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neulketing
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beam-korean-grammar-mini

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bb-en-000	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Accordion/Right_hand#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Make sure your hand is as relaxed as possible while still hitting all the notes correctly - also try not to make much extraneous motion with your fingers. This way, you will tire yourself out as little as possible. Remember there's no need to hit the keys with a lot of force f...	A
bb-en-001	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Accordion/Right_hand#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Make sure your hand is as relaxed as possible while still hitting all the notes correctly - also try not to make much extraneous motion with your fingers. This way, you will tire yourself out as little as possible. Remember there's no need to hit the keys with a lot of force f...	A
bb-en-002	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. One of the most common problems when trying to convert a movie to DVD format is the overscan. Most televisions are made in a way to please the general public. For that reason, everything you see on the TV had the borders cut, top, bottom and sides. This is made to ensure that ...	B
bb-en-003	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/All_About_Converting_From_Several_Video_Formats_To_DVD#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. One of the most common problems when trying to convert a movie to DVD format is the overscan. Most televisions are made in a way to please the general public. For that reason, everything you see on the TV had the borders cut, top, bottom and sides. This is made to ensure that ...	B
bb-en-004	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Revolution/The_Battles_of_Trenton_and_Princeton#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three different directions. General John Cadwalder would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, in order to block off any reinforcements. General James Ewing would take 700 militia...	C
bb-en-005	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Revolution/The_Declaration_of_Independence#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "After its adoption by Congress on July 4, a handwritten draft signed by the President of Congress John Hancock and the Secretary Charles Thomson was then sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap. Through the night between 150 and 200 copies were made, now kn...	D
bb-en-006	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Revolution/The_Declaration_of_Independence#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "After its adoption by Congress on July 4, a handwritten draft signed by the President of Congress John Hancock and the Secretary Charles Thomson was then sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap. Through the night between 150 and 200 copies were made, now kn...	C
bb-en-007	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Revolution/Ticonderoga_and_Bunker_Hill#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The Colonists, seeing this activity, had also called for reinforcements. Troops reinforcing the forward positions included the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments of 200 men, under Colonels John Stark and James Reed (both later became generals). Stark's men took positions alon...	A
bb-en-008	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/American_Revolution/Ticonderoga_and_Bunker_Hill#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The Colonists, seeing this activity, had also called for reinforcements. Troops reinforcing the forward positions included the 1st and 3rd New Hampshire regiments of 200 men, under Colonels John Stark and James Reed (both later became generals). Stark's men took positions alon...	C
bb-en-009	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ancient_China/Government#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Ancient China had a unique way of showing different time periods; each stage of China or each family that was in power was a distinctive dynasty. Also between each dynasty was an unstable age of divided provinces. The best-known of these periods was the Three Kingdoms epoch ta...	D
bb-en-010	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Army_Ants_-_Social_Hierarchy,_Life_Cycles,_and_Migration#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Army ant colonies march and nest in different phases as well. In the nomadic phase, army ants march at night and stop to camp during the day. The colony begins a nomadic phase when available food has decreased. During this phase, the colony makes temporary nests that are chang...	B
bb-en-011	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Army_Ants_-_Social_Hierarchy,_Life_Cycles,_and_Migration#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Army ant colonies march and nest in different phases as well. In the nomadic phase, army ants march at night and stop to camp during the day. The colony begins a nomadic phase when available food has decreased. During this phase, the colony makes temporary nests that are chang...	C
bb-en-012	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Biological_Rhythms#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Many observed rhythms in physiology and behavior often crucially depend on the presence of endogenous cycles and their production through biological clocks. Periodic rhythms, which are not simply responses to external periodic cues, have been documented for most living beings,...	C
bb-en-013	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Population_Genetics#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. A population is the collection of organisms of a particular species within a given geographic area. When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait they are known as monomorphic. When the individuals show several variants of a pa...	D
bb-en-014	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Animal_Behavior/Population_Genetics#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. A population is the collection of organisms of a particular species within a given geographic area. When all individuals in a population are identical with regard to a particular phenotypic trait they are known as monomorphic. When the individuals show several variants of a pa...	B
bb-en-015	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_Ecology/Nature_Tourism#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Nature-based tourism attracts people interested in visiting natural areas for the purpose of enjoying the scenery, including plant and animal wildlife. Examples of on-site activities include hunting, fishing, photography, bird watching, and visiting parks and studying informat...	C
bb-en-016	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Applied_Ecology/New_Societies_and_Cultures#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Every morning, people leave small country towns in cars to go their workplace and are passed by others whose work destination is the place they have just left. In this dynamic transport shuttle everyone is somehow connected with, and supporting, a transport system based on pri...	B
bb-en-017	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Digital_Radiography/The_Basics#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The atom can be considered to be one of the fundamental building blocks of all matter. Its a very complex entity which consists, according to a simplified Bohr model, of a central nucleus orbited by electrons, somewhat similar to planets orbiting the sun - see Figure 1.1. The ...	C
bb-en-018	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Digital_Radiography/The_Basics#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The atom can be considered to be one of the fundamental building blocks of all matter. Its a very complex entity which consists, according to a simplified Bohr model, of a central nucleus orbited by electrons, somewhat similar to planets orbiting the sun - see Figure 1.1. The ...	A
bb-en-019	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Digital_Radiography/The_Computer#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Virtually all computers in use today are based on the manipulation of information which is coded in the form of binary numbers. A binary number can have only one of two values, i.e. 0 or 1, and these numbers are referred to as binary digits - or bits, to use computer jargon. ...	C
