me & My Uke on December 29, 2008.[10] The song peaked at number five on the Hot Singles Sales chart.[11] The song was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in May 2012.[12] In January 2009, Me & My Uke was officially released.[13]\nNeverShoutNever! started touring with The Scene Aesthetic, The Honorary Title, and The Bigger Lights in late February 2009[14] and then toured with bands such as Forever the Sickest Kids, The Cab, and Mercy Mercedes, among others in spring 2009 as part of The Bamboozle Roadshow 2009.[15] He played at both The Bamboozle Left 2009[16] and The Bamboozle 2009.[17] In 2009, Never Shout Never won the mtvU Woodie Awards for Breaking Woodie.[18][19]\n2009–2010: What Is Love and Harmony\n[edit]It was announced on May 29, 2009, that Ingle had signed to Warner Bros. Records, ending a major-label bidding war.[20][21] As part of the deal, Ingle runs and make releases on his own imprint label, Loveway Records.[22] Ingle's alias became officially stylized as Never Shout Never. The Summer EP was Ingle's first release under Warner Bros. and was released on June 23, 2009.[23] It sold 46,000 copies and the first single from the EP, titled \"Happy\", was released on iTunes on March 3, 2009.[5][24] Production for Never Shout Never's debut album began in June 2009, where Butch Walker produced the album.[25] The album was recorded in Los Angeles and at Abbey Road Studios in London.[26] In July 2009, Never Shout Never performed at the mtvU Sunblock Festival.[27] The band embarked on a headlining tour in October 2009 with Carter Hulsey and Now Now Every Children, before joining Dashboard Confessional on their headlining tour in November.[26]\nA self-titled EP, Never Shout Never was released on December 8, 2009 and featured two songs from his upcoming debut album (\"What Is Love?\" and \"Jane Doe\"), a re-recorded version of a song from The Yippee EP (\"She's Got Style\"), and a live version of a song from The Yippee EP (\"Big City Dreams\").[28] That same month, he was featured on a Christmas single by the Ready Set titled, \"Blizzard of '89\".[29] The debut studio album from Never Shout Never, What Is Love?, was released on January 26, 2010.[30] The album peaked at number 24 on the Billboard 200 chart and sold 21,000 copies.[31][5] The album's first single, \"What Is Love?\" was released on December 15, 2009.[32] \"I Love You 5\" was released on February 4, 2010 as the second single from the album.[33] \"Can't Stand It\" was released on March 4, 2010 as the third and final single from the album along with its music video directed by Isaac Ravishankara.[34] The song p...", "title": "Never Shout Never - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Joplin_tornado", "text": "Joplin tornado\nThe Joplin tornado[11] was a devastating EF5 tornado that struck the city of Joplin, Missouri, United States early on the evening of Sunday, May 22, 2011, causing catastrophic damage to it and the surrounding regions. As part of a larger late-May sequence of tornadic activity, the extremely violent tornado began just west of Joplin at about 5:34 p.m. CDT (UTC–05:00) and quickly reached a peak width of nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) as it tracked through the southern part of the city, before later impacting rural Jasper and Newton counties and dissipating after 38 minutes on the ground at 6:12 p.m. The tornado was on the ground for a total of 21.62 miles (34.79 km).\nThe tornado devastated a large portion of the city of Joplin, damaging nearly 8,000 buildings and destroying over 4,000 houses. The damage—which included major facilities like one of Joplin's two hospitals as well as much of its basic infrastructure—amounted to a total of $2.8 billion (equivalent to about $4 billion today), making the Joplin tornado the costliest single tornado in U.S. history. The insurance payout was the highest in Missouri history, breaking the previous $2 billion record from the hailstorm of April 10, 2001. The tornado was the fifth out of six total EF5 tornadoes that occurred in 2011, with four having occurred a month earlier during the 2011 Super Outbreak, and only two days before the same outbreak sequence produced another EF5 tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma on May 24.\nOverall, the tornado killed 158 people (including eight indirect deaths) and injured some 1,150 others, making it the deadliest tornado of 2011. It ranks as the deadliest tornado in Missouri in addition to being one of the deadliest in the United States, having the highest death toll since the Glazier–Woodward F5 tornado in Texas and Oklahoma in 1947 and the seventh-deadliest overall in the U.S.[12][13] It was the first F5/EF5 tornado to occur in Missouri since May 20, 1957, when an F5 tornado destroyed several suburbs of Kansas City,[14] and only the second F5/EF5 tornado in Missouri since 1950.[15] It was the third tornado to strike Joplin since May 1971.[16]\nIn the aftermath, President Barack Obama toured the city on May 29, speaking at a memorial service for the victims. He would also deliver the commencement address at Joplin High School a year later in 2012. Services were set up to help rebuild, with most of the town having businesses reopen as well as new ones being built by 2018. Additionally, the tornado helped inspire FEMA to create the Waffle House Index for disaster preparations as a result of some locations remaining open during the storm.\nMeteorological synopsis\nOn the evening of May 21, 2011, an area of low pressure centered over western South Dakota. This feature, in addition to steep lapse rates and dewpoints above 60 °F (16 °C), was conducive to the supercell development later in the day. Very large hail was forecasted, but the tornado threat was predicted to remain isolated.[17]: 15–16 At 8:00 a.m. CDT (1300 UTC), the National Weather Service (NWS) Storm Prediction Center (SPC) issued a slight risk of severe storms for much of the upper Plains and the Midwest.[18]\nBy 8:00 a.m. CDT (1300 UTC) on May 22, forecasters at the SPC realized that a more intense weather outbreak was likely to occur, and upgraded a large swath of the Midwest to a moderate risk. The system was forecast to evolve into a wave early Monday morning as a trough strengthened from the western United States. At the surface, a cold front was forecast to pass through the region later in the day, while a dryline was forecast to intersect the cold front in Kansas. These features, accompanied by the low-pressure system, encouraged very strong storm development along the cold front.[19] By the 11:30 a.m. CDT (1630 UTC) updated outlook, certainty had grown stronger that a major severe weather event would occur that afternoon. A public severe weather outlook was issued at this time, and the outlook...", "title": "Joplin tornado - Wikipedia" } ]	3,133
72	Which MP standing as the leader of a major party in the 2019 United Kingdom General Election was also an MP for Henley?	Boris Johnson was leader of the Conservative Party and a former MP for Henley.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election", "text": "2019 United Kingdom general election\nAppearance\nA general election was held in the United Kingdom on 12 December 2019, with 47,074,800 registered voters[3] entitled to vote to elect 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. The governing Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, won a landslide victory with a majority of 80 seats,[n 5] a net gain of 48, on 43.6 per cent of the popular vote, the highest percentage for any party since the 1979 general election,[4] though with a narrower popular vote margin than that achieved by the Labour Party over the Conservatives at the 1997 general election. This was the second national election to be held in 2019 in the United Kingdom, the first being the 2019 European Parliament election.\nAfter it lost its parliamentary majority at the 2017 general election, the Conservative Party governed in minority with the support of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). The prime minister, Theresa May, resigned in July 2019 after repeatedly failing to pass her Brexit withdrawal agreement in parliament. Johnson succeeded her as the leader of the Conservative Party and as prime minister in July 2019. Johnson could not persuade Parliament to approve a revised withdrawal agreement by the end of October, and chose to call a snap election, which the House of Commons supported under the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019.[5] Opinion polls showed a firm lead for the Conservatives against the opposition Labour Party throughout the campaign.[6]\nThe Conservatives won 365 seats, their highest number and proportion since the 1987 general election, and recorded their highest share of the popular vote since 1979; many of their gains were made in seats once considered previously safe for Labour, dubbed the red wall, which had voted strongly in favour of British withdrawal from the EU in the 2016 European Union (EU) membership referendum. Labour won 202 seats, its fewest since the 1935 general election.[7][8][9] The Scottish National Party (SNP) made a net gain of 13 seats with 45 per cent of the vote in Scotland, winning 48 of the 59 seats there.[10] The Liberal Democrats increased their vote share to 11.6 per cent, but won only 11 seats, a net loss of one since the last election. The party's leader, Jo Swinson, lost her seat to the SNP, thus triggering the 2020 party leadership election, which was won by Ed Davey.[11][12] The DUP won a plurality of seats in Northern Ireland. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (APNI) regained parliamentary representation as the DUP lost seats.\nThe election result gave Johnson the mandate he sought from the electorate to formally implement the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and to complete the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972 on 31 January 2020. Jeremy Corbyn, Labour's leader at the election, resigned, triggering the 2020 party leadership election, which was won by his shadow Brexit secretary, Keir Starmer.[9][13] Jane Dodds, the Liberal Democrats' leader in Wales, was also unseated in Brecon and Radnorshire.[14] In Northern Ireland, Irish nationalist MPs outnumbered unionists for the first time, although the unionist popular vote remained higher at 43.1 per cent, and the seven Sinn Féin MPs did not take their seats due to their tradition of abstentionism.\nDespite being elected with a large majority, Johnson went on to resign amid a government crisis in 2022, being followed by Liz Truss for fifty days and then by Rishi Sunak, who went on to lead the Conservatives to a landslide defeat in the subsequent election. This was the last election to be held under the reign of Elizabeth II.\nBackground\n[edit]In July 2016, Theresa May was elected Prime Minister to succeed David Cameron, who had resigned following the 2016 Brexit referendum. The Conservative Party had governed since the 2010 general election, initially in coalition with the Liberal Democrats and the...", "title": "2019 United Kingdom general election - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson", "text": "Boris Johnson\nAlexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 to 2022. He was previously Foreign Secretary from 2016 to 2018 and the second mayor of London from 2008 to 2016. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Henley from 2001 to 2008 and for Uxbridge and South Ruislip from 2015 to 2023.\nIn his youth Johnson attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, and he was elected president of the Oxford Union in 1986. In 1989 he began writing for The Daily Telegraph, and from 1999 to 2005 he was the editor of The Spectator. He became a member of the Shadow Cabinet of Michael Howard in 2001 before being dismissed over a claim that he had lied about an extramarital affair. After Howard resigned, Johnson became a member of David Cameron's Shadow Cabinet. He was elected mayor of London in 2008 and resigned from the House of Commons to focus his attention on the mayoralty. He was re-elected mayor in 2012, but did not run for re-election in 2016. At the 2015 general election he was elected MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip. Johnson was a prominent figure in the Brexit campaign in the 2016 EU membership referendum. After the referendum, Prime Minister Theresa May appointed him foreign secretary. He resigned from the position in 2018 in protest at both the Chequers Agreement and May's approach to Brexit.\nJohnson succeeded May as prime minister. He re-opened Brexit negotiations with the EU and in early September he prorogued Parliament; the Supreme Court later ruled the prorogation to have been unlawful. After agreeing to a revised Brexit withdrawal agreement but failing to win parliamentary support, Johnson called a snap general election to be held in December 2019, in which he won a landslide victory. During Johnson's premiership, the government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by introducing various emergency powers to mitigate its impact and approved a nationwide vaccination programme, which was one of the fastest in the world. He also responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorising foreign aid and weapons shipments to Ukraine. In the Partygate scandal, it was found that numerous parties had been held at 10 Downing Street during national COVID-19 lockdowns, and COVID-19 social distancing laws were breached by 83 individuals, including Johnson, who in April 2022 was issued with a fixed penalty notice.\nThe publishing of the Sue Gray report in May 2022 and a widespread sense of dissatisfaction led in June 2022 to a vote of confidence in his leadership amongst Conservative MPs, which he won. In July 2022, revelations over his appointment of Chris Pincher as deputy chief whip of the party while knowing of allegations of sexual misconduct against him led to a mass resignation of members of his government and to Johnson announcing his resignation as prime minister. He was succeeded as prime minister by Liz Truss, his foreign secretary. He remained in the House of Commons as a backbencher until June 2023, when he received the draft of the Commons Privileges Committee investigation into his conduct that unanimously found that he had lied to the Commons on numerous occasions. Johnson resigned his position as MP the same day.\nJohnson is a controversial figure in British politics. His supporters have praised him for being humorous, witty and entertaining, with an appeal that reaches beyond traditional Conservative Party voters, viewing him as an electoral asset to the party. During his premiership, his supporters lauded him for \"getting Brexit done\", overseeing the UK's COVID-19 vaccination programme, which was amongst the fastest in the world, and being one of the first world leaders to offer humanitarian and military support to Ukraine, following the Russian invasion of the country. Conversely, his critics have accused him of lying, elitism, cronyism and bigo...", "title": "Boris Johnson - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn", "text": "Jeremy Corbyn\nJeremy Bernard Corbyn (/ˈkɔːrbɪn/; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. He currently sits as an independent, and is the interim leader of Your Party, which he co-founded with Zarah Sultana in July 2025. Corbyn had previously been a member of the Labour Party from 1965 until his expulsion in 2024, and served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020 and was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group parliamentary caucus. He identifies ideologically as a socialist on the political left.[1][2]\nBorn in Chippenham, Wiltshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983. His activism has included Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbencher, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments. A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011 to 2015, and received the Gandhi International Peace Award and Seán MacBride Peace Prize. Following Ed Miliband's resignation after the party had lost the 2015 general election, Corbyn won the 2015 party leadership election to succeed him. The Labour Party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election.[3]\nTaking the party to the left, Corbyn advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although he had historically been critical of the European Union (EU), he supported the Remain campaign in the 2016 EU membership referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016 through a leadership challenge, he won a second leadership contest against Owen Smith. In the 2017 general election, Corbyn led Labour to increase its vote share by 10 percentage points to 40 per cent, their largest rise since the 1945 general election. During his tenure as leader, Corbyn was criticised for antisemitism within the party. He condemned antisemitism[4] and apologised for its presence,[5] while his leadership saw a strengthening of disciplinary procedures regarding hate speech and racism.[6] In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality. In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32 per cent, leading to a loss of 60 seats, leaving it with 202, its fewest since the 1935 general election. Corbyn remained Labour leader for four months while the leadership election to replace him took place. His resignation as Labour leader formally took effect in April 2020 following the election of Keir Starmer, who led the party to victory at the next general election in 2024 with a vote share of 34 per cent.\nAfter asserting that the scale of antisemitism had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from the party in 2020. In May 2024, after the 2024 general election had been called, Corbyn was not allowed to stand as a Labour candidate for his constituency, and subsequently announced he would stand as an independent candidate for Islington North; he was then expelled from Labour.[7] He won re-election with a majority of 7,247.[8] In July 2025, Corbyn and fellow independent MP Zarah Sultana announced the formation of Your Party.\nEarly life\nJeremy Bernard Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire,[9][10] the son of mathematics teacher Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987)[11] and electrical engineer and power rectifier expert David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986).[12] He has three elder brothers; one of them, Pi...", "title": "Jeremy Corbyn - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon", "text": "Nicola Sturgeon\nNicola Ferguson Sturgeon (born 19 July 1970) is a Scottish politician who served as First Minister of Scotland and Leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) from 2014 to 2023.[1][2] She has served as a member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) since 1999, firstly as an additional member for the Glasgow electoral region, and then as the member for Glasgow Southside (formerly Glasgow Govan) from 2007.\nBorn in Ayrshire, Sturgeon is a law graduate of the University of Glasgow. She worked as a solicitor in Glasgow before her election to the Scottish Parliament in 1999. She served successively as the SNP's shadow minister for education, health, and justice. Sturgeon entered the leadership of the SNP but later withdrew from the contest in favour of Alex Salmond, standing instead as depute leader on a joint ticket with Salmond. Both were subsequently elected; as Salmond was still an MP, Sturgeon led the SNP in the Scottish Parliament from 2004 to 2007. The SNP emerged as the largest party following the 2007 election and Salmond headed the first SNP minority government, with Sturgeon as his deputy. From 2007 to 2012, she served as health secretary, overseeing the scrapping of prescription charges and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. Following the SNP's landslide majority in 2011, she was appointed Cabinet Secretary for Infrastructure, Capital Investment and Cities, which saw her in charge of the legislative process for the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. The defeat of the Yes Scotland campaign resulted in Salmond's resignation as SNP leader.\nSturgeon was elected unopposed as SNP leader in November 2014 and was subsequently appointed as first minister, becoming the first woman to hold either position.[3][4] She entered office amid a rapid surge in membership of the SNP, which was reflected in the party's performance in the 2015 general election, winning 56 of the 59 Scottish seats and replacing the Liberal Democrats as the third-largest party in the House of Commons. The SNP continued to enjoy electoral successes throughout Sturgeon's eight years in office, but lost 21 seats in the 2017 general election. Despite losing her majority, Sturgeon secured a second term in office in 2016, forming a minority government.\nSturgeon led the Scottish Government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, implementing a series of restrictions on social gatherings and the rollout of the vaccine programme. A seat short of a majority in 2021, Sturgeon became the only first minister to serve a third term, and she subsequently entered a power-sharing agreement with the Scottish Greens. The calls from Sturgeon's government and the wider independence movement for a second referendum were unsuccessful, as successive Conservative prime ministers refused to grant a Section 30 order. From 2022, Sturgeon received heavier criticism for her positions on gender reforms. On 15 February 2023, Sturgeon resigned the leadership of the SNP claiming occupational burnout; she was succeeded by her health secretary, Humza Yousaf, the following month. In March 2025, she announced she would stand down as an MSP at the next Scottish Parliament election, expected to be held in 2026.[5]\nEarly life and education\nNicola Ferguson Sturgeon[6] was born in Ayrshire Central Hospital in Irvine on 19 July 1970.[7] She is the eldest of two daughters born to Joan Kerr Sturgeon, a dental nurse, and Robin Sturgeon (born 28 September 1948[8]), an electrician.[9][10] Her younger sister, Gillian Sturgeon, is an NHS worker.[11] Her family has some roots in North East England; her paternal grandmother, Margaret Sturgeon (née Mill), was from Ryhope in what is now the City of Sunderland.[12] Sturgeon grew up in Prestwick and in the village of Dreghorn, in a terraced council house, which her parents bought through the right-to-buy scheme.[13]\nSturgeon was a quiet child and has been described by her younger sister as \"the sensible one\" of the two.[14] Sturgeon was shy and has said that she...", "title": "Nicola Sturgeon - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson", "text": "Jo Swinson\nJoanne Kate Swinson CBE FRSA (born 5 February 1980) is a Scottish former politician who was Leader of the Liberal Democrats from July to December 2019. Swinson was Member of Parliament (MP) for East Dunbartonshire from 2005 to 2015 and 2017 to 2019. In September 2020, Swinson became Director of Partners for a New Economy (P4NE).[3]\nSwinson studied at the London School of Economics, and briefly worked in public relations, before being elected to the House of Commons aged 25, becoming the youngest MP at the time.[4] She was a Liberal Democrat Spokesperson covering various portfolios, including Scotland, Women and Equalities, Communities and Local Government, and Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.[5]\nIn 2010, after the Liberal Democrats entered into a coalition government with the Conservative Party, Swinson was a Parliamentary Private Secretary to Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, and was later appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Employment Relations and Postal Affairs.[6] She lost her seat in the 2015 election, but regained it in the snap election held two years later. Shortly after returning to Parliament, she was elected unopposed as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats.[7] In July 2019, following the retirement of Vince Cable, Swinson defeated Ed Davey in a leadership election to become Leader of the Liberal Democrats.\nSwinson led her party through the 2019 general election, suggesting she could lead a Liberal Democrat majority government which would revoke Article 50 and cancel Brexit. Instead, Swinson and the Liberal Democrats sustained a net loss in seats, including her own to the Scottish National Party[8][9][10] and was disqualified from continuing as party leader.[11] At less than five months, her tenure as leader was the shortest in the Liberal Democrats' history. She is also the only incumbent Liberal Democrat leader to have lost a Parliamentary seat.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Swinson was born in Glasgow[2] on 5 February 1980, the daughter of Peter and Annette Swinson.[12] She was educated at Douglas Academy,[13] a mixed state school in the town of Milngavie in East Dunbartonshire in western Scotland, followed by the London School of Economics, where she studied Management, gaining a first-class Bachelor of Science degree in 2000.[14] She signed up as an active member of the Liberal Democrats at the age of 17.[4]\nEarly career\n[edit]After graduating from the London School of Economics, Swinson moved to Yorkshire and worked for Ace Visual and Sound Systems in Thorne, before becoming a marketing and public relations manager for Hull-based commercial radio station Viking FM from December 2000,[15][16] and media company Space and People.[17]\nAt the age of 21, Swinson stood unsuccessfully in the Kingston upon Hull East constituency in the 2001 general election, but gained a 6% swing from John Prescott, then the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. In 2003, she unsuccessfully contested Strathkelvin and Bearsden seat in the Scottish Parliament election, finishing third with 14% of the vote.[15]\nMember of Parliament (2005–2015)\n[edit]Swinson was elected to the House of Commons as the MP for East Dunbartonshire at the 2005 general election. She defeated John Lyons of Labour by 4,061 votes, and was the first ever Member of Parliament born in the 1980s.[4] As the youngest MP she replaced fellow Lib Dem MP Sarah Teather as the \"Baby of the House\". This lasted until 2009, when Conservative MP Chloe Smith was elected at the Norwich North by-election.[4]\nSwinson was vocal in her opposition to the Iraq War and the Labour government's proposals for national identity cards. She has supported measures both by individuals and government to tackle climate change such as conserving energy in the home and the Liberal Democrat policy of introducing green taxes while reducing income tax to offset the burden. She supports reducing the voting age to 16 as one way of engaging young people in politics. Sh...", "title": "Jo Swinson - Wikipedia" } ]	4,664
73	Who was the author of the novel whose film adaptation lead singer Mark Arm took the name of his band from?	Raymond Friday Locke	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arm	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney_(film)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arm', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney_(film)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Arm", "text": "Mark Arm\nMark Arm (born Mark Thomas McLaughlin; February 21, 1962) is an American singer and songwriter, best known as the vocalist for the grunge band Mudhoney. His former group, Green River, was one of the first grunge bands, along with Malfunkshun, Soundgarden, Skin Yard, the U-Men, and others. He is also the manager of the Sub Pop warehouse[2] and previously worked at Fantagraphics Books.[3]\nEarly life\n[edit]Arm was born February 21, 1962, at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, and was raised in Kirkland, Washington.[4] As a child, he was a member of Boy Scouts of America.[4] He graduated from Bellevue Christian High School in Bellevue, Washington.[5]\nIn 1985, Arm earned an English degree with an emphasis in creative writing from the University of Washington.[6]\nEarly career\n[edit]Arm first entered the Seattle rock scene in 1980, when he formed a band while still in high school, called \"Mr. Epp and the Calculations\" with singer Jo Smitty, and Peter Wick, who wrote and recorded their first song,\"The Pigeon in the Fountain bed,\" which caused local radio DJ Stephen Rabow to declare them, \"The worst band in the world.\" The band played its first show in 1981, opening for the band Student Nurse. In 1982 they released a 7-inch EP entitled \"Mohawk Man\", produced by Johnny Rubato (of Rubato Records, a local used record shop for more than 30 years). The next year they added a second guitarist, Steve Turner, and released a cassette described on the lyric sheet as a \"combination of art and hardcore.\"[7] The cassette featured one side of live recordings and a flip-side of studio recordings and experimental sounds; a sonic amalgam described in a 1984 issue of Revenge Against Boredom 'zine (produced by notable skateboarding historian Jocko Weyland[8]), as \"45 or so minutes of Pillow Fights, Jokes, some songs, preachers' garbled talking. And you get to find out what you get if you give up your personality.\"[7]\nMr. Epp and the Calculations also played with Ten Minute Warning and the Dead Kennedys at the Eagles Auditorium in April.\nAfter Mr. Epp and the Calculations ended, Mark Arm and Steve Turner (who had become close friends) joined the band Limp Richerds for a few weeks. Afterward, Arm and Turner took on future Pearl Jam members Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard, as well as Alex Vincent, to form the band Green River. Green River released two EPs and a full length album before disbanding. Steve Turner left the band to finish college, and Arm was forced to find a new band again. After Turner returned from schooling, they resumed their Green River side project, The Thrown Ups.\nMudhoney\n[edit]Arm and Turner took on drummer Dan Peters, and bassist Matt Lukin, formerly of Melvins. The new band renamed themselves Mudhoney. In 1988, Sub Pop released Mudhoney's first single, \"Touch Me I'm Sick\". After extensive touring and an EP album, Mudhoney released their self-titled full length debut in 1989. Their next album, Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge came out soon after, just before the explosion of grunge spearheaded by Nirvana's seminal Nevermind. At the time, Sub Pop, their record label, was \"on the verge of bankruptcy, having trouble paying its flagship band, severely delaying the release of the album to July 1991.\"[9] In 1992, they signed to a major record label, Reprise and released Piece of Cake. The album did not sell well, due to a combination of the band's uncompromising sound and an oversaturation of the genre; according to Stephen Turner, the album references \"how easily things had come to them...the songs were kinda half-baked... and Mark wasn't at his best.\"[9]\nAlthough they never achieved the fame of some of their contemporaries, Arm and Mudhoney have made significant contributions to grunge music. Mudhoney is one of the few grunge bands that continue to release albums; in 2002 they released Since We've Become Translucent, Under a Billion Suns in 2005, The Lucky Ones followed in May 2008, Vanishing Point came in April 2013, Digital Garb...", "title": "Mark Arm - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney", "text": "Mudhoney\nMudhoney is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, on January 1, 1988, following the demise of Green River. Its members are singer and rhythm guitarist Mark Arm, lead guitarist Steve Turner, bassist Guy Maddison and drummer Dan Peters. Original bassist Matt Lukin left the band in 1999, but rejoined the band in December 2000 for a tour that lasted through January 2001.\nMudhoney's early releases on the Sub Pop label, particularly their debut single \"Touch Me I'm Sick\" and the Superfuzz Bigmuff EP, were instrumental in the creation of the grunge genre.[6] Although the band found little commercial success and remained somewhat 'underground' and non-mainstream, Mudhoney has released eleven studio albums and inspired countless grunge and alternative rock musicians during their long career.[2]\nHistory\n[edit]Mr. Epp and the Calculations: 1978–1984\n[edit]Mark Arm and Steve Turner met through their association with Mr. Epp and the Calculations. This band formed in 1978 in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. While at Bellevue Christian High School, Mark McLaughlin (later known as Mark Arm) and some friends started Mr. Epp and the Calculations, a band named after a math teacher of his. Initially the band was essentially a joke band rather than a serious one; their first \"show\" was in class singing Marvin Gaye's \"Got to Give It Up\", using rolled-up maps as guitars because they could not actually play any instruments. Mr. Epp and the Calculations played their first real show in 1981, three years after they formed. To make the band seem more serious, Mr. Epp added a second guitarist, Steve Turner, who was in a small garage band called The Ducky Boys. Arm and Turner became instant friends. In 1983, three songs of Mr. Epp were included in First Strike: a compilation, the first cassette in the BCT catalog. Mr. Epp and the Calculations appeared on KZAM radio and were introduced as \"the worst band in the world.\" They played their last show on February 3, 1984, with Malfunkshun at Seattle's Metropolis. Arm and Turner formed a joke-punk band called The Limp Richerds in 1984 near the end of Mr. Epp but this band ended shortly after Mr. Epp's ending as well.[2]\nGreen River: 1984–1987\n[edit]Green River was formed in 1984 when Arm and Turner recruited Alex Vincent as drummer, who had previously played with Turner in the short-lived Spluii Numa. Bassist Jeff Ament joined the band after arriving in Seattle with his band Deranged Diction. Stone Gossard, another of Turner's former bandmates, was recruited as second guitarist. Green River recorded their debut EP, Come on Down, in 1985, and it is considered the first grunge record because it was released several months before the Deep Six album (which featured music by Green River and five other Seattle grunge bands).[3] Turner left the band after its release due to his distaste of the band's hard rock leanings. He was replaced by another Deranged Diction member, Bruce Fairweather. After recording another EP (Dry As a Bone) and a full-length album (Rehab Doll), the band disbanded in late 1987. Gossard, Ament, and Fairweather went on to join Mother Love Bone. Following lead singer Andrew Wood's death, Gossard and Ament went on to form Pearl Jam, and Fairweather joined Love Battery.\nSub Pop: 1988–1991\n[edit]Turner wanted to start a band that practiced before playing to a live audience. He and Arm began songwriting with Bundle of Hiss drummer Dan Peters. The trio decided that Matt Lukin, who had recently left Melvins, should join the band as bassist.[7] The band's first practice with its full original lineup was on January 1, 1988 and their first show took place later that year, on April 19.[8] The band named themselves after the Russ Meyer film Mudhoney.[8]\nIn early 1988, Arm played Sub Pop founder Bruce Pavitt a poor boombox recording Mudhoney had made.[8][9] Pavitt suggested the band record with producer Jack Endino and offered to release it on Sub Pop. This recording session re...", "title": "Mudhoney - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudhoney_(film)", "text": "Mudhoney (film)\nMudhoney (sometimes Mud Honey) is a 1965 Southern Gothic film directed by Russ Meyer.[1] It is based on the novel Streets Paved With Gold (1958) by Raymond Friday Locke. The film is a period drama set during the Great Depression. \"I got in a little bit over my head,\" Meyer said about the film. \"That's when I thought I was Erskine Caldwell, John Steinbeck and George Stevens all in one.\"[2]\nThe film became the inspiration for the name of pioneering Seattle grunge band Mudhoney, formed in 1988.[3] American singer-songwriter Norah Jones' album cover for Little Broken Hearts was based upon a poster for the film.\nPlot\n[edit]In this Depression-era tale, Calef McKinney (John Furlong) is traveling from Michigan to California and stops in Spooner, Missouri, where Lute Wade (Stuart Lancaster) hires him for odd jobs.\nMcKinney gets involved with Wade's niece, Hannah Brenshaw (Antoinette Cristiani). But she is married to Sidney (Hal Hopper), a wife-beating drunk who hopes to inherit his uncle-in-law's money.\nSidney and an eccentric preacher named Brother Hanson (Frank Bolger) plot against McKinney, who finds it difficult to conceal his mysterious past and his growing affection for Sidney's wife.\nSidney winds up burning his farm and attempting to frame McKinney. He rapes and murders the preacher's wife and is killed by the lynch mob.\nCast\n[edit]- Hal Hopper as Sidney Brenshaw\n- Antoinette Cristiani as Hannah Brenshaw\n- John Furlong as Calif McKinney\n- Stuart Lancaster as Lute Wade\n- Rena Horten as Eula\n- Princess Livingston as Maggie Marie\n- Lorna Maitland as Clara Belle\n- Sam Hanna as Injoys\n- Nick Wolcuff as Sheriff Abel\n- Frank Bolger as Brother Hanson\n- Lee Ballard as Sister Hanson\n- Mickey Foxx as Thurmond Pate\n- F. Rufus Owens as Milton\nProduction\n[edit]The film was based on a novel, Streets Paved with Gold by Friday Locke.[4][failed verification]\nReception\n[edit]Box office\n[edit]The film was a financial failure. Meyer later said, \"I made a gamble with Mudhoney and I failed. The only reason I made Mudhoney was I was in love with a girl named Rena. I should have not made the film.\"[5]\nCritical\n[edit]The Los Angeles Times called it \"the perfect dirty picture. Unspoiled by either undue sadism or outright nudity... a flawless piece of unintentional camp.\"[6]\nRoger Ebert called the film \"Meyer's neglected masterpiece: his most interesting, most ambitious, most complex and longest independent production. He describes it as a case of over-achievement; it was not necessary, or perhaps even wise, he believes, to expend so much energy on a movie that had so little directly exploitable elements.\"[7] Ebert said \"Meyer's visual invention, always dramatic and energetic, has never been better than in this one. From the Hitchcockian opening (bare feet seen in a closeup on intersecting passages) to such Grand Guignol shots as a body falling into a grave from the grave's P. O. V., this is a melodrama taken to obsessed extremes.\"[8]\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ Oliver, James. \"10 Southern Gothic films you need to watch\". Reader's Digest. Retrieved 2022-11-24.\n- ^ Films: The 'skin-flicks' of producer Russ Meyer Cross, Robert. Chicago Tribune 16 Feb 1969: a8.\n- ^ Vagg, Stephen (December 16, 2018). \"The A to Z of Russ Meyer\". Filmink.\n- ^ CENSORSHIP BOARD BANS 18 BOOKS The Irish Times 15 Dec 1961: 9.\n- ^ \"In the Know\". Turner Classic Movies.\n- ^ Mudhoney 'Unspoiled Sex Farce' Thomas, Kevin. Los Angeles Times 19 Apr 1966: 30.\n- ^ RUSS MEYER: King of the Nudies Ebert, Roger. Film Comment; New York Vol. 9, Iss. 1, (Jan/Feb 1973): 35-46.\n- ^ Guilty Pleasures Ebert, Roger. Film Comment; New York Vol. 14, Iss. 4, (Jul/Aug 1978): 49-51,80.", "title": "Mudhoney (film) - Wikipedia" } ]	2,991
