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If my future wife has the same first name as the 15th first lady of the United States' mother and her surname is the same as the second assassinated president's mother's maiden name, what is my future wife's name?
|
Jane Ballou
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield
| null | null | null | null | null | null |
Multiple constraints
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States",
"text": "President of the United States\nThe president of the United States (POTUS)[b] is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.\nThe power of the presidency has grown[12] since the first president, George Washington, took office in 1789.[6] While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasing role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, carrying over into the 21st century with some expansions during the presidencies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and George W. Bush.[13][14] In the 21st century, the president is one of the world's most powerful political figures and the leader of the world's only remaining superpower.[15][16][17] As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power. For much of the 20th century, especially during the Cold War, the U.S. president was often called \"the leader of the free world\".[18]\nArticle II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government and vests executive power in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law and the responsibility to appoint federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers. Based on constitutional provisions empowering the president to appoint and receive ambassadors and conclude treaties with foreign powers, and on subsequent laws enacted by Congress, the modern presidency has primary responsibility for conducting U.S. foreign policy. The role includes responsibility for directing the world's most expensive military, which has the second-largest nuclear arsenal.\nThe president also plays a leading role in federal legislation and domestic policymaking. As part of the system of separation of powers, Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation. Since modern presidents are typically viewed as leaders of their political parties, major policymaking is significantly shaped by the outcome of presidential elections, with presidents taking an active role in promoting their policy priorities to members of Congress who are often electorally dependent on the president.[19] Over time, presidents have also made increasing use of executive orders, agency regulations, and judicial appointments to shape domestic policy.\nThe president is elected through the Electoral College to a four-year term, along with the vice president. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, ratified in 1951, no person who has been elected to two presidential terms may be elected to a third. In addition, nine vice presidents have become president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.[c] In all, 45 individuals have served 47 presidencies spanning 60 four-year terms.[d] Donald Trump is the 47th and current president since January 20, 2025.[21]\nHistory and development\nOrigins\nIn July 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, represented at the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, unanimously adopted the United States Declaration of Independence in which the colonies declared themselves to be independent sovereign states and no longer under British rule.[22] The affirmation was made in the Declaration of Independence, which was written predominantly by Thomas Jefferson and adopted unanimously on July 4, 1776, by the Second Continental Congress. Recognizing the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British,[23] the Continental Congress simultaneously began the process of drafting a constitution that would bind the states together. There were long debates on a number of issues, including representation and voting, and the exact powers to be given the central government.[24] Congress finished work on the Articles of Confederation to establish a ...",
"title": "President of the United States - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan",
"text": "James Buchanan\nJames Buchanan Jr. (/bjuːˈkænən/ ⓘ bew-KAN-ən;[3] April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th president of the United States, serving from 1857 to 1861. He also served as the 17th United States secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Buchanan was an advocate for states' rights, particularly regarding slavery, and minimized the role of the federal government preceding the American Civil War.\nBuchanan was a lawyer in Pennsylvania and won his first election to the state's House of Representatives as a member of the Federalist Party. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1820 and retained that post for five terms, aligning with Andrew Jackson's Democratic Party. Buchanan served as Jackson's minister to Russia in 1832. He was elected a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania in 1834 and served for 11 years. He was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk's secretary of state in 1845, and eight years later was named as President Franklin Pierce's minister to the United Kingdom.\nBeginning in 1844, Buchanan became a regular contender for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. He was nominated and won the 1856 presidential election. As President, Buchanan intervened to assure the Supreme Court's majority ruling in the pro-slavery decision in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. He acceded to Southern attempts to engineer the Kansas Territory's entry into the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution, and angered not only Republicans, but also Northern Democrats. Buchanan honored his pledge to serve only one term and supported his Vice President John C. Breckinridge's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election. He failed to reconcile the fractured Democratic Party amid the grudge against Stephen A. Douglas, leading to the election of Republican and former Congressman Abraham Lincoln.\nBuchanan's leadership during his lame duck period, before the American Civil War, has been widely criticized. He simultaneously angered the North by not stopping secession and the South by not yielding to their demands. Buchanan supported the Corwin Amendment in an effort to reconcile the country. He made an unsuccessful attempt to reinforce Fort Sumter, but otherwise refrained from preparing the military. His failure to forestall the American Civil War has been described as incompetence, and he spent his last years defending his reputation. Historians and scholars rank him as among the worst presidents in American history.\nEarly life\n[edit]Childhood and education\n[edit]James Buchanan Jr. was born into a Scotch-Irish family on April 23, 1791, in a log cabin on a farm called Stony Batter, near Cove Gap in the Allegheny Mountains of southern Pennsylvania.[4] He was the second of eleven children with six sisters and four brothers, and the eldest son of James Buchanan Sr. and Elizabeth Speer.[5] James Buchanan Sr. was an Ulster-Scot from just outside Ramelton, a small town in County Donegal, Ireland, who emigrated to the newly formed United States in 1783.[6][7] He belonged to the Clan Buchanan, whose members had emigrated in large numbers from the Scottish Highlands to Ulster during the Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century and, later, largely because of poverty and persecution by the Crown due to their Presbyterian faith, had further emigrated in large numbers to America from the early eighteenth century onwards. Shortly after Buchanan's birth, the family relocated to a farm near Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and later settled in the town in 1794. His father became the area's wealthiest resident, working as a merchant, farmer, and real estate investor. Buchanan attributed his early education primarily to his mother, whereas his father had a greater influence on his character. His mother had discussed politics with him as a child and had an interest in poetry, quoting John Milton and William Shakespeare to Buchanan.[5]\nBuchanan att...",
"title": "James Buchanan - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Lane",
"text": "Harriet Lane\nHarriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903) acted as first lady of the United States during the administration of her uncle, president James Buchanan, from 1857 to 1861. She has been described as the first of the modern first ladies, being a diplomatic hostess, whose dress-styles were copied, and who promoted deserving causes. In her will, she left funds for a new school on the grounds of Washington National Cathedral. Several ships have been named in her honor, including the cutter USCGC Harriet Lane, still in service.\nStatus\n[edit]Lane is the only person to have served as First Lady to a bachelor president, Buchanan being the only U.S. president never to have married. She is among 11 women who have served as First Lady, but were not married to the president, with most of the other women being relatives of widowed presidents.[citation needed]\nEarly life\n[edit]Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. She lost her mother when she was nine; when her father's death two years later made her an orphan, she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed as her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charles Town, Virginia (later for two years at the Georgetown Visitation Monastery in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C.). By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and, as he had promised, he introduced her to fashionable and political circles.\nIn 1854, she joined him in London, where he was minister to the Court of St. James's. Queen Victoria gave \"dear Miss Lane\" the rank of ambassador's wife; admiring suitors gave her the fame of a beauty. In appearance, \"Hal\" Lane was of medium height, with masses of light, almost golden-colored hair. She had eyes that were described as \"violet colored\".[1]\nActing First Lady of the United States\n[edit]The capital welcomed its new \"Democratic Queen\" to the White House in 1857. Harriet was a popular hostess during the four years of the Buchanan presidency. Women copied her hair and clothing styles (especially when she lowered the neckline on her inaugural gown by 2.5 inches), parents named their daughters for her, and a popular song (\"Listen to the Mockingbird\") was dedicated to her. While in the White House, she used her position to promote social causes, such as improving the living conditions of Native Americans in reservations. She also made a point of inviting artists and musicians to White House functions. For both her popularity and her advocacy work, she has been described as the first of the modern first ladies, and her popularity at the time is compared to that of Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1960s.[2] The presidential yacht was named for her—the first of several ships to be named after her, one of which remains in service.\nAs sectional tensions increased, she worked out seating arrangements for her weekly formal dinner parties with special care, to give dignitaries their proper precedence and still keep political foes apart. Her tact did not falter, but her task became impossible—as did her uncle's. Seven states had seceded by the time Buchanan retired from office and returned with his niece to his spacious country home, Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania.\nIn the 1982 Siena College Research Institute survey asking historians to assess American first ladies, Lane and several other \"acting\" first ladies were included. The first ladies survey, which has been conducted periodically since, ranks first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president. In the 1982 survey, out of 42 first ladies and acting first ladies, Lane was assessed a...",
"title": "Harriet Lane - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office",
"text": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office\nSince the office was established in 1789, 45 individuals have served as president of the United States.[a] Of these, eight have died in office,[1] of whom four were assassinated and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is now governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, \"the Vice President shall become President\" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns.[2] The initial authorization for this practice was provided by Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, of the U.S. Constitution.[b][2]\nThe first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia.[3] The second U.S. president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis.[4] Abraham Lincoln was the third U.S. president to die in office, and was the first to be assassinated. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning.[5] Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for 79 days before dying on September 19, 1881.[6]\nOn September 14, 1901, William McKinley died, eight days after being shot by Leon Czolgosz.[7] Next, Warren G. Harding suffered a heart attack, and died on August 2, 1923.[8] On April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt (who had just begun his fourth term in office) collapsed and died as a result of a cerebral hemorrhage.[9] The most recent U.S. president to die in office was John F. Kennedy, who was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.[10]\n1841: William Henry Harrison\n[edit]On March 26, 1841, William Henry Harrison became ill with a cold after being caught in a torrential downpour without cover. His symptoms grew progressively worse over the ensuing two days, at which time a team of doctors was called in to treat him.[11] After making a diagnosis of right lower lobe pneumonia, they proceeded to place heated suction cups on his bare torso and to administer a series of bloodlettings, to supposedly draw out the disease.[12] When those procedures failed to bring about improvement, the doctors treated him with ipecac, Castor oil, calomel, and finally with a boiled mixture of crude petroleum and Virginia snakeroot. All this only weakened Harrison further.[11]\nInitially, no official announcement was made concerning Harrison's illness, which, the longer he remained out of public view, fueled public speculation and concern. By the end of the month large crowds were gathering outside the White House, holding vigil while awaiting any news about the president's condition.[11] On the evening of April 4, 1841, nine days after becoming ill,[13] and exactly one month after his inauguration, Harrison died at age 68.[12] His last words were to his attending doctor, though assumed to be directed at Vice President John Tyler:\nSir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more.[14]\nA 30-day period of mourning commenced following the president's death. Various public ceremonies, modeled after European royal funeral practices, were held. An invitation-only funeral service was also held, on April 7, in the East Room of the White House, after which Harrison's coffin was brought to Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C., where it was placed in a temporary receiving vault.[15]\nThat June, Harrison's body was transported by train and river barge to North Bend, Ohio. Then, on July 7, 1841, the nation's 9th president was buried in a family tomb at the summit of Mt. Nebo, overlooking the Ohio River – the William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial.[16]\nHarrison's death sparked a brief constitutio...",
"title": "List of presidents of the United States who died in office - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield",
"text": "James A. Garfield\nJames Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 1881 until his death in September that year after being shot in July. A preacher, lawyer, and Civil War general, Garfield served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives and is the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before running for the presidency, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly, declining the position upon becoming president-elect.\nGarfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in northeast Ohio. After graduating from Williams College in 1856, he studied law and became an attorney. Garfield was a preacher in the Restoration Movement and president of the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute, affiliated with the Disciples.[a] He was elected as a Republican member of the Ohio State Senate in 1859, serving until 1861. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th district. Throughout his congressional service, Garfield firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed with Radical Republican views on Reconstruction but later favored a Moderate Republican–aligned approach to civil rights enforcement for freedmen. Garfield's aptitude for mathematics extended to his own proof of the Pythagorean theorem, published in 1876, and his advocacy of using statistics to inform government policy.\nAt the 1880 Republican National Convention, delegates chose Garfield, who had not sought the White House, as a compromise presidential nominee on the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, he conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield's accomplishments as president included his assertion of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments, a purge of corruption in the Post Office, and his appointment of a Supreme Court justice. He advocated for agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reforms, which were passed by Congress in 1883 as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur. Garfield was a member of the intraparty \"Half-Breed\" faction that used the powers of the presidency to defy the powerful \"Stalwart\" Senator Roscoe Conkling from New York. He did this by appointing Blaine faction leader William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York. The ensuing political battle resulted in Robertson's confirmation and the resignations of Conkling and Thomas C. Platt from the Senate.\nOn July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, a deluded office seeker. He died on September 19 from infections related to the wounds and was succeeded by Vice President Chester A. Arthur. Due to Garfield's brief term in office and lack of major changes during his tenure, historians tend to rank him as a below-average president or omit his name entirely from rankings, though some view Garfield's potential favorably, praising him for anti-corruption and pro-civil rights stances.[2]\nChildhood and early life\n[edit]James Abram Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, which later became Moreland Hills, Ohio.[b] Garfield's ancestor Edward Garfield migrated from Hillmorton, Warwickshire, England, to Massachusetts around 1630. James's father Abraham was born in Worcester, New York, and came to Ohio to woo his childhood sweetheart, Mehitabel Ballou, only to find her married. He instead wed her sister Eliza, who was born in New Hampshire. James was named after an earlier ...",
"title": "James A. Garfield - Wikipedia"
}
] | 4,390
|
1
|
Imagine there is a building called Bronte tower whose height in feet is the same number as the dewey decimal classification for the Charlotte Bronte book that was published in 1847. Where would this building rank among tallest buildings in New York City, as of August 2024?