bb-en-020	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Digital_Radiography/The_Computer#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Virtually all computers in use today are based on the manipulation of information which is coded in the form of binary numbers. A binary number can have only one of two values, i.e. 0 or 1, and these numbers are referred to as binary digits - or bits, to use computer jargon. ...	A
bb-en-021	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Blended_Learning_in_K-12/Blended_Learning_in_Grades_9-12#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "Blogs can also help improve student writing. While students often begin their blog experience with sloppy grammar and spelling, the presence of an audience generally changes that. Since students are often the most critical audience, the blog writer begins to strive to improve...	B
bb-en-022	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Blended_Learning_in_K-12/Blended_Learning_in_Grades_9-12#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "Blogs can also help improve student writing. While students often begin their blog experience with sloppy grammar and spelling, the presence of an audience generally changes that. Since students are often the most critical audience, the blog writer begins to strive to improve...	B
bb-en-023	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Blended_Learning_in_K-12/Synchronous_and_asynchronous_communication_methods#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Asynchronous communication encourages time for reflection and reaction to others. It allows students the ability to work at their own pace and control the pace of instructional information. In addition, there are fewer time restrictions with the possibility of flexible working...	B
bb-en-024	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Blended_Learning_in_K-12/Synchronous_and_asynchronous_communication_methods#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Asynchronous communication encourages time for reflection and reaction to others. It allows students the ability to work at their own pace and control the pace of instructional information. In addition, there are fewer time restrictions with the possibility of flexible working...	C
bb-en-025	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Castles_of_England/The_Development_of_the_Castle#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The traditional medieval castle has long inspired the imagination, conjuring up images of jousts, banquets and Arthurian chivalry. Even standing amidst thousand year-old ruins it is easy to bring to mind the sounds and smells of battles long gone, to almost hear the clatter of...	D
bb-en-026	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Castles_of_England/The_Development_of_the_Castle#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The traditional medieval castle has long inspired the imagination, conjuring up images of jousts, banquets and Arthurian chivalry. Even standing amidst thousand year-old ruins it is easy to bring to mind the sounds and smells of battles long gone, to almost hear the clatter of...	C
bb-en-027	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Castles_of_England/Tudor_Castles#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Typical for the period, Kirby Muxloe Castle is more of a fortified house than a true castle. Its large glazed windows and thin walls would not have been able to resist a determined attack for long. In the 1480s, when its construction was begun by Lord Hastings, the country was...	B
bb-en-028	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Castles_of_England/Tudor_Castles#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Typical for the period, Kirby Muxloe Castle is more of a fortified house than a true castle. Its large glazed windows and thin walls would not have been able to resist a determined attack for long. In the 1480s, when its construction was begun by Lord Hastings, the country was...	B
bb-en-029	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Introduction#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. With the change from the quarter to the half mile run, speed becomes of much less importance and endurance becomes an absolute necessity. Of course a first-class half-miler, a man who can beat two minutes, must be possessed of a fair amount of speed, but endurance must be cult...	D
bb-en-030	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Introduction#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. With the change from the quarter to the half mile run, speed becomes of much less importance and endurance becomes an absolute necessity. Of course a first-class half-miler, a man who can beat two minutes, must be possessed of a fair amount of speed, but endurance must be cult...	B
bb-en-031	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Nutrition#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Proper nutritional practices alone cannot generate elite performances, but they can significantly affect young athletes' overall wellness. Maintaining a healthy energy balance, practicing effective hydration habits, and understanding the various aspects of supplementation prac...	C
bb-en-032	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Nutrition#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Proper nutritional practices alone cannot generate elite performances, but they can significantly affect young athletes' overall wellness. Maintaining a healthy energy balance, practicing effective hydration habits, and understanding the various aspects of supplementation prac...	B
bb-en-033	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Training#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Middle distance running is a relatively inexpensive sport; however, there are many misconceptions regarding the few pieces of equipment required to participate. Products can be purchased as needed, but most will have little or no real impact on performance. Athletes may feel t...	A
bb-en-034	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Coaching_Youth_Middle_Distance_Runners/Training#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Middle distance running is a relatively inexpensive sport; however, there are many misconceptions regarding the few pieces of equipment required to participate. Products can be purchased as needed, but most will have little or no real impact on performance. Athletes may feel t...	C
bb-en-035	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Behavioural_and_Neuroscience_Methods#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. MRI is based on a physics phenomenon called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which was discovered in the 1930s by Felix Bloch (working at Stanford University) and Edward Purcell (from Harvard University). In this resonance, magnetic field and radio waves cause atoms to give o...	C
bb-en-036	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Behavioural_and_Neuroscience_Methods#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. MRI is based on a physics phenomenon called nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which was discovered in the 1930s by Felix Bloch (working at Stanford University) and Edward Purcell (from Harvard University). In this resonance, magnetic field and radio waves cause atoms to give o...	B
bb-en-037	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Evolutionary_Perspective_on_Social_Cognitions#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Humans are by far the most talented species in reading the minds of others. That means we are able to successfully predict what other humans perceive, intend, believe, know or desire. Among these abilities, understanding the intention of others is crucial. It allows us to reso...	B
bb-en-038	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Evolutionary_Perspective_on_Social_Cognitions#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Humans are by far the most talented species in reading the minds of others. That means we are able to successfully predict what other humans perceive, intend, believe, know or desire. Among these abilities, understanding the intention of others is crucial. It allows us to reso...	A