74	As of August 3, 2024, how much taller was the tsunami wave of the most powerful earthquake in North America than the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan?	26.5 meters of 87 feet	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami#Nuclear_power_plants	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes#Largest_earthquakes_by_magnitude	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami#Nuclear_power_plants', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes#Largest_earthquakes_by_magnitude', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami#Nuclear_power_plants", "text": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami\nOn 11 March 2011, at 14:46:24 JST (05:46:24 UTC), a Mw 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region. It lasted approximately six minutes and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the \"Great East Japan Earthquake\" (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai), among other names.[en 1] The disaster is often referred to by its numerical date, 3.11 (read San ten Ichi-ichi in Japanese).[30][31][32]\nIt was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful earthquake recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.[33][34][35] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[36][37] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[38] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[39] Residents of Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away.[38] The snowfall which accompanied the tsunami[40] and the freezing temperature hindered rescue works greatly;[41] for instance, Ishinomaki, the city with the most deaths,[42] was 0 °C (32 °F) as the tsunami hit.[43] The official figures released in 2021 reported 19,759 deaths,[44] 6,242 injured,[45] and 2,553 people missing,[46] and a report from 2015 indicated 228,863 people were still living away from their home in either temporary housing or due to permanent relocation.[47]\nThe tsunami caused the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, primarily the meltdowns of three of its reactors, the discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[48][49] Many electrical generators ran out of fuel. The loss of electrical power halted cooling systems, causing heat to build up. The heat build-up caused the generation of hydrogen gas. Without ventilation, gas accumulated within the upper refueling hall and eventually exploded, causing the refueling hall's blast panels to be forcefully ejected from the structure. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.\nEarly estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[50] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March 2011 in an effort to normalize market conditions.[51] The estimated economic damage amounted to over $300 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history.[52][53] According to a 2020 study, \"the earthquake and its aftermaths resulted in a 0.47 percentage point decline in Japan's real GDP growth in the year following the disaster.\"[54]\nEarthquake\nThe magnitude 9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) in the north-western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km (20 mi),[8][55] with its epicenter approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes.[8][9] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.9 Mw by the USGS before it was quickly upgraded to 8.8 Mw, then to 8.9 Mw,[56] and then finally to 9.0 Mw.[57][58] On 11 July 2016, the USGS further upgraded the earthquake to 9.1. Sendai was the nearest major city to the earthquake, 130 km (81 mi) from the epicenter; the earthquake occurred 373 km (232 mi) northeast of Tokyo.[8]\nThe main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. One of the first major foreshocks was a 7.2 Mw event on 9 March, approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the epicenter of the 11 March earthquake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 Mw.[8][59] Following the main earthquake on 11 March, a 7.4 Mw aftershock was reported at 15:08 JST (6:06 UTC)...", "title": "2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes#Largest_earthquakes_by_magnitude", "text": "Lists of earthquakes\nEarthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the biggest disasters in human history. Below, there are earthquakes listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.\nDeadliest earthquakes\n[edit]The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths.[1] The 893 Ardabil earthquake is most likely the same as the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, \"Dabil\" as \"Ardabil\".[2][3]\nDeadliest earthquakes by year since 1920\n[edit]Strongest earthquakes by magnitude\n[edit]\nFor those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[32]\nPre-instrumental earthquakes\n[edit]Strongest earthquakes by magnitude each year since 1907\n[edit]Strongest earthquakes by magnitude by country/territory\n[edit]- This list is a work in progress. Information is likely to be changed.\n- The list refers to current country boundaries rather than those at the date of the earthquake.\n- Please note, multiple countries could have the same earthquake listed, such as the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake being listed for both Ecuador and Colombia.\n- Unless otherwise noted, magnitudes are reported on the Moment magnitude scale (Mw).\nEarthquakes with the most property damage\n[edit]This is the top ten major earthquakes by the US dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.\nMost studied earthquakes\n[edit]The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The \"Event #\" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.\nModified from figure 2, \"The most studied events\", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.\nInternational Seismological Centre. Event Bibliography. Thatcham, United Kingdom. 2018.\nLists by time period\n[edit]By century\n[edit]By decade\n[edit]By year\n[edit]- 1900\n- 1901\n- 1902\n- 1903\n- 1904\n- 1905\n- 1906\n- 1907\n- 1908\n- 1909\n- 1910\n- 1911\n- 1912\n- 1913\n- 1914\n- 1915\n- 1916\n- 1917\n- 1918\n- 1919\n- 1920\n- 1921\n- 1922\n- 1923\n- 1924\n- 1925\n- 1926\n- 1927\n- 1928\n- 1929\n- 1930\n- 1931\n- 1932\n- 1933\n- 1934\n- 1935\n- 1936\n- 1937\n- 1938\n- 1939\n- 1940\n- 1941\n- 1942\n- 1943\n- 1944\n- 1945\n- 1946\n- 1947\n- 1948\n- 1949\n- 1950\n- 1951\n- 1952\n- 1953\n- 1954\n- 1955\n- 1956\n- 1957\n- 1958\n- 1959\n- 1960\n- 1961\n- 1962\n- 1963\n- 1964\n- 1965\n- 1966\n- 1967\n- 1968\n- 1969\n- 1970\n- 1971\n- 1972\n- 1973\n- 1974\n- 1975\n- 1976\n- 1977\n- 1978\n- 1979\n- 1980\n- 1981\n- 1982\n- 1983\n- 1984\n- 1985\n- 1986\n- 1987\n- 1988\n- 1989\n- 1990\n- 1991\n- 1992\n- 1993\n- 1994\n- 1995\n- 1996\n- 1997\n- 1998\n- 1999\n- 2000\n- 2001\n- 2002\n- 2003\n- 2004\n- 2005\n- 2006\n- 2007\n- 2008\n- 2009\n- 2010\n- 2011\n- 2012\n- 2013\n- 2014\n- 2015\n- 2016\n- 2017\n- 2018\n- 2019\n- 2020\n- 2021\n- 2022\n- 2023\n- 2024\n- 2025\n- 2026\nLists by location\n[edit]By country\n[edit]- Afghanistan\n- Albania\n- Algeria\n- Argentina\n- Armenia\n- Australia\n- Azerbaijan\n- Bangladesh\n- Bosnia and Herzegovina\n- Brazil\n- Bulgaria\n- Canada\n- Chile\n- China\n- Colombia\n- Costa Rica\n- Croatia\n- Cuba\n- Cyprus\n- Democratic Republic of the Congo\n- Dominican Republic\n- East Timor\n- Ecuador\n- Egypt\n- El Salvador\n- Eritrea\n- Ethiopia\n- France\n- Fiji\n- Georgia\n- Germany\n- Ghana\n- Greece\n- Guam\n- Guatemala\n- Haiti\n- Iceland\n- India\n- Indonesia\n- Iran\n- Italy\n- Japan\n- Kosovo\n- Kazakhstan\n- Kyrgyzstan\n- Malaysia\n- Mexico\n- Morocco\n- Myanmar\n- Nepal\n- Netherlands\n- New Zealand\n- Nicaragua\n- North Korea\n- Pakistan\n- Panama\n- Papua New Guinea\n- Peru\n- Philippines\n- Portugal\n- Romania\n- Russia\n- Samoa\n- Saudi Arabia\n- Serbia\n- Slovenia\n- Solomon Islands\n- South Africa\n- South Korea\n...", "title": "Lists of earthquakes - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Alaska_earthquake", "text": "1964 Alaska earthquake\nThe 1964 Alaska earthquake, also known as the Great Alaska earthquake and Good Friday earthquake, occurred at 5:36 PM AKST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964.[2] Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures, and tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 139 deaths.[3]\nLasting four minutes and thirty-eight seconds, the magnitude 9.2–9.3 megathrust earthquake remains the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in North America[2][4][5] and the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.[6] Six hundred miles (970 km) of fault ruptured at once and moved up to 60 ft (18 m), releasing about 500 years of stress buildup. Soil liquefaction, fissures, landslides, and other ground failures caused major structural damage in several communities and much damage to property. Anchorage sustained great destruction or damage to many inadequately earthquake-engineered houses, buildings, and infrastructure (paved streets, sidewalks, water and sewer mains, electrical systems, and other man-made equipment), particularly in the several landslide zones along Knik Arm. Two hundred miles (320 km) southwest, some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30 feet (9 m). Southeast of Anchorage, areas around the head of Turnagain Arm near Girdwood and Portage dropped as much as 8 feet (2.4 m), requiring reconstruction and fill to raise the Seward Highway above the new high tide mark.\nIn Prince William Sound, Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks and inside the ship that was docked there at the time. Nearby, a 27-foot (8.2 m) tsunami destroyed the village of Chenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there. The survivors outran the wave, climbing to high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.[7] Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake was also reported from Florida and Texas.\nGeology\n[edit]On March 27, 1964, at 5:36 p.m. AKST (March 28, at 3:36 a.m. UTC),[a] a fault between the Pacific and North American plates ruptured near College Fjord in Prince William Sound. The epicenter of the earthquake was 12.4 mi (20.0 km) north of Prince William Sound, 78 miles (126 km) east of Anchorage and 40 miles (64 km) west of Valdez. The focus occurred at a depth of approximately 15.5 mi (24.9 km). Ocean floor shifts created large tsunamis (up to 220 feet (67 m) in height), which resulted in many of the deaths and much of the property damage.[8] Large rockslides were also caused, resulting in great property damage. Vertical displacement of up to 38 feet (12 m) occurred, affecting an area of 100,000 square miles (260,000 km2) within Alaska.\nStudies of ground motion have led to a peak ground acceleration estimate of 0.14–0.18 g.[1] The earthquake was assigned a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Shaking was felt across much of Alaska and parts of western Yukon and British Columbia in Canada.[9]\nThe Alaska earthquake was a subduction zone (megathrust) earthquake, caused by an oceanic plate sinking under a continental plate. The fault responsible was the Aleutian Megathrust, a reverse fault caused by a compressional force. This caused much of the uneven ground which is the result of ground shifted to the opposite elevation.[10] Uplift occurred across 520,000 km2 (200,000 sq mi) from southern Kodiak to Prince William Sound and further east of the sound. The maximum uplift was in Montague Island, where the ground was raised 13–15 m (43–49 ft) relative to sea level. The uplift also affected Kodiak, Sitkalidak, and Sitkinak islands. Subsidence was observed for 285,000 km2 (110,000 sq mi) from north and west of the sound, in Chugach Mo...", "title": "1964 Alaska earthquake - Wikipedia" } ]	3,834
75	How old would the 1975 winner of the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize have been if they were still alive on the date when Rupi Kaur released her book titled, "Milk and Honey"?	90	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Lenore_Marshall_Poetry_Prize	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_Corman	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(poetry_collection)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Post processing \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Lenore_Marshall_Poetry_Prize', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_Corman', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(poetry_collection)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_Lenore_Marshall_Poetry_Prize", "text": "List of winners of the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize\nThe Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize is administered by the Academy of American Poets selected by the New Hope Foundation in 1994. Established in 1975, this $25,000 award recognizes the most outstanding book of poetry published in the United States in the previous year.[1][2][3][4][5]\nThe Prize was created in 1975 by the New Hope Foundation of Pennsylvania, which was a philanthropic foundation created by Lenore Marshall and her husband, James Marshall, to \"support the arts and the cause of world peace\";[6] Lenore Marshall, a poet, novelist, editor, and peace activist, had died in 1971.[7] Receipt of the prize has been among the distinctions noted by the Library of Congress when the Poet Laureate of the United States is named.[8][9][10][11]\nThe Prize was initially administered by the Saturday Review magazine.[12] Following the folding of Saturday Review, the Prize was administered by The Nation magazine.[13] In 1995, administration of the Prize became the responsibility of the Academy; the Prize has a permanent endowment. The Prize is still sponsored by The Nation, which usually publishes an article about the poetry of each year's finalists and winner. The cash value of the prize is currently $25,000.\nWinners\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ Nancy Breen, ed. (2007-08-06). 2008 Poet's Market. Cincinnati, Ohio: Writer's Digest Books. p. 385. ISBN 978-1-58297-499-6.\n- ^ a b \"Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize- Poets.org - Poetry, Poems, Bios & More\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2009-06-11.\n- ^ Funding Opportunities Archived 2010-06-12 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ Macmillan :: Books For Adults Books: Professional Association Awards - Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize - Winner Books Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ \"Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize \| Poets & Writers\". Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-06-11.\n- ^ \"Lenore Marshall\". James A. Michener Art Museum. Archived from the original on November 23, 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-12.\n- ^ \"Lenore G. Marshall, 72, Dies; Was Poet, Novelist, and Editor\". The New York Times. September 25, 1971.\n- ^ \"Poet Laureate Billy Collins Appointed to Serve a Second Term\". Library of Congress. April 22, 2002.\n- ^ \"Librarian of Congress Appoints Donald Hall Poet Laureate\". Library of Congress. June 14, 2006.\n- ^ \"Poet Laureate Robert Pinsky To Open 1998-99 Literary Series\". Library of Congress. September 16, 1998.\n- ^ \"Librarian of Congress Makes Unprecedented Poetry Appointments\". Library of Congress. April 5, 1999.\n- ^ Miller, Marie-Jeanne A. (2005). \"Brown, Sterling Allen\". In Serafin; Bendixen, Alfred (eds.). The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8264-1777-0.\nIn 1980, the Collected Poems of S. A. B. was published and won deserving accolades and awards, notably the Lenore Marshall/Saturday Review Poetry Prize, given annually to the outstanding book of poems in the U.S..\n- ^ Smith, William Ray (October 16, 1982). \"John Logan Wins Marshall Prize\". The Nation.\n- ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1367/is_199512/ai_n6386189/.\n{{cite news}}\n: Missing or empty\|title=\n(help) [dead link] - ^ November 29, 2004 \| The Nation\n- ^ Henri Cole Wins $25,000 Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize \| Daily News \| Poets & Writers", "title": "List of winners of the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cid_Corman", "text": "Cid Corman\nCid (Sidney) Corman (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004)[1] was an American poet, translator and editor, most notably of Origin, who was a key figure in the history of American poetry in the second half of the 20th century.\nLife\n[edit]Corman was born in Boston's Roxbury neighborhood and grew up nearby in the Dorchester neighborhood. His parents were both from Ukraine. From an early age he was an avid reader and showed an aptitude for drawing and calligraphy. He attended Boston Latin School and in 1941 he entered Tufts University, where he achieved Phi Beta Kappa honours and wrote his first poems. He was excused from service in World War II for medical reasons and graduated in 1945.\nCorman studied for his Master's degree at the University of Michigan, where he won the Hopwood poetry award,[2] but dropped out two credits short of completion. After a brief stint at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he spent some time travelling around the United States, returning to Boston in 1948.\nCareer\n[edit]Early work\n[edit]Corman's first book, Subluna, was privately printed in 1944. He ran poetry events in public libraries and, with the help of his high-school friend Nat Hentoff, he started the country's first poetry radio program.\nIn 1952, Corman wrote: \"I initiated my weekly broadcasts, known as This Is Poetry, from WMEX (1510 kc.) in Boston. The program has been usually a fifteen-minute reading of modern verse on Saturday evenings at seven thirty; however, I have taken some liberties and have read from Moby Dick and from stories by Dylan Thomas, Robert Creeley, and Joyce.\"[3]\nThis program featured readings by Robert Creeley, Stephen Spender, Theodore Roethke and many other Boston-based and visiting poets. He also spent some time at the Yaddo artists' retreat in Saratoga Springs. It was about this time that Corman changed his name from Sydney Corman to the simpler \"Cid.\" As Corman indicated in conversation, this name change—similar to Walt Whitman's assumption of Walt over Walter—signaled his beginnings as a poet for the common man.\nDuring this period, Corman was writing prolifically and published in excess of 500 poems in about 100 magazines by 1954. He considered this to be a kind of apprenticeship, and none of these poems were ever published in book form.\nOrigin and Europe\n[edit]In 1951, Corman began Origin in response to the failure of a magazine that Creeley had planned. The magazine typically featured one writer per issue and ran, with breaks, until the mid-1980s. Poets featured included Robert Creeley, Robert Duncan, Larry Eigner, Denise Levertov, William Bronk, Theodore Enslin, Charles Olson, Louis Zukofsky, Clive Faust (Australian Poet), Gary Snyder, Lorine Niedecker, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Paul Blackburn and Frank Samperi. The magazine also led to the establishment of Origin Press, which published books by a similar range of poets as well as by Corman himself and which remains currently active.\nIn 1954, Corman won a Fulbright Fellowship grant (with an endorsement from Marianne Moore)[2] and moved to France, where he studied for a time at the Sorbonne. He then moved to Italy to teach English in a small town called Matera. By this time, Corman had published a number of small books, but his Italian experiences were to provide the materials for his first major work, Sun Rock Man (1962). He also experimented with oral poetry, recording improvised poems on tape. These tapes were later to influence the talk-poems of David Antin, one of the key developments in the emergence of performance poetry.\nAt this time he produced the first English translations of Paul Celan, even though he didn't have the poet's approval.[2]\nJapan\n[edit]In 1958, Corman got a teaching job in Kyoto through the auspices of Will Petersen or, according to one account, poet Gary Snyder.[2] Here he continued to write and to run Origin and in 1959 he published Snyder's first book, Riprap. He remained in Japan until 1960, when he r...", "title": "Cid Corman - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(poetry_collection)", "text": "Milk and Honey (poetry collection)\nMilk and Honey (stylized in all lowercase as \"milk and honey\") is a collection of both abstract fiction and non-fiction poetry and prose by Indian-Canadian poet Rupi Kaur. The collection's themes feature aspects of survival, feminism and relationships, and is divided into four sections, with each section serving a different purpose and relevance to Kaur's personal experiences. The sections further explore the themes of violence, abuse, love, loss, and femininity, accompanied by simple line art illustrations.[1] These sections are titled \"the hurting\", \"the loving\", \"the breaking\" and \"the healing\".[2] Kaur has cited her cultural background as an inspiration for the book's style, as well as an attempt to make the book more accessible to a wide demographic or readers.[3] The book's simplistic style and themes have drawn forth some negative criticism and alleged rumours about Kaur herself.[4] Critics have sometimes referred to Kaur's work as \"Instapoetry\" due to Kaur's usage of social media platform Instagram to market her poems and illustrations.[5]\nBackground\n[edit]Kaur was born in India and later moved to Canada at the age of four.[6] Her household continued to center the values of the Punjabi-Sikhs people as they spoke only the Punjabi language at home.[7] After arriving in Canada, at the age of 5, Kaur began reading, drawing, writing poetry, and painting because she could not speak English and struggled to make friends.[8] Kaur eventually learned English by the fourth grade and credited her love for spoken word poetry to community open microphone nights.[7] As she got older, she continued reciting her poems at open mic events and gathered a group of followers who showed interest in Kaur expanding her poems in the book.[8]\nContents\n[edit]Milk and Honey is divided into 4 themed chapters: \"the hurting,\" (30 poems), \"the loving,\" (32 poems), \"the breaking,\" (60 poems), and \"the healing,\" (57 poems).[9] Some of the singular poems, which follow the theme of the overall section, have drawings by Kaur. This collection uses sexual terminology, accessible language, and discusses personal trauma. The book itself is recommended for ages 18+. Kaur jumps between first and second-person pronouns, and breaks the conventional rules of traditional poetry to honor Punjabi, the language of her birthplace.[3] She writes with lowercase letters and uses little punctuation similar to the writing features in Punjabi.[3][10]\nThe first chapter, \"the hurting,\" is about the author's experience with sexual assault, abuse, and family issues.[11] The next chapter, \"the loving,\" has a lighter tone as the topic overall is about positive experiences. The poems have been described by critics as sweet, and being filled with the emotions of falling in love with love and life.[11][9] \"The breaking\" brings the reader back to a dark place in the author's life. These poems relate to Kaur's sad feeling after a breakup.[11] While speaking about the effects after love is gone, Kaur discusses a break-up to-do list.[9] The last chapter, \"the healing,\" is an attempt to comfort and show women that they should embrace who they are and that they are valuable, no matter what they had to endure.[11] This section also speaks to embracing one's emotions as they are important to improving one's internal strength and abilities.[12]\nPublication\n[edit]Milk and Honey was published on November 4, 2014.[13] The poetry collection has sold over 3 million times.[14] As of June 7, 2020, it has been listed on The New York Times Best Seller list for 165 weeks, and has helped Kaur to amass a large following on social media.[15][16] Kaur was not able to find a publisher, so, having learned how to design and edit in college, she decided to self-publish Milk and Honey.[13][8] The book was later re-released under Andrews McMeel Publishing.[14] It has also been translated into 25 languages.[14]\nReception\n[edit]Kaur's poetry has been described as easy and simple t...", "title": "Milk and Honey (poetry collection) - Wikipedia" } ]	2,880
76	A united states island that is only 90 miles away from Cuba has been the home of several famous people. In what year did the famous author who owns a book store there first start writing?	1959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West#:~:text=The%20southernmost%20location%20that%20the,apart%20at%20their%20closest%20points.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Blume	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Post processing \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West#:~:text=The%20southernmost%20location%20that%20the,apart%20at%20their%20closest%20points.', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Blume']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West#:~:text=The%20southernmost%20location%20that%20the,apart%20at%20their%20closest%20points.", "text": "Key West\nKey West (Spanish: Cayo Hueso [kaʝo ˈweso]) is an island in the Straits of Florida, at the southern end of the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Island, it constitutes the City of Key West.\nThe island of Key West is about 4 miles (6 kilometers) long and 1 mile (2 km) wide, with a total land area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2).[6] Within Florida, it is 130 miles (210 km) southwest of Miami by air, about 165 miles (266 km) by road.[7] Key West is approximately 95 miles (153 km) north of Cuba at their closest points, and 106 miles (171 km) north-northeast of Havana.[8][9]\nThe city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which includes a majority of the Florida Keys and part of the Everglades.[10][11] The total land area of the city is 5.6 square miles (14.5 km2).[12] The population within the city limits was 26,444 at the 2020 census.[3] The official city motto is \"One Human Family\".\nKey West is the southernmost city in the contiguous United States and the westernmost island connected by highway in the Florida Keys. Duval Street, its main street, is 1.1 miles (1.8 km) in length in its 14-block-long crossing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Straits of Florida and the Atlantic Ocean. Key West is the southern terminus of U.S. Route 1 – the longest north–south road in the United States, as well as State Road A1A, the East Coast Greenway and, before 1935, the Florida East Coast Railway. Key West is a port of call for passenger cruise ships.[13] The Key West International Airport provides airline service. Naval Air Station Key West is an important year-round training site for naval aviation due to the tropical weather, which is also the reason Key West was chosen as the site of President Harry S. Truman's Winter White House. The central business district is located along Duval Street and includes much of the northwestern corner of the island.\nHistory\n[edit]Precolonial and colonial times\n[edit]At various times before the 19th century, people who were related or subject to the Calusa and the Tequesta inhabited Key West. The last Native American residents of Key West were Calusa refugees who were taken to Cuba when Florida was transferred from Spain to Great Britain in 1763.[14]\nCayo Hueso (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaʝo ˈweso]) is the original Spanish name for the island of Key West. It literally means \"bone cay\", cay referring to a low island or reef. It is said that the island was littered with the remains (bones) of prior native inhabitants, who used the isle as a communal graveyard.[15] This island was the westernmost Key with a reliable supply of water.[16]\nBetween 1763, when Great Britain took control of Florida from Spain, and 1821, when the United States took possession of Florida from Spain, there were few or no permanent inhabitants anywhere in the Florida Keys. Cubans and Bahamians regularly visited the Keys, the Cubans primarily to fish, while the Bahamians fished, caught turtles, cut hardwood timber, and salvaged wrecks. Smugglers and privateers also used the Keys for concealment. In 1766 the British governor of East Florida recommended that a post be set up on Key West to improve control of the area, but nothing came of it. During both the British and Spanish periods no nation exercised de facto control. The Bahamians apparently set up camps in the Keys that were occupied for months at a time, and there were rumors of permanent settlements in the Keys by 1806 or 1807, but the locations are not known. Fishermen from New England started visiting the Keys after the end of the War of 1812, and may have briefly settled on Key Vaca in 1818.[17]\nOwnership claims\n[edit]In 1815, the Spanish governor of Cuba in Havana deeded the island of Key West to Juan Pablo Salas, an officer of the Royal Spanish Navy Artillery posted in Saint Augustine, Florida. After Florida was transferred to the United States in 1821, S...", "title": "Key West - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Blume", "text": "Judy Blume\nJudith Blume (née Sussman; born February 12, 1938) is an American writer of children's, young adult, and adult fiction.[1] She began writing in 1959 and has published more than 26 novels.[2] Among her best-known works are Superfudge (1980), Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret. (1970), Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing (1972), Deenie (1973), Blubber (1974) and Double Fudge (2002). Blume's books have significantly contributed to children's and young adult literature.[3] She was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023.[4]\nBlume was born and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and graduated from New York University in 1961.[5] As an attempt to entertain herself in her role as a homemaker, Blume began writing stories.[6] Blume was one of the first young adult authors to write novels focused on such controversial topics as masturbation, menstruation, teen sex, birth control, and death.[7][8] Her novels have sold over 82 million copies and have been translated into 32 languages.[9]\nBlume's novels have been praised for teaching children and young adults about their bodies.[10] However, in the United States, the topics of her works have generated criticism,[11][12] controversy[10][12] and she is one of the most frequently banned authors in US schools and libraries.[13] There have been several film adaptations of Blume's novels,[14] including Tiger Eyes, released in 2012 with Willa Holland starring as Davey,[14] and Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret., released in 2023. A large collection of her papers is held at the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University.[15]\nBiography\n[edit]Early life\n[edit]Blume was born Judith Sussman on February 12, 1938, and raised in Elizabeth, New Jersey in a Jewish family,[16] the daughter of homemaker Esther Sussman (née Rosenfeld) and dentist Rudolph Sussman.[2] She has a brother, David, who is five years older.[17] Blume described her upbringing as culturally rather than religiously Jewish.[18] She witnessed hardships and death throughout her childhood.[17] When she was in third grade, Blume's older brother had a kidney infection that led Blume, her brother, and her mother to temporarily move to Miami Beach to help him recover for two years. Blume's father stayed behind to continue working.[17] Additionally, in 1951 and 1952, there were three airplane crashes in her hometown of Elizabeth (1951 Miami Airlines C-46 crash, American Airlines Flight 6780, and National Airlines Flight 101). A total of 121 people died in these crashes, and Blume's father, who was a dentist, helped to identify the unrecognizable remains. Blume says that she \"buried\" these memories until she began writing her 2015 novel In the Unlikely Event, the plot of which revolves around the crashes.[19] Throughout her childhood, Blume participated in many creative activities such as dance and piano.[20] She describes her love of reading as a trait passed on by her parents.[20] Blume has recalled spending much of her childhood creating stories in her head.[6] Despite the love of stories, Blume did not dream of being a writer growing up.[21]\nBlume graduated from the all-girls' Battin High School in 1956, then enrolled in Boston University.[20] A few weeks into the first semester, she was diagnosed with mononucleosis and took a brief leave from school.[22] In 1959, Blume's father died.[17] That same year, on August 15, 1959, she married lawyer John M. Blume, whom she had met while a student at New York University.[9] Blume graduated from New York University in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in Education.[9][22]\nAdult life\n[edit]After college, Blume gave birth to daughter Randy Lee Blume in 1961 and became a homemaker.[23] In 1963, her son Lawrence Andrew Blume was born. Blume began writing when her children began nursery school.[17] John M. Blume and Judy Blume were divorced in 1975. John M. Blume later died on September 20, 2020. Shortly after her separation, Blume met Thomas ...", "title": "Judy Blume - Wikipedia" } ]	2,072
77	According to the 2011 census, what is total population of the cities of the birthplaces of author Clive Barker, Prince William, and Sir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury? Round to the nearest 100,000.	11,300,000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Barker", "text": "Clive Barker\nClive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is a British writer, filmmaker, and visual artist. He came to prominence in the 1980s with a series of short stories collectively named the Books of Blood, which established him as a leading horror author. His work has been adapted into films, notably the Hellraiser series (the first installment of which he also wrote and directed) and the Candyman series.\nBarker's paintings and illustrations have been shown in galleries in the United States, and have appeared in his books. He has also created characters and series for comic books, and some of his more popular horror stories have been featured in ongoing comics series.\nEarly life\n[edit]Barker was born in Liverpool on 5 October 1952.[1] His mother, Joan Ruby (née Revill), was a painter and school welfare officer; his father, Leonard Barker, worked as the personnel director for an industrial relations firm.[2][3] He was educated at Dovedale Primary School and Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool before joining the University of Liverpool, where he studied English and philosophy.[4] At the age of three, he witnessed the infamous death of French skydiver Léo Valentin, who plummeted to the ground during a performance at an air show in Liverpool.[5] He would later allude to Valentin in many of his stories.[6]\nTheatrical work\n[edit]Barker's involvement in live theatre began while still in school with productions of Voodoo and Inferno in 1967. He collaborated on six plays with Theatre of the Imagination in 1974 and two more that he was the sole writer of, A Clowns' Sodom and Day of the Dog, for The Mute Pantomime Theatre in 1976 and 1977.[7]\nBarker co-founded the avant-garde theatrical troupe The Dog Company in 1978 with former schoolmates and up-and-coming actors, many of whom would go on to become key collaborators in his film work; Doug Bradley, his long-time friend and former classmate at Quarry Bank High School in Liverpool, took on the now-iconic role of Pinhead in the Hellraiser series while Peter Atkins wrote the scripts for the first three Hellraiser sequels.[8] Over the next five years Barker wrote nine plays, often serving as director, including some of his best-known stage productions, The History of The Devil, Frankenstein in Love, and The Secret Life of Cartoons.[7]\nFrom 1982 to 1983, he wrote Crazyface, Subtle Bodies, and Colossus for the Cockpit Youth Theatre.[7]\nHis theatrical work came to a close as he shifted focus to writing the Books of Blood.\nWriting career\n[edit]Barker is an author of horror and fantasy, although he has said that he thinks of his writing less and less as horror.[9] He began writing early in his career, mostly in the form of short stories (collected in Books of Blood 1–6) and the Faustian novel The Damnation Game (1985). Later he moved toward modern-day fantasy and urban fantasy with horror elements in Weaveworld (1987), The Great and Secret Show (1989), the world-spanning Imajica (1991), and Sacrament (1996).[10][11]\nWhen Books of Blood was first published in the United States in paperback, Stephen King was quoted on the book covers: \"I have seen the future of horror and his name is Clive Barker.\"[12] As influences on his writing, Barker lists Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe, Ray Bradbury, William S. Burroughs, William Blake, and Jean Cocteau, among others.[13]\nHe is the writer of the best-selling Abarat series.[14]\nIn early 2024, he announced he would stop attending conventions and public events so he could focus more on his writing, as he was working on the manuscripts for 31 different projects, some closer to completion than others.[15]\nPersonal life\n[edit]Barker stated on Loveline in 1996 that he had several relationships with older women during his teenage years, but realised he was gay when he was around 18 or 19 years old.[16] He dated John Gregson from 1975 to 1986, and was later in a relationship from 1996 to 2009 with photographer David Armstrong, who was described as his husband in the ...", "title": "Clive Barker - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales", "text": "William, Prince of Wales\nWilliam, Prince of Wales (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is the heir apparent to the British throne. He is the elder son of King Charles III and Diana, Princess of Wales.\nWilliam was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II. He was educated at Wetherby School, Ludgrove School and Eton College. He earned a Master of Arts degree in geography at the University of St Andrews where he met his future wife, Catherine Middleton. They have three children: George, Charlotte and Louis.\nAfter university, William trained at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst prior to serving with the Blues and Royals. In 2008 he graduated from the Royal Air Force College Cranwell, joining the RAF Search and Rescue Force in early 2009. He served as a full-time pilot with the East Anglian Air Ambulance for two years from July 2015.\nWilliam performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He is patron of multiple charitable and military organisations, including the Tusk Trust, Centrepoint, The Passage, Wales Air Ambulance and London's Air Ambulance Charity. Through the Royal Foundation, his work focuses on mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020 William launched the Earthshot Prize, an initiative to incentivise environmental solutions.\nWilliam was made Duke of Cambridge immediately before his wedding in April 2011. He became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay upon his father's accession to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day he was made Prince of Wales.\nEarly life\nWilliam was born at 9:03 pm on 21 June 1982 at St Mary's Hospital, London, during the reign of his paternal grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II. He was the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III), and his first wife, Diana, Princess of Wales.[3][4][5] He was the first direct heir to the British throne to be born in a hospital.[6] Buckingham Palace announced his name – William Arthur Philip Louis – on 28 June.[3] William was christened in the Music Room at Buckingham Palace by the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, on 4 August, coinciding with the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.[7][c]\nWilliam was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John was born to Prince George and Princess Mary (later King George V and Queen Mary) in July 1905.[9] When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, as his first trip overseas.[10] It also marked the first time that a royal baby was taken on an overseas tour.[11] Family photographs of William and his parents on the grounds of Government House in Auckland, New Zealand, received significant global coverage,[12] and have been identified as a major reason why the Buzzy Bee, the toy which William was playing with, became a New Zealand cultural icon.[13]\nHis younger brother, Prince Harry, was born in September 1984. Both of them were raised at Kensington Palace in London, and Highgrove House in Gloucestershire.[14][15][16]\nKnown informally as \"Wills\" within his family,[17] William was nicknamed \"Willy\" by his brother and \"Wombat\" by his mother.[18][19] Diana wished her sons to obtain broader and more typical life experiences beyond royal upbringing, taking them to Walt Disney World, McDonald's, AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless.[20] The biographer Robert Lacey asserts that William, described as a \"rambunctious\" and \"bratty\" child, became \"more reflective\" with a \"noticeably quiet character\" as he began boarding school.[21] Diana was reported to have described William as \"my little wise old man\" on whom she started to rely as her confidant by his early teens.[22]\nWilliam carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit to Llandaff on Saint David's Day in 1991.[23] He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with ...", "title": "William, Prince of Wales - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Bradbury", "text": "Malcolm Bradbury\nSir Malcolm Stanley Bradbury, CBE (7 September 1932 – 27 November 2000) was an English author and academic.[1]\nLife\n[edit]Bradbury was born in Sheffield, the son of a railwayman.[2] His family moved to London in 1935, but returned to Sheffield in 1941 with his brother and mother. The family later moved to Nottingham and in 1943 Bradbury attended West Bridgford Grammar School, where he remained until 1950. He read English at University College, Leicester, gaining a first-class degree in 1953. He continued his studies at Queen Mary College, University of London, where he gained his MA in 1955.[3]\nBetween 1955 and 1958, Bradbury moved between teaching posts with the University of Manchester and Indiana University in the United States. He returned to England in 1958 for a major heart operation; such was his heart condition that he was not expected to live beyond middle age. In 1959, while in hospital, he completed his first novel, Eating People is Wrong.\nBradbury married Elizabeth Salt and they had two sons. He took up his first teaching post as an adult-education tutor at the University of Hull. With his study on Evelyn Waugh in 1962 he began his career of writing and editing critical books. From 1961 to 1965 he taught at the University of Birmingham. He completed his PhD in American studies at the University of Manchester in 1962, moving to the University of East Anglia (his second novel, Stepping Westward, appeared in 1965), where he became Professor of American Studies in 1970 and launched the MA in Creative Writing course, attended by both Ian McEwan and Kazuo Ishiguro.[4]\nHe published Possibilities: Essays on the State of the Novel in 1973, The History Man in 1975, Who Do You Think You Are? in 1976, Rates of Exchange in 1983 and Cuts: A Very Short Novel in 1987. He retired from academic life in 1995.\nBradbury became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1991 for services to literature and was made a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours 2000, again for services to literature.[5]\nBradbury died at Priscilla Bacon Lodge, Colman Hospital, Norwich, on 27 November 2000, attended by his wife and their two sons, Matthew and Dominic. He was buried on 4 December 2000 in the churchyard of St Mary's parish church, Tasburgh, near Norwich where the Bradburys owned a second home. Though he was not an orthodox religious believer, he respected the traditions and socio-cultural role of the Church of England and enjoyed visiting churches in the spirit of Philip Larkin's poem, \"Church Going\".[citation needed]\nWorks\n[edit]Bradbury was a productive academic writer as well as a successful teacher; an expert on the modern novel, he published books on Evelyn Waugh, Saul Bellow and E. M. Forster, as well as editions of such modern classics as F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, and a number of surveys and handbooks of modern fiction, both British and American. However, he is best known to a wider public as a novelist. Although often compared with his contemporary David Lodge, a friend who has also written campus novels, Bradbury's books are consistently darker in mood and less playful both in style and language. In 1986, he wrote a short humorous book titled Why Come to Slaka?, a parody of travel books, dealing with Slaka, the fictional Eastern European country that is the setting for his novel Rates of Exchange, a 1983 novel that was shortlisted for the Booker Prize.[6]\nBradbury also wrote extensively for television, including scripting series such as Anything More Would Be Greedy, The Gravy Train (and its sequel, The Gravy Train Goes East, which explored life in Bradbury's fictional Slaka), and adapting novels such as Tom Sharpe's Blott on the Landscape and Porterhouse Blue, Alison Lurie's Imaginary Friends, Kingsley Amis's The Green Man, and the penultimate Inspector Morse episode The Wench is Dead. His last television script was for Dalziel and Pascoe series 5, produced by Andy Rowley. The episode \"Foreign Bodie...", "title": "Malcolm Bradbury - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England#Geography", "text": "England\nEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. England shares a land border with Scotland to the north and another land border with Wales to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, the Celtic Sea to the south-west, and the Irish Sea to the west. Continental Europe lies to the south-east, and Ireland to the west. At the 2021 census, the population was 56,490,048. London is both the largest city and the capital.\nThe area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Paleolithic. It takes its name from the Angles, a Germanic tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had extensive cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century.[7] The Kingdom of England, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separate sovereign state on 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union brought into effect a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland that created the Kingdom of Great Britain.[8]\nEngland is the origin of the English language, the English legal system (which served as the basis for the common law systems of many other countries), association football, and the Anglican branch of Christianity; its parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations.[9] The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.[10] England is home to the two oldest universities in the English-speaking world: the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, and the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked amongst the most prestigious in the world.[11][12]\nEngland's terrain chiefly consists of low hills and plains, especially in the centre and south. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in the north and west, including Dartmoor, the Lake District, the Pennines, and the Shropshire Hills. The London metropolitan area has a population of over 15 million as of 2025, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom, largely concentrated around London, the South East, and conurbations in the Midlands, the North West, the North East, and Yorkshire, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.[13]\nToponymy\nThe name \"England\" is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means \"land of the Angles\".[14] The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. They came from the Angeln region of what is now the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.[15] The earliest recorded use of the term, as \"Engla londe\", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. The term was then used to mean \"the land inhabited by the English\", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom of Northumbria. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the Domesday Book of 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King Malcolm III went \"out of Scotlande into Lothian in Englaland\", thus using it in the more ancient sense.[16]\nThe earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used.[17] The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.[18] How and why a term derived from the name of this tribe, rather than others such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire ...", "title": "England - Wikipedia" } ]	3,803
