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1956_12	African Americans in the Confederate military A small number of free persons of color in New Orleans formed the 1st Louisiana Native Guard (CSA) as part of the Louisiana militia. The unit temporarily disbanded on February 15, 1862, after Louisiana law stated the militia could only be made up of white men. They were re...
1956_13	"Nearly 40% of the Confederacy's population were unfree ... the work required to sustain the same society during war naturally fell disproportionately on black shoulders as well. By drawing so many white men into the army, indeed, the war multiplied the importance of the black work force." Even Georgia's governor Josep...
1956_14	The idea of arming slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but not seriously considered by Davis or others in his administration. Though an acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from Patrick Cleburne urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancip...
1956_15	executive order that any African-Americans accepted as soldiers under terms of the act must be volunteers and be accompanied by manumission papers.
1956_16	Supply
1956_17	Much like the Continental Army in the American Revolution, state governments were supposed to supply their soldiers. The supply situation for most Confederate Armies was dismal even when victorious. The lack of central authority and effective transportation infrastructure, especially the railroads, combined the frequen...
1956_18	retaliation. Scorched earth policies especially in Georgia, South Carolina and the Virginian Shenandoah Valley proved far more devastating than anything Pennsylvania had suffered and further reduced the capacity of the increasingly effectively blockaded Confederacy to feed even its civilian population, let alone its A...
1956_19	Uniforms See article: Uniforms of the Confederate Military The Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces were the uniforms used by the Confederate Army and Navy during the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. The uniform varied greatly due to a variety of reasons, such as location, limitations on the supply ...
1956_20	Died in Union prisons – 26,000 to 31,000 Non-mortal Woundings – Unknown At the end of the war 174,223 men surrendered to the Union Army. See also Conclusion of the American Civil War List of Confederate Regular Army officers Confederate Government Civil War units References External links
1956_21	The McGavock Confederate Cemetery at Franklin, TN Confederate offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought Civil War Research & Discussion Group -*Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms, 1861 The Countryman, 1862–1866, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner The Federal and the Confe...
1956_22	1861 establishments in North America 1865 disestablishments in North America Military units and formations established in 1861 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
1957_0	Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates. It was named by the monk Charles Plumier after the a...
1957_1	Cultivation and uses Several species, known as yams, are important agricultural crops in tropical regions, grown for their large tubers. Many of these are toxic when fresh, but can be detoxified and eaten, and are particularly important in parts of Africa, Asia, and Oceania (see yam article). One class of toxins foun...
1957_2	A Dioscorea abysmophila Maguire & Steyerm. Dioscorea abyssinica Hochst. ex Kunth Dioscorea acanthogene Rusby Dioscorea acerifolia Phil. Dioscorea acuminata Baker Dioscorea adenantha Uline Dioscorea aesculifolia R.Knuth Dioscorea aguilarii Standl. & Steyerm. Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea alatipes Burkill & H.Pe...
1957_3	Dioscorea arnensis R. Knuth Dioscorea asclepiadea Prain & Burkill Dioscorea aspera Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Dioscorea aspersa Prain & Burkill Dioscorea asperula Pedralli Dioscorea asteriscus Burkill Dioscorea atrescens R.Knuth Dioscorea auriculata Poepp.
1957_4	B Dioscorea bahiensis R.Knuth Dioscorea bako Wilkin Dioscorea balcanica Košanin Dioscorea bancana Prain & Burkill Dioscorea banzhuana S.J.Pei & C.T.Ting Dioscorea bartlettii C.V.Morton Dioscorea basiclavicaulis Rizzini & A.Mattos Dioscorea baya De Wild. Dioscorea beecheyi R.Knuth Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) ...
1957_5	Dioscorea brachystachya Phil. Dioscorea bradei R.Knuth Dioscorea brandisii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea brevipetiolata Prain & Burkill Dioscorea bridgesii Griseb. ex Kunth Dioscorea brownii Schinz Dioscorea bryoniifolia Poepp. Dioscorea buchananii Benth. Dioscorea buckleyana Wilkin Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscor...