bb-en-039	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Knowledge_Representation_and_Hemispheric_Specialisation#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Although AI has a strong connotation of science fiction, AI forms a very important branch of computer science, dealing with behavior, learning and intelligent adaptation in a machine. Research in AI involves making machines to automate tasks that require intelligent behavior. ...	D
bb-en-040	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Knowledge_Representation_and_Hemispheric_Specialisation#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Although AI has a strong connotation of science fiction, AI forms a very important branch of computer science, dealing with behavior, learning and intelligent adaptation in a machine. Research in AI involves making machines to automate tasks that require intelligent behavior. ...	C
bb-en-041	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Problem_Solving_from_an_Evolutionary_Perspective#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Convergent thinking patterns are problem solving techniques that unite different ideas or fields to find a solution. The focus of this mindset is speed, logic and accuracy, also identification of facts, reapplying existing techniques, gathering information. The most important ...	D
bb-en-042	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Problem_Solving_from_an_Evolutionary_Perspective#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Convergent thinking patterns are problem solving techniques that unite different ideas or fields to find a solution. The focus of this mindset is speed, logic and accuracy, also identification of facts, reapplying existing techniques, gathering information. The most important ...	B
bb-en-043	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Nonverbal_Communication#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The use of video recording has led to important discoveries in the interpretation of micro-expressions, facial movements which last a few milliseconds. In particular, it is claimed that one can detect whether a person is lying by interpreting micro-expressions correctly. Olive...	D
bb-en-044	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Nonverbal_Communication#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The use of video recording has led to important discoveries in the interpretation of micro-expressions, facial movements which last a few milliseconds. In particular, it is claimed that one can detect whether a person is lying by interpreting micro-expressions correctly. Olive...	C
bb-en-045	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Orality_and_Literacy#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. As the ability to obtain knowledge and to learn changed in such a way as mentioned above the base rate at which knowledge was obtained changed. The approach to obtaining information was different. No longer did pressure reside within individual recall, but the ability to recal...	C
bb-en-046	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Orality_and_Literacy#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. As the ability to obtain knowledge and to learn changed in such a way as mentioned above the base rate at which knowledge was obtained changed. The approach to obtaining information was different. No longer did pressure reside within individual recall, but the ability to recal...	A
bb-en-047	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Uses_and_Gratifications#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The Internet combines elements of both mass and interpersonal communication. The distinct characteristics of the Internet lead to additional dimensions in terms of the uses and gratifications approach. For example, “learning” and “socialization” are suggested as important moti...	C
bb-en-048	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Theory/Uses_and_Gratifications#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The Internet combines elements of both mass and interpersonal communication. The distinct characteristics of the Internet lead to additional dimensions in terms of the uses and gratifications approach. For example, “learning” and “socialization” are suggested as important moti...	B
bb-en-049	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Costume_History/Gothic#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. ...	A
bb-en-050	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Costume_History/Gothic#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Gothic style peaked in the period between the 10th - 11th centuries and the 14th century. At the beginning dress was heavily influenced by the Byzantine culture in the east. However, due to the slow communication channels, styles in the west could lag behind by 25 to 30 year. ...	C
bb-en-051	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Environmental_theory_and_collection_of_ideas/Environmentalism_and_survival#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. We can start living more friendly to the environment, we can join to the environmental movement, and we can even be activists in order to reduce the future suffering in some degree. This is just like symptomatic treatment in many cases. However, if we do not only want a tempor...	C
bb-en-052	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Environmental_theory_and_collection_of_ideas/Environmentalism_and_survival#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. We can start living more friendly to the environment, we can join to the environmental movement, and we can even be activists in order to reduce the future suffering in some degree. This is just like symptomatic treatment in many cases. However, if we do not only want a tempor...	B
bb-en-053	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Absolutism_in_Europe#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The balance of power was a system in which European nations sought to maintain the national sovereignty of all European states. The concept was that all European nations had to seek to prevent one nation from becoming powerful, and thus national governments often changed their...	D
bb-en-054	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Absolutism_in_Europe#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The balance of power was a system in which European nations sought to maintain the national sovereignty of all European states. The concept was that all European nations had to seek to prevent one nation from becoming powerful, and thus national governments often changed their...	A
bb-en-055	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Challenges_to_Spiritual_Authority#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. During this period of European history, the Catholic Church, which had become rich and powerful, came under scrutiny. For over a thousand years the Christian religion had bound European states together despite differences in language and customs. I Its all-pervading power affe...	B
bb-en-056	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Revolution_in_France#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The terrified King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette their two young children (11 year old Marie Therese and four year old Louis-Charles) and the King's sister, Madam Elizabeth, on the 6th October 1789 were forced back to Paris from Versailles by a mob of market women. In a ca...	D
bb-en-057	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Revolution_in_France#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The terrified King Louis XVI, Queen Marie Antoinette their two young children (11 year old Marie Therese and four year old Louis-Charles) and the King's sister, Madam Elizabeth, on the 6th October 1789 were forced back to Paris from Versailles by a mob of market women. In a ca...	C
bb-en-058	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/World_War_I#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain initiated a naval blockade of Germany. The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated generally accepted international law codified by several international agreem...	C
bb-en-059	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/World_War_I#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain initiated a naval blockade of Germany. The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated generally accepted international law codified by several international agreem...	D