78	Of the two wonders of the ancient world that were statues, how much shorter was the taller of the two compared to the tallest statue in Japan as of 2024?	222 ft	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World#Wonders	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World#Wonders', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World#Wonders", "text": "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World\nThe Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders, is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity, first established in the 1572 publication Octo Mundi Miracula using a combination of historical sources.[1][2]\nThe seven traditional wonders established by the Octo Mundi Miracula are the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Using modern-day countries, two of the wonders were located in Greece, two in Turkey, two in Egypt, and one in Iraq. Of the seven wonders, only the Pyramid of Giza, which is also by far the oldest of the wonders, remains standing, while the others have been destroyed over the centuries. Remains exist from the Lighthouse, Temple of Artemis and the Mausoleum – either in situ or in museums. There is scholarly debate over the exact nature of the Hanging Gardens, and there is doubt as to whether they existed at all.\nAll known ancient and classical lists of wonders differ from the Octo Mundi Miracula version. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC; at least 8 full lists and 10 partial lists are known. Three other wonders appear more than twice across these lists: the Walls of Babylon, the Palace of Cyrus the Great, and the Pergamon Altar.\nBackground\nAlexander the Great's conquest of much of the western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians.[3] Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands, these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them.[4][5]\nInstead of \"wonders\", the ancient Greeks spoke of \"theamata\" (θεάματα), which means \"sights\", in other words \"things to be seen\" (Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης [γῆς] Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs [gēs]). Later, the word for \"wonder\" (\"thaumata\" θαύματα, \"wonders\") was used.[6] Hence, the list was meant to be the ancient world's counterpart of a travel guidebook.[3]\nKnown lists\nThe first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus; he did not provide the list itself, mentioning only the Walls of Babylon and the Pyramids.[7][8] The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon,[9] who lived around or before 100 BC,[10] gave a list of seven \"wonders\", including six of the present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the Lighthouse of Alexandria):[11]\nI have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race, and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus, I have seen the hanging gardens, and the Colossus of the Helios, the great man-made mountains of the lofty pyramids, and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds, the others were placed in the shade, for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus.\n— Greek Anthology IX.58[12]\nAnother ancient writer who, perhaps dubiously, identified himself as Philo of Byzantium, wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World.[5] The surviving manuscript is incomplete, missing its last pages. Still, from the preamble text, it is possible that the list of seven sights exactly matches Antipater's (the preamble mentions the location of Halicarnassus, but the pages describing the seventh wonder, presumably the Mausoleum, are missing).[13] Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus (c. 484 BC – c. 425 BC) and the poet Callimachus of Cyrene (c. 305 BC – c. 240 BC), housed at the Museum of Alexandria, survive only as references.\nThe listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and to the modern age. The Roman poet Martial and the...", "title": "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia", "text": "Statue of Zeus at Olympia\nThe Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a giant seated figure, about 12.4 m (41 ft) tall,[1] made by the Greek sculptor Phidias around 435 BC at the sanctuary of Olympia, Greece, and erected in the Temple of Zeus there. Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.[citation needed]\nThe statue was a chryselephantine sculpture of ivory plates and gold panels on a wooden framework. Zeus sat on a painted cedarwood throne ornamented with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious stones. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.\nThe statue was lost and destroyed before the end of the 6th century AD, with conflicting accounts of the date and circumstances. Details of its form are known only from ancient Greek descriptions and representations on coins and art.\nHistory\n[edit]The statue of Zeus was commissioned by the Eleans, custodians of the Olympic Games, in the latter half of the fifth century BC for their newly constructed Temple of Zeus. Seeking to outdo their Athenian rivals, the Eleans employed sculptor Phidias, who had previously made the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.[2]\nThe statue occupied half the width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. The geographer Strabo noted early in the 1st century BC that the statue gave \"the impression that if Zeus arose and stood erect he would unroof the temple.\"[3] The Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, made with ivory and gold panels on a wooden substructure. No copy in marble or bronze has survived, though there are recognizable but only approximate versions on coins of nearby Elis and on Roman coins and engraved gems.[4]\nThe 2nd-century AD geographer and traveler Pausanias left a detailed description: the statue was crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays and wore a gilded robe made from glass and carved with animals and lilies. Its right hand held a small chryselephantine statue of crowned Nike, goddess of victory; its left a scepter inlaid with many metals, supporting an eagle. The throne featured painted figures and wrought images and was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory.[5] Zeus' golden sandals rested upon a footstool decorated with an Amazonomachy in relief. The passage underneath the throne was restricted by painted screens.[6]\nPausanias also recounts that the statue was kept constantly coated with olive oil to counter the harmful effect on the ivory caused by the \"marshiness\" of the Altis grove. The floor in front of the image was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised rim of marble to contain the oil.[7] This reservoir acted as a reflecting pool which doubled the apparent height of the statue.[8]\nAccording to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman general Aemilius Paullus (the victor over Macedon) saw the statue and \"was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person\",[9] and according to Plutarch, Aemilius Paullus \"made that utterance which is now on every mouth, that Pheidias had moulded the Zeus of Homer\".[10] The 1st-century AD Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.[11]\nAccording to Strabo, when Phidias was asked about the model he would use for his Zeus, he answered that he would portray Zeus according to these words of Homer:[12]\nThe son of Cronos spoke, and bowed his dark brow in assent, and the ambrosial locks waved from the king's immortal head; and he made great Olympus quake (English translation by A.T. Murray).[13]\nThe sculptor also was reputed to have immortalised Pantarkes, the winner of the boys' wrestling event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad who was said to have been his \"beloved\" (eromenos), by carving Pantarkes kalos (\"Pantarkes is beautiful\") into Zeus's little finger, and by placing a relief of the boy crowning himself at the feet of the statue.[14][15]\nAccording to Pausanias, \"when the image was quite finished Pheidias p...", "title": "Statue of Zeus at Olympia - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes", "text": "Colossus of Rhodes\nThe Colossus of Rhodes (Ancient Greek: ὁ Κολοσσὸς Ῥόδιος, romanized: ho Kolossòs Rhódios; Modern Greek: Κολοσσός της Ρόδου, romanized: Kolossós tis Ródou)[a] was a statue of the Greek sun god Helios, erected in the city of Rhodes, on the Greek island of the same name, by Chares of Lindos in 280 BC. One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, it was constructed to celebrate the successful defence of Rhodes against an attack by Demetrius I of Macedon, who had besieged it for a year with a large army and navy.\nAccording to most contemporary descriptions, the Colossus stood approximately 70 cubits, or 33 metres (108 feet) high – approximately two-thirds of the height of the modern Statue of Liberty from feet to crown – making it the tallest statue in the ancient world.[2] It collapsed during the earthquake of 226 BC, although parts of it were preserved. In accordance with the Oracle of Delphi, the Rhodians did not rebuild it.[3][4] John Malalas wrote that Hadrian in his reign re-erected the Colossus,[5] but he was mistaken.[6] According to the Suda, the Rhodians were called Colossaeans (Κολοσσαεῖς), because they erected the statue on the island.[7]\nIn 653, an Arab force under Muslim general Mu'awiya I conquered Rhodes, and according to the Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor,[8] the remains of the collapsed statue were completely destroyed and sold.[9]\nSince 2008, a series of proposals to build a new Colossus at Rhodes Harbour have been announced, although the actual location of the original monument remains in dispute.[10][11]\nSiege of Rhodes\n[edit]In the late fourth century BC, Rhodes, allied with Ptolemy I of Egypt, prevented a mass invasion staged by their common enemy, Antigonus I Monophthalmus.\nIn 304 BC, a relief force of ships sent by Ptolemy arrived, and Demetrius I of Macedon (son of Antigonus) and his army abandoned the siege, leaving behind most of their siege equipment. To celebrate their victory, the Rhodians sold the equipment left behind for 300 talents[12] and decided to use the money to build a colossal statue of their patron god, Helios. Construction was left to the direction of Chares, a native of Lindos in Rhodes, who had been involved with large-scale statues before. His teacher, the sculptor Lysippos, had constructed a 22-metre-high (72-foot)[b] bronze statue of Zeus at Tarentum.\nConstruction\n[edit]Construction began in 292 BC. Ancient accounts, which differ to some degree, describe the structure as being built with iron tie bars to which bronze plates were fixed to form the skin. The interior of the structure, which stood on a 15-metre-high (49-foot) white marble pedestal near the Rhodes harbour entrance, was then filled with stone blocks as construction progressed.[13] Other sources place the Colossus on a breakwater in the harbour. According to most contemporary descriptions, the statue itself was about 70 cubits, or 32 metres (105 feet) tall.[14] Much of the iron and bronze was reforged from the various weapons Demetrius's army left behind, and the abandoned second siege tower may have been used for scaffolding around the lower levels during construction.\nPhilo of Byzantium wrote in De septem mundi miraculis that Chares created the sculpture in situ by casting it in horizontal courses and then placing \"...a huge mound of earth around each section as soon as it was completed, thus burying the finished work under the accumulated earth, and carrying out the casting of the next part on the level.\"[15]\nModern engineers have put forward a hypothesis for the statue's construction (based on the technology of the time), and the accounts of Philo and Pliny, who saw and described the ruins.[16]\nThe base pedestal was said to be at least 18 metres (59 feet) in diameter,[according to whom?] and either circular or octagonal. The feet were carved in stone and covered with thin bronze plates riveted together. Eight forged iron bars set in a radiating horizontal position formed the ankles and turne...", "title": "Colossus of Rhodes - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues", "text": "List of tallest statues\nThis list of tallest statues includes completed statues that are at least 50 m (160 ft) tall. The height values in this list are measured to the highest part of the human or animal figure, but exclude the height of any pedestal (plinth), or other base platform as well as any mast, spire, or other structure that extends higher than the tallest figure in the monument.\nThe definition of statue for this list is a free-standing sculpture (as opposed to a relief), representing one or more people or animals (real or mythical), in their entirety or partially (such as a bust). Heights stated are those of the statue itself and (separately) the total height of the monument that includes structures the statue is standing on or holding. Monuments that contain statues are included in this list only if the statue fulfills these and the height criteria.\nExisting\n[edit]Destroyed\n[edit]Under construction\n[edit]See also\n[edit]- List of statues\n- List of tallest bridges\n- List of tallest buildings\n- List of tallest structures\n- List of the tallest statues in India\n- List of the tallest statues in Mexico\n- List of the tallest statues in Sri Lanka\n- List of the tallest statues in the United States\n- List of tallest Hindu statues\n- List of colossal sculpture in situ\n- List of largest monoliths\n- New 7 Wonders of the World\nNotes\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ \"India unveils world's tallest statue\". BBC News. 31 October 2018. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.\n- ^ Official Blog site of Narendra Modi \| Chief Minister Government of Gujarat \| Statue of Unity Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ \"Main Statue\". Spring Temple Buddha. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.\n- ^ (in Chinese) 中国佛山金佛-153米卢舍那佛 – 墨宝斋 Archived 1 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ \"中國十大佛像 – 堯山大佛世界之最\". Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2017.\n- ^ \"Myanmar Travel : Myanmar News\". myanmarplg.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2008.\n- ^ a b c (in Chinese) [1] Archived 6 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ \"ChinaWhisper.com. June 13, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2016\". Archived from the original on 6 November 2009.\n- ^ \"Montemaria, The Mother of All Asia\". www.montemaria.com.ph. Montemaria. Retrieved 15 December 2023.\n- ^ sparksph (18 December 2021). \"Montemaria in Batangas: Mother of All Asia, Tower of Peace\". Suroy.ph. Retrieved 12 August 2022.\n- ^ \"The Tallest Statues In The World\". November 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2020.\n- ^ \"Sendai Daikannon – Miyagi – Japan Travel\". JapanTravel. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2018.\n- ^ 北海道大観音. 7.plala.or.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2018.\n- ^ 北の京芦別. Archived 3 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ \"What's it like inside the giant statue the Motherland Calls? (PHOTOS)\". Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2019.\n- ^ \"Lingshan Grand Buddha, Wuxi Lingshan Buddha Scenic Area\". Chinadiscovery.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.\n- ^ Seryakov, Mike. \"Chinese Island of Hainan. P.1\". CruiseBe.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.\n- ^ \"ကမ္ဘာ့အကြီးဆုံးထိုင်တော်မူ ဗုဒ္ဓရုပ်ပွားတော်ဖြစ်လာမည့် ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓရုပ်တုတည်ဆောက်မှု ရာခိုင်နှုန်း ၉၀ ကျော် ပြီးစီးနေပြီး လာမည့်ဧပြီလဆန်းတွင် ဗုဒ္ဓါဘိသေကအနေကဇာတင်ပွဲ ကျင်းပမည်\" [Over 90 percent of the world's largest Buddha statue will be completed, and Buddhists will hold a gala in early April]. Eleven Media Group (in Burmese). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2019.\n- ^ \"President Joko Widodo unveils Indonesia's tallest statue \| the Straits Times\". The Straits Times. 24 September 2018.\n- ^ \"Lopburi – One of the Oldest Capitals of Thailand\". Archived from the original on 2...", "title": "List of tallest statues - Wikipedia" } ]	4,333
79	The actor known for playing Kenny "Shammy" Shamberg in Magnum P.I. was born how days before the Apollo 11 moon landing?	844 days.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_P.I._(2018_TV_series)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Thornton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Mission	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Post processing	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_P.I._(2018_TV_series)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Thornton', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Mission']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_P.I._(2018_TV_series)", "text": "Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series)\nMagnum P.I. is an American action television series developed by Peter M. Lenkov and Eric Guggenheim. It stars Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum, the titular private investigator and former Navy SEAL who solves crimes in Hawaii. It is a reboot of the 1980–88 television series of the same name created by Donald P. Bellisario and Glen A. Larson. The series co-stars Perdita Weeks, Zachary Knighton, Stephen Hill, Amy Hill, and Tim Kang.\nIt was ordered to series in May 2018, and premiered on September 24, 2018, on CBS. On October 19, 2018, it was announced that the series had received a full season order from CBS.[1] In April 2021, the series was renewed for a fourth season,[2] which premiered on October 1, 2021.[3] Despite being a Top 25 show in viewers,[4] in May 2022, the series was canceled after four seasons, following CBS's failure to reach a new agreement with rights holders CBS Studios and Universal Television. On June 30, 2022, the series was picked up by NBC with a two-season, twenty-episode order,[5] later clarified to be produced and broadcast as a two-part fifth season. The fifth season premiered on February 19, 2023.[6] In June 2023, it was announced that the fifth season would be the final season.[7] The series ended on January 3, 2024.[8]\nMagnum P.I. takes place in the same fictional universe as two other series, both also developed by Lenkov and both also reboots of earlier crime shows: Hawaii Five-0 and MacGyver. The three shows have been collectively referred to as the \"Lenkov-verse\".[9] Initially, the series aired on Monday nights at 9:00 p.m., but aired its latter three CBS seasons on Friday nights in the same timeslot, immediately followed by Blue Bloods starring Tom Selleck, who portrayed the title character from the original series.\nPremise\n[edit]Similar to the original series, Magnum P.I. revolves around the titular ex-United States Navy SEAL, Thomas Magnum, who occupies the guest house on Robin's Nest, the Hawaiian Estate owned by famous author Robin Masters. In exchange for allowing Magnum to live in his guest house, Masters writes a fictional book series about a \"white knight\" centered around Magnum's time in the military. In addition, Magnum works for Masters as a security consultant; despite this, Masters never appears in the series. Also living on the estate are Juliet Higgins, an ex-MI6 agent who serves as the estate's majordomo, and native Hawaiian Kumu Tuileta, who is the estate's cultural curator. Magnum's living arrangement gives him access to the guest house and Masters' Ferrari 488 Spider but does not come with a salary, so he solves crimes as a private investigator. His investigations often include Higgins, who officially joins him as his partner in the second season. The two are frequently assisted by ex-United States Marines, Orville \"Rick\" Wright and Theodore \"T.C.\" Calvin. Rick is now a bar owner, while T.C. is a pilot whose main business is running helicopter tours of the islands. Gordon Katsumoto is a detective for the Honolulu Police Department (HPD) who frequently disagrees with Magnum's investigative methods, but nonetheless respects his crime-solving expertise.\nDespite both having serious relationships throughout the first four seasons, Magnum and Higgins often share sexual tension with each other, which is finally addressed in the fourth season finale. Rick also finds himself in a serious relationship in the latter half of the series, leading to his girlfriend giving birth to their child. Meanwhile, the divorced Katsumoto often faces trouble with his son, and T.C. becomes a father figure to a homeless teenager in the fourth season.\nThe show shares a direct fictional universe with Hawaii Five-0. The six main characters of Magnum P.I. share many allies with the Five-0 Task Force, including further law enforcement professionals, confidential informants, and city employees.\nCast\n[edit]Main\n[edit]- Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum, an ex-US Navy SEAL who is a secu...", "title": "Magnum P.I. (2018 TV series) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Thornton", "text": "Christopher Thornton\nChristopher Thornton (born March 29, 1967) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Kenny \"Shammy\" Shamberg in Magnum P.I., and has had numerous other film and television roles from 1990 to the present.\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Thornton was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father was an amateur opera singer who appeared in local theater.[1] Christopher appeared in several plays while majoring in theater at the University of New Orleans, but quit college after two years to relocate to Los Angeles and train at the Stella Adler Conservatory.[1]\nCareer\n[edit]Thornton made his first feature film appearance in the 1990 horror sequel Watchers II, playing a young man who gets his eyes gouged out by the mutant antagonist.[1] Only two years later, at age 25, Thornton suffered a tragic accident while rock climbing which fractured two vertebrae and left him paralyzed from the waist down. He returned to mostly theater roles for the remainder of the 1990s. In 2000, he was cast to play Hamlet at the Lillian Theater in Los Angeles. Believed to be the first actor to ever play the iconic Shakespeare character in a wheelchair, Thornton's performance won rave reviews.[1]\nThornton has gone on to appear in numerous film and television roles. He has recurred in TV series such as Any Day Now, Rules of Engagement and Vice Principals, and had guest roles in Curb Your Enthusiasm, Alias, Brothers & Sisters, My Name Is Earl, Grey's Anatomy and Will & Grace. From 2018 to 2024, he played recurring character Kenny \"Shammy\" Shamberg, a Marine veteran paralyzed during a tour of duty in Iraq, on the CBS reboot of Magnum P.I.[2]\nThornton was both writer and lead actor for the 2010 film Sympathy for Delicious, playing disc jockey \"Delicious\" Dean O'Dwyer.[3]\nFilmography\n[edit]Film\n[edit]Television\n[edit]External links\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ a b c d \"Christopher Thornton at IMDB\". IMDB.com. Retrieved May 4, 2021.\n- ^ \"Who Is Veteran in Wheelchair Shammy on 'Magnum, P.I.'?\". 2paragraphs.com. February 25, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2021.\n- ^ Abramowitz, Rachel (January 24, 2010). \"Writer turns the story of his paralyzing accident into 'Sympathy for Delicious'\". latimes.com. Retrieved May 5, 2021.", "title": "Christopher Thornton - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Mission", "text": "Apollo 11\nApollo 11 (July 16–24, 1969) was the fifth manned flight in the United States Apollo program and the first spaceflight to land humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin landed the Lunar Module Eagle on July 20 at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the surface about six hours later, at 02:56 UTC on July 21. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes afterward, and together they spent about two and a half hours exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. They collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material before re-entering the Lunar Module. In total, they were on the Moon’s surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before returning to the Command Module Columbia, which remained in lunar orbit, piloted by Michael Collins.\nApollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on July 16 at 13:32 UTC (9:32 am EDT, local time). The Apollo spacecraft consisted of three parts: the command module (CM), which housed the three astronauts and was the only part to return to Earth; the service module (SM) providing propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water to the command module; and the Lunar Module (LM), which had two stages—a descent stage with a large engine and fuel tanks for landing on the Moon, and a lighter ascent stage containing a cabin for two astronauts and a small engine to return them to lunar orbit.\nAfter being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V's third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into Eagle and landed in the Mare Tranquillitatis on July 20. The astronauts used Eagle's ascent stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module. They jettisoned Eagle before performing the maneuvers that propelled Columbia out of the last of its 30 lunar orbits onto a trajectory back to Earth.[9] They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 at 16:35:35 UTC, after more than eight days in space.\nArmstrong's first step onto the lunar surface was broadcast on live television to a worldwide audience. He described it as \"one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\"[a][15] Apollo 11 provided a U.S. victory in the Space Race against the Soviet Union, and fulfilled the national goal set in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy: \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\".[16]\nBackground\nIn the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union.[17] On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, surprising the world and fueling fears about Soviet technological and military capabilities. Its success demonstrated that the USSR could potentially deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, challenging American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.[18] This incident sparked the Sputnik crisis and ignited the Space Race, as both superpowers sought to demonstrate superiority in spaceflight.[19] President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to the challenge posed by Sputnik by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and initiating Project Mercury,[20] which aimed to place a man into Earth orbit.[21] The Soviets took the lead on April 12, 1961, when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space and the first to orbit the Earth.[22] Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space; his 15-minute flight was suborbital, not a full orbit.[23]\nBecause the Soviet Union had launch vehicles with higher lift capacity, President John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor, chose a challenge that exceeded the capabilities of the existing generation of rockets, so that both countries would be starting from an equal position. A c...", "title": "Apollo 11 - Wikipedia" } ]	2,447
80	As of January 1, 2024, what was the warmest decade, since the 17th century, around the ocean that surrounds Litke Deep?	The warmest decade for the Arctic Ocean since the 17th century was during the period of 1995–2005.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litke_Deep	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean#Climate	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litke_Deep', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean#Climate', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litke_Deep", "text": "Litke Deep\nLitke Deep (Russian: Жёлоб Ли́тке) is[1][2] a bathymetric feature in the Arctic Ocean. The deepest point is 5,449 m (17,877 ft) below sea level. It is the closest point of the upper surface of Earth's lithosphere to Earth's center, with Challenger Deep being 14.7268 km (9.2 mi) further from Earth's centre at a bathymetric depth of 6,366.4311 km (3,955.9 mi).[3]\nThe deepest point in Litke Deep is the closest point on the Earth's surface to the Earth's center given that it is located along the planet's polar flattening. Based on average global sea level (mean sea level), the deepest point in Litke Deep is shallower than Challenger Deep.[4] Litke Deep is the second deepest point in the Arctic Ocean after Molloy Deep.[5][6][7][8][9]\nTopography\n[edit]Location\n[edit]The Litke Deep is located in the southwestern part of the Eurasian Basin,[10] which stretches from northeastern part of Greenland past the Svalbard archipelago, Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya to the Taymyr Peninsula. It is situated south of the underwater ridge Gakkel Ridge roughly 350 kilometers[11] northeast of Svalbard and roughly 220 km north of the island of Nordaustlandet. The deepest part is at 5,449 metres[2] (17,881 feet)[10][12][13] under sea level.[1]\nClosest point to Earth's center\n[edit]The Challenger Deep is lower below sea level, but the Litke Deep is reported to be the closest point on the surface to Earth's center,[3] with Molloy Deep a very close second.\nThe seabed at Litke Deep is the fixed point on Earth that has the least distance from the center – because of the oblate spheroid shape of the planet Earth, which is flatter at poles and thicker at the equator. Application of the formula at Earth radius shows that the Earth's radius is 14.7268 km (9 mi) lesser at Litke Deep than at Challenger Deep.[3]\nLitke Deep is closer to North Pole at 82°24’ N and the difference between Earth's diameter at poles and equator is greater than the depth at Challenger Deep (10,925 m (35,843 ft) below sea level), around 11°22' north, nearer to equator with sea level also having the difference. Despite being 5,475 m (17,963 ft) shallower in depth below sea level, it is 6,351.7043 km (3,946.8 mi) from the Earth's center, 14.7268 km (9 mi) nearer than the Challenger Deep (6,366.4311 km (3,955.9 mi) to the Earth's center). In this ranking, several other Arctic as well as Antarctic depths such as Molloy Deep, seabed at North Pole, Factorian Deep and Meteor Deep in Southern Ocean exceed Challenger Deep. However, by depth below sea level, Litke Deep is not the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean.[3]\nSurveys\n[edit]The Litke Deep was located in 1955[2] by the Russian icebreaker Fyodor Litke[14] expedition. It is named after Russian explorer Fyodor Petrovich Litke.[11]\nDescents\n[edit]No crewed or unmanned descents have been undertaken to Litke Deep as of 2024[update].[citation needed]\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ a b \"The Great Challenge of the Arctic\" (PDF). Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs gouv.fr, p 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.\n- ^ a b c \"Hydrography of the Arctic Ocean with Special Reference to the Beaufort Sea\" (PDF). Kou Kusunoki, Hokkaido University, p 4. Retrieved 6 June 2017.\n- ^ a b c d \"Revisiting \"Ocean Depth closest to the Center of the Earth\"\" (PDF). Arjun Tan, Department of Physics, Alabama A & M University. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.\n- ^ Tan, Arjun (2022). \"Revisiting \"Ocean Depth closest to the Center of the Earth\"\" (PDF). International Journal of Mathematical Education. 12 (1): 11–15. ISSN 0973-6948. Archived from the original on September 20, 2022.\n- ^ Klenke, Martin; Schenke, Hans Werner (2002-07-01). \"A new bathymetric model for the central Fram Strait\". Marine Geophysical Researches. 23 (4): 367–378. doi:10.1023/A:1025764206736. S2CID 128515547.\n- ^ Bourke, Robert; Tunnicliffe, Mark; Newton, John; Paquette, Robert; Manley, Tom (1987-...", "title": "Litke Deep - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean#Climate", "text": "Arctic Ocean\nThe Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions.[1] It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea[2] or North Polar Sea.[3] It has also been described as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean.[4][5] It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing world ocean.\nThe Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere and extends south to about 60°N. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the Bering Strait on the Pacific side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. It is mostly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes;[6] its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.[1]The US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous decline in sea ice extent.[7][8]In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%.[9]\nHistory\n[edit]North America\n[edit]Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 17,000–50,000 years, during the Wisconsin glaciation. Falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to northwestern North America (Alaska), leading to the Settlement of the Americas.[10]\nEarly Paleo-Eskimo groups included the Pre-Dorset (c. 3200–850 BC); the Saqqaq culture of Greenland (2500–800 BC); the Independence I and Independence II cultures of northeastern Canada and Greenland (c. 2400–1800 BC and c. 800–1 BC); and the Groswater of Labrador and Nunavik. The Dorset culture spread across Arctic North America between 500 BC and AD 1500. The Dorset were the last major Paleo-Eskimo culture in the Arctic before the migration east from present-day Alaska of the Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit.[11]\nThe Thule Tradition lasted from about 200 BC to AD 1600, arising around the Bering Strait and later encompassing almost the entire Arctic region of North America. The Thule people were the ancestors of the Inuit, who now live in Alaska, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Labrador and Greenland.[12]\nEurope\n[edit]For much of European history, the north polar regions remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural. Pytheas of Massilia recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called \"Eschate Thule\", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance \"on which one can neither walk nor sail\". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as \"growlers\" or \"bergy bits\"; his \"Thule\" was probably Norway, though the Faroe Islands or Shetland have also been suggested.[13]\nEarly cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in Johannes Ruysch's map of 1507, or Gerardus Mercator's map of 1595) or water (as with Martin Waldseemüller's world map of 1507). The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage, the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage, to \"Cathay\" (China) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive \"Oceanus Septentrionalis\" at the northern edge of their chart...", "title": "Arctic Ocean - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic", "text": "Climate change in the Arctic\nDue to climate change in the Arctic, this polar region is expected to become \"profoundly different\" by 2050.[1]: 2321 The speed of change is \"among the highest in the world\",[1]: 2321 with warming occurring at 3-4 times faster than the global average.[2][3][4][5] This warming has already resulted in the profound Arctic sea ice decline, the accelerating melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the thawing of the permafrost landscape.[1]: 2321 [6] These ongoing transformations are expected to be irreversible for centuries or even millennia.[1]: 2321\nNatural life in the Arctic is affected greatly. As the tundra warms, its soil becomes more hospitable to earthworms and larger plants,[7] and the boreal forests spread to the north - yet this also makes the landscape more prone to wildfires, which take longer to recover from than in the other regions. Beavers also take advantage of this warming to colonize the Arctic rivers, and their dams contributing to methane emissions due to the increase in stagnant waters.[8] The Arctic Ocean has experienced a large increase in the marine primary production as warmer waters and less shade from sea ice benefit phytoplankton.[1]: 2326 [9] At the same time, it is already less alkaline than the rest of the global ocean, so ocean acidification caused by the increasing CO2 concentrations is more severe, threatening some forms of zooplankton such as pteropods.[1]: 2328\nThe Arctic Ocean is expected to see its first ice-free events in the near future - most likely before 2050, and potentially in the late 2020s or early 2030s.[10] This would have no precedent in the last 700,000 years.[11][12] Some sea ice regrows every Arctic winter, but such events are expected to occur more and more frequently as the warming increases. This has great implications for the fauna species which are dependent on sea ice, such as polar bears. For humans, trade routes across the ocean will become more convenient. Yet, multiple countries have infrastructure in the Arctic which is worth billions of dollars, and it is threatened with collapse as the underlying permafrost thaws. The Arctic's indigenous people have a long relationship with its icy conditions, and face the loss of their cultural heritage.\nFurther, there are numerous implications which go beyond the Arctic region. Sea ice loss not only enhances warming in the Arctic but also adds to global temperature increase through the ice-albedo feedback. Permafrost thaw results in emissions of CO2 and methane that are comparable to those of major countries. Greenland melting is a significant contributor to global sea level rise. If the warming exceeds - or thereabouts, there is a significant risk of the entire ice sheet being lost over an estimated 10,000 years, adding up to global sea levels. Warming in the Arctic may affect the stability of the jet stream, and thus the extreme weather events in midlatitude regions, but there is only \"low confidence\" in that hypothesis.\nImpacts on the physical environment\n[edit]Warming\n[edit]The period of 1995–2005 was the warmest decade in the Arctic since at least the 17th century, with temperatures 2 °C (3.6 °F) above the 1951–1990 average.[13] Alaska and western Canada's temperature rose by 3 to 4 °C (5.40 to 7.20 °F) during that period.[14] 2013 research has shown that temperatures in the region haven't been as high as they currently are since at least 44,000 years ago and perhaps as long as 120,000 years ago.[15][16] Since 2013, Arctic annual mean surface air temperature (SAT) has been at least 1 °C (1.8 °F) warmer than the 1981-2010 mean.\nIn 2016, there were extreme anomalies from January to February with the temperature in the Arctic being estimated to be between 4–5.8 °C (7.2–10.4 °F) more than it was between 1981 and 2010.[17] In 2020, mean SAT was 1.9 °C (3.4 °F) warmer than the 1981–2010 average.[18] On 20 June 2020, for the first time, a temperature measurement was made inside the Arctic Circle of 38 °C...", "title": "Climate change in the Arctic - Wikipedia" } ]	3,255