1957_6	C Dioscorea cachipuertensis Ayala Dioscorea calcicola Prain & Burkill Dioscorea caldasensis R.Knuth Dioscorea calderillensis R.Knuth Dioscorea callacatensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cambodiana Prain & Burkill Dioscorea campanulata Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea campestris Griseb. Dioscorea campos-portoi R.Knuth Dioscore...
1957_7	Dioscorea choriandra Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea chouardii Gaussen Dioscorea cienegensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cinnamomifolia Hook. Dioscorea cirrhosa Lour. Dioscorea cissophylla Phil. Dioscorea claessensii De Wild. Dioscorea claussenii Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea claytonii Ayala Dioscorea cochleariapiculata De Wil...
1957_8	Dioscorea crotalariifolia Uline Dioscorea cruzensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cubensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cumingii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea curitybensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cuspidata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Dioscorea cuyabensis R.Knuth Dioscorea cyanisticta J.D.Sm. Dioscorea cymosula Hemsl. Dioscorea cyphocarpa C.B.Rob...
1957_9	D Dioscorea daunea Prain & Burkill Dioscorea davidsei O.Téllez Dioscorea de-mourae Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea debilis Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea decaryana H.Perrier Dioscorea decipiens Hook.f. Dioscorea decorticans C.Presl Dioscorea deflexa Griseb. Dioscorea delavayi Franch. Dioscorea delicata R.Knuth Diosco...
1957_10	E Dioscorea ekmanii R.Knuth Dioscorea elegans Ridl. ex Prain & Burkill Dioscorea elephantipes (L'Hér.) Engl. Dioscorea entomophila Hauman Dioscorea epistephioides Taub. Dioscorea escuintlensis Matuda Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Dioscorea esquirolii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea exalata C.T.Ting & M.C.Chang...
1957_11	G Dioscorea galeottiana Kunth Dioscorea galiiflora R.Knuth Dioscorea gallegosi Matuda Dioscorea garrettii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea gaumeri R.Knuth Dioscorea gentryi O.Téllez Dioscorea gillettii Milne-Redh. Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Dioscorea glandulosa (Griseb.) Klotzsch ex Kunth Dioscorea glandulosa var. calce...
1957_12	H Dioscorea haenkeana C.Presl Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook.f. Dioscorea hassleriana Chodat Dioscorea hastata Mill. Dioscorea hastatissima Rusby Dioscorea hastifolia Nees Dioscorea hastiformis R.Knuth Dioscorea haumanii Xifreda Dioscorea havilandii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea hebridensis R.Knuth Dioscorea hemicryp...
1957_13	I Dioscorea igualamontana Matuda Dioscorea incayensis R.Knuth Dioscorea inopinata Prain & Burkill Dioscorea insignis C.V.Morton & B.G.Schub. Dioscorea intermedia Thwaites Dioscorea ionophylla Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea iquitosensis R.Knuth Dioscorea irupanensis R.Knuth Dioscorea itapirensis R.Knuth Dioscorea ...
1957_14	K Dioscorea kalkapershadii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea kamoonensis Kunth Dioscorea keduensis Burkill ex Backer Dioscorea kerrii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea killipii R.Knuth Dioscorea kimiae Wilkin Dioscorea kingii R.Knuth Dioscorea kituiensis Wilkin & Muasya Dioscorea kjellbergii R.Knuth Dioscorea knuthiana De Wi...
1957_15	L Dioscorea lacerdaei Griseb. Dioscorea laevis Uline Dioscorea lamprocaula Prain & Burkill Dioscorea lanata Bail Dioscorea larecajensis Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea laurifolia Wall. ex Hook.f. Dioscorea lawrancei R.Knuth Dioscorea laxiflora Mart. ex Griseb. Dioscorea lehmannii Uline Dioscorea lepcharum Prain & ...