bb-en-060	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Exercise_as_it_relates_to_Disease/Can_Exercise_Really_Help_Multiple_Sclerosis%3F#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Across the United States of America, there are approximately 400,000 known cases of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), leaving it as the leading neurological disease in younger and middle aged adults. MS is a disease that affects the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain...	A
bb-en-061	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Exercise_as_it_relates_to_Disease/Physical_activity_effect_on_mental_health_in_people_with_chronic_lower_back_pain#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The study found that depression, fear and catastrophising mediated the relationship between pain and disability in lower back pain sufferers. Only the effects of catastrophizing, not depression and fear was conditional of regular weekly structured PA sessions. Those participat...	A
bb-en-062	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fencing#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The modern sport of fencing is played at many levels, from students learning at a university to professional and Olympic competition. The sport is primarily played in a duel format, one fencer dueling another. Question: According to the passage, how is fencing usually played?...	D
bb-en-063	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/First_Aid/Poisoning#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Internal poisoning may not be immediately apparent. Symptoms, such as vomiting are sufficiently general that an immediate diagnosis cannot be made. The best indication of internal poisoning may be the presence of an open container of medication or toxic household chemicals. Ch...	D
bb-en-064	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/First_Aid/Primary_Assessment_%26_Basic_Life_Support#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. To Check the victim, you must first survey the scene to ensure your safety. You need to notice the victim's position as you approach him or her and any automatic red flags. If you get hurt trying to help, you may only serve to make matters worse. Question: According to the pa...	A
bb-en-065	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/First_Aid/Primary_Assessment_%26_Basic_Life_Support#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. To Check the victim, you must first survey the scene to ensure your safety. You need to notice the victim's position as you approach him or her and any automatic red flags. If you get hurt trying to help, you may only serve to make matters worse. Question: Which of the follow...	A
bb-en-066	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/French_Revolution/Effects#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. There are a lot of social and political effects such as the use of metric system, a shift from absolutism to republicanism, nationalism and the belief the country belongs to the people not to one sole ruler. Also after the Revolution occupations were open to all male applicant...	B
bb-en-067	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/French_Revolution/Effects#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. There are a lot of social and political effects such as the use of metric system, a shift from absolutism to republicanism, nationalism and the belief the country belongs to the people not to one sole ruler. Also after the Revolution occupations were open to all male applicant...	B
bb-en-068	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Introduction#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Everyone participates in society and uses transportation systems. Almost everyone complains about transportation systems. In developed countries you seldom hear similar levels of complaints about water quality or bridges falling down. Why do transportation systems engender suc...	C
bb-en-069	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Introduction#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Everyone participates in society and uses transportation systems. Almost everyone complains about transportation systems. In developed countries you seldom hear similar levels of complaints about water quality or bridges falling down. Why do transportation systems engender suc...	C
bb-en-070	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Traffic_Flow#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Traffic Flow is the study of the movement of individual drivers and vehicles between two points and the interactions they make with one another. Unfortunately, studying traffic flow is difficult because driver behavior cannot be predicted with one-hundred percent certainty. Fo...	D
bb-en-071	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Transportation/Traffic_Flow#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Traffic Flow is the study of the movement of individual drivers and vehicles between two points and the interactions they make with one another. Unfortunately, studying traffic flow is difficult because driver behavior cannot be predicted with one-hundred percent certainty. Fo...	D
bb-en-072	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Biology/Genetics/DNA,_The_Genetic_Material#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. The Hershey and Chase experiment was one of the leading suggestions that DNA was a genetic material. Hershey and Chase used phages, or viruses, to implant their own DNA into a bacterium. They did two experiments marking either the DNA in the phage with a radioactive phosphorus...	D
bb-en-073	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Biology/Genetics/Mutation#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Mutations can have a variety of different effects depending on the type of mutation, the significance of the piece of genetic material affected and whether the cells affected are germ-line cells. Only mutations in germ-line cells can be passed on to children, while mutations e...	A
bb-en-074	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Biology/Genetics/Mutation#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Mutations can have a variety of different effects depending on the type of mutation, the significance of the piece of genetic material affected and whether the cells affected are germ-line cells. Only mutations in germ-line cells can be passed on to children, while mutations e...	A
bb-en-075	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Goats/Introduction#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Goats seem to have been first domesticated roughly 10,000 years ago in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Ancient cultures and tribes began to keep them for easy access to milk, hair, meat, and skins. Domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazi...	C
bb-en-076	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Golf#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Golf is a game in which players use clubs to hit balls into holes. Eighteen holes are played during a regular round, with players usually starting on the first hole on the course and finishing on the eighteenth. The player who takes the fewest strokes, or swings of the club, t...	B
bb-en-077	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Golf#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Golf is a game in which players use clubs to hit balls into holes. Eighteen holes are played during a regular round, with players usually starting on the first hole on the course and finishing on the eighteenth. The player who takes the fewest strokes, or swings of the club, t...	B
bb-en-078	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Biology/Nature_of_Science#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Science’s main goal is to figure out the way the world works through the scientific method. This method in fact guides most scientific research. It isn’t alone though, experimentation, and an experiment is a test that is used to eliminate one or more of the possible hypotheses...	A