81	Which of the bridges in Halifax, Nova Scotia is longer, and by how much? The MacKay, or the MacDonald?	The MacDonald Bridge (1300 metres) is 100 metres longer than the MacKay (1200 metres).	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_L._Macdonald_Bridge	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Murray_MacKay_Bridge	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_L._Macdonald_Bridge', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Murray_MacKay_Bridge']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_L._Macdonald_Bridge", "text": "Angus L. Macdonald Bridge\nThe Angus L. Macdonald Bridge is a suspension bridge crossing Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada; it opened on April 2, 1955.\nThe bridge is one of two suspension bridges linking the Halifax Peninsula to Dartmouth in the Halifax Regional Municipality.\nIt is named after the former premier of Nova Scotia, Angus L. Macdonald, who had died in 1954 and had been instrumental in having the bridge built. The bridge was designed by Philip Louis Pratley, one of Canada's foremost long-span bridge designers who had also been responsible for the Lions Gate Bridge in Vancouver.[2] The bridges have a similar design, which is most notable in the towers. The contractor was Dominion Bridge Company Ltd.\nThe bridge regularly experiences traffic congestion during rush hours as a result of the structure's proximity to the downtown cores of Halifax and Dartmouth, as well as its narrow width. Large commercial vehicles are not permitted to cross and must use the wider MacKay Bridge to the northwest. Public transit buses are allowed to cross and the bridge links several Halifax Transit routes. In 2014/15 the average number of vehicle crossings per month was 1,183,095.\nAs of January 3, 2022 the toll charge to cross for regular passenger vehicles was $1.25 cash or $1.00 with the MACPASS electronic toll system.[3] The original toll, when the Macdonald opened in 1955, was 40 cents plus 5 cents per passenger. There was also a separate toll for trucks, cyclists, pedestrians, motorcycles and horses/rider. This bridge is now toll-free (as of March 14, 2025).\nHistory\n[edit]Construction of the bridge took place between 1952 and 1955. Caissons were used for underwater work. Five workers died falling from catwalks during construction.[4] The bridge opened on April 2, 1955, and originally cost $11.5 million.[5]\n1999 modernization\n[edit]A modernization project was undertaken in the late 1990s and completed in 1999 which saw the original two lanes and one sidewalk and utility corridor expanded to three lanes, with the centre lane being reversible to assist with traffic flow during peak periods.\nTo reduce the weight of the roadway, asphalt and concrete were removed and special steel plating (an orthotropic deck) was used in its place. This deck is 35% lighter than the old one.[6] New pedestrian and bicycle lanes were attached to the outside of the structure to replace the original sidewalks.\nExternal aesthetic lights were added during the modernisation project which saw the bridge's towers lit for the first time on a continuous basis every evening from sunset until midnight. Critics derided the effort as a waste of electricity, given Halifax Harbour's frequent foggy weather conditions. The lighting was estimated by the bridge authority to cost in excess of $50,000 a year in 1999.\nSafety barriers\n[edit]The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge has attracted media attention as the spot where well known environmental activist Tooker Gomberg is believed to have committed suicide on March 3, 2004.[7]\nIn June 2004 the Department of National Defence filed a lawsuit against the Bridge Commission alleging that snow, ice, bottles and other debris rained down on HMC Dockyard below, endangering staff. The DND first sought $527,000 in damages for its efforts to protect employees, an amount that was later increased to $1.04 million.[8] The lawsuit claimed that the issue had been exacerbated when chain link fencing on the bridge had been removed during the 1999 modernization.[8] In July 2007, as part of the settlement, barriers were installed along 22% of the pedestrian lane at the bridge's western end (Halifax abutment) to prevent suicide attempts and protect navy staff below.[9]\nInitially, the Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission was concerned that the structure was not capable of handling the additional weight of installing safety barriers along the entire span of the bridge. Subsequent computer modeling eliminated the previous concerns, and on May 13, 2009 the ge...", "title": "Angus L. Macdonald Bridge - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Murray_MacKay_Bridge", "text": "A. Murray MacKay Bridge\nThe A. Murray MacKay Bridge, known locally as \"the new bridge\", is a suspension bridge linking the Halifax Peninsula with Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, and opened on July 10, 1970. It is one of two suspension bridges crossing Halifax Harbour. Its counterpart, the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, was completed in 1955. The bridge carries on average 52,000 vehicle crossings per day,[2] and is part of Nova Scotia Highway 111.\nAs of January 3, 2022, the toll charge to cross for regular passenger vehicles was $1.25 cash, or $1.00 with the MACPASS electronic toll system.[3] Larger vehicles had higher tolls proportional to the number of axles. Tolls were removed as of March 14, 2025.[4] The A. Murray MacKay Bridge is the only harbour bridge that permits semi-trailers and large trucks. Pedestrians and bicycles are not permitted on the A. Murray MacKay Bridge; they may instead use dedicated lanes on the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge.\nHistory\n[edit]Planning\n[edit]The Macdonald Bridge, the older of the two suspension bridges spanning Halifax Harbour, opened in 1955. By the early 1960s, growing traffic between Halifax and Dartmouth prompted the government to hire Montreal consulting firm Pratley and Dorton to carry out a study on the construction of an additional bridge (or bridges). Their report, the Halifax Area Bridge Study, was submitted in 1963 and explored two possible sites for a new cross-harbour bridge. The provincial government and the Halifax-area municipalities could not reach agreement on which site was best, so the province asked the bridge commission to make a decision. The site at the Narrows was subsequently chosen.[5]\nAfricville\n[edit]Political controversy preceded construction of the MacKay Bridge when the city of Halifax expropriated residents from the black community of Africville near the Halifax abutment.\nConstruction\n[edit]The first construction contract; for the bridge piers, abutments, and cable anchorages; was signed with Halifax contractor Robert McAlpine Ltd. in April 1967. A sod-turning ceremony, marking the beginning of construction, was carried out on 29 June 1967 by Nova Scotia premier Robert Stanfield.[5]\nA contract for the bridge superstructure – including the two bridge towers, suspended spans, approach spans, and concrete decking on the approach spans – was awarded in August 1967 to the Canadian Bridge Division of DOSCO, a subsidiary of Hawker Siddeley Canada.[5]\nThe Adhesive Engineering Company, based in San Carlos, California, was awarded the contract to apply an epoxy asphalt surface to the bridge's orthotropic deck.[5]\nOpening\n[edit]The bridge was formally inaugurated by premier George Isaac Smith, in the company of lieutenant governor Victor de Bedia Oland, on 10 July 1970 with a ribbon-cutting ceremony that began at 2:30 pm at the Dartmouth toll station. The bridge opened to traffic later that afternoon.[6] Speaking at the event, Premier Smith described the bridge as \"another important milestone in the development of these historic communities\".[7]\nThe bridge is named after Alexander Murray MacKay, chairman of the Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission from 1951 to 1971 and past chief executive officer of MT&T. MacKay was instrumental in having both the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge and his namesake structure built during his tenure at the commission.\nProposed renaming\n[edit]Following the death of former Nova Scotia premier Robert L. Stanfield in 2003, there was a motion made to rename the MacKay Bridge to honour Stanfield, but the Stanfield family did not want any current structures already named for persons to be changed for Stanfield's sake. In 2007, the Halifax International Airport was renamed Halifax - Robert L. Stanfield International Airport; several new schools and other institutional buildings are also under consideration for Stanfield's name.\nFinancing\n[edit]A decision was made to finance the construction of the bridge with low-interest loans denominated in foreign currencies, saving ...", "title": "A. Murray MacKay Bridge - Wikipedia" } ]	1,841
83	As of August 1, 2024, are there any cities in England that are more populated than Philadelphia, and which cities are they?	Yes, London	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONS_built-up_areas_in_England_by_population	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONS_built-up_areas_in_England_by_population']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia", "text": "Philadelphia\nPhiladelphia (/ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/ ⓘ FIL-ə-DEL-fee-ə), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.[11] It is the sixth-most populous city in the United States with a population of 1.6 million at the 2020 census, while the Philadelphia metropolitan area (sometimes called the Delaware Valley) with 6.33 million residents is the nation's ninth-largest metropolitan area.[12] Philadelphia is known for its culture, cuisine, and history, maintaining contemporary influence in business and technology, sports, and music.[13][14]\nPhiladelphia was founded in 1682 by William Penn, an English Quaker and advocate of religious freedom, and served as the capital of the colonial era Province of Pennsylvania.[3][15] It then played a vital role during the American Revolution and Revolutionary War. It served as the central meeting place for the nation's Founding Fathers in hosting the First Continental Congress (1774) and the Second Continental Congress, during which the Founders formed the Continental Army, elected George Washington as its commander, and adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. During the Revolutionary War's Philadelphia campaign, the city fell to the British Army, which occupied Philadelphia for nine months from September 1777 to June 1778.[16] Following the end of the Revolutionary War, the U.S. Constitution was ratified at the Philadelphia Convention. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, and it served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on four subsequent occasions until 1800, when construction of the new national capital in Washington, D.C. was completed.[17]\nWith 17 four-year universities and colleges in the city, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research.[18][19] The city hosts more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other city in the nation.[20][21] Fairmount Park, when combined with adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the same watershed, has an area of 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest urban parks and the world's 55th largest.[22] With five professional sports teams and one of the nation's most loyal and passionate fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans.[23][24][25][26] The city has a culturally and philanthropically active LGBTQ+ community. Philadelphia also has played an influential historic and ongoing role in the development and evolution of American music, especially R&B, soul, and rock.[27][28]\nAs of 2023[update], the Philadelphia metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of US$557.6 billion[9] and is home to 13 Fortune 500 corporate headquarters.[29] Metropolitan Philadelphia ranks as one of the nation's Big Five venture capital hubs, facilitated by its proximity to both the financial ecosystems of New York City and the regulatory environment of Washington, D.C.[30] Metropolitan Philadelphia is also a biotechnology hub and has garnered the nickname \"Cellicon Valley\" for its central role in the development of immunotherapies to treat different cancers.[31] The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, owned by Nasdaq since 2008, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in options trading.[32] 30th Street Station, the city's primary rail station, is the third-busiest Amtrak hub in the nation with over 4.1 million passengers in 2023. The city's multimodal transportation and logistics infrastructure includes Philadelphia International Airport,[33] the PhilaPort seaport,[34] and Interstate 95, a primary component of the north–south highway system along the U.S. East Coast.\nPhiladelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first library (1731),[35] hospital (1751),[35] medical school (1765),[36] national capital (1774),[37] university (by some accounts) (1779),[38] central bank (1781),[39] stock exchange (1790),[35] zoo...", "title": "Philadelphia - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ONS_built-up_areas_in_England_by_population", "text": "List of ONS built-up areas in England by population\nThis list of built-up areas for England was compiled by the Office for National Statistics after the 2021 UK Census.[1] Built-up area boundaries are defined and named by the ONS. (In ONS reports of the 2011 and 2021 censuses, many of these areas were called \"built-up sub-areas\" of larger urban areas; as of October 2024[update], the ONS has not defined a new nomenclature for the urban areas or released any data for them.)\nClassifications\n[edit]Major\n[edit]The ONS has classified all built-up areas with a population of at least 200,000 as \"major\". Most are cities, with three large towns (Luton, Northampton and Reading) included.[1] (Conversely, there are many settlements that have city status but do not reach the threshold.)\nLarge\n[edit]The ONS classified all built-up areas between 199,999 and 75,000 as large-sized, most include large towns or smaller cities.[1]\nMedium\n[edit]The ONS classified all built-up areas between 75,000 and 20,000 as medium-sized, most are moderate towns with some exceptional cities or villages.[1]\n49,700 to 74,999\n[edit]Hereford, Canterbury, Lancaster and Durham have city status, all others are towns and Rochester formerly had city status.\n30,000 to 49,699\n[edit]\"Citypopulation.de\" does not record areas with a population lower than Thundersley and South Benfleet.\nWinchester, Lichfield and Chichester have city status between 30,000 and 49,700.\n20,000 to 29,999\n[edit]Truro officially has city status.\nSee also\n[edit]- List of cities in the United Kingdom\n- City status in the United Kingdom, differing ways which cities have become cities.\n- List of towns in England, England's towns in alphabet order and the differing ways which towns have become towns.\n- List of towns and cities in England by historical population, the development of urban centres in England and before England through time.\n- Settlements in ceremonial counties of England by population, places with 5,000 or more residents by county and the highest populated built-up area in each county.\n- List of English districts by population, population of each local government district in England.\n- List of urban areas in the United Kingdom sets out the population of each 2011 built-up area in the UK.\n- List of primary urban areas in England by population\n- List of built-up areas in Wales by population, Welsh equivalent.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d e \"Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021\". Retrieved 13 April 2024.\n- ^ a b c d e \"Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs\". Retrieved 13 March 2024.\n- ^ a b c \"UNITED KINGDOM: Countries and Major Cities\". Retrieved 4 May 2024.\n- ^ \"United Kingdom: Countries and Major Urban Areas\". citypopulation.de. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ See Milton Keynes urban area. (The ONS has used the name \"Milton Keynes\" for a sub-area of the city, being the remainder of its total built-up area after subtracting Bletchley, Newport Pagnell and Woburn Sands (which were included previous definitions). In Table 4A in the Supplementary Tables of its 2021 Rural Urban Classification, the ONS defines an \"Amalgamated Built-up Area\" (number 2987), which identifies its component elements.)", "title": "List of ONS built-up areas in England by population - Wikipedia" } ]	1,837
84	Which event predates the other: the amalgamation of the Province of Betanzos with Mondonedo or the completion of a cathedral marking the destination of a prominent Spanish Catholic pilgrimage in the same province? Provide the year of the earlier event.	The completion of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in 1211.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_A_Coru%C3%B1a	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_A_Coru%C3%B1a', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_A_Coru%C3%B1a", "text": "Province of A Coruña\nThe province of A Coruña (Galician: provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ]; Spanish: provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ⓘ; historical English: Corunna)[3] is the northwesternmost province of Spain, and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. It has a population of 1,128,449 across its 93 municipalities.[2]\nHistory\n[edit]The history of this province starts at the end of the Middle Ages during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. During those years this province was far smaller than today. This is because in the 1833 territorial division of Spain the entire Province of Betanzos together with half of the Mondoñedo were amalgamated into one single province with its capital city in A Coruña. Since 1833, the province has always been the one with the largest population and largest coast. Until the second half of the 20th century, this province was both the religious and cultural centre of the entire region. The University of Santiago de Compostela was the only university in North-western Spain until the arrival of democracy after the death of General Francisco Franco.\nMunicipalities\n[edit]- A Baña\n- A Capela\n- A Coruña\n- A Laracha\n- A Pobra do Caramiñal\n- Abegondo\n- Ames\n- Aranga\n- Ares\n- Arteixo\n- Arzúa\n- As Pontes de García Rodríguez\n- As Somozas\n- Bergondo\n- Betanzos\n- Boimorto\n- Boiro\n- Boqueixón\n- Brión\n- Cabana de Bergantiños\n- Cabanas\n- Camariñas\n- Cambre\n- Carballo\n- Cariño\n- Carnota\n- Carral\n- Cedeira\n- Cee\n- Cerceda\n- Cerdido\n- Oza-Cesuras\n- Coirós\n- Corcubión\n- Coristanco\n- Culleredo\n- Curtis\n- Dodro\n- Dumbría\n- Fene\n- Ferrol\n- Fisterra\n- Frades\n- Irixoa\n- Laxe\n- Lousame\n- Malpica de Bergantiños\n- Mañón\n- Mazaricos\n- Melide\n- Mesía\n- Miño\n- Moeche\n- Monfero\n- Mugardos\n- Muros\n- Muxía\n- Narón\n- Neda\n- Negreira\n- Noia\n- O Pino\n- Oleiros\n- Ordes\n- Oroso\n- Ortigueira\n- Outes\n- Paderne\n- Padrón\n- Ponteceso\n- Pontedeume\n- Porto do Son\n- Rianxo\n- Ribeira\n- Rois\n- Sada\n- San Sadurniño\n- Santa Comba\n- Santiago de Compostela\n- Santiso\n- Sobrado\n- Teo\n- Toques\n- Tordoia\n- Touro\n- Trazo\n- Val do Dubra\n- Valdoviño\n- Vedra\n- Vilarmaior\n- Vilasantar\n- Vimianzo\n- Zas\nDemographics\n[edit]As of 2024, the foreign-born population is 125,311, equal to 11.1% of the total population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities are Venezuelans (23,027), Colombians (11,369), Argentinians (8,223), Brazilians (7,920) and Swiss (7,725).[2]\nMain sights\n[edit]The cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the destination of the Way of St. James, a major historical pilgrimage route since the Middle Ages which still gathers thousands of pilgrims each year from all over the world.\nParks\n[edit]- Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park[5] is the only national park in Galicia. It is shared between the provinces of A Coruña and Pontevedra.\n- The \"Fragas\" of the River Eume Natural Park extends itself throughout the Eume and Ferrol regions of Ferrolterra.\n- The Dunes of Corrubedo Natural Park (Parque Natural das Dunas de Corrubedo e lagoas de Carregal e Vixán) is a beach park at the very end of the Barbanza Peninsula.\nTransport\n[edit]Airports and airfields\n[edit]- Aeroporto da Lavacolla in Santiago de Compostela\n- Aeroporto de Alvedro in the City of A Coruña\n- Heliporto da Graña in the Naval Base of A Graña (Ferrolterra)\n- Heliporto de Narón in Naron (Ferrolterra)\nRailway\n[edit]- Spanish National Railway Network Linking every major city: Barqueiro, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coruña and Santiago de Compostela.\n- Spanish High Speed Railway Network (AVE) Linking most major cities of the province with Lisbon and Madrid is under construction.\nEconomy\n[edit]Ports\n[edit]- A Coruña – Major Commercial Port – Rías Altas\n- Malpica – Fishing Port – Costa da Morte\n- Camariñas – Fishing Port – Costa da Morte\n- Fisterra – Fishing Port – Costa da Morte\n- Ferrol – Major Commercial Ports ...", "title": "Province of A Coruña - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral", "text": "Santiago de Compostela Cathedral\nThe Santiago de Compostela Archcathedral Basilica (Spanish and Galician: Catedral Basílica de Santiago de Compostela) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia, Spain. The cathedral is the reputed burial place of Saint James the Great, one of the apostles of Jesus Christ. It is also among the remaining churches in the world built over the tomb of an apostle, the other ones being St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, St Thomas Cathedral Basilica in Chennai, India, and Basilica of St. John in İzmir, Turkey.\nThe archcathedral basilica has historically been a place of Christian pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the Early Middle Ages and marks the traditional end of the pilgrimage route. The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions.\nHistory\n[edit]According to legend, the tomb in Santiago was rediscovered in AD 814 by Pelagius the Hermit, after he witnessed strange lights in the night sky above the Libredon forest. Bishop Theodomirus of Iria recognized this as a miracle and informed king Alfonso II of Asturias and Galicia (791–842). The king ordered the construction of a chapel on the site. Legend has it that the king was the first pilgrim to this shrine. This was followed by the first church in AD 829 and then in AD 899 by a pre-Romanesque church, ordered by king Alfonso III of León,[3] which caused the gradual development of this major place of pilgrimage.[4]\nIn 997 the early church was reduced to ashes by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (938–1002), army commander of the caliph of Córdoba. St James's tomb and relics were left undisturbed. The gates and the bells, carried by local Christian captives to Córdoba, were added to the Aljama Mosque.[5] When Córdoba was taken by king Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236, these same gates and bells were then transported by Muslim captives to Toledo, to be inserted in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo.\nConstruction of the present cathedral began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile (1040–1109) and the patronage of bishop Diego Peláez. It was built according to the same plan as the monastic brick church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse, probably the greatest Romanesque edifice in France.[according to whom?] It was built mostly in granite. Construction was halted several times and, according to the Liber Sancti Iacobi, the last stone was laid in 1122. But by then, the construction of the cathedral was certainly not finished. The cathedral was consecrated in 1211 in the presence of king Alfonso IX of Leon.[6][7]\nAccording to the Codex Calixtinus the architects were \"Bernard the elder, a wonderful master\", his assistants Robertus Galperinus and, later possibly, \"Esteban, master of the cathedral works\". In the last stage \"Bernard, the younger\" was finishing the building, while Galperinus was in charge of the coordination. He also constructed a monumental fountain in front of the north portal in 1122.\nThe city became an episcopal see in 1075 and the church its cathedral. Due to its growing importance as a place of pilgrimage, it was raised to an archiepiscopal see by Pope Callixtus II in 1120. A university was added in 1495.[citation needed]\nIt has been proposed that the peculiar lantern towers of several churches in the Duero valley (Zamora, Plasencia, Toro, Évora) were inspired by the Romanesque dome of Santiago, substituted by a Gothic one in the 15th century.[8] The cathedral was expanded and embellished with additions in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.\nExterior of the cathedral\n[edit]Each of the façades along with their adjoining squares constitute a large urban square. The Baroque façade of the Praza do Obradoiro square was completed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1740. Also in baroque style is the Acibecharía façade by Ferro Caaveiro and Fernández Sarela, later modified by Ventura Rodríguez. The Pratarías...", "title": "Santiago de Compostela Cathedral - Wikipedia" } ]	2,258
85	How many films with titles including the letter "g" did the director of "Sword of the Valiant" direct after the release of said film, but before the year 2000?	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Valiant	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Weeks	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Valiant', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Weeks']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_the_Valiant", "text": "Sword of the Valiant\nSword of the Valiant: The Legend of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (often shortened to Sword of the Valiant) is a 1984 dramatic fantasy film directed by Stephen Weeks and starring Miles O'Keeffe, Trevor Howard, Lila Kedrova, Cyrielle Clair, Leigh Lawson, Peter Cushing, and Sean Connery. The film is loosely based on the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written in the late 14th century, but the narrative differs substantially. It was the second time Weeks had adapted the traditional tale into a film. His first effort was Gawain and the Green Knight (1973).[1]\nPlot\n[edit]During Yuletide, a knight in green armor enters King Arthur's castle and challenges its knights to a game - they can decapitate him in one swing of his ax, with the caveat that he can return the blow. None of the knights volunteer. Arthur shames them for their lack of courage and accepts the challenge himself. Finally, Gawain, a young squire, accepts the challenge in lieu of Arthur, and is knighted. He beheads the green knight. The knight picks up his head and returns it to his neck. Gawain kneels to be striken, but the green knight refuses due to the former's youth. Promising to return in one year to claim his side of the bargain, the green knight gives Gawain a chance to solve a riddle to save his life:\nWhere life is emptiness, gladness.\nWhere life is darkness, fire.\nWhere life is golden, sorrow.\nWhere life is lost, wisdom.\nWith Arthur's blessing, Gawain leaves with squire Humphrey in search of the riddle's answer. Morgan le Fay instructs Gawain to blow a horn near the seashore, and to go to the lost city of Lyonesse. Upon blowing the horn, a knight in black armor reveals himself to be the guardian of Lyonesse, and challenges Gawain to a duel. Despite the guardian's dishonorable conduct in the duel, Gawain wins. The guardian, dying, asks to be brought home to Lyonesse. Gawain rides there with the guardian, and Humphrey gets separated from Gawain. At Lyonesse, before dying, the guardian accuses Gawain of murdering him. Pursued by the city guard, Gawain escapes with the help of maiden Linet, who gives him her ring, which makes him invisible. Gawain attempts to escape Lyonesse with Linet, but she is captured. While held by the guards, Linet gives her ring to Gawain. Abruptly appearing in an empty field, Gawain is told by the green knight that the game he accepted has rules which have been broken by meeting Linet at the wrong time, and taking her ring. Encountering a group of monks, Gawain asks friar Vosper for help with the riddle; Vosper tells Gawain to see the sage at the rock of wisdom.\nGawain agrees to follow the game's rules and is transported to Lyonesse by the sage. Lyonesse now is decrepit, and the denizens are old and frozen in time. Gawain carries the frozen Linet to a small house outside of Lyonesse, revives her and restores her youth using the ring. Gawain encounters Humphrey, but while away from the house, Linet is kidnapped by the lustful prince Oswald and the army of his father, Baron Fortinbras. To save Linet, Gawain and Humphrey sneak into Fortinbras's castle by blending in with prisoners being transported there. Inside, Gawain rallies the prisoners to help escape the castle and rescue Linet. Meanwhile, Sir Bertilak, a rival of Fortinbras, arrives and threatens the latter with war if certain demands are not met. While the prisoners escape, the rescue fails when a fire breaks out in Linet's prison, leading Gawain to wrongfully believe that she is dead. Mournful, Gawain leaves Humphrey and the escaped prisoners, wandering aimlessly before stumbling across Bertilak's castle. Bertilak allows Gawain to rest and recover in his castle. There, Bertilak accepts Linet as a tribute from Fortinbras to prevent war. Linet gives Gawain a green sash, saying that no harm will befall him while he wears it.\nThe year given by the green knight comes to an end. Gawain, meeting with Humphrey and the former prisoners, goes out seeking the green...", "title": "Sword of the Valiant - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Weeks", "text": "Stephen Weeks\nAppearance\nStephen Weeks is a British film director, writer, and producer. He started making films when was 16 and made his featured debut aged 22 with I, Monster.[1][2]\nSelect filmography\n[edit]- I, Monster (1971)\n- Gawain and the Green Knight (1973)\n- Ghost Story (1974)\n- Scars (1976)\n- Sword of the Valiant (1983)\n- The Bengal Lancers! (1984)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ New Blood Pirie, David. Sight and Sound; London Vol. 40, Iss. 2, (Spring 1971): 73.\n- ^ \"STEPHEN WEEKS: GAWAIN CONNERY CANNON AND AVALON: INTERVIEW PART TWO\". Peter Cushing Appreciation Society. 17 July 2014.\nExternal links\n[edit]", "title": "Stephen Weeks - Wikipedia" } ]	1,159
86	What medal did the woman who tied for 19th in the 2011 Pan American Games women's individual bowling event win as part of a women's bowling doubles team in the 2017 World Games?	Bronze medalist	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women's_individual	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2017_World_Games	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning	["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women's_individual", 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2017_World_Games']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Women's_individual", "text": "Bowling at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's individual\nAppearance\nThe women's individual competition of the bowling events at the 2011 Pan American Games will take place between the 24 and 27 of October at the Bolearmo Tapatio.[1] The defending Pan American Games champion is Tennelle Milligan of the United States, while the defending Pan American Championship champion is Karen Marcano of Venezuela.[2]\nQualification round\n[edit]In the qualification round, the bowlers are ranked according to their performance across twelve bowling games. The top sixteen bowlers advance to the knockout round.", "title": "Bowling at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's individual - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_at_the_2017_World_Games", "text": "Bowling at the 2017 World Games\nAppearance\nThe Bowling competition at the 2017 World Games took place from July 21 to July 24, in Wrocław in Poland, at the Sky Tower.\nParticipating nations\n[edit]- Canada (4)\n- China (2)\n- Chinese Taipei (4)\n- Colombia (4)\n- Denmark (4)\n- Finland (4)\n- Germany (4)\n- Great Britain (2)\n- Hong Kong (2)\n- India (2)\n- Japan (4)\n- Mexico (4)\n- Netherlands (2)\n- Ukraine (2)\n- Poland (4)\n- Singapore (4)\n- South Korea (4)\n- United States (4)\n- Venezuela (4)\nMedals table\n[edit]Medalists\n[edit]Laura Buethner of Germany originally won gold in women's singles. but Buethner tested positive for a banned substance. As a result of the positive doping test, Buethner was stripped of the gold medal. Kelly Kulick, who originally won silver, was awarded the gold medal. Clara Guerrero, who originally won bronze, was awarded the silver medal and Daria Kovalova, originally fourth in the final standings, was awarded the bronze medal.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Tidbury, Megan. \"Medals From the World Games 2017 Bowling Women's Singles Event Are Reissued In Conjunction With Positive Doping Case\". World Bowling. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Results book Archived 2020-08-15 at the Wayback Machine", "title": "Bowling at the 2017 World Games - Wikipedia" } ]	492
87	Did the entomologist who first described lesticus purpurascens come from the same country as the entomologist who first described the subfamily of that species?	Yes, Stefano Ludovico Straneo and Franco Andrea Bonelli are both Italian	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesticus_purpurascens	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Ludovico_Straneo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostichinae	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Andrea_Bonelli	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesticus_purpurascens', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Ludovico_Straneo', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostichinae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Andrea_Bonelli']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesticus_purpurascens", "text": "Lesticus purpurascens\nAppearance\nLesticus purpurascens is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae.[1] It was described by Straneo in 1959.[1]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b \"Lesticus purpurascens Straneo, 1959\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-04-09.", "title": "Lesticus purpurascens - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Ludovico_Straneo", "text": "Stefano Ludovico Straneo\nStefano Ludovico Straneo (also Lodovico) (Turin, 6 June 1902 – Milan, 9 December 1997) was an Italian entomologist, teacher, academic administrator and author.[1]\nStraneo's primary fields of interest were the beetles (Coleoptera), in particular the family of ground beetles (Carabidae, tribe Pterostichinae). He described 64 new genera and almost 1,200 new species.[2] His collection, Coleoptera: Carabidae and Paussidae, is on display at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano.\nStraneo's father was a theoretical physicist and an acquaintance of Albert Einstein. He showed an early interest in biology and began collecting insects, eventually focusing on carabid beetles. He published his first paper in 1933 and 238 more until 1995.[3] He received the Italian Golden Medal for Distinguished Educator in Culture And Art in 1972.[4]\nWorks\n[edit]- 1984 - Two new species or Pterostichini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in the collections of the Museum of Natural History of the Humboldt University of Berlin.\n- 1984 - Un nuovo genere del Camerun della tribù Pterostichini (Coleoptera Carabidae).\n- 1983 - Nuovi pterostichini asiatici (Coleoptera, Carabidae).\n- 1984 - Un nuovo Pterostichus dell'Anatolia occidentale (Col., Carabidae).\n- 1984 - Sul genere Amolopsa Beach (Coleoptera Carabidae).\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Straneo, Stefano Lodovico\". Biographies of the Entomologists of the World. Retrieved 1 June 2016.\n- ^ Yves Bousquet (28 November 2012). Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico. PenSoft Publishers LTD. pp. 764–. ISBN 978-954-642-658-1.\n- ^ George E. Ball; Achille Casale; Augusto Vigna Taglianti (1998). Phylogeny and classification of Caraboidea (Coleoptera: Adephaga): proceedings of a symposium : 28 August, 1996, Florence, Italy : XX International Congress of Entomology. Museo regionale di scienze naturali. ISBN 978-88-86041-29-4.\n- ^ \"Medaglia d'oro ai benemeriti della scuola della cultura e dell'arte\". Retrieved 1 June 2016.", "title": "Stefano Ludovico Straneo - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostichinae", "text": "Pterostichinae\nPterostichinae is a subfamily of ground beetles (family Carabidae). It belongs to the advanced harpaline assemblage, and if these are circumscribed sensu lato as a single subfamily, Pterostichinae are downranked to a tribe Pterostichini. However, as the former Pterostichitae[verification needed] supertribe of the Harpalinae as loosely circumscribed does seem to constitute a lineage rather distinct from Harpalus, its core group is here considered to be the present subfamily and the Harpalinae are defined more narrowly.\nThey are usually mid-sized and rather stout ground beetles. Coloration is typically dark and without conspicuous patterns, but often with a strong sheen like polished metal. They are widely distributed and inhabit a wide range of terrestrial habitats. Unlike the more basal ground beetles which only eat small animals, the Pterostichinae include a large proportion of omnivorous or even herbivorous taxa.\nSystematics\n[edit]This group includes the following tribes and genera:[1]\nTribe Chaetodactylini Tschitscherine, 1903\n- Chaetodactyla Tschitscherine, 1897\nTribe Cnemalobini Germain, 1911\n- Cnemalobus Guerin-Meneville, 1838\nTribe Cratocerini Lacordaire, 1854\n- Abacaelostus Straneo, 1952\n- Andrewesinulus Straneo, 1938\n- Apsidocnemus Alluaud, 1936\n- Barylaus Liebherr, 1985\n- Brachidius Chaudoir, 1852\n- Caecocaelus Straneo, 1949\n- Caelostomus W.S.MacLeay, 1825\n- Camptogenys Tschitscherine, 1899\n- Capabatus Csiki, 1930\n- Catapiesis Solier, 1835\n- Cratocerus Dejean, 1829\n- Crenulostrigus Straneo, 1942\n- Cyrtolaus Bates, 1882\n- Dactyleurys Tschitscherine, 1899\n- Dactylinius Straneo, 1941\n- Diachipteryx Alluaud, 1925\n- Diceromerus Chaudoir, 1873\n- Dromistomus Jeannel, 1948\n- Drymonaxus Straneo, 1941\n- Feostoma Straneo, 1941\n- Hemitelestus Alluaud, 1895\n- Homalomorpha Brullé, 1837\n- Hoplizomenus Chaudoir, 1873\n- Leleuporites Straneo, 1960\n- Madapelmus Dajoz, 1985\n- Monodryxus Straneo, 1942\n- Oxyglychus Straneo, 1938\n- Pachycaecus Straneo, 1971\n- Pachyroxochus Straneo, 1942\n- Platyxythrius Lorenz, 1998\n- Stegazopteryx Will, 2004\n- Stomonaxellus Tschitscherine, 1901\n- Strigomerodes Straneo, 1939\n- Strigomerus Chaudoir, 1873\n- Trichillinus Straneo, 1938\nTribe Microcheilini Jeannel, 1948\n- Microcheila Brulle, 1834\nTribe Morionini Brulle, 1835\n- Buderes Murray, 1857\n- Hyperectenus Alluaud, 1935\n- Hyperion Castelnau, 1834\n- Megamorio Chaudoir, 1880\n- Morion Latreille, 1810\n- Morionidius Chaudoir, 1880\n- Moriosomus Motschulsky, 1864\n- Platynodes Westwood, 1846\n- Stereostoma Murray, 1857\nTribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810\n- (See Pterostichini for ~180 genera)\nTribe Zabrini Bonelli, 1810\n- (See Zabrini for 3 genera)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Pterostichinae Bonelli, 1810\". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2023-03-23.", "title": "Pterostichinae - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Andrea_Bonelli", "text": "Franco Andrea Bonelli\nFranco Andrea Bonelli (10 November 1784 – 18 November 1830) was an Italian ornithologist, entomologist and collector. He worked at the University of Turin and was involved in organising the collections of the natural history museum. Bonelli's warbler (now split into two species) and Bonelli's eagle are named after him.\nLife\n[edit]Very little is known about the early life of Bonelli: he was born in Cuneo in a wealthy family. He went to study in Fossano and Turin. He was interested from an early age in the fauna which surrounded him, making collecting trips, preparing specimens and noting his observations. He corresponded with Michele Spirito Giorna at the University of Turin, the Genoan entomologist Maximilian Spinola, and the French naturalists Latreille and Cuvier.\nHe became a member of the Reale Società Agraria di Torino in 1807 when he presented his first studies relating to the Coleoptera of Piedmont. The high quality of these studies attracted the interest of the naturalists of his time.\nIn April 1810, George Vat was sent to Turin by the French government to reorganise the University of Turin and begin its fusion with the Impériale University founded by Napoleon. The zoology position became vacant with the death of Michele Spirito Giorna. Vat was very impressed by Bonelli's knowledge. Vat encouraged him to further his knowledge by coming to follow courses at the Natural History Museum in Paris.\nBonelli took this advice so as to obtain a professor's chair in the new university. In September 1810, he arrived in Paris.\nIn 1811, Bonelli was finally named professor of zoology at the University of Turin and keeper of the Natural History Museum of Zoology. During his time at the university, he formed one of the largest ornithological collections in Europe.\nIn 1811, Bonelli wrote a Catalogue of the Birds of Piedmont, in which he described 262 species. In 1815, he discovered the bird Bonelli's warbler (Phylloscopus bonelli), named by Louis Vieillot in 1819. In the same year, he discovered Bonelli's eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus), which was likewise named by Vieillot in 1822.\nThe successor of Bonelli at the Turin Museum was Carlo Giuseppe Gené. His son was Cesare Bonelli Italian Minister of War from 1878-1880.[1]\nAchievements\n[edit]Bonelli is most notable for his work on birds and on the beetle family Carabidae. Since he was an early worker on Coleoptera, many of his genera later became Families, sub families and tribes. Also, many of his genera survive.\nInstances are:\n- Omophroninae; Pseudomorphinae; Brachininae; Trechinae; Harpalinae; Pseudomorphinae; Siagoninae; Pterostichinae and Scaritinae - Subfamilies\n- Dromiidae 1810 Family\n- Pterostichini Tribe\nWorks\n[edit]- Catalogue des Oiseaux du Piemont (1811).\n- Observations Entomologique. Première partie. Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin 18: 21–78, Tabula Synoptica (1810).\n- Observations entomologiques. Deuxieme partie. Mém. Acad. Sci. Turin 20: 433-484 (1813)\nThe last two are founding works of entomology, introducing many new taxa.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ Gabriele, Mariano. \"BONELLI, Cesare\". treccani.it. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved 30 November 2023.\nSources\n[edit]- Achille Casale and Pier Mauro Giachino \"Franco Andrea Bonelli (1784-1830), an Entomologist in Turin at the Beginning of the XIX century\", in Proceedings of a Symposium (28 August 1996, Florence, Italy). Phylogeny and Classification of Caraboidea. XX International Congress of Entomology, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino (1998).", "title": "Franco Andrea Bonelli - Wikipedia" } ]	2,868