|
37th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB",
"text": "Charlotte Brontë\nCharlotte Nicholls (née Brontë; 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855), commonly known by her maiden name Charlotte Brontë (/ˈʃɑːrlət ˈbrɒnti/, commonly /-teɪ/),[1] was an English novelist and poet, and was the elder sister of Emily, Anne and Branwell Brontë. She is best known for her novel Jane Eyre, which was first published under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Jane Eyre was a great success on publication, and has since become known as a classic of English literature.\nCharlotte was the third of six siblings born to Maria Branwell, the daughter of a Cornish merchant, and Patrick Brontë, an Irish clergyman. Maria died when Charlotte was only five years old, and three years later, Charlotte was sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire, along with her three sisters, Maria, Elizabeth and Emily. Conditions at the school were appalling, with frequent outbreaks of disease. Charlotte's two elder sisters fell ill there and died shortly afterwards at home; Charlotte attributed her own lifelong ill-health to her time at Cowan Bridge, and later used it as the model for Lowood School in Jane Eyre.\nIn 1831, Charlotte became a pupil at Roe Head School in Mirfield, but left the following year in order to teach her sisters, Emily and Anne, at home. In 1835, Charlotte returned to Roe Head as a teacher. In 1839, she accepted a job as governess to a local family, but left after a few months.\nIn 1842, Charlotte joined the Heger Pensionnat, a girls' boarding school in Brussels, as a student, then later as a teacher, in the hope of acquiring the skills required to open a school of her own. However, she was obliged to leave after falling in love with the school's director, Constantin Heger, a married man, who inspired both the character of Rochester in Jane Eyre, and Charlotte's first novel, The Professor.\nCharlotte, Emily and Anne then attempted to open a school in Haworth, but failed to attract pupils. In 1846 the sisters published a collection of poems under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Although Charlotte's first novel, The Professor, was rejected by publishers, her second novel, Jane Eyre, was published in 1847, attracting both praise and controversy. The sisters' true identities were revealed in 1848, and by the following year Charlotte was known in London literary circles.\nIn 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate. She became pregnant shortly after her wedding in June 1854, but died on 31 March 1855, possibly of tuberculosis, although there is evidence that she may have died from hyperemesis gravidarum, a complication of pregnancy.\nEarly years and education\n[edit]Charlotte Brontë was born on 21 April 1816, the third of six children born to Maria Branwell, the daughter of an affluent grocer and tea merchant from Cornwall,[2] and Patrick Brontë (born Brunty) an Anglican curate.[3] Patrick Brontë was one of ten children born to a poor Irish family, and, having shown both ambition and an aptitude for learning, had been educated in Latin and Greek by a local clergyman before earning a place at St John's College, Cambridge.[4] Maria Branwell was from a more prosperous background, and her letters to Patrick remain the primary source of information about her.[5] The couple were married at St Oswald's Church in Guiseley in December 1812. In 1815 Patrick took a new position in the Yorkshire village of Thornton, near Bradford,[6] where Charlotte and her siblings were born.[7]\nHaworth\n[edit]In 1820, Maria and Patrick moved with their six young children, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Branwell, Emily and Anne, to the village of Haworth, on the edge of the Yorkshire moors, where Patrick had been offered the position of perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. His salary was modest, but the post came with the use of a parsonage overlooking the churchyard and the moors.[8] Patrick, as an Irish immigrant, struggled to be accepted in Haworth, and his children, who at first sha...",
"title": "Charlotte Brontë - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre",
"text": "Jane Eyre\nJane Eyre (/ɛər/ AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published under her pen name \"Currer Bell\" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published in January 1848 by Harper & Brothers of New York.[2] Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman that follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.[3]\nThe novel revolutionised prose fiction, being the first to focus on the moral and spiritual development of its protagonist through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity. Charlotte Brontë has been called[by whom?] the \"first historian of the private consciousness\" and the literary ancestor of writers such as Marcel Proust and James Joyce.[4]\nThe book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many[who?] to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion and feminism.[5][6] Jane Eyre, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels.[7] It is considered one of the greatest novels in the English language,[8] and in 2003 was ranked as the tenth best-loved book in Britain by the BBC in The Big Read poll.\nPlot\n[edit]Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters. It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, consisting of chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38.\nThe second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray.\nThe novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character. Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820).[a] It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. Throughout these sections it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo.\nThe five stages of Jane's life are as follows:\nGateshead Hall\n[edit]Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish. Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus. Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane. Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden. Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane. As a result Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement. The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly. Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood. One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost. The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the \"ambiguous relationship between parents and children\" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel.[9] She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary, Mr Lloyd, to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall. He recommends to Mrs Reed that Ja...",
"title": "Jane Eyre - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City",
"text": "List of tallest buildings in New York City\nAppearance\nNew York City is the most populous city in the United States, with a metropolitan area population of over 19 million as of 2025. Its skyline is one of the largest in the world, and the largest in the United States, in North America, and in the Western Hemisphere. Throughout the 20th century, New York City's skyline was by far the largest in the world. New York City is home to more than 7,000 completed high-rise buildings of at least 115 feet (35 m),[5] of which at least 106 are taller than 650 feet (198 m). The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises 1,776 feet (541 m).[6][7][8] The 104-story[B] skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest building in the world.[6][7]\nThe city is home to many of the earliest skyscrapers, which began to appear towards the end of the 19th century. A major construction surge in the 1920s saw the completion of some of the tallest skyscrapers in the world at the time, including the Chrysler Building in 1930 and the Empire State Building in 1931 in Midtown Manhattan. At 1,250 feet (381 m) and 102-stories, the Empire State Building stood as the tallest building in the world for almost four decades; it remains among the city's most recognizable skyscrapers today.[9] Following a lull in skyscraper development during the 1930s to 1950s, construction steadily returned. The Empire State Building was dethroned as the world's tallest building in 1970, when the 1,368-foot (417 m) North Tower of the original World Trade Center surpassed it.[10] The North Tower, along with its twin the South Tower, held this title only briefly as they were both surpassed by the Willis Tower (then Sears Tower) in Chicago in 1973. The Twin Towers remained the tallest buildings in New York City until they were destroyed in the September 11 attacks in 2001.[11][12]\nStarting from the mid-2000s, New York City would undergo an unprecedented skyscraper boom. The new One World Trade Center, part of the redevelopment of the World Trade Center, began construction in 2006 and was completed in 2014. It surpassed the Empire State Building as the city's tallest, and overtook the Willis Tower to become the tallest building in the United States.[7][13] In Midtown Manhattan, a luxury residential boom led to the completion of Central Park Tower, the second-tallest building in the city at 1,550 feet (472 m), with the highest roof of any building outside Asia; 111 West 57th Street, the city's third-tallest building and the world's most slender skyscraper at 1,428 feet (435 m), and 432 Park Avenue, the city's fifth-tallest building at 1,397 feet (426 m). The tallest office skyscraper in Midtown, One Vanderbilt, is the fourth-tallest building in the city at 1,401 feet (427 m). The second tallest, 270 Park Avenue, opened in 2025 as the headquarters of JPMorgan Chase. The Hudson Yards redevelopment added over fifteen skyscrapers to Manhattan's West Side.\nThe majority of skyscrapers in New York City are concentrated in its two primary business districts, Midtown Manhattan and Lower Manhattan, with Midtown having more skyscrapers, including 15 of the city's 18 supertall skyscrapers when Hudson Yards is included. New York City has the third-most supertall skyscrapers in the world. Other neighborhoods of Manhattan and the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx are also home to a substantial number of high-rises. A popular misconception holds that the relative lack of skyscrapers between Lower and Midtown Manhattan is due to the depth of the bedrock beneath the two areas.[14][15] Since the 2010s, an increasing number of skyscrapers have been built in Downtown Brooklyn and Long Island City, as well as along the East River in Brooklyn and Queens.\nHistory\n[edit]Early skyscrapers\n[edit]The history of skyscrapers in New York City began with the construction of the Equitable Life, W...",
"title": "List of tallest buildings in New York City - Wikipedia"
}
] | 2,892
|
2
|
How many years earlier would Punxsutawney Phil have to be canonically alive to have made a Groundhog Day prediction in the same state as the US capitol?
|
87
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punxsutawney_Phil",
"text": "Punxsutawney Phil\nPunxsutawney Phil (/ˌpʌŋksəˈtɔːni/) is a groundhog residing in Young Township near Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, United States, who is the central figure in Punxsutawney's annual Groundhog Day celebration.\nFolklore\n[edit]On February 2 each year,[1] Punxsutawney holds a civic festival with music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) southeast of the town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks of winter-like weather.[1] If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"early spring.\"[2] Punxsutawney's event is the most famous of many Groundhog Day festivals held in the United States and Canada. The event formally began in 1887, although its roots go back even further.[3]\nThe event is based upon a communal light-hearted suspension of disbelief which extends to the assertion that the same groundhog has been making predictions since the 19th century.\nThe event is organized by the \"Inner Circle\" – recognizable by their top hats and tuxedos – who ostensibly communicate with Phil to receive his prediction. The vice president of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At daybreak on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and purportedly explains to the president of the Inner Circle, in a language known as \"Groundhogese\",[3] whether he has seen his shadow. The president of the Inner Circle, the only person able to understand Groundhogese through his possession of an ancient acacia wood cane, then interprets Phil's message, and directs the vice president to read the proper scroll to the crowd gathered on Gobbler's Knob and the masses of \"phaithphil phollowers\" tuned in to live broadcasts around the world.[4]\nOutside of Groundhog Day, Phil resides with a mate, Phyllis, at the Punxsutawney Memorial Library in a climate-controlled environment. In March 2024, the Inner Circle announced that Phil had sired two babies, the first time in the history of the event that such a siring had happened; the birth surprised the Inner Circle, which had assumed that groundhogs do not breed in captivity. As a result of the births, the family will move permanently to Gobbler's Knob. The Inner Circle disowned the babies from ever inheriting their father's position.[5]\nPunxsutawney Phil traditions\n[edit]The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other weather-predicting groundhogs are impostors.[6] It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.[6]\nAccording to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in the language of 'Groundhogese', which supposedly only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated and revealed to all.[6]\nThe Groundhog Day celebration is rooted in Germanic tradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Christian celebration of Candlemas, winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.[7] When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs. Several other towns in the region hold similar Groundhog Day events.\nPhil first rec...",
"title": "Punxsutawney Phil - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Capitol",
"text": "United States Capitol\nThe United States Capitol, often called the Capitol or the Capitol Building, is the seat of the United States Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Although no longer at the geographic center of the national capital, the U.S. Capitol forms the origin point for the street-numbering system of the district as well as its four quadrants. Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a neoclassical style and has a white exterior.\nCentral sections of the present building were completed in 1800, when the 6th U.S. Congress convened there on November 17, 1800, moving the national capital from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C.. The building was partly destroyed in the 1814 Burning of Washington by the British, then was fully restored within five years. The building was enlarged during the 19th century, by extending the wings for the chambers for the bicameral legislature as more states were admitted to the union, with the House of Representatives housed in the south wing and the Senate housed in the north wing. The massive dome was completed around 1866 just after the American Civil War. The east front portico was extended in 1958. The building's Visitors Center was opened in the early 21st century.\nBoth its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts, although only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries, while the west front is now used for presidential inauguration ceremonies. The building and grounds are overseen by the architect of the Capitol, who also oversees the surrounding Capitol Complex.\nHistory\n[edit]18th century\n[edit]Prior to establishing the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., the United States Congress and its predecessors met at Independence Hall and Congress Hall in Philadelphia; Federal Hall in New York City, and five additional locations: York, Pennsylvania; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland; Nassau Hall in Princeton, New Jersey; and Trenton, New Jersey.[3] In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, which met from May 1775 to March 1781.\nAfter adopting the Articles of Confederation in York, Pennsylvania, the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783, when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall, demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War. Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21, 1783,[4] and met in Annapolis, Maryland, and Trenton, New Jersey, before ending up in New York City.\nThe U.S. Congress was established upon ratification of the U.S. Constitution and formally began on March 4, 1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790,[5] when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. The decision of where to locate the capital was contentious, but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War, in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years (until December 1800), until the nation's capital in Washington, D.C., would be ready.[6]\nPierre L'Enfant was charged with creating the city plan for the new capital city and the major public buildings.[7] ...",
"title": "United States Capitol - Wikipedia"
}
] | 1,766
|
3
|
As of August 1, 2024, which country were holders of the FIFA World Cup the last time the UEFA Champions League was won by a club from London?
|
France
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup",
"text": "FIFA World Cup\nThe FIFA World Cup, often called the World Cup, is an international association football competition among the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The tournament has been held every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, with the exception of 1942 and 1946 due to the Second World War. The reigning champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 World Cup by defeating France.[1]\nThe contest starts with the qualification phase, which takes place over the preceding three years to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase. In the tournament phase, 32 teams compete for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over the course of about a month. The host nation(s) automatically qualify for the group stage of the tournament. The competition is scheduled to expand to 48 teams, starting with the 2026 World Cup.\nAs of the 2022 World Cup, 22 final tournaments have been held since the event's inception in 1930, and a total of 80 national teams have competed. The trophy has been won by eight national teams. With five wins, Brazil is the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina, with three titles; France and inaugural winner Uruguay, each with two titles; and England and Spain, with one title each.\nThe World Cup is globally regarded as the most prestigious association football competition, as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world.[2][3] The viewership of the 2018 World Cup was estimated to be 3.57 billion, close to half of the global population,[4][5] while the engagement with the 2022 World Cup was estimated to be 5 billion, with about 1.5 billion people watching the final match.[6]\nEighteen countries have hosted the World Cup, most recently Qatar, who hosted the 2022 event. The 2026 tournament will be jointly hosted by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to host games in three World Cups.\nHistory\nPrevious international competitions\nThe world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England.[7] The first international tournament for nations, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884 and included games between England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.[8] As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the start of the 20th century, it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics; however, the International Olympic Committee has retroactively upgraded their status to official events, as well as the 1906 Intercalated Games.[9]\nAfter FIFA was founded in 1904, it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906. These were very early days for international football, and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been unsuccessful.[10]\nAt the 1908 Summer Olympics in London, football became an official Olympic sport. Planned by the Football Association (the FA), England's football governing body, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. Great Britain (represented by the England national amateur football team) won the gold medals. They repeated the feat at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.[11]\nWith the Olympic event continuing to be a contest between amateur teams only, Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909. The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs (not national teams) from different nations, each of which represented an entire nation. The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup,[12] and featured the most ...",
"title": "FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London",
"text": "London\nLondon[c] is the capital and largest city[d] of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of 9.1 million people in 2024.[2] Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Western Europe, with a population of 15.1 million.[4] London stands on the River Thames in southeast England, at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) tidal estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for nearly 2,000 years.[7] Its ancient core and financial centre, the City of London, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and has retained its medieval boundaries.[e][8] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has been the centuries-long host of the national government and parliament. London grew rapidly in the 19th century, becoming the world's largest city at the time. Since the 19th century[9] the name \"London\" has referred to the metropolis around the City of London, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire,[10] which since 1965 has largely comprised the administrative area of Greater London, governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[f][11]\nAs one of the world's major global cities,[12][13] London exerts a strong influence on world art, entertainment, fashion, commerce, finance, education, healthcare, media, science, technology, tourism, transport and communications.[14][15] London is Europe's largest city economy[16] and one of the world's major financial centres.[17] London hosts Europe's largest concentration of higher education institutions,[18] comprising over 50 universities and colleges and enrolling more than 500,000 students in 2023.[19] It is home to several of the world's leading academic institutions; Imperial College London, internationally recognised for its excellence in natural and applied sciences, and University College London (UCL), a comprehensive research-intensive university, consistently rank among the top ten globally.[20][21] Other notable institutions include King's College London (KCL), highly regarded in law, humanities and health sciences; the London School of Economics (LSE), globally prominent in social sciences and economics; and specialised institutions such as the Royal College of Art (RCA), Royal Academy of Music (RAM), the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) and London Business School (LBS).[22] It is the most-visited city in Europe and has the world's busiest city airport system.[23] The London Underground is the world's oldest rapid transit system.[24]\nLondon's diverse cultures encompass over 300 languages.[25] The 2025 population of Greater London of just over 9.8 million made it Europe's third-most populous city, accounting for 13.1 per cent of the United Kingdom's population and 15.5 per cent of England's population.[26] The Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, with about 9.8 million inhabitants as of 2011.[3][27] The London metropolitan area is the third-most-populous in Europe, with about 15 million inhabitants as of 2025, making London a megacity.[g][28][29]\nFour World Heritage Sites are located in London: Kew Gardens; the Tower of London; the site featuring the Palace of Westminster, the Church of St Margaret, and Westminster Abbey; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory defines the prime meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time.[30] Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge and Trafalgar Square. The city has the most museums, art galleries, libraries and cultural venues in the UK, including the British Museum, the National Gallery, the Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, the British Library and numerous West End theatres.[31] Important sporting events held in London include the FA Cup Final, the Wimbledon Tennis Championships and the London Marathon. It became the first city to host three Summer Oly...",
"title": "London - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League",
"text": "UEFA Champions League\nThe UEFA Champions League (UCL), usually known simply as the Champions League, is an annual club association football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) that is contested by top-division European clubs. The competition begins with a round robin league phase to qualify for the double-legged knockout rounds, and a single-leg final. It is the most-watched club competition in the world and the third most-watched football competition overall, behind only the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA European Championship. It is one of the most prestigious football tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of their national associations.\nIntroduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup (French: Coupe des Clubs Champions Européens), and commonly known as the European Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champions of Europe's domestic leagues, with its winner reckoned as the European club champion. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage in 1991 and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries since the 1997–98 season.[1] While only the winners of many of Europe's national leagues can enter the competition, the top 5 leagues by coefficient provide four teams each by default,[2] with a possibility for additional spots based on performance during the previous season.[3][4] Clubs that finish below the qualifying spots are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition, and since 2021, for the third-tier UEFA Conference League.[5]\nIn its present format, the Champions League begins in early July with three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The seven surviving teams enter the league phase, joining 29 teams qualified in advance. The 36 teams each play eight opponents, four home and four away. The 24 highest-ranked teams proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June.[6] The winner of the Champions League automatically qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup, the FIFA Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[7][8]\nSpanish clubs have the most victories (20 wins), followed by England (15 wins), Italy (12 wins), Germany (8 wins), Netherlands (6 wins) and Portugal (4 wins).[9] England has the most winning teams, with six clubs having won the title. The competition has been won by 24 clubs and 13 of them have won it more than once.[10] Since the tournament changed name and structure in 1992, only two top-tier football clubs outside the Big Five European nations (Spain, England, Italy, Germany and France) have also reached the final: Porto (2003–04) and Ajax (1994–95 and 1995–96).\nReal Madrid is the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 15 times.[11] Madrid is the only club to have won it five times in a row (the first five editions).[11] Only one club has won all of their matches in a single tournament en route to the tournament victory: Bayern Munich in the 2019–20 season.[12] Paris Saint-Germain are the current European champions, having beaten Inter Milan 5–0 in the 2025 final for their first ever title.[13]\nHistory\nThe first time the champions of two European leagues met was in what was nicknamed the 1895 World Championship, when English champions Sunderland beat Scottish champions Heart of Midlothian 5–3.[14] The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[15] Three years later, in 1900, the champions of Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland, which were the only existing leagues in continental Europe at the time, participated in the Coupe Van der Straeten Ponthoz, thus being dubbed as the \"club championship of the continent\" by the local newspapers.[16][1...",
"title": "UEFA Champions League - Wikipedia"
}
] | 2,685
|
4
|
What is the name of the vocalist from the first band to make it in the top 200 under the record label that produced the third studio album for Dismal Euphony?