bb-en-079	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Biology/Nature_of_Science#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Science’s main goal is to figure out the way the world works through the scientific method. This method in fact guides most scientific research. It isn’t alone though, experimentation, and an experiment is a test that is used to eliminate one or more of the possible hypotheses...	A
bb-en-080	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Storms#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Tornadoes strike a small area compared to other violent storms, but they can destroy everything in their path. Tornadoes uproot trees, rip boards from buildings, and fling cars up into the sky. The most violent two percent of tornadoes last more than three hours. These monster...	C
bb-en-081	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Storms#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Tornadoes strike a small area compared to other violent storms, but they can destroy everything in their path. Tornadoes uproot trees, rip boards from buildings, and fling cars up into the sky. The most violent two percent of tornadoes last more than three hours. These monster...	D
bb-en-082	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Telescopes#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Humans have been making and using lenses for magnification for thousands and thousands of years. However, the first true telescopes were made in Europe in the late 16th century. These telescopes used a combination of two lenses to make distant objects appear both nearer and la...	D
bb-en-083	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Telescopes#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Humans have been making and using lenses for magnification for thousands and thousands of years. However, the first true telescopes were made in Europe in the late 16th century. These telescopes used a combination of two lenses to make distant objects appear both nearer and la...	B
bb-en-084	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Islam/Early_Islam#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Muhammad was deeply interested in matters beyond this mundane life. He used to frequent a cave that became known as “Hira‘” on the Mountain of “Noor” (light) for contemplation. he cave itself, which survived the times, gives a very vivid image of Muhammad’s spiritual inclinati...	A
bb-en-085	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Rail_Transport/Early_Rail_Transportation#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Wagonways were built in England as early as the 16th Century. Although wagonways merely consisted of parallel planks of wood, they allowed horses pulling them to achieve greater speeds and pull larger loads than on the slightly more rough roads of the day. Crossties were intro...	A
bb-en-086	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Rail_Transport/Early_Rail_Transportation#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Wagonways were built in England as early as the 16th Century. Although wagonways merely consisted of parallel planks of wood, they allowed horses pulling them to achieve greater speeds and pull larger loads than on the slightly more rough roads of the day. Crossties were intro...	D
bb-en-087	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Technology/Cultural_Determinism#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Romanticism had a large element of cultural determinism, drawn from writers such as Goethe, Fichte, and Schlegel. In the context of Romanticism, the geography molded individuals, and over time customs and culture related to that geography arose, and these, being in harmony wit...	B
bb-en-088	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Technology/Technological_Determinism#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "Technological determinism is a term that encompasses a wide range of ideas in practice, from technology-push or the technological imperative to a strict sense that human destiny is driven by an underlying logic associated with scientific laws and their manifestation in techno...	A
bb-en-089	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_to_Play_Violin/Bowing#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "The ""up bow"" mark looks like a V and the ""down bow mark"" like a staple or a square missing its bottom side. Up means you should start at the tip and push the bow, and down means you should start at the frog (which is where your hand is holding the bow) and pull the bow. A...	A
bb-en-090	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/How_to_Play_Violin/Bowing#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "The ""up bow"" mark looks like a V and the ""down bow mark"" like a staple or a square missing its bottom side. Up means you should start at the tip and push the bow, and down means you should start at the frog (which is where your hand is holding the bow) and pull the bow. A...	C
bb-en-091	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Bones#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Unlike other primates, hominids no longer use their hands in locomotion or bearing weight or swinging through the trees. The chimpanzee's hand and foot are similar in size and length, reflecting the hand's use for bearing weight in knuckle walking. The human hand is shorter th...	A
bb-en-092	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Bones#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Unlike other primates, hominids no longer use their hands in locomotion or bearing weight or swinging through the trees. The chimpanzee's hand and foot are similar in size and length, reflecting the hand's use for bearing weight in knuckle walking. The human hand is shorter th...	C
bb-en-093	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Genetics/Introduction#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Twentieth century research has shown that there are two pools of genetic variation: hidden and expressed. Mutation adds new genetic variation, and selection removes it from the pool of expressed variation. Segregation and recombination shuffle variation back and forth between ...	D
bb-en-094	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Genetics/Introduction#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Twentieth century research has shown that there are two pools of genetic variation: hidden and expressed. Mutation adds new genetic variation, and selection removes it from the pool of expressed variation. Segregation and recombination shuffle variation back and forth between ...	C
bb-en-095	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Oldowan#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "Out on the savanna, it is hard for a primate with a digestive system like that of humans to satisfy its amino-acid requirements from available plant resources. Moreover, failure to do so has serious consequences: growth depression, malnutrition, and ultimately death. The most...	C
bb-en-096	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Paleoanthropology/Oldowan#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. "Out on the savanna, it is hard for a primate with a digestive system like that of humans to satisfy its amino-acid requirements from available plant resources. Moreover, failure to do so has serious consequences: growth depression, malnutrition, and ultimately death. The most...	A
bb-en-097	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Culture#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity. Subcultures can be distinctive because of the age, ethnicity, class, location, and/or gender of the members. The qualities that determine ...	D
bb-en-098	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Race_and_Ethnicity#1	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Children develop an awareness of race and racial stereotypes quite young and these racial stereotypes affect behavior. For instance, children who identify with a racial minority that is stereotyped as not doing well in school tend to not do well in school once they learn about...	B
bb-en-099	https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Race_and_Ethnicity#2	belebele_en	Read the passage and answer the question. Children develop an awareness of race and racial stereotypes quite young and these racial stereotypes affect behavior. For instance, children who identify with a racial minority that is stereotyped as not doing well in school tend to not do well in school once they learn about...	B