88	If you were to combine two words, the first of which has a species called Polytrichum piliferum, and the second which has a breed type called Fleckvieh, you'd get the name of what countries capital city?	Russia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Polytrichum+piliferum&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleckvieh	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Polytrichum+piliferum&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleckvieh']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss", "text": "Moss\nMosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (/braɪˈɒfətə/,[4] /ˌbraɪ.əˈfaɪtə/) sensu stricto. Bryophyta (sensu lato, Schimp. 1879[5]) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.[6] Mosses typically form dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants.[7] Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia superba, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to 60 cm (24 in) in height. There are approximately 12,000 species.[3]\nMosses are commonly confused with liverworts, hornworts and lichens.[8] Although often described as non-vascular plants, many mosses have advanced vascular systems.[9][10] Like liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation of mosses is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Lichens may superficially resemble mosses, and sometimes have common names that include the word \"moss\" (e.g., \"reindeer moss\" or \"Iceland moss\"), but they are fungal symbioses and not related to mosses.[8]: 3\nThe main commercial significance of mosses is as the main constituent of peat (mostly the genus Sphagnum), although they are also used for decorative purposes, such as in gardens and in the florist trade. Traditional uses of mosses included as insulation and for the ability to absorb liquids up to 20 times their weight. Mosses are keystone species and benefit habitat restoration and reforestation.[11] Mosses absorb 6.4 billion tons of carbon annually and provide various other environmental benefits, including controlling pathogens dangerous for humans, stopping land erosion, improving microclimate,[12][13] filtering air pollution,[14] and cooling cities.[15]\nPhysical characteristics\n[edit]Description\n[edit]Botanically, mosses are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are usually small (a few centimeters tall) herbaceous (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest carbon dioxide and sunlight to create food by photosynthesis.[16][17] With the exception of the ancient group Takakiopsida, no known mosses form mycorrhizae,[18] but bryophilous fungi are widespread among mosses and other bryophytes, where they live as saprotrophs, parasites, pathogens and mutualists, some of them endophytes.[19] Mosses differ from vascular plants in lacking water-bearing xylem tracheids or vessels. As in liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using spores, not seeds, and have no flowers.[20]\nMoss gametophytes have stems which may be simple or branched and upright (acrocarp) or prostrate (pleurocarp). The early divergent classes Takakiopsida, Sphagnopsida, Andreaeopsida and Andreaeobryopsida either lack stomata or have pseudostomata that do not form pores. In the remaining classes, stomata have been lost more than 60 times.[21] Their leaves are simple, usually only a single layer of cells with no internal air spaces, often with thicker midribs (nerves). The nerve can run beyond the edge of the leaf tip, termed excurrent. The tip of the leaf blade can be extended as a ...", "title": "Moss - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Polytrichum+piliferum&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns0=1", "text": "Search results\nAppearance\n- Polytrichum piliferum, the bristly haircap, is an evergreen perennial species of moss in the family Polytrichaceae. The bristly haircap moss is small-sized...11 KB (1,079 words) - 07:06, 21 March 2024\n- juniperinum[1] Polytrichum longisetum Polytrichum lyallii Polytrichum ohioense Polytrichum pallidisetum Polytrichum papillatum Polytrichum piliferum Polytrichum sexangulare...8 KB (772 words) - 07:35, 7 January 2026\n- characteristic allows them to be separated from the bristly haircap (Polytrichum piliferum), a plant that the juniper haircap moss closely resembles. The difference...6 KB (594 words) - 20:12, 6 January 2026\n- woolly hair-moss (Racomitrium lanuginosum) and bristly haircap (Polytrichum piliferum) are amongst many other abundant natives. Endemic species include...56 KB (5,440 words) - 12:49, 12 December 2025\n- northern haircap Polytrichum commune – common haircap Polytrichum juniperinum – juniper haircap Polytrichum piliferum – bristly haircap Polytrichum strictum –...41 KB (3,812 words) - 12:49, 3 March 2025\n- praelongum, E. speciosum, Rhacomitrium canescens, Pohlia species or Polytrichum piliferum. D. montana on moss Deconica montana Siegel, Noah; Schwarz, Christian...14 KB (1,374 words) - 03:37, 29 September 2025\n- drummondii Pohlia nutans Polytrichastrum alpinum Polytrichum juniperinum Polytrichum piliferum Polytrichum strictum Racomitrium orthotrichaceum Racomitrium...3 KB (233 words) - 04:18, 28 August 2024\n- indigenous Polytrichum commune Hedw. indigenous Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw. indigenous Polytrichum piliferum Hedw. indigenous Polytrichum subformosum...60 KB (4,640 words) - 20:08, 13 September 2023\n- haircap Polytrichum lyallii Polytrichum ohioense Polytrichum pallidisetum Polytrichum piliferum — hairmoss Polytrichum sexangulare Polytrichum sphaerothecium...42 KB (3,319 words) - 10:07, 13 August 2025\n- which is found at only three inland sites in England, and the moss Polytrichum piliferum are found in areas at Wangford Warren. At least nine different lichen...5 KB (414 words) - 01:23, 31 July 2025\n- Herniaria incana Hesperis kotschyana Hesperis pendula Heteranthelium piliferum Heteropogon contortus Hibiscus trionum Hieracium bauhinii Hieracium kneissaeum...108 KB (8,193 words) - 07:02, 11 October 2025\n- 52, f. 76. In Woods, frequent. 1076. Polytrichum commune.—Eng. Bot. t. 1197. In Bogs. 1077. Polytrichum piliferum.—Eng. Bot. t. 1199. On Moors. 1078. Polytrichmn", "title": "Polytrichum piliferum - Search results - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle", "text": "Cattle\nCattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as oxen or steers.\nTaurine cattle are widely distributed across Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Zebus are found mainly in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia. Sanga cattle are found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. These types, sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies, are further divided into over 1,000 recognized breeds.\nCattle are commonly raised for meat, for dairy products, and for leather. As draft animals, they pull carts and farm implements. Cattle are considered sacred animals within Hinduism, and it is illegal to kill them in some Indian states. Small breeds such as the miniature Zebu are kept as pets.\nAround 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. A separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent, which gave rise to zebu. There were over 940 million cattle in the world by 2022. Cattle are responsible for around 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions. They were one of the first domesticated animals to have a fully-mapped genome.\nEtymology\nThe term cattle was borrowed from Anglo-Norman catel (replacing native Old English terms like kine, now considered archaic, poetic, or dialectal),[1] itself from Medieval Latin capitāle 'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin caput 'head'. Cattle originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens—they were sold as part of the land).[2] The word is a variant of chattel (a unit of personal property) and closely related to capital in the economic sense.[3][2] The word cow came via Old English cū (plural cȳ), from Proto-Indo-European gʷṓws (genitive gʷéws) 'a bovine animal', cf. Persian: gâv, Sanskrit: gó.[4] In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, cattle often means livestock, as opposed to deer, which are wild.[2]\nCharacteristics\nDescription\nCattle are large artiodactyls, mammals with cloven hooves, meaning that they walk on two toes, the third and fourth digits. Like all bovid species, they can have horns, which are unbranched and are not shed annually.[5] Coloration varies with breed; common colors are black, white, and red/brown, and some breeds are spotted or have mixed colors.[6] Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. British Hereford cows, for example, weigh 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb), while the bulls weigh 1,000–1,200 kg (2,200–2,600 lb).[7] Before 1790, beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net. Thereafter, weights climbed steadily.[8][9] Cattle breeds vary widely in size; the tallest and heaviest is the Chianina, where a mature bull may be up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) at the shoulder, and may reach 1,280 kg (2,820 lb) in weight.[10] The natural life of domestic cattle is some 25–30 years. Beef cattle go to slaughter at around 18 months, and dairy cows at about five years.[11]\nDigestive system\nCattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized for processing plant material such as grass rich in cellulose, a tough carbohydrate polymer which many animals cannot digest. They do this in symbiosis with micro-organisms – bacteria, fungi, and protozoa – that possess cellulases, enzymes that split cellulose into its constituent sugars. Among the many bacteria that contribute are Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminococcus albus. Cellulolytic fungi includ...", "title": "Cattle - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleckvieh", "text": "Fleckvieh\nThe Fleckvieh (German pronunciation: [ˈflɛkfiː] ⓘ, lit. 'spotted cattle') is a breed of dual-purpose cattle suitable for both milk and meat production. It originated in Central Europe in the 19th century from cross-breeding of local stock with Simmental cattle imported from Switzerland. Today, the worldwide population is 41 million animals.\nHistory\n[edit]The Fleckvieh originated in the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Bavaria from cross-breeding of local stock with Simmental cattle imported from Switzerland from about 1830. The Simmental had good milk-producing and draught qualities, and the resulting crosses were triple-purpose animals with milk, meat, and draught capabilities. The Fleckvieh is now a dual-purpose breed; it may be used for the production of beef or milk, or be crossed with dairy breeds or with beef breeds.[3]\nIt is reported from several European countries, including Austria,[2] Belgium,[4] Germany,[5][6] the Netherlands,[7] and Spain,[8] and also, since 2009, from Switzerland;[9] in Hungary, the Fleckvieh is present on many small farms and its importance is growing steadily.[10] It is also reported from other countries of the world, including Australia, Paraguay,[11] Peru,[12] and Uruguay.[13]\nMeat production\n[edit]A comparison was made between the rates of muscle growth and energy use of Fleckvieh bulls as compared to German Black Pied (Schwarzbunte) bulls. The Fleckvieh bulls had faster growth rates, the carcasses had a smaller proportion of fat, especially abdominal fat, and the animals could be slaughtered at an earlier date on similar diets.[14]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d Fleckvieh - Dual purpose. Bayern-genetic GmbH. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ a b Fleckvieh/Austria. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ \"Facts about Fleckvieh\". Bayern-Genetik GmbH. Retrieved 2015-08-10.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Belgium. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Germany. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Fleckvieh Fleischnutzung/Germany. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Netherlands. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Spain. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Swiss Fleckvieh (seit 2009)/Switzerland. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ M. Guellouz; A. Dimitriadou; C. Masconi (2005). Performance Recording of Animals: State of the Art 2004. Wageningen Academic Pub. pp. 142–. ISBN 978-90-76998-54-1.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Paraguay. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Fleckvieh/Peru. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ Simmental-Fleckvieh/Spain. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed August 2015.\n- ^ H. de Boer; J. Martin (6 December 2012). Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle: A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production held at Ghent, October 11–13, 1977. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–. ISBN 978-94-009-9756-1.", "title": "Fleckvieh - Wikipedia" } ]	3,876
89	What was the birthday of the man who was mayor of New York City the year Snoopy debuted in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade?	November 24, 1921	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoopy", "text": "Snoopy\nSnoopy is one of the central characters in the comic strip Peanuts by American cartoonist Charles M. Schulz. He also appears in all of the Peanuts films and television specials. Debuting in the strip on October 4, 1950, the original drawings of Snoopy were inspired by Spike, one of Schulz's childhood dogs.[5][6]\nA largely anthropomorphic beagle, Snoopy is nearly the polar opposite of his owner, Charlie Brown: he is capable in multiple areas, quick-witted, imaginative, and independent. Snoopy usually spends his days sleeping flat on top of his doghouse or engaging in flights of fancy. This includes pretending to be a World War I flying ace who is the archenemy of the Red Baron, writing essays and short stories on his typewriter, and trying to romance the different neighborhood kids (with the main object of his affections being Lucy Van Pelt, who is disgusted by him). Snoopy is also known for his large family, rivalry with Linus Van Pelt over the latter's blanket, friendship with Peppermint Patty (who, due to his anthropomorphism, believes him to be a \"funny-looking kid with [a] big nose\" for years), and longstanding best-friendship with the yellow bird Woodstock.\nAlthough anthropomorphic, Snoopy is incapable of diegetic speech. In the strip, he is given thought bubbles that showcase his inner thoughts, but these are removed in the majority of external media. In the specials, Snoopy's vocal effects were done by series producer Bill Melendez; following Melendez's death, his voice has been used via archival recordings on all subsequent films and specials.[7]\nSnoopy is widely considered the franchise's breakout character. He has become one of the most recognizable and iconic comic strip characters of all time, and is considered more famous than Charlie Brown in some countries, often hosting naming conventions with external media in lieu of \"Peanuts\" the same way Charlie Brown does.\nTraits\nSnoopy is a loyal, imaginative, and good-natured beagle who is prone to imagining fantasy lives, including being an author,[8] a college student known as \"Joe Cool\", an attorney, and a World War I flying ace.[9] He is perhaps best known in this last persona, wearing an aviator's helmet and goggles and a scarf while carrying a swagger stick (like a stereotypical British Army officer of World War I and II).[10]\nSnoopy can be selfish, gluttonous, and lazy at times, and occasionally mocks his owner, Charlie Brown. But on the whole, he shows great love, care, and loyalty for his owner (even though he cannot even remember his name and always refers to him as \"the round-headed kid\"). In the 1990s comic strips, he is obsessed with cookies, particularly the chocolate-chip variety. This, and other instances in which he indulges in large chocolate-based meals and snacks, indicate that chocolate is not poisonous to Snoopy, the way it is for real dogs.\nAll of his fantasies have a similar formula. Snoopy pretends to be something, usually \"world famous\", and fails. His short \"novels\" are never published. His Sopwith Camel is consistently shot down by his imaginary rival enemy, the German flying ace the \"Red Baron\". Schulz said of Snoopy's character in a 1997 interview: \"He has to retreat into his fanciful world in order to survive. Otherwise, he leads kind of a dull, miserable life. I don't envy dogs the lives they have to live.\"[11]\nSnoopy imagines himself to speak, but never actually does, other than nonverbal sounds and occasionally uttering \"Woof\". His very articulate thoughts are shown in thought balloons. In the animated Peanuts films and television specials, Snoopy's thoughts are not verbalized. His moods are instead conveyed through moans, yelps, growls, sobs, laughter, and monosyllabic utterances such as \"bleah\" or \"hey\" as well as through pantomime. His vocal effects were usually provided by Bill Melendez, who first played the role during Snoopy's appearances on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show.[12] The only exceptions are in the animated adaptatio...", "title": "Snoopy - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City", "text": "List of mayors of New York City\nThe mayor of New York City is the chief executive of the Government of New York City, as stipulated by New York City's charter. The current officeholder, the 112th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Zohran Mamdani, a member of the Democratic Party.\nDuring the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. Following the 1664 creation of the British Province of New York, newly renamed New York City was run by the British military governor, Richard Nicolls. The office of Mayor of New York City was established in 1665. Holders were appointed by colonial governors, beginning with Thomas Willett. The position remained appointed until 1777. That year, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York. In 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors. Since 1834, mayors have been elected by direct popular vote.[1]\nThe city included little beyond the island of Manhattan before 1874, when it annexed the western part of the Bronx, to be followed in 1895 by the rest of the Bronx. The 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs: Queens, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Staten Island and the Bronx. The first mayor of the expanded city was Robert Anderson Van Wyck.\nThe longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H. La Guardia (1934–1945), Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1954–1965), Ed Koch (1978–1989) and Michael Bloomberg (2002–2013), each of whom was in office for twelve years (three successive four-year terms). The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors: William T. Collins served a single day on December 31, 1925, Samuel B. H. Vance served one month (from November 30 to December 31, 1874), and Thomas Coman served five weeks (from Monday, November 30, 1868, to Monday, January 4, 1869).\nColonial mayors (1665–1783)\n[edit]Before 1680, mayors served one-year terms. From 1680, they served two-year terms. Exceptions are noted thus (*). A dagger (†) indicates mayoralties cut short by death in office.\nNote\n- For a time, Matthias Nicoll's second and non-consecutive term was erroneously excluded from the official numbering of mayors due to the contemporary records of Nicoll's second term being misplaced, leading to a misnumbering of every subsequent mayor. The error was first noted as early as 1935, and was later officially corrected in 2026.[3][4][5]\n- Peter Delanoy was the first and only directly-elected mayor of New York[6] until 1834. Appointed mayors resumed in the wake of Leisler's Rebellion.\n† died in office\nPre-consolidation mayors (1784–1897)\n[edit]The mayor continued to be selected by the Government of New York's Council of Appointment until 1821, when Stephen Allen became the first mayor appointed by a local Common Council. Under the Charter of 1834, mayors were elected annually by direct popular vote. Starting in 1849, mayors were elected to serve two-year terms.\nNotes\n- John T. Hoffman resigned after his election as Governor of New York state but before the end of his mayoral term.[11] Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Hoffman's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, A. Oakey Hall, took office.[12]\n- When Hall temporarily retired during the Tweed investigation, the Acting Mayor of New York City was John Cochrane, the President of the New York City Council.\n- William F. Havemeyer died during his last term of office. Samuel B. H. Vance, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Havemeyer's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, William H. Wickham, took office.\n- William L. Strong served an additional year in office because New York City mayoral elections were changed to be held in odd-numbered years due to the impending consolidation of New York City.\n† died in office\nPost-consolidation mayors (since 1897)\n[edit]The 1898–1901 term was for four years. The City Charter was changed ...", "title": "List of mayors of New York City - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay", "text": "John Lindsay\nJohn Vliet Lindsay (/vliːt/; November 24, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American politician and lawyer. During his political career, Lindsay was a U.S. congressman, the mayor of New York City, and a candidate for U.S. president. He was also a regular guest host of Good Morning America. Lindsay served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 1959 to December 1965 and as mayor of New York from January 1966 to December 1973.\nIn 1971, during his second term as mayor, Lindsay switched from the Republican to the Democratic Party. That same year, he launched a brief and unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination. He made an unsuccessful bid to become the Democratic candidate in the 1980 U.S. Senate election in New York.\nEarly life and career\n[edit]Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue to George Nelson Lindsay and the former Florence Eleanor Vliet.[1] He grew up in an upper-middle-class family of English and Dutch descent.[2] Lindsay's paternal grandfather migrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight,[1] and his mother was from an upper-middle-class family that had been in New York since the 1660s.[2] Lindsay's father was a successful lawyer and investment banker.[1] Lindsay attended the Buckley School, St. Paul's School, and Yale,[1] where he was admitted to the class of 1944 and joined Scroll and Key.[3]\nWith the outbreak of World War II, Lindsay completed his studies early and in 1943 joined the United States Navy as a gunnery officer. He obtained the rank of lieutenant, earning five battle stars through action in the invasion of Sicily and a series of landings in the Asiatic-Pacific theater.[4][5] After the war, he spent a few months as a ski bum,[2] and a couple of months training as a bank clerk,[2] before returning to New Haven, where he received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1948, ahead of schedule.[2] In 1949, he began his legal career at the law firm of Webster, Sheffield, Fleischmann, Hitchcock & Chrystie.[6]\nLindsay met his future wife, Mary Anne Harrison (1926–2004), at the 1946 wedding of Nancy Walker Bush (daughter of Connecticut's Senator Prescott Bush and sister of future President George H. W. Bush),[2] where he was an usher and Harrison a bridesmaid.[2] She was a graduate of Vassar College,[3] and a distant relative of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.[2] They married in 1949.[3] That same year Lindsay was admitted to the bar, and rose to become a partner in his law firm four years later.[5] They had three daughters and a son.[7]\nU.S. Representative\n[edit]Lindsay began gravitating toward politics as one of the founders of the Youth for Eisenhower club in 1951 and as president of the New York Young Republican Club in 1952.[8] He went on to join the U.S. Department of Justice in 1955 as executive assistant to Attorney General Herbert Brownell. There he worked on civil liberties cases as well as the 1957 Civil Rights Act. In 1958, with the backing of Brownell as well as Bruce Barton, John Aspinwall Roosevelt, and Edith Willkie,[2] Lindsay won the Republican primary and went on to be elected to Congress as the representative of the \"Silk Stocking\" 17th district, exemplified by Manhattan's Upper East Side but also encompassing the diverse Lower East Side and historically bohemian Greenwich Village.[8]\nWhile in Congress, Lindsay established a liberal voting record increasingly at odds with his own party.[9] He was an early supporter of federal aid to education and Medicare,[2] and advocated the establishment of a federal United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and a National Foundation for the Arts and Humanities.[2] He was called a maverick,[1] casting the lone dissenting vote for a Republican-sponsored bill extending the power of the Postmaster General to impound obscene mail,[2] and one of only two dissenting votes for a bill allowing federal interception of mail from Communist countries...", "title": "John Lindsay - Wikipedia" } ]	2,918
90	What is the average distance for the left field line in MLB stadiums with a retractable roof as of August 2024? Round to the nearest whole number.	331 feet	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Centre	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_Park	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Field, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanDepot_Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Life_Field,	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Centre', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_Park', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Family_Field, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanDepot_Park, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Life_Field, ']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Major_League_Baseball_stadiums", "text": "List of current Major League Baseball stadiums\nThere are 30 stadiums in use by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams. The oldest ballpark is Fenway Park in Boston, home of the Boston Red Sox, which opened in 1912. The newest stadium is Globe Life Field in Arlington, Texas, home of the Texas Rangers, which opened in 2020. Two ballparks were built in the 1910s, two in the 1960s, one in the 1970s, one in the 1980s, seven in the 1990s, thirteen in the 2000s, three in the 2010s, and one in the 2020s. Twenty-four ballparks have natural grass surfaces, while six have artificial turf. Eight ballparks do not have corporate naming rights deals: Angel Stadium,[nb 1] Dodger Stadium, Fenway Park, Kauffman Stadium, Nationals Park, Oriole Park at Camden Yards, Wrigley Field, and Yankee Stadium. Sutter Health Park is being used temporarily by the Athletics until a new stadium in Las Vegas is completed in 2028.\nStadiums\n[edit]Legend:\n- † Denotes stadium with a fixed roof\n- ‡ Denotes stadium with a retractable roof\nFuture ballparks\n[edit]Notes\n[edit]- ^ Angel Stadium had a naming rights deal from 1998 to 2003.\n- ^ Dodger Stadium was also home to the Los Angeles Angels from 1962–1965.\n- ^ Fenway Park was also home to the Boston Braves in part of 1914 and 1915, before they moved into Braves Field.\n- ^ Sutter Health Park, the home of the Sacramento River Cats, will serve as home of the Athletics beginning in the 2025 season until their new ballpark in Las Vegas is completed.\n- ^ Tropicana Field opened in 1990; the Tampa Bay Rays have played there since 1998.\n- ^ Wrigley Field opened for the Chicago Whales (FL) in 1914; the Chicago Cubs have played there since 1916.\nSee also\n[edit]- List of former Major League Baseball stadiums\n- List of Major League Baseball spring training stadiums\n- List of U.S. baseball stadiums by capacity\n- List of U.S. stadiums by capacity\n- List of baseball parks by capacity\n- List of Nippon Professional Baseball stadiums\n- List of Major League Soccer stadiums\n- List of National Basketball Association arenas\n- List of current National Football League stadiums\n- List of National Hockey League arenas\n- Lists of stadiums\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Facts, Figures & Rules\". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2015.\n- ^ Birch, Matt; Chodzko, Adam; Kay, Eric; Davidson, Katie; Weaver, Vanessa; Cali, Adam; Pluim, Lauren; Kami, Tricia; Mitrano, Dominic; Demmitt, Shane; Crane, Brett; Wiedeman, Aaron (2019). 2019 Angels Baseball Information Guide (PDF). Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 454. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.\n- ^ Bausch, Mark; Orf, Tom; Schott, Tom (March 19, 2018). 2018 St. Louis Cardinals Official Media Guide [Busch Stadium Facts and Figures]. Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 458.\n- ^ \"2021 Arizona Diamondbacks Media Guide\". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 3. Retrieved August 8, 2021.\n- ^ Belson, Ken; Sandomir, Richard (April 4, 2012). \"Mets Hope New Design at Citi Field Brings Back the Long Ball\". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2015.\n- ^ \"2019 Facts and Figures\". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.\n- ^ Crunk, Chad; Loor–Almonte, Bryan; Fidelman, Ben; Wysocki, Michele (March 12, 2018). 2018 Detroit Tigers Media Guide [Comerica Park Home of the Detroit Tigers]. Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 442.\n- ^ \"2018 Colorado Rockies Media Guide\". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. March 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.\n- ^ \"Houston Astros Media Guide\" (PDF). Houston Astros. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.\n- ^ \"Death of Houston's Tal's Hill Continues Demise Of Baseball's On-Field Oddities\". Forbes. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n- ^ \"2014 Dodger Season Tickets Go on Sale\" (Press release). Major League Baseball Advanced Media. September 12, 2013. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014...", "title": "List of current Major League Baseball stadiums - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Centre", "text": "Rogers Centre\nRogers Centre (originally SkyDome) is a retractable roof stadium in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated at the base of the CN Tower near the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Opened in 1989 on the former Railway Lands, it is home to the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball (MLB). As well as being improved over the decades, during the MLB offseasons of 2022–24, the stadium was renovated by upgrading the sports facilities and hospitality whilst reducing the capacity for baseball games. While it is primarily a sports venue, the stadium also hosts other large events such as conventions, trade fairs, concerts, travelling carnivals, circuses and monster truck shows.\nPreviously, the stadium was also home to the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Buffalo Bills of the National Football League (NFL) played an annual game at the stadium as part of the Bills Toronto Series from 2008 to 2013. The stadium served as the site of both the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games (renamed the Pan-Am Dome or Pan-Am Ceremonies Venue due to sponsorship regulations).[4]\nThe stadium was renamed \"Rogers Centre\" following the 2005 purchase of the stadium by Rogers Communications, the corporation that also owns the Toronto Blue Jays.[5][6] Despite the name change, the stadium is still commonly referred to as SkyDome in informal contexts among fans. The venue is noted for being the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof, as well as for the 348-room hotel attached to it with 70 rooms overlooking the field.[7] It is the last North American major-league stadium built to accommodate both football and baseball.\nHistory\n[edit]Background and design\n[edit]The idea of building a domed stadium can be traced back to the bid that Toronto lost to Montreal as the Canadian candidate city for the 1976 Summer Olympics. In the proposal, an 80,000–100,000 seat complex would be part of the planned Harbour City development on the site of Maple Leaf Stadium.[8]\nThe contemporary impetus for building an enclosed sports venue in Toronto came following the Grey Cup game in November 1982, held at the outdoor Exhibition Stadium. The game, in which the hometown Toronto Argonauts (also known as the Argos) were making their first Grey Cup appearance since 1971, was played in a driving rainstorm that left most of the crowd drenched, leading the media to call it \"the Rain Bowl\". As many of the seats were completely exposed to the elements, thousands watched the game from the concession section. To make a bad experience even worse, the washrooms overflowed. In attendance that day was Bill Davis, the Premier of Ontario, and the poor conditions were seen by the largest television audience in Canada (over 7.862 million viewers) to that point.[9] The following day, at a rally for the Argos at Toronto City Hall, tens of thousands of people who attended the game began to chant, \"We want a dome! We want a dome!\"[10]\nSeven months later, in June 1983, Davis formally announced a three-person committee would look into the feasibility of building a domed stadium at Exhibition Place. The committee consisted of Paul Godfrey, Larry Grossman and former Ontario Hydro chairman Hugh Macaulay.[11]\nThe committee examined various projects, including a large indoor stadium at Exhibition Place with an air-supported dome, similar to BC Place in Vancouver. In 1985, an international design competition was launched to design a new stadium, along with selection of a site. Some of the proposed sites included Exhibition Place, Downsview Airport, and York University. The final site was at the base of the CN Tower not far from Union Station, a major railway and transit hub. The Railway Lands were a major Canadian National Railway rail switching yard encompassing the CNR Spadina Roundhouse (the desolate downtown lands were part of a master plan for revitalizing t...", "title": "Rogers Centre - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Field", "text": "Chase Field\nChase Field, formerly Bank One Ballpark, is a retractable roof stadium in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, United States. It is the ballpark of Major League Baseball's Arizona Diamondbacks. It opened in 1998, the year the Diamondbacks debuted as an expansion team. Chase Field was the first stadium built in the United States with a retractable roof over a natural grass playing surface, although it has used artificial turf since 2019.\nHistory\n[edit]The park was built during a wave of new, baseball-only parks in the 1990s. Although nearly all of those parks were open-air, it was taken for granted that a domed stadium was a must for a major-league team to be viable in the Phoenix area. Phoenix is by far the hottest major city in North America; the average high temperature during baseball's regular season is 99.1 °F (37.3 °C), and game-time temperatures well above 100 °F (38 °C) are common during the summer.\nStadium funding\n[edit]In the spring of 1994, the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors approved a 0.25 percentage point increase in the county sales tax to pay for their portion of the stadium funding. That happened during a huge county budget deficit and lack of funding for other services. The sales tax was very unpopular with local citizens, who were not permitted to vote on funding a baseball stadium with general sales tax revenue (use of public subsidies for stadium projects was prohibited by a 1989 referendum). The issue was so controversial and divisive that, in August 1997, Maricopa County Supervisor Mary Rose Wilcox was shot and injured while leaving a county board meeting by Larry Naman, a homeless man, who attempted to argue in court that her support for the tax justified his attack. In May 1998, Naman was found guilty of attempted first-degree murder.[13]\nThe cost of the stadium was estimated at $279 million in 1995,[14] but cost overruns, in part because of rising prices for steel and other materials, pushed the cost to $364 million.[15] As part of the stadium deal, the Diamondbacks were responsible for all construction costs over $253 million. The extra expenses, combined with the Diamondbacks and the other expansion franchise, the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, not being allowed to share in national MLB revenue for their first five years of operations, left the Diamondbacks in a less-than-desirable financial situation, which came back to haunt team founder and managing partner Jerry Colangelo and his group.