|
Jens Kidman
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Multiple constraints
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismal_Euphony",
"text": "Dismal Euphony\nDismal Euphony was a Norwegian dark metal band that mixed styles including gothic metal, black metal, death metal, melodic metal, and classical music.\nHistory\n[edit]The history of Dismal Euphony began in 1992 in Stavanger, Norway by bassist Ole K. Helgesen and drummer Kristoffer Vold Austrheim under the name The Headless Children,[1] a cover band of Slayer and Kreator. A year later, singer Erik Borgen and guitarist Kenneth Bergsagel joined the group.\nThey changed the name to Carnal Tomb, then Borgen left the band and Helgesen became the singer/bassist with the female voice of Linn Achre Tveit (Keltziva). Elin Overskott joined the band as a keyboard player.\nThis was the first lineup of Dismal Euphony, officially formed in 1995. In the same year, the group composed the demo Spellbound. After this publication, they were signed by Napalm Records. Here they produced other albums like Soria Moria slott, Autumn Leaves: The Rebellion of Tides and the Lady Ablaze EP (which already features Anja Natasha as female singer).\nLater, Dismal Euphony joined Nuclear Blast and released All Little Devils, with the new female singer Anja Natasha.\nTheir last album is Python Zero. After this release, the band split up.\nBand members\n[edit]Last known lineup\n[edit]- Ole Helgesen – bass, vocals\n- Kristoffer Vold (a.k.a. Kristoffer Austrheim) – drums; also occasional guitars, bass and electronics\n- Frode Clausen – guitars\n- Svenn-Aksel Henriksen – keyboards\n- Anja Natasha – vocals\nFormer members\n[edit]- Dag Achre Tveit – bass\n- Kenneth Bergsagel – guitars\n- Elin Overskott – keyboards (1994–1998; died 2004)\n- Erik Borgen – vocals (1994)\n- Linn Achre Tveit – vocals (1994–1998)\nDiscography\n[edit]- Spellbound (demo, 1995)\n- Dismal Euphony (EP, 1996)\n- Soria Moria slott (1996)\n- Autumn Leaves: The Rebellion of Tides (1997)\n- All Little Devils (1999)\n- Lady Ablaze (EP, 2000)\n- Lady Ablaze (video/VHS, 2000)\n- Python Zero (2001)[2]\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Dismal Euphony Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 December 2025.\n- ^ \"Dismal Euphony – Python Zero\". MetalReviews.com. Retrieved 12 November 2025.\nExternal links\n[edit]- Dismal Euphony at AllMusic\n- Dismal Euphony discography at Discogs",
"title": "Dismal Euphony - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Little_Devils",
"text": "All Little Devils\nAppearance\nAll Little Devils is the third studio album by the Norwegian gothic metal band Dismal Euphony. It was released in 1999, and was the band's first album with Nuclear Blast.\nTrack listing\n[edit]- \"Days of Sodom\" (5:22)\n- \"Rage of Fire\" (3:44)\n- \"Victory\" (4:31)\n- \"All Little Devils\" (4:12)\n- \"Lunatic\" (4:19)\n- \"Psycho Path\" (4:03)\n- \"Shine for Me, Misery\" (6:20)\n- \"Scenario\" (4:12)\n- \"Dead Words\" (2:17)\nProduction\n[edit]- Recorded and mixed at Woodhouse Studios\n- Produced by Waldemar Sorychta\n- Engineered by Siggi Bemm & Waldemar Sorychta\n- Mastered by Siggi Bemm\n- Logo by Vibeke Tveiten\n- Cover and layout by Thomas Ewerhard\nNotes\n[edit]- ^ Huey, Steve allmusic ((( All Little Devils > Overview ))) Allmusic. Retrieved 4 June 2010",
"title": "All Little Devils - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Blast",
"text": "Nuclear Blast Records\nNuclear Blast Records is a German record label with subsidiaries in Germany, the United States and Brazil. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Donzdorf. Originally releasing hardcore punk records, the label moved on to releasing albums by thrash metal, melodic death metal, grindcore, industrial metal, power metal and black metal bands, as well as tribute albums. It also distributes and promotes post-hardcore/metalcore labels SharpTone Records. Another post-hardcore/metalcore label, Arising Empire, was in Nuclear Blast's portfolio until its acquisition by Kontor New Media in 2020.\nIn October 2018, French independent label Believe Digital acquired a majority stake in Nuclear Blast.[1]\nHistory\n[edit]Nuclear Blast was formed in 1987 after founder Markus Staiger traveled throughout the United States for four weeks and saw a gig of his favorite band BL'AST!. The label's first release was a vinyl compilation called Senseless Death (NB 001) featuring US hardcore bands like Attitude, Sacred Denial, Impulse Manslaughter and others.\nSwedish band Meshuggah became the first band in the history of Nuclear Blast Records to crack the Billboard 200, landing at number 165 with their 2002 album, Nothing. Meshuggah also became the first Nuclear Blast band to be reviewed in Rolling Stone magazine.[2]\nIn 2004, Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish released Once on Nuclear Blast, which rocketed to the top of the charts in multiple countries, including Finland, Germany, Norway, Greece, Sweden, Austria, and more. It became the first release in the company's history to reach number 1 on the German charts. It was at this time that Nuclear Blast began releasing its compilation series of DVDs with Nuclear Blast: Monsters of Metal Vol. 1.\nDuring the 2000s and 2010s, Nuclear Blast signed many veteran thrash metal bands including Slayer,[3] Exodus,[4] Testament,[5] Anthrax,[6] Kreator,[7] Overkill,[8] Sepultura,[9] Destruction,[10] Tankard,[11] Death Angel,[12] and Heathen.[13]\nSlayer released the album Repentless in 2015, which went to number 4 on the Billboard 200, making it the highest charting Nuclear Blast release in the United States.[14][15]\nIn 2021, Nuclear Blast founder Markus Staiger launched a new record company called Atomic Fire GmbH.[16]\nIn June 2022, Nuclear Blast unveiled a new logo. The logo caused some controversy when the canned water company Liquid Death jokingly noted its similarities with their logo (which also features a melting skull), inadvertedly leading to its designer, Justin Moll, receiving hate mail.[17] Liquid Death quickly apologized for the joke, saying that it was not targeted at Moll but at Nuclear Blast, whose personnel had reportedly raised concerns over the new logo's similarities with Liquid Death's before it was implemented.[17]\nOn 23 August 2022, the video game Saints Row was released, which features an in-game radio station that includes Nuclear Blast artists.[18]\nBlood Blast Distribution\n[edit]Blood Blast Distribution is a subsidiary of Nuclear Blast that solely focuses on the distribution of extreme music. The company was founded in 2020 by Bryce Lucien, Jerome Riera, Denis Ladegaillerie and Myriam Silberstein.[19]\nSee also\n[edit]References\n[edit]- ^ \"Believe buys majority stake in rock and metal label Nuclear Blast\". Music Business Worldwide. 10 October 2018.\n- ^ \"Meshuggah Breaking New Ground With 'Nothing'\". Blabbermouth.net. 8 September 2002. Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n- ^ Grow, Kory (24 April 2014). \"Slayer Debut New Song 'Implode' During Surprise Golden Gods Appearance\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"EXODUS Sign With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 28 August 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"TESTAMENT Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2020.\n- ^ \"ANTHRAX – Nuclear Blast\". www.nuclearblast.de. Retrieved 23 September 2020.\n- ^ \"KREATOR Signs With NUCLEAR BLAST RECORDS\". Blabbermouth.net. 9 Febr...",
"title": "Nuclear Blast Records - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah",
"text": "Meshuggah\nMeshuggah (/məˈʃʊɡə/)[1] is a Swedish extreme metal band formed in Umeå in 1987. Since 2004, the band's lineup consists of founding members Jens Kidman (lead vocals) and Fredrik Thordendal (lead guitar), alongside rhythm guitarist Mårten Hagström, drummer Tomas Haake and bassist Dick Lövgren. Since its formation, the band has released nine studio albums, six EPs and eight music videos. Their latest studio album, Immutable, was released in April 2022 via Atomic Fire Records.\nMeshuggah has become known for their innovative musical style and their complex, polymetered song structures and polyrhythms. They rose to fame as a significant act in extreme underground music, became an influence for modern metal bands, and gained a cult following. The band was labelled as one of the ten most important hard rock and heavy metal bands by Rolling Stone and as the most important band in metal by Alternative Press. In the late 2000s, the band was an inspiration for the djent subgenre.\nIn 2006 and 2009, Meshuggah was nominated for two Swedish Grammis Awards for their albums Catch Thirtythree and obZen, respectively. In 2018, the band was nominated for a Grammy Award for their song \"Clockworks\" under the \"Best Metal Performance\" category.[2] The band has performed in various international festivals, including Ozzfest and Download, and embarked on the obZen world tour from 2008 to 2010, and also the \"Ophidian Trek\".\nHistory\n[edit]Formation and Contradictions Collapse (1987–1994)\n[edit]In 1985, guitarist Fredrik Thordendal formed a band in Umeå,[3] a university town in northern Sweden with a population of 105,000.[4] The band, originally named Metallien, recorded a number of demo tapes, after which it disbanded. Thordendal, however, continued playing under a different name with new band members.[3]\nMeshuggah was formed in 1987[5][6] by lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Jens Kidman,[3] and took the name Meshuggah from the Yiddish word for \"crazy\"[7] (ultimately derived from the Hebrew word מְשֻׁגָּע). Kidman found the word in an American street slang dictionary.[8] The band recorded several demos before Kidman left, which prompted the remaining members to disband. Kidman then formed a new band, Calipash, with guitarist Thordendal, bassist Peter Nordin and drummer Niklas Lundgren.[3] Kidman, who also played guitar,[5] and Thordendal decided to restore the name Meshuggah for the new band.[3]\nIn 1989, Meshuggah released the self-titled, three-song EP Meshuggah,[3] which is commonly known as Psykisk Testbild[9][10] (a title that could be translated as \"Psychological Test-Picture\").[5] This 12\" vinyl EP had only 1,000 copies released, sold by local record store Garageland.[9][10] The EP's back cover features the band members with cheese doodles on their faces.[10]\nAfter replacing drummer Niklas Lundgren with Tomas Haake in 1990, Meshuggah signed a contract with German heavy metal record label Nuclear Blast and recorded its debut full-length album, Contradictions Collapse.[11] The LP, originally entitled (All this because of) Greed,[12] was released in 1991.[3] The album received positive reviews, but was not a commercial success.[9] Soon after, Kidman decided to concentrate on vocals,[4] and guitarist Mårten Hagström,[3] who had already played in a band with Haake when they were in sixth grade, was recruited.[5] The new lineup recorded the EP None at Tonteknik Recordings in Umeå in 1994 for release later that year.[13][14] A Japanese version was also released, including lyrics printed in Japanese.[15]\nDuring this period, Thordendal, who was working as a carpenter, severed the tip of his left middle finger, while Haake injured his hand in a router accident.[3][13] As a result, the band was unable to perform for several months. Thordendal's fingertip was later reattached, and he went on to make a full recovery.[5] The Selfcaged EP was recorded in April and May 1994, but its release was delayed to later in 1995 due to the accidents.[3][5]\nDestr...",
"title": "Meshuggah - Wikipedia"
}
] | 3,031
|
5
|
According to the 2000 United States census, what was the 2000 population of the birth city of the only 21st-century mayor of Austin, Texas who also served as mayor in the 1990s? Round your answer to the nearest thousand.