1957_16	M Dioscorea macbrideana R.Knuth Dioscorea maciba Jum. & H.Perrier Dioscorea macrantha Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea macrothyrsa Uline Dioscorea macvaughii B.G.Schub. Dioscorea madecassa H.Perrier Dioscorea madiunensis Prain & Burkill Dioscorea maianthemoides Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea mamillata Jum. & H.Perrier ...
1957_17	Dioscorea mesoamericana O.Téllez & Mart.-Rodr. Dioscorea mexicana Scheidw. Dioscorea microbotrya Griseb. Dioscorea microcephala Uline Dioscorea microura R.Knuth Dioscorea mindanaensis R.Knuth Dioscorea minima C.B.Rob. & Seaton Dioscorea minutiflora Engl. Dioscorea mitis C.V.Morton Dioscorea mitoensis R.Knuth ...
1957_18	N Dioscorea nako H.Perrier Dioscorea namorokensis Wilkin Dioscorea nana Poepp. Dioscorea nanlaensis H.Li Dioscorea natalensis R.Knuth Dioscorea natalia Hammel Dioscorea neblinensis Maguire & Steyerm. Dioscorea nelsonii Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea nematodes Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea nervata R.Knuth Dioscorea ...
1957_19	O Dioscorea oaxacensis Uline Dioscorea obcuneata Hook.f. Dioscorea oblonga Gleason Dioscorea oblongifolia Rusby Dioscorea obtusifolia Hook. & Arn. Dioscorea olfersiana Klotzsch ex Griseb. Dioscorea oligophylla Phil. Dioscorea omiltemensis O.Téllez Dioscorea opaca R.Knuth Dioscorea oppositiflora Griseb. Diosc...
1957_20	P Dioscorea palawana Prain & Burkill Dioscorea paleata Burkill Dioscorea pallens Schltdl. Dioscorea pallidinervia R.Knuth Dioscorea palmeri R.Knuth Dioscorea panamensis R.Knuth Dioscorea panthaica Prain & Burkill Dioscorea pantojensis R.Knuth Dioscorea paradoxa Prain & Burkill Dioscorea pavonii Uline ex R.Knu...
1957_21	Dioscorea plantaginifolia R.Knuth Dioscorea platycarpa Prain & Burkill Dioscorea platycolpota Uline ex B.L.Rob. Dioscorea plumifera C.B.Rob. Dioscorea pohlii Griseb. Dioscorea pohlii var. luschnathiana (Kunth) Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea poilanei Prain & Burkill Dioscorea polyclados Hook.f. Dioscorea polygonoide...
1957_22	Dioscorea pumicicola Uline Dioscorea pumilio Griseb. Dioscorea puncticulata R.Knuth Dioscorea purdiei R.Knuth Dioscorea putisensis R.Knuth Dioscorea putumayensis R.Knuth Dioscorea pynaertii De Wild. Dioscorea pyrenaica Bubani & Bordère ex Gren. Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth
1957_23	Q Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel. Dioscorea quinquelobata Thunb. Dioscorea quispicanchensis R.Knuth R Dioscorea racemosa (Klotzsch) Uline Dioscorea regnellii Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea remota C.V.Morton Dioscorea remotiflora Kunth Dioscorea reticulata Gay Dioscorea retusa Mast. ...
1957_24	S Dioscorea sabarensis R.Knuth Dioscorea sagittata Poir. Dioscorea sagittifolia Pax Dioscorea sagittifolia var. lecardii (De Wild.) Nkounkou Dioscorea salicifolia Blume Dioscorea salvadorensis Standl. Dioscorea sambiranensis R.Knuth Dioscorea sanchez-colini Matuda Dioscorea sandiensis R.Knuth Dioscorea sandwi...