End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

Beam Korean Bench

How well does reflection/Beam-1.0-501B-A23B handle the parts of Korean that a rule can check? This is v2 of my Build with Beam entry (v1 = the 47-item Beam Korean Grammar Mini-Bench posted on 2026-10-23, commit 362d829; its items are kept unchanged as the v1 subset).

Explore every item, answer and reasoning trace: Space · neulketing/beam-korean-bench

577 Korean items with gold answers computed by code (irregular verbs: derived by code from a hand-written table): particle allomorphs after loanwords, Latin acronyms and digits; reading numbers aloud (Sino vs native numerals, 유월/시월); irregular conjugation with regular controls; Hangul counting and reversal; honorific particles.
Beam vs four open models on the same items: Qwen3-235B-A22B-Instruct-2507, DeepSeek-V3.2, gpt-oss-120b, Gemma-3-27B-it.
Belebele in English, Korean, and Korean-passage + English-question on the same 900 questions.
What Korean costs in tokens: Beam's tokenizer vs six others, including three Korean-native ones.

Findings

Beam is the strongest of the five models on rule-checkable Korean. On the 530 new items: Beam (low) 488 (92%), gpt-oss-120b 432 (82%), DeepSeek-V3.2 400 (75%), Qwen3-235B 361 (68%), Gemma-3-27B 359 (68%). It is perfect on money, clock time, dates (유월/시월), Sino-counter readings and 받침 counting, and reverses syllable order at 92% where the others score 8–76%.
The v1 miss (버스을**) is a pattern that the other models do not share.** After loanwords whose Hangul ends in the epenthetic vowel ㅡ (버스 bus, 마트 mart, 키보드 keyboard, 셔츠 shirts), Beam gets 6 of 16 right; the other four models get 75–100%. Acronyms whose last letter name ends in ㅡ (S 에스, F 에프, X 엑스) go the same way: 3 of 9 (BTS이랑, PDF이, IMF과; the others 5–9 of 9). Every other loanword and acronym is fine: 85 of 86.
Its reasoning says why. "버스 ends with ㅅ (consonant)", "키보드 ends with ㄷ (consonant)", "BTS ends with S (consonant)": Beam drops the ㅡ and judges by how the English word ends.
More thinking does not fix it; one sentence in the prompt does. At reasoning_effort=high the ㅡ-final loanwords drop to 3 of 16. Adding "judge by whether the last Hangul syllable has a final consonant, not by the English spelling" takes the ㅡ-final words from 9/25 to 19/25, and all loanword/acronym/digit particle items from 128/145 to 137/145.
Native vs Sino numerals. With Sino-Korean counters Beam is 22/22; with native counters 16/26. It reads 32살 as 삼십이 살, 4명 as 사 명, 27개 as 이십칠 개 (서른두 살, 네 명, 스물일곱 개 expected).
Irregular verbs 136/146. The misses are the ㅅ-irregular present (짓다 → 짓어요, 잇어요, 젓어요, while the past forms 지었어요 … are right) and a few ㅎ/러/우 forms (까맣아요, 푸렀어요, 푸었어요). In 4 of the 480 free-response answers the word broke off into English fragments or blank characters (슬CastException…, 빨riages?, 다었피이꽃에판edback?).
Belebele, 900 questions in each mode. English 97.7%, Korean 93.9% (gap 3.8 pts, 95% CI 2.4–5.1, paired), Korean passage + English question 96.1% (2.2 pts better than all-Korean, CI 1.0–3.4). All-Korean costs 1.44× the prompt tokens and 1.79× the completion tokens of English.
Tokens. Beam's tokenizer gives the same ids as Qwen3's. Korean text costs 1.65× the tokens of the same English passages, about one token per Hangul syllable; the Korean-native tokenizers of A.X-4.0 (0.90×) and EXAONE-4.0 (1.22×) are far cheaper.

For Korean apps on Beam: put the one-line particle rule in the system prompt, or fix particles in code after generation (the allomorph is a few lines, particle2 in build_items.py); when accuracy matters, ask in English about Korean text; budget about 1.7× the tokens of an English exchange.

Results

Korean split, by group

Group	Beam (low)	Qwen3-235B-Instruct-2507	DeepSeek-V3.2	gpt-oss-120b (low)	Gemma-3-27B
Particles (allomorph)	182/201 (91%)	143/201 (71%)	149/201 (74%)	179/201 (89%)	150/201 (75%)
Honorifics	28/28 (100%)	28/28 (100%)	28/28 (100%)	28/28 (100%)	27/28 (96%)
Reading numbers aloud	82/92 (89%)	53/92 (58%)	70/92 (76%)	64/92 (70%)	62/92 (67%)
Native-numeral arithmetic	35/35 (100%)	31/35 (89%)	34/35 (97%)	32/35 (91%)	30/35 (86%)
Irregular conjugation	136/146 (93%)	113/146 (77%)	131/146 (90%)	108/146 (74%)	113/146 (77%)
Hangul counting / reversal	71/75 (95%)	30/75 (40%)	27/75 (36%)	65/75 (87%)	13/75 (17%)
All 530 new items	488/530 (92%)	361/530 (68%)	400/530 (75%)	432/530 (82%)	359/530 (68%)
All 577 items	534/577 (93%)	398/577 (69%)	439/577 (76%)	476/577 (82%)	395/577 (68%)