|
506000
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Numerical reasoning | Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Austin",
"text": "The mayor of Austin is the official head of the city of Austin in the U.S. state of Texas. The office was established in 1840 after Austin incorporated as a city in 1839. The mayor of Austin is elected to a four-year term and limited to serving no more than two terms.[2]\nKirk Watson took office as mayor on January 6, 2023, for a third term and was re-elected to a fourth term in 2024, having served as mayor from 1997 to 2001.[3]\nAustin has a council–manager form of government which means day-to-day operations of the city are run by the city manager. The mayor is the head of city government ceremonially. The mayor is technically a member of the city council and is required to preside at all meetings. The mayor is also allowed to vote on all matters that come before the city council, but has no veto powers.[4]\nAs of fiscal year 2022–2023, the salary for the mayor is set at $134,191.\nThe mayor is elected in a citywide election. Currently, elections occur every four years during even-numbered years. Elections are non-partisan and by majority, but if no candidate receives a majority a run-off election is called between the top two candidates who received the most votes.[5]\nPer city code of ordinances, if the mayor is absent or disabled, the Mayor Pro Tem is to act as mayor until the mayor returns or an election is held to fill the vacancy.[6]\nThe mayor is subject to recall by registered voters if a petition is signed and filed that contains the signatures of 10 percent of the qualified voters. If the petition is verified, a recall election is called at the earliest convenient available date. If the recall passes, the mayor immediately vacates office. There are two limitations to the recall process. First, no recall petition can be filed until the mayor has been in office for at least six months. Second, the mayor will not be subject to more than one recall.[7]",
"title": "Mayor of Austin - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Watson",
"text": "Kirk Watson\nKirk Preston Watson (born March 18, 1958)[1] is an American attorney and politician who has served as the 59th mayor of Austin since 2023, previously holding the office as the 54th mayor from 1997 to 2001.[2] A member of the Democratic Party, he ran unsuccessfully for Texas attorney general in the 2002 election, where he was defeated by Republican Greg Abbott, later governor of Texas. In 2006, Watson was elected to the Texas Senate from District 14.\nIn 2011, Watson was chosen by his Democratic colleagues to chair the Senate Democratic Caucus and served until 2015.[3] On the first day of the 86th Texas Legislature, he was chosen by his colleagues—Democrats and Republicans—to serve as president pro tempore. The position typically goes to the most senior member, regardless of party, who has not yet served as president pro tem, and is second in line of succession to the Governor.[4]\nIt was announced by the Austin American-Statesman that Watson had planned to resign from the Texas Senate to become the first dean of the University of Houston's Hobby School of Public Affairs.[5] His resignation was effective April 30, 2020.[6] With incumbent Mayor Steve Adler not seeking another term, Watson entered the race to become Austin mayor for a second time. He was elected for his second stint as mayor in the 2022 Austin mayoral election runoff with 50.4% of the vote. Watson was reelected in 2024, narrowly avoiding a runoff by 13 votes.[7]\nEarly life and education\n[edit]Watson was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Saginaw, Texas, a suburb of Fort Worth, where he attended Boswell High School.[8] He received a bachelor's degree in political science in 1980 and a Juris Doctor in 1981 from Baylor University in Waco, Texas.[9] At Baylor Law School, Watson was editor-in-chief of the Baylor Law Review and graduated first in his class.[10] He subsequently clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.[9]\nEarly political career\n[edit]Watson was elected president of the Texas Young Lawyers Association in 1990[11] and served on the executive committee of the State Bar of Texas. Watson was an active Democrat throughout the 1990s and served as the chairman of the Travis County Democratic Party.\nIn 1991, Watson was appointed by Governor Ann Richards to serve as chairman of the Texas Air Control Board, the state agency that was charged with protecting air quality in Texas. During his tenure, he worked to merge the agency with the Texas Air Control Board and the Texas Water Commission to form the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission, and oversaw implementation of the 1991 amendments to the federal Clean Air Act.\nIn 1994, he was named the Outstanding Young Lawyer of Texas.[10] In 1997, Watson co-founded the Austin law firm of Watson Bishop London & Galow, creating a broad law practice that represented families, doctors, small businesses, and some of the state's major universities.[citation needed]\nFirst term as Mayor of Austin (1997–2001)\n[edit]In 1997, after Watson moved from Rollingwood to Austin, he was elected as the 54th mayor of Austin, a nonpartisan position. He ran on a pledge to build consensus in a city that was then dominated by political battles between environmentalists and developers. He campaigned to raise more than $78 million for land preservation and $300 million for transportation improvements. Watson's signature accomplishments as mayor included the transformation of Downtown Austin into a \"24-hour downtown\" by encouraging development of housing and retail in place of vacant warehouses and parking lots, partially through tax incentives and the city's Smart Growth initiatives.[12]\nIn 1999, Watson spearheaded a redevelopment project along several blocks of waterfront property in Downtown Austin, in an effort to create a new public-private \"digital district\" in place of dilapidated warehouses and businesses including the former Liberty Lunch, which were demolished.[13] Watson, along with architect Larry ...",
"title": "Kirk Watson - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City",
"text": "Oklahoma City\nOklahoma City (/ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə -/ ⓘ OH-klə-HOH-mə -), often shortened to OKC, is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is the 20th-most populous U.S. city and 8th largest in the Southern United States, with a population of 681,054 at the 2020 census.[10] The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, with an estimated 1.49 million residents, is the largest metropolitan area in the state and 42nd-most populous in the country.[11] It is the county seat of Oklahoma County,[12] with the city limits extending into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties; however, areas beyond Oklahoma County primarily consist of suburban developments or areas designated rural and watershed zones. Oklahoma City ranks as the tenth-largest city by area in the United States when including consolidated city-counties, and second-largest when such consolidations are excluded. It is also the second-largest state capital by area, after Juneau, Alaska.\nOklahoma City has one of the world's largest livestock markets.[13] Oil, natural gas, petroleum products, and related industries are its economy's largest sector. The city is in the middle of an active oil field, and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs a large number of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center (which house offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively).\nOklahoma City is on the I-35 and I-40 corridors, one of the primary travel corridors south into Texas and New Mexico, north towards Wichita and Kansas City, west towards Albuquerque, and east towards Little Rock and Memphis. Located in the state's Frontier Country region, the city's northeast section lies in an ecological region known as the Cross Timbers. The city was founded during the Land Run of 1889 and grew to a population of over 10,000 within hours of its founding. It was the site of the April 19, 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, in which 168 people died.[14]\nSince weather records have been kept beginning in 1890, Oklahoma City has been struck by 13 violent tornadoes, 11 of which were rated F4 or EF4 on the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales, and two which were rated F5 or EF5.[15]\nHistory\n[edit]Oklahoma City was settled on April 22, 1889,[18] when the area known as the \"Unassigned Lands\" was opened for settlement in an event known as \"The Land Run\".[19] On April 26 of that year, its first mayor was elected, William Couch. Some 10,000 homesteaders settled in the area that would become the capital of Oklahoma. The town grew quickly; the population doubled between 1890 and 1900.[20] Early leaders of the development of the city included Anton H. Classen, John Wilford Shartel, Henry Overholser, Oscar Ameringer, Jack C. Walton, Angelo C. Scott, and James W. Maney.\nBy the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the new state's population center and commercial hub. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City.[21] Oklahoma City was a significant stop on U.S. Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz song \"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" made famous by artist Nat King Cole.\nBefore World War II, Oklahoma City developed significant stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production.[22] Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40, and I-44. It was also aided by the federal development of Tinker Air Force Base after successful lobbying efforts by the director of the...",
"title": "Oklahoma City - Wikipedia"
}
] | 2,331
|
6
|
I have an element in mind and would like you to identify the person it was named after. Here's a clue: The element's atomic number is 9 higher than that of an element discovered by the scientist who discovered Zirconium in the same year.
|
Mendelevium is named after Dmitri Mendeleev.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
| null | null | null | null | null | null |
Numerical reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium",
"text": "Zirconium\nZirconium is a chemical element; it has symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyish-white color that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. It is solid at room temperature, ductile, malleable and corrosion-resistant. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian zargun (zircon; zar-gun, \"gold-like\" or \"as gold\").[11] Besides zircon, zirconium occurs in over 140 other minerals, including baddeleyite and eudialyte; most zirconium is produced as a byproduct of minerals mined for titanium and tin.\nZirconium forms a variety of inorganic compounds, such as zirconium dioxide, and organometallic compounds, such as zirconocene dichloride. Five isotopes occur naturally, four of which are stable. The metal and its alloys are mainly used as a refractory and opacifier; zirconium alloys are used to clad nuclear fuel rods due to their low neutron absorption and strong resistance to corrosion, and in space vehicles and turbine blades where high heat resistance is necessary. Zirconium also finds uses in flashbulbs, biomedical applications such as dental implants and prosthetics, deodorant, and water purification systems.\nZirconium compounds have no known biological role, though the element is widely distributed in nature and appears in small quantities in biological systems without adverse effects. There is no indication of zirconium as a carcinogen. The main hazards posed by zirconium are flammability in powder form and irritation of the eyes.\nCharacteristics\n[edit]Zirconium is a lustrous, greyish-white, soft, ductile, malleable metal that is solid at room temperature, though it is hard and brittle at lesser purities.[12] In powder form, zirconium is highly flammable, but the solid form is much less prone to ignition. Zirconium is highly resistant to corrosion by alkalis, acids, salt water, and other agents.[13] However, it will dissolve in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, especially when fluorine is present.[14] Alloys with zinc are magnetic at less than 35 K.[13]\nThe melting point of zirconium is 1855 °C (3371 °F), and the boiling point is 4409 °C (7968 °F).[13] Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after hafnium, yttrium, and lutetium.[15]\nAt room temperature zirconium exhibits a hexagonally close-packed crystal structure, α-Zr, which changes to β-Zr, a body-centered cubic crystal structure, at 863 °C. Zirconium exists in the β-phase until the melting point.[16]\nIsotopes\n[edit]Naturally occurring zirconium is composed of five isotopes. 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr, 94Zr, and 96Zr. The first four are stable, while 96 is observed to decay with a half-life of 2.34×1019 years by double beta emission; this is theoretically possible also for 94Zr. Of these natural isotopes, 90Zr is the most common, making up 51.45% of all zirconium, and 96Zr is the least common, comprising only 2.80%.[10]\nThe artificial radioisotopes of zirconium known range from 77Zr to 114Zr, and 13 nuclear isomers are also listed.[10][17] The most stable among them is 93Zr, a long-lived fission product, with a half-life of 1.61 million years. Radioactive isotopes at or above mass number 93 decay by electron emission resulting in niobium isotopes, whereas those at or below 89 decay by positron emission or electron capture, resulting in yttrium isotopes.[10]\nOccurrence\n[edit]Zirconium has a concentration of about 130 mg/kg within the Earth's crust and about 0.026 μg/L in sea water. It is the 18th most abundant element in the crust.[18] It is not found in nature as a native metal, reflecting its intrinsic instability with respect to water. The principal commercial source of zirconium is z...",
"title": "Zirconium - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth",
"text": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth\nMartin Heinrich Klaproth (1 December 1743 – 1 January 1817) was a German chemist.[1] He trained and worked for much of his life as an apothecary, moving in later life to the university. His shop became the second-largest apothecary in Berlin, and the most productive artisanal chemical research center in Europe.[2]\nKlaproth was a major systematizer of analytical chemistry,[3] and an independent inventor of gravimetric analysis.[4][5] His attention to detail and refusal to ignore discrepancies in results led to improvements in the use of apparatus. He was a major figure in understanding the composition of minerals and characterizing the elements.[4] Klaproth discovered uranium (1789)[6] and zirconium (1789). He was also involved in the discovery or co-discovery of titanium (1795), strontium (1793), cerium (1803), and chromium (1797) and confirmed the previous discoveries of tellurium (1798) and beryllium (1798).[7][8]\nKlaproth was a member and director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.[2] He was recognized internationally as a member of the Royal Society in London,[9] the Institut de France, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[10]\nCareer\n[edit]Klaproth was born in Wernigerode.[1] He was the son of a tailor, and attended the Latin school at Wernigerode for four years.[2]\nFor much of his life he followed the profession of apothecary. In 1759, when he was 16 years old, he apprenticed at Quedlinburg. In 1764, he became a journeyman. He trained in pharmacies at Quedlinburg (1759–1766); Hanover (1766–1768, with August Hermann Brande); Berlin (1768); and Danzig (1770).[2]\nIn 1771, Klaproth returned to Berlin to work for Valentin Rose the Elder as manager of his business. Following Rose's death, Klaproth passed the required examinations to become senior manager. Following his marriage in 1780, he was able to buy his own establishment, the Apotheke zum Baren. Between 1782 and 1800, Klaproth published 84 papers based on researches carried out in the Apotheke's laboratory. His shop was the most productive site of artisanal chemistry investigations in Europe at that time.[2]\nBeginning in 1782, he was the assessor of pharmacy for the examining board of the Ober-Collegium Medicum. In 1787 Klaproth was appointed lecturer in chemistry to the Prussian Royal Artillery.[11][7][2]\nIn 1788, Klaproth became an unsalaried member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1800, he became the salaried director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He sold the apothecary and moved to the academy, where he convinced the university to build a new laboratory. Upon completion in 1802, Klaproth moved the equipment from his apothecary laboratory into the new building.[2] When the University of Berlin was founded in 1810 he was selected to be the professor of chemistry.[11]\nHe died in Berlin on New Year's Day in 1817.[1]\nContributions\n[edit]An exact and conscientious worker, Klaproth did much to improve and systematise the processes of analytical chemistry and mineralogy. His appreciation of the value of quantitative methods led him to become one of the earliest adherents of the Lavoisierian doctrines outside France.[11][4]\nKlaproth was the first to discover uranium, identifying it first in torbernite but doing the majority of his research on it with the mineral pitchblende.[4][8] On 24 September 1789 he announced his discovery to the Royal Prussian Academy of sciences in Berlin.[12][13] He also discovered zirconium in 1789,[14][8] separating it in the form of its \"earth\" zirconia, oxide ZrO2.[15] Klaproth analyzed a brightly-colored form of the mineral called \"hyacinth\" from Ceylon. He gave the new element the name zirconium based on its Persian name \"zargun\", gold-colored.[16]: 515\nKlaproth characterised uranium and zirconium as distinct elements, though he was unable to isolate them.[8]\nKlaproth independently discovered cerium (1803), a rare earth element, around the same time as Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, in the wint...",
"title": "Martin Heinrich Klaproth - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium",
"text": "Uranium\nUranium is a chemical element; it has symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium radioactively decays, usually by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of this decay varies between 159,200 and 4.5 billion years for different isotopes, making them useful for dating the age of the Earth. The most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99% of uranium on Earth) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons). Uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.[9]\nMany contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons because it is the only naturally occurring element with a fissile isotope – uranium-235 – present in non-trace amounts. However, because of the low abundance of uranium-235 in natural uranium (which is overwhelmingly uranium-238), uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium-235 is present. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology. Uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons; uranium-235, and to a lesser degree uranium-233, have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. The primary civilian use for uranium harnesses the heat energy to produce electricity. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.[10]\nThe 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the recently discovered planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal, and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. Dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars. Weapon-grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium-238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors. Spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste, which mostly consists of uranium-238 and poses a significant health threat and environmental impact.\nCharacteristics\nUranium is a silvery white, weakly radioactive metal. It has a Mohs hardness of 6, sufficient to scratch glass and roughly equal to that of titanium, rhodium, manganese and niobium. It is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor.[11][12] Uranium metal has a very high density of 19.1 g/cm3,[13] denser than lead (11.3 g/cm3),[14] but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold (19.3 g/cm3).[15][16]\nUranium metal reacts with almost all non-metallic elements (except noble gases) and their compounds, with reactivity...",
"title": "Uranium - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelevium",
"text": "Mendelevium\nMendelevium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. A metallic radioactive transuranium element in the actinide series, it is the first element by atomic number that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities by neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the thirteenth actinide, the ninth transuranic element, and the first transfermium; it is named after Dmitri Mendeleev, the father of the periodic table.\nLike all the transfermiums, it can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles. The element was first produced in 1955 by bombarding einsteinium with alpha particles, the method still used today. Using commonly-available microgram quantities of einsteinium-253, over a million mendelevium atoms may be made each hour. The chemistry of mendelevium is typical for the late actinides, with a dominant +3 oxidation state but also a +2 oxidation state accessible in solution. All known isotopes of mendelevium have short half-lives; there are currently no uses for it outside basic scientific research, and only small amounts are produced.\nDiscovery\n[edit]Mendelevium was the ninth transuranic element to be synthesized. It was first synthesized by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory Robert Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and team leader Stanley G. Thompson in early 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. The team produced 256Md (half-life 77.7 minutes[4]) when they bombarded an 253Es target consisting of only a billion (109) einsteinium atoms with alpha particles (helium nuclei) in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron, thus increasing the target's atomic number by two. 256Md thus became the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time. In total, seventeen mendelevium atoms were detected.[5] This discovery was part of a program, begun in 1952, that irradiated plutonium with neutrons to transmute it into heavier actinides.[6] This method was necessary because of a lack of known beta decaying isotopes of fermium that might allow production by neutron capture; it is now known that such production is impossible at any possible reactor flux due to the very short half-life to spontaneous fission of 258Fm[4] and subsequent isotopes, which still do not beta decay - the fermium gap that, as far as we know, sets a hard limit to the success of neutron capture processes.\nTo predict if the production of mendelevium would be possible, the team made use of a rough calculation. The number of atoms that would be produced would be approximately equal to the product of the number of atoms of target material, the target's cross section, the ion beam intensity, and the time of bombardment; this last factor was related to the half-life of the product when bombarding for a time on the order of its half-life. This gave one atom per experiment. Thus under optimum conditions, the preparation of only one atom of element 101 per experiment could be expected. This calculation demonstrated that it was feasible to go ahead with the experiment.[5] The target material, einsteinium-253, could be produced readily from irradiating plutonium: one year of irradiation would give a billion atoms, and its three-week half-life meant that the element 101 experiments could be conducted in one week after the produced einsteinium was separated and purified to make the target. However, it was necessary to upgrade the cyclotron to obtain the needed intensity of 1014 alpha particles per second; Seaborg applied for the necessary funds.[6]\nWhile Seaborg applied for funding, Harvey worked on the einsteinium target, while Thomson and Choppin focused on methods for chemical isolation. Choppin suggested using α-hydroxyisobutyric acid to separate the mendelevium atoms from those of the lighter actinides.[6] The initial separation was done by a recoil technique suggested by Albert Ghiorso: the einsteinium was placed on the o...",
"title": "Mendelevium - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table",
"text": "Periodic table\nThe periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the elements, is an ordered arrangement of the chemical elements into rows (\"periods\") and columns (\"groups\"). An icon of chemistry, the periodic table is widely used in physics and other sciences. It is a depiction of the periodic law, which states that when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers an approximate recurrence of their properties is evident. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks. Elements in the same group tend to show similar chemical characteristics.\nVertical, horizontal and diagonal trends characterize the periodic table. Metallic character increases going down a group and from right to left across a period. Nonmetallic character increases going from the bottom left of the periodic table to the top right.\nThe first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869; he formulated the periodic law as a dependence of chemical properties on atomic mass. As not all elements were then known, there were gaps in his periodic table, and Mendeleev successfully used the periodic law to predict some properties of some of the missing elements. The periodic law was recognized as a fundamental discovery in the late 19th century. It was explained early in the 20th century, with the discovery of atomic numbers and associated pioneering work in quantum mechanics, both ideas serving to illuminate the internal structure of the atom. A recognisably modern form of the table was reached in 1945 with Glenn T. Seaborg's discovery that the actinides were in fact f-block rather than d-block elements. The periodic table and law have become a central and indispensable part of modern chemistry.\nThe periodic table continues to evolve with the progress of science. In nature, only elements up to atomic number 94 exist;[a] to go further, it was necessary to synthesize new elements in the laboratory. By 2010, the first 118 elements were known, thereby completing the first seven rows of the table;[1] however, chemical characterization is still needed for the heaviest elements to confirm that their properties match their positions. New discoveries will extend the table beyond these seven rows, though it is not yet known how many more elements are possible; moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that this unknown region will not follow the patterns of the known part of the table. Some scientific discussion also continues regarding whether some elements are correctly positioned in the table. Many alternative representations of the periodic law exist, and there is some discussion as to whether there is an optimal form of the periodic table.\nStructure\nPrimordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element\n- Ca: 40.078 — Abridged value (uncertainty omitted here)[3]\n- Po: [209] — mass number of the most stable isotope\nEach chemical element has a unique atomic number (Z— for \"Zahl\", German for \"number\") representing the number of protons in its nucleus.[4] Each distinct atomic number therefore corresponds to a class of atom: these classes are called the chemical elements.[5] The chemical elements are what the periodic table classifies and organizes. Hydrogen is the element with atomic number 1; helium, atomic number 2; lithium, atomic number 3; and so on. Each of these names can be further abbreviated by a one- or two-letter chemical symbol; those for hydrogen, helium, and lithium are respectively H, He, and Li.[6] Neutrons do not affect the atom's chemical identity, but do affect its weight. Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes of the same chemical element.[6] Naturally occurring elements usually occur as mixes of different isotopes; since each isotope usually occurs with a characteristic abundance, naturally occurring elements have well-defined atomic weights, defined as the average mass of a natura...",
"title": "Periodic table - Wikipedia"
}
] | 4,828
|
7
|
As of Aug 3, 2024, the artist who released the album "Father of Asahd" went to the same high school as an Olympic diver. How many Olympic teams did this diver participate on?