1957_25	Dioscorea serpenticola Hoque & P.K.Mukh. Dioscorea sessiliflora McVaugh Dioscorea sexrimata Burkill Dioscorea simulans Prain & Burkill Dioscorea sincorensis R.Knuth Dioscorea sinoparviflora C.T.Ting, M.G.Gilbert & Turland Dioscorea sinuata Vell. Dioscorea sitamiana Prain & Burkill Dioscorea skottsbergii R.Knuth...
1957_26	Dioscorea sterilis O.Weber & Wilkin Dioscorea stipulosa Uline ex R.Knuth Dioscorea subcalva Prain & Burkill Dioscorea subhastata Vell. Dioscorea sublignosa R.Knuth Dioscorea submigra R.Knuth Dioscorea subtomentosa Miranda Dioscorea sumatrana Prain & Burkill Dioscorea sumiderensis B.G.Schub. & O.Téllez Dioscore...
1957_27	T Dioscorea tabatae Hatus. ex Yamashita & M.N.Tamura Dioscorea tacanensis Lundell Dioscorea tamarisciflora Prain & Burkill Dioscorea tamoidea Griseb. Dioscorea tamshiyacuensis Ayala Dioscorea tancitarensis Matuda Dioscorea tarijensis R.Knuth Dioscorea tarmensis R.Knuth Dioscorea tauriglossum R.Knuth Dioscorea...
1957_28	Dioscorea trichantha Baker Dioscorea trichanthera Gleason Dioscorea trifida L.f. Dioscorea trifoliata Kunth Dioscorea trifurcata Hauman Dioscorea trilinguis Griseb. Dioscorea trimenii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill Dioscorea trisecta Griseb. Dioscorea trollii R.Knuth Dioscorea tr...
1957_29	U Dioscorea uliginosa Phil. Dioscorea ulinei Greenm. ex R.Knuth Dioscorea undatiloba Baker Dioscorea urceolata Uline Dioscorea urophylla Hemsl. Dioscorea uruapanensis Matuda V Dioscorea valdiviensis R.Knuth Dioscorea vanvuurenii Prain & Burkill Dioscorea variifolia Bertero Dioscorea velutipes Prain & Burkill...
1957_30	The closely related genus Tamus is included in Dioscorea by some sources, but is maintained as distinct by others. For Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin, see Tamus communis. See also Yams Mexican barbasco trade References Bibliography Flora Europaea: Dioscorea Flora of Pakistan: Dioscorea Schols, P. 2...
1958_0	Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality. It appears to be the result of the psychological need to satisfy one's ego and to be advantageous for memory consolidation. Research has shown that experiences, ideas, and beliefs are more...
1958_1	The effects of egocentric bias can differ based on personal characteristics, such as age and the number of languages one speaks. Thus far, there have been many studies focusing on specific implications of egocentric bias in different contexts. Research on collaborative group tasks have emphasized that people view th...
1958_2	History and analysis The term "egocentric bias" was first coined in 1980 by Anthony Greenwald, a psychologist at Ohio State University. He described it as a phenomenon in which people skew their beliefs so that what they recall from their memory or what they initially understood is different than what actually occurr...
1958_3	Egocentric bias occurs when people fail to consider situations from other people's perspectives. Egocentric bias has influenced ethical judgements to the point where people not only believe that self-interested outcomes are preferential but are also the morally sound way to proceed. People are more inclined to be aw...
1958_4	are greater than those of other members, since people tend to focus more on how much they have done.
1958_5	In social context, egocentric bias influences people to choose a social circle that is capable of maintaining one's positive traits. Studies show that one's choice of friend or social circle is likely to be dependent on the amount of positive feedback received. Examples In a 1993 study conducted in Japan, subjects we...
1958_6	Another study found that egocentric bias influences perceived fairness. Subjects felt that overpayment to themselves were more fair than overpayment to others; by contrast, they felt the underpayment to themselves were less fair than underpayment to others. Greenberg's studies showed that this egocentrism was eliminate...
1958_7	egocentric tendencies.