\nSince 1996\n[edit]Construction on the park began in 1996, and was finished just before the Diamondbacks' first season, in 1998. It was the third MLB stadium to have a retractable roof and the first in the United States (at the time, only Toronto's SkyDome (Rogers Centre) and Montreal's Olympic Stadium had them; others since are Daikin Park in Houston, American Family Field in Milwaukee, Globe Life Field in Arlington, T-Mobile Park in Seattle, and LoanDepot Park in Miami). It was also the first ballpark to feature natural grass in a retractable roof stadium.\nThe stadium hosted Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 of the 2001 World Series between the Arizona Diamondbacks and the New York Yankees. The Diamondbacks won all four home games, winning the title in seven games, and thus denying the Yankees a fourth consecutive championship. It was only the third time that the home team won all games of a World Series, with the other two instances occurring in 1987 and 1991, both by the Minnesota Twins.\nIn March 2006, Chase Field played host to three first-round games of the World Baseball Classic.\nChase Field hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 2011.[16]\nChase Field hosted the 2017 National League Wild Card Game between the Diamondbacks and Colorado Rockies. This was the D-Backs' first appearance in the postseason as a Wild Card team. The D-Backs won 11–8 and advanced to the 2017 NLDS against the Los Angeles Dodgers but were swept in three games. Game 3 was held at Chase Field, when the D-Backs lost 3–1.\nChase Field has a swim...", "title": "Chase Field - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_Park", "text": "T-Mobile Park\nT-Mobile Park is a retractable roof ballpark in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the home stadium of the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball and has a seating capacity of 47,929.[1] It is in Seattle's SoDo neighborhood, near the western terminus of Interstate 90 and is owned and operated by the Washington State Major League Baseball Stadium Public Facilities District. The first game at the stadium was played on July 15, 1999.\nDuring the 1990s, the suitability of the Mariners' original stadium—the Kingdome—as an MLB facility came under question, and the team's ownership group threatened to relocate the team. In September 1995, King County voters defeated a ballot measure to secure public funding for a new baseball stadium. Shortly thereafter, the Mariners' first appearance in the MLB postseason and their victory in the 1995 American League Division Series (ALDS) revived public desire to keep the team in Seattle. As a result, the Washington State Legislature approved an alternate means of funding for the stadium with public money. The site, just south of the Kingdome, was selected in September 1996 and construction began in March 1997. The bonds issued to finance the stadium were retired on October 1, 2011, five years earlier than anticipated.[6]\nT-Mobile Park is also used for amateur baseball events, including the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association high school state championships and one Washington Huskies game per season. Major non-baseball events that have been held at T-Mobile Park include the 2001 Seattle Bowl and WrestleMania XIX in 2003, which attracted the stadium's record attendance of 54,097.\nThe stadium was originally named Safeco Field under a 20-year naming-rights deal with Seattle-based Safeco Insurance. T-Mobile acquired the naming rights on December 19, 2018, and the name change took effect on January 1, 2019.[7][8]\nLocation and transportation\n[edit]T-Mobile Park is in the SoDo district of downtown Seattle, bounded by Dave Niehaus Way (a block of 1st Avenue S.) to the west, Edgar Martínez Drive (formerly S. Atlantic Street)[9] to the south, Royal Brougham Way to the north, and BNSF railroad tracks to the east.\nParking is available at the stadium's parking garage across Edgar Martínez Drive, the Lumen Field garage to the North, and other privately operated lots in the area. Sounder commuter rail serves nearby King Street Station.[10] T-Mobile Park is also served by the 1 Line of Sound Transit's Link light rail system and local King County Metro and Sound Transit Express bus routes at the nearby Stadium station.\nEvents at T-Mobile Park are scheduled to avoid conflicts with Lumen Field, which is directly north of the stadium. The Mariners have priority for schedule slots per an agreement reached with the Seattle Seahawks, who play at Lumen Field.[11]\nA dedicated ride-hailing lot opened in June 2023 along 3rd Avenue; it cost $2.8 million to construct and opened ahead of the 2023 MLB All-Star Game.[12]\nHistory\n[edit]On March 30, 1994, county executive Gary Locke appointed a task force to assess the need for a new baseball stadium to replace the rapidly deteriorating Kingdome. Many feared that the Mariners would leave Seattle if a new stadium was not built. In January 1995, the 28-member task force recommended to the King County Council that the public should be involved in financing the stadium. The task force concluded that a sales tax increase of 0.1% (to 8.3%) would be sufficient to fund the stadium. King County held a special election on September 19, asking the public for this sales tax increase;[13] the measure led early,[14][15] but was narrowly defeated by one-fifth of one percent.[16][17][18]\nOn October 14, a special session of the state legislature authorized a different funding package for a new stadium that included a food and beverage tax in King County restaurants and bars, car rental surcharge in King County, a ballpark admissions tax, a credit against the sta...", "title": "T-Mobile Park - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_Maid_Park", "text": "Daikin Park\nDaikin Park (originally Enron Field and formerly Astros Field and Minute Maid Park) is a retractable roof stadium in Houston, Texas, United States. It opened in 2000 and is the home ballpark of the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball (MLB). The ballpark has a seating capacity of 41,168, which includes 5,197 club seats and 63 luxury suites, with a natural grass playing field. It was built as a replacement for the Astrodome, the first domed baseball/football stadium, which opened in 1965.\nHistory\n[edit]Union Station and pre-ballpark era\n[edit]In 1909, during the time when West End Park was Houston's premier residential area, the Houston Belt and Terminal Railway Company commissioned the design of a new union station for the city from New York City–based architects Warren and Wetmore. The location called for the demolition of several structures of Houston prominence. Horace Baldwin Rice's residence and Adath Yeshurun Congregation's synagogue among other structures were removed.[15]\nWith an original estimated cost of US$1 million, Union Station was constructed by the American Construction Company for an eventual total of five times that amount.[16] Exterior walls were constructed of granite, limestone, and terracotta, while the interior used an extensive amount of marble. It was completed and opened on March 1, 1911. At the time, Houston, with 17 railways, was considered the main railroad hub of the Southern United States.[17] This is also evident by the Seal of Houston, which prominently features a locomotive. Two more floors were added the following year.[18]\nThe station served as the main inter-city passenger terminal for Houston for over seven decades thereafter. Passenger rail declined greatly after World War II, and the last regularly scheduled train, the Lone Star, moved its service to Houston's current Amtrak station on July 31, 1974. With this move, the building became only office space for the HB&T as well as the Missouri Pacific Railroad. On November 10, 1977, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places by the National Park Service.\nPlanning and funding\n[edit]In August 1995, Astros owner Drayton McLane, then leasing the Astrodome from Harris County, commented to the Houston Chronicle that he was not in the market for a new ballpark. In reference to Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium and Cincinnati's Riverfront Stadium, McLane noted, \"... I remember when those were built in the 1970s and those were as good a stadiums as there were. They were the most modern stadiums in the world, and now they're saying they're all bad. That they can't make a go of it without a new stadium. It helps, but there are other things involved.\"[19]\nLater in 1995, Houston's NFL franchise and joint-tenant of the Astrodome, the Houston Oilers, announced they were leaving for Nashville in order to have a new stadium built for the team there. Citing a lack of adequate luxury boxes, in October, Astros vice-president Bob McClaren claimed that renovations to the Astrodome would help increase revenue.[20] Drayton McLane pointed toward Astrodome renovations as necessary, saying, \"It's 30 years old and not a lot of money has been spent to remodel it.\"[21] According to the organization, the team was in danger of being sold to a Virginia businessman who was expected to move the Astros to the Washington D.C. area because of poor revenue.[22]\nIn June 1996, University of Houston alumnus, BMC Software and San Diego Padres owner, John J. Moores, who wanted to own the next NFL franchise in Houston, met with Texas State Senator Mario Gallegos, Jr., and other local Hispanic leaders in regard to the future of a football-only Astrodome and a new baseball-only ballpark in downtown Houston.[23] Meanwhile, Harris County Judge Robert Eckels pieced together a plan to build a new ballpark next to the Astrodome in the Astrodomain. The Astros echoed the Astrodomain location sentiment because they believed construction time would be shorte...", "title": "Daikin Park - Wikipedia" } ]	4,878
91	As of August 3, 2024, which rabbi worked for both Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel in Philadelphia and Congregation Beth Israel in West Hartford, Connecticut?	Abraham J. Feldman worked for both congregations serving as an interim associate rabbi at the Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel and the leader of the Congregation Beth Israel.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Congregation_Keneseth_Israel_(Philadelphia)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(West_Hartford,_Connecticut)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Congregation_Keneseth_Israel_(Philadelphia)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(West_Hartford,_Connecticut)']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Congregation_Keneseth_Israel_(Philadelphia)", "text": "Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel (Philadelphia)\nReform Congregation Keneseth Israel (KI) is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania.\nThe congregation was founded in Philadelphia in 1847 and is recognized as the sixth-oldest Reform congregation in the country. By 1900, it had become one of the largest Reform congregations in the United States.\nThe synagogue occupied several locations in Philadelphia before constructing a building on North Broad Street in 1891. In 1956, the congregation relocated to its current site in Elkins Park.\nSince appointing its first rabbi in 1861, the congregation has been led by eight rabbis, including David Einhorn, Joseph Krauskopf,[1] Bertram Korn, and Simeon Maslin, who served as president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis from 1995 to 1997.[2] The current senior rabbi is Lance J. Sussman.\nNotable members of the congregation have included Arlin Adams, Edward R. Becker, Jan E. DuBois, Horace Stern, members of the Gimbel family, Lessing J. Rosenwald, William S. Paley, Simon Guggenheim, and Walter Annenberg. Albert Einstein accepted honorary membership in 1934.\nPhiladelphia's fourth synagogue, 1847-1855\n[edit]In 1847, Julius Stern led the establishment of Keneseth Israel as an Orthodox German-Jewish congregation. Stern and 47 other men separated from Congregation Rodeph Shalom to form the new synagogue. Until the 1880s, business meetings were conducted in German, and services were held in both German and Hebrew.\nAt its founding, the congregation employed a lay reader, B. H. Gotthelf, rented meeting space, and arranged for burial plots in a local cemetery. In 1849, Keneseth Israel established its first religious school, enrolling approximately 75 children for instruction in Hebrew and Jewish ritual.\nIn 1852, the congregation began including sermons in its services, marking a shift from traditional Orthodox practice and reflecting aspects of American Protestant worship. Around the same time, it adopted the recently published Hamburg Prayer Book, which was associated with Reform Judaism in Germany. In 1854, the congregation acquired its first building, a former church on New Market Street, which was rededicated and consecrated as a synagogue.\nGerman reform, 1855-1887\n[edit]After relocating to its new building, Keneseth Israel purchased an organ, signifying a further transition away from Orthodox Judaism, which does not include instrumental music or choirs in worship services. In 1856, the congregation formally affiliated with the Reform movement and adopted the name Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel. That same year, it published its first book, Gesänge zum Gebrauche beim Gottesdeinst der Reform-Gemeinde \"Keneseth Israel\" zu Philadelphia (\"Hymnal for the Order of Worship for the Reform Community Keneseth Israel of Philadelphia\").[3]\nIn 1857, the congregation appointed Solomon Deutsch, a Reform leader from Posen, Germany to officiate at services. Although not an ordained rabbi, Deutsch advanced the congregation’s adoption of Reform practices, including the abolition of separate seating for men and women. He was dismissed in 1860, and in 1861 the congregation appointed David Einhorn, an ordained rabbi.\nEinhorn\n[edit]In 1856, Einhorn had published a 64-page prayer pamphlet for use on Shabbat and the Biblical festivals—Sukkot, Passover, and Shavuot.[4] In 1858, Einhorn released Olat Tamid: Gebetbuch für israelitische Reform-Gemeinden, the first Reform prayer book published in the United States. The work had a significant influence on American Reform Judaism.[5] Olat Tamid eventually served as a foundation for the Union Prayer Book.[6]\nEinhorn was an outspoken critic of slavery. In January 1861, Rabbi Morris Jacob Raphall of Congregation B’nai Jeshurun in New York City delivered and published a sermon titled \"The Bible View of Slavery\", which defended slavery on biblical grounds.[7][8] In response, Einhorn delivered a sermon in German condemning Raphall’s argumen...", "title": "Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel (Philadelphia) - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_Beth_Israel_(West_Hartford,_Connecticut)", "text": "Congregation Beth Israel (West Hartford, Connecticut)\nCongregation Beth Israel (transliterated from the Hebrew as \"House of Israel\") is a Reform Jewish congregation and synagogue located at 701 Farmington Avenue in West Hartford, Connecticut.\nEstablished in 1843, Beth Israel is one of the two oldest Jewish congregations in Connecticut and is one of the largest reformed congregations in New England. Its membership includes about 650 families and about 2,000 individuals.\nThe congregation's first synagogue building on Charter Oak Avenue in Hartford, commonly called the Charter Oak Temple, was completed in 1876. It was designed by George Keller in the Romanesque Revival style and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 1978.\nHistory\n[edit]Founding and affiliation\n[edit]Beth Israel was founded in 1843, the same year the Connecticut legislature first permitted public worship by Jews. That year also saw the founding of Congregation Mishkan Israel. Originally an Orthodox congregation, Beth Israel adopted Reform practices relatively quickly, influenced in part by the immigration of German Jews to Hartford. In 1877, the congregation joined with other American Reform Jewish communities to form the Union of American Hebrew Congregations.\nFirst synagogue\n[edit]Congregation Beth Israel's first synagogue was built at 21 Charter Oak Avenue in Hartford in 1876. Though Beth Israel left the building in 1936, the building is occupied by the Charter Oak Cultural Center. It is among the oldest synagogue buildings still standing in the United States.[3]\nBeth Israel moved into its present location in 1936.\nClergy\n[edit]Rabbi Feldman\n[edit]For most of the middle of the 20th century (1925–1977), Congregation Beth Israel was led by Rabbi Abraham J. Feldman, a leading exponent of Classical Reform philosophy.[4]\nDr. Feldman was a nationally known Jewish leader.[5] He received many awards, authored several books, and held important positions in various offices including the Connecticut Advisory Committee of the United States Commission on Civil Rights and American Jewish Committee.[6] He was praised by President Dwight D. Eisenhower for \"his outstanding leadership\" and \"bringing strength to the nation and hope to the free world\".[7]\nRabbi Silver\n[edit]Rabbi Harold Silver succeeded Feldman in 1968. He served as senior rabbi for 25 years, retiring in 1993. Silver came from a family of rabbis, including the five generations preceding him. His father, Maxwell Silver, was a rabbi in New York City; his uncle, Abba Hillel Silver, was a rabbi in Cleveland, Ohio; and his grandfather, Moses Silver, was a rabbi in Jerusalem. Silver was ordained in 1951 at Hebrew Union College in New York City. Rabbi Silver's first rabbinate was as assistant rabbi at the Rodef Shalom Congregation in Pittsburgh. He later became rabbi at Temple Emanuel in Pittsburgh, where he served from 1955 until 1968, when he came to Congregation Beth Israel.[8] Silver was prominent in the Hartford Jewish community. He organized the first Greater Hartford Rabbinical Board of Rabbis, which assembles rabbis from different Jewish congregations and movements. He also served on a variety of community boards, both Jewish and non-Jewish. Silver also promoted interfaith dialogue, preaching at many local churches, as well as encouraging peace and understanding between people of different faiths. Additionally, Silver taught courses on Judaism at local universities. He hired Connecticut's first female associate rabbi, Jody Cohen, bringing her to Beth Israel in 1984. Silver retired in 1993 and became rabbi emeritus. He died on March 9, 2017, at the age of 92.[9]\nRabbi Glaser\n[edit]Silver was succeeded by Rabbi Simeon Glaser in 1993, who served as assistant rabbi at Congregation Beth Israel at the end of Rabbi Silver's tenure as senior rabbi.[10] Glaser was popular with young families and children because of his interest in and talent for music and song. Glaser put on lively services for...", "title": "Congregation Beth Israel (West Hartford, Connecticut) - Wikipedia" } ]	1,883
92	Where was the Winter Olympics held the year that the girl who was Wheaties first official spokeswoman turned 20 years old?	Calgary, Alberta, Canada	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Retton	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Retton']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Winter_Olympics", "text": "1988 Winter Olympics\nThe 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games (French: XVes Jeux olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Calgary 1988[b] were a multi-sport event held from February 13 to 28, 1988, with Calgary, Alberta as the main host city. This marks the most recent time that two consecutive Olympic Games were hosted in North America (with the 1984 Summer Olympic Games hosted in Los Angeles, California, United States).[2] It was the first Winter Olympic Games to be held for 15 days, like the counterpart Summer Olympic Games.[3] The majority of the events took place in Calgary itself. However, the snow events were shared by Nakiska ski resort in Kananaskis Country at the west of the city[4][5] and the Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park in the town of Canmore.[6]\nIn 1988, a record 57 National Olympic Committees (NOC) sent a total of 1,424 athletes to these Games.[3] These Winter Olympics would be the last attended for both the Soviet Union and East Germany NOCs. Just like the 1976 Summer Olympics, host country Canada failed again to win a gold medal on their home soil (They won three gold medals in demonstration events, but they are not added at the official medal table). The Finnish ski jumper, Matti Nykänen,[7][8] and the Dutch speed skater, Yvonne van Gennip,[9][10] won three individual gold medals each. The 1988 Winter Olympics were also remembered for the \"heroic failure\" of both the British ski jumper, Michael Edwards, and the debut of the Jamaica national bobsleigh team. Both of them became subjects of major feature films about their participation in these Games: Cool Runnings by Walt Disney Pictures in 1993[11] and Eddie the Eagle by 20th Century Fox in 2016.[12]\nAt approximately C$829 million, the Calgary Games were the most expensive Olympics ever held at the time, as all the necessary infrastructure was built from scratch. The facilities that were built for these Winter Olympics helped the host region to turn into the heart of Canada's elite winter sports program, under the tutelage of WinSport.[13] After the Games, their legacy still standing and in constant use, as the five purpose-built venues for those Games are now used for training and hosting various winter sporting events every year. These policies helped Canada develop into one of the top nations in Winter Olympics competition. The climax of this effort was the overall first-place finish at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada.[14]\nHost city selection\n[edit]Calgary made its fourth attempt at hosting the Winter Games when it bid for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games, which also marked Canada's seventh bid for the Winter Olympic Games. Montreal made the first Canadian bid for the Winter Games in 1956 and won the rights to host the 1976 Summer Olympics, and Vancouver made attempts to host the 1976 and 1980 Games. Calgary, alongside neighbouring Banff, under the leadership of the Calgary Olympic Development Association (CODA), submitted bids for the Winter Games in 1964, 1968, and 1972.[16][17][18] However, CODA went dormant in 1966 after losing three consecutive bids. In 1978, Frank King and Bob Niven of Calgary's Booster Club took over the organization's leadership and revived CODA.[19][18][20][21] King and Niven consulted former Olympic Sprinter and CODA founder, Ernie McCullough, and politician Arthur Ryan Smith, who had worked on previous bids, for guidance on the project.[17]\nIn October 1979, CODA secured the Canadian Olympic Association's (COA) support for Canada's official bid to host the 1988 Winter Olympics, winning over a competing bid by Vancouver with a vote of 27–9.[18][22] Calgary's bid was at the time the most ambitious for the Winter Olympics ever, as the city lacked winter sports facilities and almost everything would have to be built from scratch. CODA proposed constructing all new venues, arguing that if Calgary was awarded the Games, Canada's inventory of training facilities would increase signific...", "title": "1988 Winter Olympics - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lou_Retton", "text": "Mary Lou Retton\nMary Lou Retton (born January 24, 1968) is an American retired gymnast. At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, she won a gold medal in the individual all-around competition, as well as two silver medals and two bronze medals,[2] which earned her the Sports Illustrated Sportswoman of the Year award.[3]\nRetton's performance made her one of the most popular athletes in the United States.[4] Her gold medal win was historic as Retton was the first American woman to win the all-around gold medal in Olympic gymnastics.[5][6]\nEarly life\n[edit]Mary Lou Retton was born on January 24, 1968, in Fairmont, West Virginia.[7] Her father, Ronnie, operated a coal-industry transportation equipment business. She attended Fairmont Senior High School, but did not graduate.[8] She competed in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, California, during her sophomore year of high school.[9]\nGymnastics career\n[edit]When Retton was eight years old she was inspired by watching Nadia Comăneci outshine defending Olympic two-event winner Olga Korbut on television at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and she took up gymnastics in her hometown of Fairmont, West Virginia. She was coached by Gary Rafaloski. Her parents then decided to move the family to Houston, Texas, to train under Romanians Béla and Márta Károlyi, who had coached Nadia Comăneci before their defection to the United States. Under the Károlyis, Retton soon began to make a name for herself in the U.S., winning the American Cup in 1983 and placing second to Dianne Durham (another Károlyi student) at the US Nationals that same year. Though Retton missed the World Gymnastics Championships in 1983 due to a wrist injury, she won the American Classic in 1983 and 1984, as well as Japan's Chunichi Cup in 1983.[10]\nAfter winning her second American Cup, the U.S. Nationals, and the U.S. Olympic Trials in 1984, Retton suffered a knee injury when she was performing a floor routine at a local gymnastics center at this time. She had sat down to sign autographs when she felt her knee lock, forcing her to undergo an operation five weeks prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. This was the first time the Summer Olympics had been held in the United States in 52 years.[11]\nRetton recovered just in time for this most prestigious of tournaments, and in the competition, which was boycotted by the Soviet bloc nations except for Romania, Retton was engaged in a close battle with Ecaterina Szabo of Romania for the all-around gold medal. Trailing Szabo (after uneven bars and balance beam) by 0.15 with two events to go, Retton scored perfect 10s on floor exercise and vault—the last event in an especially dramatic fashion, as there had been fears that her knee injury and the subsequent surgery might impair her performance.[12] Retton won the all-around gold medal by 0.05 points, beating Szabo to become the first female gymnast from outside Eastern Europe to win the individual all-around gold. She also became the first American woman to be an Olympic all-around champion, which was an honor she held alone until the ongoing six-peat of American all-around champions — Carly Patterson in Athens 2004, Nastia Liukin in Beijing 2008, Gabby Douglas in London 2012, Simone Biles in Rio de Janeiro 2016 and Paris 2024, and Sunisa Lee in Tokyo 2021.\nAt the same Olympics, Retton won four additional medals: silver in the team competition and the horse vault, and bronze in the floor exercise and uneven bars. For her performance, she was named Sports Illustrated Magazine's \"Sportswoman of the Year.\" She appeared on a Wheaties box, and became the cereal's first official spokeswoman.[13]\nIn 1985, Retton won the American Cup all-around competition for the third and final time.[14] She retired in 1986.[15]\nPost-gymnastics career\n[edit]Political views\n[edit]Retton was an outspoken supporter of the Reagan administration and appeared in a variety of television ads supporting Ronald Reagan as well as appearing at a ...", "title": "Mary Lou Retton - Wikipedia" } ]	1,950
93	How many of Hitler's three couriers of his last will and other political documents died after 1980?	1	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Johannmeyer	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Zander	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Lorenz	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Johannmeyer', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Zander', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Lorenz']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler", "text": "Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler\nAdolf Hitler, chancellor and dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, signed his political testament and his private will in the Führerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day before he committed suicide with his wife, Eva Braun.\nThe political testament consisted of two parts in total. In the first, Mein politisches Testament, Hitler denied charges of warmongering, expressed his thanks to Germany's loyal citizens, and appealed to them to continue the struggle. In the second, he declared Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Göring to be traitors, and set out his plan for a new government under Karl Dönitz. Hitler's secretary Traudl Junge recalled that he was reading from notes as he dictated the testament, and it is believed that Joseph Goebbels helped him write it.\nBoth the Political Testament and the Private Will and Personal Testament of Adolf Hitler were dictated to Junge during the last days of Hitler's life and signed on 29 April 1945. These artifacts are not to be confused with an entirely different—and controversial—document known as The Testament of Adolf Hitler.[a]\nWill\n[edit]The last will was a short document signed on 29 April at 04:00.[3] It acknowledged his marriage—but does not name Eva Braun—and that they choose death over disgrace of deposition or capitulation; and that their bodies were to be cremated.[4] The will divided up Hitler's belongings as follows:[5]\n- His art collection is left to \"a gallery in my home town of Linz on the Danube;\"[6]\n- Objects of \"sentimental value or necessary for the maintenance of a modest simple life\" went to \"brothers and sisters,\" and \"above all\" Eva Braun's mother and his \"faithful co-workers\" such as his \"old secretaries\" and housekeeper Mrs. [Anni] Winter. However, he also required that his chief private secretary Martin Bormann be the one who was \"given full legal authority to make all decisions,\" as well as the one who was \"permitted to take out everything that has a sentimental value or is necessary for the maintenance of a modest simple life\" for these people as well.[7]\n- Whatever else of value was to be given to the Nazi Party, and then, should the party no longer exist, to the State.[6] Should the State also be destroyed, \"no further decision of mine is necessary.\"[7]\nBormann was nominated as the will's executor and was also \"given full legal authority to make all decisions.\"[7] The will was witnessed by Bormann, Goebbels,[7] and Colonel Nicolaus von Below.[8]\nTestament\n[edit]The last political testament was signed at the same time as Hitler's last will, 04:00 on 29 April 1945.[3] It was in two parts. The first part of the testament talked of his motivations in the three decades since volunteering in World War I, repeated his claim that neither he \"nor anyone else in Germany wanted the war in 1939,\" stated his reasons for his intention to commit suicide, and praised and expressed his thanks to the German people for their support and achievements.[9] Also included in the first testament are statements detailing his claim that he tried to avoid war with other states and attributed responsibility for it to \"international Jewry and its helpers.\"[10] He would not \"forsake Berlin [...] even though the forces were too small to hold out.\" Hitler expressed his intent to choose death rather than \"fall into the hands of enemies\" and \"the masses\" in need of \"a spectacle arranged by Jews.\"[11] He concluded with a call to continue the \"sacrifice\" and \"struggle.\"[11] He expressed hope for a renaissance of the National Socialist movement with the realisation of a \"true people's community (Volksgemeinschaft).\"[10]\nThe second part of his testament lays out Hitler's intentions for the German government and the Nazi Party after his death and details who was to succeed him. He expelled Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring from the party and dismissed him from all of his state offices. He also cancelled the 1941 decree naming Göring as his successor in the event of his deat...", "title": "Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Johannmeyer", "text": "Willy Johannmeyer\nWilly Johannmeyer (27 July 1915 – 14 April 1970) was a German officer during World War II who served from 1939 to 1945. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, and at the time of the dissolution of Nazi Germany, the last adjutant to Adolf Hitler of the army (Heeresadjutant).\nCareer\n[edit]Johannmeyer was born in Iserlohn, Westphalia, on 27 July 1915.[1] After Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS), No. 262992.[1] In 1936, he was assigned to the 64th Infantry Regiment as Cadet (Fahnenjunker)[1] and within 2 years, he rose to the rank of Leutnant.[2]\nWorld War II\n[edit]On the Eastern Front, the 503rd Infantry Regiment was involved in the defensive battle of Nevel (south of Pskov Oblast, near Belorussia). In this sector, Johannmeyer distinguished himself with notable action during the fighting in March 1943, and was awarded the 329th[3] Oak Leaves (Eichenlaub) to the Knight's Cross on 18 November 1943.[2]\nOn 25 November, his battalion attacked Soviet positions near the town of Sergeytsevo (northwest of Nevel) with the aid of the 502nd Heavy Tank Battalion in a forest. Otto Carius, a Tiger I tank commander of the battalion, recalled in his memoirs that Johannmeyer was struck by sniper fire in the lungs from a Soviet marksman hidden in tree foliage. Initially, Johannmeyer was thought to have a limited chance of survival, but he managed to survive. Carius wrote 'he was relieved to hear from Johannmeyer while he was in hospital in 1944'. Johannmeyer was absent from his official Oak Leaves award ceremony as his condition was still considered critical.[3] Shortly thereafter, on 1 December, Johamnmeyer was promoted to the rank of major.[2]\nOn 1 March 1944, Johannmeyer was called to a training course for senior officer adjutants, and 3 months later was transferred to the OKH (Oberkommando des Heeres, Army High Command). From August 1944 onwards, he served in the Army Personnel department (Heerespersonalamt), with the rank of Oberstleutnant i.G. (im Generalstab).[citation needed]\nHitler's adjutant\n[edit]In 1945, Johannmeyer was transferred to the Führerhauptquartier (FHQ) in Berlin, located at the time in the Reich Chancellery, as Army Adjutant (Heeresadjutant),[2] replacing Heinrich Borgmann.[4] Johannmeyer was present at the conferences held twice a day (3:00 pm and at midnight) in the Chancellery's greenhouse, and later at those held in the Führerbunker.[5]\nOn Hitler's order, Johannmeyer flew to East Prussia to \"clarify\" the situation developing as the Soviets advanced through the Baltic States. Hitler always considered reports by army generals unrealistic, and refusing to accept that the Eastern Front was collapsing, relied on his adjutants to relay \"positive news\". Johannmeyer, upon his return, reported that the army was in an alarmingly desperate state, especially after the formation of the Courland pocket and the pocket around Königsberg. Hitler refused to allow any means of withdrawal. When Johannmeyer referred to the civilian deaths occurring due to the massive evacuation of the eastern territories, Hitler replied in anger:[6]\nI won't take this into consideration at all!\nJohannmeyer was among the occupants of the Führerbunker, Hitler's underground headquarters in encircled Berlin. Johannmeyer was present at Hitler's last birthday ceremony on 20 April 1945.[7] During the pre-dawn hours of 29 April, Hitler ordered that three copies of his political testament be hand-delivered to Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner in Czechoslovakia, Karl Dönitz in Schleswig-Holstein, and the Brown House, Munich by Johannmeyer, Martin Bormann's adjutant SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm Zander, and deputy press attaché, Heinz Lorenz, respectively.[8][9] The three men said their farewell to Hitler and were each handed a white dossier containing the testament by Bormann at approximately 4:00 am. Armed with automatic weapons, and in uniform, the trio left the bunker around...", "title": "Willy Johannmeyer - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Zander", "text": "Wilhelm Zander\nWilhelm Zander (22 April 1911 – 27 September 1974) was an adjutant to Martin Bormann during World War II. He died in Munich in 1974.\nBiography\n[edit]He was born in Saarbrücken. Although he received only minimal education, Zander built up business interests in Italy. He abandoned these interests to take up a full-time post as a Nazi Party worker.[1] In 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) and later achieved the rank of SS-Standartenführer.[2]\nIn early 1945, he accompanied Martin Bormann and German leader Adolf Hitler to the Führerbunker in Berlin. On 29 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Hitler dictated his last will and political testament. Hitler then ordered that three copies be made and hand-delivered to Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner in Czechoslovakia, the Brown House, Munich and Karl Dönitz in Schleswig-Holstein.[3][4] Three messengers were assigned to take the will and political testament out of the besieged city of Berlin to ensure their presence for posterity. The couriers were Hitler's army adjutant, Willy Johannmeyer, deputy press attaché, Heinz Lorenz and Zander, respectively.[4][5] The three men said their farewell to Hitler and were handed a white dossier with the testament by Bormann at approximately 4.00 am. Armed with automatic weapons and wearing helmets to break through Soviet lines, the men left the bunker around 8.00 am.[4][6]\nOn 30 April 1945 as the Soviet Red Army closed in on the bunker complex, Hitler committed suicide.[7] The three couriers continued their journey and made it through the Soviet Army encirclement of Berlin to the Elbe River.[6][8]\nPost-war\n[edit]Zander changed his identity, adopted the surname Paustin and worked as a gardener after the war in Europe ended.[9][10] He hid his copy of the documents in a suitcase near Lake Tegernsee.[11] Zander was arrested in the American occupation zone, and as a consequence, the copies of Hitler's will, testament, and wedding documents fell into the hands of the American and British forces. Thereafter, by January 1946, the texts of the documents were published in the American and British press.[11][12]\nCitations\n[edit]- ^ Trevor-Roper 2002, pp. 166–167.\n- ^ Trevor-Roper 2002, p. 166.\n- ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 130–131.\n- ^ a b c de Boer 2021, pp. 117–118.\n- ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 131.\n- ^ a b Eberle & Uhl 2005, p. 424.\n- ^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 954–956.\n- ^ de Boer 2021, pp. 117–118, 125.\n- ^ de Boer 2021, p. 125.\n- ^ WashingtonPost.com: The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives\n- ^ a b de Boer 2021, p. 131.\n- ^ Eckert, Astrid M., The Struggle for the Files: The Western Allies and the Return of German Archives After the Second World War, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 46\nReferences\n[edit]- de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3.\n- Eberle, Henrik; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1.\n- Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999). The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.\n- Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.\n- Trevor-Roper, Hugh (2002) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (7th ed.). London: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-49060-3.", "title": "Wilhelm Zander - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Lorenz", "text": "Heinz Lorenz\nHeinz Lorenz (7 August 1913 – 23 November 1985) was German Chancellor Adolf Hitler's Deputy Chief Press Secretary during World War II.\nBiography\n[edit]A native of Schwerin, he studied law and economics at the university. He left school and in 1930 obtained a job as a press photographer for the German Telegraph office. In 1934 became a junior editor with the Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro DNB (German News Service).[1] In 1936, he transferred to the Press Office and worked under Otto Dietrich, Press Chief of the Nazi Party.[1] He became a reserve officer and served as Hauptschriftführer of the DNB from late 1942 onwards.\nIn 1945, Lorenz became the deputy press attaché in the Führerbunker.[1] Towards the end of the war, after Germany's own communications system was all but lost, Lorenz monitored Reuters on the BBC. Lorenz became part of a group who fabricated news reports by reviewing and re-writing Allied news reports. Lorenz worked for General Hans Krebs, Bernd von Freytag-Loringhoven and Gerhard Boldt.[citation needed]\nOn 28 April 1945, Lorenz provided Hitler with confirmation that Heinrich Himmler had contacted and attempted peace negotiations with the western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte.[1]\nDuring the pre-dawn hours of 29 April, Hitler ordered that three copies of his political testament be hand-delivered to Field Marshal Ferdinand Schörner in Czechoslovakia, Karl Dönitz in Schleswig-Holstein, and the Brown House, Munich by Hitler's army adjutant, Willy Johannmeyer, Martin Bormann's adjutant SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm Zander, and Lorenz, respectively.[2][3] The three men said their farewell to Hitler and were handed a white dossier with the testament by Bormann at approximately 4.00 am. Armed with automatic weapons and wearing helmets to break through the Soviet lines, the couriers left the bunker around 8.00 am. The men made it through Potsdam and to the Elbe River.[4][5]\nPost-war\n[edit]Lorenz made it to the west. He was travelling under a false identity when arrested by the British in June 1945. Lorenz told interrogators who he really was and produced the original of Hitler's will and testament that he had kept hidden in the lining of his jacket.[6] Lorenz was held in prison until mid-1947.[1] Thereafter, Lorenz was private secretary to the Haus Hugo Stinnes from 1947 to 1953. He was parliamentary stenographer for the West German Bundestag from 1953 to 1958 and Leiter of the Stenographic Service of the Bundesrat from 1958 until retirement in 1978. Lorenz died in Düsseldorf on 23 November 1985 aged 72.[1]\nSee also\n[edit]Citations\n[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 293.\n- ^ Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 131.\n- ^ de Boer 2021, pp. 117–118.\n- ^ Eberle & Uhl 2005, p. 424.\n- ^ de Boer 2021, pp. 117–118, 125.\n- ^ de Boer 2021, p. 131.\nReferences\n[edit]- de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3.\n- Eberle, Henrik; Uhl, Matthias, eds. (2005). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Hitler's Personal Aides. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-366-1.\n- Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999). The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.", "title": "Heinz Lorenz - Wikipedia" } ]	4,104