|
2
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_Asahd",
"text": "Father of Asahd\nFather of Asahd is the eleventh studio album by American disc jockey and record producer DJ Khaled. It was released on May 17, 2019, by We the Best Music Group and Epic Records.[2] It features the singles \"Top Off\" and \"No Brainer.\"[3][4] On May 16, DJ Khaled revealed the track listing and features, as well as that the music videos for \"Higher\", \"Just Us\", \"Celebrate\", \"Jealous\" and \"Holy Mountain\" would be released throughout the day of May 17, followed by the video for \"You Stay\" on May 18, and \"Wish Wish\" and \"Weather the Storm\" on May 20.[5] DJ Khaled scored his third career Grammy nomination with \"Higher\" which won the Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 62nd Grammy Awards.[6] The album also features guest appearances from Buju Banton, Sizzla, Mavado, 070 Shake, Cardi B, 21 Savage, Chris Brown, Lil Wayne, Big Sean, SZA, Meek Mill, J Balvin, Lil Baby, Jeremih, Travis Scott, Post Malone, Nipsey Hussle, John Legend, Nas, CeeLo Green, Jeezy, Rick Ross, Gunna, Jay-Z, Future, Beyoncé, Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper, and Quavo.\nBackground\n[edit]In March 2018, DJ Khaled announced the title, upon releasing the lead single, called \"Top Off\".[7] He named the album after his eldest child, Asahd Tuck Khaled. In March 2019, he announced the release date, while in the meantime, promoting the album extensively on his social media accounts.[8] He also posted a trailer for the album.[2] DJ Khaled has also teased numerous collaborations on his social media, which, along with Future, Jay-Z and Beyoncé on \"Top Off\", and Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper and Quavo on \"No Brainer\", include J Balvin, Cardi B, Meek Mill, Post Malone, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, Bryson Tiller, Sizzla, and 2 Chainz.[2] In April 2019, TMZ reported that \"Higher\" featuring Nipsey Hussle and John Legend would appear on the album. DJ Khaled, Nipsey Hussle, and John Legend shot the music video before Nipsey's death on March 31, 2019.[9]\nCritical reception\n[edit]Father of Asahd received mixed reviews among critics. On Metacritic which assigns a rating of up to 100, the album received an average of 59, indicating \"Mixed or average reviews\" based on 7 critics.[17]\nAndy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and also noted in his review on the album by saying \"Although instant, maximum commercial impact is no doubt the primary objective, the album does come across as more considered than the average Khaled LP.\"[11]\nCommercial performance\n[edit]Father of Asahd debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 136,000 album-equivalent units, with 34,000 copies as pure album sales in its first week.[18] In the second week, the album remained at number two on the chart, earning an additional 58,000 album-equivalent units.[19] In its third week, the album dropped to number three on the chart, earning 39,000 more units.[20] In its fourth week, the album dropped to number eight on the chart, earning 31,000 more units, bringing its four-week total to 264,000 album-equivalent units.[21] On May 17, 2020, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 1,000,000 units in the United States.[22]\nControversy\n[edit]On June 5, 2019, sources reported DJ Khaled was fuming at his label after Father of Asahd failed to debut at the top of the Billboard 200. Father of Asahd debuted behind American rapper and record producer Tyler, the Creator's sixth studio album, Igor.\nOn June 6, DJ Khaled posted a now-deleted video on his Instagram page that many believe was aimed at Tyler, the Creator after his album beat out Father of Asahd for the number one spot on the Billboard charts. In the video, Khaled stated, \"Here's the thing, I make albums so people can play it. And you actually hear it. You know, driving your car you hear another car playing it. Go to the barber shop, you hear them playing it. You know, turn the radio on, and you hear them playing it. It's playing everywhere - ...",
"title": "Father of Asahd - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled",
"text": "DJ Khaled\nKhaled Mohammed Khaled (/ˈkælɪd/; Arabic: خالد محمد خالد, romanized: Khālid Muḥammad Khālid; born November 26, 1975),[3] known professionally as DJ Khaled, is an American DJ and record producer. Originally a Miami-based radio personality, Khaled has since become known for enlisting high-profile music industry artists to perform on singles and albums, for which he often serves as producer and hype man. Known as the \"Anthem King\", his distinctions are his booming voice presence, \"motivational\" abstractions, maximalist production style and numerous catchphrases.[4]\nKhaled was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Palestinian immigrant parents. He first gained recognition as a radio host in the 1990s for the radio station 99 Jamz, and translated his popularity by working with Fat Joe's hip hop collective, Terror Squad, as a DJ for their live performances and as a producer for the group. Following his production credits on the group's material,[5] Khaled enlisted several hip hop artists associated with the group and his native Miami to perform on his debut studio album, Listennn... the Album (2006). His second album, We the Best (2007), spawned the hit single \"I'm So Hood\" (featuring T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Rick Ross and Plies). His two subsequent releases—We Global (2008) and Victory (2010)—both peaked within the top ten of the Billboard 200; the latter was supported by the single \"All I Do Is Win\" (featuring T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg and Rick Ross), which received triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).\nHis fifth studio album and major label debut, We the Best Forever (2011), saw continued commercial success and brought Khaled to mainstream prominence by spawning his first Billboard Hot 100-top ten single, \"I'm on One\" (featuring Drake, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne). His following three albums—Kiss the Ring (2012), Suffering from Success (2013), and I Changed a Lot (2015)—were released to moderate critical and commercial reception.[6] Throughout 2015 and 2016, Khaled gained wider recognition as a public figure due to his social media activity. This, along with several Internet memes, foresaw the release of his ninth studio album, Major Key (2016), which was met with further critical and commercial success as it debuted atop the Billboard 200 and was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.\nHis tenth album, Grateful (2017), became his second consecutive number-one album and was preceded by the singles \"I'm the One\" (featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne) and \"Wild Thoughts\" (featuring Rihanna and Bryson Tiller), which peaked at numbers one and two on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. His eleventh album, Father of Asahd (2019), contained the song \"Higher\" (featuring Nipsey Hussle and John Legend), which won Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards—Khaled's first Grammy Award win. His eponymous twelfth album (2021) and thirteenth album, God Did (2022), both debuted atop the Billboard 200. The latter's title track (featuring Rick Ross, Lil Wayne, Jay-Z, John Legend and Fridayy) earned three nominations at the 65th Annual Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance. Khaled is scheduled to release his fourteenth studio album, Aalam of God, in 2025.\nOutside of music, Khaled has gained success as a writer, with his book The Keys featuring on the New York Times Best Seller list. He has also performed as an actor for the films Bad Boys for Life (2020) and its sequel Bad Boys: Ride or Die (2024), and had a voice role in the animated film Spies in Disguise (2019). His record label, We the Best Music Group has distributed his releases since its formation in 2008, though Khaled signed other artists to the imprint including Ace Hood, Kent Jones, Mavado, Flipp Dinero, and Vado, among others.\nEarly life\nKhaled Mohammed Khaled was born on November 26, 1975, in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Palestinian paren...",
"title": "DJ Khaled - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Phillips_High_School",
"text": "Dr. Phillips High School\nDr. Phillips High School is a public high school in Dr. Phillips, Florida, United States, near Orlando.\nIt serves[2] the Dr. Phillips census-designated place (CDP),[3] the Bay Hill CDP,[4] and the residential portion of Lake Buena Vista.[5]\nHistory\n[edit]Dr. Phillips High School opened in fall of 1987 and was built for about 2,500 students in the Dr. Phillips area of southwest Orange County, Florida.\nThe campus sits on 55 acres (220,000 m2) in the Orlando city limits and unincorporated Orange County, opposite Universal Orlando. The school serves as a Visual and Performing Arts Magnet and Center for International Studies magnet for Orange County Public Schools.\nThe school's first principal, Bill Spoone, went on to be elected to the Orange County School Board. The football stadium is named after him. The school's gymnasium is named after its second principal, Larry Payne, and is nicknamed \"The House of Payne.\"[6]\nThe school opened with enrollment above capacity and began using portable classrooms on the North Campus, formerly known as the 9th Grade Center. Due to overflow from main campus, many non-freshman classes were moved into additional portable classrooms at the 9th Grade Center, which was renamed North Campus, with the main campus renamed the South Campus. Portable classrooms are still used on the North Campus and are primarily for freshman-level classes.[citation needed]\nSince the 2022-2023 school year, most of the portables have been shut down, due to the aging conditions and the possibility of a future renovation. In October 2024, construction workers began to destroy or transport the portables, and most of the area is now rubble and construction sand. As of December 2024, only around eight portables currently remain, awaiting to be destroyed or transported.[citation needed]\nAs of the 2014–15 school year the school had 3,641 students, of whom 35% were white, 32% African American, 24% Hispanic, 7% Asian, and 2% multiracial.[7]\nThe school underwent a series of renovations which finished in 2015. A new building has been added, along with new VPA classrooms on the South Campus.\nAthletics\n[edit]The mascot for Dr. Phillips is the Panther; specifically, the Florida panther. They have many sports including lacrosse, football, baseball, golf, basketball and swimming. The Panthers have won FHSAA state championships in the following sports:\n- Football (2017)\n- Baseball (1996)[8]\n- Men's Basketball (2021)[9]\n- Women's Basketball (1992, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2022, 2023, 2024)[10]\n- Men's Golf (1990, 1991, 1997, 1999)[11]\n- Women's Golf (1993, 1994)[12]\n- Men's Swimming & Diving (1995)[13]\n- Women's Swimming & Diving (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998)[14]\n- Competitive Cheerleading (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2020)[15]\n- Women's Flag Football (2011)[16]\nAthletic program accomplishments:\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 2012-13\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 2010-11[17]\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 1998-99[citation needed]\n- FHSAA State All-Sports Award - 1995-96[citation needed]\nNotable alumni\n[edit]Listed chronologically:\n- Dan Miceli (1988), MLB pitcher[18]\n- Wayne Brady (1989), actor[19]\n- Robert Damron (1990), professional golfer[20]\n- Brian Barber (1991), MLB player\n- Johnny Damon (1992), MLB outfielder,[21] Dancing with the Stars contestant\n- Rene Plasencia (1992), Member of the Florida House of Representatives, R-50[22]\n- Braniff Bonaventure (1993), Arena Football League player\n- DJ Khaled (1993), producer, DJ\n- Sean O'Neal (1993), actor on Clarissa Explains It All\n- JC Chasez (1994), singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, producer, and member of *NSYNC[23]\n- A. J. Pierzynski (1994), MLB catcher[24]\n- Ike Charlton (1995), CFL player[25]\n- Joey Fatone (1995), actor, television host, singer, dancer, and member of *NSYNC\n- Luis Fonsi (1995), singer, Grammy award winner\n- Bobby Olszewski (1995), former member of the Florida House of Representatives, R-44\n- Mark Ruiz (1997), member of US Olympic diving team a...",
"title": "Dr. Phillips High School - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ruiz",
"text": "Mark Ruiz\nMark Ruiz (born April 9, 1979 in Río Piedras, Puerto Rico), is an Olympic diver from Puerto Rico. Ruiz represented the United States in the 2000 Olympic Games and the 2004 Olympic Games.\nChildhood\n[edit]Ruiz took up diving at the age of 9. Upon a coach's suggestion, he moved to the U.S. at 12 to take advantage of the better training system.[1] During the spring nationals in 1999, he swept all three events (10-meter platform, 3-meter springboard and the non-Olympic event of 1-meter springboard), becoming the first diver since Greg Louganis in 1988 to accomplish this feat.[2] Ruiz is a graduate of Dr. Phillips High School[3] in Orlando, Florida. He was a member of the swimming and diving team and was the individual state champion for diving all four years he competed.\nCompetition\n[edit]Mark's first attempt at the Olympics happened at the 1996 Trials.[4] Ruiz also competes in synchronized diving (springboard and platform), which will have medal events for the first time in Sydney. Ruiz, a four-time national champion in the platform, has already qualified in the platform and 3-meter springboard. He and partner Rio Ramirez finished fourth in the 3-meter springboard at the 2000 World Cup. Mark retired (temporarily)[5] after the 2004 Olympics in Greece.[6]\nCareer\n[edit]After his temporary retirement from competition, Ruiz taught diving clinics at the YMCA Aquatic Center. In 2010 Mark's former team, Team Orlando Diving (TOD) affiliated with the YMCA of Central Florida and became YCF Diving. Mark Ruiz was named head coach and continues in this position today.[7]\nAchievements\n[edit]Source:[8]\n- 1997 World Cup, platform, 5th\n- 1998 Goodwill Games, 3-meter springboard, 10th; platform, 6th\n- 1998 Summer National Championships, platform, 1-meter springboard, 1st; 3-meter springboard, 2nd\n- 1998 Summer National Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st\n- 1999 Spring National Championships, platform, 3- and 1-meter springboard, 1st\n- 1999 Spring National Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st; 3-meter springboard, 3rd\n- 1999 World Cup, platform, 3rd\n- 1999 Pan American Games, 3-meter springboard, 1st, platform, 5th\n- 1999 Summer National Championships, platform, 3- and 1-meter springboard, 1st\n- 1999 Summer National Championships, synchronized, 3-meter springboard, 1st, platform, 2nd\n- 2000 World Cup, platform, 5th; 3-meter springboard, 7th\n- 2000 National Indoor Championships, synchronized, platform, 1st\n- 2000 National Indoor Championships, platform, 3-meter springboard, 1st\n- 2000 Olympic Team Trials, platform, 3-meter springboard, 1st\n- 2000 Olympic Team\n- 2004 Olympic Team\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ \"Mark Ruiz\". Retrieved June 29, 2011.\n- ^ Orlando's Ruiz Sweeps Men's Titles\n- ^ Shot at 3rd Olympics lures Mark Ruiz back to diving board\n- ^ From the Athlete[permanent dead link]\n- ^ \"Look who's back: Diver Mark Ruiz comes out of retirement\". Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2010.\n- ^ Ruiz retires without Olympic medal\n- ^ YCF Diving - The Program Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ USA Diving Record\nExternal links\n[edit]- 1979 births\n- Living people\n- Olympic divers for the United States\n- Puerto Rican male swimmers\n- Puerto Rican male divers\n- Sportspeople from Río Piedras, Puerto Rico\n- Divers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\n- Divers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\n- American male divers\n- Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games\n- Dr. Phillips High School alumni\n- Divers at the 1999 Pan American Games\n- Divers at the 2003 Pan American Games\n- Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games\n- Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games\n- Pan American Games gold medalists in diving\n- Pan American Games gold medalists for Puerto Rico\n- Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States in diving\n- 21st-century American sportsmen\n- 20th-century American sportsmen",
"title": "Mark Ruiz - Wikipedia"
}
] | 4,444
|
8
|
A general motors vehicle is named after the largest ward in the country of Monaco. How many people had walked on the moon as of the first model year of the vehicle? Note: the model year is not the same as the year the model was first produced.