1958_8	The egocentric bias can also be clearly observed in young children, especially those who have not yet developed theory of mind, or the ability to understand concrete situations from the perspective of others. In one study by Wimmer and Perner, a child and a stuffed animal were presented with two differently colored box...
1958_9	Causes
1958_10	The causes and motivations for egocentric bias were investigated in a 1983 journal entry by Brian Mullen of Murray State University. Inspired by the study by Ross et al. demonstrating the false consensus effect, Mullen's paper focused on the overestimation of consensus. Mullen analyzed the NBC television show "Play the...
1958_11	they answer said trivia question correctly, wins the remaining percentage for a maximum possible 100 points. The first couple to win 300 points received a cash prize, with the opportunity to win more prizes in bonus rounds. Thus, the show provided incentive for unbiased estimates of consensus. Statistical analysis of t...
1958_12	From a psychological standpoint, memories appear to be stored in the brain in an egocentric manner: the role of oneself is magnified in one's experiences to make them more personally relevant and thereby easier to recall. Early childhood memories, therefore, may be more difficult to recall since one's sense of self is ...
1958_13	Age A 2016 study published by Riva, Triscoli, Lamm, Carnaghi, and Silani found that egocentric bias tends to be experienced in a much greater degree by adolescents and older adults than by young and middle aged adults. They examined the emotional effect of visuo-tactile stimulation on pairs of participants from a popu...
1958_14	Related phenomena False-consensus effect Considered to be a facet of egocentric bias, the false-consensus effect states that people believe their thoughts, actions, and opinions are much more common than they are in reality. When people are asked to make an estimate of a population's statistic, they often only have ...
1958_15	A well known example of false-consensus effect is a study published by Ross, Greene and House in 1977. Students are asked to walk around a campus with a sandwich board that bearing the word "repent". People who agreed to do so (50%) estimated that most of their peers would also agree to do so (average estimation 63.5%)...
1958_16	People who exhibit the false consensus effect take egocentric bias a step further: they not only forgo thinking of other perspectives, but they believe that their viewpoints are those accepted by the majority of people. Nevertheless, some psychologists do not distinguish between egocentric bias and the false consensus...
1958_17	inferences and interpersonal responses that accompany such estimates, are systematically and egocentrically biased in accord with his own behavioral choices."
1958_18	Self-serving bias A related concept to egocentric bias is self-serving bias, in which one takes undue credit for achievements and blames failures on external forces. However, egocentric bias differs from self-serving bias in that egocentric bias is rooted in an erroneous assumption of other's perception of reality, wh...
1958_19	Both concepts may be the product of individualistic cultures that usually stress independence and personal achievement over group-oriented success. Cross-cultural studies have found a strong presence of the egocentric bias in the primarily individualistic American, South African, and Yugoslavian communities, but noted ...
1958_20	Bayesian inference
1958_21	Bayesian reasoning is a form of statistical inference that relies on Bayes' rule to make probability prediction based on given information. In Bayesian updating, people use prior probabilities to make estimates, and then gradually change these probabilities as they gain more information. Bayesian inference is often u...
1958_22	blue given that a blue chip was drawn, all divided by the probability that the urn is predominantly blue. Most participants overestimated the requested probability. Data shows that subjects tend not to pay attention to sample size when making probability predictions. For example, although it has statistically been p...
1958_23	Real-world implications
1958_24	Collaboration
1958_25	Egocentric bias can lead to the devaluation of peer contributions and the amplification of one's own work when in a collaborative setting. For example, when group members have been asked to report what percentage of the output they created, the total summed to greater than 100%. Usually, individuals are more easily abl...
1958_26	measured through observation and self reports, the smaller the extent of egocentric bias they felt in reporting each sibling's contribution.
1958_27	Mental health An overly exaggerated or extremely low demonstration of egocentric bias could be an indicator of mental illness. Those with anxiety tend to view themselves as the center of all events around them, regardless of their nature or how unrelated they are to oneself. On the other hand, people suffering from de...