By category

Category	Beam (low)	Qwen3-235B-Instruct-2507	DeepSeek-V3.2	gpt-oss-120b (low)	Gemma-3-27B
Particle after a loanword (버스를)	49/60 (82%)	48/60 (80%)	47/60 (78%)	56/60 (93%)	53/60 (88%)
Particle after a Latin acronym (USB를)	45/51 (88%)	36/51 (71%)	38/51 (75%)	42/51 (82%)	39/51 (76%)
Particle after a digit (1로, 3으로)	34/34 (100%)	20/34 (59%)	24/34 (71%)	29/34 (85%)	18/34 (53%)
Particle after a native noun	35/36 (97%)	29/36 (81%)	28/36 (78%)	35/36 (97%)	30/36 (83%)
v1 particle, 2-way choice	19/20 (95%)	10/20 (50%)	12/20 (60%)	17/20 (85%)	10/20 (50%)
Honorific particle 께서 / 께	16/16 (100%)	16/16 (100%)	16/16 (100%)	16/16 (100%)	16/16 (100%)
v1 honorific vocabulary	12/12 (100%)	12/12 (100%)	12/12 (100%)	12/12 (100%)	11/12 (92%)
Read money aloud (3,050,000원)	20/20 (100%)	17/20 (85%)	17/20 (85%)	16/20 (80%)	18/20 (90%)
Read clock time (3시 15분)	12/12 (100%)	3/12 (25%)	12/12 (100%)	11/12 (92%)	10/12 (83%)
Read dates (유월, 시월)	12/12 (100%)	7/12 (58%)	9/12 (75%)	10/12 (83%)	9/12 (75%)
Age with 살 (native)	6/10 (60%)	6/10 (60%)	8/10 (80%)	5/10 (50%)	3/10 (30%)
Age with 세 (Sino)	10/10 (100%)	4/10 (40%)	3/10 (30%)	7/10 (70%)	9/10 (90%)
Counters (5번 버스 vs 5번 봤다)	22/28 (79%)	16/28 (57%)	21/28 (75%)	15/28 (54%)	13/28 (46%)
v1 native-numeral sum, digits out	15/15 (100%)	15/15 (100%)	15/15 (100%)	15/15 (100%)	15/15 (100%)
Native-numeral sum, words out	20/20 (100%)	16/20 (80%)	19/20 (95%)	17/20 (85%)	15/20 (75%)
Irregular verbs, present 해요	69/73 (95%)	56/73 (77%)	66/73 (90%)	54/73 (74%)	51/73 (70%)
Irregular verbs, past 했어요	67/73 (92%)	57/73 (78%)	65/73 (89%)	54/73 (74%)	62/73 (85%)
Count syllables	23/25 (92%)	9/25 (36%)	0/25 (0%)	23/25 (92%)	6/25 (24%)
Count 받침	25/25 (100%)	19/25 (76%)	22/25 (88%)	23/25 (92%)	5/25 (20%)
Reverse syllable order	23/25 (92%)	2/25 (8%)	5/25 (20%)	19/25 (76%)	2/25 (8%)

Why the particle and numeral errors happen

Group	Beam (low)	Qwen3-235B-Instruct-2507	DeepSeek-V3.2	gpt-oss-120b (low)	Gemma-3-27B
Loanword, Hangul ends in ㅡ (버스, 마트, 키보드)	6/16 (38%)	12/16 (75%)	13/16 (81%)	16/16 (100%)	15/16 (94%)
Loanword, ends in another vowel (커피, 카메라)	15/16 (94%)	13/16 (81%)	14/16 (88%)	15/16 (94%)	13/16 (81%)
Loanword, ends in a consonant (호텔, 게임)	28/28 (100%)	23/28 (82%)	20/28 (71%)	25/28 (89%)	25/28 (89%)
Acronym ending in S, F, X (에스, 에프, 엑스)	3/9 (33%)	8/9 (89%)	9/9 (100%)	5/9 (56%)	7/9 (78%)
Acronym, other last letter (TV, USB, HTML)	42/42 (100%)	28/42 (67%)	29/42 (69%)	37/42 (88%)	32/42 (76%)
Number + native counter (32살, 4명, 27개)	16/26 (62%)	14/26 (54%)	21/26 (81%)	11/26 (42%)	8/26 (31%)
Number + Sino counter (32세, 3층, 2인분)	22/22 (100%)	12/22 (55%)	11/22 (50%)	16/22 (73%)	17/22 (77%)

Beam's own reasoning shows the particle mechanism. On the misses it writes "버스 ends with ㅅ (consonant)", "아파트 ends with 트 (consonant t)", "키보드 ends with ㄷ (consonant)": it drops the epenthetic ㅡ and treats the last syllable's initial consonant as a final one, which is how the English source word ends. For acronyms it reasons about the English letter, not its Korean name: "BTS ends with S (consonant)", "IMF ends with F (consonant sound)" (the names are 에스, 에프, vowel-final).