|
4
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program
| null | null | null | null | null |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions
|
Tabular reasoning | Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco",
"text": "Monaco\nMonaco,[a] officially the Principality of Monaco,[b] is a sovereign city-state and microstate in Western Europe. Situated on the French Riviera, it is a semi-enclave bordered by France to the north, east, and west, with the Mediterranean Sea to the south; the Italian region of Liguria is about 15 km (9.3 mi) east.[10] With a population of 38,423 living in an area of 2.08 km2 (0.80 sq mi), Monaco is the second smallest sovereign state in the world, after Vatican City, as well as the most densely populated. It also has the world's shortest national coastline of any non-landlocked nation, at 3.83 km (2.38 mi).[11] Fewer than 10,000 of its residents are Monégasque nationals.[12] Although French is the official language of Monaco, Italian and Monégasque are also widely spoken and understood.[c]\nMonaco is governed under a form of semi-constitutional monarchy, with Prince Albert II as head of state, who holds substantial political powers. The prime minister, who is the head of government, can be either a Monégasque or French citizen; the monarch consults with the Government of France before an appointment. Key members of the judiciary are detached French magistrates.[13] The House of Grimaldi has ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, since 1297.[14] The state's sovereignty was officially recognised by the Franco-Monégasque Treaty of 1861, with Monaco becoming a full United Nations voting member in 1993. Despite Monaco's independence and separate foreign policy, its defence is the responsibility of France, notwithstanding two small military units.\nMonaco is recognised as one of the wealthiest and most expensive places in the world.[15][16] Its economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the state's first casino, the Monte Carlo Casino, and a rail connection to Paris.[17] The country's mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities contributed to its status as a tourist destination and recreation centre for the wealthy. Monaco has become a major banking centre and sought to diversify into the services sector and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. Monaco is a tax haven; it has no personal income tax (except for French citizens) and low business taxes. Over 30% of residents are millionaires,[18] with real estate prices reaching €100,000 ($116,374) per square metre in 2018. Monaco is a global hub of money laundering, and in June 2024 the Financial Action Task Force placed Monaco under increased monitoring to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.[19][20]\nMonaco is among the 46 Member States which constitute the Council of Europe. It is not part of the European Union (EU), but participates in certain EU policies, including customs and border controls. Through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and is a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). It hosts the annual motor race, the Monaco Grand Prix, one of the original Grands Prix of Formula One. The local motorsports association gives its name to the Monte Carlo Rally, hosted in January in the French Alps. The principality has a club football team, AS Monaco, which competes in French Ligue 1 and has been French champions on multiple occasions, as well as a basketball team, which plays in the EuroLeague. Monaco is a centre of marine conservation and research, being home to one of the world's first protected marine habitats,[21] an Oceanographic Museum, and the International Atomic Energy Agency Marine Environment Laboratories, the only marine laboratory in the UN system.[22][23]\nHistory\nMonaco was first mentioned by the Greek historian Hecataeus of Miletus, who referred to it as \"Monoikos, a Ligurian town\".[24][25] Strabo referred to it as Monoikon limen, explaining that Monoikos (Greek for \"the solitary one\") was another name for Heracles, who had a temple here;[26] it is possible, however, that it is an alteration o...",
"title": "Monaco - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chevrolet_vehicles",
"text": "List of Chevrolet vehicles\nAppearance\nChevrolet is a division of the manufacturer General Motors (GM), which produces vehicles since 1911 worldwide.\nCurrent production vehicles\n[edit]- Keys\nVehicles currently not sold in the United States and Canada\nCurrently produced under license\n[edit]- Chevrolet Cobalt (Uzbekistan)\n- Chevrolet T-Series (Egypt)\nNotes\n- ^ 4500HD-6500HD.\nFormer production vehicles\n[edit]United States\n[edit]Models originally designed and manufactured in the United States (rebadged models are included in another separate list):\nNotes\n- ^ Only in the US. In Canada, it had 8 generations.\nGlobal\n[edit]Chevrolet cars marketed and/or produced outside the United States:\nNotes\n- ^ Separate nameplate from Chevelle, reintroduced 1996\n- ^ Produced locally by General Motors de Argentina.\n- ^ a b Produced locally by GM Colmotores.\n- ^ a b c Produced locally by General Motors do Brasil.\n- ^ Produced locally by GM Uzbekistan.\n- ^ Original model from General Motors do Brasil.\n- ^ Also named \"Daewoo Matiz\" in Korea.\n- ^ Original model from General Motors Korea.\n- ^ a b Produced locally by GM Colmotores.\nOther past vehicles\n[edit]Notes\n- ^ Original model.\nConcept cars\n[edit]Chevrolet concept cars\n- Chevrolet Aero 2003A (1987)\n- Aerovette (1976)\n- Astro I (1967)\n- Astro II (1968)\n- Astro III (1969)\n- Astrovette (1968)\n- Aveo RS (2010)\n- Beat (concept) (2007)\n- Bel Air Concept (2002)\n- Biscayne (concept) (1955)\n- Blazer XT-1 (1987)\n- Bolt (2015)\n- Borrego (2001)\n- California IROC Camaro (1989)\n- Camaro Black Concept (2008)\n- Camaro Chroma Concept (2009)\n- Camaro Concept (2006)\n- Camaro Convertible Concept (2007)\n- Camaro Convertible Concept (2010)\n- Camaro Dale Earnhardt Jr. Concept (2008)\n- Camaro Dusk Concept (2009)\n- Camaro GS Racecar Concept (2008)\n- Camaro LS7 Concept (2008)\n- Camaro LT5 (1988)\n- Camaro SS (concept) (2003)\n- Camaro SSX (2010)\n- Camaro z/28 (2012)\n- Camaro ZL1 (concept) (2011)\n- Caprice PPV (Concept) (2010)\n- Cheyenne (concept) (2003)\n- Citation IV (1984)\n- Cobalt (concept) (2011)\n- Code 130R (2012)\n- Colorado Concept (2011)\n- CERV (1960, 1964, 1990, 1992)\n- Corvair (concept) (1954)\n- Corvair (concept) (1960)\n- Corvair Coupe Speciale (1960, 1962, 1963)\n- Corvair Monza GT (1962)\n- Corvair Monza SS (1962)\n- Corvair Sebring Spyder (1961)\n- Corvair Super Spyder (1962)\n- Chevrolet Testudo (1963)\n- Corvette (concept) (1953)\n- Corvette C2 (concept) (1962)\n- Corvette Indy (1986)\n- Corvette Nivola (1990)\n- Corvette Stingray (concept) (1959)\n- Corvette Stingray (concept) (2009)\n- Corvette XP-700 (1958)\n- Corvette XP-819 Rear Engine (1964)\n- Corvette Z03 (2008)\n- Corvette Z06X (2010)\n- Corvette ZR1 (concept) (2008)\n- Corvette ZR2 (1989)\n- Cruze (concept) (2010)\n- Cruze Eco (concept) (2011)\n- Cruze RS (concept) (2011)\n- GPiX (2008)\n- Equinox Xtreme (2003)\n- E-Spark (2010)\n- Express (1987)\n- FNR (2015)\n- FNR-XE (2022)\n- Groove (2007)\n- Highlander (1993)\n- HHR (2005)\n- Impala (concept) (1956)\n- Jay Leno Camaro (2009)\n- M3X (2004)\n- Mako Shark (1961)\n- Mako Shark II (1965)\n- Malibu (concept) (2011)\n- Malibu Maxx (2003)\n- Miray (2012)\n- Manta Ray (1969)\n- Mulsanne (1974)\n- Nomad (concept) (1954, 1999, 2004)\n- Orlando (concept) (2008)\n- Colorado Rally (2011)\n- Q-Corvette (1957)\n- Ramarro (1984)\n- Rondine (1963)\n- S3X (2004)\n- Scirocco (1970)\n- Sequel (2005)\n- Silverado 427 Concept (2007)\n- Silverado Orange County Choppers Hauler (2007)\n- Silverado ZR2 (2010)\n- Sonic (concept) (2010)\n- Sonic Z-Spec (2011)\n- SR-2 (1957)\n- SS (2003)\n- Suburban 75th Anniversary Diamond Edition (2010)\n- Super Carry (van)\n- Synergy Camaro concept (2009)\n- T2X (2005)\n- Tandem 2000 (1999)\n- Trailblazer SS Concept (2002)\n- Trax (2007)\n- Triax (2000)\n- Tru 140S (2012)[3][4][5]\n- Venture (1988)\n- Volt (concept) (2007)\n- Volt MPV5 EV (2010)\n- Wedge Corvette (1963)\n- WTCC Ultra (2006)\n- XP-882 Four Rotor (1973)\n- XP-895 Reynolds (1973)\n- XP-897GT Two-Rotor (1973)\n- XP-898 (1973)\n- XT-2 (1989)\n- YGM1 (1999)\nExperimental cars\n[edit]Prototypes\n[edit]- Corvet...",
"title": "List of Chevrolet vehicles - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Monte_Carlo",
"text": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo\nThe Chevrolet Monte Carlo is a two-door coupe that was manufactured and marketed by the Chevrolet division of General Motors. Deriving its name from the city in Monaco, the Monte Carlo was marketed as the first personal luxury car of the Chevrolet brand. Introduced for the 1970 model year, the model line was produced across six generations through the 2007 model year, with a hiatus from 1989 until 1994. The Monte Carlo was a variant of the Pontiac Grand Prix throughout its production.\nFrom 1970 until 1972, the Monte Carlo rode on the unique \"A-Special\" platform with the Grand Prix, shifting to the standard A-body intermediate chassis from the 1973 through 1977 model years. For 1978, the Monte Carlo line underwent downsizing, but was still considered a midsized coupe. The rear-wheel drive A-body platform of this generation of Monte Carlo was redesignated as the G-body when GM's front-wheel drive A-body cars were introduced for the 1982 model year. After an abbreviated 1988 model year, the Monte Carlo was replaced by the two-door Chevrolet Lumina.\nFor the 1995 model year, the Monte Carlo was revived, replacing the two-door Lumina. It shared the front-wheel drive W-platform with the two-door Grand Prix, and was the largest coupe in the Chevrolet lineup. After the 2002 model year, the Grand Prix coupe was discontinued, the Monte Carlo became the largest two-door model produced by an American auto manufacturer.\nIn response to declining sales of the model line, Chevrolet discontinued the Monte Carlo after the 2007 model year.[2] During much of its production, the Monte Carlo represented the Chevrolet brand in stock car racing. During the 1980s, the Monte Carlo SS was introduced, featuring aerodynamically enhanced styling; as part of its revival, the Monte Carlo again represented Chevrolet in stock car racing from 1995 through its discontinuation.\nDevelopment\n[edit]For the 1968 model year, GM instituted a split-wheelbase policy for its A-platform intermediate-sized cars. Two-door models would have a 112 in (2,845 mm) wheelbase, 116 in (2,946 mm) for sedans, and 121 in (3,073 mm) for station wagons. In 1969, GM introduced the Pontiac Grand Prix, a two-door that used the A-platform layout that was stretched ahead of the firewall to make it 210.2-inch (5,339 mm) long. This gave the design an unusually long hood design, helping the new Grand Prix to outsell its larger B-body predecessor despite higher prices. The new layout was first known as the A-body Special, but would evolve into its own class known as the G-platform.[3]\nThe Monte Carlo began as Chevrolet's version of the Pontiac Grand Prix, as conceived by Elliot M. (Pete) Estes, general manager of Chevrolet, and Chevrolet's chief stylist, David Holls, giving Chevrolet and Pontiac an alternative to the E-body Buick Riviera and Oldsmobile Toronado. They modeled the styling on the contemporary Cadillac Eldorado. However, much of the body and structure were shared with the Chevrolet Chevelle (firewall, windshield, decklid, and rear window were the same). New exterior \"coke bottle styling\" featured concealed windshield wipers. A fiber-optic exterior light monitoring system was optional.[4]\nA mid-1990s article in the magazine Chevrolet High Performance stated that the first generation Monte Carlo was known to Chevrolet management under the working name Concours. The usual practice at the time was that all Chevrolet model development names started with a \"C\". At one point, the proposal called for a formal coupe, sedan, and convertible. It has been noted that the sedan resembled a full-size Oldsmobile 98 before the use of the GM G platform, with at least one photograph showing the pull-up door handles that would be introduced on the 1970 Camaro and then on 1971 Vegas and full-sized Chevys. Monte Carlos received this design on the 1973 second-generation model. The 1970 Monte Carlo was available only as a two-door hardtop.\nThe Monte Carlo was developed at Chevrolet unde...",
"title": "Chevrolet Monte Carlo - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon",
"text": "Moon\nThe Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. It orbits around Earth at an average distance of 384,399 kilometres (238,854 mi),[f] a distance roughly 30 times the width of Earth. It completes an orbit (lunar month) in relation to Earth and the Sun (synodically) every 29.5 days. The Moon and Earth are bound by gravitational attraction, which is stronger on the sides facing each other. The resulting tidal forces are the main driver of Earth's tides, and have pulled the Moon to always face Earth with the same near side. This tidal locking effectively synchronizes the Moon's rotation period (lunar day) to its orbital period (lunar month).\nIn geophysical terms, the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as the contiguous United States). Within the Solar System, it is larger and more massive than any known dwarf planet, and the fifth-largest and fifth-most massive moon, as well as the largest and most massive in relation to its parent planet.[18] Its surface gravity is about one-sixth of Earth's, about half that of Mars, and the second-highest among all moons in the Solar System after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with only a minuscule hydrosphere, atmosphere, and magnetic field. The lunar surface is covered in regolith dust, which mainly consists of the fine material ejected from the lunar crust by impact events. The lunar crust is marked by impact craters, with some younger ones featuring bright ray-like streaks. The Moon was volcanically active until 1.2 billion years ago, surfacing lava mostly on the thinner near side of the Moon, filling ancient craters, which through cooling formed the today prominently visible dark plains of basalt called maria ('seas'). The origin of the Moon is not clear, although it has been hypothesized to have formed out of material from Earth, ejected by a giant impact into Earth of a Mars-sized body named Theia 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation.\nFrom a distance, the day and night phases of the lunar day are visible as the lunar phases, and when the Moon passes through Earth's shadow a lunar eclipse is observable. The Moon's apparent size in Earth's sky is about the same as that of the Sun, which causes it to cover the Sun completely during a total solar eclipse. The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky because of its large apparent size, while the reflectance (albedo) of its surface is comparable to that of asphalt. About 59% of the surface of the Moon is visible from Earth owing to the different angles at which the Moon can appear in Earth's sky (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.\nThe Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge in human history, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science and spaceflight. The first spaceflights to an extraterrestrial body were to the Moon, starting in 1959 with the flyby of Luna 1 (sent by the Soviet Union), and the intentional impact of Luna 2, followed in 1966 by the first soft landing (by Luna 9) and orbital insertion (by Luna 10). Humans first arrived in orbit on December 24, 1968, with Apollo 8 (sent by the United States), and then on the surface on July 20, 1969, with Apollo 11. By 1972, six Apollo missions had landed twelve humans on the Moon and stayed up to three days. Renewed robotic exploration of the Moon, in particular to confirm the presence of water on the Moon, has fueled plans to return humans to the Moon, starting with the Artemis program scheduled for the late 2020s.\nNames and etymology\nThe English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is typically written as Moon, with a capital M.[19][20] The noun moon is derived from Old English mōna, which stems from Proto-Germanic *mēnōn,[21] which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-Europ...",
"title": "Moon - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program",
"text": "Apollo program\nThe Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. Apollo was conceived during Project Mercury and executed after Project Gemini. It was conceived in 1960 as a three-person spacecraft during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to the U.S. Congress on May 25, 1961.\nKennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission, when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last, Apollo 17, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve people walked on the Moon.\nApollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first crewed flight in 1968. It encountered a major setback in 1967 when the Apollo 1 cabin fire killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first Moon landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration. Budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these. Five of the remaining six missions achieved landings; but the Apollo 13 landing had to be aborted after an oxygen tank exploded en route to the Moon, crippling the CSM. The crew barely managed a safe return to Earth by using the Lunar Module as a \"lifeboat\" on the return journey. Apollo used the Saturn family of rockets as launch vehicles, which were also used for an Apollo Applications Program, which consisted of Skylab, a space station that supported three crewed missions in 1973–1974, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint United States-Soviet Union low Earth orbit mission in 1975.\nApollo set several major human spaceflight milestones. It stands alone in sending crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit. Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, and Apollo 11 was the first crewed spacecraft to land humans on one.\nOverall, the Apollo program returned 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history. The program laid the foundation for NASA's subsequent human spaceflight capability and funded construction of its Johnson Space Center and Kennedy Space Center. Apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and human spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.\nName\n[edit]The program was named after the Greek god Apollo by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said, \"I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby.\"[2] Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt \"Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program\".[3]\nThe context of this was that the program focused at its beginning mainly on developing an advanced crewed spacecraft, the Apollo command and service module, succeeding the Mercury program. A lunar landing became the focus of the program only in 1961.[4] Thereafter Project Gemini instead followed the Mercury program to test and study advanced crewed spaceflight technology.\nBackground\n[edit]Origin and spacecraft feasibility studies\n[edit]The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could support only one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual crewed lunar landings...",