1958_28	Voting The egocentric bias has also been shown to contribute to a citizen's decision to vote in elections. Firstly, people tend to view their personal choice between voting and abstinence as a reflection of those who support the same candidates and issues. Secondly, although each individual vote has very little power i...
1958_29	Cognitive biases
1959_0	A pan-Slavic language is a zonal auxiliary language for communication among the Slavic peoples. There are approximately 400 million speakers of the Slavic languages. In order to communicate with each other, speakers of different Slavic languages often resort to international lingua francas, primarily English, or Russi...
1959_1	The history of zonal Slavic languages is closely connected with Pan-Slavism, an ideology that endeavors cultural and political unification of all Slavs, based on the conception that all Slavic people are part of a single Slavic nation. Along with this belief came also the need for an umbrella Slavic language. The stron...
1959_2	the West. Old Church Slavonic has the additional advantage of being similar to the common ancestor of the Slavic languages, Proto-Slavic. However, it has several practical disadvantages as well: its grammar is complex, and its vocabulary is characterized by many words that have been lost from the modern languages, as w...
1959_3	Early projects The first pan-Slavic grammar, Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku by the Croatian priest Juraj Križanić, was written in 1665. He referred to the language as Ruski jezik ("Russian language"), but in reality it was mostly based on a mixture of the Russian edition of Church Slavonic and his own Southern ...
1959_4	After Križanić, numerous other efforts have been made to create an umbrella language for the speakers of Slavic languages. A notable example is Universalis Lingua Slavica by the Slovak attorney Ján Herkeľ (1786–1853), published in Latin in 1826. Unlike Križanić' project, this project was closer to the West Slavic langu...
1959_5	During the second half of the 19th century Pan-Slavic language projects were mostly the domain of Slovenes and Croats. In this era of awakening national consciousness, the Russians were the only Slavs who had their own state; other Slavic peoples inhabited large, mostly non-Slavic states, and clear borders between the ...
1959_6	changing the orthography of each individual language into a generic ("mutual") Pan-Slavic orthography, subsequently he described a grammar that was based on comparing five major Slavic languages of his days: Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian. Apart from a book about the language itself, Majar also...
1959_7	All authors mentioned above were motivated by the belief that all Slavic languages were dialects of one single Slavic language rather than separate languages. They deplored the fact that these dialects had diverged beyond mutual comprehensibility, and the Pan-Slavic language they envisioned was intended to reverse this...
1959_8	In the early 20th century it had become clear that the divergence of the Slavic languages was irreversible and the concept of a Pan-Slavic literary language was no longer realistic. The Pan-Slavic dream had lost most of its power, and Pan-Slavists had to satisfy themselves with the formation of two multinational Slavic...
1959_9	In the same period, the nexus of pan-Slavic activity shifted to the North, especially to the Czech lands. In 1907 the Czech dialectologist Ignác Hošek (1852–1919) published a grammar of Neuslavisch, a proposal for a common literary language for all Slavs within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Five years later another Cz...
1959_10	During the 1950s the Czech poet and former Esperantist (1920–2000), also known under his pseudonym Jiří Karen, worked for several years with a team of prominent interlinguists on an elaborate project, Mežduslavjanski jezik ("Interslavic language"). Among other things, they wrote a grammar, an Esperanto–Interslavic wor...
1959_11	Although Pan-Slavism has not played a role of any significance since the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, globalization and new media like the Internet have led to a renewed interest in a language that would be understandable for all Slavs alike. After the fall of the USSR, the role of the Russian language ...
1959_12	The only project that acquired some fame in the same period was Slovio of the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike most previous projects it was not a naturalistic, but a schematic language, its grammar being based almost entirely on Esperanto. In addition, it was a fully functional language, and it became the first pan-Slavic la...