94	The inventor of the first true pinhole camera was also the first to correctly explain what theory?	The Theory of Vision	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography", "text": "Photography\nPhotography is the art, application, and practice of creating images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., photolithography), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, film and video production, recreational purposes, hobby, and mass communication.[1] A person who operates a camera to capture or take photographs is called a photographer, while the captured image, also known as a photograph, is the result produced by the camera.\nTypically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel, which is electronically processed and stored in a digital image file for subsequent display or processing. The result with photographic emulsion is an invisible latent image, which is later chemically \"developed\" into a visible image, either negative or positive, depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of processing. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print, either by using an enlarger or by contact printing.\nBefore the emergence of digital photography, photographs that utilized film had to be developed to produce negatives or projectable slides, and negatives had to be printed as positive images, usually in enlarged form. This was typically done by photographic laboratories, but many amateur photographers, students, and photographic artists did their own processing.\nEtymology\n[edit]The word \"photography\" was created from the Greek roots φωτός (phōtós), genitive of φῶς (phōs), \"light\"[2] and γραφή (graphé) \"representation by means of lines\" or \"drawing\",[3] together meaning \"drawing with light\".[4]\nSeveral people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Hércules Florence, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, Brazil, used the French form of the word, photographie, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834.[5] This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980.[6]\nOn 25 February 1839, the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung published an article titled Photographie, discussing several priority claims, especially that of Henry Fox Talbot's, in relation to Daguerre's claim of invention.[7] The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print.[8] It was signed \"J.M.\", believed to have been Berlin astronomer Johann von Maedler.[9] The astronomer John Herschel is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839.[10]\nThe inventors Nicéphore Niépce, Talbot, and Louis Daguerre seem not to have known or used the word \"photography\", but referred to their processes as \"Heliography\" (Niépce), \"Photogenic Drawing\"/\"Talbotype\"/\"Calotype\" (Talbot), and \"Daguerreotype\" (Daguerre).[9]\nHistory\n[edit]Precursor technologies\n[edit]Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera obscura (\"dark chamber\" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.[11][12] In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.[13]\nThe Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera.[12][14][15] The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham.[16] W...", "title": "Photography - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham", "text": "Ibn al-Haytham\nIbn al-Haytham,[a] Latinized as Alhazen (c. 965 – c. 1040) was a mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age from present-day Iraq.[6][7][8][9] Referred to as \"the father of modern optics\",[10][11][12] he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. His most influential work is titled Kitāb al-Manāẓir (Arabic: كتاب المناظر, \"Book of Optics\"), written during 1011–1021, which survived in a Latin edition.[13] The works of Alhazen were frequently cited during the scientific revolution by Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, and Galileo Galilei.\nIbn al-Haytham was the first to correctly explain vision as intromissive rather than extramissive,[14] and to argue that vision occurs in the brain, pointing to observations that it is subjective and affected by personal experience.[15] He also stated the principle of least time for refraction which would later become Fermat's principle.[16] He made major contributions to catoptrics and dioptrics by studying reflection, refraction and nature of images formed by light rays.[17][18] Ibn al-Haytham was an early proponent of the concept that a hypothesis must be supported by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical reasoning – an early pioneer in the scientific method five centuries before Renaissance scientists,[19][20][21][22] he is sometimes described as the world's \"first true scientist\".[12] He was also a polymath, writing on philosophy, theology and medicine.[23]\nBorn in Basra, he spent most of his productive period in the Fatimid capital of Cairo and earned his living authoring various treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities.[24] Ibn al-Haytham is sometimes given the byname al-Baṣrī after his birthplace,[25] or al-Miṣrī (\"the Egyptian\").[26][27] Al-Haytham was dubbed the \"Second Ptolemy\" by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi[28] and \"The Physicist\" by John Peckham.[29] Ibn al-Haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics.[30]\nBiography\nAbū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of Arab[9][31][32][33][34] or Persian[35][36][37][38][39] origin in Basra, Iraq, which was at the time part of the Buyid emirate. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science.[40] He held a position with the title of vizier in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the flooding of the Nile.[41]\nUpon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph Al-Hakim,[42] and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him.[43] Legend has it that Alhazen feigned madness and was kept under house arrest during this period.[44] During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous University of al-Azhar, and lived from the proceeds of his literary production[45] until his death in c. 1040.[41] (A copy of Apollonius' Conics, written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in Aya Sofya: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. [1024]).)[46]: Note 2\nAmong his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from Semnan, and Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek, an Egyptian prince.[47][verification needed]\nBook of Optics\nAlhazen's most famous work is his seven-volume treatise on optics Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics), written from 1011 to 1021.[48] In it, Ibn al-Haytham was the first to explain that vision occurs when light reflects from an object and then passes to one's eyes,[14] and to argue that visi...", "title": "Ibn al-Haytham - Wikipedia" } ]	2,016
95	As of August 2024, the Atlanta Braves beat the Houston Astros the last time they won the World Series. How many years before this did Jackie Robinson join the Brooklyn Dodgers?	74 years	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions#World_Series_results	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_Braves_season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Houston_Astros_season	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions#World_Series_results', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_Braves_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Houston_Astros_season', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Series_champions#World_Series_results", "text": "List of World Series champions\nThe World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) and concludes the MLB postseason. First played in 1903,[1] the World Series championship is a best-of-seven playoff and is a contest between the champions of baseball's National League (NL) and American League (AL).[2] Often referred to as the \"Fall Classic\",[3] the modern World Series has been played every year since 1903 with two exceptions: in 1904, when the NL champion New York Giants declined to play the AL champion Boston Americans; and in 1994, when the series was canceled due to the players' strike.[1][2][4][5] The best-of-seven style has been the format of all World Series except in 1903, 1919, 1920, 1921, when the winner was determined through a best-of-nine playoff.[1][2] Although the large majority of contests have been played entirely during the month of October, a small number of Series have also had games played during September and November. The Series-winning team is awarded the Commissioner's Trophy.[6] Players, coaches and others associated with the team are generally given World Series rings to commemorate their victory; however, they have received other items such as pocket watches and medallions in the past.[7]\nA total of 121 World Series have been contested through 2025, with the AL champion winning 68 and the NL champion winning 53. The New York Yankees of the AL have played in 41 World Series, winning 27 – the most championship appearances and most victories by any MLB team. The Dodgers and the Yankees are tied for the most losses with 14 each. The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 championships, the most among NL clubs and second-most all-time behind the Yankees.[3] The Dodgers have represented the NL the most in the World Series with 23 appearances. The Seattle Mariners are the only MLB franchise that has never appeared in a World Series; the Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, Tampa Bay Rays, and Colorado Rockies have all played in the Series but have never won it, with the Padres and the Rays appearing twice. The Los Angeles Angels and Washington Nationals are the only teams who have won their only World Series appearance, and the Miami Marlins are the only team with multiple World Series appearances and no losses with two. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in and win a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. The Houston Astros are the only franchise to have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017, 2019, 2021, 2022), winning the Series in 2017 and 2022. The 1919 and 2017 World Series were both marred with cheating scandals: the Black Sox Scandal and the Houston Astros sign stealing scandal. The most recent World Series champions are the Los Angeles Dodgers.\nThe last team to repeat as champions were the Dodgers in 2025. Two World Series matchups (in 1982 and 2005) have no current possibility of a rematch due to one of the contending teams switching to the opposing league – the Milwaukee Brewers moved to the NL in 1998, and the Houston Astros moved to the AL in 2013.\nResults\n[edit]Numbers in parentheses in the table are World Series appearances as of the date of that World Series, and are used as follows:\n- Winning team and Losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a World Series as well as each respective team's World Series record to date.\n- Legend\n- ^ Agreement between the two clubs rather than the two leagues\n- ^ There was no formal arrangement in place between the two leagues regarding the staging of the World Series, so the Giants owner John T. Brush refused to play against a team from what he considered an inferior league.\n- ^ Had the series been played, it would have been the Boston Americans (AL) vs the New York Giants (NL)\n- ^ Formal agreement established between the two leagues to make the World Series into an annual event\n- ^ The 1967 series marked the first time that the Commissioner's ...", "title": "List of World Series champions - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_Braves_season", "text": "2021 Atlanta Braves season\nThe 2021 Atlanta Braves season was the 151st season of the Atlanta Braves franchise, the 56th season in Atlanta, and the Braves' 5th season at Truist Park. The Braves were managed by Brian Snitker, in his 6th season as the team's manager. The Braves clinched their fourth consecutive National League East title. They defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the NLDS and faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLCS for the second straight year. They defeated the Dodgers in six games to reach the World Series for the first time since 1999. They would go on to defeat the Houston Astros in six games, winning their first World Series since 1995, their second since moving to Atlanta, and their fourth in franchise history. Jorge Soler won the Most Valuable Player award in the World Series.\nOffseason\n[edit]November\n[edit]- On November 11, 2020, the Braves re-signed right-handed relief pitcher Josh Tomlin to a one-year, $1 million contract that includes a $1.25 million club option for 2022.[1]\n- On November 16, 2020, the Braves signed left-handed starting pitcher Drew Smyly to a one-year, $11 million contract.[2]\n- On November 24, 2020, the Braves signed right-handed starting pitcher Charlie Morton to a one-year, $15 million contract.[3]\nFebruary\n[edit]- On February 5, 2021, the Braves re-signed outfielder Marcell Ozuna to a four-year, $64 million contract. The contract includes a club option for a fifth year, worth $16 million, with a $1 million buyout.[4]\nRegular season\n[edit]The 2021 season wasn't a smooth sailing road for the Atlanta Braves. The Braves started off 0-4 and ended April with a 12–14 record. At the All-Star Break they were 44–45.[5] After the All-Star Break in August they started ramping it up and went 18–8. On August 8, they climbed over .500 for the first time, at 57–56, and on Aug 15. they took over first place in the NL East, ending up winning the NL East with a 88–73 record.[5]\nThe team's turnaround began after July 10 when Ronald Acuña Jr. suffered a season ending injury and the trade deadline approached.[6] After the Braves' star outfielder got injured, GM Alex Anthopoulos remade his outfield by bringing in veterans Adam Duvall, Joc Pederson, Eddie Rosario, and Jorge Soler. They made a huge impact on the team with Duvall finishing the season with a National League-leading 113 RBIs (45 with the Braves); Pederson hit a game-winning home run in the NLDS against the Brewers; Rosario was the NLCS MVP; Soler was the World Series MVP.[6]\nStandings\n[edit]National League East\n[edit]\nNational League division leaders\n[edit]\nRecord vs. opponents\n[edit]\nGame log\n[edit]Player stats\n[edit]Batting\n[edit]Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases; BB = Walks; AVG = Batting average; SLG = Slugging average\nSource:[1]\nPitching\n[edit]Note: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; H = Hits allowed; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts\nSource:[2]\nPostseason\n[edit]Game log\n[edit]Postseason rosters\n[edit]- Pitchers: 18 Drew Smyly 19 Huascar Ynoa 33 A. J. Minter 36 Ian Anderson 50 Charlie Morton 51 Will Smith 54 Max Fried 60 Jesse Chavez 68 Tyler Matzek 71 Jacob Webb 74 Dylan Lee 77 Luke Jackson\n- Catchers: 16 Travis d'Arnaud 24 William Contreras\n- Infielders: 1 Ozzie Albies 5 Freddie Freeman 7 Dansby Swanson 9 Orlando Arcia 27 Austin Riley\n- Outfielders: 8 Eddie Rosario 11 Terrance Gore 12 Jorge Soler (Games 1–3) 14 Adam Duvall 22 Joc Pederson 23 Ehire Adrianza 25 Cristian Pache (Games 4) 38 Guillermo Heredia\n- Pitchers: 18 Drew Smyly 19 Huascar Ynoa (Games 1–3) 33 A. J. Minter 36 Ian Anderson 50 Charlie Morton 51 Will Smith 54 Max Fried 55 Chris Martin 60 Jesse Chavez 68 Tyler Matzek 71 Jacob Webb 74 Dylan Lee (Games 4–6) 77 Luke Jackson\n- Catchers: 16 Travis d'Arnaud 24 William Contreras\n- Infielders: ...", "title": "2021 Atlanta Braves season - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Houston_Astros_season", "text": "2021 Houston Astros season\nThe 2021 Houston Astros season was the 60th season for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise located in Houston, Texas, their 57th as the Astros, ninth in both the American League (AL) and AL West division, and 22nd at Minute Maid Park. They entered the season as a wild card qualifier through a second-place finish in the AL West for a fourth consecutive postseason appearance. Having ultimately progressed to the American League Championship Series (ALCS)—also their fifth consecutive—the Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox in six games to advance to the 2021 World Series, where they would be defeated by the Atlanta Braves in six games.\nFour Astros players gained selection to the 2021 All-Star Game: second baseman Jose Altuve, shortstop Carlos Correa, outfielder Michael Brantley, and pitcher Ryan Pressly. First baseman Yuli Gurriel won the AL batting title, his first, with a .319 batting average, becoming the second Cuban-born player and second Astro after Altuve to do so. Correa led AL position players with 7.2 Wins Above Replacement (WAR).\nThe Astros concluded the regular season with a 95–67 record, while clinching an AL West title for the fourth time in the last five seasons. It was also the 11th division title in franchise history, sixth playoff berth over the previous seven years, and 15th playoff appearance overall. By winning the AL West, Dusty Baker became the first manager in major league history to guide five different clubs to a division title, giving him eight division titles overall.\nIn the playoffs, the Astros defeated the Chicago White Sox in the American League Division Series (ALDS) in four games to advance to their fifth straight ALCS. They faced the Boston Red Sox in a rematch of the 2018 ALCS. The Astros won the ALCS in six games for the fourth pennant in franchise history and third as an AL team. They advanced to the World Series for the third time in five years, but lost to the Atlanta Braves in six games.\nFollowing the season, designated hitter Yordan Alvarez (second selection) and right fielder Kyle Tucker (first) were both selected for 2021's All-MLB Second Team. Gurriel and Correa each won their first Gold Glove Awards, while the Astros were named the AL Gold Glove Team. Correa also won the Platinum Glove and Fielding Bible Awards both for the first time.\nAn American League (and franchise) record five Astros were named Gold Glove finalists, along with another five as finalists for the Silver Slugger Award. Baker and pitcher Luis García were named finalists for the AL Manager of the Year and AL Rookie of the Year awards, respectively. Baker finished third in voting, and García finished second. This marked the third consecutive season that an Astros player was named a finalist for the AL Rookie of the Year Award, following Yordan Alvarez, who won it unanimously in 2019, and Cristian Javier, who finished in third in 2020. .\nOffseason\n[edit]Summary\n[edit]The Astros entered the 2021 Major League Baseball (MLB) season as having been defeated by the Tampa Bay Rays in seven games in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) and runner-up for the 2020 AL pennant. The Astros played to a 3–0 deficit to begin the ALCS, won the next three, and were defeated 4–2 in Game 7. The Rays thus avoided joining the 2004 New York Yankees as the only MLB clubs to lose a League Championship Series after mounting a 3–0 lead.[1]\nAce starting pitcher Justin Verlander missed the entire 2021 season recuperating from ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction surgery, also known as Tommy John surgery, which was performed on October 1, 2020. He was in the final year of his contract.[2] On February 27, 2021, the Astros placed the right-hander on the 60-day injured list as he continued to recover from the surgery.[3]\nOffseason transactions\n[edit]Free agent signings\n[edit]- Signed right-handed pitcher (RHP) Ryne Stanek to a 1-year contract on January 7, 2021[4]\n- Signed RHP Pedro Báez to a 2-year contract o...", "title": "2021 Houston Astros season - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Robinson", "text": "Jackie Robinson\nJack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who was the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era. Robinson broke the color line when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers signing Robinson heralded the end of racial segregation in professional baseball, which had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s.\nBorn in Cairo, Georgia, Robinson was raised in Pasadena, California. A four-sport student athlete at Pasadena Junior College and the University of California, Los Angeles, he was better known for football than he was for baseball, becoming a star with the UCLA Bruins football team. Following his college career, Robinson was drafted for service during World War II, but was court-martialed for refusing to sit at the back of a segregated Army bus, eventually being honorably discharged. Afterwards, he signed with the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro leagues, where he caught the eye of Branch Rickey, general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, who thought he would be the perfect candidate for breaking the MLB color line.\nDuring his 10-year MLB career, Robinson won the inaugural Rookie of the Year Award in 1947, was an All-Star for six consecutive seasons from 1949 through 1954, and won the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player Award in 1949—the first Black player so honored. Robinson played in six World Series and contributed to the Dodgers' 1955 World Series championship. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962 in his first year of eligibility.\nRobinson's character, his use of nonviolence, and his talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation that had then marked many other aspects of American life. He influenced the culture of and contributed significantly to the civil rights movement. Robinson also was the first Black television analyst in MLB and the first Black vice president of a major American corporation, Chock full o'Nuts. In the 1960s, he helped establish the Freedom National Bank, a Black American-owned financial institution based in Harlem, New York. After his death in 1972, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his achievements on and off the field. In 1997, MLB retired his uniform number, 42, across all Major League teams; he was the first professional athlete in any sport to be so honored. MLB also adopted a new annual tradition, \"Jackie Robinson Day\", for the first time on April 15, 2004, on which every player on every team wears the number 42.\nEarly life\nFamily and personal life\nJack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (née McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed \"Mack\"), and Willa Mae.[1][2] His middle name honored former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born.[3] After Robinson's father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California.[4][5]\nThe extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. Robinson's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family.[6] Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities.[7] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it.[7][8][9]\nJohn Muir High School\nIn 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir Technical High School.[10] Recognizing his athletic talents, Robinson's older brothers, Frank and Mack (himself an accomplished track and field athlete and silver medalist behind Jesse Owens in the 200 meters at the Berlin 1936 Summe...", "title": "Jackie Robinson - Wikipedia" } ]	3,972
96	In which of the three Intertidal zones would you most likely find the Septifer bilocularis?	Low Intertidal Zone	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septifer_bilocularis", "text": "Septifer bilocularis\nAppearance\nSeptifer bilocularis is a marine bivalve species in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.[1]\nDistribution\n[edit]Tropical Indo-Pacific.;[2] also in Australia.\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Septifer bilocularis (Linnaeus, 1758)\". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2019-03-21.\n- ^ Morton, Brian (January 2019). \"The biology and functional morphology of Septifer bilocularis and Mytilisepta virgata (Bivalvia: Mytiloidea) from corals and the exposed rocky shores, respectively, of Hong Kong\". Regional Studies in Marine Science. 25 100454. Bibcode:2019RSMS...2500454M. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2018.100454. S2CID 92816386.\n- Turton W.H. (1932). Marine Shells of Port Alfred, S. Africa. Humphrey Milford, London, xvi + 331 pp., 70 pls.\n- Drivas, J. & Jay, M. (1987). Coquillages de La Réunion et de l'Île Maurice. Collection Les Beautés de la Nature. Delachaux et Niestlé: Neuchâtel. ISBN 2-603-00654-1. 159 pp\n- Kilburn, R.N. & Rippey, E. (1982) Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg, xi + 249 pp.\n- Steyn, D.G. & Lussi, M. (1998) Marine Shells of South Africa. An Illustrated Collector's Guide to Beached Shells. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa, ii + 264 pp.\n- Lozouet, P. & Plaziat, J.-C., 2008 -Mangrove environments and molluscs, Abatan river, Bohol and Panglao islands, central Philippines, p. 1-160, 38 pls\n- Huber, M. (2010). Compendium of bivalves. A full-color guide to 3,300 of the world's marine bivalves. A status on Bivalvia after 250 years of research. Hackenheim: ConchBooks. 901 pp., 1 CD-ROM.\n- Rosenberg, G. 1992. Encyclopedia of Seashells. Dorset: New York. 224 pp.\n- Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp\nExternal links\n[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Septifer bilocularis.\n- Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae.\n- Röding, P.F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp\n- Récluz, C. A. (1848). Description d'un nouveau genre de coquille bivalve nommé Septifère (Septifer). Revue Zoologique, par la Société Cuvierienne. 11: 275-279\n- Katsanevakis, S.; Bogucarskis, K.; Gatto, F.; Vandekerkhove, J.; Deriu, I.; Cardoso A.S. (2012). Building the European Alien Species Information Network (EASIN): a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data. BioInvasions Records. 1: 235-245.\n- Branch, G. M. (2002). Two Oceans. 5th impression. David Philip, Cate Town & Johannesburg.\n- Zenetos, A.; Çinar, M.E.; Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M.A.; Harmelin, J.-G.; Furnari, G.; Andaloro, F.; Bellou, N.; Streftaris, N.; Zibrowius, H. (2005). Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science. 6 (2): 63-118\n- Zenetos, A.; Gofas, S.; Verlaque, M.; Cinar, M.; Garcia Raso, J.; Bianchi, C.; Morri, C.; Azzurro, E.; Bilecenoglu, M.; Froglia, C.; Siokou, I.; Violanti, D.; Sfriso, A.; San Martin, G.; Giangrande, A.; Katagan, T.; Ballesteros, E.; Ramos-Espla, A.; Mastrototaro, F.; Ocana, O.; Zingone, A.; Gambi, M.; Streftaris, N. (2010). Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2010. A contribution to the application of European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part I. Spatial distribution. Mediterranean Marine Science. 11(2): 381-493\n- Galil, B. (2007). Seeing Red: Alien species along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions. 2(4): 281-312.\n- Zenetos, A.; Meriç, E.; Verlaque, M.; Galli, P.; Boudouresque, C.-F.; Giangrande, A.;...", "title": "Septifer bilocularis - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilidae", "text": "Mytilidae\nThe Mytilidae are a family of small to large marine and brackish-water bivalve molluscs in the order Mytilida. One of the genera, Limnoperna, even inhabits freshwater environments. Mytilidae, which contains some 52 genera, is the only extant family within the order Mytilida.[1]\nSpecies in the family Mytilidae are found worldwide, but they are more abundant in colder seas, where they often form uninterrupted beds on rocky shores in the intertidal zone and the shallow subtidal. The subfamily Bathymodiolinae is found in deep-sea habitats.\nMytilids include the well-known, edible sea mussels.\nA common feature of the shells of mussels is an asymmetrical shell, which has a thick, adherent periostracum. The animals attach themselves to a solid substrate using a byssus.\nA 2020 study of the phylogeny of the Mytilidae recovered two main clades derived from an epifaunal ancestor, with subsequent lineages shifting to other lifestyles, and correlating convergent evolution of siphon traits.[2]\nSubfamilies and genera\n[edit]As of March 2025[update], the World Register of Marine Species accepts 32 genera split into eight subfamilies.[1]\nSubfamily Brachidontinae\n[edit]- Brachidontes Swainson, 1840\n- Geukensia Van de Poel, 1959\n- Ischadium Jukes-Browne, 1905\n- Mytilaster Monterosato, 1883\nSubfamily Crenellinae\n[edit]- †Arcoperna Conrad, 1865\n- Arcuatula Jousseaume, 1919\n- Arvella Scarlato, 1960\n- Choromytilus T. Soot-Ryen, 1952\n- Crenella T. Brown, 1827\n- Exosiperna Iredale, 1929\n- Musculus Röding, 1798\n- Mytella T. Soot-Ryen, 1955\n- Parabrachidontes K. S. Tan, S. H. M. Tan, Sanpanich, Duangdee & Ambarwati, 2024\n- Perna Philipsson, 1788\n- Rhomboidella Monterosato, 1884\n- †Semimodiola Cossmann, 1887\n- Solamen Iredale, 1924\n- Vilasina Scarlato, 1960\nSubfamily Dacrydiinae\n[edit]- Dacrydium Torell, 1859\nSubfamily Lithophaginae\n[edit]- Lithophaga Röding, 1798\n- Adula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1857\n- Crenomytilus T. Soot-Ryen, 1955\n- Dentimodiolus Iredale, 1939\n- Gregariella Monterosato, 1883\n- Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758\n- †Praemytilus F. W. Anderson & L. R. Cox, 1948\n- Trichomya Ihering, 1900\nSubfamily Mytiliseptinae\n[edit]- Austromytilus Laseron, 1956\n- Mytilisepta T. Habe, 1951\n- Perumytilus Olsson, 1961\n- Semimytilus T. Soot-Ryen, 1955\nSubfamily Septiferinae\n[edit]- Septifer Récluz, 1848\n†Subfamily Xenomytilinae\n[edit]- †Lycettia L. R. Cox, 1937\n- †Xenomytilus Squires & Saul, 2006\n- †Admytilus Berezovsky, 2015\n- Amygdalum Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1811\n- †Arcomytilus Agassiz, 1842\n- †Assytilus Berezovsky, 2015\n- Aulacomya Mörch, 1853\n- †Cuneolus Stephenson, 1941\n- †Inoperna Conrad, 1873\n- †Limnolycettia C. M. Kolesnikov, 1980\n- †Mauricia G. D. Harris, 1919\n- †Mysidioptera Salomon, 1895\n- †Mytilosootus Stilwell & Zinsmeister, 1992\n- †Paramusculus Kadolsky, 1989\n- †Promytilus Newell, 1942\n- †Regulifer Fürsich & Werner, 1988\n- †Rhynchomytilus Rollier, 1914\n- †Samiolus Kiel & Taviani, 2017\n- Urumella Hayami & Kase, 1993\n- †Volsellina Newell, 1942\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b Schneider, Simon (2024-10-12). \"Mytilidae Rafinesque, 1815\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2025-03-29.\n- ^ Audino, Jorge A.; Serb, Jeanne M.; Marian, José Eduardo A. R. (2020). \"Phylogeny and anatomy of marine mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) reveal convergent evolution of siphon traits\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 190 (2): 592–612. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa011.", "title": "Mytilidae - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone", "text": "Intertidal zone\nThe intertidal zone or foreshore is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the littoral zone within the tidal range. This area can include several types of habitats with various species of life, such as sea stars, sea urchins, and many species of coral with regional differences in biodiversity. Sometimes it is referred to as the littoral zone or seashore, although those can be defined as a wider region.\nThe intertidal zone also includes steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, bogs or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats). This area can be a narrow strip, such as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion. The peritidal zone is similar but somewhat wider, extending from above the highest tide level to below the lowest. Organisms in the intertidal zone are well-adapted to their environment, facing high levels of interspecific competition and the rapidly changing conditions that come with the tides.[1] The intertidal zone is also home to several species from many different phyla (Porifera, Annelida, Coelenterata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, etc.).\nThe water that comes with the tides can vary from brackish waters, fresh with rain, to highly saline and dry salt, with drying between tidal inundations. Wave splash can dislodge residents from the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to sunlight, the temperature can range from very hot with full sunshine to near freezing in colder climates. Some microclimates in the littoral zone are moderated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. Adaptations in the littoral zone allow the utilization of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea, which is actively moved to the zone by tides. The edges of habitats, in this case the land and sea, are themselves often significant ecosystems, and the littoral zone is a prime example.\nA typical rocky shore can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the supratidal zone), which is above the spring high-tide line and is covered by water only during storms, and an intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. Along most shores, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. The intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or habitats, including estuaries, the neritic zone, the photic zone, and deep zones.\nZonation\n[edit]Marine biologists divide the intertidal region into three zones (low, middle, and high), based on the overall average exposure of the zone.[2] The low intertidal zone, which borders on the shallow subtidal zone, is only exposed to air at the lowest of low tides and is primarily marine in character. The mid intertidal zone is regularly exposed and submerged by average tides. The high intertidal zone is only covered by the highest of the high tides, and spends much of its time as terrestrial habitat. The high intertidal zone borders on the splash zone (the region above the highest still-tide level, but which receives wave splash). On shores exposed to heavy wave action, the intertidal zone will be influenced by waves, as the spray from breaking waves will extend the intertidal zone.\nDepending on the substratum and topography of the shore, additional features may be noticed. On rocky shores, tide pools form in depressions that fill with water as the tide rises. Under certain conditions, such as those at Morecambe Bay, quicksand may form.[3]\nLow tide zone (lower littoral)\n[edit]This subregion is mostly submerged – it is only exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. This area is teeming with life;[2] the most notable difference between this subregion and the other three is that there is much more marine vegetation, especially seaweeds. Ther...", "title": "Intertidal zone - Wikipedia" } ]	3,734
97	In the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, one country scored a combined total (jury and televoting results) of 268 - as did another country in the contest the year before. Which countries are they?	Italy and Norway	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024", "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2024\nThe Eurovision Song Contest 2024 was the 68th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It consisted of two semi-finals on 7 and 9 May and a final on 11 May 2024, held at the Malmö Arena in Malmö, Sweden, and presented by Petra Mede and Malin Åkerman. It was organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT), which staged the event after winning the 2023 contest for Sweden with the song \"Tattoo\" by Loreen. Mede had previously presented the 2013 and 2016 contests.\nBroadcasters from thirty-seven countries participated in the contest, the same number as in 2023. Romania opted not to participate, and Luxembourg competed for the first time since 1993. The Netherlands was disqualified from the contest between the second semi-final and the final, but the country retained its right to vote. The inclusion of Israel among the participants in the context of the Gaza war was met with controversy, and additional security measures were put in place for the event.\nThe winner was Switzerland with the song \"The Code\", performed by Nemo who wrote it with Benjamin Alasu, Lasse Midtsian Nymann, and Linda Dale. Switzerland won the combined vote and jury vote, and placed fifth in the televote. Croatia won the televote and finished in second place, its best result to date as an independent country, having previously won in 1989 as a part of Yugoslavia. Ukraine, France, and Israel completed the top five.\nThe EBU reported that the contest had a television audience of 163 million viewers in 37 European markets, an increase of a million viewers from the previous edition, with an additional 7.3 million viewers online on YouTube.\nLocation\n[edit]The 2024 contest took place in Malmö, Sweden, following the country's victory at the 2023 contest with the song \"Tattoo\", performed by Loreen.[1] It was the seventh time Sweden had hosted the contest, having previously done so in 1975, 1985, 1992, 2000, 2013, and 2016. The venue for the contest was the 15,500-seat Malmö Arena, which had previously hosted the contest in 2013.[2]\nThe Malmö Live event centre hosted several events related to the contest. It was the venue for the \"Turquoise Carpet\" event on 5 May 2024, where the contestants and their delegations[b] were presented before accredited press and fans, and the opening and closing ceremonies.[4][5] The venue also hosted screenings of the live shows,[6] and was the location of the EuroClub, which hosted the official after-parties and private performances by contest participants.\nA Eurovision Village was created in Folkets Park. It hosted performances by contest participants[c] and local artists, as well as screenings of the live shows for the general public. A \"Eurovision Street\" was established on Friisgatan, stretching from Triangeln station to the Eurovision Village in Folkets Park.[5][8] Planned street music performances were affected by the withdrawal of several artists due to Israel's participation in the contest and were ultimately transferred to the Eurovision Village for security reasons.[9][10][11] The Euro Fan Café was located at Amiralen.[5][12][13]\nTo celebrate the 50th anniversary of ABBA's victory at the contest in 1974 with \"Waterloo\", which was also Sweden's first win, a special ABBA World exhibition was held at Södergatan between 29 April and 12 May 2024.[14]\nBidding phase\n[edit]After Sweden's win in the 2023 contest, the municipalities of Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö, Eskilstuna, Jönköping, Örnsköldsvik, Partille and Sandviken expressed interest in hosting the 2024 edition.[15] Host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT) set a deadline of 12 June 2023 for interested cities to formally apply.[16] By 13 June, it had received bids from Stockholm,[17] Gothenburg,[16] Malmö,[18] and Örnsköldsvik.[19] On 7 July, Gothenburg and Örnsköldsvik's bids were eliminated.[20] Later that day, the EBU and SVT announced Malmö as the host city.[1][21]\nKey:\n† Host city\n* Shortlisted\n^ Submi...", "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2024 - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023", "text": "Eurovision Song Contest 2023\nThe Eurovision Song Contest 2023 was the 67th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It consisted of two semi-finals on 9 and 11 May and a final on 13 May 2023, held at M&S Bank Arena Liverpool in Liverpool, United Kingdom, and presented by Alesha Dixon, Hannah Waddingham, and Julia Sanina, with Graham Norton joining for the final. It was organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), which staged the event on behalf of the Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine (UA:PBC), which had won the 2022 contest for Ukraine with the song \"Stefania\" by Kalush Orchestra but was unable to stage the event due to the Russian invasion of the country.\nBroadcasters from thirty-seven countries participated in the contest, three fewer than in 2022. Bulgaria, Montenegro, and North Macedonia opted not to participate, primarily due to the economic impact of the global energy crisis.[1][2]\nThe winner was Sweden with the song \"Tattoo\", performed by Loreen and written by her with Jimmy Thörnfeldt, Jimmy Jansson, Moa Carlebecker, Peter Boström, and Thomas G:son. Finland, Israel, Italy, and Norway completed the top five. Sweden won the combined vote and jury vote, and finished second to Finland in the televote. Loreen became the second performer to win the contest twice, after Irish singer Johnny Logan; it was also the seventh win for Sweden, tying Ireland's record for the most Eurovision victories.\nThe EBU reported that the contest had a television audience of 162 million viewers in 38 European markets, an increase of a million viewers from the previous edition. A total of 15.6 million viewers watched the contest online on YouTube and TikTok. The broadcast of the contest won the British Academy Television Award for Best Live Event, and Waddingham received a British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance nomination for her role as a co-presenter.\nLocation\n[edit]The 2023 contest was held in Liverpool, United Kingdom. It was the ninth time that the United Kingdom had hosted the contest, having previously done so in 1960, 1963, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1982, and 1998.[3][4] The selected venue was the 11,000-seat M&S Bank Arena Liverpool, a multi-purpose indoor arena located in the ACC Liverpool complex.[5] The \"Turquoise Carpet\" event, where the contestants and their delegations were presented before accredited press and fans, took place outside the Walker Art Gallery on 7 May 2023, followed by the Opening Ceremony at St George's Hall.[6][7]\nIn conjunction with the contest, Liverpool held a cultural festival called \"EuroFest\", which featured collaborations between British and Ukrainian artists.[8][9][10] The Pier Head was the location of the Eurovision Village, where a stage hosted performances by Ukrainian artists, local artists, current and previous Eurovision entrants, and other groups.[11] It also held screenings of the three live shows.[12][13][14] Entry to the Village was free of charge except during the final.[15][16][17] The EuroClub, which took place at Camp and Furnace, hosted the official after-parties and private performances by contest participants.[18][19]\nHost country selection\n[edit]The 2022 contest was won by Ukraine with the song \"Stefania\" by Kalush Orchestra, which, according to Eurovision tradition, made Ukraine the presumptive host of the 2023 contest.[20][21] The country had hosted the contest twice before, in 2005 and 2017, both times in Kyiv. Between May and June 2022, the Ukrainian government and UA:PBC, the nation's public broadcaster, discussed hosting the contest with the EBU.[22] The chairman of UA:PBC, Mykola Chernotytskyi , Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, and other Ukrainian politicians expressed their willingness to host the event, and an organising committee was formed.[23][24][25][26][27]\nDespite this, the EBU announced on 17 June 2022 that the Russian invasion of Ukraine meant that UA:PBC could n...", "title": "Eurovision Song Contest 2023 - Wikipedia" } ]	2,030