"title": "Apollo program - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions",
"text": "List of Apollo missions\nThe Apollo program was a United States human spaceflight program carried out from 1961 to 1972 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which landed the first astronauts on the Moon.[1] The program used the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles to lift the Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) spacecraft into space, and the Little Joe II rocket to test a launch escape system which was expected to carry the astronauts to safety in the event of a Saturn failure.[2] Uncrewed test flights beginning in 1966 demonstrated the safety of the launch vehicles and spacecraft to carry astronauts, and four crewed flights beginning in October 1968 demonstrated the ability of the spacecraft to carry out a lunar landing mission.\nApollo achieved the first crewed lunar landing on the Apollo 11 mission, when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their LM Eagle in the Sea of Tranquility and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the CSM Columbia, and all three landed safely on Earth on July 24, 1969.[3] Five subsequent missions landed astronauts on various lunar sites, ending in December 1972 with 12 men having walked on the Moon[4] and 842 pounds (382 kg) of lunar rocks and soil samples returned to Earth, greatly contributing to the understanding of the Moon's composition and geological history.[5]\nTwo Apollo missions were failures: a 1967 cabin fire killed the entire Apollo 1 crew during a ground test in preparation for what was to be the first crewed flight;[6] and the third landing attempt on Apollo 13 was aborted by an oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon, which disabled the CSM Odyssey's electrical power and life support systems, and made the propulsion system unsafe to use. The crew circled the Moon and were returned safely to Earth using the LM Aquarius as a \"lifeboat\" for these functions.[7]\nUncrewed test flights\n[edit]From 1961 through 1967, Saturn launch vehicles and Apollo spacecraft components were tested in uncrewed flights.\nSaturn I\n[edit]The Saturn I launch vehicle was originally planned to carry crewed Command Module flights into low Earth orbit, but its 20,000-pound (9,100 kg) payload capacity limit could not lift even a partially fueled Service Module, which would have required building a lightweight retrorocket module for deorbit. These plans were eventually scrapped in favor of using the uprated Saturn IB to launch the Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module for crewed Earth orbit tests. This limited Saturn I flights to Saturn launch vehicle development, CSM boilerplate testing, and three Pegasus micrometeoroid satellite missions in support of Apollo.\nThere was some incongruity in the numbering and naming of the first three uncrewed Apollo-Saturn (AS) or Apollo flights. This is due to AS-204 being renamed to Apollo 1 posthumously. This crewed flight was to have followed the first three uncrewed flights. After the fire which killed the AS-204 crew on the pad during a test and training exercise, uncrewed Apollo flights resumed to test the Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Module; these were designated Apollo 4, 5 and 6. The first crewed Apollo mission was thus Apollo 7. Simple \"Apollo\" numbers were never assigned to the first three uncrewed flights, although renaming AS-201, AS-202, and AS-203 as Apollo 1-A, Apollo 2 and Apollo 3, had been briefly considered.[6]\nSaturn IB\n[edit]The Saturn I was converted to the Uprated Saturn I, eventually designated Saturn IB, by replacing the S-IV second stage with the S-IVB, which would also be used as the third stage of the Saturn V with the addition of on-orbit restart capability. This increased the payload capacity to 46,000 pounds (21,000 kg), enough to orbit a Command Module with a half-fueled Service Module, and more than enough to orbit a fully fueled Lunar Module.\nTwo suborbital tests of the Apollo Block I Command and Service Module, one S-IVB development test, and one L...",
"title": "List of Apollo missions - Wikipedia"
}
] | 6,272
|
9
|
The Pope born Pietro Barbo ended a long-running war two years after his papacy began, which famous conflict, immortalized in tapestry took place 400 years earlier?
|
The Battle of Hastings.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Temporal reasoning
|
['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II",
"text": "Pope Paul II\nPope Paul II (Latin: Paulus II; Italian: Paolo II; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471),[1] born Pietro Barbo, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 August 1464 to his death in 1471. When his maternal uncle became Pope Eugene IV, Barbo switched from training to be a merchant to religious studies. His rise in the Church was relatively rapid. Elected pope in 1464, Paul amassed a great collection of art and antiquities.\nEarly life\n[edit]Pietro Barbo was born in Venice, the son of Niccolò Barbo and wife Polissena Condulmer.[2] His mother was the sister of Pope Eugene IV (1431–1447). Through his father he was a member of the noble Barbo family. His adoption of the spiritual career, after having been trained as a merchant, was prompted by his uncle's election as pope. His consequent promotion was rapid. He became Archdeacon of Bologna, and Bishop of Cervia and of Vicenza, and in 1440 became a cardinal-deacon.[3] While he was in Rome, Vicenza was administered by his brother, Paolo Barbo.[4] Barbo gained popularity through his generosity. He might have boasted that if elected pope he would buy each cardinal a villa to escape the summer heat.[5][page needed]\nAfter having been lay abbot of Santa Maria in Sylvis since 1441, in 1445 he succeeded Giuliano Cesarini as archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. Barbo was very influential under Eugene IV, Nicholas V, and Calixtus III, but less so under Pius II.[3] Barbo had a marked propensity to enjoy dressing up in sumptuous ecclesiastical finery.\nElection\n[edit]Barbo was elected to succeed Pope Pius II by the accessus in the first ballot of the papal conclave of 30 August 1464[6] with a majority of fourteen of the nineteen cardinals present. He owed his election in part to the dissatisfaction of some of the cardinals with the policy of his predecessor.[3]\nUpon taking office, Paul II was to convene an ecumenical council within three years. But these terms of subscription were modified by Paul II at his own discretion, and this action lost him the confidence of the College of Cardinals. The justification for setting aside the capitulations, seen to be under way by the Duke of Milan's ambassador as early as 21 September, lay in connecting any abridgement of the Pope's absolute monarchy in the Papal States with a consequent abridgement of his sole authority in spiritual matters.[7] Almost from his coronation, Paul withdrew and became inaccessible: audiences were only granted at night and even good friends waited a fortnight to see him. His suspiciousness was widely attested.\nPaul wore rouge in public.[5][page needed] The story of Cardinal Ammanati that he meant to take the name Formosus II (meaning \"handsome\"), after Pope Formosus,[8] but was persuaded not to, is more often repeated than the story that he was dissuaded from Marcus, being Venetian and the Cardinal of San Marco, because it was also the war-cry of Venice.[9] He had a papal tiara made for his own use studded with \"diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, topaz, large pearls, and every kind of precious gem\".[5][page needed] He built the Palazzo San Marco (now the Palazzo Venezia) and lived there even as pope, amassing a great collection of art and antiquities.[10][page needed]\nConflict\n[edit]A sore point was his abuse of the practice of creating cardinals in pectore, without publishing their names. Eager to raise new cardinals to increase the number who were devoted to his interests, but restricted by the terms of the capitulation, which gave the college a voice in the creation of new members, in the winter of 1464–65 Paul created two secret cardinals both of whom died before their names could be published. In his fourth year as Pope, he created eight new cardinals on 18 September 1467. Five were candidates pressed by kings, placating respectively James II of Cyprus, Edward IV of England, Louis XI of France, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and Ferdinand I of Naples; one was the able administrator of the Francis...",
"title": "Pope Paul II - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)",
"text": "Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)\nThe Thirteen Years' War (Polish: wojna trzynastoletnia; German: Dreizehnjähriger Krieg), also called the War of the Cities, was a conflict fought in 1454–1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.\nAfter the defeat suffered by the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410 and the ensuing political, military and economic problems, the state was rife with internal conflict between the ruling Order and the local Prussian nobility. Eventually, this tension led to an uprising by the Prussian Confederation representing the Prussian nobility and cities, who sought the protection of the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon. Once the King granted his assent, war broke out between the Prussian Confederation, supported by Poland, and the proponents of Teutonic Knight rule.\nThe Thirteen Years' War ended in the victory of the Prussian Confederation and Poland and in the Second Peace of Thorn. The Teutonic Order became a Polish fief and its Grand Masters had to commit to homage to the Polish King within 6 months of acquiring power. This was honored for approximately the next two centuries with tensions rising seldomly during this period. The Teutonic Order also returned Pomerelia to Poland after nearly 150 years and ceded the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, which together formed Royal Prussia, as both lands fell under direct rule of the Polish King. Tension quickly flared up afterward, and this was soon followed by the War of the Priests (1467–1479), a drawn-out dispute over the independence of Warmia, in which the Knights sought revision of the Peace.\nBackground\n[edit]Reasons for war\n[edit]A dispute between Poland and the Teutonic Order over control of Eastern Pomerania had lasted since the 1308 Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk), when the territory was contested and annexed by the Teutonic Order. This event resulted in a series of Polish–Teutonic Wars throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 15th century, the towns of Prussia rapidly grew economically. However, this was not followed by an increase in their political influence. The rule of the Teutonic Knights was seen as more and more anachronistic – taxes (customs) and the system of grain licenses (every trader had to pay large fees for the privilege of trading grain) were hindering economic development in the province. At the same time the nobility wanted a larger say in the running of the country and were looking enviously at neighbouring Poland, where the Polish nobility enjoyed wider privileges. The Knights were also accused of violating the few existing privileges of the nobility and the cities. Craftsmen were discontented because of competition from so-called partacze, or artisans settled by the Knights near their castles. Kashubians, Poles, Germans, and Prussians were slowly melting into one nation, and as national differences disappeared, the common goals of all the ethnic and social groups of Prussia became more prominent, and the Prussian estates leaned increasingly towards Poland.\nIn 1397 Prussian knights had founded a secret organisation called the Eidechsenbund (English translation: Lizard Union), more or less against the Teutonic Knights, but that organization had failed as it was not supported by the urban population. After the victory by the Polish and Lithuanian forces at Grunwald during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War (1409–1411), the Prussian estates eagerly pledged allegiance to King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila) of Poland. But they quickly returned to the order's rule after the Poles were unable to conquer Marienburg (Malbork). A clause in the peace treaty stated that it was guaranteed by the Prussian states, which would gain the right to defy the Teutonic Order if it broke the treaty. In the succeeding wars the Prussian estates opposed any conflict, and pushed the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights to make peace.\nOn 21 Februar...",
"title": "Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry",
"text": "Bayeux Tapestry\nThe Bayeux Tapestry[a] is an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres (230 feet) long and 50 centimetres (20 inches) tall[1] that depicts the events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, led by William, Duke of Normandy, challenging Harold II, King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. It is thought to date to the 11th century, within a few years of the battle. Now widely accepted to have been made in England, perhaps as a gift for William, it tells the story from the point of view of the conquering Normans and for centuries has been preserved in Normandy.\nAccording to Sylvette Lemagnen, conservator of the tapestry, in her 2005 book La Tapisserie de Bayeux:\nThe Bayeux tapestry is one of the supreme achievements of the Norman Romanesque .... Its survival almost intact over nine centuries is little short of miraculous ... Its exceptional length, the harmony and freshness of its colours, its exquisite workmanship, and the genius of its guiding spirit combine to make it endlessly fascinating.[2]\nThe cloth consists of 58 scenes,[note 1] many with Latin tituli, embroidered on linen with coloured woollen yarns. It is likely that it was commissioned by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, William's maternal half-brother, and made for him in England in the 1070s. In 1729, the hanging was rediscovered by scholars at a time when it was being displayed annually in Bayeux Cathedral. The tapestry is now exhibited at the Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux in Bayeux, Normandy, France. It will return to England for the first time in 900 years, on loan from France for display at the British Museum from September 2026 to July 2027.[5]\nThe designs on the Bayeux Tapestry are embroidered rather than in a tapestry weave, so it does not meet narrower definitions of a tapestry.[6] It can be seen as a rare example of secular Romanesque art. Tapestries adorned both churches and wealthy houses in medieval Western Europe, though at 0.5 by 68.38 m (1 ft 8 in by 224 ft 4 in), the Bayeux Tapestry is exceptionally large. The background is not embroidered, providing a large, clear field of cloth which allows the figures and decorative elements to stand out very clearly.\nHistory\n[edit]Origins\n[edit]The earliest known written reference to the tapestry is a 1476 inventory of Bayeux Cathedral,[7] but its origins have been the subject of much speculation and controversy.\nFrench legend maintained the tapestry was commissioned and created by Queen Matilda, William the Conqueror's wife, and her ladies-in-waiting. Indeed, in France, it is occasionally known as La Tapisserie de la Reine Mathilde (\"The Tapestry of Queen Matilda\"). However, scholarly analysis in the 20th century concluded it was probably commissioned by William's half-brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux,[8] who, after the Conquest, also became Earl of Kent and, when William was absent in Normandy, regent of England.\nThe reasons for the Odo commission theory include:\n- three of the bishop's followers mentioned in the Domesday Book appear on the tapestry;\n- it was found in Bayeux Cathedral, built by Odo;\n- it may have been commissioned at the same time as the cathedral's construction in the 1070s, possibly completed by 1077 in time for display on the cathedral's dedication.\nAssuming Odo commissioned the tapestry, it was probably designed and constructed in England by Anglo-Saxon artists (Odo's main power base being by then in Kent); the Latin text contains hints of Anglo-Saxon; other embroideries originate from England at this time; and the vegetable dyes can be found in cloth traditionally woven there.[9][10][11] Howard B. Clarke has proposed that the designer of the tapestry (i.e., the individual responsible for its overall narrative and political argument) was Scolland, the abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, because of his previous position as head of the scriptorium at Mont-Saint-Michel (famed for its illumination), his travels to Trajan's Column in Rome, and his connection...",
"title": "Bayeux Tapestry - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings",
"text": "Battle of Hastings\nThe Battle of Hastings[a] was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 mi (11 km) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.\nThe background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig, and the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066. They were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.\nThe numbers present at the battle are unknown as even modern estimates vary considerably. The composition of the forces is clearer: the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect. Therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.\nThere continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are difficult to assess, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.\nBackground\nIn 911, the Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo.[1] Their settlement proved successful,[2][b] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity,[3] and intermarrying with the local population.[4] Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west.[5] In 1002, King Æthelred II married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy.[6] Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy and succeeded to the English throne in 1042.[7] This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his sons, and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.[8]\nSuccession crisis in England\nKing Edward's death on 5 January 1066[9][c] left no clear heir, and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England.[11] Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful ...",
"title": "Battle of Hastings - Wikipedia"
}
] | 3,761
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10
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An Australian artist, born the same year as artist Janet Cumbrae Stewart and fellow member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, had her painting featured on the cover of Women's World Magazine in 1923. What is the name of the painting?