1959_13	Partly in response to the problems of Slovio, a more naturalistic and community-based project was started in 2006 under the name Slovianski by a group of people from different countries. Initially, it was being developed in three grammar versions: a naturalistic version by Jan van Steenbergen, a more simplified, pidgin...
1959_14	An effort to bring Slovianski and Slovio together resulted in Slovioski in 2009. Its original purpose was to provide Slovio with a more naturalistic grammar, but gradually it developed into a separate language project. Like Slovianski, it was a collaborative project that existed in two variants: a "full" and a simplifi...
1959_15	As early as 1583, the Venetian-Croatian priest writer Šime Budinić from Zadar translated Petrus Canisius' Summa doctrinae christinae into a language he called Slovignsky or Slouignsky iazik ("Slavic language"), using both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets. Budinić did not actually give a description of this language...
1959_16	Juraj Križanić In Siberia in 1666, the Croat Juraj Križanić wrote Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku (Граматично исказанје об руском језику "Grammatical overview of the Russian Language"). In this work he described in fact not the Russian language but a Common Slavonic language based on different Slavic languages, m...
1959_17	Sample (Romanized, original in Cyrillic): Iazika sowerszenost iest samo potrebno orudie k mudrosti, i iedwa ne stanowito iee zname. Czim kiu narod imaet izradney iazik, tim prigodnee i witwornee razprawlyaet remestwa i wsakije umitelyi i promisli. Obilie besedi i legota izgowora mnogo pomagaet na mudrich sowetow izobr...
1959_18	Ján Herkeľ Another early example of a zonal language for Slavs was Universalis Lingua Slavica ("Universal Slavic language" or "All-Slavic language"). It was created and published by the Slovak attorney Ján Herkeľ (1786–1853) in his work Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae in 1826. Unlike languages like Esperanto, it ...
1959_19	Near the end of his book, Herkeľ gave a few examples of his Stylus Universalis, applied to the "Pannonian" (Slovak) dialect: Za starego vieku byla jedna kralica, koja mala tri prelepije dievice: milicu, krasicu a mudricu; vse tri byle bogate, okrem bogatstva milica byla pokorna, krasica uctiva, a mudrica umena. "In ol...
1959_20	SlavinaSlavina was created by Josef Konečný in 1912 in Prague and published in the same year in a booklet titled Mluvnička slovanského esperanta "Slavina". According to the author, its main purpose was to serve as a communication tool in trade and industry. The subtitle of the language, "a Slavic Esperanto" (or its Esp...
1959_21	The first sentence from the song Hey, Slavs:Hej, Slované, naši lepo slovanó rěč máme, dokud naše věrné srece pro náš národ dáme."Hey, Slavs, we will have our beautiful Slavic language, as long as we give our faithful heart for our people."
1959_22	SlovanštinaSlovanština (Czech for "Slavic language") is the oldest example of a schematic language for pan-Slavic use. It was published in 1912 by the Czech linguist and esperantist Edmund Kolkop (1877-1915) in his booklet Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský. Kolkop had no political, pan-Slavic ambitions but felt frus...
1959_23	for ď and ι for ň.
1959_24	The Gospel of Matthew, 3:1-2:Ve tamji dιa priideo Yan Krestar, kazaya na puſj ve zem Yudesk; i rekaya: Pokayaιiy nehaj vi чiιi, bo pribliзio sa carstviy nebesk."In those days John the Baptist came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea; and saying: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near." NeposlavaNeposlava wa...
1959_25	A fragment from the Lord's Prayer:Vatero nia, kotoryja estas in la njebov, heiligia estu nomo via."Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name."
1959_26	Mežduslavjanski jezikMežduslavjanski jezik ("Interslavic language") was an elaborate project worked on during the years 1954-1958 in Czechoslovakia by a group of interlinguists, led by the poet Ladislav Podmele a.k.a. Jiří Karen (1920-2000) and the pedagogue Jaroslav Podobský (1895-1962), both of whom were prominent me...
1959_27	attention of linguists from various countries.

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