98	The quarterback who was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL draft, won the Superbowl with 2 different teams, both named after what type of animal?	A horse	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NFL_draft#Player_selections	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt	https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronco&redirect=no	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Tabular reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NFL_draft#Player_selections', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronco&redirect=no']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_NFL_draft#Player_selections", "text": "1998 NFL draft\nThe 1998 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 18–19, 1998, at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[1][2] The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season.\nBefore the draft, there was much debate in the media on if the Indianapolis Colts would select Peyton Manning or Ryan Leaf with the first overall pick. Both were considered excellent prospects and future franchise quarterbacks: Leaf was considered to have more upside and a stronger throwing arm, whereas Manning was considered a polished prospect who was NFL ready and more mature.\nOn the day of the draft, the Colts selected Manning due to Leaf's disdain for Indianapolis, with Leaf being selected second overall by the San Diego Chargers.\nManning went on to be a five-time Most Valuable Player (MVP) award[3] winner (the most of any player in NFL history), a two-time Super Bowl champion (in 2006 with the Colts and in 2015 with the Denver Broncos), and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021, while Leaf was out of the NFL by 2002 after having earned a 4–17 record, and is considered one of the biggest draft busts in NFL history.[4]\nPlayer selections\n[edit]- ^ Players are identified as a Pro Bowler if they were selected for the Pro Bowl at any time in their career.\nSupplemental draft\n[edit]A supplemental draft was held in the summer of 1998. For each player selected in the supplemental draft, the team forfeits its pick in that round in the draft of the following season. The Green Bay Packers and San Diego Chargers both selected players in the 2nd round.\nNotable undrafted players\n[edit]Hall of Famers\n[edit]- Randy Moss, wide receiver from Marshall, taken 1st round 21st overall by the Minnesota Vikings.\n- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame Class of 2018.\n- Peyton Manning, quarterback from Tennessee, taken 1st round 1st overall by the Indianapolis Colts.\n- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame Class of 2021.\n- Charles Woodson, cornerback from Michigan, taken 1st round 4th overall by the Oakland Raiders.\n- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame Class of 2021.\n- Alan Faneca, guard from LSU, taken 1st round 26th overall by the Pittsburgh Steelers.\n- Inducted: Professional Football Hall of Fame Class of 2021.\nTrades\n[edit]In the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the 1994 Draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.\n- Round one\n- ^ No. 2: Arizona → San Diego (PD). Arizona traded its first-round selection (2nd) to San Diego in exchange for San Diego's first and second-round selections (3rd and 33rd) and first-round selection (8th) in 1999 plus RB Eric Metcalf and LB Patrick Sapp.\n- ^ No. 3: San Diego → Arizona (PD). see No. 2: Arizona → San Diego.\n- ^ No. 9: Buffalo → Jacksonville (PD). Buffalo traded its first- and fourth-round selections (9th and 101st) to Jacksonville in exchange for QB Rob Johnson.\n- ^ No. 17: Washington → Cincinnati (PD). Cincinnati were awarded Washington's first- and third-round selections (17th and 78th) as compensation for Washington signing restricted free agent DT Dan Wilkinson.\n- ^ No. 18: N.Y. Jets → New England (PD). New England were awarded the Jets' first- and third-round selections (18th and 81st) as compensation for the Jets signing restricted free agent RB Curtis Martin.\n- ^ No. 19: Miami → Green Bay (D). Miami traded its first-round selection (19th) to Green Bay in exchange for Green Bay's first- and second-round selections (29th and 60th).\n- ^ No. 23: Tampa Bay → Oakland (D). Tampa Bay traded its first-round selection (23rd) to Oakland in exchange for Oakland's two second-round selections (34th and 59th).\n- ^ No. 29: Green Bay → Miami (D). see No. 19: Miami → Green Bay.\n- ^ No. 33: San Diego → Arizona (PD). see No. 2: Arizona → San Dieg...", "title": "1998 NFL draft - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning", "text": "Peyton Manning\nPeyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 18 seasons. Nicknamed \"the Sheriff\",[2] he spent 14 seasons with the Indianapolis Colts and four with the Denver Broncos.[3] Manning is considered one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time.[4] A member of the Manning football dynasty, he is the second son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning, older brother of former NFL quarterback Eli Manning, and uncle of Texas Longhorns quarterback Arch Manning.[5] He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers, winning the Maxwell, Davey O'Brien, and Johnny Unitas Golden Arm awards as a senior en route to victory in the 1997 SEC Championship Game.\nManning was selected first overall in the 1998 NFL draft by the Colts and served as their starting quarterback from 1998 to 2010. He helped transform the struggling Colts franchise into consistent playoff contenders, leading them to 11 playoff appearances, eight division titles, three AFC Championship Games, two Super Bowl appearances, and one championship title in Super Bowl XLI, the franchise's first in over three decades and first since relocating to Indianapolis.[6][7][8][9][10] Manning was also named Super Bowl MVP in the victory. After undergoing neck surgery that sidelined him for the 2011 season, Manning was released by the Colts and signed with the Broncos. Serving as the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015, he helped them clinch their division each season and reach two Super Bowls. Manning's career ended with a victory in Super Bowl 50, making him the first starting quarterback to win the Super Bowl for more than one franchise.[11]\nManning holds many NFL records, including most MVP awards,[12] quarterback first-team All-Pro selections,[13] 4,000-yard passing seasons,[14][15] single-season passing yards,[16] and single-season passing touchdowns.[17] He is also third in career passing yards and career passing touchdowns.[18][19] Helping lead both the Colts and Broncos to two Super Bowl appearances each, Manning is the only quarterback with multiple Super Bowl starts for different franchises.[20] He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2017 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2021.[21]\nEarly life\nManning went to Isidore Newman School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he led the Greenies football team to a 34–5 record during his three seasons as the starter. He passed for 7,207 yards and 92 touchdowns and rushed for 13 touchdowns while leading the Greenies to the postseason all three years.[22] He was named Gatorade Circle of Champions National Player-of-the-Year and Columbus (Ohio) Touchdown Club National Offensive Player-of-the-Year in 1993.[23] While at Newman, he began wearing the #18 jersey in honor of his older brother Cooper, who had to give up football due to spinal stenosis.[24] Younger brother Eli also wore the number when he became starting quarterback. Newman has since retired the #18 jersey and it can be seen hanging in the school gym.[25] Manning was among the most sought-after high school players in the country and was recruited by about 60 colleges, including Florida, Florida State, LSU, Michigan, Tennessee, Texas, Texas A&M, and his father's alma mater Ole Miss.[26] While in high school, Manning played basketball and baseball in addition to football.[22]\nCollege career\nEight days before signing day, Manning chose to play college football for the University of Tennessee Volunteers under head coach Phillip Fulmer.[27][28] Many fans were surprised that he did not pick the Ole Miss Rebels, for whom his father Archie played and older brother Cooper committed to, with his parents receiving many angry phone calls and letters.[29] He became Tennessee's all-time leading passer with 11,201 yards and 89 touchdowns and won 39 of 45 games as a starter, breaking the Southeastern Conference (SEC) record for career wins.[30][31]\n...", "title": "Peyton Manning - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt", "text": "Colt\nAppearance\nLook up colt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\nColt(s) or COLT may refer to:\n- Colt (horse), an intact (uncastrated) male horse under four years of age\nPeople\n[edit]Places\n[edit]- Colt, Arkansas, United States\n- Colt, Louisiana, an unincorporated community, United States\n- Camp Colt, Pennsylvania, a World War I military installation for United States tank training\n- Colt Island, County Dublin, Ireland\n- Colt Stadium, Houston, Texas, United States\nAcronyms\n[edit]- Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language, a spoken language corpus of English\n- Cell On Light Truck: similar to Cell on wheels, but built on to a small truck, instead of a trailer\n- Combat Observation Laser Teams, an artillery observer responsible for directing laser-guided munitions\n- Computational learning theory, the mathematical field of machine learning algorithms\n- County of Lackawanna Transit System, Pennsylvania, United States\nArts, entertainment, and media\n[edit]- Colts Drum and Bugle Corps, a drum and bugle corps from Dubuque, Iowa\n- The Colt (film), a 2005 television movie\n- The Colt (Supernatural), a fictional firearm depicted in the U.S. television series Supernatural\n- Colt, a character from the Supercell game Brawl Stars\nBrands and enterprises\n[edit]- Colt Group, a smoke control, solar shading and climate control company\n- COLT Studio Group, producers of gay pornography\n- Colt Technology Services, a European telecommunications company\n- Colt's Manufacturing Company, an American firearms company\n- Colt (cigarette), a cigarette brand\nComputing and technology\n[edit]- Colt (libraries), Open Source Libraries for High Performance Scientific and Technical Computing in Java\nSport\n[edit]Mascots\n[edit]- Sanford H. Calhoun High School\n- Covina High School\n- Parkway Central High School\n- West Jessamine High School\n- Thurston High School\nTeams\n[edit]- Augusta Colts, a former indoor football team based in Augusta, Georgia\n- Barrie Colts, an Ontario Hockey League franchise\n- Calgary Colts, a junior football team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada\n- Chicago Cubs, a Major League Baseball franchise known as the Colts from 1890 through 1897\n- Cornwall Colts, a hockey team\n- Cranbrook Colts, a defunct Junior \"A\" and \"B\" hockey team in Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada\n- Devonshire Colts, a football (soccer) club based in Devonshire, Bermuda\n- Houston Colt .45s, former Major League Baseball club, later renamed as the Houston Astros\n- Mountainview Colts a Junior \"B\" ice hockey team based in Didsbury, Alberta, Canada\n- Portland Colts, a former minor league baseball team in Portland, Oregon\n- Richmond Colts, a minor league baseball team based in Richmond, Virginia, on-and-off from 1894 to 1953\n- San Angelo Colts, a professional baseball team based in San Angelo, Texas\n- San Angelo Colts (1948–57 baseball team), a minor league baseball team in San Angelo, Texas\nNational Football League\n[edit]- Baltimore Colts (1947–1950), an All-American Football Conference franchise from 1947 to 1949 that later spent the 1950 season in the NFL\n- Baltimore Colts, a National Football League franchise from 1953 to 1983, afterward relocating to Indianapolis - see History of the Baltimore Colts\n- Indianapolis Colts, a National Football League franchise\nTransportation\n[edit]- Antonov An-2, Russian Army biplane's NATO reporting name\n- Colt, a share taxi used in Indonesia\n- Colt Car Company, the British importer of Mitsubishi Motors, whose products were sold with Colt badges in numerous markets\n- Colt International, a provider of contract aviation fuel and flight planning services\n- Dodge Colt, a captive import version of the Mitsubishi Mirage made from 1970 to 1994\n- Mitsubishi Colt, a supermini built by Mitsubishi Motors\n- Colt Runabout, an early American automobile\n- Piper PA-22-108 Colt, an aircraft used for training pilots\n- Texas Aircraft Colt, a Brazilian design light sport aircraft built in Texas\n- County of Lackawanna Transit System, Pennsylvania, United States\nOther uses\n[...", "title": "Colt - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronco&redirect=no", "text": "Bronco\nAppearance\nRedirect to:\n- From a merge: This is a redirect from a page that was merged into another page. This redirect was kept in order to preserve the edit history of this page after its content was merged into the content of the target page. Please do not remove the tag that generates this text (unless the need to recreate content on this page has been demonstrated) or delete this page.\n- For redirects with substantive page histories that did not result from page merges use {{R with history}} instead.", "title": "Bronco - Wikipedia" } ]	3,007
99	As of 1st August 2024, How much younger is the current youngest US House Representative than the American folk hero who died at the Alamo when they were elected to the US House of Representatives?	14 years younger	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Tabular reasoning \| Multiple constraints \| Temporal reasoning	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives", "text": "List of current United States representatives\nAppearance\n(Redirected from List of current members of the United States House of Representatives)\nThis is a list of individuals serving in the United States House of Representatives (as of January 6, 2026, the 119th Congress).[1] The membership of the House comprises 435 seats for representatives from the 50 states, apportioned by population, as well as six seats for non-voting delegates from U.S. territories and the District of Columbia. As of January 6, 2026[update], there are 431 representatives and 4 vacancies.\nLeadership\n[edit]Presiding officer\n[edit]Majority leadership (Republican)\n[edit]Minority leadership (Democratic)\n[edit]Regional membership\n[edit]Vacancies\n[edit]- Texas 18: Sylvester Turner (D) died on March 5, 2025.[2] The special election was held on November 4, 2025. As no candidate won a majority, a run-off election will be held on January 31, 2026.\n- New Jersey 11: Mikie Sherrill (D) resigned on November 20, 2025, following her election as Governor of New Jersey.[3] The special election will be held on April 16, 2026.\n- Georgia 14: Marjorie Taylor Greene (R) resigned on January 5, 2026.[4] The special election will be held on March 10, 2026.\n- California 1: Doug LaMalfa (R) died on January 6, 2026.[5] The special election will be held on a date yet to be determined.\nPartisan affiliation by state\n[edit]As of January 6, 2026[update], Republicans control 30 state delegations and Democrats control 18 state delegations. Two state delegations (Colorado and Minnesota) are evenly split.\nPartisan affiliation by state\nList of representatives\n[edit]List of delegates\n[edit]See also\n[edit]- List of current United States senators\n- List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service\n- List of United States congressional districts\n- List of United States congressional joint committees\n- List of United States House of Representatives committees\n- Seniority in the United States House of Representatives\n- Shadow congressperson – Delegates of U.S. territories or Washington D.C. seeking statehood\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Directory of Representatives\". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 3, 2025.\n- ^ Wong, Scott; Asghar, Syedah (March 5, 2025). \"Rep. Sylvester Turner, a Texas Democrat, dies at 70\". NBC News. Retrieved March 5, 2025.\n- ^ Sobko, Katie (November 18, 2025). \"Gov-elect Mike Sherrill will resign her 11th Congressional District effective Nov. 20\". NorthJersey.\n- ^ \"Georgia Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene says she will resign in January\". Georgia Recorder. November 21, 2025. Retrieved November 24, 2025.\n- ^ \"Doug LaMalfa, Republican congressman from California, dies at 65\". CBS News. January 6, 2026. Retrieved January 6, 2026.\n- ^ a b \"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress\". United States Congress. Retrieved October 31, 2020.\n- ^ \"David Schweikert (Arizona (AZ)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ \"Julia Brownley (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ \"Karen Bass (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ \"Linda T. Sánchez (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ \"Maxine Waters (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ Service • •, City News (October 31, 2025). \"Reps. Darrell Issa, Ronny Jackson file lawsuit opposing Prop 50\". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved November 2, 2025.\n- ^ \"Scott H. Peters (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved January 14, 2021.\n- ^ \"Juan Vargas (California (CA)), 117th Congress Profile\". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of ...", "title": "List of current United States representatives - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo", "text": "Battle of the Alamo\nThe Battle of the Alamo (February 23 – March 6, 1836) was a pivotal event and military engagement in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege, Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio). About one hundred Texians were garrisoned at the mission at the time, with around a hundred subsequent reinforcements led by eventual Alamo co-commanders James Bowie and William B. Travis. On February 23, approximately 1,500 Mexicans marched into San Antonio de Béxar as the first step in a campaign to retake Texas. In the early morning hours of March 6, the Mexican Army advanced on the Alamo. After repelling two attacks, the Texians were unable to fend off a third attack. As Mexican soldiers scaled the walls, most of the Texian fighters withdrew into interior buildings. Those who were unable to reach these points were slain by the Mexican cavalry as they attempted to escape. Almost all of the Texian inhabitants were killed.\nSeveral noncombatants were sent to Gonzales to spread word of the Texian defeat. The news sparked both a strong rush to join the Texian army and a panic, known as \"The Runaway Scrape\", in which the Texian army, most settlers, and the government of the new, self-proclaimed but officially unrecognized Republic of Texas fled eastward toward the U.S. ahead of the advancing Mexican Army. Santa Anna's execution of surrendering soldiers during the battle inspired many Texians and Tejanos to join the Texian Army. The Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto, on April 21, 1836, ending the conquering of Coahuila y Tejas by the newly formed Republic of Texas.\nWithin Mexico, the battle has often been overshadowed by events from the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. In 19th-century Texas, the Alamo complex gradually became known as a battle site rather than a former mission. The Texas Legislature purchased the land and buildings in the early part of the 20th century and designated the Alamo chapel as an official Texas State Shrine. The Alamo has been the subject of numerous non-fiction works beginning in 1843. Most Americans, however, are more familiar with the myths and legends spread by many of the movie and television adaptations,[6] including the 1950s Disney miniseries Davy Crockett and John Wayne's 1960 film The Alamo.\nBackground\nIn 1835, following the repeal of the federalist 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Mexico adopted Las Siete Leyes (“The Seven Laws”), a new constitutional framework that replaced the First Mexican Republic with a unitary republic officially named the Mexican Republic (Spanish: República Mexicana).[7]\nNew policies such as banning slavery,[8] changes to immigration, and increased enforcement of laws and import tariffs incited many immigrants to revolt.[9] The border region of Mexican Texas was largely populated by immigrants from the United States, some legal but most illegal. Some of these immigrants brought large numbers of slaves with them, so that by 1836, there were approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total non-native population estimated at 38,470.[10] These people were accustomed to a federalist government which made special exemptions from Mexican law exclusively for them, and to extensive individual rights including the right to own slaves. This led to their growing displeasure at Mexico's law enforcement and shift towards centralism[11] when the centralized government ended local federal exemptions to the ban on slavery, previously negotiated by Stephen Austin and others. Already suspicious after previous United States attempts to purchase Mexican Texas,[12] Mexican authorities blamed much of the Texian unrest on United States immigrants, most of whom had entered illegally and made little effort to adapt to the Mexican culture, and who continued the practice of slavery after it had been abolished in Mexico.[13]\nIn October, Texians engaged Mexican troops i...", "title": "Battle of the Alamo - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett", "text": "Davy Crockett\nDavid Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American politician, militia officer and frontiersman. Often referred to in popular culture as the \"King of the Wild Frontier\", he represented Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives and fought in the Texas Revolution.\nCrockett grew up in East Tennessee, where he gained a reputation for hunting and storytelling. He was made a colonel in the militia of Lawrence County, Tennessee, and was elected to the Tennessee state legislature in 1821. In 1827, he was elected to the U.S. Congress where he vehemently opposed many of the policies of President Andrew Jackson, especially the Indian Removal Act. Crockett's opposition to Jackson's policies led to his defeat in the 1831 elections. He was re-elected in 1833, then narrowly lost in 1835, prompting his angry departure to Texas (then the Mexican state of Tejas) shortly thereafter. In early 1836, he took part in the Texas Revolution and died at the Battle of the Alamo. It is unclear whether he died in battle or was executed after being captured by the Mexican Army.[1][2][3]\nCrockett became famous during his lifetime for larger-than-life exploits popularized by stage plays and almanacs. After his death, he continued to be credited with acts of mythical proportion. These led in the 20th century to television and film portrayals, and he became one of the best-known American folk heroes.[4][5]\nFamily and early life\nDavy Crockett was paternally of French and Scotch-Irish descent, while maternally of English descent. The Crocketts were mostly of French-Huguenot ancestry, although the family had settled in Ulster in the north of Ireland before migrating to the Americas.[6] The earliest known paternal ancestor was Gabriel Gustave de Crocketagne, whose son Antoine de Saussure Peronette de Crocketagne was given a commission in the Household Troops under King Louis XIV of France. Antoine married Louise de Saix and emigrated to the Kingdom of Ireland with her, changing the family name to Crockett.[7] Their son Joseph Louis[7] was born and raised in Ireland, possibly being born, according to local tradition, near either Castlederg or Donemana, both villages in the northwest of County Tyrone in the west of Ulster; Joseph Louis Crockett later married Sarah Stewart, who was also from west Ulster, she being an Ulster-Scot from just outside the village of Manorcunningham in the Laggan district in the east of County Donegal.[8] Joseph and Sarah emigrated to New York, where their son William David was born in 1709. He married Elizabeth Boulay. William and Elizabeth's son David (paternal grandfather of Davy Crockett) was born in Pennsylvania and married Elizabeth Hedge. Historical records indicate that David and Elizabeth were the parents of William, David Jr., Robert, Alexander, James, Joseph, and John (the father of Davy Crockett); they may have had additional children whose records have not yet been found.[9][10]\nJohn was born c. 1753 in Frederick County, Virginia.[10] The family moved to Tryon County, North Carolina c. 1768. In 1776, the family moved to northeast Tennessee, in the area of modern Hawkins County.[11] John was one of the Overmountain Men who fought in the Battle of Kings Mountain during the American Revolutionary War.[12] He was away as a militia volunteer in 1777 when his parents David and Elizabeth were killed at their home near modern Rogersville by Creeks and Chickamauga Cherokees led by war chief Dragging Canoe.[13][14] John's brother Joseph was wounded in the skirmish. His brother James was taken prisoner and held for seventeen years.[15]\nJohn married Rebecca Hawkins in 1780.[16] Nine children of John and Rebecca have been verified by historians and Crockett descendants: Nathan, William, Aaron, James, David, John, Elizabeth, Rebecca, and Margaret Catharine.[7][17][18] Their son David (nicknamed Davy) was born August 17, 1786, and was named after John's father.[19] Crockett's English ancestry comes fr...", "title": "Davy Crockett - Wikipedia" } ]	2,963
100	Who was older, the guitar player for the Dugites from 1982-1983 or the lead singer of The Sports?	Andrew Pendlebury	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	Numerical reasoning \| Multiple constraints	['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings']	[ { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dugites", "text": "The Dugites\nThe Dugites were an Australian rock band who formed in the late 1970s and went on to record three albums in the early 1980s. The Dugites combined elements of power pop, new wave and electronic, producing songs with strong melodies, hooks and a smattering of politics. With hit singles \"In Your Car\", \"Waiting\" and \"Juno and Me\", they received extensive airplay, appearances on Countdown[1] and toured nationally around Australia. The band's name refers to the brown venomous snake, the dugite, common to Western Australia.\nHistory\n[edit]Peter Crosbie, originally from Melbourne, had spent time in the UK in the mid-70s and wrote an album's worth of material with Pete Sinfield, which was not released.[2]\nHe returned to Australia, but to Perth rather than Melbourne. The Dugites formed in Perth in 1978 with a line-up of Lynda Nutter on vocals, Peter Crosbie on keyboards, Gunther Berghoffer on guitar, Phillip Bailey on bass and Clarence Bailey on drums. Nutter had been studying English and theatre at university in Perth but curtailed her studies for the sake of the band.[3]\nThe group's sound was influenced by 1960s 'girl groups', Dusty Springfield and records produced by Phil Spector but their songs were often political. One early song, which did not make it to record, was called \"Don't be Born Black in Australia\"; \"No-One Would Listen\" and \"South Pacific\" had anti-nuclear themes.[4]\nIn 1979 The Dugites released an independent single \"Hit Single\"/\"Bruce\", and most of the band toured as the backing band for Dave Warner. The single had been self-financed, but that year they were signed by the Deluxe label distributed by RCA Records. In 1980 Paul Noonan (ex-Dave Warner's from the Suburbs) replaced Phillip Bailey.[5] Their first album The Dugites, produced by Bob Andrews (Graham Parker and the Rumour),[6][7] was released in June 1980 and reached No. 22 on the Australian Album charts.[8] It went on to attain gold status (35 000 copies sold).[5] Three singles were issued from the album, \"In Your Car\"/\"13 Again\" in May 1980, which reached No. 34 on the Australian Singles charts in July,[8] \"Goodbye\"/\"No God, No Master\" in July and \"South Pacific\"/\"Gay Guys\" in October, which reached No. 90.[8] At the 1980 Countdown Music Awards both The Dugites and Nutter received nominations for 'Best New Talent' and 'Most Popular Female' respectively. In December the band were the opening act for Elton John's concert at the Perth Entertainment Centre.[9]\nThe band's second album, West of the World also produced by Andrews,[10][11] was released in July 1981. Once again, tracks covered political themes; \"Part of Me\" was (Crosbie said at the time) \"about land rights and the problems Aboriginals face\" and \"After the Game\" explored a post-nuclear holocaust existence.[12] The album peaked at No. 33 on the Australian album charts and saw the release of two singles, \"Waiting\"/\"Who Loves You More?\", in May 1981, which reached No. 40 and \"Part of Me\"/\"Never Touch\" in September. In mid 1982 Berghoffer left the band and was replaced by guitarist Andrew Pendlebury (ex-The Sports),[13][14] following which the band issued a single, \"No Money\"/\"Decide\" in July on the Rough Diamond label, and the related mini-album, No Money in August.[5] Pendlebury was then replaced by Boris Falovic (aka Boris Garter; ex-Stockings) and Paul Williamson also joined on saxophone.[5] By mid-1983 however the line-up was reduced to Nutter, Crosbie, Bailey and Noonan.[5] In late 1983 Nutter (alongside Joe Camilleri) was working as backing vocalist for Stephen Cummings.[15]\nThe Dugites signed to Mercury/PolyGram and released their third album, Cut The Talking, in April 1984. The album was recorded in Melbourne and the UK, with a British producer, Carey Taylor, and utilising notable British musicians such as saxophonist Mel Collins and the brass section from The Rumour.[16] Three singles were released from the album, \"Cut the Talking\"/\"Michael and Rodney\", in November 1983, \"Juno and Me\"/\"E...", "title": "The Dugites - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pendlebury", "text": "Andrew Pendlebury\nAndrew Scott Pendlebury (born 1952) is an Australian guitarist-songwriter. From 1977 to 1981 was a member of The Sports and from 1986 to 1988 he joined Slaughtermen. He has undertaken other projects and issued four solo albums. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1993, Pendlebury's solo work, Don't Hold Back That Feeling, won the ARIA Award for Best Adult Contemporary Album. From 2003 he has been a member of The Mercurials.\nEarly years\n[edit]Andrew Scott Pendlebury was born in Melbourne, Victoria in 1952 and grew up there.[1][2] His father, Laurence \"Scott\" Pendlebury (1914–1986); and mother, Eleanor Constance \"Nornie\" Gude (8 December 1915 – 24 January 2002); were both visual artists.[3][4] His older sister, Anne Lorraine Pendlebury (born 21 August 1946),[5] became a stage, film and TV actress.[3][4] In May 1953 Scott won the Dunlop Art Contest, with a first prize of A£300, ahead of Arthur Boyd.[6]\nFrom the age of four years Pendlebury studied classical violin learning Bach and Vivaldi.[7] After completing secondary education, Pendlebury followed his parents into visual arts and exhibited art works, which were \"mainly impressionistic-style landscapes\".[1] Inspired by Django Reinhardt and Jimi Hendrix, Pendlebury taught himself guitar and began a career in music.[7] By 1979 Anne appeared in the ABC-TV drama series, Twenty Good Years.[8] Scott's portrait of his two children, Anne and Drew Pendlebury (actress and musician respectively), was a finalist for the 1979 Archibald Prize.[8]\nIn the mid-1970s Pendlebury was a member of The Sharks with Peter Crosbie on keyboards. In 1976 he joined an R&B, country outfit, The Myriad Band, with Carrl Myriad on guitar and vocals, Mark Ferrie on bass guitar, Phil Smith on drums, and Chris Wilson on organ.[1][9] This line-up provided three live tracks, \"Ballad of the Station Hotel\", \"Rock 'n' Roll Highway\" and \"Glenrowan\", for a Various Artists album, Live at the Station (1977).[1]\nCareer\n[edit]1977–1987: The Sports, The Dugites, Slaughtermen\n[edit]In August 1977 Andrew Pendlebury left Myriad to join an R&B, rockabilly group, The Sports.[1][10][11] The Sports had formed a year earlier with Stephen Cummings on lead vocals, Ed Bates on guitar, Paul Hitchins on drums, Robert Glover (ex-Myriad) on bass guitar and Jim Niven on piano.[10] Upon joining Pendlebury also assisted Cummings with songwriting.[10][11] The band released their first album, Reckless, in 1978 on Mushroom Records, which peaked at No. 43 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart.[12] It provided four charting singles.[12] \"Who Listens to the Radio\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,[13] peaked at No. 45 on the United States Billboard Pop Singles chart in November 1979.[14]\nTheir second album, Don't Throw Stones, consolidated their Australian chart success, peaking at No. 9,[12] Their third album, Suddenly, featured a slicker, more pop sound, and charted at No. 74.[10][12] During his time with The Sports, Pendlebury worked on side projects, including The Gentlemen with Bates, Wayne Duncan (Daddy Cool) on bass guitar, and Freddie Strauks (Skyhooks) on drums.[1][9] The Sports fourth album, Sondra (No. 20), was released in 1981.[10][12] By the end of 1981 The Sports had disbanded.[10]\nPendlebury spent a year with The Dugites alongside The Sharks' bandmate, Crosbie on keyboards and backing vocals, and Lynda Nutter on lead vocals.[1][9] During his brief tenure they issued the related mini-album, No Money (August 1982).[15] In 1983 he joined the Stephen Cummings Band reuniting with Cummings and Ferrie.[1][9] Pendlebury played on Cummings' first solo album Senso (released August 1984)[16][17] and subsequent three albums, This Wonderful Life (September 1986), Lovetown (January 1988) and A New Kind of Blue (March 1989). Pendlebury also toured Australia with Stephen Cummings' Lovetown.\nFrom 1986 Andrew Pendlebury joined a post-punk, Southern gospel group, Slaughtermen, with Ferrie, Ian Stephen on vocals, piano and orga...", "title": "Andrew Pendlebury - Wikipedia" }, { "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Cummings", "text": "Stephen Cummings\nStephen Donald Cummings[1] (born 13 September 1954) is an Australian rock singer and songwriter. He was the lead singer of Melbourne-based rock band the Sports from 1976 to 1981,[2] followed by a solo career which has met with critical acclaim but has had limited commercial success.[3][4] He has written two novels, Wonderboy (1996) and Stay Away from Lightning Girl (1999), and a memoir, Will It Be Funny Tomorrow, Billy (2009).[5] In 2014 a documentary film, Don't Throw Stones, based on his memoir premiered as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival.\nEarly years\n[edit]Stephen Cummings was born in 1954 in Melbourne and grew up in the suburb of Camberwell. He was the vocalist for Ewe and the Merinos.[6]\nCareer\n[edit]The Pelaco Brothers\n[edit]The Pelaco Brothers formed in 1974, with Cummings on vocals, Joe Camilleri on saxophone and vocals, Peter Lillie on guitar and vocals, Johnny Topper on bass guitar, Karl Wolfe on drums and Chris Worrall on guitar.[6][7] They played \"rock-a-billy, country swing and R&B which recalled American outfits like Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen and Dan Hicks and his Hot Licks. Yet, the band's delivery presented a fiercely Australian outlook\".[6] Only existing for 18 months, they later included Ed Bates on guitar and Peter Martin on slide guitar,[7] their posthumous releases were The Notorious Pelaco Brothers Show a live six-track Extended Play on the Ralph imprint (a completely different entity from the San Francisco label) in June 1977 and three studio tracks for a various artists release, The Autodrifters and The Relaxed Mechanics Meet The Fabulous Nudes and The Pelaco Bros, in June 1978 on Missing Link Records.[6] The Pelaco Brothers disbanded in late 1975. Camilleri went on to form Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons, Lillie formed Relaxed Mechanics and Topper formed the Fabulous Nudes. Lillie, Topper and Wolfe were all in the Autodrifters.[6] Meanwhile, Steve Cummings and Bates formed the Sports in 1976[6]\nThe Sports\n[edit]The Sports were a new wave band formed in 1976 by Cummings and former Pelaco Brothers bandmate Ed Bates, with Robert Glover (former Myriad) on bass guitar, Jim Niven on piano (former the Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band)[8] with Paul Hitchins on drums.[2] Their early sets contained covers of Chuck Berry, Billy Emerson, Don Covay, Company Caine and Graham Parker.[2] Original songs, mostly written by Cummings and Bates, completed their sets.[2] The Sports' debut recording was the EP Fair Game in early 1977.[2] A friend in London posted the record to New Musical Express which declared it \"Record Of The Week\".[9] Andrew Pendlebury (ex-Myriad) joined on guitar in August 1977 and assisted Cummings with songwriting.[2][10] Cummings brought in Martin Armiger on guitar, vocals and songwriting to replace Bates in August 1978.[2] The Sports had top 30 hits on the Australian Kent Music Report singles charts with \"Don't Throw Stones\" (1979), \"Strangers on a Train\" (1980) and \"How Come\" (1981);[11] and top 20 albums with Don't Throw Stones (#9, 1979), Suddenly (No. 13, 1980) and Sondra (1981).[11] \"Who Listens to the Radio?\", co-written by Cummings and Pendlebury,[12] peaked at No. 35 on the Australian singles charts in 1978,[11] and was their only hit on the United States Billboard pop singles chart, peaking at No. 45 in November 1979.[13][14]\nSolo career\n[edit]After the Sports had disbanded in late 1981, Cummings formed a \"part-time\" band, A Ring of Truth, with Robert Glover (also the Sports), Peter Luscombe (Tinsley Waterhouse), Wilbur Wilde (Ol '55, Jo Jo Zep and the Falcons) and Les Stackpool (In-Focus).[15] Stackpool was soon replaced by Peter Laffy (Mondo Rock).[15] According to Tharunka's Diane Livesey, \"[they were Cummings] way of relieving boredom for a while and inflicting 'the modern face of cabaret' upon an unsuspecting public ... The only way to describe them is 'truly wonderful'.\"[15] By late March 1982, Cummings had left that group.[15] He spent the rest...", "title": "Stephen Cummings - Wikipedia" } ]	3,273

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