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Reve d'Or
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson
| null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Multiple constraints | Temporal reasoning
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['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors', 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson']
|
[
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Cumbrae_Stewart",
"text": "Janet Cumbrae Stewart\nJanet Agnes Cumbrae Stewart (23 December 1883 – 8 September 1960) was an Australian painter. She spent the 1920s and 1930s painting in Britain, France and Italy.[2]\nBiography\n[edit]Cumbrae Stewart was born on 23 December 1883 in Brighton, Victoria, Australia.[3] She was born Janet Agnes Stewart, the youngest of ten children born to Francis Edward Stewart (1833–1904) and Agnes Park (1843–1927). Janet's eldest brother, Francis William Sutton Stewart, became convinced of a family connection to the Stuarts of Bute and despite never proving the link, adopted \"Cumbrae\" to his name, and his siblings followed suit.[4] This addition to the name would later serve a greater purpose for Janet, who quickly abandoned the hyphen and identified herself professionally as simply Cumbrae Stewart, and so avoided, to a certain extent, the limitations and scrutiny attached to her sex.\nThe Stewarts lived a very traditional upper middle class existence, with the boys studying at private school and the three girls receiving their early education at home under the supervision of a governess.[5] As well as her lessons, Cumbrae Stewart also received instruction in several suitable 'past-times' including dancing, piano and drawing; this latter she was instructed by Zena Beatrice Selwyn, who would later marry Cumbrae Stewart's brother Francis in 1906. During her late teens, Cumbrae Stewart joined landscape painter, John Mather, and his students, on outdoor sketching exhibitions.[6]\nFrom 1903 though 1908 Cumbrae Stewart studied at the Melbourne National Gallery School, where she was taught by Lindsay Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin.[7] During this time she won a slew of awards: first prize for Drawing from Antique in 1904, Still Life Painting in 1905, Second place for Half Nude Painting and Life Drawing in 1906, and third prize for Drawing a Head from Life in 1903 and third place in the coveted Travelling Scholarship prize in 1908 for The Old Gown in 1908 (first and second places were both awarded to Constance Jenkins).\nFollowing her art education, Cumbrae Stewart rented premises in Melbourne and commenced exhibiting. She participated in the first Exhibition of Women's Work held in Melbourne in 1907, and exhibited with the Victorian Artists Society from 1908 to 1920. She also exhibited with the Queensland Art Society, the Australian Artists Association and the South Australian Society of Arts, as well as the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors. She held her first solo exhibition at the Coles Book Arcade gallery in Collins Street in 1911, from which Bernard Hall purchased a pastel of a head, and Rupert Bunny purchased a landscape.[8] Other solo exhibitions were regularly held at the Athenaeum Hall in Melbourne, Gayfield Shaw's Salon in Sydney and Preece's Gallery in South Australia, under the management of Gayfield Shaw.\nIn 1922 Cumbrae Stewart travelled to England with her sister, Beatrice Peverill, on board the Aeneas, arriving in Liverpool on 21 July.[9] In an interview with the Brisbane Telegraph, Beatrice reports on a journey during which her sister was kept extremely busy with commissions from fellow passengers, working from a small studio space created by the ship's captain, below the bridge.[10] The journey apparently concluded with a small exhibition of portraits and travel sketches held in the music room.\nPrior to embarking on the journey, Janet had organised for a ship to carry over a selection of works with which she intended to commence immediate exhibition. Upon its arrival however, she was devastated to find that the vast majority had been destroyed in transit and she had to quickly set about replacing them, and so finding a studio became an immediate priority.[11] She held her first solo exhibition in February 1923 at Walkers Galleries in London.[a] This was a tremendous success financially and socially. Several prominent London society ladies turned out to view the works and Cumbrae Stewart was kept im...",
"title": "Janet Cumbrae Stewart - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Society_of_Women_Painters_and_Sculptors",
"text": "Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors\nThe Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors, established in Melbourne, Victoria in 1902, is the oldest surviving women's art group in Australia.\nHistory\n[edit]The Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors (MSWPS) began in 1902 as a monthly gathering of eight former students of Frederick McCubbin from the National Gallery School which members called the Students' Art Club. It is known that among these founders were Daisy Stone, Tina Gowdie, Annie Gates, Kate Allan, Ella Thorn, Henrietta Maria Gulliver and a Miss Stock (otherwise unidentified, who died in 1906).[1] In 1905 they added the indigenous word \"Woomballano\" (meaning either 'everlasting beauty' or 'search for beauty') to identify their Art Club, changing its title to The Women's Art Club in 1913 then to the Melbourne Society of Women Painters in 1930. The present designation was adopted in 1954.[1]\nMany of its early members were plein air painters and identified with the Heidelberg School, which was regarded widely as a male group but which involved many women. The interest in the decorative arts at the opening of the twentieth century attracted other members who were significant craftspeople. By the 1920s, the Society was assimilating the generation of professional women artists emerging from the Melbourne National Gallery School, with significant women artists, representatives of both the Meldrum tonal school and modernism, being invited to join. The Society was less overtly feminist than its Sydney counterpart The Society of Women Painters (later named Women’s Industrial Arts Society) which was founded in 1910 in reaction to the discrimination of male-dominated juries of art institutions and societies.[2] During the Second World War the MSWPS opened volunteer headquarters at Grosvenor Chambers (9 Collins Street, Melbourne) where they made and sold handcrafts and art to raise money for the war effort.[3]\nMSWPS has met at heritage-listed Ola Cohn House 41-43 Gipps Street, East Melbourne since the sculptor's death in 1964. She was President of the Society from 1948 to 1964.\nNotable members\n[edit]Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors members included:\n- Cristina Asquith Baker, painter, print-maker (1868–1960)[4]\n- Alice Marian Ellen Bale (1875–1955),[5] Studied at National Gallery School 1895–1904, from 1917 to 1955 a consistent exhibitor with the Women’s Art Club[6]\n- Margaret Francis Ellen Baskerville sculptor (1861–1930)[7]\n- Clarice Beckett (1887–1935) participated in Women’s Art Club shows until the early 1930s.\n- Lina Bryans (1909–2000), exhibited 1940–1965 and prominent in the 1960s, resigned 1966, rejoined 1991—. A Modernist associated with William Frater[8]\n- Ethel Carrick (1872–1952), exhibited with the society in the 1940s and 1950s[9]\n- Ola Cohn (President of the Society from 1948 to her death in 1964[10])\n- Amalie Sara Colquhoun painter (1894–1974)\n- Valeria Helen Correll, sculptor, ceramicist (1886–1973)[11]\n- Sybil Craig (a foundation member)[12][13]\n- Peggie Crombie\n- Janet Cumbrae Stewart\n- Maude Edith Victoria Fleay (1869–1965), Women’s Art Club member from 1929, exhibited with it regularly and was elected a life member in 1964.[14]\n- Frances Margot Freeman (1895–1977) exhibited with the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors in 1923–26, then again in 1938, and regularly showed work in their annual exhibitions until 1971[15]\n- May Butler George (1881–1973), painter and sculptor, joined the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors 1913 and exhibited with it in 1923[16]\n- Gwendolyn Muriel Grant (1877–1968)[17]\n- Henrietta Maria Gulliver (1866 – 1945)\n- Norah Gurdon (1882 - 1974)\n- Margaret Gurney\n- Pat Hillcoat (1935 – 2022)\n- Polly Hurry\n- Marguerite Henriette Mahood, ceramicist (1901–1989)[18]\n- Maidie McGowan (1906–1998)[19]\n- Leopoldine Mimovich OAM (1920–2019)[20]\n- Anne Montgomery\n- Hilda Rix Nicholas\n- Helen Elizabeth Ogilvie (1902–1992)\n- Esther Pat...",
"title": "Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors - Wikipedia"
},
{
"source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wilson",
"text": "Dora Wilson\nDora Lynnell Wilson (31 August 1883 – 21 November 1946) was a British-born Australian artist, best known in her adopted country of Australia for her etchings and street scenes.\nEarly life\n[edit]Dora Lynnell Wilson was born on 31 August 1883 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Her parents were James Wilson, agent, and Annie Maria, née Green.[1] The family emigrated to the state of Victoria in Australia in 1884, when Dora was a year old.\nEducation\n[edit]Wilson was educated at Somerset School and Methodist Ladies' College in Melbourne. From 1901–1906 she studied at the National Gallery under Bernard Hall and Frederick McCubbin, forming friendships with fellow artists Ruth Hollick,[2] Gwendolyn Grant, Norah Gurdon, and her partner Pegg Clarke.[3] She also took lessons from John Mather with Jessie Traill and Janie Wilkinson Whyte.[1]\nArtistic career\n[edit]Wilson was best known for her etchings, pastels and oils of still lifes and nudes. Her work was praised for her 'strong sense of colour' but also critiqued for demonstrating a 'chocolate box prettiness'.[4] Her work was included in a number of notable exhibitions, including the five week Australian Exhibition of Women's Work in Melbourne, a Royal Academy exhibition of Australian art in London.[5] In 1923 her work, 'Reve d'Or', was reproduced on the cover of Women's World[1] and exhibited at the Société des Artistes Français in Paris.[1]\nHer studio at Collins Street West was the meeting place of ex–Gallery School students who exhibited in 1913–14 as 'The Twelve Melbourne Painters.'[1] This group included Jessie Traill, Janet Cumbrae Stewart, Norah Gurdon, Penleigh Boyd, and Lindsay Bernard Hall.[6] Wilson was also a member of the Melbourne Society of Women Painters and Sculptors.[7]\nFrom the 1920s onwards she concentrated largely on street scenes, and in 1923 she was commissioned by Sir Baldwin Spencer to undertake a series of paintings of European landmarks, which saw her travelling around Europe for over two years, accompanied by the photographer Pegg Clarke.[1] In 1928 these works were exhibited at the Beaux Arts Gallery, London,[8] and the following year at Australia House. In the early 1930s she focused on historical scenes from Melbourne's history, with an exhibition entitled 'Milestones of Melbourne' held at the Fine Art Society Gallery in March 1935.[9] Her work was received favorably by Arthur Streeton for being \"fresh in colour and treatment and free from the depressing appearance of black paint.\"[10] In 1937 she joined and exhibited with Robert Menzies' Australian Academy of Art.[11]\n-\nExterior view of single story house with steep gabled roof, [between 1900 and 1910]\n-\nUnidentified light house on a cliff, [between 1900 and 1910]\n-\nShips at anchor, [between 1900 and 1910]\nDeath\n[edit]Wilson died of cancer on 21 November 1946 and was cremated at Springvale Cemetery, Melbourne.[12] She made a bequest to the National Gallery trustees in the amount of £1100 as it was her wish to help Australian artists to travel abroad.[13]\nExhibitions\n[edit]- 1943, from 1 December; Inclusion in a group show of ninety-one paintings and etchings with Arnold Shore, Max Meldrum, John Rowell, Jas. Quinn, John Farmer, Mary Hurry, Dora Serle, Margaret Pestell, Allan Jordan, Isabel Tweddle, Aileen Dent, Murray Griffin, Geo. Colville, and Victor Cog. Hawthorn Library.[14]\nFurther reading\n[edit]Notebooks of Dora L Wilson (ca. 1900–1960) [manuscript], State Library Victoria\nDora L. Wilson [Australian art and artists file], State Library Victoria\nMcCaul, Dermot. Chance encounters with Australian art (State Library Victoria)\nReferences\n[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Lee, Mary Alice. \"Wilson, Dora Lynnell (1883–1946)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 6 February 2018.\n- ^ Van Wyk, Susan (2011). \"Ruth Hollick b. 17 March 1883\". Design & Art Australia Online. Archived from the o...",
"title": "Dora Wilson - Wikipedia"
}
] | 3,229
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