More reasoning vs one sentence in the prompt

Particle category	Beam low	Beam high
Particle after a loanword (버스를)	49/60 (82%)	46/60 (77%)
Particle after a Latin acronym (USB를)	45/51 (88%)	45/51 (88%)
Particle after a digit (1로, 3으로)	34/34 (100%)	34/34 (100%)
Particle after a native noun	35/36 (97%)	36/36 (100%)
v1 particle, 2-way choice	19/20 (95%)	19/20 (95%)

Prompt fix: adding one sentence to the prompt ("judge by whether the last Hangul syllable has a final consonant, not by the English spelling") moves Beam (low) from 128/145 to 137/145 on the loanword, acronym and digit particle items, and from 9/25 to 19/25 on the ㅡ-final words.

Belebele (the same 900 questions in each mode, `reasoning_effort=low`)

Belebele mode (same 900 questions)	Accuracy	Prompt tokens / q	Completion tokens / q
English passage, English question	879/900 (97.7%)	210	217
Korean passage, Korean question	845/900 (93.9%)	302	388
Korean passage, English question	865/900 (96.1%)	274	359

Tokenizer cost (488 Belebele/FLORES passages, 80,472 Hangul syllables)

Tokenizer	Vocab	Korean tokens / English tokens	Tokens per Hangul syllable
A.X-4.0 (SKT, Korean)	102,400	0.90×	0.56
EXAONE-4.0 (LG, Korean)	102,400	1.22×	0.74
gpt-oss-120b	200,019	1.47×	0.86
Kanana-1.5 (Kakao, Korean)	128,259	1.49×	0.88
Beam-1.0 (reflection)	151,681	1.65×	0.98
Qwen3-235B	151,669	1.65×	0.98
DeepSeek-V3.2	128,815	1.66×	0.97

Beam's tokenizer encodes this text with exactly the same token ids as Qwen3's.

Files

File	What it is
`items.jsonl`	577 items: `id`, `category`, `subset` (v1/v2), `grade` (mc/int/ko), `prompt`, `answer`, `accept` (all accepted forms), plus `reading` (particle items) and `cls` (verb class)
`items_hint.jsonl`	the 145 loanword/acronym/digit particle items with the one-sentence hint
`items_particles.jsonl`	the 201 particle items (run at high effort)
`belebele_{en,ko,mixed}.jsonl`	the 900 Belebele questions in each mode (CC BY-SA 4.0 text)
`raw/*.jsonl`	every model output: content, reasoning trace (Beam), finish reason, token usage. Rows with `error` were retried; the grader keeps the last successful row per id
`results/summary.json`, `results/tokenizer_cost.json`	graded scores and tokenizer counts
`build_items.py`, `build_belebele.py`, `make_hint.py`	item builders (seeded; gold computed in code, with asserts)
`run_beam.py`, `grade.py`, `tokenizer_cost.py`, `results_tables.py`, `build_space_data.py`	runner, grader, tokenizer study, tables, Space data
`raw_low.jsonl`, `raw_high.jsonl`	v1 outputs (47 items, 2026-10-23)

Method

Gold by code. Particle forms come from the final consonant of the word's Korean reading (Unicode jongseong), including the ㄹ exception for (으)로; digits are read in Sino-Korean, acronyms letter by letter (에이, 비, 씨 …). Number readings come from a numeral builder with prenominal native forms (한/두/세/네/스무) and the 유월/시월 exceptions. Hangul counts and reversals are computed directly. The conjugation table (73 verbs: ㅂ/ㄷ/ㅅ/르/러/ㅎ/우 irregulars, 으 deletion, and regular verbs of the same stem shape as controls) is hand-written; past forms are derived from it by code. Every builder has assert checks.
The particle prompts name the particle (e.g. '을/를' 중 알맞은 형태) so the probe is the allomorph, not the choice of particle; chance is 50%. A first draft left the blank open, and the models answered with other valid particles (메일을 바꿨어요), so it was rewritten before any reported run.
Grading removes everything that is not a Hangul syllable before comparing, so spacing and punctuation never count. Accepted variants: 만/일만 and the formal 일천 style for money, 놓아요/놔요, the noun written together with its particle, 께서는/께는.
Calls: Hugging Face Inference Providers, temperature 0, one run per item. Beam via baseten (reasoning_effort low on everything, high on the 201 particle items). Baselines via deepinfra; gpt-oss-120b at low effort, the others without a reasoning setting.

Limits

One sample per item; no confidence intervals. Category sizes are small (10 to 73).
The conjugation table, the honorific items and the hint sentence are hand-written and were not independently reviewed by a native speaker. Accepted variants were added before grading; a form a reader considers correct may still be missing.
The Hangul phrases are common proverbs and may be memorised.
Belebele was run at low effort only.
Cost: about $4 (8,502 requests across all models, as billed on 2026-11-01) of Inference Providers credit for this update, all calls included.

Reproduce

python3 build_items.py && python3 make_hint.py          # items.jsonl, items_hint.jsonl
python3 build_belebele.py <dir with facebook/belebele kor_Hang.jsonl and eng_Latn.jsonl>
HF_TOKEN=hf_... python3 run_beam.py items.jsonl low      # writes raw/Beam-1.0-501B_low_items.jsonl (resumable)
python3 grade.py raw/*.jsonl                             # scores, results/summary.json
python3 tokenizer_cost.py <belebele dir> <tokenizer dir>

Built for the Reflection × Hugging Face "Build with Beam" challenge. Belebele (facebook/belebele) is CC BY-SA 4.0, so this dataset is too.